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WDFW ( Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). 1996. Fish health manual. Wash. Dept. Fish and Wild., Olympia, WA. 69 p.

WDFW ( Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). 1997a. Lower Columbia steelhead conservation initiative ( draft document, June 12, 1997). Wash. Dept. Fish and Wild., Olympia, WA. 115 p.

WDFW ( Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife). 1997b. Watershed resource inventory process. Fish supplementation and rearing projects. Wash. Dept. Fish and Wild., Olympia, WA. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 References Page 404 WDFW ( Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife) and WWTIT ( Western Washington Treaty Indian Tribes). 1997. Policy of Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and Western Washington Treaty Tribes concerning wild salmonids. Wash. Dept. Fish and Wild., Olympia, WA. 46 p.

WDFW ( Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife) and WWTIT ( Western Washington Treaty Indian Tribes). 1999. Comprehensive Chinook Management Plan ( June 1999 draft). Wash. Dept. Fish and Wild., and Northwest Indian Fish., Comm., Olympia, WA.

Whitmus, C. J., and S. Olsen. 1979. The migratory behavior of juvenile chum salmon released in 1977 from the Hood Canal hatchery at Hoodsport, Washington. UW Fish. Res. Inst. rpt. FRI UW 7916, Univ. of Wash, Seattle, WA. 46 p.

Whitmus, C. J. 1985. The influence of size on the early marine migration and mortality of juvenile chum salmon ( Oncorhynchus keta). M. S. Thesis. Univ. of Wash. 69 p.

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Wydoski, R. S. and R. R. Whitney. 1979. Inland Fishes of Washington. University of Washington Press, Seattle, WA. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 References Page 406 Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 407 Glossary Definitions ( acronyms and abbreviations follow).

Acclimatization  A juvenile fish rearing and release process applied to promote adaptation and imprinting of a fish stock to the environmental and geographic parameters of its home watershed, or desired watershed for adult return. Aggradation  The accumulation of sediment in a river channel resulting from changes in flow, sediment inputs, or changes to the adjacent floodplain. Alevin  Newly hatched salmonids which remain in gravel until their yolk sacs have been resorbed. Allele  One of two or more alternate forms of a gene. Alluvial  Originating from the transport and deposition of sediment by running water. Anadromous fish  Fish that are born in freshwater, migrate to the ocean to grow and mature, and return to freshwater as adults to reproduce. Area Under the Curve ( AUC)  An escapement calculation methodology that converts the area under a spawner abundance curve to a total fish estimate. Artificial propagation  Any assistance provided by human technology to animal reproduction. In the context of Pacific salmonids, this assistance includes ( but is not necessarily limited to) spawning and/ or rearing in hatcheries, captive broodstock projects, or the use of remote site incubators. Base Conservation Regime ( BCR)  The management of the harvests of summer chum salmon at population levels that provide incremental increases in escapements and are above critical population thresholds. Best Management Practices ( BMP)  State of the art environmental protection measures. Biodiversity  The variety and abundance of species, their genetic composition, and the natural communities, ecosystem, and landscapes in which they occur. Boldt Decision  See U. S. v. Washington. Broodstock  Those adult salmonids that are destined to be the parents for a particular stock or smaller group of fish. Bulkhead  A structure or wall constructed in or above the intertidal zone to prevent shoreline erosion from wave action. Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans ( CDFO)  The national fishery management agency of Canada. Carrying Capacity  The maximum number of individuals or biomass of a given species or complex of species of fishes that a limited and specific aquatic habitat may support during a stated interval of time. Cascade  A series of small steep drops increasing the velocity of the stream. Catch  The act of landing a fish at which point the fisher has the option of release or retention. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 408 Catch Record Card ( CRC)  A data recording system for recreational salmon fisheries that requires that anglers record all sport caught salmon on a " punch" card, by species, date, and location of harvest. Channelized  A portion of a river channel that has been enlarged or deepened, and often has armored banks. Channel processes  The interaction of elements that form river habitat including riparian vegetation, large woody debris, sediment delivery, and hydrology. Channel migration zone  The area occupied by a stream channel under existing climate conditions, approximated by the 100 year floodplain, side channels and low terraces of a river. Co managers  The Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca salmon co managers are thePoint No Point Treaty Tribes including: the Skokomish Tribe, the Port Gamble S'Klallam Tribe, The Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe, and the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe; and the Washington State Department of Fish and Wildlife. Composite stock ( population)  A stock sustained by both wild and artificial propagation. Conspecific  Individuals of the same species. Convention waters Critical Abundance Threshold ( CAT) Critical Escapement Threshold ( CET) Critical stock  A stock of fish experiencing production levels that are so low that permanent damage to the stock is likely or has already occurred. Cubic feet per second ( cfs)  A measurement of stream flow. Cultured stock  A stock that depends upon spawning, incubation, hatching, or rearing in a hatchery or other artificial production facility. Cumulative effect  A change to the environment caused by multiple, incremental impacts interacting with natural ecosystem processes. Cumulative effects can result from individually minor but collectively significant actions taking place over a period of time. Decommission ( a road)  To remove those elements of a road that reroute hillslope drainage and present slope stability hazards. Deep water  Defined in terms of habitat use by summer chum, deep water habitat includes those areas greater than 2 meters in depth ( 6.5 feet, relative to mean lower low water) used by larger summer chum juveniles for feeding and out migration and by adults during their return migration. Delta  An alluvial landform, typically triangular in shape, composed of sediment at a river mouth that is shaped by river discharge, sediment load, tidal energy, land subsidence, and sea level changes. Dendrogram  A graphic summary of the genetic relationships among populations. The horizontal distance at which the stock branches connect indicates the degree of similarity/ dissimilarity. The longer the distance at which the branch points connect, the greater the average genetic differences among stocks. Depensatory Mortality  Mortality is depensatory when its rate ( i. e., proportion of population affected) increases as the size of the population decreases. This is in contrast to compensatory mortality where the mortality rate decreases as the population size decreases. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 409 Depressed stock  A stock of fish whose production is below expected levels based on available habitat and natural variations in survival levels, but above the level where permanent damage to the stock is likely. Detritus  Litter formed from fragments of organic material ( leaves, animal wastes, carcasses, etc.). Diameter at breast height ( dbh)  The diameter of a tree, measured 4.5 feet above the ground on the uphill side of the tree. Dispersal  The movement of plants and animals from one habitat to another. Juvenile chum disperse from freshwater to subestuaries, then onto nearshore and finally deep water marine areas. Drift cell  A discrete shoreline segment that, in an unaltered state, allows for the uninterrupted movement of beach materials. A drift cell includes a sediment source ( such as a " feeder bluff"), a driftway along which the sediment moves, and a sink or site of deposition. Drift gillnet  A gillnet of single web construction, not anchored, tied, staked, placed, or weighted in such a manner that it cannot drift ( WAC 220 16 040). Ecological interaction  The sum total of impacts of one species on another species, or on other members of the same species. Ecosystem  A complex of biological communities and environment that forms a functioning, interrelated unit in nature. Eelgrass  A flowering plant ( Zostera spp.) that grows underwater in shallow estuarine and marine areas and that has long, grass like leaves. Effective population size ( N )  The effective number of breeders per year times generation length. e This can be calculated for summer chum salmon as; N = Average escapement times 0.2 e ( N / N, the proportion of the population assumed to effectively breed), times 3.6 ( generation e length) where 3.6 is the average age of Hood Canal summer chum salmon. Electrophoresis  A process whereby charged molecules ( such as DNA and enzymes) are separated in an electric field. El Niño Southern Oscillation ( ENSO)  A climate event that begins as a warming episode in the tropical Pacific zone that can result in large scale intrusions of anomalously warm marine water northward along the PNW coastline. Emergence  When newly hatched salmonids that have fully absorbed their yolk sac, they emerge from the gravel and promptly migrate downstream to estuaries. Endangered Species Act ( ESA)  A 1973 act of congress that mandated that endangered and threatened species of fish, wildlife, and plants be protected and restored. Escapement  The number of adult fish returning to a stream that escape mortality from harvest and natural attrition, and comprise a spawning population. Escapement Distribution Flag ( EDF)  An escapement benchmark for checking the deviation of any one stock's escapement from the overall pattern of escapement within the stock's management unit. Escapement goal  A predetermined biologically derived number of salmonids that are not harvested and will be the parent spawners for a wild or hatchery stock of fish. Estuarine landscape  The mosaic of deepwater, nearshore, and subestuarine delta environments used by summer chum as they feed, rear, and migrate through Hood Canal and the eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 410 Evolutionarily Significant Unit ( ESU)  NMFS definition of a distinct population segment ( the smallest biological unit that will be considered to be a " species" under the Endangered Species Act). A population will be is considered to be an ESU if 1) it is substantially reproductively isolated from other conspecific population units, and 2) it represents an important component in the evolutionary legacy of the species. Exploitation rate  The proportion of a returning run or total population of salmonids that is taken by fisheries. Extinction  The loss of a stock of fish from its original range, or as a distinct stock elsewhere. Individuals of the same species may be observed in very low numbers, consistent with straying from other stocks. Extinct stock  A stock of fish that is no longer present in its original range, or as a distinct stock elsewhere. Individuals of the same species may be observed in very low numbers, consistent with straying from other stocks. Extirpation  The elimination of a species from a particular area. Extreme terminal fishing ( management) area  Marine or freshwater areas where salmonids of a single stock or management unit have separated from fish of other stocks. F  A genetic term representing first generation individuals reulting from a given cross or breeding. 1 F  The second generation resulting from the interbreeding of F individuals. 2 1 Feeder Bluff  An eroding shoreline bluff that supplies sediment to beaches via longshore drift. Fingerling  Juvenile salmonids up to nine months of age and generally two to four inches in total length. Fishery  The process of attempting to catch fish, which then may be retained or released. Fitness  The relative ability of an individual ( or population) to survive and reproduce in a given environment. The ` fit' of an organism to its environment. Floodplain  The part of a river valley composed of unconsolidated river deposits that periodically floods. Sediment is deposited on the floodplain during floods and through the lateral migration of the river channel across the floodplain. The 100 year floodplain refers to that area of a river valley that is inundated during a large magnitude flood occurring, on average, once every one hundred years. Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team ( FEMAT)  A team of scientists organized by the federal government in 1993 to develop a management plan for federal lands and rivers within the range of the northern spotted owl. Forest Practices Act  A Washington State statute establishing minimum standards for forest practices and providing for necessary administrative procedures and rules applicable to activities conducted on or pertaining to forests on both state managed and private lands. Fork length ( FL)  A fish length measurement from the tip of the nose to the fork of the tail fin. Fragmentation  The process of reducing the size and connectivity of habitats, especially with reference to their use and accessibility by animal species that must disperse through them. Fry  Young salmonids that have emerged from the gravel and are up to one month of age or any cultured salmonid from hatching through fourteen days after being ponded. Gear limits  Restrictions placed on sport or commercial fishing gear, which are used to control the take of fish. Gene  A specific unit of genetic material ( DNA) that encodes the information for a single genetic trait. 1 1 1 1 n x x i i n     =

Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 411 Genetic diversity  All of the genetic variation within a group. The genetic diversity of a species includes both genetic differences between individuals in a breeding population (= withinstock diversity) and genetic differences among different breeding populations (= among stock diversity). Genetic drift  Gradual change with time in the genetic composition of a continuing population resulting from the elimination of some genetic features and the appearance of others, and appearing to be unrelated to the environmental benefits or detriments of the genes involved. Gene flow  The rate of entry of non native genes into a population, measured as the proportion of the alleles at a locus in a generation that originated from outside of the population. Can be thought of as the genetically successful stray rate into a population. See also stray rate and homing rate. Gene pool  The total variety and proportions of alleles within a population. Genetic risk  The probability of an action or inaction having a negative impact on the genetic character of a population or species. Genetic Stock Identification ( GSI)  A method that can be used to characterize populations of organisms based on the genetic profiles of individuals. The GSI process consists of a series of steps: 1) collect selected tissues from a representative sample of individuals from the population( s) under investigation; 2) develop genetic profiles for the individuals in each population by conducting starch gel electrophoresis and histo chemical staining using tissue extracts; 3) characterize each population by aggregating the individual genetic profiles and computing allele frequency distributions; and 4) conduct statistical tests using the allele counts characterizing each population to identify significantly different populations. Genome  The total genetic composition of an individual. The complete genetic information possessed by an organism. Geographic Information System ( GIS)  A computer mapping program. Geomorphic processes  Landform modifying processes such as erosion, mass wasting, and streamflow. Glide  A gently flowing, calm reach of shallow water in a stream. Governor's Salmon Recovery Office  See Salmon Recovery Office. Gradient  The amount of vertical drop a stream experiences over a given distance. Habitat  An area that supplies food, water, shelter, and space necessary for a particular animal's existence. Habitat complexity  Variations in stream or tidal flow, velocity, and depth arising from structural features like LWD, floodplain, or estuarine landforms that provide cover from predators, suitable gravel for spawning, sufficient food resources, dispersal corridors, and refuge from harsh physical or chemical conditions. Habitat Conservation Plan ( HCP)  A program for the long term protection and benefit of a species in a defined area; required as part of a Section 10 incidental take permit application under the federal Endangered Species Act. Harmonic mean  The reciprocal of the arithmetic mean of the reciprocals of a finite set of numbers; harmonic mean =

Harvest  Fish that are caught and retained in a fishery ( consumptive harvest). Harvest project  Projects designed for the production of fish that are primarily intended to be caught in fisheries. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 412 Harvest rate  The proportion of the available numbers of salmonids that is taken by fisheries in a specific time period. Hatchery fish  A fish that has spent some part of its life cycle in an artificial environment and whose parents were spawned in an artificial environment. Hatchery stock ( population)  A stock that depends on spawning, incubation, hatching or rearing in a hatchery or other artificial propagation facility ( synonymous with cultured stock). Hatchery production  The spawning, incubation, hatching, or rearing of fish in a hatchery or other artificial production facility ( e. g., spawning channels, egg incubation boxes, or pens). Hazard  Undesirable events that an artificial propagation program is attempting to avoid. Headwaters  The upper reaches of a stream or stream system. Healthy stock  A stock of fish experiencing production levels consistent with its available habitat and within the natural variations in survival for the stock. This does not imply that the habitat itself is necessarily " healthy." Heterozygosity  The proportion of individuals in a population that possess two different forms ( alleles) of a single gene ( locus). Homing rate  Of all the fish from a population that successfully return to spawn, the homing rate is the proportion that return to spawn in the same population in which their parents spawned. See also stray rate and gene flow. Hood Canal Coordinating Council ( HCCC)  A council of governments formed under Washington State RCW 29.34 consisting of Jefferson, Kitsap and Mason counties, Port Gamble S'Klallam and Skokomish tribes, and with the support of federal and state agencies. Its mission is to coordinate actions that protect and restore the environment and natural resources of the Hood Canal basin. It also provides educational services to local communities. Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group ( HCSEG)  The HCSEG is one of twelve Regional Fisheries Enhancement Groups established by the Washington State legislature in 1991. Funds for projects and administration are provided through recreational and commercial salmon license sales, and salmon carcass sales from state hatchery facilities. Technical support for the group is provided by the WDFW Volunteer Program. The group is volunteerbased and is active in salmonid enhancement and habitat improvement projects throughout the Hood Canal region. Hood Canal Salmon Management Plan ( HCSMP)  A state/ tribal salmon management plan for the Hood Canal region adopted in 1986 as a part of U. S. v. Washington. Hybridization  The interbreeding of fish from two or more different stocks or species. Hydraulic Project Approval ( HPA)  A WDFW permit that is required for construction and other work that uses, diverts, obstructs, or changes the natural flow or bed of fresh or saltwaters of the state. Hydraulics code  The primary authority that the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife has to meet its goal of protecting fish and wildlife habitat. This code grants WDFW the authority to approve or deny requests by landowners to carry out activities that occur below the ordinary high water line. Hydrologic maturity  Condition of a forest stand in which hydrologic processes operate as they do in a mature or old growth forest. In particular, snow accumulation is typically lower in thick, dense forest ( at middle and lower elevations) than in openings, due to the melting of snow caught in the canopy between storms. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 413 Impervious surfaces  Areas covered by buildings, roads, parking lots, and other hard structures which reduce or prevent infiltration of rain water thereby increasing runoff to streams which results in a greater magnitude and frequency of peak flow events. Implementation monitoring  Monitoring done to determine whether conservation strategies are implemented as planned. Imprinting  A juvenile fish rearing and release process applied in an artificial propagation program to promote recognition, and high fidelity, of returning adult fish to the watershed of release.. Inbreeding  The mating of related individuals. Incidental harvest  The capture and retention of species other than those a fishery is primarily opened to target/ take. It can also refer to marked fish of the same species. Incubation  A salmon life stage prior to egg hatching during which embryos are developing in the gravel where they were spawned. After hatching young chum salmon remain in the gravel until their yolk sacs are fully absorbed, then emerge and migrate to estuaries. Independent tributary  A small stream flowing directly into marine waters. Instream Flow Incremental Methodology ( IFIM)  An analytical methodology for estimating the stream flows that will provide usable stream area for various salmonid life stages. Integrated project  Project where artificially propagated fish are intended to spawn in the wild and become fully reproductively integrated into a particular natural population. Intertidal zone  The area between the highest and lowest tidal levels. Isolated project  Project where artificially propagated fish are not intended to spawn in the wild or be genetically integrated with any specific natural population. Joint Natural Resources Cabinet ( JNRC)  A committee made up of the directors of 13 Washington State natural resource agencies that promotes interagency communication, coordination, and policy direction on environmental and natural resource issues. Landscape  A large regional unit of land or water that is composed of a mosaic of communities or ecosystems, each changing through time and affecting conditions at the larger landscape scale. See " estuarine landscape". Large woody debris ( LWD)  Logs, limbs, or root wads 4 inches or larger in diameter, delivered to river and stream channels from streamside forests ( in the riparian or upslope areas) or from upstream areas. LWD provides streambed stability and habitat complexity. LWD recruitment refers to the process whereby streamside forests supply wood to the stream channel to replenish what is lost by decay or downstream transport. Life history  The events that make up the life cycle of an animal including migration, spawning, incubation, and rearing. There is typically a diversity of life history patterns both within and between populations. Life history can refer to one such pattern, or collectively refer to a stylized description of the ` typical' life history of a population. . Locally adapted population  A population whose members have genetically based characteristics that increase their fitness in their local environment compared individuals that lack these characteristics. Long Live The Kings ( LLTK)  An independent, private, professional non profit organization based in Seattle, Washington dedicated to the perpetuation and recovery of Washington salmonid populations. The group is active in salmon enhancement and habitat improvement projects throughout the Puget Sound region. LLTK is responsible for on going summer chum supplementation projects on Lilliwaup Creek and the Hamma Hamma River in the Hood Canal region. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 414 Longshore drift  The movement of sediment along a shoreline by water currents and waves breaking at an angle to the shore. Loss  Loss refers to the consequences of a hazard occurring. In this risk assessment, losses are measured at the level of individual populations and ( to some degree) the entire ESU. Management Unit ( MU)  A stock or group of stocks which are aggregated for the purpose of achieving a desired spawning escapement objective. Maximum Sustained Yield ( MSY)  The maximum number of fish from a stock or management unit that can be harvested on a sustained basis, measured as the number of fish that would enter freshwater to spawn in the absence of fishing after accounting for natural mortality. Mean higher high water ( MHHW)  A tidal elevation obtained by averaging each day's highest tide at a particular location over a period of nineteen years. It is measured from the MLLW = 0.0 tidal elevation. Mean lower low water ( MLLW)  A tidal elevation obtained by averaging each day's lowest tide at a particular location over a period of nineteen years. It is the tidal datum for vertical tidal references in saltwater areas. Microcomputer Historic Catch and Landing Summary ( MHCLS)  A tribal data base maintained by NWIFC. Migrant ( or stray)  An individual that breeds in a population other than that of its parents. Migration  The seasonal movement of an animal from one area to another. Migration rate ( or stray rate)  The proportion of a population that consists of migrants. Minimum Escapement Flag ( MEF)  An escapement benchmark for checking if any stock's escapement is below a critical abundance threshold. Minimum viable population ( MVP)  The size of a population which, with a given probability, will ensure the persistence of the population for a specified period of time. Mitigation  An action intended to reduce the adverse impact of a specific project or development. Mixed origin stock  A stock whose individuals originated from commingled native and non native parents; or a previously native stock that has undergone substantial genetic alteration. Mixed stock  A stock whose individuals originated from commingled native and non native parents, and/ or by mating between native and non native fish ( hybridization); or a previously native stock that has undergone substantial genetic alteration. Mixed stock fisheries  Any fishery that catches fish from more than one stock. National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS)  A branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Department of Commerce whose responsibilities include administration of the endangered species act for anadromous and marine fish. National Pollution Discharge Elimination System ( NPDES)  A program under the federal Clean Water Act. Native population  See Native stock. Native species  A species of fish indigenous to Washington State. Native stock  An indigenous stock of fish that has not been substantially impacted by genetic interactions with non native stocks or by other factors, and is still present in all or part of its original range. In limited cases, a native population may also exist outside of its original range ( e. g. in a captive broodstock program). Natural fish  A fish that has spent essentially all of its life cycle in the wild and whose parents spawned in the wild. Synonymous with natural origin recruit ( NOR). Natural Origin Recruit ( NOR)  See Natural fish. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 415 Natural population  See Natural stock. Natural Return Rate ( NRR)  The number of native, naturally produced fish spawning in on generation divided by the total number of naturally spawning fish ( hatchery plus naturally  produced fish) in the previous generation. Natural spawners ( NS)  See Natural fish. Natural stock  A stock that is sustained by natural spawning and rearing in the natural habitat. Nearshore  Defined in terms of habitat use by summer chum, nearshore habitat includes intertidal and shallow sub tidal areas ( less than 2 meters or 6.5 feet in depth relative to mean lower low water), and includes beaches, mud and sandflats, eelgrass, kelp, and macroalgae beds used by smaller summer chum juveniles for feeding and migration. Net pen  A fish rearing enclosure used in lakes and marine areas. Non native stock ( population)  A stock ( population) that has become established outside of its original range. Non target population  Any natural populations that is not intended to be integrated with a particular artificial propagation program. North of Falcon ( NOF)  An annual pre season salmon management process for fisheries occurring between Cape Falcon ( Oregon) and the Canadian border. North Olympic Salmon Coalition ( NOSC)  NOSC is based in Hadlock, Washington, and is one of twelve Regional Fisheries Enhancement Groups established by the Washington State legislature in 1991. Funds for projects and administration are provided through sales of recreational and commercial salmon licenses, and salmon carcass sales from state hatchery facilities. Technical support for the group is provided by the WDFW Volunteer Program. NOSC is volunteer based, and is active in salmonid enhancement and habitat improvement projects throughout the Strait of Juan de Fuca region, including the Salmon Creek summer chum supplementation and Chimacum Creek reintroduction programs, which are operated co operatively with Wild Olympic Salmon and WDFW. Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission ( NWIFC)  Created in 1974 by treaty Indian tribes in western Washington, the commission's role is to assist the tribes in conducting orderly and biologically sound fisheries. Nutrients  Chemical compounds derived from organic and inorganic sources which move through the soil, air, water, and living organisms. Many nutrients, such as carbon dioxide ( CO ), are 2 essential for life but can become harmful to organisms in excessive quantities. Off channel area  Any relatively calm portion of a stream outside of the main flow. Ordinary high water mark  A distinctive change in the character of soil, banks, and vegetation in the area adjoining a stream channel related to typical and yearly high flow events. Pacific Decadal Oscillation ( PDO)  A pattern of climate and ocean condition regimes occurring in the north Pacific Ocean ( associated with the Aleutian low pressure system) that results in shifts in sea surface temperatures and plankton abundance on a decadal time scale. Pacific Salmon Commission ( PSC)  The Pacific Salmon Commission is the bilateral commission with responsibility for administering the PST. Pacific Salmon Treaty ( PST)  The Pacific Salmon Treaty, signed between the U. S. and Canada in 1985, governs salmon interceptions by each country. Parties ( to the recoverey plan)  The co managers ( the Point No Point Treaty tribes and WDFW) alnong with USFWS, and NMFS are " parties" to the recovery plan. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 416 Peak flows  Extremely high winter time flows which can cause excessive streambed scour and damage or destroy salmon eggs incubating in the gravel. Peak flows can become more severe as a result of an increase in impervious surfaces and a reduction of hydrologic maturity, both of which increase the rate of water delivery to stream channels. Pieces per meter ( pcs/ m)  Refers to large woody debris in streams. Pinniped  Marine mammals of the suborder Pinnipedia, including seals, sea lions, and walruses. Piscivorous  Organisms that feed on fishes. Point No Point Treaty Council ( PNPTC)  An intergovernmental fisheries management agency serving the four Point No Point Treaty Tribes whose usual and accustomed fishing areas include Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca. See also Point No Point Treaty Tribes. Point No Point Treaty Tribes ( PNPTT)  Point No Point Treaty Tribes; including Jamestown S'Klallam, Lower Elwha Klallam, Port Gamble S'Klallam, and Skokomish. Pool  A relatively deep, still section in a stream. Population  Synonymous with the term stock. Population Viability Analysis ( PVA)  A statistical analysis that provides an estimate of the probability that a population will become extinct over a specific time frame. Pre terminal fishing ( management) area  Marine waters where specific stocks ( or groups of stocks) are mixed with fish returning to other regions. These areas for summer chum salmon include all marine waters of Admiralty Inlet, the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and the Pacific Ocean seaward of Hood Canal and Discovery, Sequim, and Dungeness bays. Production type  The method of spawning and rearing that produced the fish that constitute a stock. Productivity  A measure of a biological system's ability to supply organisms with energy and resources to feed, grow, and survive. Puget Sound Salmon Management Plan ( PSSMP)  A state/ tribal salmon management plan for the Puget Sound region adopted in 1985 as a part of U. S. v. Washington. Quilcene National Fish Hatchery ( QNFH)  A fish culture station operated by the USFWS on the Big Quilcene River. Recolonization  The reestablishment of a salmonid stock in a habitat that the species previously occupied. Recovery project  Artificial production projects primarily designed to aid in the recovery, conservation or reintroduction of particular natural population( s). Recruits  The total numbers of fish of a specific stock available at a particular stage of their life history. Redd  A spawning site for a pair of salmon, where eggs are buried in gravels for incubation and hatching. Regional fisheries enhancement group  One of 12 regional fisheries enhancement ( volunteer) groups funded under recreational and commercial salmon license fees, allowed to do habitat enhancement projects plus rear and release salmon into state waters under the direction of WDFW. Refugia  Areas where an animals can go to escape predation or unfavorable environmental conditions. Remote Site Incubator ( RSI)  A lightweight, dark colored plastic barrel incubator that employs plastic substrate ( hatching medium), and can be sized to accommodate 5,000 to 125,000 eggs per incubator. They are used mainly for incubating chum salmon eggs. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 417 Resident fish  A life history type in which all life stages ( e. g. spawning, rearing, growth, maturation) occur in small headwater streams, often upstream from impassable physical barriers. Resilience  The potential for recovery if a loss occurs. Riffle  A shallow gravel area of a stream that is characterized by increased velocities and gradients, and is the predominate stream area used by salmon for spawning. Riparian  Referring to the transition area between aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The riparian zone includes the channel migration zone and the vegetation directly adjacent to the CMZ that influence channel habitat through alteration of microclimate or input of LWD. The riparian buffer refers to the strip of vegetation left adjacent to rivers, streams, estuaries, and coastlines following human alterations ( harvest or development). Riparian function refers to LWD recruitment and stream shading functions provided by riparian vegetation, which if removed, result in a change in the physical, chemical, or biological properties to the waterbody. Risk assessment  Evaluating the probability of an action having a negative impact that is not within prescribed limits or acceptable bounds. River mile ( RM)  A statute mile measured along the center line of a river. River mile measurements start at the stream mouth ( RM 0.0).. Riverine  Referring to the entire river network, including tributaries, side channels, sloughs, intermittent streams, etc. Run  The sum of stocks of a single salmonid species which migrates to a particular region, river, or stream of origin at a particular season. Run Reconstruction  A post season accounting of all salmon harvest and escapement for each individual stock or management unit. Salmon and Steelhead Habitat Inventory and Assessment Project ( SSHIAP)  A state/ tribal cooperative program to gather, analyze, and inventory data on the amount and condition of salmon and steelhead habitat. Salmon and Steelhead Stock Inventory ( SASSI)  A cooperative program by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Washington Treaty Indian Tribes to inventory and rate the status of salmon and steelhead stocks on a recurring basis. The 1993 SASSI identified salmonid stocks and their status with information on stock origin and history and provided descriptions of the factors which affect stock status. The inventory process is no longer confined to just salmon and steelhead, and now encompasses several additional salmonid species. Future inventories will be titled Salmonid Stock Inventory ( SaSI) to accommodate the inclusion of anadromous trout species. Salmonid  Any member of the taxonomic family Salmonidae, which includes all species of salmon, trout, char, whitefish, and grayling. Salmon Recovery Office ( SRO)  Also called the Governor's Salmon Recovery Office, it is a State work group that coordinates statewide efforts dealing with all aspects of salmon recovery. Saltmarsh  A grass dominated wetland periodically inundated by saltwater. Salvage  The removal of snags, downed logs, windthrow, or dead and dying material. Scour chain  A device that is inserted into a gravel streambed and used to measure scour or streambed instability. Selective fishery  A fishery that allows the release of non targeted fish stocks/ runs, including unmarked fish of the same species. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 418 Self sustaining population  A population of salmonids that exists in sufficient numbers to replace itself through time without supplementation with hatchery fish. It does not necessarily produce surplus fish for harvest. Set gillnet  A gillnet which is anchored, tied, staked, laid in part on shore, or whose lead line is so heavily weighted that it cannot drift ( WAC 220 16 095). Shoreline Management Act  A Washington State law which establishes a process for coordinated planning to protect shorelines and public uses of shorelines. The act requires that the Department of Ecology oversee and advise local governments in shoreline planning. Local governments develop shoreline erosion management standards and permit structural and nonstructural erosion control measures adjacent to shorelines and large waterbodies. Sinuous  Bending, winding, or curving. Site potential tree height ( SPTH)  The average maximum height attained by a tree within a specified time period, given particular site conditions. For the purposes of this plan, this period is 200 300 years, or the time necessary for a riparian forest to reach full maturity. Skiff gillnet  A gillnet of single web construction with floats along the corkline sufficient to float the net. A skiff gillnet may be laid in part on shore, but may not be anchored, tied, or staked, nor have a lead line so heavily weighted that the net cannot drift ( WAC 220 16 046). Smolt  A juvenile anadromous salmonid which is undergoing the physiological and behavioral changes required to migrate from fresh water to salt water. Stock  The fish spawning in a particular lake or stream( s) at a particular season, which to a substantial degree do not interbreed with any group spawning in a different place, or in the same place at a different season. Stock origin  The genetic history of a stock. Stock status  The current condition of a stock, which may be based on escapement, run size, survival, or fitness level. Subestuary  The area at the mouth of a river tributary to Hood Canal and the eastern Strait of Juan de Fuca that includes the delta, tidal channels, mudflats, marshes, and eelgrass meadows. See " estuarine landscape". Substantial risk of extinction guideline  Judgements regarding the acceptability of risks assumed through measures proposed in this plan may be based on whether the target population is believed to be in substantial danger of extinction within the next 36 years. This duration is derived from an average summer chum life span of 3.6 years applied to a 10 generation risk standard set forth by the Federal Court in judging extinction risk ( Oregon Natural Resources Council v. NMFS and the State of Oregon 1998). Subtidal zone  Shallow water areas below mean low water. Summer chum salmon  The earliest returning chum salmon ( Onchorynchus keta) stocks in the Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca region. Summer chum salmon return from the ocean from mid August through October, and spawn predominately in September and October. These stocks have been shown to be genetically distinct from fall and winter timed chum salmon. Supplementation  The use of artificial propagation to maintain or increase natural production while maintaining the long term fitness of the target population, and keeping the ecological and genetic impacts to non target populations within specified biological limits. Targeted fishery  A harvest strategy designed to catch a specific group of fish. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 419 Terminal fishing ( management) area  Marine waters near the ultimate freshwater destination of specific salmonid stocks ( or groups of stocks) where they have separated from fish returning to other regions. These areas for summer chum salmon include all marine waters of Hood Canal, and Discovery, Sequim, and Dungeness bays. Thalweg  A line connecting the deepest channel sections along a stream. In fisheries work " thalweg" commonly is used to identify the deepest portion of the channel along a stream. Timber Fish and Wildlife ( TFW)  A coalition of the timber industry, state and local governments, tribes, and recreational and environmental groups that addresses the interactions of timber management activities and fish. Total population size ( N)  The number of spawners cumulated over a number of years equivalent to one generation. For summer chum salmon, total population size can be calculated; N = Average escapement times 3.6 ( generation length). Trend  The directional change in a time series data set. Tribal Fish Ticket data base ( TFT)  Maintained by the NWIFC. Tributary  A stream feeding, joining or flowing into a larger stream, a lake, or saltwater. Unknown stock  A stock for which there is insufficient information to identify stock origin or stock status with confidence. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service ( USFWS)  A branch of the federal Department of Interior whose responsibilities include administration of the endangered species act as it affects nonanadromous fish and steelhead, wildlife and plants. U. S. Forest Service ( USFS)  A branch of the Department of Agriculture. U. S. v. Washington  A 1974 Federal Court Decision that affirmed the fishing rights of western Washington Treaty Indians Tribes. Commonly referred to as the " Boldt Decision". Viable population  A population in a state that maintains its vigor and its potential for evolutionary change. Washington Catch Record Card Area  A WDFW sport salmon harvest reporting system that uses standard catch areas ( identified by number). Washington Commercial Catch Reporting Area  A WDFW commercial salmon harvest reporting system that uses standard catch areas ( identified by number). Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife ( WDFW)  Created by the merger of the Washington Department of Fisheries ( WDF) and the Washington Department of Wildlife ( WDW) in 1994. Water resource inventory area ( WRIA)  Watershed based planning unit, defined by the Washington State Department of Ecology. WRIAs are determined by drainages and common water bodies. Watershed  The region drained by or contributing water to a stream, lake or other body of water, physically separated from other watersheds by a drainage divide.. Watershed Administrative Unit ( WAU)  The State of Washington has been divided into approximately 800 watersheds called Watershed Administrative Units, the boundaries of which are described in the Department of Natural Resources Watershed Administrative Unit Map. These are the basic geographic units for the process of watershed analysis administered by the Department of Natural Resources. Watershed Analysis  A systematic procedure for characterizing watershed and ecological processes to provide a basis for resource management planning. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 420 Western Washington Treaty Indian Tribes ( WWTIT)  Indian tribes located west of the Cascade Crest that have been recognized by the United States government, with usual and accustomed fishing grounds, and whose fishing rights were reserved under a treaty and have been affirmed by a federal court. Wetland  An area that is inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to naturally support distinct soil and vegetation types. Wetlands interact with surface and ground waters and can regulate stream flow, moderating extreme winter peak and summer low flow conditions. Wild Olympic Salmon ( WOS)  Based in Chimacum, Washington, WOS is an independent, private organization dedicated to the perpetuation and recovery of Washington salmonid populations. The group is volunteer based, and is active in salmonid enhancement and habitat improvement projects throughout the Strait of Juan de Fuca region. The group operates the Salmon Creek summer chum supplementation and Chimacum Creek reintroduction programs co operatively with North Olympic Salmon Coalition and WDFW. Wild stock  A stock that is sustained by natural spawning and rearing in the natural habitat, regardless of parentage ( includes native). Wild Stock Restoration Initiative ( WSRI)  A cooperative program between the state and western Washington Indian tribes that is intended to maintain and restore healthy salmon ad steelhead stocks and habitats. Within stock diversity  The overall genetic variability among individuals of a single population or stock.

Acronyms and Abbreviations AUC  Area Under the Curve. BBC  Big Beef Creek. BCR  Base Conservation Regime. BMP  Best Management Practices. CDFO  Canadian Department of Fisheries and Oceans cfs  Cubic feet per second. CMZ  Coastal Management Zone. COE  U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. CRC  Catch Record Card. CREP  Washington State Conservation Enhancement Program. CTED  Washington State Department of Community, Trade and Economic Development. CWT  Coded Wire Tag. dbh  Diameter at breast height. DNA  Deoxyribonucleic acid. DNR  Washington State Department of Natural Resources. DO  Dissolved oxygen. DOE  Washington State Department of Ecology. DOT  Washington State Department of Transportation. EDF  Escapement Distribution Flag. EHB  Engrossed House Bill ( Washington State Legislature). Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 421 ELJ  Engineered logjam. ENSO  El Niño Southern Oscillation. EPA  U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. ESA  Endangered Species Act. ESU  Evolutionarily Significant Unit. FAO/ UN  Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. FEMA  Federal Emergency Management Agency. FEMAT  Forest Ecosystem Management Assessment Team. FERC  Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. fpp  fish per pound. fl  Fork length. GIS  Geographic Information System. GSI  Genetic Stock Identification. HB  House Bill ( Washington State Legislature). HC  Hood Canal . HCCC  Hood Canal Coordinating Council. HCP  Habitat Conservation Plan. HCPEP  Hood Canal Production and Evaluation Program. HCSEG  Hood Canal Salmon Enhancement Group. HCSMP  Hood Canal Salmon Management Plan. HC SJF  Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca. HCWCP  Hood Canal Wild Coho Salmon Evaluation and Rehabilitation program. HPA  Hydraulic Project Approval. IFIM  Instream Flow Incremental Methodology. JCL  Jimmycomelately Creek. JNRC  Joint Natural Resources Cabinet. LLTK  Long Live The Kings. LWD  Large Woody Debris. MEF  Minimum Escapement Flag. MHCLS  Microcomputer Historic Catch and Landing Summary. MHHW  Mean higher high water. MLLW  Mean lower low water. MSY  Maximum Sustained Yield. MU  Management Unit. MVP  Minimum viable population. N  Total population size. NA  Not applicable. N  Effective population size. e NFH  National Fish Hatchery. NMFS  National Marine Fisheries Service. NOF  North of Falcon. NOR  Natural Origin Recruit. NOSC  North Olympic Salmon Coalition. NPDES  National Pollution Discharge Elimination System. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 422 NPS  U. S. National Park Service. NRC  National Research Council. NRR  Natural Return Rate. NS  Natural spawners. NWIFC  Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission. pcs/ m  Pieces per meter. PDO  Pacific Decadal Oscillation. PFMC  Pacific Fisheries Management Commission. PNPTC  Point No Point Treaty Council. PNPTT  Point No Point Treaty Tribes. PNW  Pacific Northwest. PSC  Pacific Salmon Commission. PSCRBT  Puget Sound Cooperative River Basin Team. PSMFC  Pacific Salmon Marine Fisheries Commission. PSSFI  Puget Sound Stream Flow Index. PSSMP  Puget Sound Salmon Management Plan. PST  Pacific Salmon Treaty. PSWQAT  Puget Sound Water Quality Action Team. PUD  Public Utility District. PVA  Population Viability Analysis. QNFH  Quilcene National Fish Hatchery. RCW  Revised Code of Washington. RM  River Mile. RSI  Remote Site Incubator. SASSI  Salmon and Steelhead Stock Inventory. SEPA  State Environmental Policy Act. SJF  Strait of Juan de Fuca. SPTH  Site potential tree height. SR  State Route highway. SRO  Governor's Salmon recovery Office. SSHIAP  Salmon and Steelhead Habitat Inventory and Assessment Project. STC  Simpson Timber Company. TFT  Tribal Fish Ticket data base. TFW  Timber Fish and Wildlife. USFS  U. S. Forest Service. USFWS  U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service. USDA  U. S. Department of Agriculture. USDI  U. S. Department of Interior. USGS  U. S. Geological Survey. UW  University of Washington. WAC  Washington Administrative Code. WAU  Watershed Administrative Unit. WCVI  West Coast Vancouver Island. WDF  Washington Department of Fisheries. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative February 2000 Glossary Page 423 WFPB  Washington Forest Practices Board. WDFW  Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. WDW  Washington Department of Wildlife. WOS  Wild Olympic Salmon WRIA  Water Resource Inventory Area. WSRI  Wild Stock Restoration Initiative. WWTIT  Western Washington Treaty Indian Tribes. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix to Part One A1.1 Part One Appendix Contents Page Appendix Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1.3 Appendix Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1.7 Appendix Reports 1.1 Methodology for Summer Chum Salmon Escapement Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1.11 1.2 Methodology for Estimation of Summer Chum Salmon Escapement and Freshwater Entry Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1.17 1.3 Methodology for Summer Chum Salmon Run Re construction . A1.25 1.4 Summary of SASSI Definitions and Criteria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1.55 1.5 Derivation of Critical Abundance Thresholds for Management Units and Escapement Distribution and Minimum Escapements Flags for Stocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A1.67 Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix to Part One A1.2 Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Figures A1.3 Appendix Figures Appendix Figure 1.1. UPGMA clustering of Cavali Sforza and Edwards ( 1967) chord distances among Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca summer run chum salmon populations.

Appendix Figure 1.2. Three dimensional scaling of genetic distances among Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca summer run chum salmon populations. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Figures A1.4 Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Figures A1.5 Figure 1.1. UPGMA clustering of Cavali Sforza and Edwards ( 1967) chord distances among Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca summer run chum salmon populations.

Figure 1.2. Three dimensional scaling of genetic distances among Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca summer run chum salmon populations. Collections are as follows: 1 = Snow Creek 1986; 2 = Salmon Creek 1986; 3 = Jimmycomelately Creek 1986; 4 = Duckabush River 1985, 1986, 1992; 5 = Quilcene Bay/ National Fish Hatchery 1997; 6 = Hamma Hamma River 1985, 1986, 1994, 1995, 1997; 7 = Quilcene Bay/ River 1992, 1993, 1994; 8 = Union River 1986, 1993, 1995; 9 = Lilliwaup Creek 1985, 1986, 1992, 1993, 1997; 10 = Dosewallips river 1986, 1992. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Figures A1.6 Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Tables A1.7 Appendix Tables Appendix Table 1.1. Summer chum salmon spawning escapement estimates in the Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca region ( 1968 1998).

Appendix Table 1.2. Big Quilcene summer chum salmon return year age samples collected in Quilcene Bay fisheries and at the QNFH from 1992 to 1998.

Appendix Table 1.3. Hood Canal summer chum salmon return year age samples collected in mixed stock fisheries from 1976 to 1996 ( ages for years with > 100 fish sampled in bold). Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Tables A1.8 Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Tables A1.9 Appendix Table 1.1. Summer chum salmon spawning escapement estimates in the Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca region ( 1968 1998).

Excluded values = missing estimates; Italicized = estimates based on regression or extrapolation.

Return Year Jimmy Come Lately Snow Salmon Natural Brdstk Total Big Beef Anderson Dewatto Tahuya Union Lilliwaup Hamma Hamma Duckabush Dosewallips Big Quilcene Natural Brdstk Total Little Quilcene 1968 100 2,275 13,548 4,693 5,797 5,797 897 1969 100 280 3,104 3,871 1,307 1,307 1970 178 65 2,666 1,390 2,301 655 655 12 1971 249 249 159 125 2,012 318 4,282 3,904 1,798 1,798 71 1972 436 534 534 177 225 1,403 4,487 716 5,346 13,546 1,733 2,067 2,067 300 1973 636 636 244 691 5,761 623 3,107 3,107 238 1974 438 818 512 512 75 0 181 880 68 616 2,448 3,581 3,593 795 795 44 1975 348 327 755 755 1,15 195 613 1,389 84 706 7,341 2,245 2,250 1,405 1,405 868 1976 365 608 521 521 1,28 234 741 3,200 100 1,612 7,648 6,095 3,271 2,445 2,445 1,088 1977 405 538 701 701 302 26 225 726 75 420 1,675 2,453 3,215 821 821 773 1978 778 629 1,664 1,664 680 16 544 266 35 1,331 8,215 1,898 1,901 2,978 2,978 1,816 1979 170 133 458 458 191 6 49 117 90 163 3,096 1,190 1,190 345 345 110 1980 1,326 709 3,074 3,074 123 2 117 178 208 247 329 827 1,216 375 375 154 1981 203 242 439 439 90 1 41 140 41 293 926 557 63 138 138 84 1982 599 766 1,386 1,386 0 0 21 86 153 84 801 690 507 156 156 125 1983 254 154 731 731 0 0 15 86 170 18 190 80 64 64 64 176 1984 367 384 828 828 22 1 44 142 194 187 170 299 212 60 60 83 1985 61 20 151 151 0 0 19 122 334 92 231 30 236 44 44 1 1986 292 213 582 582 0 0 20 109 1,892 97 173 177 57 15 15 12 1987 464 465 1,062 1,062 6 0 5 91 497 32 26 12 9 8 8 71 1988 1,052 723 1,915 1,915 0 0 23 145 629 275 440 497 661 120 120 177 1989 173 21 194 194 0 0 2 9 450 43 16 60 16 1 1 1 1990 63 33 245 245 0 0 0 6 275 2 90 42 8 6 6 0 1991 125 12 172 172 0 0 31 5 208 30 68 102 250 49 49 1 1992 616 21 371 62 433 0 0 0 0 140 90 123 617 655 320 414 734 9 1993 110 11 400 52 452 0 0 1 0 251 72 69 105 105 97 50 147 12 1994 15 2 137 24 161 0 0 0 0 738 105 370 263 225 349 393 742 0 1995 223 25 538 53 591 0 0 0 0 721 79 476 825 2,787 4,029 498 4,527 54 1996 30 160 785 109 894 0 0 0 5 494 40 774 2,650 6,976 8,479 882 9,361 265 1997 61 67 724 110 834 0 0 6 0 410 10 104 475 47 7,339 657 7,996 29 1998 98 28 1,013 121 1,134 2 0 12 0 223 4 95 226 336 2,244 544 2,788 265 Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Tables A1.10 Appendix Table 1.2. Big Quilcene stock summer chum salmon return year ages from fish collected in Quilcene Bay fisheries and at the QNFH from 1992 to 1998.

Return Year Number sampled % Age 2 % Age 3 % Age 4 % Age 5 1992 210 0.0 3.3 98.6 0.0 1993 33 6.1 6.1 18.2 69.7 1994 309 1.0 91.6 6.1 1.3 1995 407 0.0 95.8 4.2 0.0 1996 481 1.9 4.0 94.2 0.0 1997 457 0.4 88.8 6.1 4.6 1998 396 0.3 65.7 33.6 0.5 Appendix Table 1.3. Hood Canal summer chum salmon return year age samples collected in mixed stock fisheries from 1974 to 1998 ( ages for years with > 100 fish sampled in bold).

Return Year Sample size % Age 3 % Age 4 % Age 5 1974 0       1975 0       1976 unknown 11.2 88.8 0.4 1977 102 41.3 52.0 6.7 1978 285 51.9 47.7 0.4 1979 167 34.7 61.1 1.8 1980 1,201 59.3 39.9 0.2 1981 691 39.4 55.1 3.9 1982 465 35.9 61.9 1.9 1983 87 65.5 31.0 3.5 1984 72 33.3 61.1 0.0 1985 115 74.8 24.3 0.0 1986 361 55.1 42.7 1.7 1987 180 33.9 61.7 3.3 1988 31 16.1 67.7 16.1 1989 18 5.8 90.5 3.6 1990 11 9.1 81.8 0.0 1991 19 26.3 68.4 5.3 1992 203 3.9 95.6 0.5 1993 58 39.1 15.9 27.5 1994 unknown 91.6 6.1 1.3 1995 0       1996 0       1997 0       1998 0       Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.1 A1.11 Appendix Report 1.1 Methodology For Summer Chum Salmon Escapement Estimation Introduction In response to the populations trends and pending ESA review processes for summer chums in the Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca regions the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife ( WDFW), and the member Tribes of the Point No Point Treaty Council ( PNPTC) initiated a program in 1997 to develop a recovery plan for the summer chum populations in the region. A co manager's summer chum restoration committee was assembled for development of the recovery plan, and proceeded to identify several data analysis needs. One of the identified needs was to re examine the historical escapement estimations for these populations, and develop a new historical escapement database that applied consistent and well documented analytical techniques to the revised estimates.

WDFW and Washington Treaty Indian Tribes cooperatively conduct annual escapement estimation programs for many Washington salmon populations. The field data collection and analysis methods used to derive the escapement estimates are both species, and region and/ or stock specific. It is assumed that escapement estimates derived for most salmon stocks in more recent years have generally higher precision than those for earlier years because field data collection, survey effort, and data analysis methods have become more standardized, and increased knowledge and experience of the biologists conducting the estimates has resulted in more appropriate and consistent analysis of the annual field census data.

In 1997 98 revised estimates of escapement were derived for the 1968 to 1997 return years, utilizing a uniform group of analytical techniques and assumptions. An ordinal rating of the uncertainty in each estimate was also assigned, based on assessment uncertainties associated with each estimate. The same estimation approaches were subsequently applied to the 1998 summer chum escapement estimates for watersheds in the Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca region ( and will continue to be used for future years).

Review of escapement estimation methodologies used for Washington chum salmon Puget Sound salmon escapement census methods have historically included fish and/ or redd counts, fishway counts, and carcass or live fish tagging and recovery ( Ames 1984). Assessment of spawning escapements for management purposes were most commonly done in the time period prior to the 1 Which may not reflect the actual peak abundance of fish in the index reach, since annual scheduling of the peak survey was based upon professional judgement, and expectations of previous observed run timing patterns.

Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.1 A1.12 mid 1970s by calculation of " fish/ mile" estimates derived from the peak survey counts of live and 1 dead fish in selected surveyed stream reaches ( WDF 1964). Estimates of total spawning escapements of naturally spawning salmon to individual Washington streams ( based on defensible quantitative methods) were rarely generated prior to the 1970s. The exceptions were for the few streams where weir or fishway count data were available, or when mark and recapture escapement estimation studies were performed.

In the late 1970s the " Area Under the Curve" ( AUC) methodology was adopted for estimating escapements of many Washington pink and chum populations. This method was used by itself in smaller stream basins, or in conjunction with expansion values derived from tagging studies to derive basin side estimates on some of the larger Puget Sound tributaries, such as the Skagit, Stillaguamish, Snohomish, and Nisqually rivers. In 1978 Washington Department of Fisheries ( WDF   now WDFW) staff reviewed the historical chum survey data collected to date in the Hood Canal and southern Puget Sound regions, and derived new or revised escapement estimates for most of the major chum bearing stream basins for the time period 1968 to 1977. This process was repeated for the northern Puget Sound region in 1984. AUC has since been used as a primary escapement estimate derivation tool for most Puget Sound chum, pink, sockeye, coho, and chinook populations, where periodic live fish or spawning redd counts are the primary population data available. More detailed discussions of the AUC methodology can be found in several publications, including Ames ( 1984), English et al. ( 1992), Haymes ( 2000), and Lady ( 1996), Hilborn et al. ( 1999).

Given there is inter stream and inter annual variability in the quality of the census data collected, and that there are elements of subjectivity in application of the AUC escapement estimation method, it was determined by the members of the WDFW/ PNPTC summer chum technical committee that a comprehensive review and revision of the summer chum escapement estimates was needed to provide the highest quality and most precise escapement database for the recovery planning process. An ordinal rating system ( Zar 1984) for the relative quality of each individual escapement estimate was developed during the revision process, to provide users of the escapement data with an indicator of the relative quality of each estimate ( good, fair, poor, etc.).

Historical monitoring of Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca summer chum escapements The first quantitative observations of summer chum spawning abundance recorded in the WDFW spawning survey database were collected in 1943 ( J. Haymes, WDFW Olympia WA, pers. comm.). Early observation records ( 1943 47) were confined to the Dosewallips, Duckabush, and Hamma Hamma rivers. Information in the database for these observations is mostly limited to summaries of the total number of live and dead fish observed in the survey reach, river mile boundaries of the reach surveyed, and the date of observation. There were no Hood Canal or Strait summer chum stream observations recorded for the time period 1948 to 1950. In 1951 an " index reach" survey system was developed by WDF to monitor stream escapements of salmon in each region of Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.1 A1.13 Appendix Figure 1.1.1. Annual reported distance surveyed on Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca streams 1945 98. Washington on an annual basis ( Egan 1982), and the scope of survey effort was expanded through the early 1950s time period to meet the objectives of this program. The index reaches encompassed ( somewhat) fixed sections of selected streams. One to three surveys were typically conducted annually on each index reach. It is assumed that the selection of streams surveyed, sections surveyed, and timing of the survey( s) were based on review of available information and professional judgment that the survey reaches were representative of the spawning escapements of one or more salmon species to each geographic region of the state.

The Boldt Decision in 1974 prompted WDF and Washington Department of Game ( WDG) to revise many of their salmon and steelhead escapement estimation techniques in the mid 1970s, due to the need for more accurate and/ or precise estimates of escapements to meet new fishery management objectives and obligations. Consequently, survey effort was greatly increased in this time period. Many Treaty Indian tribes also developed or expanded fishery management programs in this time period and began to participate more extensively in spawning survey efforts.

Appendix Figure 1.1.1 summarizes the historical reported annual chum spawning survey effort for summer chum streams in the Hood Canal region that have received dedicated, long term annual summer chum survey effort for the time period 1945 98. These are Anderson Creek, Dewatto Creek, Tahuya River, Union River, Hamma Hamma River, Duckabush River, Dosewallips River, Big Quilcene River, Little Quilcene River, Snow Creek, Salmon Creek, and JimmyComeLately Creek. Only surveys conducted in the annual time period Aug. 1 to Oct. 31 are included. In general live fish counted after ~ Oct. 20 are very likely to be early returning fall chum salmon, and not used in the summer chum escapement estimates. Survey information for late October is included in the field data summary tables and charts because it is a transitional period in the streams from summer to fall chum stock entry. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.1 A1.14 Appendix Figure 1.1.2. Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca summer chum spawning escapements, 1974 98. Summary of revised escapement estimates for Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca wild summer chum populations Appendix Figure 1.1.2 summarizes the annual aggregate natural spawning summer chum escapement estimates for the Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca regions for 1974 1998 ( the 1968 1973 time period is omitted because of the limited number of individual stream escapement estimates available in this time period).

In summary, a period of relatively large escapements in the Hood Canal region in the mid  1970s was followed by a period of very poor escapements in the 1980s, a recent rebound in the 1995 96 period, and then a decline in the 1997 98 period. Unfortunately during the mid 1980s period the populations in several east shore Hood Canal tributaries become extirpated ( Anderson Creek, Dewatto River, Big Beef Creek, and Tahuya River). Since this time period the majority of the total escapement for the Hood Canal region has occurred only in the west shore Hood Canal streams, with small to moderate numbers in the Union R. ( 100 300 fish). The Strait of Juan de Fuca streams have experienced relatively stable escapements overall. However, individual streams in this region, particularly Snow and Jimmy Come Lately creeks have periodically experienced extremely low escapements through this time period (< 100 fish).

For a longer term ( mid 1900s to present) perspective on escapements to the Hood Canal region, Appendix Figure 1.1.3 summarizes the annual peak summer chum count ( mid  September to mid  October period) for three selected Hood Canal streams that had adequate numbers of historical survey observations to facilitate a long term trend analysis ( Dewatto, Hamma Hamma, and Duckabush rivers). The peak counts are not directly comparable to each other because each observation may or may not represent the absolute peak abundance for the year. Also, these values should not be rigorously compared to AUC estimates of total abundance for the years 1974 to Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.1 A1.15 Appendix Figure 1.1.3. Peak live + lead counts of summer chum in Dewatto Creek ( WRIA 15.0420), Hamma Hamma River ( WRIA 16.0251), and Duckabush River ( WRIA 16.0351), 1952 1998. present, because the peak counts generally represent less than the total escapement to the stream. However, these observations do provide some indication on the relative abundance of summer chums over a longer time frame than the period formal escapement estimates have been derived. A detailed summary of the escapement estimates for each summer chum stream in the Hood Canal and SJF region, and discussions of the field data and analysis issues for each estimate are presented in the report Revised Estimates of Escapement for Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca Natural Spawning Summer Chum Populations ( Haymes 2000), available as Supplemental Report No. 1 to this Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative.

Summer chum presence in other streams in the Region Summer chum have been observed in several other streams in the region, generally sporadically and in small numbers. These observations were typically made during surveys targeted at other salmonid species. Most of these observations are likely the result of straying fish from other river systems, as suggested by the sporadic nature to the observations, and the small numbers of fish that were typically observed. However, review of historical records did lead to the addition of three streams to the list of watersheds in the region that appear to have contained substantial summer chum populations historically and/ or currently. These are the Dungeness River, Skokomish River, and Finch Creek Insufficient data exists, however to determine historical abundance in these watersheds in detail. The Dungeness River had sufficient observations of chum in the September/ October time period to suggest that a self sustaining population is present in the river. There are 70 historical survey Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.1 A1.16 observations of chum in the Dungeness River in the annual time period Aug. 1   Oct. 31 in the WDFW survey database ( Haymes 2000). The Skokomish River historically had a summer chum run present in some years, as indicated by historical in river commercial fishery catch data, and spawning ground data. The most significant spawning ground observation was 233 summer chum on Sept. 20, 1976 ( Haymes 2000). Given 1) there are only a limited number of survey observations of summer chum in this river basin, and 2) there were a fair number of chinook surveys conducted annually in the watershed during the typical summer chum spawning period that would have noted the presence of summer chums, the runsizes generally were likely typically fairly small in the recent historical time period ( 1960s present). Finch Creek historically had returns of up to several hundred summer chum in the 1950s/ 60s time period, as indicated by summer chum capture data at the Finch Creek ( Hoodsport) hatchery rack ( Tynan and Ames 1997). Both the Skokomish and Finch creeks stocks are considered currently extirpated. Status of the Dungeness stock is unknown.

There are further discussions of this subject in Haymes ( 2000), and in the main body of this report.

Bibliography Ames, J. 1984. Puget Sound chum escapement estimates using spawner curve methodology. Pp. 133 148 in Symons, P. E. K. and M. Waldichuk ( eds.) Proceedings of the Workshop on Stream Indexing for Salmon Escapement Estimation. Can. Tech. Rep. Fish. Aquat. Sci. No. 1326.

Egan, R. 1982. Puget Sound salmon spawning ground report  Water Resource Inventory Area 1 19 for escapement year 1982 83. WDF prog. rpt. no. 194. Wash. Dept. Fish and Wild., Olympia, WA. 574 p.

English, K. K., Bocking, R. C., and Irvine, J. R.. 1992. A robust procedure for estimating salmon escapement based on the area under the curve method. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 1982 1989.

Haymes, J. H. 2000. Revised estimates of escapement of Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca natural spawning summer chum populations. Supplemental Report No. 1 to the Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative. Wash. Dept. Fish and Wild., Olympia, WA.

Lady, J. 1996. Release recapture models for estimating the stream residue time of spawning salmon. Masters Thesis, Univ. of Wash., Seattle WA.

Tynan, T. and J. Ames. 1997. Memorandum to Orlay Johnson, National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS), April 10, 1997 ( subject: Hoodsport hatchery chum timing). Wash. Dept. Fish and Wild., Olympia, WA.

WDF ( Washington Department of Fisheries). 1964. Report on the Salmon Escapement to the State of Washington, 1962. Wash. Dept. Fish and Wild., Olympia, WA. 96 p.

Zar, J. H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis. Prentice Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs, NJ. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.2 A 1.17 Appendix Report 1.2 Methodology For Estimation of Summer Chum Salmon Escapement and Freshwater Entry Timing Introduction Knowledge of run and spawning timing behaviors for migratory fish stocks is an important tool for fisheries management, and as an indicator of adaptive differences or similarities between different populations to their environments. Typically, the migratory behavior of salmonids is tracked through the application and subsequent recovery of internal marks ( binary code wire and pit tags), external marks ( fin marks, external tags, freeze brands), or genetic stock identification ( GSI used to monitor for the presence of genetic traits unique to particular populations/ groups of populations). Pacific salmonids that typically out migrate at the fry stage ( pinks, chums) are generally more difficult to mark with current technologies than the other species, because of their small size during the freshwater residence/ out migration phase; the time at which the mark application phase of most Pacific salmonid marking programs are conducted. Because of the difficulty of marking chum out migrants by traditional methods, and the small runsizes and limited economic importance of the summer chum populations in the Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca region, there historically have been no significant marking or GSI analysis programs. Some limited GSI data that identify the presence of these fish in certain commercial fisheries has been collected in recent years, and the Big Quilcene Hatchery has begun to clip adipose fins of summer chum releases being produced for the supplementation program ( first return of fin clipped fish to occur in 2000).

In order to develop estimates of spawning timing and migratory timing through the terminal fishery areas for selected major Hood Canal SJF region summer chum populations, the spawning census data from each population was analyzed to determine average spawning timing, and assumptions were made from these analyses to calculate terminal marine migratory timing. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife ( WDFW) and Point No Point Treaty Council ( PNPTC) staffs independently calculated spawning timing and terminal area passage timing statistics, using somewhat different approaches to analyzing the data and deriving the timing statistics. Each method makes some unique assumptions in regards to analysis of the survey data, and are discussed below.

Methods and discussion ! WDFW analysis ( Jeff Haymes, WDFW)

The area under the curve ( AUC) escapement estimation approach used for calculating the annual spawning escapements to each stream basin ( described in Appendix Report 1.1), provided the data to do a time density analysis of the rate at which the spawning populations recruited to each of the surveyed stream reaches. This data was used in combination with assumptions about average migration time through the terminal area was used to derive estimates of average escapement timing, and run timing through the terminal marine area. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.2 A 1.18 Appendix Figure 1.2.1. Average proportion of summer chum fish * days accumulated through spawning period in Hood Canal region streams. The area defined by each AUC curve can be described as a time density function. The proportion of the season total fish* days accumulated within each of the surveyed stream reaches at any given time point in the spawning run can be used as an indirect measure of the proportion of escapement completed for the season. This value is derived by :

Proportion of total fish* days accumulated for the season at day i = p = å f / FD i i T Where:

f = Live fish observed or estimated to have been present in the survey reach on the i day i th FD = Season total fish* days T For each of the major summer chum spawning populations ( still extant) the value p was calculated for each i calendar day i through the spawning run, for each year that the spawning activity was adequately documented by surveys. These values were averaged for each calendar day i to provide an estimate of the average proportion of total fish* days accumulated at each day i in the in the index reaches ( Appendix Figure 1.2.1   Hood Canal streams, and Appendix Figure 1.2.2   Strait of Juan de Fuca streams). Appendix Table 1.2.1 summarizes the average WDFW estimates of dates of 10, 50, and 90 % fish* day accumulation ( i. e., estimated escapement) in the spawning streams. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.2 A 1.19 Appendix Figure 1.2.2. Average proportion of summer chum fish * days accumulated through spawning period in Strait of Juan de Fuca region streams.

Appendix Table 1.2.1. Average dates of 10, 50, and 90 % completion of escapement for selected Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca summer chum populations ( WDFW).

Management 10 % Std. ( min. and 50 % Std. Range ( min. 90 % Std. Unit Stock N comp. dev. max.) comp. dev. and max.) comp. dev. Avg. Range Avg. Avg. Range ( min. and max.)

Sequim Bay JimmyCL 15 9/ 14 +/ 4 d 9/ 6 9/ 23 9/ 24 +/ 4 d 9/ 17 10/ 2 10/ 10 +/ 8 d 9/ 28 10/ 25 Discovery Bay Snow/ Salmon 20 9/ 18 +/ 5 d 9/ 10 10/ 2 9/ 29 +/ 6 d 9/ 18 10/ 13 10/ 16 +/ 8 d 9/ 29 10/ 26 Area 12B Dosewallips 13 9/ 12 +/ 5 d 9/ 7 9/ 25 9/ 23 +/ 4 d 9/ 18 10/ 3 10/ 9 +/ 6 d 9/ 28 10/ 18 Duckabush 16 9/ 17 +/ 4 d 9/ 11 9/ 27 9/ 29 +/ 4 d 9/ 21 10/ 5 10/ 11 +/ 9 d 9/ 15 10/ 16 Hamma Hamma 21 9/ 14 +/ 6 d 9/ 6 9/ 27 9/ 27 +/ 5 d 9/ 18 10/ 6 10/ 10 +/ 4 d 10/ 1 10/ 18 Area 12C Lilliwaup 13 9/ 17 +/ 4 d 9/ 10 9/ 26 9/ 28 +/ 4 d 9/ 21 10/ 6 10/ 10 +/ 4 d 9/ 30 10/ 16 Area 12A Big Quilcene 17 9/ 10 +/ 6 d 8/ 30 9/ 22 9/ 22 +/ 5 d 9/ 14 10/ 1 10/ 5 +/ 6 d 9/ 25 10/ 18 Little Quilcene 12 9/ 13 +/ 4 d 9/ 7 9/ 19 9/ 23 +/ 4 d 9/ 18 9/ 30 10/ 4 +/ 6 d 9/ 25 10/ 14 Area 12D Union 16 9/ 3 +/ 5 d 8/ 28 9/ 14 9/ 15 +/ 4 d 9/ 8 9/ 25 9/ 30 +/ 5 d 9/ 22 10/ 7 An example of how this information was used for management purposes is illustrated by planning of the 1998 terminal area fishery management periods for summer chum in 1998. WDFW used the Hood Canal Management Plan summer chinook management period start dates in each Hood Canal terminal marine management area ( Areas 12 12D) as a conservative starting point for summer chum management concerns, and for the end period the calendar date that the average " p = 90 %" values for the streams entering each i management unit occurred ( Flint 1998). The one exception was for Area 12, where the completion date for the proposed summer chum management period was derived by subtracting 7 days from the 90 % pi value for Area 12B streams. Appendix Table 1.2.2 summarizes these dates, which are based on the spawning timing information illustrated in Appendix Figures 1.2.1 and 1.2.2. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.2 A 1.20 Appendix Table 1.2.2. WDFW proposed 1998 marine and in river management unit fishery management periods.

Marine/ In river Management Unit Date Comments 12 7/ 12 10/ 9 Beginning date matches summer/ fall chinook management period, and ending date backs out one week from 12B.

12A 7/ 12 10/ 10 Beginning date matches summer/ fall chinook management period, and ending date is average 90% p value for Big Quilcene River. i Big Quilcene R. 8/ 25 10/ 19 Encompasses earliest and latest dates summer chum have been projected to have been present in Big Quilcene River.

12B 7/ 12 10/ 16 Beginning date matches summer/ fall chinook management period, and ending date is average of average 90% p value for Duckabush, i Dosewallips, and Hamma Hamma rivers.

12C 7/ 19 10/ 12 Beginning data matches summer/ fall chinook management period, and ending date is average 90% p value for Lilliwaup River. i 12D 7/ 19 10/ 7 Beginning date matches summer/ fall chinook management period, and ending date is average 90% p value for Union River. i There are some potential analytical weaknesses in this approach. The first is that the majority of f values i used to calculate p are approximated. Furthermore, the p values will not correspond directly to the i i proportion of total egg deposition that has occurred at time i for the season in the survey reach. For the purposes of this exercise we are assuming there is a correspondence, but it has not been experimentally measured. No data is available for the transit times of Hood Canal summer chums through the terminal marine areas to into the surveyed reaches of the spawning streams, so these values are currently only based on professional judgment.

! PNPTC analysis ( Nick Lampsakis, PNPTC)

The estimates of run timing of summer chum salmon at various locations were developed using the probability distribution of the migratory time density. This approach is based on methods developed by numerous investigators ( Walters and Buckingham, 1975; Mundy, 1979, 1982; Fried and Hilborn, 1988; Starr and Hilborn, 1988; Springborn et al, 1998; etc.) For further details on the rationale of the application of migratory time density, see above citations.

Simply put, the empirical function f( t ) = n / n is the " time density" of T, where T is the migratory timing. i i The expected value of T is then:

T = t * f( t ), i i where:

i= 1 Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.2 A 1.21 In the case of spawner count data, the actual daily live counts were converted to fish per mile, which, when divided by the season's estimated gross escapement ( fish entering the river), provided n above. Before i proceeding further, data from individual years were examined for continuity of sampling, distribution across the overall known time spectrum of entry, and total number of samples with fish/ mile > 0. In no cases were values " filled in" or extrapolated, or interpolated through any means.

For the selected years in the record, the expected value of T was then estimated. This value varied between years, and since this variation is normally limited in salmonid populations ( see above citations), any unusual deviations from the empirical mean of T were examined for data discrepancies. The results can be shown for the Big Quilcene River spawner counts, which were found to be:

T = 09/ 22 1974 = T+ 7 1975 = T+ 3 1978 = T 5 1979 = T 3 1980 = T+ 4 1981 = T 1 1982 = T 3 1985 = T+ 3 1988 = T+ 2 1991 = T+ 1 1992 = T 3 1993 = T+ 3 1994 = T+ 5 1995 = T 4 1996 = T 7 1997 = T 2 Unfortunately spawning ground counts are hardly continuous ( estimates sometimes are nearly a month apart) and therefore these estimates may indicate a level of variability which is actually much lower. Regardless, however the above example indicates a maximum observed variability of 7 days, and no more than +/ 4 days within one standard deviation. It is worth noting, that while T may be estimated quite easily for any given year, using as few as 2 3 observations ( if properly placed across the entry spectrum), it is not possible to describe the full entry pattern in a given year, without the use of " filled in" values which would ultimately depend on subjective judgment. Therefore, in order to generate a complete timing profile, it is necessary to aggregate information from a number of years' observations, and this of course requires standardization of the data ( done above) as well as elimination of the effects of inter annual variability.

The expected entry pattern was estimated by using an average of the above 16 years. The previously estimated inter annual variability can then be used to predict future variation. The resulting pattern describes the expected distribution through time, of the spawner count observations. Results are summarized by stock in Appendix Table 1.2.3. The timings shown in Appendix Table 1.2.3 are based on Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.2 A 1.22 observations of spawners in the surveyed stream reaches; they do not describe the timing of spawner entry to the observation locales. If surveys are spaced pretty far apart, it is quite possible that many of the individuals observed entered the spawning grounds as far back as two weeks previous, or more. However, for this initial analysis, we would use the assumption of a constant ( across the run entry), average stream life of 10 days and therefore, assuming that some of the observed spawners are recent arrivals, and some are near the end of their stream life, we would back date the spawner count profile by 5 days, in order to arrive at an estimated entry profile.

Appendix Table 1.2.3   Average dates of 10, 50, and 90 % completion of fish escapement for selected Hood Canal and Strait of Juan de Fuca summer chum populations ( PNPTC)

Management Avg. 10% Avg. 50% Std. Range ( min. Avg. 90% Unit Stock N comp. comp. dev. and max.) comp.

Sequim Bay Jimmycomelately 14 9/ 17 9/ 26 +/ 4 d 9/ 19 10/ 2 10/ 9 Discovery Bay Snow/ Salmon 20 9/ 19 9/ 29 +/ 6 d 9/ 17 10/ 11 10/ 13 Area 12B Dosewallips 16 9/ 13 9/ 25 +/ 4 d 9/ 16 10/ 4 10/ 9 Duckabush 24 9/ 19 9/ 28 +/ 4 d 9/ 20 10/ 6 10/ 11 Hamma Hamma 23 9/ 17 9/ 27 +/ 4 d 9/ 18 10/ 4 10/ 8 Area 12C Lilliwaup 18 9/ 15 9/ 28 +/ 4 d 9/ 19 10/ 5 10/ 10 Area 12A Big & Little Quil. 16 9/ 12 9/ 22 +/ 4 d 9/ 15 9/ 29 10/ 1 Area 12D Union 18 9/ 6 9/ 16 +/ 3 d 9/ 11 9/ 22 9/ 29 One obvious source of potential error is the assumption concerning a constant stream life, across the entire spectrum of the run. We have no direct method to correct for this, however historical tagging studies of adult salmon seem to indicate that the stream life of early arrivals may be much greater than that of spawners arriving after the middle of the run.

Reliable estimates for marine areas have been developed for north Hood Canal ( Area 12) using 10 years of useable data ( T = 9/ 14 ( average 50% complete) with maximum variability from 9/ 8 to 9/ 18 and no more than 3 days within 1 standard dev.); and for Area 12A ( Quilcene/ Dabob bays), using 8 years of useable data ( T = 9/ 13 ( average 50% complete) with maximum variability from 9/ 8 to 9/ 15 and no more than 2 days within one standard dev.). For these marine areas, gillnet catch/ landing data were used ( this gear is preferred because of its passive sampling nature) instead of spawners/ mile. Instead of gross escapement, the estimated annual recruitment to the area was used.

An unique problem in marine area samples involves the separation of summer from fall chum salmon. The end of the summer chum migration appears to slightly overlap the beginning of the fall migration. Since the fall populations are larger, by orders of magnitude, a small error in the selection of the last data point for summer chum, can have an enormous effect on f( t) above; that is, where a very large number of fall chum, relative to the overall summer chum abundance, control the value of n . In the case of Area 12A, this i problem is not as significant because the fall chum are of a later variety. But in Area 12, despite our effort to select a point of consistently low chum abundance, the number of fish at that point may still include a significant number of fall chum. The only way to resolve this would be through GSI sampling of the suspected overlap period, in order to assign relative proportions of summer and fall chum to each time segment. The period of suspected overlap is from 9/ 20 through 10/ 10. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.2 A 1.23 In marine areas of Hood Canal where no robust samples exist ( Area 12B and 12C) we used the relationship developed between the Quilcene River entry, and the marine Area 12A entry profile, to develop marine area profiles, using the Dosewallips, Duckabush, and Hamma Hamma river entries for Area 12B, and the Union River ( with minor additional backing out) for Area 12C.

Bibliography Flint, T. 1998. Internal WDFW memo from Tim Flint to Angelika Hagen Breaux, March 10, 1998 ( subject: Hood Canal summer chum spawning timing). Wash. Dept. Fish and Wild., Olympia, WA.

Fried, S. M., and R. Hilborn. 1988. In season forecasting of Bristol Bay, Alaska sockeye salmon ( Oncorhynchus nerka) abundance using Bayesian probability theory. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 850 855.

Mundy, P. R. 1979. A quantitative measure of migratory timing illustrated by application to the management of commercial salmon fisheries. Doctoral dissertation, Univ. of Wash., Seattle, WA.

Mundy, P. R. 1982. Computation of migratory timing statistics for adult chinook salmon in the Yukon River, Alaska, and their relevance to fisheries management. North Amer. J. Fish. Mgt. 2: 359 370.

Springborn, R. R., N. D. Lampsakis, and V. F. Gallucci. 1998. A time density model to estimate runsize and entry timing in a salmon fishery. North. Amer. J. Fish Mgt. 18: 391 405.

Starr, P. and R. Hilborn. 1988. reconstruction of harvest rates and stock contribution in gauntlet salmon fisheries: application to British Columbia and Washington sockeye ( Oncorhynchus nerka). Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45: 2216 2229.

Walters, C. J., and S. Buckingham. 1975. A control system for intra season salmon management. Proceedings of a workshop on salmon management. International Institute For Applied Systems Analysis, Schloss Laxenburg, 2361 Laxenburg, Austria. Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.2 A 1.24 Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.3 A 1.25 Appendix Report 1.3 Methodology For Summer Chum Salmon Run Reconstruction Run re construction is a post season accounting procedure used by the Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife and Tribes to assign catches to contributing populations; resulting in total annual run size estimates for individual wild and hatchery populations. Harvests in each management unit are apportioned to each stock by timing and presumed migration route on a proportional basis, and are sequentially added ( from the streams and extreme terminal areas outward to terminal and preterminal areas) to population escapement estimates to arrive at total run size estimates. For Hood Canal summer chum salmon the previous co manager's standard run re construction model misallocates substantial numbers of early arriving fall chum salmon to summer chum salmon run size estimates ( see discussion in Part One). For the current recovery planning process, a separate run reconstruction was developed using earlier cutoff dates for allocating harvests during the summer chum period to reduce the influence of fall chum on summer chum run size estimates. However, some mis allocation remains. The following is a brief summary of the methods used in this run reconstruction

Escapements The escapement estimates used for this run re construction were from the revised estimates of summer chum salmon escapements prepared during the recovery planning process ( see Appendix Report 1.1).

Harvest Data Commercial harvest data were obtained from the Northwest Indian Fisheries Commission ( NWIFC) databases ( TFT and MHCLS ), for all fisheries of concern in U. S. waters. Canadian harvest estimates for Area 20 were obtained from L. HopWo ( CDFO  Naniamo). Only one major correction was applied to the data retrieved from these sources; catches by the Skokomish Tribe in 1976 were erroneously coded as " central Hood Canal", and were corrected here to " southern Hood Canal" ( Area 12C). The correction was made on the basis of PNPTC data tapes, previously submitted to WDFW for database correction. The run reconstruction has been updated to include all years from 1974 through 1998 ( 25 years). However, it is somewhat incomplete at the time of preparation because the 1998 catch data from PST test fisheries in Area 20 had not yet been received. There were no commercial catches in Area 20, in 1998, during the period of interest. Also, the 1998 Washington data was at the time still considered preliminary, and may be modified.

Recreational harvest data were provided by WDFW for Puget Sound fisheries from 1974 through 1996 ( 1997 and 1998) data are unavailable at present) in the Strait of Juan de Fuca, San Juan Islands, Summer Chum Salmon Conservation Initiative April 2000 Appendix Report 1.3 A 1.26 Admiralty Inlet, and Hood Canal. Additionally, freshwater recreational harvest data were provided by WDFW for the Big Quilcene and Skokomish rivers for the 1976 1994 period. It was not possible to access data for the remaining years in these systems, however, given the low levels of reported caches in other years, it is not anticipated that there will be a significant effect on run re construction. No data were used from fisheries west of the Bonilla Tatoosh line.

Re construction was accomplished by use of a proportional contribution assumption in all Hood Canal areas, whereby the harvest in each area was attributed proportionally to the stocks with streams of origin located " upstream" from the harvest location. In all cases, random distribution of the available populations was assumed. No Hood Canal summer chum were presumed to have been harvested in Area 10. Summer chum returning to both Hood Canal and the Strait of Juan de Fuca were presumed to be subject to harvest in Area 9. U. S. Convention areas' harvest was added to each management unit, with no assumption of any separate migratory pathway. Finally, Canadian harvests were added to the entire region, and its management units.

The results of the reconstruction are shown in the attached tables; summarized by individual management unit and include total run size estimates for the Hood Canal and the Strait of Juan de Fuca regions.

Run reconstruction details:

Data  Inconsistent and insufficient data were found for some years preceding 1974. Therefore, because of data limitations, run reconstruction was limited to the 1974 to thepresent period. The data used in the summer chum reconstruction are as follows:

Spawning escapements  as re assessed in 1998, for each stock where counts existed. For some stocks, as well as reaches within units, where no direct estimates were possible, estimates were " filled in", using a variety of methods ( interpolation, extrapolation, regression statistics, etc.) More details can be found in the description of escapement estimation methods ( Appendix Report 1.1). In two cases ( Dungeness and Skokomish rivers) no estimates are available for any year. Therefore, the reconstruction is incomplete, and biased to a certain degree.

Catch data  initially include all reported, or estimated, commercial and recreational catches of chum salmon in the following areas and time periods: