Class 6  -  7
                                      205
                                      201
                                      203
                                Spark-ignition
                                    Class 8
                                      216
                                      204
                                      214

   (4) Model year 2014 through 2020 vehicles are subject to Phase 1 CO2 standards as shown in the following table:

   Table 4 to §1037.105 -- Phase 1 CO2 Standards for Model Year 2014 through 2020 Vocational Vehicles (g/ton-mile)
                                 Vehicle Size
                               CO2 Standard for
                             Model Years 2014-2016
                               CO2 Standard for
                           Model Year 2017 and later
                                 Class 2b - 5
                                      388
                                      373
                                  Class 6 - 7
                                      234
                                      225
                                    Class 8
                                      226
                                      222

   (5) You may certify model year 2021 and later emergency vehicles to the CO2 standards specified in Table 5 of this section instead of the standards specified in paragraphs (b)(1) and (2) of this section.  Vehicles certified to these alternative standards may not generate emission credits.

   Table 5 of §1037.105 -- Alternative Phase 2 CO2 Standards for Emergency Vehicles (g/ton-mile)
                                 Vehicle Size
                                 CO2 Standard
                                Class 2b  -  5
                                      321
                                 Class 6  -  7
                                      201
                                    Class 8
                                      213

(c) No CH4 or N2O standards apply under this section.  See 40 CFR part 1036 for CH4 or N2O standards that apply to engines used in these vehicles.
(d) You may generate or use emission credits under the ABT program as described in subpart H of this part.  This requires that you specify a Family Emission Limit (FEL) for CO2 for each vehicle subfamily.  The FEL may not be less than the result of emission modeling from §1037.520.  These FELs serve as the emission standards for the vehicle subfamily instead of the standards specified in paragraph (b) of this section.
(e) Your vehicles must meet the exhaust emission standards of this section throughout their full useful life, expressed in service miles or calendar years, whichever comes first.  The following useful life values apply for the standards of this section:
   (1) 150,000 miles or 15 years, whichever comes first, for Class 2b through Class 5 vehicles.
   (2) 185,000 miles or 10 years, whichever comes first, for Class 6 and Class 7 vehicles.
   (3) 435,000 miles or 10 years, whichever comes first, for Class 8 vehicles.
(f) See §1037.631 for provisions that exempt certain vehicles used in off-road operation from the standards of this section.
(g) You may optionally certify a vocational vehicle to the standards and useful life applicable to a heavier vehicle service class (such as medium heavy-duty instead of light heavy-duty), provided you do not generate credits with the vehicle.  If you include lighter vehicles in a credit-generating subfamily (with an FEL below the standard), exclude their production volume from the credit calculation.  Note that if the subfamily is a credit-using subfamily, you must include the production volume of the lighter vehicles in the credit calculations.

§ 1037.106  Exhaust emission standards for CO2 for tractors above 26,000 pounds GVWR.
(a) The CO2 standards of this section apply for tractors above 26,000 pounds GVWR.  Note that the standards of this section do not apply for vehicles classified as "vocational tractors" under §1037.630,
(b) The CO2 standards for tractors above 26,000 pounds GVWR are given in Table 1 of this section.  The provisions of §1037.241 specify how to comply with these standards.
Table 1 of § 1037.106 -- CO2 Standards for Class 7 and Class 8 Tractors by Model Year (g/ton-mile)
                                  Subcategory
                  Phase 1 Standards for Model Years 2014-2016
                  Phase 1 Standards for Model Years 2017-2020
                  Phase 2 Standards for Model Years 2021-2023
                 Phase 2 Standards for Model Years 2024-2026
                Phase 2 Standards for Model Year 2027 and later
Class 7 Low-Roof
(all cab styles)
                                      107
                                      104
                                      97
                                      90
                                      87
Class 7 Mid-Roof
(all cab styles)
                                      119
                                      115
                                      107
                                      100
                                      96
Class 7 High-Roof
(all cab styles)
                                      124
                                      120
                                      109
                                      101
                                      96
Class 8 Low-Roof Day Cab
                                      81
                                      80
                                      78
                                      72
                                      70
Class 8 Low-Roof Sleeper Cab
                                      68
                                      66
                                      70
                                      64
                                      62
Class 8 Mid-Roof Day Cab
                                      88
                                      86
                                      84
                                      78
                                      76
Class 8 Mid-Roof Sleeper Cab
                                      76
                                      73
                                      78
                                      71
                                      69
Class 8 High-Roof Day Cab
                                      92
                                      89
                                      86
                                      79
                                      76
Class 8 High-Roof Sleeper Cab
                                      75
                                      72
                                      77
                                      70
                                      67
Heavy-Haul Tractors
                                       --
                                       --
                                      54
                                      52
                                      51

(c) No CH4 or N2O standards apply under this section.  See 40 CFR part 1036 for CH4 or N2O standards that apply to engines used in these vehicles.
(d) You may generate or use emission credits under the ABT program, as described in subpart H of this part.  This requires that you calculate a credit quantity if you specify a Family Emission Limit (FEL) that is different than the standard specified in this section for a given pollutant.  The FEL may not be less than the result of emission modeling from §1037.520.  These FELs serve as the emission standards for the specific vehicle subfamily instead of the standards specified in paragraph (a) of this section.
(e) Your vehicles must meet the exhaust emission standards of this section throughout their full useful life, expressed in service miles or calendar years, whichever comes first.  The following useful life values apply for the standards of this section:
   (1) 185,000 miles or 10 years, whichever comes first, for vehicles at or below 33,000 pounds GVWR.
   (2) 435,000 miles or 10 years, whichever comes first, for vehicles above 33,000 pounds GVWR.
(f) You may optionally certify a tractor to the standards and useful life applicable to a heavier vehicle service class (such as heavy heavy-duty instead of medium heavy-duty), provided you do not generate credits with the vehicle. If you include lighter vehicles in a credit-generating subfamily (with an FEL below the standard), exclude its production volume from the credit calculation.  Note that if the subfamily is a credit-using subfamily, you must include the production volume of the lighter vehicles in the credit calculations.

§ 1037.107  Emission standards for trailers.
The exhaust emission standards specified in this section apply to trailers based on the effect of trailer designs on the performance of the trailer in conjunction with a tractor; this accounts for the effect of the trailer on the tractor's exhaust emissions, even though trailers themselves do not emit exhaust emissions.
(a) Standards apply for trailers as follows:
   (1) Different levels of stringency apply for box vans depending on features that may affect aerodynamic performance.  You may optionally meet less stringent standards for different trailer types, which we characterize as follows:
      (i) "Non-aero trailers" for trailers 35 feet or longer are box vans that have a rear lift gate or rear hinged ramp, and at least one of the following side features: side lift gate, belly box, side-mounted pull-out platform, steps for side-door access, or a drop-deck design.  "Non-aero trailers" for trailers less than 35 feet long are refrigerated box vans with at least one of the side features identified for longer trailers.
       (ii) "Partial-aero trailers" are box vans that have at least one of the side features identified in paragraph (a)(1)(i) of this section.  Long box vans also qualify as partial-aero trailers if they have a rear lift gate or rear hinged ramp.
      (iii) "Full-aero trailers" are box vans that do not meet the specifications of either paragraph (a)(1)(i) or (ii) of this section.
   (2) CO2 standards apply for full-aero trailers as specified in the following table:
   Table 1 of § 1037.107 -- Phase 2 CO2 Standards for Trailers (g/ton-mile)
Model Year
                                    Dry Van
                               Refrigerated Van

                                     Short
                                     Long
                                     Short
                                     Long
2018-2020
                                      144
                                      83
                                      147
                                      84
2021-2023
                                      143
                                      81
                                      146
                                      82
2024-2026
                                      141
                                      79
                                      144
                                      79
2027+
                                      140
                                      77
                                      144
                                      77
   (3) Partial-aero trailers may continue to meet the 2024 standards in 2027 and later model years.  Note that this provision is not meaningful for short refrigerated vans, since their standard does not change in 2027.
   (4) Non-box trailers and non-aero trailers must meet standards as follows:
      (i) Trailers must use qualified automatic tire inflation systems with all load-bearing wheels.
      (ii) Trailers must use tires with a TRRL at or below 4.7 kg/ton.  Through model year 2023, trailers may instead use tires with a TRRL at or below 5.1 kg/ton.
   (5) You may generate or use emission credits for averaging to demonstrate compliance with the standards specified in paragraph (a)(1) of this section as described in subpart H of this part.  This requires that you specify a Family Emission Limit (FEL) for CO2 for each vehicle subfamily.  The FEL may not be less than the result of emission modeling from §1037.520.  These FELs serve as the emission standards for the specific vehicle subfamily instead of the standards specified in paragraph (a) of this section.  You may not use averaging for non-box trailers, partial-aero trailers, or non-aero trailers, and you may not use emission credits for banking or trading for any trailers.
   (6) The provisions of §1037.241 specify how to comply with the standards of this section.
(b) There are no Phase 1 standards for trailers.
(c) No CH4, N2O, or HFC standards apply under this section.
(d) Your vehicles must meet the emission standards of this section throughout a useful life of 10 years.
§ 1037.115  Other requirements.
Vehicles required to meet the emission standards of this part must meet the following additional requirements, except as noted elsewhere in this part:
(a) Adjustable parameters.  Vehicles that have adjustable parameters must meet all the requirements of this part for any adjustment in the physically adjustable range.  We may require that you set adjustable parameters to any specification within the adjustable range during any testing.  See 40 CFR part 86 for information related to determining whether or not an operating parameter is considered adjustable.  You must ensure safe vehicle operation throughout the physically adjustable range of each adjustable parameter, including consideration of production tolerances.  Note that adjustable roof fairings are deemed not to be adjustable parameters.
(b) Prohibited controls.  You may not design your vehicles with emission control devices, systems, or elements of design that cause or contribute to an unreasonable risk to public health, welfare, or safety while operating.  For example, this would apply if the vehicle emits a noxious or toxic substance it would otherwise not emit that contributes to such an unreasonable risk.
(c) Emission diagnostic systems. You must design and produce your vehicles with compliant diagnostic systems as follows:
   (1) If you produce heavy-duty vehicles certified to meet criteria pollutant standards under 40 CFR part 86, subpart S, you must also certify that they meet diagnotic requirements as specified in 40 CFR 86.1806.
   (2) For other heavy-duty vehicles, you do not need to certify your vehicles' diagnostic systems or otherwise meet those standards.  However, manufacturers certifying their engines may depend on you to produce your vehicles according to their specifications.
(d) Defeat devices.  40 CFR 1068.101 prohibits the use of defeat devices.
(e) Air conditioning leakage. Loss of refrigerant from your air conditioning systems may not exceed a total leakage rate of 11.0 grams per year or a percent leakage rate of 1.50 percent per year, whichever is greater.  Calculate the total leakage rate in g/year as specified in 40 CFR 86.1867-12(a). Calculate the percent leakage rate as: [total leakage rate (g/yr)] / [total refrigerant capacity (g)] x 100.  Round your percent leakage rate to the nearest one-hundredth of a percent.  This paragraph (e) does not apply for refrigeration units installed on trailers or for refrigeration units on vocational vehicles that are limited to cooling cargo.
    (1)  For purposes of this requirement, "refrigerant capacity" is the total mass of refrigerant recommended by the vehicle manufacturer as representing a full charge.  Where full charge is specified as a pressure, use good engineering judgment to convert the pressure and system volume to a mass.
    (2) If your system uses a refrigerant other than HFC-134a that is listed as an acceptable substitute refrigerant for heavy-duty vehicles under 40 CFR part 82, subpart G, and the substitute refrigerant is identified in 40 CFR 86.1867-12(e), your system is deemed to meet the leakage standard in this paragraph (e) and the reporting requirement of §1037.205(c) does not apply.  If your system uses any other refrigerant that is listed as an acceptable substitute refrigerant for heavy-duty vehicles under 40 CFR part 82, subpart G, contact us for procedures for calculating the leakage rate in a way that appropriately accounts for the refrigerant's properties.

§ 1037.120  Emission-related warranty requirements.
(a) General requirements. You must warrant to the ultimate purchaser and each subsequent purchaser that the new vehicle, including all parts of its emission control system, meets two conditions:
   (1) It is designed, built, and equipped so it conforms at the time of sale to the ultimate purchaser with the requirements of this part.
   (2) It is free from defects in materials and workmanship that cause the vehicle to fail to conform to the requirements of this part during the applicable warranty period.
   (b) Warranty period. (1) Your emission-related warranty must be valid for at least:
      (i)  5 years or 50,000 miles for spark-ignition vehicles and Class 5 and lighter heavy-duty vehicles (except tires).
      (ii) 5 years or 100,000 miles for Class 6 through Class 8 heavy-duty vehicles (except tires).
      (iii) 5 years for trailers (except tires).
      (iv) 1 year for tires installed on trailers, and 2 years or 24,000 miles for all other tires.
   (2) You may offer an emission-related warranty more generous than we require.  The emission-related warranty for the vehicle may not be shorter than any basic mechanical warranty you provide to that owner without charge for the vehicle.  Similarly, the emission-related warranty for any component may not be shorter than any warranty you provide to that owner without charge for that component.  This means that your warranty for a given vehicle may not treat emission-related and nonemission-related defects differently for any component. The warranty period begins when the vehicle is placed into service.
(c) Components covered. The emission-related warranty covers tires, vehicle speed limiters, idle shutdown systems, aerodynamic devices, automatic tire inflation systems, hybrid system components, to the extent such emission-related components that are included in your application for certification.  The emission-related warranty also covers other emission-related components to the extent they are included in your application for certification.  The emission-related warranty covers all components whose failure would increase a vehicle's emissions of air conditioning refrigerants (for vehicles subject to air conditioning leakage standards), and it covers all components whose failure would increase a vehicle's evaporative emissions (for vehicles subject to evaporative emission standards).  The emission-related warranty covers these components even if another company produces the component.  Your emission-related warranty does not need to cover components whose failure would not increase a vehicle's emissions of any regulated pollutant.
(d) Limited applicability. You may deny warranty claims under this section if the operator caused the problem through improper maintenance or use, as described in 40 CFR 1068.115.
(e) Owners manual. Describe in the owners manual the emission-related warranty provisions from this section that apply to the vehicle.

§ 1037.125  Maintenance instructions and allowable maintenance.
Give the ultimate purchaser of each new vehicle written instructions for properly maintaining and using the vehicle, including the emission control system.  The maintenance instructions also apply to service accumulation on any of your emission-data vehicles.  See paragraph (i) of this section for requirements related to tire replacement.  Only the provisions of paragraph (h) of this section apply for trailers.
(a) Critical emission-related maintenance.  Critical emission-related maintenance includes any adjustment, cleaning, repair, or replacement of critical emission-related components.  This may also include additional emission-related maintenance that you determine is critical if we approve it in advance.  You may schedule critical emission-related maintenance on these components if you demonstrate that the maintenance is reasonably likely to be done at the recommended intervals on in-use vehicles.  We will accept scheduled maintenance as reasonably likely to occur if you satisfy any of the following conditions:
   (1) You present data showing that, if a lack of maintenance increases emissions, it also unacceptably degrades the vehicle's performance.
   (2) You present survey data showing that at least 80 percent of vehicles in the field get the maintenance you specify at the recommended intervals.
   (3) You provide the maintenance free of charge and clearly say so in your maintenance instructions.
   (4) You otherwise show us that the maintenance is reasonably likely to be done at the recommended intervals.
 (b) Recommended additional maintenance.  You may recommend any additional amount of maintenance on the components listed in paragraph (a) of this section, as long as you state clearly that these maintenance steps are not necessary to keep the emission-related warranty valid.  If operators do the maintenance specified in paragraph (a) of this section, but not the recommended additional maintenance, this does not allow you to disqualify those vehicles from in-use testing or deny a warranty claim.  Do not take these maintenance steps during service accumulation on your emission-data vehicles.
(c) Special maintenance. You may specify more frequent maintenance to address problems related to special situations, such as atypical vehicle operation.  You must clearly state that this additional maintenance is associated with the special situation you are addressing.  We may disapprove your maintenance instructions if we determine that you have specified special maintenance steps to address vehicle operation that is not atypical, or that the maintenance is unlikely to occur in use.  If we determine that certain maintenance items do not qualify as special maintenance under this paragraph (c), you may identify this as recommended additional maintenance under paragraph (b) of this section.
(d) Noncritical emission-related maintenance. Subject to the provisions of this paragraph (d), you may schedule any amount of emission-related inspection or maintenance that is not covered by paragraph (a) of this section (that is, maintenance that is neither explicitly identified as critical emission-related maintenance, nor that we approve as critical emission-related maintenance).  Noncritical emission-related maintenance generally includes maintenance on the components we specify in 40 CFR part 1068, Appendix I, that is not covered in paragraph (a) of this section.  You must state in the owners manual that these steps are not necessary to keep the emission-related warranty valid.  If operators fail to do this maintenance, this does not allow you to disqualify those vehicles from in-use testing or deny a warranty claim.  Do not take these inspection or maintenance steps during service accumulation on your emission-data vehicles.
(e) Maintenance that is not emission-related. For maintenance unrelated to emission controls, you may schedule any amount of inspection or maintenance.  You may also take these inspection or maintenance steps during service accumulation on your emission-data vehicles, as long as they are reasonable and technologically necessary.  You may perform this nonemission-related maintenance on emission-data vehicles at the least frequent intervals that you recommend to the ultimate purchaser (but not the intervals recommended for severe service).
(f) Source of parts and repairs. State clearly on the first page of your written maintenance instructions that a repair shop or person of the owner's choosing may maintain, replace, or repair emission control devices and systems.  Your instructions may not require components or service identified by brand, trade, or corporate name.  Also, do not directly or indirectly condition your warranty on a requirement that the vehicle be serviced by your franchised dealers or any other service establishments with which you have a commercial relationship.  You may disregard the requirements in this paragraph (f) if you do one of two things:
   (1) Provide a component or service without charge under the purchase agreement.
   (2) Get us to waive this prohibition in the public's interest by convincing us the vehicle will work properly only with the identified component or service.
(g) [Reserved]
(h) Owners manual.  Explain the owner's responsibility for proper maintenance in the owners manual.
(i) Tire maintenance and replacement.  Include instructions that will enable the owner to replace tires so that the vehicle conforms to the original certified vehicle configuration.

§ 1037.130  Assembly instructions for secondary vehicle manufacturers.
(a) If you sell a certified incomplete vehicle to a secondary vehicle manufacturer, give the secondary vehicle manufacturer instructions for completing vehicle assembly consistent with the requirements of this part.  Include all information necessary to ensure that the final vehicle assembly an engine will be in its certified configuration.
(b) Make sure these instructions have the following information:
   (1) Include the heading: "Emission-related installation instructions".
   (2) State: "Failing to follow these instructions when completing assembly of a heavy-duty motor vehicle violates federal law, subject to fines or other penalties as described in the Clean Air Act."
   (3) Describe the necessary steps for installing any diagnostic system required under 40 CFR 1036.115.
   (4) Describe how your certification is limited for any type of application, as illustrated in the following examples:
      (i) If the incomplete vehicle is at or below 8,500 pounds GVWR, state that the vehicle's certification is valid under this part 1037 only if the final configuration has a vehicle curb weight above 6,000 pounds or basic vehicle frontal area above 45 square feet.
      (ii) If your engine will be installed in a vehicle that you certify to meet diurnal emission standards using an evaporative canister, but you do not install the fuel tank, identify the maximum permissible fuel tank capacity.
   (5) Describe any other instructions to make sure the vehicle will operate according to design specifications in your application for certification.
(c) Provide instructions in writing or in an equivalent format.  You may include this information with the incomplete vehicle document required by DOT.  If you do not provide the instructions in writing, explain in your application for certification how you will ensure that each installer is informed of the installation requirements.

§ 1037.135  Labeling.
(a) Assign each vehicle a unique identification number and permanently affix, engrave, or stamp it on the vehicle in a legible way.  The vehicle identification number (VIN) serves this purpose.
(b) At the time of manufacture, affix a permanent and legible label identifying each vehicle.  The label must be -
   (1) Attached in one piece so it is not removable without being destroyed or defaced.
   (2) Secured to a part of the vehicle needed for normal operation and not normally requiring replacement.
   (3) Durable and readable for the vehicle's entire life.
   (4) Written in English.
(c) The label must --
   (1) Include the heading "VEHICLE EMISSION CONTROL INFORMATION".
   (2) Include your full corporate name and trademark.  You may identify another company and use its trademark instead of yours if you comply with the branding provisions of 40 CFR 1068.45.
   (3) Include EPA's standardized designation for the vehicle family.
   (4) State the regulatory subcategory that determines the applicable emission standards for the vehicle family (see definition in §1037.801).
   (5) State the date of manufacture [DAY (optional), MONTH, and YEAR]. You may omit this from the label if you stamp, engrave, or otherwise permanently identify it elsewhere on the vehicle, in which case you must also describe in your application for certification where you will identify the date on the vehicle.
    (6) Identify the emission control system.  Use terms and abbreviations as described in Appendix III to this part or other applicable conventions. Phase 2 tractors and Phase 2 vocational vehicles (other than those certified to standards for emergency vehicles) may omit this information.
   (7) Identify any requirements for fuel and lubricants that do not involve fuel-sulfur levels.
   (8) State: "THIS VEHICLE COMPLIES WITH U.S. EPA REGULATIONS FOR [MODEL YEAR] HEAVY-DUTY VEHICLES."
   (9) If you rely on another company to design and install fuel tanks in incomplete vehicles that use an evaporative canister for controlling diurnal emissions, include the following statement: "THIS VEHICLE IS DESIGNED TO COMPLY WITH EVAPORATIVE EMISSION STANDARDS WITH UP TO x GALLONS OF FUEL TANK CAPACITY." Complete this statement by identifying the maximum specified fuel tank capacity associated with your certification.
 (d) You may add information to the emission control information label to identify other emission standards that the vehicle meets or does not meet (such as European standards).  You may also add other information to ensure that the vehicle will be properly maintained and used.
(e) You may ask us to approve modified labeling requirements in this part 1037 if you show that it is necessary or appropriate.  We will approve your request if your alternate label is consistent with the requirements of this part.

§ 1037.140  Determining vehicle parameters.
(a) Where applicable, a vehicle's roof height, a trailer's length, and tire radius are determined from nominal design specifications, as provided in this section.  Round the design values for roof height and trailer length to the nearest inch.  Round the design value for tire radius to the nearest 0.01 m.
(b) Base roof height on fully inflated tires having a static loaded radius equal to the arithmetic mean of the largest and smallest static loaded radius of tires you offer or a standard tire we approve.
(c) Base trailer length on the outer dimensions of the load-carrying structure. Do not include aerodynamic devices or refrigeration or heating units.
(d) Base tire radius on loaded tires.  The radius is the perpendicular distance from the loaded tire's axis of rotation to the level surface on which the tire rests, at a stabilized temperature of (20 to 30) °C, with tires loaded to 85 % of the maximum value specified by the tire manufacturer, at the tire manufacturer's recommended air pressure at a rated-load condition.
(e) The nominal design specifications must be within the range of the actual values from production vehicles considering normal production variability.  In the case of roof height, use the mean tire radius specified in paragraph (b) of this section.  If after production begins it is determined that your nominal design specifications do not represent production vehicles, we may require you to amend your application for certification under §1037.225.
(f) If your vehicle is equipped with an adjustable roof fairing, measure the roof height with the fairing in its lowest setting.

§ 1037.150  Interim provisions.
The provisions in this section apply instead of other provisions in this part.
(a) Incentives for early introduction.  The provisions of this paragraph (a) apply with respect to vehicles produced in model years before 2014  Manufacturers may voluntarily certify  in model year 2013 (or earlier model years for electric vehicles) to the greenhouse gas standards of this part.
   (1) This paragraph (a)(1) applies for regulatory subcategories subject to the standards of §1037.105 or §1037.106.  Except as specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section,  to generate early credits under this paragraph for any vehicles other than electric vehicles, you must certify your entire U.S.-directed production volume within the regulatory subcategory to these standards.  Except as specified in paragraph (a)(4) of this section, if some vehicle families within a regulatory subcategory are certified after the start of the model year, you may generate credits only for production that occurs after all families are certified.  For example, if you produce three vehicle families in an averaging set and you receive your certificates for those families on January 4, 2013, March 15, 2013, and April 24, 2013, you may not generate credits for model year 2013 production in any of the families that occurs before April 24, 2013.  Calculate credits relative to the standard that would apply in model year 2014 using the equations in subpart H of this part. You may bank credits equal to the surplus credits you generate under this paragraph (a) multiplied by 1.50.  For example, if you have 1.0 Mg of surplus credits for model year 2013, you may bank 1.5 Mg of credits.  Credit deficits for an averaging set prior to model year 2014 do not carry over to model year 2014.  These credits may be used to show compliance with the standards of this part for 2014 and later model years.  We recommend that you notify EPA of your intent to use this provision before submitting your applications.
    (2) [Reserved]
   (3) You may generate emission credits for the number of additional SmartWay designated tractors (relative to your 2012 production), provided you do not generate credits for those vehicles under paragraph (a)(1) of this section.  Calculate credits for each regulatory subcategory relative to the standard that would apply in model year 2014 using the equations in subpart H of this part.  Use a production volume equal to the number of designated model year 2013 SmartWay tractors minus the number of designated model year 2012 SmartWay tractors.  You may bank credits equal to the surplus credits you generate under this paragraph (a)(3) multiplied by 1.50.  Your 2012 and 2013 model years must be equivalent in length.
   (4) This paragraph (a)(4) applies where you do not receive your final certificate in a regulatory subcategory within 30 days of submitting your final application for that subcategory.  Calculate your credits for all production that occurs 30 days or more after you submit your final application for the subcategory.
(b) [Reserved] (c) Provisions for small manufacturers.  Standards apply on a delayed schedule for manufacturers meeting the small business criteria specified in 13 CFR 121.201.  Apply the small business criteria for NAICS code 336120 for tractors and vocational vehicles and 336212 for trailers. Qualifying manufacturers are not subject to the greenhouse gas standards of §§1037.105 and 1037.106 for vehicles built before January 1, 2022,  Similarly, qualifying manufacturers are not subject to the greenhouse gas standards of §1037.107 for trailers built before January 1, 2019. In addition, qualifying manufacturers producing engines or vehicles that run on any fuel other than gasoline, E85, or diesel fuel may delay complying with every new standard under this part by one model year.  Qualifying manufacturers must notify the Designated Compliance Officer each model year before introducing these excluded vehicles into U.S. commerce.  This notification must include a description of the manufacturer's qualification as a small business under 13 CFR 121.201. You must label your excluded vehicles with the following statement: "THIS VEHICLE IS EXCLUDED UNDER 40 CFR 1037.150(c)."
(d) Air conditioning leakage for vocational vehicles.  The air conditioning leakage standard of §1037.115 does not apply for model year 2020 and earlier vocational vehicles.
(e) Model year 2014 N2O standards.  In model year 2014 and earlier, manufacturers may show compliance with the N2O standards using an engineering analysis.  This allowance also applies for later test groups or emission families carried over from model 2014 consistent with the provisions of 40 CFR 86.1839.  You may not certify to an N2O FEL different than the standard without measuring N2O emissions.
(f)	[Reserved]
(g) Compliance date.  Compliance with the standards of this part is optional prior to January 1, 2014.  This means that if your 2014 model year begins before January 1, 2014, you may certify for a partial model year that begins on January 1, 2014 and ends on the day your model year would normally end.  You must label model year 2014 vehicles excluded under this paragraph (g) with the following statement: "THIS VEHICLE IS EXCLUDED UNDER 40 CFR 1037.150(g)."
(h) Off-road vehicle exemption. In unusual circumstances, vehicle manufacturers may ask us to exempt vehicles under §1037.631 based on other criteria that are equivalent to those specified in §1037.631(a).  For example, we would normally not grant relief in cases where the vehicle manufacturer had credits or could otherwise comply with applicable standards.  Request approval for the exemption before you produce the subject vehicles.  Send your request with supporting information to the Designated Compliance Officer; we will coordinate with NHTSA in making a determination under §1037.210.  If you introduce into U.S. commerce vehicles that depend on our approval under this paragraph (h) before we inform you of our approval, those vehicles violate 40 CFR 1068.101(a)(1).
(i) Credit multiplier for advanced technology. If you generate credits from model year 2020 and earlier vehicles certified with advanced technology, you may multiply these credits by 1.50, except that you may not apply this multiplier in addition to the early-credit multiplier of paragraph (a) of this section.
(j) Limited prohibition related to early model year engines. The provisions of this paragraph (j) apply for model year 2017 and earlier vehicles subject to standards under this part.  See §1037.635 for alternative provisions that apply in later model years.  The prohibition in §1037.601 against introducing into U.S. commerce a vehicle containing an engine not certified to the standards of this part does not apply for vehicles using model year 2014 or 2015 spark-ignition engines, or any model year 2013 or earlier engines.
(k) Verifying drag areas from in-use vehicles.  This paragraph (k) applies instead of §1037.401(b) through model year 2020.  We may measure the drag area of your vehicles after they have been placed into service.  To account for measurement variability, your vehicle is deemed to conform to the regulations of this part with respect to aerodynamic performance if we measure its drag area to be at or below the maximum drag area allowed for the bin above the bin to which you certified (for example, Bin II if you certified the vehicle to Bin III), unless we determine t	hat you knowingly produced the vehicle to have a higher drag area than is allowed for the bin to which it was certified.
   (l) Optional certification under 40 CFR part 86.  You may certify certain complete or cab-complete vehicles to the GHG standards of 40 CFR 86.1819 based on testing with sister vehicles as specified in 40 CFR 86.1819-14(j).
(m)  Loose engine sales.  Manufacturers may certify certain model year 2020 and earlier spark-ignition engines to emission standards under 40 CFR 1036.108 where they are identical to engines used in vehicles certified to the standards of 40 CFR 86.1819.  Vehicles in which those engines are installed are subject to standards under this part as specified in §1037.105.  See 40 CFR 86.1819(k)(8).
(n) Streamlined preliminary approval for trailer devices.  Before January 1, 2018, manufacturers of aerodynamic devices for trailers may ask for preliminary EPA approval of compliance data for their devices based on qualifying for designation under the SmartWay program based on measured CDA values, whether or not that involves testing or other methods specified in §1037.525.  Trailer manufacturers may certify based on delta CDA values established under this paragraph (n) through model year 2020.  Manufacturers must perform testing as specified in subpart F of this part for any vehicles or aerodynamic devices not qualifying for approval under this paragraph (n).
(o) Design-based certification for trailers.  For model years 2018 through 2023, trailer manufacturers may certify their products using design-based certification instead of using the GEM simulation tool.  This involves submitting an application for certification describing how the trailers conform to all the design specifications described in this paragraph (o) that apply for the given model year.  Vehicles certified using design-based certification may not generate or use emission credits.
   (1) Tires must have Tire Rolling Resistance Level at or below 5.1 kg/ton.  You may rely on a testing demonstration from the tire manufacturer, as described in subpart F of this part.
   (2) Trailers must use qualified automatic tire inflation systems with all load-bearing wheels.
   (3) Box vans must meet aerodynamic targets relative to the bin standards specified in §1037.520(b)(4) as described in this paragraph (o)(3).  You may rely on a testing demonstration from the aerodynamic device manufacturer, as described in §1037.211.
      (i) Long box vans must achieve a delta CDA corresponding to Bin V or higher for model years 2021 through 2023, and a delta CDA corresponding to Bin V or higher for model years 2018 through 2020.
(ii) Short box vans must achieve a delta CDA corresponding to Bin II or higher for model years 2021 through 2023.  (p) ABT reports.  Through model year 2017, you may submit a final report under §1037.730 up to 270 days after the end of the model year, as long as you send a draft report with the same information within 90 days after the end of the model year.
(q) Vehicle families for advanced and off-cycle technologies.  For tractors and vocational vehicles subject to Phase 1 standards, create separate vehicle families for vehicles that contain advanced or off-cycle technologies; group those vehicles together in a vehicle family if they use the same advanced or off-cycle technologies.
(r) Limited carryover from Phase 1 to Phase 2.  The provisions for carryover data in §1037.235(d) do not allow you to use aerodynamic test results from Phase 1 to support a compliance demonstration for Phase 2 certification.
(s) Interim useful life for light heavy-duty vocational vehicles. Class 2b through Class 5 vocational vehicles certified to Phase 1 standards are subject to a useful life of 110,000 miles or 10 years, whichever comes first, instead of the useful life specified in §1037.105.  For emission credits generated from these Phase 1 vehicles, multiply any banked credits that you carry forward to demonstrate compliance with Phase 2 standards by 1.36.
(t) For tractors subject to Phase 1 standards, the default method for measuring drag area (CDA) is the coastdown procedure specified in 40 CFR part 1066, subpart D.  This includes preparing the tractor and the standard trailer with wheels meeting specifications of §1037.527(b) and submitting information related to your coastdown testing under §1037.527(j).

Subpart C -- Certifying Vehicle families
§ 1037.201  General requirements for obtaining a certificate of conformity.
(a) You must send us a separate application for a certificate of conformity for each vehicle family.  A certificate of conformity is valid from the indicated effective date until the end of the model year for which it is issued, which may not extend beyond December 31 of that year.  You must renew your certification annually for any vehicles you continue to produce.
(b) The application must contain all the information required by this part and must not include false or incomplete statements or information (see §1037.255).
(c) We may ask you to include less information than we specify in this subpart, as long as you maintain all the information required by §1037.250.
(d) You must use good engineering judgment for all decisions related to your application (see 40 CFR 1068.5).
(e) An authorized representative of your company must approve and sign the application.
(f) See §1037.255 for provisions describing how we will process your application.
(g) We may perform confirmatory testing on your vehicles; for example, we may test vehicles to verify drag areas or other GEM inputs.  This includes tractors used to determine Falt-aero under § 1037.525.  We may require you to deliver your test vehicles to a facility we designate for our testing.  Alternatively, you may choose to deliver another vehicle that is identical in all material respects to the test vehicle, or another vehicle that we determine can appropriately serve as an emission-data vehicle for the family. Where certification is based on testing components such as tires, we may require you to deliver test components to a facility we designate for our testing. We may perform confirmatory testing on engines under 40 CFR part 1036 and may require you to apply modified fuel maps from that testing for certification under this part.
(h) The certification and testing provisions of 40 CFR part 86, subpart S, apply instead of the provisions of this subpart relative to the evaporative and refueling emission standards specified in §1037.103, except that §1037.245 describes how to demonstrate compliance with evaporative emission standards.
(i) Vehicles and installed engines must meet exhaust, evaporative, and refueling emission standards and certification requirements in 40 CFR part 86 or 40 CFR part 1036, as applicable.  Include the information described in 40 CFR part 86, subpart S, or §1036.205 in your application for certification in addition to what we specify in §1037.205 so we can issue a single certificate of conformity for all the requirements that apply for your vehicle and the installed engine.

§ 1037.205  What must I include in my application?
This section specifies the information that must be in your application, unless we ask you to include less information under §1037.201(c).  We may require you to provide additional information to evaluate your application.  References to testing and emission-data vehicles refer to testing vehicles to measure aerodynamic drag and/or assess hybrid vehicle performance; these references also refer to engines or tires in the context of fuel maps and rolling-resistance measurements, respectively, and to any other items that require testing to establish GEM input values.
(a) Describe the vehicle family's specifications and other basic parameters of the vehicle's design and emission controls.  List the fuel type on which your tractors and vocational vehicles are designed to operate (for example, ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel).
(b) Explain how the emission control system operates.  As applicable, describe in detail all system components for controlling greenhouse gas emissions, including all auxiliary emission control devices (AECDs) and all fuel-system components you will install on any production vehicle.  Identify the part number of each component you describe.  For this paragraph (b), treat as separate AECDs any devices that modulate or activate differently from each other.  Also describe your GEM modeling inputs as described in §1037.520, with the following additional information if it applies for your vehicles:
   (1) Describe your design for vehicle speed limiters, consistent with §1037.640.
   (2) Describe your design for predictive cruise control.
   (3) Describe your design for automatic engine shutdown systems, consistent with §1037.660.
   (4) Describe your engineering analysis demonstrating that your air conditioning compressor qualifies as a high-efficiency model as described in 40 CFR 86.1868-12(h)(5).
   (5) Describe your design for stop-start technology, including the logic for engine shutdown and the maximum duration of engine operation after the onset of any vehicle conditions described in §1037.520(f)(8)(iii).
   (6) Include measurements for vehicles with hybrid power takeoff systems.
(c) For vehicles subject to air conditioning standards, include:
   (1) The refrigerant leakage rates (leak scores).
   (2) The type of refrigerant and the refrigerant capacity of the air conditioning systems.
   (3) The corporate name of the final installer of the air conditioning system.
(d) Describe any vehicles you selected for testing and the reasons for selecting them.
(e) Describe any test equipment and procedures that you used, including any special or alternate test procedures you used (see §1037.501).  Include information describing the procedures you used to determine CDA values for tractors and trailers as specified in §1037.525.
(f) Describe how you operated any emission-data vehicle before testing, including the duty cycle and the number of vehicle operating miles used to stabilize the engine's emission levels.  Explain why you selected the method of service accumulation.  Describe any scheduled maintenance you did.
(g) Where applicable, list the specifications of any test fuel to show that it falls within the required ranges we specify in 40 CFR part 1065.
(h) Identify the vehicle family's useful life.
(i) Include the maintenance instructions and warranty statement you will give to the ultimate purchaser of each new vehicle (see §§1037.120 and 1037.125).
(j) Describe your emission control information label (see §1037.135).
(k) Identify the emission standards or FELs to which you are certifying vehicles in the vehicle family.  For families containing multiple subfamilies, this means that you must identify multiple CO2 FELs.  For example, you may identify the highest and lowest FELs to which any of your subfamilies will be certified and also list all possible FELs in between (which will be in 1 g/ton-mile increments).
(l) Where applicable, identify the vehicle family's deterioration factors and describe how you developed them.  Present any emission test data you used for this (see §1037.240 (c)).
(m) Where applicable, state that you operated your emission-data vehicles as described in the application (including the test procedures, test parameters, and test fuels) to show you meet the requirements of this part.
(n) [Reserved]
(o) Report GEM results as follows:
(1) For tractors and vocational vehicles, report modeling results for ten configurations.  Include modeling inputs and detailed descriptions of how they were derived.  Unless we specify otherwise, include the configuration with the highest modeling result, the lowest modeling result, and the configurations with the highest projected sales.
(2) For trailers, report modeling results for the configurations with the highest and lowest GEM output values, and for the configuration with the highest projected sales.
(p) Where applicable, describe all adjustable operating parameters (see §1037.115), including production tolerances.  You do not need to include parameters that do not affect emissions covered by your application.  Include the following in your description of each parameter:
   (1) The nominal or recommended setting.
   (2) The intended physically adjustable range.
   (3) The limits or stops used to establish adjustable ranges.
   (4) Information showing why the limits, stops, or other means of inhibiting adjustment are effective in preventing adjustment of parameters on in-use vehicles to settings outside your intended physically adjustable ranges.
(q) [Reserved]
(r) Unconditionally certify that all the vehicles in the vehicle family comply with the requirements of this part, other referenced parts of the CFR, and the Clean Air Act.
(s) Include good-faith estimates of U.S.-directed production volumes by subfamily.  We may require you to describe the basis of your estimates.
(t) Include the information required by other subparts of this part.  For example, include the information required by §1037.725 if you participate in the ABT program.
(u) Include other applicable information, such as information specified in this part or 40 CFR part 1068 related to requests for exemptions.
(v) Name an agent for service located in the United States.  Service on this agent constitutes service on you or any of your officers or employees for any action by EPA or otherwise by the United States related to the requirements of this part.

§ 1037.210  Preliminary approval before certification.
If you send us information before you finish the application, we may review it and make any appropriate determinations.  Decisions made under this section are considered to be preliminary approval, subject to final review and approval. We will generally not reverse a decision where we have given you preliminary approval, unless we find new information supporting a different decision. If you request preliminary approval related to the upcoming model year or the model year after that, we will make best-efforts to make the appropriate determinations as soon as practicable. We will generally not provide preliminary approval related to a future model year more than two years ahead of time.

§1037.211 Preliminary approval for manufacturers of aerodynamic devices.
(a) If you design or manufacture aerodynamic devices for trailers, you may ask us to provide preliminary approval for the measured performance of your devices.  While decisions made under this section are considered to be preliminary approval, we will not reverse a decision where we have given you preliminary approval, unless we find new information supporting a different decision.  For example, where we measure the performance of your device after giving you preliminary approval and its measured performance is less than your data indicated, we may rescind the preliminary approval of your test results.
(b) To request this, you must provide test data for delta CDA values as specified in §1037.150(n) or §1037.525.  If you want to establish delta CDA values for short trailers, you must establish separate values based on testing for each trailer length.  Trailer manufacturers may use approved delta CDA values as GEM inputs under §1037.520 to support their application for certification.
(c) The following provisions apply for combining multiple devices under this section:
   (1) If the device manufacturer establishes a delta CDA value in a single test with multiple aerodynamic devices installed, trailer manufacturers may use that delta CDA value directly for the same combination of aerodynamic devices installed on production trailers.
   (2) You may combine delta CDA values for aerodynamic devices that are not tested together, as long as each device does not significantly impair the effectiveness of another, consistent with good engineering judgment.  Calculate a composite delta CDA value for multiple aerodynamic devices by applying the full delta CDA value for the device with the greatest aerodynamic improvement, adding the second-highest delta CDA value multiplied by 0.9, and adding any other delta CDA values multiplied by 0.8.

§ 1037.220  Amending maintenance instructions.
You may amend your emission-related maintenance instructions after you submit your application for certification as long as the amended instructions remain consistent with the provisions of §1037.125.  You must send the Designated Compliance Officer a written request to amend your application for certification for a vehicle family if you want to change the emission-related maintenance instructions in a way that could affect emissions.  In your request, describe the proposed changes to the maintenance instructions.  If operators follow the original maintenance instructions rather than the newly specified maintenance, this does not allow you to disqualify those vehicles from in-use testing or deny a warranty claim.
(a) If you are decreasing or eliminating any specified maintenance, you may distribute the new maintenance instructions to your customers 30 days after we receive your request, unless we disapprove your request.  This would generally include replacing one maintenance step with another.  We may approve a shorter time or waive this requirement.
(b) If your requested change would not decrease the specified maintenance, you may distribute the new maintenance instructions anytime after you send your request.  For example, this paragraph (b) would cover adding instructions to increase the frequency of filter changes for vehicles in severe-duty applications.
(c) You need not request approval if you are making only minor corrections (such as correcting typographical mistakes), clarifying your maintenance instructions, or changing instructions for maintenance unrelated to emission control.  We may ask you to send us copies of maintenance instructions revised under this paragraph (c).

§ 1037.225  Amending applications for certification.
Before we issue you a certificate of conformity, you may amend your application to include new or modified vehicle configurations, subject to the provisions of this section. After we have issued your certificate of conformity, but before the end of the model year, you may send us an amended application requesting that we include new or modified vehicle configurations within the scope of the certificate, subject to the provisions of this section. Before the end of the model year, you must amend your application if any changes occur with respect to any information that is included or should be included in your application. After the end of the model year, you may amend your application only to update maintenance instructions as described in §1037.220 or to modify an FEL as described in paragraph (f) of this section.
(a) You must amend your application before you take any of the following actions:
   (1) Add a vehicle configuration to a vehicle family.  In this case, the vehicle configuration added must be consistent with other vehicle configurations in the vehicle family with respect to the criteria listed in §1037.230.
   (2) Change a vehicle configuration already included in a vehicle family in a way that may affect emissions, or change any of the components you described in your application for certification.  This includes production and design changes that may affect emissions any time during the vehicle's lifetime.
   (3) Modify an FEL for a vehicle family as described in paragraph (f) of this section.
(b) To amend your application for certification, send the relevant information to the Designated Compliance Officer.
   (1) Describe in detail the addition or change in the vehicle model or configuration you intend to make.
   (2) Include engineering evaluations or data showing that the amended vehicle family complies with all applicable requirements.  You may do this by showing that the original emission-data vehicle is still appropriate for showing that the amended family complies with all applicable requirements.
   (3) If the original emission-data vehicle or emission modeling for the vehicle family is not appropriate to show compliance for the new or modified vehicle configuration, include new test data or emission modeling showing that the new or modified vehicle configuration meets the requirements of this part.
   (4) Include any other information needed to make your application correct and complete.
(c) We may ask for more test data or engineering evaluations.  You must give us these within 30 days after we request them.
(d) For vehicle families already covered by a certificate of conformity, we will determine whether the existing certificate of conformity covers your newly added or modified vehicle.  You may ask for a hearing if we deny your request (see §1037.820).
(e) For vehicle families already covered by a certificate of conformity, you may start producing the new or modified vehicle configuration anytime after you send us your amended application and before we make a decision under paragraph (d) of this section.  However, if we determine that the affected vehicles do not meet applicable requirements, we will notify you to cease production of the vehicles and may require you to recall the vehicles at no expense to the owner.  Choosing to produce vehicles under this paragraph (e) is deemed to be consent to recall all vehicles that we determine do not meet applicable emission standards or other requirements and to remedy the nonconformity at no expense to the owner.  If you do not provide information required under paragraph (c) of this section within 30 days after we request it, you must stop producing the new or modified vehicles.
(f)  You may ask us to approve a change to your FEL in certain cases after the start of production.  The changed FEL may not apply to vehicles you have already introduced into U.S. commerce, except as described in this paragraph (f).  You may ask us to approve a change to your FEL in the following cases:
   (1) You may ask to raise your FEL for your vehicle subfamily at any time.  In your request, you must show that you will still be able to meet the emission standards as specified in subparts B and H of this part.  Use the appropriate FELs with corresponding production volumes to calculate emission credits for the model year, as described in subpart H of this part.
   (2) Where testing applies, you may ask to lower the FEL for your vehicle subfamily only if you have test data from production vehicles showing that emissions are below the proposed lower FEL.  Otherwise, you may ask to lower your FEL for your vehicle subfamily at any time.  The lower FEL applies only to vehicles you produce after we approve the new FEL.  Use the appropriate FELs with corresponding production volumes to calculate emission credits for the model year, as described in subpart H of this part.
   (3) You may ask to add an FEL for your vehicle family at any time.

§ 1037.230  Vehicle families, sub-families, and configurations.
(a) For purposes of certifying your vehicles to greenhouse gas standards, divide your product line into families of vehicles based on regulatory subcategories as specified in this section.  Your vehicle family is limited to a single model year.
    (1) Apply subcategories for vocational vehicles as shown in Table 1 of this section.  This involves nine separate subcategories for Phase 2 vehicles to account for GVWR and the vehicle characteristics corresponding to the duty cycles for vocational vehicles as specified in §1037.510.  An additional subcategory applies for emergency vehicles covered under §1037.105(b)(4).  Divide Phase 1 vehicles into three GVWR-based vehicle classes as shown in Table 1 of this section, disregarding the specified duty cycles.  Table 1 follows:

    Table 1 of §1037.230 -- Vocational Vehicle Subcategories
                                  Class 2b-5
                                   Class 6-7
                                    Class 8
Urban
Urban
Urban
Multi-Purpose
Multi-Purpose
Multi-Purpose
Regional
Regional
Regional

    (2) Apply subcategories for tractors as shown in the following table:

    Table 2 of §1037.230 --  Tractor Subcategories
                                    Class 7
                               Class 8 Day Cabs
                             Class 8 Sleeper Cabs
Low-roof tractors
Low-roof day cab tractors
Low-roof sleeper cab tractors
Mid-roof tractors
Mid-roof day cab tractors
Mid-roof sleeper cab tractors
High-roof tractors
High-roof day cab tractors
High-roof sleeper cab tractors
Vocational tractors
Vocational tractors
                                       --
Heavy-haul tractors (starting with Phase 2)

    (3) Apply subcategories for trailers as shown in the following table:

    Table 3 of §1037.230 --  Trailer Subcategories
                              Full-aero trailers
                             Partial-aero Trailers
                                Other trailers
Long dry box vans
Long dry box vans
Non-aero trailers
Short dry box vans
Short dry box vans
Non-box trailers
Long refrigerated vans
Long refrigerated vans

Short refrigerated vans

(b) If the vehicles in your family are being certified to more than one FEL, subdivide your greenhouse gas vehicle families into subfamilies that include vehicles with identical FELs.  Note that you may add subfamilies at any time during the model year.
(c) Group vehicles into configurations consistent with the definition of "vehicle configuration" in §1037.801.  Note that vehicles with hardware or software differences that are related to measured or modeled emissions are considered to be different vehicle configurations even if they have the same GEM inputs and FEL.  Note also, that you are not required to separately identify all configurations for certification.  See paragraph (g) of this section for provisions allowing you to group certain hardware differences into the same configuration.  Note that you are not required to identify all possible configurations for certification; also, you are required to include in your final report only those configurations you produced.
(d) You may combine dissimilar vehicles into a single vehicle family in special circumstances as follows:
   (1) For a vehicle model that includes a range of GVWR values that straddle weight classes, you may include all the vehicles in the same vehicle family if you certify the vehicle family to the numerically lower CO2 emission standard from the affected weight classes.  Vehicles that are optionally certified to a more stringent under this paragraph (d)(1) are subject to useful-life and all other provisions corresponding to the weight class with the numerically lower CO2 emission standard.
   (2) You may include refrigerated trailers in a vehicle family with dry vans; if you do this, all the trailers in the family are subject to the standards that apply for dry vans.  Similarly, you may include short trailers in a vehicle family with long trailers; if you do this, all the trailers in the family are subject to the standards that apply for long vans.  You may also include short refrigerated trailers in a vehicle family with long dry vans; if you do this, all the trailers in the family are subject to the standards that apply for long dry vans.
(e) [Reserved]
(f)  You may divide your families into more families than specified in this section.
(g) You may ask us to allow you to group into the same configuration vehicles that have very small body hardware differences that do not significantly affect drag areas.  Note that this allowance does not apply for substantial differences, even if the vehicles have the same measured drag areas.

§ 1037.231  Powertrain families
(a) If you choose to perform powertrain testing as specified in §1037.550, use good engineering judgment to divide your product line into powertrain families that are expected to have similar fuel consumptions and CO2 emission characteristics throughout the useful life. Your powertrain family is limited to a single model year.
(b) Except as specified in paragraph (c) of this section, group powertrains in the same powertrain family if they share all the following attributes:
   (1) Engine family.
   (2) The applicable simulated test vehicle category according to §1037.550(f): either Class 2b through 7, heavy-haul or Class 8 other than heavy-haul.
   (3) Number of clutches.
   (4) Type of clutch (e.g., wet or dry).
   (5) Presence and location of a fluid coupling such as a torque converter.
   (6) Gear configuration, as follows:
      (i) Planetary (e.g., simple, compound, meshed-planet, stepped-planet, multi-stage).
      (ii) Countershaft (e.g., single, double, triple).
      (iii) Continuously variable (e.g., pulley, magnetic, torroidal).
   (7) Number of available forward gears, and gear ratio for each available forward gear, if applicable.
   (8) Transmission oil sump configuration (e.g., conventional or dry).
   (9) The power transfer configuration of any hybrid technology (e.g., series or parallel).
   (10) The energy storage device and capacity of any hybrid technology (e.g., 10 MJ hydraulic accumulator, 10 kW-hr Lithium-ion battery pack, 10 MJ ultracapacitor bank).
   (11) The rated output of any hybrid mechanical power technology (e.g., 50 kW electric motor).
(c) For powertrains that share all the attributes described in paragraph (b) of this section, divide them further into separate powertrain families based on common calibration attributes.  Group powertrains in the same powertrain family to the extent that powertrain test results and corresponding emission levels are expected to be similar throughout the useful life.
(d) You may subdivide a group of powertrains with shared attributes under paragraph (b) of this section into different powertrain families.
(e) In unusual circumstances, you may group powertrains into the same powertrain family even if they do not have shared attributes under in paragraph (b) of this section if you show that their emission characteristics throughout the useful life will be similar.

§ 1037.235  Testing requirements for certification.
This section describes the emission testing you must perform to show compliance with respect to the greenhouse gas emission standards in subpart B of this part, and to any GEM inputs from §1037.520 that involve measured values.
(a) Select emission-data vehicles and components that represent production vehicles and components for the vehicle family consistent with the specifications in 1037.205(o).  In the case of powertrain testing under §1037.550, select a test engine and test transmission by considering the whole range of vehicle models covered by the powertrain family and the mix of duty cycles specified in §1037.510.
(b) Test your emission-data vehicles and emission-data components using the procedures and equipment specified in subpart F of this part.  Measure emissions (or other parameters, as applicable) using the specified procedures.
(c) We may measure emissions (or other parameters, as appropriate) from any of your emission-data vehicles or emission-data components.
   (1) We may decide to do the testing at your plant or any other facility.  If we do this, you must deliver the vehicle or component to a test facility we designate.  The vehicle or component you provide must be in a configuration that is suitable for testing.  If we do the testing at your plant, you must schedule it as soon as possible and make available the instruments, personnel, and equipment we need.
   (2) If we measure emissions (or other parameters, as applicable) from your vehicle or component, the results of that testing become the official emission results for the vehicle or component.  Note that changing the official emission result does not necessarily require a change in the declared GEM input value.  Unless we later invalidate these data, we may decide not to consider your data in determining if your vehicle family meets applicable requirements.  This applies equally to powertrain testing under §1037.550, except that the results of our testing do not become the official emission result if our results are lower than your reported test results.
   (3) Before we test one of your vehicles or components, we may set its adjustable parameters to any point within the physically adjustable ranges, if applicable.
   (4) Before we test one of your vehicles or components, we may calibrate it within normal production tolerances for anything we do not consider an adjustable parameter.  For example, this would apply for a vehicle parameter that is subject to production variability because it is adjustable during production, but is not considered an adjustable parameter (as defined in §1037.801) because it is permanently sealed.
(d) You may ask to use carryover data from a previous model year instead of doing new tests, but only if all the following are true:
   (1) The vehicle family from the previous model year differs from the current vehicle family only with respect to model year or other characteristics unrelated to emissions.  We may waive this criterion for differences we determine not to be relevant.
   (2) The emission-data vehicle and emission-data components from the previous model year remain the appropriate emission-data vehicle and emission-data component under paragraph (b) of this section.
   (3) The data show that the emission-data vehicle and emission-data components would meet all the requirements that apply to the vehicle family covered by the application for certification.
(e) We may require you to test a second vehicle or component of the same configuration in addition to the vehicle or component tested under paragraph (a) of this section.
(f) If you use an alternate test procedure under 40 CFR 1065.10 and later testing shows that such testing does not produce results that are equivalent to the procedures specified in subpart F of this part, we may reject data you generated using the alternate procedure.

§ 1037.241  Demonstrating compliance with exhaust emission standards for greenhouse gas pollutants.
(a) For purposes of certification, your vehicle family is considered in compliance with the CO2 emission standards in §1037.105 through §1037.107 if all vehicle configurations in that family have modeled CO2 emission rates (as specified in subpart F of this part) at or below the applicable standards.  Note that your FELs are considered to be the applicable emission standards with which you must comply if you participate in the ABT program in subpart H of this part.  Your vehicle family is deemed not to comply if any vehicle configuration in that family has a modeled CO2 emission rate that is above its FEL.
(b) In the case of trailer certification that does not rely on modeled CO2 emission rates, your vehicle family is considered in compliance with the emission standards if all vehicle configurations in that family meet specified design standards and have TRRL values at or below the specified standard and delta CDA values that meet or exceed the specified bin standard.  Your family is deemed not to comply for certification if it does not meet specified design standards or if any vehicle configuration in that family has a measured TRRL value above the specified standard or a delta CDA value that does not meet or exceed the specified bin standard.
(c) We may require you to provide an engineering analysis showing that the performance of your emission controls will not deteriorate during the useful life with proper maintenance.  If we determine that your emission controls are likely to deteriorate during the useful life, we may require you to develop and apply deterioration factors consistent with good engineering judgment.  For example, you may need to apply a deterioration factor to address deterioration of battery performance for an electric hybrid vehicle.  Where the highest useful life emissions occur between the end of useful life and at the low-hour test point, base deterioration factors for the vehicles on the difference between (or ratio of) the point at which the highest emissions occur and the low-hour test point.

§ 1037.243  Demonstrating compliance with evaporative emission standards.
(a) For purposes of certification, your vehicle family is considered in compliance with the evaporative emission standards in subpart B of this part if you prepare an engineering analysis showing that your vehicles in the family will comply with applicable standards throughout the useful life, and there are no test results from an emission-data vehicle representing the family that exceed an emission standard.
(b) Your evaporative emission family is deemed not to comply if your engineering analysis is not adequate to show that all the vehicles in the family will comply with applicable emission standards throughout the useful life, or if a test result from an emission-data vehicle representing the family exceeds an emission standard.
(c) To compare emission levels with emission standards, apply deterioration factors to the measured emission levels.  Establish an additive deterioration factor based on an engineering analysis that takes into account the expected aging from in-use vehicles.
(d) Apply the deterioration factor to the official emission result, as described in paragraph (c) of this section, then round the adjusted figure to the same number of decimal places as the emission standard.  Compare the rounded emission levels to the emission standard for each emission-data vehicle.
(e) Your analysis to demonstrate compliance with emission standards must take into account your design strategy for vehicles that require testing.  Specifically, vehicles above 14,000 pounds GVWR are presumed to need the same technologies that are required for heavy-duty vehicles at or below 14,000 pounds GVWR.  Similarly, your analysis to establish a deterioration factor must take into account your testing to establish deterioration factors for smaller vehicles.

§ 1037.250  Reporting and recordkeeping.
(a) Within 90 days after the end of the model year, send the Designated Compliance Officer a report including the total U.S.-directed production volume of vehicles you produced in each vehicle family during the model year (based on information available at the time of the report).  Report by vehicle identification number and vehicle configuration and identify the subfamily identifier.  Report uncertified vehicles sold to secondary vehicle manufacturers.  Small manufacturers may omit the reporting requirements of this paragraph (a).
(b) Organize and maintain the following records:
   (1) A copy of all applications and any summary information you send us.
   (2) Any of the information we specify in §1037.205 that you were not required to include in your application.
   (3) A detailed history of each emission-data vehicle, if applicable.
   (4) Production figures for each vehicle family divided by assembly plant.
   (5) Keep a list of vehicle identification numbers for all the vehicles you produce under each certificate of conformity.   Also identify the technologies that make up the certified configuration for each vehicle your produce.
(c) Keep required data from emission tests and all other information specified in this section for eight years after we issue your certificate. If you use the same emission data or other information for a later model year, the eight-year period restarts with each year that you continue to rely on the information.
(d) Store these records in any format and on any media, as long as you can promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask for them.  You must keep these records readily available.  We may review them at any time.
(e) If you fail to properly keep records or to promptly send us information as required under this part, we may require that you submit the information specified in this section after each calendar quarter, and we may require that you routinely send us information that the regulation requires you to submit only if we request it.  If we find that you are fraudulent or grossly negligent or otherwise act in bad faith regarding information reporting and recordkeeping, we may require that you send us a detailed description of the certified configuration for each vehicle before you produce it.

§ 1037.255  What decisions may EPA make regarding my certificate of conformity?
(a) If we determine your application is complete and shows that the vehicle family meets all the requirements of this part and the Act, we will issue a certificate of conformity for your vehicle family for that model year.  We may make the approval subject to additional conditions.
(b) We may deny your application for certification if we determine that your vehicle family fails to comply with emission standards or other requirements of this part or the Clean Air Act.  We will base our decision on all available information.  If we deny your application, we will explain why in writing.
(c) In addition, we may deny your application or suspend or revoke your certificate if you do any of the following:
   (1) Refuse to comply with any testing or reporting requirements.
   (2) Submit false or incomplete information (paragraph (e) of this section applies if this is fraudulent).  This includes doing anything after submission of your application to render any of the submitted information false or incomplete.
   (3) Render any test data inaccurate.
   (4) Deny us from completing authorized activities (see 40 CFR 1068.20).  This includes a failure to provide reasonable assistance.
   (5) Produce vehicles for importation into the United States at a location where local law prohibits us from carrying out authorized activities.
   (6) Fail to supply requested information or amend your application to include all vehicles being produced.
   (7) Take any action that otherwise circumvents the intent of the Act or this part, with respect to your vehicle family.
(d) We may void the certificate of conformity for a vehicle family if you fail to keep records, send reports, or give us information as required under this part or the Act.  Note that these are also violations of 40 CFR 1068.101(a)(2).
(e) We may void your certificate if we find that you intentionally submitted false or incomplete information.  This includes rendering submitted information false or incomplete after submission.
(f) If we deny your application or suspend, revoke, or void your certificate, you may ask for a hearing (see §1037.820).

Subpart D --  Testing Production Vehicles and Engines
§1037.301  Measurements related to GEM inputs in a selective enforcement audit.
(a) We may apply the requirements for selective enforcement audits in 40 CFR part 1068, subpart E, with respect to any GEM inputs in your application for certification.  This section describes how this applies uniquely in certain circumstances.
(b) A selective enforcement audit audit would consist of performing measurements with production vehicles relative to one or more declared values for GEM inputs, and using those measured values in place of your declared values to run GEM.  The vehicle is considered passing if the new modeled emission result for every applicable duty cycle is at or below the modeled emission result corresponding to the declared GEM inputs.
(c) In the case of powertrain testing as specified in §1037.550, a selective enforcement audit would generally consist of performing a test with the engine and powertrain together.  We may alternatively allow you to test the engine on a dynamometer with no installed transmission, consistent with 40 CFR 1036.535.  Recreate the fuel map for each of three separate powertrains.  Generate weighted GEM results for each of ten separate configurations for each of the three selected powertrains.  Each unique test run for a given configuration with a particular powertrain constitutes a separate test for purposes of evaluating whether the vehicle family meets the pass-fail criteria under 40 CFR 1068.420.  The test result for a single test run in the audit is considered passing if it is at or below the value selected as an input for GEM.  Perform testing with up to ten separate configurations for additional powertrains as needed to reach a pass-fail decision under 40 CFR 1068.240.  For example, testing three powertrains over each of ten separate test runs would represent 30 tests; the family would have a pass result if 13 or fewer of the 30 tests are failing, and the family would have a fail result if 19 or more of the 30 tests are failing, and testing with an additional powertrain would be required if 14-18 of the 30 tests are failing.
(d) To perform a selective enforcement audit with respect to drag area, use the same method you used for certification; for tractors, we may instead require you to use the reference method specified in §1037.525.  For this paragraph (d), all measurements for tractors must include Faltaero and adjustments to account for wind-averaged drag as applicable under §1037.525.  The following provisions apply instead of 40 CFR 1068.420 for a selective enforcement audit with respect to drag area:
   (1) Determine whether or not a vehicle fails to meet standards as follows:
      (i) For tractors and vocational vehicles, a failed vehicle is one whose measured drag area exceeds the maximum drag area corresponding to the bin you identified in your application for certification.
      (ii) For trailers, a failed vehicle is a failed vehicle is one whose delta CDA based on measured values is less than the minimum drag area corresponding to the bin you identified in your application for certification.
    (2) Measure drag area for a minimum of two vehicles.  If one of those vehicles fails, measure drag area for two additional vehicles from the vehicle family. If both of those vehicles fail, measure drag area for four additional vehicles from the vehicle family.  You may perform testing on additional vehicles.
    (3) Determine whether a vehicle family passes or fails the audit as follows:
      (i) For tractors and vocational vehicles, you reach a pass decision for the audit if the arithmetic average value of the drag area for all tested vehicles is at or below the maximum value corresponding to the bin you identified in your application for certification.  You reach a fail decision for the audit if this average value is above the maximum value corresponding to the bin you identified in your application for certification.
      (ii) For trailers, you reach a pass decision for the audit if the arithmetic average value of delta CDA is at or above the minimum value corresponding to the bin you identified in your application for certification.  You reach a fail decision for the audit if this average value is below the minimum value corresponding to the bin you identified in your application for certification.
   (4) In the case of trailer certification that relies on data from a device manufacturer under §1037.211, we may require the device manufacturer to perform a selective enforcement audit as described in this paragraph (d).  Our test order will establish the equivalent of a vehicle family for performing tests for the audit.  If the audit leads to a fail result for the family, we may revoke our approval under §1037.211 as that relates to any future application for certification.
   (5) If we test some of your vehicles in addition to your own testing, we may decide not to include your test results as official data for those vehicles if there is substantial disagreement between your testing and our testing. We will reinstate your data as valid if you show us that we made an error and your data are correct.  If we perform testing, we may choose to stop testing after any number of tests.
   (6) If we rely on our test data instead of yours, we will notify you in writing of our decision and the reasons we believe your facility is not appropriate for doing the tests we require under this paragraph (c).  You may request in writing that we consider your test results from the same facility for future testing if you show us that you have made changes to resolve the problem.
   (7) We may allow you to perform additional replicate tests with a given vehicle to reduce measurement variability, consistent with good engineering judgment.
(e) Apply selective enforcement audit provisions with respect to fuel maps as specified in 40 CFR 1036.301.
(f) We may suspend or revoke certificates, based on the outcome of a selective enforcement audit, for any appropriate configurations within one or more vehicle families.

Subpart E -- In-use Testing
§ 1037.401  General provisions.
(a) We may perform in-use testing of any vehicle subject to the standards of this part.  For example, we may test vehicles to verify drag areas or other GEM inputs.
(b) We may measure the drag area of a vehicle you produced after it has been placed into service.  We may use any of the procedures specified in §1037.525 for measuring drag area.  Your vehicle conforms to the regulations of this part with respect to aerodynamic performance if we measure its drag area to be at or below the maximum drag area allowed for the bin to which that configuration was certified.

Subpart F -- Test and Modeling Procedures
§ 1037.501  General testing and modeling provisions.
This subpart specifies how to perform emission testing and emission modeling required elsewhere in this part.
(a) [Reserved]
(b) Where exhaust emission testing is required, use the equipment and procedures in 40 CFR part 1066 to determine whether your vehicles meet the duty-cycle emission standards in subpart B of this part. Measure the emissions of all the exhaust constituents subject to emission standards as specified in 40 CFR part 1066. Use the applicable duty cycles specified in §1037.510.
(c) [Reserved]
(d) Use the applicable fuels specified 40 CFR part 1065 to perform valid tests.
   (1) For service accumulation, use the test fuel or any commercially available fuel that is representative of the fuel that in-use vehicles will use.
   (2) For diesel-fueled vehicles, use the appropriate diesel fuel specified for emission testing.  Unless we specify otherwise, the appropriate diesel test fuel is ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel.
   (3) For gasoline-fueled vehicles, use the gasoline specified for "General Testing".
(e) You may use special or alternate procedures as specified in 40 CFR 1065.10.
(f) This subpart is addressed to you as a manufacturer, but it applies equally to anyone who does testing for you, and to us when we perform testing to determine if your vehicles meet emission standards.
(g) Apply this paragraph (g) whenever we specify the use of standard trailers.  Unless otherwise specified, a tolerance of +-2 inches applies for all nominal trailer dimensions.
   (1) The standard trailer for high-roof tractors must meet the following criteria:
      (i) It is an unloaded two-axle dry van box trailer 53.0 feet long, 102 inches wide, and 162 inches high (measured from the ground with the trailer level).
      (ii) It has a king pin located with its center 36+-0.5 inches from the front of the trailer and a minimized trailer gap (no greater than 45 inches).
      (iii) It has a smooth surface with nominally flush rivets and, except as specified in paragraph (g)(1)(v) of this section, does not include any aerodynamic features such as side fairings, rear fairings, or gap reducers.  It may have a scuff band of no more than 0.13 inches in thickness.
      (iv) It includes dual 22.5 inch wheels, standard mudflaps, and standard landing gear.  The centerline of the rear tandem axle must be 146+-4 inches from the rear of the trailer.
      (v) For the Phase 2 standards, include side skirts meeting the specifications of this paragraph (g)(1)(v).  The side skirts must be mounted flush with the sides of the trailer, with the leading edge 118+-4 inches from the front of the trailer, a length along the top edge of 341+-4 inches, a length along the bottom edge of 264-345 inches, a height of 36+-2 inches of rigid material at the skirt midpoint.  We may approve your request to use a skirt with different dimensions if these specified values are impractical or inappropriate for your test trailer, and you propose alternative dimensions that provide an equivalent or comparable degree of aerodynamic drag for your test configuration.
    (2) The standard trailer for mid-roof tractors is an empty two-axle tanker trailer 42+-1 feet long by 140 inches high.
      (i) It has a 40+-1 feet long cylindrical tank with a 7000+-7 gallon capacity, smooth surface, and rounded ends.
      (ii) The standard tanker trailer does not include any aerodynamic features such as side fairings, but does include a centered 20 inch manhole, side-centered ladder, and lengthwise walkway. It includes dual 24.5 inch wheels.
   (3) The standard trailer for low-roof tractors is an unloaded two-axle flat bed trailer 53+-1 feet long and 102 inches wide.
      (i) The deck height is 60.0+-0.5 inches in the front and 55.0+-0.5 inches in the rear. The standard trailer does not include any aerodynamic features such as side fairings.
      (ii) It includes an air suspension and dual 22.5 inch wheels on tandem axles spread up to 122 inches apart between axle centerlines, measured along the length of the trailer.
(h) Use a standard tractor for measuring aerodynamic drag of trailers.  Standard tractors must be certified at Bin III or better for Phase 1 or Phase 2 under §1037.520(b)(1) or (3). The standard tractor for long trailers is a Class 8 high-roof sleeper cab.  The standard tractor for short trailers is a Class 8 high-roof day cab.

§ 1037.510  Duty-cycle exhaust testing.
This section applies where exhaust emission testing is required, such as when applying the provisions of §1037.615.  Note that for most vehicles, testing under this section is not required.
(a) Where applicable, measure emissions by testing the vehicle on a chassis dynamometer with the applicable duty cycles. Each duty cycle consists of a series of speed commands over time: variable speeds for the transient test and constant speeds for the cruise tests.  None of these cycles include vehicle starting or warmup.
   (1) Perform testing as follows for Phase 1 vehicles:
      (i) Transient cycle.  The transient cycle is specified in Appendix I of this part.  Warm up the vehicle. Start the duty cycle within 30 seconds after concluding the warm-up procedure.  Start sampling emissions at the start of the duty cycle.
      (ii) Cruise cycle.  For the 55 mph and 65 mph cruise cycles, warm up the vehicle at the test speed, then sample emissions for 300 seconds while maintaining vehicle speed within +-1.0 mph of the speed setpoint.
   (2) Perform testing as follows for Phase 2 vehicles:
      (i) Transient cycle.  The transient cycle is specified in Appendix I of this part.  Warm up the vehicle by operating over one transient cycle.  Within 30 seconds after concluding the warm up cycle, start emission sampling while the vehicle operates over the duty cycle.  The warm-up cycle can be one of the other 8 or 9 tests for record.
      (ii) Cruise cycle.  The grade portion of the route corresponding to the 55 mph and 65 mph cruise cycles is specified in Appendix IV of this part.  Warm up the vehicle by operating it within +-2.0 mph of the speed setpoint over the duty cycle.  Within 30 seconds after concluding the warm-up cycle, start emission sampling while the vehicle operates over the duty cycle, maintaining vehicle speed within +-1.0 mph of the speed setpoint.  The warm-up cycle can be one of the other 8 or 9 tests for record.
      (iii) Idle cycle.  Perform testing with the idle cycle for Phase 2 vocational vehicles. Warm up the vehicle by operating it at 65+-2.0 mph for 600 seconds.  Within 60 seconds after concluding the warm-up cycle, set the engine to operate at idle speed for 600 seconds, with the brake applied and the transmission in drive (or clutch depressed for manual transmission).  Record speed and torque and measure either CO2 emissions according to 40 CFR part 1066 throughout the sampling period, recording the mean values.
(b) Calculate the official emission result from the following equation:

Where:
eCO2comp = total composite mass of CO2 emissions in g/ton-mile, rounded to the nearest whole number.
PL = the standard payload, in tons, as specified in §1037.705.
 = mean composite weighted driven vehicle speed, excluding idle operation, as shown in Table 1 of this section for Phase 2 vocational vehicles.  For other vehicles, let  = 1.
w[cycle] = weighting factor for the appropriate test cycle, as shown in Table 1 of this section.
m[cycle] = CO2 mass emissions over each test cycle (other than idle), in g/test.
D[cycle] = the total driving distance for the indicated drive cycle.  Use 2.84 miles for the transient cycle, and use 12.5 miles for both of the cruise cycles.
 = CO2 emission rate at idle, in g/hr.
Example:
Class 8 vocational vehicle meeting the Phase 2 standards based on the Regional duty cycle.
PL = 7.5 tons
 = 28.1 mph
wtransient = 50 % = 0.50
w55 = 28 % = 0.28
w65 = 22 % = 0.22
widle = 10 % = 0.10
mtransient = 6184.7 g
m55 = 5260.0 g
m65 = 7452.5 g
Dtransient = 2.84
D55 = 12.5
D65 = 12.5
 = 11707 g/hr

(c) Apply weighting factors specific to each type of vehicle and for each duty cycle as follows:
   (1) For tractors, select weighting factors for day cabs or sleeper cabs as appropriate.
   (2) Apply universal weighting factors for Phase 1 vocational vehicles as shown in Table 1 of this section.  For Phase 2 vocational vehicles, select the most appropriate duty cycle for modeling emission results with each vehicle configuration.  The default is the Multipurpose Duty Cycle.  You may need to instead select the Regional Duty Cycle or the Urban Duty Cycle as follows:
      (i) Except as specified in paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section, use the Regional Duty Cycle for each configuration meeting any of the following characteristics:
         (A) The vehicle configuration as modeled in GEM reaches a speed of 65 miles per hour at less than 75 % of maximum test speed for compression-ignition engines, and at less than 45 % maximum test speed for spark-ignition engines, when operating in the highest available transmission gear.  Maximum test speed is the highest speed from the engine's fuel map.
         (B) The vehicle is intended to be used as an intercity bus.
         (C) The vehicle is intended to be used for temporary housing, such as for camping.
         (D) The engine was certified based on testing only with the ramped-modal cycle.
      (ii) Except as specified in paragraph (c)(2)(iii) of this section, use the Urban Duty Cycle for each configuration meeting any of the following characteristics:
         (A) The vehicle configuration as modeled in GEM does not reach a speed of 55 miles per hour before the engine is at or above 90 % of maximum test speed for compression-ignition engines, and at or above 50 % maximum test speed for spark-ignition engines, when operating in the highest available transmission gear.
         (B) The vehicle has a hybrid powertrain.
      (iii) You may ask us to make a different determination with respect to the duty cycle than we specify in this paragraph (c)(2) if you can demonstrate that a different duty cycle is more appropriate for a certain vehicle configuration.
   (3) Use the values for weighting factors and average speed in the following table to properly simulate the appropriate duty cycle:

           Table 1 of §1037.510 -- Weighting Factors for Duty Cycles

                               Distance-weighted
                                 Time-weighted
                      Average Speed While Moving,  (mph)

                                   Transient
                                 55 mph Cruise
                                 65 mph Cruise
                                     Idle
                                   Non-idle

Day Cabs
                                      19%
                                      17%
                                      64%
                                       --
                                       --
                                       --
Sleeper Cabs
                                      5%
                                      9%
                                      86%
                                       --

                                       --
Vocational -- Multi-Purpose
                                      82%
                                      15%
                                      3%
                                      15%
                                      85%
                                     20.9
Vocational -- Regional
                                      50%
                                      28%
                                      22%
                                      10%
                                      90%
                                     28.1
Vocational -- Urban
                                      94%
                                      6%
                                      0%
                                      20%
                                      80%
                                     19.2
Vocational Hybrid Vehicles (Phase 1 only)
                                      75%
                                      9%
                                      16%
                                       --
                                       --
                                       --
Vocational with conventional powertrain (Phase 1 only)
                                      42%
                                      21%
                                      37%
                                       --
                                       --
                                       --

(d) For transient testing, compare actual second-by-second vehicle speed with the speed specified in the test cycle and ensure any differences are consistent with the criteria as specified in 40 CFR part 1066.  If the speeds do not conform to these criteria, the test is not valid and must be repeated.
(e) Run test cycles as specified in 40 CFR part 86.  For cruise cycle testing of vehicles equipped with cruise control, use the vehicle's cruise control to control the vehicle speed.  For vehicles equipped with adjustable VSLs, test the vehicle with the VSL at its highest setting.
(f) Test the vehicle using its adjusted loaded vehicle weight, unless we determine this would be unrepresentative of in-use operation as specified in 40 CFR 1065.10(c)(1).
(g) For hybrid vehicles, correct for the net energy change of the energy storage device as described in 40 CFR 1066.501.

§ 1037.515  Rear-axle efficiency test.
This section describes a procedure for mapping rear-axle efficiency.  This procedure may be used to determine GEM input values or to evaluate alternative gear oils.
(a) Prepare an axle assembly for testing as follows:
   (1) Select a newly manufactured axle assembly housing.
   (2) If you have a family of axle assemblies with different gear ratios, you may test multiple configurations using a common axle housing.
   (3) Install the axle with an input shaft angle perpendicular to the axle.
      (i) If the axle assembly has a locking differential, lock the main differential and test it with one electric motor on the input shaft and a second electric motor on the output side of the output shaft that has the speed-reduction gear attached to it.
      (ii) If an axle assembly has an open differential, use an alternate method to lock the differential for testing.
      (iii) For drive-through tandem-axle setups, lock the longitudinal and inter-wheel differentials.
   (4) Add gear lubricant according to the axle manufacturer's instructions.  Use gear lubricant meeting the specification for BASF Emgard FE 2986 as described in "Emgard[(R)] FE 75W-90 Fuel Efficient Synthetic Gear Lubricant" (incorporated by reference in § 1037.810).  Use this gear lubricant for all axle operation under this section.
   (5) Install equipment for measuring the bulk temperature of the gear lubricant in the oil sump or a similar location.
   (6) Break in the axle assembly by warming it up until the gear lubricant is as least 85 °C, and then operating it for 77 minutes at an angular wheel speed of 246 rpm at each of three differential torque settings, 25 %, 50 %, and 75 %, in sequence, where differential torque is expressed as a percentage of the axle manufacturer's torque rating.  Maintain gear lubricant temperature at 90+-5 °C throughout the warm-up period.
   (7) Drain and refill the gear lubricant following the break-in procedure.
(b) Measure input and output speeds and torques as described in 40 CFR 1065.210(b).  Calibrate and verify measurement instruments according to 40 CFR part 1065, subpart C.  Record all data, including bulk oil temperature, at a minimum of 256 Hz.
(c) The test matrix consists of torque and wheel speed values meeting the following specifications:
   (i) Input torque values range from 1,000 to 4,000 N∙m in 1,000 N∙m increments; also include a test point with an output torque of 0 N∙m.
   (ii) Determine maximum wheel speed corresponding to a vehicle speed of 65 mph based on the smallest tire that will be used with the axle.  Use wheel speeds for testing that include maximum wheel speed, 50 rpm, and intermediate speeds in 100-rpm increments up to maximum wheel speed (150, 250, etc.).  You may omit the last 100-rpm increment if it is within 10 rpm of the maximum wheel speed, and instead test at maximum wheel speed for the last test point.
   (iii) The average of measured values corresponding to each separate torque-measurement point must be within +- 1 N∙m of the setpoint for input torque, and within +- 1 rpm of the setpoint for output speed.
(d) Determine rear-axle efficiency using the following procedure:
   (1) Maintain ambient temperature between (20 and 30) °C throughout testing.  Measure ambient temperature within 1.0 m of the axle assembly.  Measure and record temperature periodically over the course of the test.
   (2) Maintain gear lubricant temperature at 82+-1 °C. You may use external heating and cooling as needed.
   (3) Warm up the axle by operating it at maximum wheel speed and at zero output torque until the gear lubricant is within the specified temperature range.
   (4) Continue operating at maximum wheel speed and zero output torque for at least 300 seconds, then measure the input torque, output torque, and wheel speed for at least 300 seconds, recording the average values for all three parameters.  Repeat this stabilization and measurement sequence sequentially for higher torque setpoints from the test matrix while holding wheel speed constant.  Repeat the stabilization and measurement sequence at the same wheel speed from highest to lowest torque.  This results in two measurements at each torque setting.  Perform the stabilization and measurement sequence again in a sequence from low to high torque values, then from high to low torque values, all at the same wheel speed, resulting in four measurements at each torque setting.  Calculate an arithmetic average value for input torque, output torque, and engine speed at each torque setting.
   (5) Decrease wheel speed to the next lower speed setting and repeat the torque sweep described in paragraph (d)(4) of this section to determine input torque, output torque, and engine speed results for all the torque settings at the new wheel speed.  Repeat this process in order of decreasing wheel speed until the mapping is complete for all points in the test matrix.  If the test is aborted before completing the map, invalidate all the measurements made at that wheel speed.  Once the problem has been resolved, warm up the axle as described in paragraph (d)(3) of this section and continue with measurements from the wheel speed where you stopped testing.
(e) Calculate the torque loss, Tloss, at each point from the test matrix using the following equation:
   Tloss = Tin ∙ igear  -  Tout

   Where:
   Tin = input torque.
   igear = the axle gear ratio, expressed to at least the nearest 0.001.
   Tout = the output torque.

   Example:
   Tin = 1000.0  N∙m
   igear = 3.731
   Tout = 3695.1 N∙m
   Tloss = 1000.0 ∙ 3.731  -  3695.1 = 35.9 N∙m

§ 1037.520  Modeling CO2 emissions to show compliance.
This section describes how to use the Greenhouse gas Emissions Model (GEM) simulation tool (incorporated by reference in § 1037.810) to show compliance with the CO2 standards of §§ 1037.105, 1037.106, and 1037.107. Use good engineering judgment when demonstrating compliance using GEM.
(a) General modeling provisions.  To run GEM, enter all applicable inputs as specified by the model.
   (1) GEM inputs apply for Phase 1 and Phase 2 tractors and vocational vehicles as follows:
      (i) Regulatory subcategory (see §1037.230).
      (ii) Coefficient of aerodynamic drag or drag area, as described in paragraph (b) of this section (tractors only).
      (iii) Steer tire rolling resistance, as described in paragraph (c) of this section.
      (iv) Drive tire rolling resistance, as described in paragraph (c) of this section.
      (v) Vehicle speed limit, as described in paragraph (d) of this section (tractors only).
      (vi) Vehicle weight reduction, as described in paragraph (e) of this section (tractors only for Phase 1).
      (vii) Credit for idle-reduction strategies, as described in paragraph (f) of this section (only for Class 8 sleeper cabs and Phase 2 vocational vehicles).
   (2) Additional GEM inputs apply for Phase 2 tractors and vocational vehicles as follows:
      (i) Transmission make, model, and type.  Also identify the gear ratio for every available forward gear to two decimal places.
      (ii) Engine make, model, fuel type, engine family name, calibration identification.  Also identify whether the engine is subject to spark-ignition or compression-ignition standards under 40 CFR part 1036.
      (iii) Drive axle ratio.  If a vehicle is designed with two or more user-selectable axle ratios, use the axle ratio that is expected to be engaged for the greatest driving distance.
      (iv) Various engine and vehicle operational characteristics, as described in paragraph (f) of this section.
      (v) Engine fuel map, as described in paragraph (g) of this section.  Include an idle fuel map for vocational vehicles.
      (vi) Engine full-load torque curve and motoring torque curve, as described in paragraph (h) of this section.
      (vii) Loaded tire radius, based on your nominal design specifications, expressed to the nearest 0.01 m (see §1037.140).
      (viii) Vehicles with hybrid power take-off, as described in paragraph (j) of this section (vocational vehicles only).
    (3) Apply the following GEM inputs for trailers:
      (i) Regulatory subcategory.
      (ii) Delta CDA, as described in paragraph (b) of this section.
      (iii) Tire rolling resistance, as described in paragraph (c) of this section.
      (iv) Vehicle weight reduction, as described in paragraph (e) of this section.
      (v) Inclusion of a qualified automatic tire inflation system.
   (4) You may certify your vehicles based on powertrain testing as described in §1037.550, rather than fuel maps, to characterize fuel consumption rates at different speed and torque values as follows:
      (i) Compliance based on powertrain testing is required for hybrid electric vehicles and all vehicles with a transmission that is not automatic, automated manual, manual, or dual-clutch.  Compliance based on powertrain testing is optional for all other vehicles.
      (ii) GEM inputs associated with powertrain testing are limited to the test data from §1037.550, powertrain test configuration (dynamometer connected to transmission out or wheel hub), powertrain family and the transmission calibration.  You do not need to identify or provide inputs for gear ratios, fuel map data, or engine torque curves, which would otherwise be required under paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
   (5) If you certify emergency vehicles to the alternative standards specified in §1037.105(b)(4), run GEM by identifying the vehicle as an emergency vehicle and enter values for tire rolling resistance as specified in paragraph (c) of this section.  GEM requires no additional data entry for qualifying emergency vehicles.
   (6) You may use a default fuel map for specialty vehicles using engines certified to alternate standards under §1037.605 and for glider kits certified under §1037.635.
   (7) If your vehicle runs on a fuel other than gasoline or diesel fuel, use good engineering judgment to adjust modeling output values to account for the physical properties of the fuel.
(b) Coefficient of aerodynamic drag and drag area.  Determine the appropriate drag area, CDA, as described in this paragraph (b).  Use the recommended method or an alternate method to establish a value for CDA, expressed in m[2].  Round CDA, values to one decimal place for tractors and vocational vehicles, and to two decimal places for trailers.  Where we allow you to group multiple configurations together, measure CDA of the worst-case configuration.  Measure CDA  as specified in §1037.525.  Determine CDA inputs for tractors as described in paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of this section.  Determine the delta CDA inputs for trailers as described in paragraph (b)(4) of this section.
   (1) Except as specified in paragraph (b)(2) of this section, determine the Phase 1 bin level for your tractor based on CDA as shown in the following tables:

      Table 1 of § 1037.520 --  CD inputs for Phase 1 High-Roof Tractors
                                 Tractor Type
                                   Bin Level
                     If your measured CDA (m[2]) is . . .
                          Then your CD input is . . .
                              High-Roof Day Cabs
                                     Bin I
                                    >= 8.0
                                     0.79

                                    Bin II
                                    7.1-7.9
                                     0.72

                                    Bin III
                                    6.2-7.0
                                     0.63

                                    Bin IV
                                    5.6-6.1
                                     0.56

                                     Bin V
                                    <= 5.5
                                     0.51
                            High-Roof Sleeper Cabs
                                     Bin I
                                    >= 7.6
                                     0.75

                                    Bin II
                                    6.8-7.5
                                     0.68

                                    Bin III
                                    6.3-6.7
                                     0.60

                                    Bin IV
                                    5.6-6.2
                                     0.52

                                     Bin V
                                    <=5.5
                                     0.47

    Table 2 of §1037.520 --  CD inputs for Phase 1 Low-Roof and Mid-Roof Tractors
                                 Tractor Type
                                   Bin Level
                     If your measured CDA (m[2]) is . . .
                          Then your CD input is . . .
                         Low-Roof Day and Sleeper Cabs
                                     Bin I
                                    >= 5.1
                                     0.77

                                    Bin II
                                    <= 5.0
                                     0.71
                         Mid-Roof Day and Sleeper Cabs
                                     Bin I
                                    >= 5.6
                                     0.87

                                    Bin II
                                    <= 5.5
                                     0.82

   (2) For Phase 1 low- and mid-roof tractors, you may instead determine your drag area bin based on the drag area bin of an equivalent high-roof tractor.  If the high-roof tractor is in Bin I or Bin II, then you may assume your equivalent low- and mid-roof tractors are in Bin I.  If the high-roof tractor is in Bin III, Bin IV, or Bin V, then you may assume your equivalent low- and mid-roof tractors are in Bin II.
   (3) For Phase 2 tractors other than heavy-haul tractors, determine bin levels and CDA inputs as follows:
      (i) Determine bin levels for high-roof tractors based on aerodynamic test results as described in the following table:

      Table 3 of § 1037.520 -- Bin determinations for Phase 2 High-Roof Tractors Based on Aerodynamic Test Results (CDA in m[2])
Tractor Type
                                     Bin I
                                    Bin II
                                    Bin III
                                    Bin IV
                                     Bin V
                                    Bin VI
                                    Bin VII
Day Cabs
                                    >7.5
                                    6.8-7.4
                                    6.2-6.7
                                    5.6-6.1
                                    5.1-5.5
                                    4.7-5.0
                                    <4.6
Sleeper Cabs
                                    >7.3
                                    6.6-7.2
                                    6.0-6.5
                                    5.4-5.9
                                    4.9-5.3
                                    4.5-4.8
                                    <4.4

      (ii) For low- and mid-roof tractors, you may determine your bin level based on aerodynamic test results as described in Table 4 of this section, or based on the bin level of an equivalent high-roof tractor as shown in Table 5 of this section.

      Table 4 of § 1037.520 -- Bin determinations for Phase 2 Low-Roof and Mid-Roof Tractors Based on Aerodynamic Test Results (CDA in m[2])
Tractor Type
                                     Bin I
                                    Bin II
                                    Bin III
                                    Bin IV
Low-Roof Cabs
                                    >5.1
                                    4.6-5.0
                                    4.2-4.5
                                    <4.1
Mid-Roof Cabs
                                    >6.5
                                    6.0-6.4
                                    5.6-5.9
                                    <5.5

       Table 5 of § 1037.520 -- Bin determinations for Phase 2 Low- and Mid-Roof Tractors Based on Eqivalent High-Roof Tractors
                  If your equivalent high-roof tractor is...
            then the corresponding low- and mid-roof tractors is...
                                     Bin I
                                     Bin I
                                    Bin II
                                     Bin I
                                    Bin III
                                    Bin II
                                    Bin IV
                                    Bin II
                                     Bin V
                                    Bin III
                                    Bin VI
                                    Bin III
                                    Bin VII
                                    Bin IV

      (iii) Determine the CDA input according to the tractor's bin level as described in the following table:

   Table 6 of § 1037.520 -- Phase 2 CDA Tractor Inputs Based on Bin Level
Tractor Type
                                     Bin I
                                    Bin II
                                    Bin III
                                    Bin IV
                                     Bin V
                                    Bin VI
                                    Bin VII
High-Roof Day Cabs
                                      7.6
                                      7.1
                                      6.5
                                      5.8
                                      5.3
                                      4.9
                                      4.5
High-Roof Sleeper Cabs
                                      7.4
                                      6.9
                                      6.3
                                      5.6
                                      5.1
                                      4.7
                                      4.3
Low-Roof Cabs
                                      5.3
                                      4.8
                                      4.3
                                      4.0
                                       --
                                       --
                                       --
Mid-Roof Cabs
                                      6.7
                                      6.2
                                      5.7
                                      5.4
                                       --
                                       --
                                       --

   (4) For Phase 2 trailers, determine bin levels and drag-related GEM inputs based on aerodynamic test results as described in the following table:
    Table 7 of § 1037.520 -- Bin determinations for Trailers Based on Aerodynamic Test Results (CDA in m[2])
                  If a trailer's measured delta CDA is ...
                            it is designated as ...
                 and the following inputs apply for delta CDA
                                   < 0.09
                                     Bin I
                                      0.0
                                  0.10 - 0.19
                                    Bin II
                                      0.1
                                  0.20 - 0.39
                                    Bin III
                                      0.3
                                 0.40  -  0.59
                                    Bin IV
                                      0.5
                                 0.60  -  0.79
                                     Bin V
                                      0.7
                                 0.80  -  1.19
                                    Bin VI
                                      1.0
                                 1.20  -  1.59
                                    Bin VII
                                      1.4
                                   >1.60
                                   Bin VIII
                                      1.8

(c) Steer, drive, and trailer tire rolling resistance.  You must have a tire rolling resistance level (TRRL) for each tire configuration.  For purposes of this section, you may consider tires with the same SKU number to be the same configuration.
   (1) Measure tire rolling resistance in kg per metric ton as specified in ISO 28580 (incorporated by reference in §1037.810), except as specified in this paragraph (c).  Use good engineering judgment to ensure that your test results are not biased low.  You may ask us to identify a reference test laboratory to which you may correlate your test results.  Prior to beginning the test procedure in Section 7 of ISO 28580 for a new bias-ply tire, perform a break-in procedure by running the tire at the specified test speed, load, and pressure for 60+-2 minutes.
   (2) For each tire design tested, measure rolling resistance of at least three different tires of that specific design and size.  Perform the test at least once for each tire.  Use the arithmetic mean of these results as your test result.  You may use this value as your GEM input or select a higher TRRL.  You must test at least one tire size for each tire model, and may use engineering analysis to determine the rolling resistance of other tire sizes of that model.  Note that for tire sizes that you do not test, we will treat your analytically derived rolling resistances the same as test results, and we may perform our own testing to verify your values.  We may require you to test a small sub-sample of untested tire sizes that we select.
   (3) If you obtain your test results from the tire manufacturer or another third party, you must obtain a signed statement from the party supplying those test results to verify that tests were conducted according to the requirements of this part.  Such statements are deemed to be submissions to EPA.
   (4) For tires marketed as light truck tires and that have load ranges C, D, or E, use as the GEM input TRRL at or above the measured rolling resistance multiplied by 0.87.
(d) Vehicle speed limit.  If the vehicles will be equipped with a vehicle speed limiter, input the maximum vehicle speed to which the vehicle will be limited (in miles per hour rounded to the nearest 0.1 mile per hour) as specified in §1037.640.  Otherwise leave this field blank.  Use good engineering judgment to ensure the limiter is tamper resistant.  We may require you to obtain preliminary approval for your designs.
(e) Vehicle weight reduction.  Develop a weight-reduction as a GEM input as described in this paragraph (e).  For purposes of this paragraph (e), high-strength steel is steel with tensile strength at or above 350 MPa.
   (1) Vehicle weight reduction inputs for wheels are specified relative to dual-wide tires with conventional steel wheels. For purposes of this paragraph (e)(1), a light-weight aluminum alloy wheel is one that weighs at least 21 pounds less than a comparable conventional steel wheel. The inputs are listed in Table 8 to this section. For example, a tractor or vocational vehicle with aluminum steer wheels and eight (4x2) dual-wide aluminum drive wheels would have an input of 210 pounds (2x21 + 8x21).

            Table 8 to §1037.520 -- Wheel-Related Weight Reductions
                          Weight Reduction Technology
                               Weight Reduction
                            (lb per tire or wheel)
   Wide-Based Single Drive Tire or Wide-Based Single Trailer Tire with . . .
                                  Steel Wheel
                                      84

                                Aluminum Wheel
                                      139

                       Light-Weight Aluminum Alloy Wheel
                                      147
    Steer Tire, Dual-wide Drive Tire, or Dual-wide Trailer Tire with . . .
                           High-Strength Steel Wheel
                                       8

                                Aluminum Wheel
                                      21

                       Light-Weight Aluminum Alloy Wheel
                                      30

   (2) Vehicle weight reduction inputs for components other than wheels are specified in the following tables:
Table 9 to §1037.520 -- Nonwheel-Related Weight Reductions From Alternative Materials for Tractors (pounds)
Weight Reduction Technologies
                                   Aluminum
                             High-Strength Steel
                                 Thermoplastic
Door
                                      20
                                       6

Roof
                                      60
                                      18

Cab rear wall
                                      49
                                      16

Cab floor