10.9. OTHER FACTORS Other factors to consider when using the available with " as consumed" consumption rates. survey data include location, climate, season, and ethnicity Additionally, intake rates may be reported in terms of the angler or consumer population, as well as the parts of of units as consumed or units of dry weight. It is essential fish consumed and the methods of preparation. Some that exposure assessors be aware of this difference so that contaminants ( for example, some dioxin compounds) have they may ensure consistency between the units used for the affinity to accumulate more in certain tissues, such as intake rates and those used for concentration data ( i. e., if the the fatty tissue, as well as in certain internal organs. The unit of food consumption is grams dry weight/ day, then the effects of cooking methods for various food products on the unit for the amount of pollutant in the food should be grams levels of dioxin like compounds have been addressed by dry weight). If necessary, as consumed intake rates may be evaluating a number of studies in U. S. EPA ( 1996b). These converted to dry weight intake rates using the moisture studies showed various results for contamination losses content percentages of fish presented in Table 10 48 and based on the methodology of the study and the method of the following equation: food preparation. The reader is referred to U. S. EPA ( 1996b) for a detailed review of these studies. In addition, some studies suggest that there is a significant decrease of Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 25 IR = IR /[( 100 W)/ 100] ( Eqn. 10 6) ac dw where: IR = dry weight intake rate; dw IR = as consumed intake rate; and ac W = percent water content. " Dry weight" intake rates may be converted to " as It should be noted that the recommended rates are consumed" rates by using: based on mean ( or median) values which represent a typical 10.10. RECOMMENDATIONS 10.10.1. Recommendations  General Population Fish consumption rates are recommended based on The key study for estimating mean fish intake the survey results presented in the key studies described in ( reflective of both short term and long term consumption) the preceding sections. Considerable variation exists in the is U. S. EPA ( 1996a) analysis of USDA CSFII 1989 1991. mean and upper percentile fish consumption rates obtained The recommended values for mean intake by habitat and from these studies. This can be attributed largely to the fish type are shown in Table 10 49. characteristics of the survey population ( i. e., general For all fish ( finfish and shellfish), the recommended population, recreational anglers) and the type of water body values are 6.6 g/ day for freshwater/ estuarine fish, 13.5 ( i. e., marine, estuarine, freshwater), but other factors such g/ day for marine fish, and 20.1 g/ day for all fish. Note that as study design, method of data collection and geographic these values are reported as uncooked fish weight. This is location also play a role. Based on these study variations, important because the concentration of the contaminants in recommendations for consumption rates were classified into fish are generally measured in the uncooked samples. the following categories: Assuming that cooking results in some reductions in weight ° General Population; the fish tissue remains constant, then the contaminant ° Recreational Marine Anglers; concentration in the cooked fish tissue will increase. ° Recreational Freshwater Anglers; and Although actual consumption may be overestimated when ° Native American Subsistence Fishing intake is expressed in an uncooked basis, the net effect on Populations the dose may be canceled out since the actual concentration The recommendations for each of these categories sample. On the other hand, if the " as consumed" intake rate were rated according to the level of confidence the Agency and the uncooked concentration are used in the dose has in the recommended values. These ratings were derived equation, dose may be underestimated since the according to the principles outlined in Volume I, Section concentration in the cooked fish is likely to be higher, if the 1.3; the ratings and a summary of the rationale behind them mass of the contaminant remains constant after cooking. are presented in tables which follow the discussion of each Therefore, it is more conservative and appropriate to use category. uncooked fish intake rates. If concentration data can be For exposure assessment purposes, the selection of adjusted to account for changes after cooking, then the " as the appropriate category ( or categories) from above will consumed" intake rates are appropriate. For example, depend on the exposure scenario being evaluated. concentration may be expressed on a dry weight basis and, Assessors should use the recommended values ( or range of if data are available, loss of contaminant mass after cooking values) unless specific studies are felt to be particularly may be accounted for in the concentration. However, data relevant to their needs, in which case results from a specific on the effects of cooking in contaminant concentrations are study or studies may be used. This is particularly true for limited and assessors generally make the conservative the last two categories where no nationwide key studies assumption that cooking has no effect on the contaminant exist. Even where national data exist, it may be mass. Both " as consumed" and uncooked fish intake values advantageous to use regional estimates if the assessment have been targets a particular region. In addition, seasonal, age, and gender variations should be considered when appropriate. intake or central tendency for the population studied, and on upper estimates ( i. e., 90th 99th percentiles) which represent the high end fish consumption of the population studied. For the recreational angler populations, the recommended means and percentiles are based on all persons engaged in recreational fishing, not just those consuming recreationally caught fish.

( e. g., loss of moisture), and the mass of the contaminant in may be underestimated when it is based on the uncooked Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 26 August 1997 presented in this handbook so that the assessor can choose the 95th percentile serving size based on the CSFII analyses the intake data that best matches the concentration data that ( Table 10 50). is being used. CSFII data were based on a short term survey and could not be used to estimate the distribution over the long The recommended values presented in Table 10 51 term of the average daily fish intake. The long term average are based on the surveys of the National Marine Fisheries daily fish intake distribution can be estimated using the TRI Service ( NMFS, 1993). The intake values are based on study which provided dietary data for a one month period. finfish consumption only. However, because the data from the TRI study are now over 20 years old, the value presented in Table 10 49 ( 56 g/ day) has been adjusted by upward 25 percent based on Ruffle et al. ( 1994) to reflect the increase in fish The data presented in Table 10 52 are based on consumption since the TRI survey was conducted. In mailed questionnaire surveys ( Ebert et al., 1993 and West addition to the arguments provided by Ruffle et al. ( 1994) et al., 1989; 1993) and a diary study ( Connelly et al., 1992; for adjusting the data upward, recent data from CSFII 1989 1996). The mean intakes ranged from 5 17 g/ day. The 91 indicate an increase of fish intake of 33 percent when recommended mean and 95th percentile values for compared to USDA NFCS data from 1977 78. Therefore, recreational freshwater anglers are 8 g/ day and 25 g/ day, the adjustment recommended by Ruffle et al. ( 1994) of 25 respectively; these were derived by averaging the values percent seems appropriate. Then, as suggested by Ruffle et from the three populations surveyed in the key studies. al. ( 1994) the distributions generated from TRI should be Since the two West et al. surveys studied the same shifted upward by 25 percent to estimate the current fish population, the average of the means from the two studies intake distribution. Thus, the recommended percentiles of was used to represent the mean for this population. The long term average daily fish intake are those of Javitz estimate from the West et al. ( 1989) survey was used to ( 1980) adjusted 25 percent upward ( see Tables 10 3, 10 4). represent the 95th percentile for this population since the Alternatively, the log normal distribution of Ruffle et al. long term consumption percentiles could not be estimated ( 1994) ( Table 10 6) may be used to approximate the long from the West et al. ( 1993) study. term fish intake distribution; adjusting the log mean F by adding log( 1.5)= 0.4, will shift the distribution upward by 25 percent. It is important to note that a limitation with these Fish consumption data for Native American data is that the total amount of fish reported by respondents subsistence populations are very limited. The CRITFC included fish from all sources ( e. g., fresh, frozen, canned, ( 1994) study gives a per capita fish intake rate of 59 g/ day domestic, international origin). Neither the TRI nor the and a 95th percentile of 170 g/ day. The report by Wolfe CSFII surveys identified the source of the fish consumed. and Walker ( 1987) presents harvest rates for 94 small This type of information may be relevant for some communities engaged in subsistence harvests of natural assessments. It should be noted that because these resources. A factor of 0.5 was employed to convert the perrecommendations are based on 1989 91 CSFII data, they capita harvest rates presented in Wolfe and Walker ( 1987) may not reflect the most recent changes that may have to per capita individual consumption rates; this is the same occurred in consumption patterns. However, as indicated factor used to convert from per capita household in Section 10.2, the 1989 91 CSFII data are believed to be consumption rates to per capita individual consumption appropriate for assessing ingestion exposure for current rates in the analysis of homegrown fish consumption from populations because the rate of fish ingestion did not change the 1987 1988 NFCS. Based on this factor, the median dramatically between 1977 78 and 1995. per capita harvest in the 94 communities of 162 g/ day ( and The distribution of serving sizes may be useful for the range of 31 1,540 g/ day) is converted to the median per acute exposure assessments. The recommended values are capita intake rate of 81 g/ day ( range 16 770 g/ day) shown 129 grams for mean serving size and 326 grams for in Table 10 53. The recommended value for mean intake 10.10.2. Recommendations  Recreational Marine Anglers 10.10.3. Recommendations  Recreational Freshwater Anglers 10.10.4. Recommendations  Native American Subsistence Populations is 70 g/ day and the recommended 95th percentile is 170 g/ day. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 27 It should be emphasized that the above Report for the New York Sea Grant Institute Project No. recommendations refer only to Native American subsistence R/ FHD 2 PD. September. fishing populations, not the Native American general Connelly, N. A.; Knuth, B. A.; Brown, T. L. ( 1996) population. Several studies show that intake rates of Sportfish consumption patterns of Lake Ontario recreationally caught fish among Native Americans with anglers and the relationship to health advisories. N. state fishing licenses ( West et al., 1989; Ebert et al., 1993) Am. J. Fisheries Management, 16: 90 101. are somewhat higher ( 50 100 percent) than intake rates Ebert, E.; Harrington, N.; Boyle, K.; Knight, J.; Keenan, among other anglers, but far lower than the rates shown R. ( 1993) Estimating consumption of freshwater above for Native American subsistence populations. fish among Maine anglers. N. Am. J. Fisheries In addition, the studies of Peterson et al. ( 1994) and Management 13: 737 745. Fiore et al. ( 1989) show that total fish intake among a Fiore, B. J.; Anderson, H. A.; Hanrahan, L. P.; Olsen, L. J.; Native American population on a reservation ( Chippewa in Sonzogni, W. C. ( 1989) Sport fish consumption and Wisconsin) is roughly comparable ( 50 percent higher) to body burden levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons: A total fish intake among licensed anglers in the same state. study of Wisconsin anglers. Arch. Environ. Health Also, the study of Fitzgerald et al. ( 1995) showed that 44: 82 88. pregnant women on a reservation ( Mohawk in New York) Fitzgerald, E.; Hwang, S. A.; Briz, K. A.; Bush, B.; Cook, have sport caught fish intake rates comparable to those of K.; Worswick, P. ( 1995) Fish PCB concentrations a local white control population. and consumption patterns among Mohawk women at The survey designs, data generated, and Akwesasne. J. Exp. Anal. Environ. Epid. 5( 1): 1 19. limitations/ advantages of the studies described in this report Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, Inc. ( 1993) Hudson are summarized and presented in Table 10 54. The River angler survey. Hudson River Sloop confidence in recommendations is presented in Table 10 Clearwater, Inc., Poughkeepsie, NY. 55. The confidence rating for recreational marine anglers Javitz, H. ( 1980) Seafood consumption data analysis. is presented in Table 10 56. Confidence in fish intake SRI International. Final report prepared for EPA recommendations for recreational freshwater fish Office of Water Regulations and Standards. EPA consumption is presented in Table 10 57. The confidence Contract 68 01 3887. in intake recommendations for Native American subsistence National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS). ( 1986a) populations is presented in Table 10 58. Fisheries of the United States, 1985. Current 10.11. REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 10 American Industrial Hygiene Council ( AIHC) ( 1994) National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS). ( 1986b) Exposure factors sourcebook. AIHC, Washington, National Marine Fisheries Service. Marine DC. Recreational Fishery Statistics Survey, Atlantic and ChemRisk ( 1991) Consumption of freshwater fish by Gulf Coasts, 1985. Current Fisheries Statistics No. maine anglers. Portland, ME: ChemRisk. 8327. U. S. Department of Commerce, National Columbia River Inter Tribal Fish Commission Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. ( CRITFC). ( 1994) A fish consumption survey of National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS). ( 1986c) the Umatilla, Nez Perce, Yakama and Warm Springs National Marine Fisheries Service. Marine tribes of the Columbia River Basin. Technical Recreational Fishery Statistics Survey, Pacific Coast. Report 94 3. Portland, OR: CRIFTC. Current Fisheries Statistics No. 8328. U. S. Connelly, N. A.; Knuth, B. A.; Bisogni, C. A. ( 1992) Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Effects of the health advisory and advisory changes Atmospheric Administration. on fishing habits and fish consumption in New York National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS). ( 1993) Data sport fisheries. Human Dimension Research Unit, tapes for the 1993 NMFS provided to U. S. EPA, Department of Natural Resources, New York State National Center for Environmental Assessments. College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fernow Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY. Fisheries Statistics No. 8368. U. S. Department of Commerce. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 28 August 1997 Pao, E. M.; Fleming, K. H.; Guenther, P. M.; Mickle, S. J. day, 1987 88: Nationwide Food Consumption ( 1982) Foods commonly eaten by individuals: Survey 1987 88, NFCS Rpt. No. 87 I 1, in amount per day and per eating occasion. U. S. preparation. Department of Agriculture. Home Economics USDA. ( 1996a) Data tables: results from USDA's 1994 Report No. 44. Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals Peterson, D.; Kanarek, M.; Kuykendall, M.; Diedrich, J.; and 1994 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey. U. S. Anderson, H.; Remington, P.; Sheffy, T. ( 1994) Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Fish consumption patterns and blood mercury levels Service, Riverdale, MD. in Wisconsin Chippewa Indians. Archives. Environ. USDA. ( 1996b) Data tables: results from USDA's 1995 Health, 49: 53 58. Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals Pierce, R. S.; Noviello, D. T.; Rogers, S. H. ( 1981) and 1995 Diet and Health Knowledge Survey. U. S. Commencement Bay seafood consumption report. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Preliminary report. Tacoma, WA: Tacoma Pierce Service, Riverdale, MD. County Health Department. U. S. DHHS. ( 1995) Final Report: Health study to Price, P.; Su, S.; Gray, M. ( 1994) The effects of assess the human health effects of mercury exposure sampling bias on estimates of angler consumption to fish consumed from the Everglades. Prepared by rates in creel surveys. Portland, ME: ChemRisk. the Florida Department of Health and Rehabilitative Puffer, H. W., Azen, S. P.; Duda, M. J.; Young, D. R. Services for the U. S. Department of Health and ( 1981) Consumption rates of potentially hazardous Human Services, Atlanta, Georgia. PB95 167276. marine fish caught in the metropolitan Los Angeles U. S. EPA. ( 1984) Ambient water quality criteria for area. EPA Grant # R807 120010. 2,3,7,8 tetrachloro dibenzo p dioxin. Washington, Ruffle, B.; Burmaster, D.; Anderson, P.; Gordon, D. DC: Office of Water Regulations and Standards. ( 1994) Lognormal distributions for fish EPA 440/ 5 84 007. consumption by the general U. S. population. Risk U. S. EPA. ( 1989a) Exposure factors handbook. Analysis 14( 4): 395 404. Washington, DC: Office of Health and Rupp, E.; Miler, F. L.; Baes, C. F. III. ( 1980) Some Environmental Assessment, results of recent surveys of fish and shellfish U. S. EPA. ( 1989b) Assessing human health risks from consumption by age and region of U. S. residents. chemically contaminated fish and shellfish: a Health Physics 39: 165 175. guidance manual. Washington, DC: Office of San Diego County. ( 1990) San Diego Bay health risk Marine and Estuarine Protection. EPA 503/ 8 89 study. San Diego, CA. San Diego County 002. Department of Health Services. U. S. EPA. ( 1992) Consumption surveys for fish and Tsang, A. M.; Klepeis, N. E. ( 1996) Results tables from a shellfish; a review and analysis of survey methods. detailed analysis of the National Human Activity Washington, DC: Office of Water. EPA 822/ R 92 Pattern Survey ( NHAPS) response. Draft Report 001. prepared for the U. S. Environmental Protection U. S. EPA. ( 1995) Fish consumption estimates based on Agency by Lockheed Martin, Contract No. 68 W6 the 1991 92 Michigan sport anglers fish 001, Delivery Order No. 13. consumption study. Final Report. Prepared by USDA. ( 1979 1984) Agricultural Handbook No. 8. SAIC for the Office of Science and Technology. USDA. ( 1989 1991) Continuing Survey of Food Intakes U. S. EPA. ( 1996a) Daily average per capita fish by Individuals ( CSFII). U. S. Department of consumption estimates based on the combined Agriculture. USDA 1989, 1990 and 1991 continuing survey of USDA. ( 1992a) Changes in food consumption and food intakes by individuals ( CSFII) 1989 91 data. expenditures in American households during the Volumes I and II. Preliminary Draft Report. 1980' s. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Washington, DC: Office of Water. Washington, D. C. Statistical Bulletin No. 849. U. S. EPA. ( 1996b) Estimating exposure to dioxin like USDA. ( 1992b) U. S. Department of Agriculture, compounds. ( Draft). Washington, DC: Office of Human Nutrition Information Service. Food and Research and Development, National Center for nutrient intakes by individuals in the United States, 1 Environmental Assessment. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 29 West, P. C.; Fly, M. J.; Marans, R.; Larkin, F. ( 1989) Wolfe, R. J.; Walker, R. J. ( 1987) Subsistence economics Michigan sport anglers fish consumption survey. A in Alaska: productivity, geography, and report to the Michigan Toxic Substance Control development impacts. Arctic Anthropology Commission. Michigan Department of Management 24( 2): 56 81. and Budget Contract No. 87 20141. West, P. C.; Fly, J. M.; Marans, R.; Larkin, F.; Rosenblatt, D. ( 1993) 1991 92 Michigan sport anglers fish consumption study. Prepared by the University of Michigan, School of Natural Resources for the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Ann Arbor, MI. Technical Report No. 6. May. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 30 August 1997 Table 10 1. Total Fish Consumption by Demographic Variablesa Demographic Category Intake ( g/ person/ day)

Mean 95th Percentile Race Caucasian 14.2 41.2 Black 16.0 45.2 Oriental 21.0 67.3 Other 13.2 29.4 Sex Female 13.2 38.4 Male 15.6 44.8 Age ( years) 0 9 6.2 16.5 10 19 10.1 26.8 20 29 14.5 38.3 30 39 15.8 42.9 40 49 17.4 48.1 50 59 20.9 53.4 60 69 21.7 55.4 70+ 13.3 39.8 Census Region New England 16.3 46.5 Middle Atlantic 16.2 47.8 East North Central 12.9 36.9 West North Central 12.0 35.2 South Atlantic 15.2 44.1 East South Central 13.0 38.4 West South Central 14.4 43.6 Mountain 12.1 32.1 Pacific 14.2 39.6 Community Type Rural, non SMSA 13.0 38.3 Central city, 2M or more 19.0 55.6 Outside central city, 2M or more 15.9 47.3 Central city, 1M  2M 15.4 41.7 Outside central city, 1M  2M 14.5 41.5 Central city, 500K  1M 14.2 41.0 Outside central city, 500K  1M 14.0 39.7 Outside central city, 250K  500K 12.2 32.1 Central city, 250K  500K 14.1 40.5 Central city, 50K  250K 13.8 43.4 Outside central city, 50K  250K 11.3 31.7 Other urban 13.5 39.2 The calculations in this table are based on respondents who consumed fish during the survey month. These respondents are a estimated to represent 94 percent of the U. S. population. Source: Javitz, 1980. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 31 Table 10 2. Mean and 95th Percentile of Fish Consumption ( g/ day) by Sex and Agea Total Fish Age ( years) Mean 95th Percentile Female 0  9 6.1 17.3 10  19 9.0 25.0 20  19 13.4 34.5 30  39 14.9 41.8 40  49 16.7 49.6 50  59 19.5 50.1 60  69 19.0 46.3 70+ 10.7 31.7 Male 0  9 6.3 15.8 10  19 11.2 29.1 20  19 16.1 43.7 30  39 17.0 45.6 40  49 18.2 47.7 50  59 22.8 57.5 60  69 24.4 61.1 70+ 15.8 45.7 Overall 14.3 41.7 The calculations in this table are based upon respondents who consumed fish in the month of the survey. These respondents a are estimated to represent 94.0% of the U. S. population. Source: Javitz, 1980. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 32 August 1997 Table 10 3. Percent Distribution of Total Fish Consumption for Females by Age a Consumption Category ( g/ day)

0.0 5.0 5.1 10.0 10.1 15.0 15.1 20.0 20.1 25.0 25.1 30.0 30.1 37.5 37.6 47.5 47.6 60.0 60.1 122.5 over 122.5 Age ( yrs) Percentage 0 9 10 19 20 29 30 39 40 49 50 59 60 69 70+ Overall 55.5 17.8 28.1 22.4 17.5 17.0 11.5 41.9 28.9 26.8 31.4 26.1 23.6 21.9 17.4 16.9 22.1 24.0 11.0 15.4 20.4 18.0 20.7 16.8 20.6 12.3 16.8 3.7 6.9 11.8 12.7 13.2 15.5 15.9 9.7 10.7 1.0 3.5 6.7 8.3 9.3 10.5 9.1 5.2 6.4 1.1 2.4 3.5 4.8 4.5 8.5 9.2 2.9 4.3 0.7 1.2 4.4 3.8 4.6 6.8 6.0 2.6 3.5 0.3 0.7 2.2 2.8 2.8 5.2 6.1 1.2 2.4 0.0 0.2 0.9 1.9 3.4 4.2 2.4 0.8 1.6 0.0 0.4 0.9 1.7 2.1 2.0 2.1 1.2 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 The percentage of females in an age bracket whose average daily fish consumption is within the specified range.

a The calculations in this table are based upon the respondents who consumed fish during the month of the survey. These respondents are estimated to represent 94% of the U. S. population.

Source: Javitz, 1980. Table 10 4. Percent Distribution of Total Fish Consumption for Males by Age a Consumption Category ( g/ day)

0.0 5.0 5.1 10.0 10.1 15.0 15.1 20.0 20.1 25.0 25.1 30.0 30.1 37.5 37.6 47.5 47.6 60.0 60.1 122.5 over 122.5 Age ( yrs) Percentage 0 9 10 19 20 29 30 39 40 49 50 59 60 69 70+ Overall 52.1 27.8 16.7 16.6 11.9 9.9 7.4 24.5 22.6 30.1 29.3 22.9 21.2 22.3 15.2 15.0 21.7 23.1 11.9 19.0 19.6 19.2 18.6 15.4 15.6 15.7 17.0 3.1 10.4 14.5 13.2 14.7 14.4 12.8 9.9 11.3 1.2 6.0 8.8 9.5 8.4 10.4 11.4 9.8 7.7 0.6 3.2 6.2 7.3 8.5 9.7 8.5 5.3 5.7 0.7 1.7 4.4 5.2 5.3 8.7 9.9 5.4 4.6 0.1 1.7 3.1 3.2 5.2 7.6 8.3 3.1 3.6 0.2 0.4 1.9 1.3 3.3 4.3 5.5 1.7 2.2 0.1 0.5 1.9 2.2 1.7 4.1 5.5 2.8 2.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 The percentage of males in an age bracket whose average daily fish consumption is within the specified range.

a The calculations in this table are based upon respondents who consumed fish during the month of the survey. These respondents are estimated to represent 94% of the U. S. population.

Source: Javitz, 1980. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 33 Table 10 5. Mean Total Fish Consumption by Speciesa Species ( g/ day) Species ( g/ day) Mean consumption Mean consumption Not reported 1.173 Mullet 0.029 Abalone 0.014 Oysters 0.291 Anchovies 0.010 Perch ( Freshwater) 0.062 Bass 0.258 Perch ( Marine) 0.773 b Bluefish 0.070 Pike ( Marine) 0.154 Bluegills 0.089 Pollock 0.266 b Bonito 0.035 Pompano 0.004 b Buffalofish 0.022 Rockfish 0.027 Butterfish 0.010 Sablefish 0.002 Carp 0.016 Salmon 0.533 b Catfish ( Freshwater) 0.292 Scallops 0.127 b Catfish ( Marine) 0.014 Scup 0.014 b Clams 0.442 Sharks 0.001 b Cod 0.407 Shrimp 1.464 Crab, King 0.030 Smelt 0.057 Crab, other than King 0.254 Snapper 0.146 b Crappie 0.076 Snook 0.005 b Croaker 0.028 Spot 0.046 b Dolphin 0.012 Squid and Octopi 0.016 b Drums 0.019 Sunfish 0.020 Flounders 1.179 Swordfish 0.012 b Groupers 0.026 Tilefish 0.003 Haddock 0.399 Trout ( Freshwater) 0.294 Hake 0.117 Trout ( Marine) 0.070 Halibut 0.170 Tuna, light 3.491 b Herring 0.224 Tuna, White Albacore 0.008 Kingfish 0.009 Whitefish 0.141 Lobster ( Northern) 0.162 Other finfish 0.403 b Lobster ( Spiny) 0.074 Other shellfish 0.013 Mackerel, Jack 0.002 Mackerel, other than Jack 0.172 b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b The calculations in this table are based upon respondents who consumed fish during the month of the survey. These respondents are a estimated to represent 94% percent of the U. S. population. Designated as freshwater or estuarine species by Stephan ( 1980). b Source: Javitz, 1980.

Table 10 6. Best Fits of Lognormal Distributions Using the NonLinear Optimization ( NLO) Method Adults Teenagers Children Shellfish F 1.370  0.183 0.854 F 0.858 1.092 0.730 ( min SS) 27.57 1.19 16.06 Finfish ( freshwater) F 0.334 0.578  0.559 F 1.183 0.822 1.141 ( min SS) 6.45 23.51 2.19 Finfish ( saltwater) F 2.311 1.691 0.881 F 0.72 0.830 0.970 ( min SS) 30.13 0.33 4.31 The following equations may be used with the appropriate F and F values to obtain an average Daily Consumption Rate ( DCR), in grams, and percentiles of the DCR distribution. DCR50 = exp ( F ) DCR90 = exp [ F + z( 0.90) @ F ] DCR99 = exp [ F + z( 0.99) @ F ] DCR = exp [ F + 0.5 @ F ] avg 2 Source: Ruffle et al., 1994. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 34 August 1997 Table 10 7. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake ( g/ day) by Habitat and Fish Type for the U. S. Population ( Uncooked Fish Weight)

Habitat Statistic Estimate ( 90% Interval)

Finfish Shellfish Total Fresh/ Estuarine Mean 3.6 ( 3.0  4.1) 2.4 ( 2.0  2.8) 6.0 ( 5.3  6.7)

50th% 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0)

90th% 0.4 ( 0.00  0.7) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.3) 15.9 ( 14.4  17.8)

95th% 21.7 ( 14.8  25.8) 13.3 ( 11.7  17.8) 40.0 ( 37.9  44.8)

99th% 87.3 ( 80.1  98.0) 63.6 ( 60.4  68.5) 107.6 ( 98.3  109.1)

Marine Mean 12.5 ( 11.5  13.5) 1.6 ( 1.3  1.9) 14.1 ( 13.1  15.1)

50th% 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0)

90th% 47.5 ( 43.6  49.8) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 52.1 ( 47.8  55.9)

95th% 74.6 ( 70.3  76.3) 0.0 ( 0.0  6.8) 76.5 ( 74.6  80.9)

99th% 133.0 ( 127.8  143.2) 50.3 ( 44.5  59.0) 138.2 ( 133.0  155.1)

All Fish Mean 16.1 ( 15.0  17.2) 4.0 ( 3.4  4.6) 20.1 ( 18.8  21.4)

50th% 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0)

90th% 59.1 ( 54.6  62.3) 0.0 ( 0.0  3.5) 70.1 ( 65.4  74.2)

95th% 84.4 ( 81.3  89.6) 22.7 ( 21.8  26.6) 102.0 ( 99.3  106.7)

99th% 156.7 ( 148.7  168.1) 99.0 ( 87.8  109.6) 173.2 ( 162.8  176.5)

Note: Percentile confidence intervals estimated using the bootstrap method with 1,000 replications; percent consuming gives the percentage of individuals consuming the specified category of fish during the 3 day survey period. Estimates are projected from a sample of 11,912 individuals to the U. S. population.

Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 35 Table 10 8. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) by Habitat for Consumers Only ( Uncooked Fish Weight)

Habitat Statistic Estimate 90% Interval Fresh/ Estuarine Mean 86.2 78.4  94.0 a 50th% 48.8 45.6  54.9 90th% 217.9 205.3  237.3 95th% 290.0 267.1  325.6 99th% 489.3 424.9  534.2 Percent Consuming 18.5 Marine Mean 113.1 107.8  118.4 b 50th% 93.3 92.0  94.9 90th% 222.7 216.5  225.6 95th% 271.7 260.6  279.9 99th% 415.9 367.3  440.5 Percent Consuming 30.1 All Fish Mean 129.0 123.7  134.3 c 50th% 101.9 98.9  103.9 90th% 249.1 241.0  264.1 95th% 326.0 306.1  335.6 99th% 497.5 469.2  519.7 Percent Consuming 36.9 Note: Percentile confidence intervals estimated using the bootstrap method with 1,000 replications; percent consuming gives the percentage of individuals consuming the specified category of fish during the 3 day survey period.

a Sample size = 1,892; population size = 44,946,000 b Sample size = 3,184; population size = 73,100,000 c Sample size = 3,927; population size = 89,800,000 Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 36 August 1997 Table 10 9. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake ( mg/ kg day) by Habitat and Fish Type for U. S. Population ( Uncooked Fish Weight)

Habitat Statistic Estimate ( 90% Interval)

Finfish Shellfish Total Fresh/ Estuarine Mean 58.1 ( 48.4  67.7) 35.9 ( 30.2  41.6) 94.0 ( 83.4  104.6)

50th% 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0)

90th% 5.9 ( 0.0  12.3) 0.0 ( 0.0  3.8) 251.8 ( 222.5  282.6)

95th% 340.5 ( 252.9  410.1) 190.0 ( 155.7  268.3) 677.7 ( 631.9  729.1)

99th% 1,401.9 ( 1,283.9  1,511.8) 953.5 ( 871.3  1,007.4) 1,593.3 ( 1,511.8  1,659.2)

Marine Mean 215.8 ( 195.9  235.6) 24.3 ( 20.6  28.0) 240.1 ( 220.1  260.0)

50th% 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0)

90th% 783.4 ( 752.5  842.2) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 855.6 ( 809.7  909.8)

95th% 1,208.1 ( 1,149.5  1,264.9) 0.0 ( 0.0  88.8 1,271.5 ( 1,227.2  1,371.2)

99th% 2,400.0 ( 2,284.2  2,660.1) 701.3 ( 636.2  944.7) 2,575.3 ( 2,393.2  2,708.6)

All Fish Mean 273.9 ( 252.0  295.7) 60.2 ( 52.3  68.2) 334.1 ( 311.3  356.9)

50th% 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0)

90th% 966.1 ( 893.3  1,039.5) 0.0 ( 0.0  47.4) 1,123.1 ( 1,090.8  1,179.0)

95th% 1,434.3 ( 1,371.2  1,526.8) 372.5 ( 324.1  460.5) 1,684.2 ( 1,620.5  1,718.5)

99th% 2,857.5 ( 2,649.6  3,003.6) 1,412.4 ( 1,296.0  1,552.1) 3,092.8 ( 2,973.7  3,250.2)

Note: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Estimates are projected from a sample of 11,912 individuals to the U. S. population.

Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 37 Table 10 10. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) by Habitat for Consumers Only ( Uncooked Fish Weight)

Habitat Statistic Estimate 90% Interval Fresh/ Estuarine Mean 1,363.4 1,242.2  1,484.7 a 50th% 819.7 736.9  895.7 90th% 3,325.1 3,232.6  3,677.0 95th% 4,408.2 4,085.6  4,781.3 99th% 7,957.5 6,979.2  8,921.0 Percent Consuming 18.5 Marine Mean 1,927.0 1,829.5  2,024.4 b 50th% 1,507.7 1,470.7  1,538.8 90th% 3,752.9 3,632.0  4,001.2 95th% 5,018.7 4,852.1  5,267.3 99th% 8,448.3 7,215.7  9,136.9 Percent Consuming 30.1 All Fish Mean 2,145.3 2,055.9  2,234.6 c 50th% 1,662.8 1,610.7  1,720.1 90th% 4,223.9 4,085.8  4,454.2 95th% 5,477.9 5,163.3  5,686.0 99th% 9,171.5 8,605.4  9,796.6 Percent Consuming 36.9 Note: Percentile confidence intervals estimated using the bootstrap method with 1,000 replications; percent consuming gives the percentage of individuals consuming the specified category of fish during the 3 day survey period.

a Sample size = 1,892; population size = 44,946,000 b Sample size = 3,184; population size = 73,100,000 c Sample size = 3,927; population size = 89,800,000 Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 38 August 1997 Table 10 11. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake ( g/ day) by Habitat and Fish Type for the U. S. Population ( Cooked Fish Weight  As Consumed)

Habitat Statistic Estimate ( 90% Interval)

Finfish Shellfish Total Fresh/ Estuarine Mean 2.8 ( 2.4  3.3) 1.9 ( 1.6  2.2) 4.7 ( 4.2  5.3)

50th% 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0)

90th% 0.3 ( 0.0  0.7) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.2) 12.6 ( 10.9  14.0)

95th% 17.2 ( 12.9  20.8) 10.1 ( 7.9  13.8) 32.2 ( 29.8  35.2)

99th% 70.9 ( 60.3  75.7) 49.9 ( 45.6  56.4) 82.5 ( 77.2  86.4)

Marine Mean 9.7 ( 9.0  10.5) 1.2 ( 1.0  1.4) 10.9 ( 10.1  11.7)

50th% 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0)

90th% 37.3 ( 33.7  37.4) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 39.5 ( 37.3  42.9)

95th% 56.2 ( 55.6  58.2) 0.0 ( 0.0  5.3) 59.6 ( 57.0  61.8)

99th% 103.1 ( 98.5  112.0) 37.0 ( 35.4  44.5) 106.8 ( 104.6  114.6)

All Fish Mean 12.6 ( 11.7  13.4) 3.1 ( 2.7  3.5) 15.7 ( 14.7  16.6)

50th% 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  0. 0)

90th% 46.0 ( 43.6  49.0) 0.0 ( 0.0  2.6) 55.0 ( 51.4  56.0)

95th% 67.0 ( 63.0  70.7) 18.9 ( 16.7  22.1) 78.3 ( 75.2  80.6)

99th% 119.1 ( 113.9  125.9) 74.3 ( 68.7  82.0) 133.5 ( 125.3  140.2)

Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Estimates are projected from a sample of 11,912 individuals to the U. S. population.

Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 39 Table 10 12. Per Capita Distribution of Fish Intake ( g/ day) by Habitat for Consumers Only ( Cooked Fish Weight  As Consumed)

Habitat Statistic Estimate 90% Interval Fresh/ Estuarine Mean 68.0 61.9  74.1 a 50th% 39.5 36.2  44.7 90th% 170.8 158.7  181.8 95th% 224.8 212.9  246.0 99th% 374.7 336.5  341.3 Percent Consuming 18.5 Marine Mean 87.8 83.7  91.8 b 50th% 71.8 69.7  74.2 90th% 169.4 167.0  173.7 95th% 208.5 198.1  221.7 99th% 320.4 292.8  341.9 Percent Consuming 30.1 All Fish Mean 100.6 96.7  104.6 c 50th% 80.8 79.3  83.9 90th% 197.4 188.7  205.1 95th% 253.4 231.5  264.5 99th% 371.6 359.3  401.6 Percent Consuming 36.9 Note: Percentile confidence intervals estimated using the bootstrap method with 1,000 replications; percent consuming gives the percentage of individuals consuming the specified category of fish during the 3 day survey period.

a Sample size = 1,892; population size = 44,946,000 b Sample size = 3,184; population size = 73,100,000 c Sample size = 3,927; population size = 89,800,000 Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 40 August 1997 Table 10 13. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for the U. S. Population by Age and Gender  As Consumed ( Freshwater and Estuarine)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 1431 1.58 ( 1.06 2.10) 1.44 ( 0.00 4.07) 12.51 ( 6.00 14.20) 36.09 ( 28.53 43.20) 15  44 2891 4.28 ( 3.55 5.02) 10.90 ( 8.79 13.84) 28.80 ( 26.26 33.53) 70.87 ( 64.74 90.56) 45 or older 2340 5.27 ( 4.21 6.32) 18.72 ( 15.19 22.12) 34.67 ( 29.17 39.38) 85.35 ( 71.71 100.50) All ages 6662 4.02 ( 3.43 4.61) 10.66 ( 8.11 13.19) 28.11 ( 23.14 31.27) 71.98 ( 60.38 86.40)

Males 14 or under 1546 2.17 ( 1.32 3.02) 0.99 ( 0.21 6.67) 14.94 ( 11.88 22.33) 48.72 ( 37.48 52.29) 15  44 2151 6.14 ( 5.08 7.19) 18.19 ( 10.21 24.20) 48.61 ( 35.42 54.65) 96.32 ( 85.60 115.75) 45 or older 1553 7.12 ( 5.87 8.38) 22.67 ( 19.28 27.83) 46.62 ( 41.27 58.01) 103.07 ( 86.41 125.11) All ages 5250 5.46 ( 4.81 6.11) 16.05 ( 12.41 19.30) 40.29 ( 35.92 43.73) 86.40 ( 78.37 103.07)

Both Sexes 14 or under 2977 1.88 ( 1.36 2.40) 1.31 ( 0.00 4.33) 13.90 ( 9.32 15.05) 40.77 ( 35.15 44.82) 15  44 5042 5.17 ( 4.46 5.87) 13.88 ( 12.05 17.21) 36.21 ( 28.64 47.31) 86.14 ( 74.67 96.67) 45 or older 3893 6.11 ( 5.20 7.02) 21.48 ( 16.69 23.33) 40.55 ( 35.80 47.31) 88.18 ( 85.33 103.07) All ages 11912 4.71 ( 4.17 5.25) 12.62 ( 10.91 13.98) 32.16 ( 29.81 35.15) 82.45 ( 77.17 86.40)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 14. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for the U. S. Population by Age and Gender  As Consumed ( Marine)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 1431 6.60 ( 5.16 8.05) 24.84 ( 18.67 31.20) 37.32 ( 32.27 42.05) 87.05 ( 63.26 112.06) 15  44 2891 9.97 ( 8.94 11.01) 36.83 ( 31.42 41.99) 55.53 ( 47.67 59.59) 105.32 ( 96.98 112.00) 45 or older 2340 12.59 ( 11.36 13.82) 42.92 ( 38.92 47.66) 63.85 ( 57.27 72.36) 103.08 ( 91.61 121.52) All ages 6662 10.10 ( 9.27 10.93) 36.97 ( 34.86 37.33) 55.54 ( 51.67 56.98) 102.01 ( 97.67 110.69)

Males 14 or under 1546 7.25 ( 5.72 8.79) 24.85 ( 19.92 33.85) 49.89 ( 42.09 56.45) 92.64 ( 65.87 132.39) 15  44 2151 13.33 ( 11.89 14.77) 52.73 ( 48.34 55.80) 71.49 ( 63.99 80.00) 116.51 ( 106.06 143.31) 45 or older 1553 13.32 ( 11.73 14.92) 50.39 ( 47.13 53.33) 64.51 ( 61.64 74.58) 116.86 ( 106.93 144.94) All ages 5250 11.85 ( 10.75 12.95) 47.13 ( 44.52 49.80) 64.50 ( 62.46 67.53) 113.94 ( 103.47 130.00)

Both Sexes 14 or under 2977 6.93 ( 5.63 8.23) 24.88 ( 22.64 28.08) 42.07 ( 38.15 48.96) 91.64 ( 68.59 112.06) 15  44 5042 11.58 ( 10.55 12.60) 44.24 ( 39.84 46.70) 62.18 ( 57.88 69.72) 110.07 ( 103.50 120.49) 45 or older 3893 12.92 ( 11.86 13.98) 46.51 ( 38.98 50.97) 64.19 ( 60.67 72.00) 113.33 ( 104.59 119.53) All ages 11912 10.94 ( 10.14 11.73) 39.51 ( 37.29 42.91) 59.62 ( 57.03 61.84) 106.84 ( 104.59 114.55)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 41 Table 10 15. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for the U. S. Population by Age and Gender  As Consumed ( All Fish)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 1431 8.19 ( 6.53 9.84) 32.28 ( 26.78 37.33) 43.09 ( 37.99 51.55) 95.19 ( 63.26 113.96) 15  44 2891 14.25 ( 12.96 15.55) 47.13 ( 41.95 55.83) 71.58 ( 64.74 82.11) 120.84 ( 110.69 132.79) 45 or older 2340 17.86 ( 16.19 19.52) 56.70 ( 54.13 62.99) 81.94 ( 74.63 88.23) 130.51 ( 122.02 140.21) All ages 6662 14.13 ( 13.07 15.18) 46.44 ( 43.63 49.67) 70.23 ( 67.27 73.91) 120.22 ( 112.06 126.07)

Males 14 or under 1546 9.42 ( 7.60 11.25) 34.85 ( 27.77 42.09) 52.85 ( 49.93 62.50) 98.36 ( 71.74 132.39) 15  44 2151 19.46 ( 17.75 21.18) 68.60 ( 65.74 74.70) 93.65 ( 85.60 96.96) 149.07 ( 142.73 154.41) 45 or older 1553 20.45 ( 18.41 22.49) 64.44 ( 61.33 69.27) 87.21 ( 85.33 100.19) 168.49 ( 143.78 174.55) All ages 5250 17.31 ( 16.04 18.59) 60.23 ( 56.91 62.99) 85.69 ( 80.61 93.32) 143.91 ( 135.35 154.15)

Both Sexes 14 or under 2977 8.82 ( 7.39 10.24) 32.88 ( 27.97 37.11) 50.95 ( 44.64 53.86) 98.33 ( 86.40 113.96) 15  44 5042 16.74 ( 15.54 17.94) 57.88 ( 56.00 60.85) 84.59 ( 79.91 90.83) 138.21 ( 122.84 149.15) 45 or older 3893 19.03 ( 17.54 20.52) 61.32 ( 56.00 65.74) 86.21 ( 77.42 94.70) 143.91 ( 131.12 171.37) All ages 11912 15.65 ( 14.67 16.63) 55.02 ( 51.38 56.00) 78.34 ( 75.21 80.56) 133.46 ( 125.27 140.21)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 16. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for the U. S. Population Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat  As Consumed Grams/ day 90% Interval Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Fresh/ Estuarine Mean 5.59 4.91 6.28 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 17.80 14.89 20.63 95th % 39.04 36.13 42.16 99th % 86.30 81.99 96.67 Marine Mean 12.42 11.55 13.29 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 45.98 44.48 48.34 95th % 64.08 61.61 68.05 99th % 111.38 101.94 120.49 All Fish Mean 18.01 16.85 19.17 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 60.64 57.06 64.63 95th % 86.25 80.29 91.00 99th % 142.96 134.23 154.15 Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Note: Estimates are projected from a sample of 8,478 individuals of age 18 and older to the U. S. population of 177,807,000 individuals of age 18 and older using 3 year combined survey weights. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 42 August 1997 Table 10 17. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for the U. S. Population by Age and Gender  As Consumed ( Freshwater and Estuarine)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 1431 67.12 ( 46.16 88.09) 57.30 ( 0.00 128.52) 460.16 ( 218.56 559.86) 1356.54 ( 1295.24 2118.93) 15  44 2891 66.22 ( 55.35 77.08) 174.96 ( 115.11 205.05) 451.04 ( 421.65 505.49) 1188.16 ( 977.85 1278.63) 45 or older 2340 78.29 ( 63.27 93.30) 273.63 ( 209.63 300.11) 548.66 ( 466.18 633.87) 1251.00 ( 1038.97 1324.90) All ages 6662 70.32 ( 60.09 80.55) 177.91 ( 132.69 212.30) 497.30 ( 442.20 558.85) 1269.76 ( 1093.19 1328.24)

Males 14 or under 1546 73.93 ( 44.89 102.96) 28.10 ( 8.86 231.33) 723.93 ( 423.52 785.58) 1290.10 ( 1279.82 1355.11) 15  44 2151 75.35 ( 62.00 88.70) 230.13 ( 132.30 309.85) 577.84 ( 410.09 706.31) 1132.23 ( 1028.61 1416.47) 45 or older 1553 86.75 ( 70.91 102.58) 291.50 ( 230.15 364.24) 584.96 ( 512.66 630.77) 1231.60 ( 1115.58 1566.68) All ages 5250 78.36 ( 69.10 87.61) 231.57 ( 186.27 276.04) 589.22 ( 549.64 630.09) 1265.10 ( 1133.18 1355.11)

Both Sexes 14 or under 2977 70.59 ( 53.29 87.89) 53.24 ( 0.00 118.48) 556.34 ( 417.11 683.80) 1347.67 ( 1279.82 1390.82) 15  44 5042 70.58 ( 61.27 79.89) 197.11 ( 154.78 229.29) 502.26 ( 410.09 604.29) 1167.57 ( 1021.96 1279.82) 45 or older 3893 82.12 ( 70.19 94.05) 286.93 ( 228.49 332.88) 566.30 ( 505.10 625.21) 1251.55 ( 1115.58 1324.90) All ages 11912 74.16 ( 65.74 82.57) 204.00 ( 177.97 225.16) 547.64 ( 505.10 565.37) 1274.55 ( 1197.29 1324.90)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 18. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for the U. S. Population by Age and Gender  As Consumed ( Marine)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 1431 256.90 ( 207.04 306.76) 936.94 ( 723.73 1055.43) 1545.15 ( 1260.24 1760.26) 3060.22 ( 2403.50 4354.46) 15  44 2891 159.79 ( 142.76 176.82) 573.49 ( 493.39 663.16) 873.73 ( 780.56 929.55) 1700.21 ( 1578.65 1815.48) 45 or older 2340 191.08 ( 171.33 210.83) 644.33 ( 608.39 725.83) 978.84 ( 881.06 1103.01) 1694.58 ( 1488.32 1791.84) All ages 6662 190.61 ( 172.89 208.33) 658.64 ( 627.61 700.33) 1024.76 ( 958.94 1096.14) 1979.45 ( 1793.40 2137.78)

Males 14 or under 1546 230.25 ( 188.33 272.17) 846.57 ( 734.83 987.18) 1504.37 ( 1320.60 1749.26) 2885.08 ( 2631.87 3430.60) 15  44 2151 165.92 ( 147.73 184.12) 626.85 ( 593.90 680.90) 933.05 ( 833.43 982.30) 1472.98 ( 1411.97 1525.47) 45 or older 1553 164.37 ( 144.87 183.87) 621.00 ( 562.90 691.03) 839.06 ( 800.23 946.97) 1422.94 ( 1293.89 1791.31) All ages 5250 181.08 ( 163.00 199.15) 670.19 ( 622.62 714.53) 981.87 ( 934.45 1071.54) 1923.63 ( 1802.17 1972.86)

Both Sexes 14 or under 2977 243.31 ( 202.43 284.18) 873.87 ( 741.53 1093.69) 1522.52 ( 1371.10 1587.20) 3059.93 ( 2732.63 3430.60) 15  44 5042 162.72 ( 148.13 177.31) 602.58 ( 564.88 648.54) 893.82 ( 856.58 940.85) 1576.09 ( 1503.11 1697.71) 45 or older 3893 178.99 ( 164.13 193.84) 628.06 ( 555.84 700.65) 914.67 ( 825.21 1040.75) 1568.85 ( 1483.71 1760.74) All ages 11912 186.06 ( 170.81 201.31) 663.00 ( 627.39 717.18) 991.96 ( 960.40 1044.69) 1942.17 ( 1815.48 2042.99)

Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 43 Table 10 19. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for the U. S. Population by Age and Gender  As Consumed ( All Fish)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 1431 324.02 ( 264.25 383.80) 1091.52 ( 929.29 1407.54) 1690.99 ( 1513.97 2072.35) 3982.60 ( 3219.32 4568.45) 15  44 2891 226.01 ( 205.01 247.01) 755.51 ( 641.02 879.29) 1126.02 ( 975.49 1269.56) 2195.86 ( 1762.90 2310.54) 45 or older 2340 269.37 ( 243.36 295.38) 862.18 ( 796.63 955.82) 1296.64 ( 1186.00 1344.85) 2147.32 ( 1791.84 2354.25) All ages 6662 260.93 ( 239.15 282.72) 873.61 ( 796.63 911.89) 1323.29 ( 1269.56 1418.85) 2361.12 ( 2272.41 2598.14)

Males 14 or under 1546 304.17 ( 251.91 356.43) 1172.17 1575.43 ( 1496.19 1943.82) 3393.84 ( 2731.95 3733.22) 15  44 2151 241.27 ( 219.25 263.29) ( 1085.62 1320.60) 1208.43 ( 1101.68 1266.32) 1760.48 ( 1611.45 1851.26) 45 or older 1553 251.12 ( 225.48 276.76) 867.70 ( 814.06 919.25) 1122.80 ( 1041.28 1266.18) 1922.33 ( 1786.53 2275.93) All ages 5250 259.43 ( 239.81 279.06) 797.83 ( 762.30 858.52) 1298.95 ( 1224.82 1366.86) 2346.64 ( 1972.86 2631.87) 894.96 ( 842.29 938.16)

Both Sexes 14 or under 2977 313.90 ( 268.42 359.38) 1128.26 1679.91 ( 1546.20 1848.43) 3419.49 ( 3184.04 3733.22) 15  44 5042 233.30 ( 216.16 250.44) ( 1005.58 1320.60) 1155.30 ( 1102.57 1212.19) 2003.46 ( 1787.65 2182.19) 45 or older 3893 261.10 ( 240.34 281.87) 828.12 ( 771.73 868.89) 1249.97 ( 1101.32 1323.53) 1967.01 ( 1796.52 2257.50) All ages 11912 260.22 ( 242.60 277.83) 818.10 ( 771.23 882.53) 1308.54 ( 1267.15 1346.71) 2356.54 ( 2224.54 2556.68) 880.47 ( 844.35 918.79)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 20. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for the U. S. Population Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat  As Consumed 90% Interval Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Fresh/ Estuarine Mean 75.56 66.37 84.75 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 242.49 205.05 277.26 95th % 547.61 493.47 587.37 99th % 1,171.84 1,123.52 1,252.78 Marine Mean 172.86 160.73 184.99 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 624.83 598.84 670.34 95th % 911.05 877.29 952.66 99th % 1,573.20 1,468.43 1,713.17 All Fish Mean 248.42 232.19 264.64 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 829.02 791.06 872.61 95th % 1,197.36 1,133.18 1,264.74 99th % 2,014.67 1,839.55 2,180.87 Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Note: Estimates are projected from a sample of 8,478 individuals of age 18 and older to the population of 177,807,000 individuals of age 18 and older using 3 year combined survey weights. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 44 August 1997 Table 10 21. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for Consumers Only by Age and Gender  As Consumed ( Freshwater and Estuarine)

Age Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.) Sample Females 14 or under 138 38.44 91.30 128.97 182.66 15  44 445 61.40 148.83 185.44 363.56 45 or older 453 62.49 150.67 214.91 296.69 All ages 1036 58.82 ( 51.57 66.06) 145.65 ( 130.73 152.24) 190.28 ( 173.88 219.03) 330.41 ( 259.20 526.69)

Males 14 or under 157 52.44 112.05 154.44 230.74 15  44 356 81.56 224.01 275.02 371.53 45 or older 343 82.23 192.31 255.68 449.09 All ages 856 77.50 ( 70.21 84.80) 197.93 ( 169.51 224.85) 253.48 ( 216.54 290.00) 404.65 ( 371.63 421.60)

Both Sexes 14 or under 295 45.73 108.36 136.24 214.62 15  44 801 71.44 180.67 230.95 371.52 45 or older 796 71.81 174.54 231.38 427.73 All ages 1892 68.00 ( 61.92 74.07) 170.84 ( 158.74 181.79) 224.78 ( 212.91 245.98) 374.74 ( 336.50 431.34)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Acute Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 22. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for Consumers Only by Age and Gender  As Consumed ( Marine)

Age Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.) Sample Females 14 or under 315 69.04 114.23 162.37 336.59 15  44 774 76.53 149.78 178.74 271.06 45 or older 715 85.24 167.11 218.35 264.8 All ages 1804 78.47 ( 74.43 82.51) 155.38 ( 147.00 166.64) 195.15 ( 179.12 212.07) 279.79 ( 263.48 336.17)

Males 14 or under 348 78.44 160.97 190.68 336.98 15  44 565 104.57 191.29 227.56 316.69 45 or older 467 101.46 188.77 259.85 333.18 All ages 1380 98.59 ( 93.16 104.03) 184.53 ( 173.46 194.13) 224.89 ( 210.00 250.28) 328.18 ( 310.42 348.49)

Both Sexes 14 or under 663 73.62 153.2 176.9 337.24 15  44 1339 89.93 171.88 209.17 308.06 45 or older 1182 92.19 178.33 223.82 314.44 All ages 3184 87.77 ( 83.74 91.80) 169.39 ( 167.00 173.65) 209.50 ( 198.11 221.73) 320.41 ( 292.80 341.88)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Acute Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 45 Table 10 23. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for Consumers Only by Age and Gender  As Consumed ( All Fish)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 378 69.54 126.22 165.27 338.04 15  44 952 88.8 170.01 212.56 361.04 45 or older 879 96.47 184.42 226.25 310.12 All ages 2209 88.47 ( 83.98 92.97) 170.10 ( 166.63 173.88) 220.56 ( 201.97 236.00) 340.71 ( 289.17 368.51)

Males 14 or under 429 79.72 161.62 190 308.59 15  44 702 124.78 230.77 296.66 397.7 45 or older 587 119.44 224.82 262.43 434.28 All ages 1718 114.18 ( 108.79 119.56) 219.96 ( 209.17 229.91) 272.49 ( 254.99 301.51) 411.68 ( 371.43 447.85)

Both Sexes 14 or under 807 74.8 153.7 178.08 337.46 15  44 1654 106.06 203.33 271.66 372.77 45 or older 1466 106.62 209.34 254.69 407.14 All ages 3927 100.63 ( 96.66 104.60) 197.44 ( 188.74 205.12) 253.38 ( 231.51 264.45) 371.59 ( 359.29 401.61)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Acute Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 24. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat  As Consumed 90% Interval Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Fresh/ Estuarine Mean 70.91 64.16 77.65 n = 1,541 50th % 42.45 37.24 46.91 N = 37,166,000 90th % 176.58 165.08 193.26 95th % 230.41 224.00 255.55 99th % 402.56 358.58 518.41 Marine Mean 91.49 87.35 95.64 n = 2,432 50th % 77.56 74.89 78.52 N = 57,830,000 90th % 172.29 168.00 182.00 95th % 215.62 201.99 225.63 99th % 313.05 292.80 324.81 All Fish Mean 106.39 102.37 110.41 n = 3,007 50th % 85.36 84.00 87.36 N = 70,949,000 90th % 206.76 197.84 213.00 95th % 258.22 241.00 266.86 99th % 399.26 336.50 423.56 Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Note: Consumers only are individuals who consumed fish at least once during the 3 day reporting period; n = sample size; N = population size. Estimates are projected from a sample of consumers only 18 years of age and older to the population of consumers only 18 years of age and older using 3 year combined survey weights. The population for this survey consisted of individuals in the 48 conterminous states. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 46 August 1997 Table 10 25. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for Consumers Only by Age and Gender  As Consumed ( Freshwater and Estuarine)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 138 1639.20 3915.56 6271.09 10113.24 15  44 445 961.58 2578.81 3403.75 6167.24 45 or older 453 927.85 2229.97 2894.18 4338.36 All ages 1036 1037.29 ( 905.50 1169.09) 2582.5 ( 2248.8 2734.5) 3434.16 ( 2927.72 3979.82) 6923.5 ( 4757.8 9134.9) 0 0 0 0 0 Males 14 or under 157 1798.24 3759.29 3952.99 7907.38 15  44 356 1004.96 2744.61 3348.86 4569.62 45 or older 343 992.11 2448.54 3281.38 5716.41 All ages 856 1117.74 2789.95 3399.26 ( 3256.87 3907.77) 5259.97 ( 4834.34 6593.97) 0 0 0 0 0 ( 1011.55 1223.94) ( 2526.87 3132.65)

Both Sexes 14 or under 295 1721.99 3760.67 4208.18 9789.49 15  44 801 983.19 2616.63 3360.85 5089.78 45 or older 796 958.20 2394.21 3121.09 5157.95 All ages 1892 1076.80 ( 980.00 1173.61) 2695.81 3399.46 ( 3132.65 3839.47) 6526.10 ( 5270.61 6931.61) 0 0 0 0 0 ( 2546.77 2819.33)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 26. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for Consumers Only by Age and Gender  As Consumed ( Marine)

Age Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.) Sample Females 14 or under 315 2591.57 5074.80 6504.67 9970.44 15  44 774 1227.41 2469.67 3007.98 4800.68 45 or older 715 1293.99 2642.60 3565.34 4237.73 All ages 1804 1486.90 ( 1400.58 1573.23) 2992.38 ( 2841.13 3303.96) 3961.24 ( 3768.48 4192.13) 6521.73 ( 5792.54 7794.41)

Males 14 or under 348 2471.15 4852.33 5860.72 8495.57 15  44 565 1302.62 2390.20 2882.91 3887.23 45 or older 467 1242.49 2251.43 2877.73 4016.80 All ages 1380 1505.19 ( 1411.84 1598.55) 2899.23 ( 2797.30 3199.05) 3836.02 ( 3563.32 4581.61) 5859.85 ( 5247.79 7895.62)

Both Sexes 14 or under 663 2532.95 5068.69 6376.47 8749.02 15  44 1339 1263.35 2464.80 2961.92 4251.47 45 or older 1182 1271.92 2461.37 3383.46 4220.78 All ages 3184 1495.37 ( 1422.63 1568.12) 2956.38 ( 2838.46 3083.70) 3887.52 ( 3770.65 4113.22) 6510.73 ( 5772.57 6852.01)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 47 Table 10 27. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for Consumer Only by Age and Gender  As Consumed ( All Fish)

Age Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.) Sample Females 14 or under 378 2683.51 5299.68 7160.73 12473.65 15  44 952 1414.54 2726.46 3740.83 6703.25 45 or older 879 1449.43 2838.76 3736.61 4693.94 All ages 2209 1637.08 ( 1546.08 1728.08) 3122.82 ( 2992.63 3308.93) 4312.16 ( 3969.22 4710.75) 7163.38 ( 6852.67 7794.41)

Males 14 or under 429 2568.93 4714.97 5818.08 9350.89 15  44 702 1545.93 2854.49 3773.51 5254.04 45 or older 587 1451.06 2841.35 3366.84 5091.31 All ages 1718 1715.79 ( 1636.68 1794.90) 3399.26 ( 3290.97 3766.18) 4244.32 ( 4015.03 4581.61) 6818.35 ( 5792.54 7588.15)

Both Sexes 14 or under 807 2624.35 5020.14 6904.83 10384.82 15  44 1654 1477.57 2798.37 3747.88 5386.43 45 or older 1466 1450.15 2839.04 3515.81 4922.99 All ages 3927 1674.31 ( 1606.79 1741.83) 3299.54 ( 3133.69 3462.35) 4258.69 ( 4065.32 4483.83) 7126.90 ( 6644.11 7794.41)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 28. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat  As Consumed Milligrams/ kilogram/ person/ day 90% Interval Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Fresh/ Estuarine Mean 959.15 867.58 1,050.72 n = 1,541 50th % 601.88 532.31 656.86 N = 37,166,000 90th % 2,442.97 2,233.16 2,606.66 95th % 3,116.28 2,839.90 3,303.96 99th % 5,151.98 4,432.30 6,931.61 Marine Mean 1,270.78 1,214.65 1,326.90 n = 2,432 50th % 1,062.93 1,019.60 1,087.06 N = 57,830,000 90th % 2,467.68 2,331.88 2,585.09 95th % 3,116.74 2,906.16 3,264.98 99th % 4,250.22 4,037.74 4,387.96 All Fish Mean 1,461.71 1,406.34 1,517.09 n = 3,007 50th % 1,189.29 1,156.77 1,225.43 N = 70,949,000 90th % 2,802.28 2,685.81 2,868.73 95th % 3,588.11 3,308.93 3,798.54 99th % 5,355.90 5,095.58 5,766.99 Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Note: Consumers only are individuals who consumed fish at least once during the 3 day reporting period; n = sample size; N = population size Estimates are projected from a sample of consumers only 18 years of age and older to the population of consumers only 18 years of age and older using 3 year combined survey weights. The population for this survey consisted of individuals in the 48 conterminous states. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 48 August 1997 Table 10 29. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for the U. S. Population by Age and Gender  Uncooked Fish Weight ( Freshwater and Estuarine)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 1431 1.99 ( 1.34 2.64) 1.81 ( 0.00 4.63) 15.88 ( 7.89 18.38) 46.82 ( 36.72 54.55) 15  44 2891 5.50 ( 4.53 6.48) 13.62 ( 9.99 18.11) 36.68 ( 32.53 40.31) 94.93 ( 75.74 114.34) 45 or older 2340 6.65 ( 5.30 8.00) 24.18 ( 18.11 27.41) 46.91 ( 37.94 52.92) 108.90 ( 92.06 123.72) All ages 6662 5.13 ( 4.37 5.88) 13.31 ( 10.48 16.67) 35.63 ( 28.92 40.07) 94.61 ( 77.70 109.09)

Males 14 or under 1546 2.69 ( 1.62 3.76) 1.07 ( 0.33 8.67) 18.47 ( 14.39 25.91) 57.07 ( 47.32 65.37) 15  44 2151 7.87 ( 6.46 9.29) 22.10 ( 13.43 31.80) 63.26 ( 50.62 70.12) 126.61 ( 108.54 162.80) 45 or older 1553 8.87 ( 7.32 10.43) 28.74 ( 24.23 33.07) 61.15 ( 52.57 71.59) 125.90 ( 112.28 147.62) All ages 5250 6.91 ( 6.07 7.75) 19.00 ( 14.99 23.69) 51.43 ( 47.32 54.82) 112.11 ( 108.54 127.19)

Both Sexes 14 or under 2977 2.35 ( 1.70 3.00) 1.72 ( 0.00 5.00) 17.46 ( 12.78 18.68) 50.14 ( 43.58 55.00) 15  44 5042 6.64 ( 5.71 7.56) 18.30 ( 14.99 21.14) 47.31 ( 36.22 59.65) 109.66 ( 94.43 127.19) 45 or older 3893 7.66 ( 6.50 8.81) 26.11 ( 21.95 28.85) 52.92 ( 45.73 61.51) 113.10 ( 107.18 133.74) All ages 11912 5.98( 5.29 6.67) 15.89( 14.39 17.76) 40.03( 37.94 44.75) 107.63( 98.25 109.09)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 30. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for the U. S. Population by Age and Gender  Uncooked Fish Weight ( Marine)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 1431 8.61 ( 6.67 10.56) 31.23 ( 26.85 37.29) 49.75 ( 41.46 57.49) 104.26 ( 83.35 140.07) 15  44 2891 12.84 ( 11.51 14.18) 46.66 ( 38.35 54.30) 72.16 ( 63.12 77.18) 133.69 ( 121.33 142.82) 45 or older 2340 16.26 ( 14.68 17.84) 56.01 ( 50.00 61.97) 84.71 ( 75.05 93.29) 131.43 ( 112.07 156.01) All ages 6662 13.05 ( 11.97 14.12) 46.70 ( 44.49 49.72) 72.22 ( 65.55 75.47) 130.73 ( 121.33 137.18)

Males 14 or under 1546 9.40 ( 7.36 11.45) 31.32 ( 25.20 44.12) 65.37 ( 54.60 73.39) 118.42 ( 82.34 176.52) 15  44 2151 17.11 ( 15.31 18.90) 66.06 ( 62.21 73.20) 93.32 ( 81.26 106.67) 155.16 ( 136.77 181.18) 45 or older 1553 17.22 ( 15.19 19.25) 62.64 ( 59.39 68.44) 84.96 ( 79.93 99.44) 146.78 ( 142.58 185.44) All ages 5250 15.27 ( 13.86 16.68) 61.12 ( 56.59 63.09) 81.89 ( 77.91 87.16) 147.09 ( 134.55 174.31)

Both Sexes 14 or under 2977 9.02 ( 7.28 10.75) 31.52 ( 30.19 35.75) 56.35 ( 50.22 62.25) 117.75 ( 91.82 140.07) 15  44 5042 14.88 ( 13.57 16.19) 55.99 ( 53.04 61.33) 80.70 ( 75.19 87.16) 138.23 ( 128.40 157.23) 45 or older 3893 16.69 ( 15.34 18.04) 59.12 ( 52.84 64.53) 84.92 ( 76.67 93.32) 142.92 ( 134.55 155.13) All ages 11912 14.11( 13.07 15.14) 52.10( 47.83 55.93) 76.51( 74.58 80.89) 138.22( 132.98 155.13)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 49 Table 10 31. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for the U. S. Population by Age and Gender  Uncooked Fish Weight ( All Fish)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 1431 10.60 ( 8.40 12.81) 41.10 ( 35.80 47.57) 56.16 ( 49.78 65.55) 130.78 ( 83.35 160.66) 15  44 2891 18.35 ( 16.67 20.02) 62.21 ( 54.47 73.56) 93.13 ( 82.29 108.03) 155.75 ( 137.18 174.31) 45 or older 2340 22.91 ( 20.78 25.04) 74.56 ( 65.37 79.67) 107.66 ( 97.64 111.71) 159.97 ( 157.17 173.74) All ages 6662 18.17 ( 16.82 19.53) 61.08 ( 56.94 63.12) 92.03 ( 86.94 96.11) 157.08 ( 147.34 168.83)

Males 14 or under 1546 12.09 ( 9.70 14.49) 45.59 ( 34.69 53.11) 68.18 ( 64.28 79.90) 127.20 ( 87.29 176.52) 15  44 2151 24.98 ( 22.79 27.17) 87.15 ( 80.89 94.63) 122.29 ( 111.05 124.83) 197.15 ( 179.86 198.87) 45 or older 1553 26.09 ( 23.52 28.67) 81.76 ( 76.67 88.03) 112.33 ( 109.65 130.36) 211.20 ( 190.74 223.72) All ages 5250 22.18 ( 20.52 23.83) 76.13 ( 74.22 79.92) 110.88 ( 108.54 118.56) 180.90 ( 174.39 198.87)

Both Sexes 14 or under 2977 11.36 ( 9.49 13.24) 43.00 ( 34.69 47.32) 65.34 ( 56.28 68.51) 130.41 ( 107.12 160.66) 15  44 5042 21.51 ( 19.97 23.06) 75.15 ( 73.56 79.71) 109.57 ( 106.72 117.47) 175.73 ( 162.80 198.63) 45 or older 3893 24.35 ( 22.46 26.24) 77.57 ( 72.07 84.02) 110.13 ( 100.42 119.87) 180.74 ( 164.76 210.75) All ages 11912 20.08( 18.82 21.35) 70.11 ( 65.37 74.20) 102.01 ( 99.26 106.67) 173.18 ( 162.80 176.52)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 32. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for the U. S. Population Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat  Uncooked Fish Weight 90% Interval Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Fresh/ Estuarine Mean 7.09 6.22 7.96 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 21.72 18.52 25.82 95th % 49.89 47.32 54.67 99th % 111.13 107.18 116.38 Marine Mean 16.01 14.89 17.12 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 59.35 56.59 61.49 95th % 82.95 80.37 88.36 99th % 142.78 131.02 156.89 All Fish Mean 23.10 21.62 24.58 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 76.84 74.37 80.13 95th % 110.28 106.67 115.32 99th % 177.44 171.73 198.63 Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. NOTE: Estimates are projected from a sample of 8,478 individuals of age 18 and older to the U. S. population of 177,807,000 individuals of age 18 and older using 3 year combined survey weights. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 50 August 1997 Table 10 33. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for the U. S. Population by Age and Gender  Uncooked Fish Weight ( Freshwater and Estuarine)

Age Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.) Sample Size Females 14 or under 1431 84.78 ( 58.06 111.50) 70.75 ( 0.00 143.13) 599.06 ( 266.71 722.58) 1713.06 ( 1511.78 2313.50) 15  44 2891 85.15 ( 70.68 99.62) 202.83 ( 153.48 259.97) 584.79 ( 538.05 631.86) 1411.42 ( 1236.72 1659.15) 45 or older 2340 98.97 ( 79.89 118.04) 333.38 ( 269.96 379.98) 733.74 ( 606.36 820.68) 1561.40 ( 1331.46 1667.88) All ages 6662 89.54 ( 76.51 102.58) 225.51 ( 176.38 280.11) 625.30 ( 552.99 713.85) 1558.08 ( 1394.99 1659.15)

Males 14 or under 1546 91.62 ( 55.18 128.05) 38.98 ( 12.26 281.50) 868.97 ( 485.33 1063.50) 1642.60 ( 1599.78 1693.88) 15  44 2151 96.91 ( 78.91 114.90) 281.17 ( 165.37 387.46) 740.91 ( 546.79 850.52) 1589.97 ( 1353.43 1992.23) 45 or older 1553 107.87 ( 88.47 127.28) 361.99 ( 304.96 455.29) 702.35 ( 628.25 810.62) 1612.49 ( 1344.07 1848.39) All ages 5250 98.86 ( 87.19 110.52) 292.58 ( 217.42 342.11) 755.53 ( 677.47 790.85) 1596.61 ( 1538.89 1711.41)

Both Sexes 14 or under 2977 88.26 ( 66.69 109.83) 66.00 ( 0.00 143.13) 717.37 ( 485.60 880.64) 1688.55 ( 1511.78 1824.44) 15  44 5042 90.77 ( 78.37 103.16) 250.26 ( 194.04 289.19) 631.31 ( 538.05 773.91) 1529.94 ( 1352.50 1659.15) 45 or older 3893 103.00 ( 87.86 118.15) 345.69 ( 291.80 423.39) 719.81 ( 637.94 790.85) 1590.13 ( 1373.97 1668.93) All ages 11912 93.99 ( 83.41 104.57) 251.82 ( 222.54 282.58) 677.66 ( 631.86 729.11) 1593.28 ( 1511.78 1659.15)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 34. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for the U. S. Population by Age and Gender  Uncooked Fish Weight ( Marine)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 1431 333.99 ( 267.25 400.72) 1132.99 ( 864.83 1407.24) 1959.91 ( 1780.61 2347.02) 3776.60 ( 3173.86 5736.90) 15  44 2891 206.03 ( 183.95 228.11) 762.54 ( 617.86 857.55) 1137.58 ( 1036.38 1211.86) 2174.21 ( 2014.41 2393.16) 45 or older 2340 246.73 ( 221.45 272.00) 829.52 ( 777.87 944.26) 1236.00 ( 1174.14 1413.34) 2161.65 ( 1952.51 2303.80) All ages 6662 246.47 ( 223.28 269.66) 847.60 ( 811.19 893.29) 1305.49 ( 1215.53 1385.66) 2615.85 ( 2365.65 2857.62)

Males 14 or under 1546 296.99 ( 241.85 352.13) 1089.46 ( 1003.46 1256.97) 1907.65 ( 1685.30 2186.58) 3723.81 ( 3274.93 4574.13) 15  44 2151 212.88 ( 190.31 235.44) 800.79 ( 741.29 859.61) 1191.75 ( 1096.61 1245.94) 1890.42 ( 1685.30 1969.63) 45 or older 1553 212.15 ( 187.25 237.04) 792.86 ( 747.56 890.31) 1100.20 ( 1039.02 1210.66) 1842.38 ( 1749.67 2219.32) All ages 5250 233.07 ( 209.65 256.49) 859.01 ( 798.27 907.76) 1255.35 ( 1204.46 1382.05) 2520.94 ( 2263.58 2733.15)

Both Sexes 14 or under 2977 315.12 ( 260.95 369.29) 1123.28 ( 993.12 1371.24) 1909.37 ( 1785.09 2062.64) 3820.21 ( 3370.59 4574.13) 15  44 5042 209.30 ( 190.68 227.92) 780.16 ( 722.86 843.41) 1174.69 ( 1104.42 1215.53) 2019.59 ( 1918.45 2237.22) 45 or older 3893 231.06 ( 212.18 249.95) 813.12 ( 747.56 907.76) 1193.22 ( 1076.85 1333.72) 2029.16 ( 1863.17 2219.32) All ages 11912 240.07 ( 220.14 260.01) 855.63 ( 809.67 909.76) 1271.54 ( 1227.16 1371.24) 2575.29 ( 2393.16 2708.59)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 51 Table 10 35. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for the U. S. Population by Age and Gender  Uncooked Fish Weight ( All Fish)

Age Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.) Sample Females 14 or under 1431 418.76 ( 339.58 497.95) 1389.10 ( 1150.77 1785.09) 2341.90 ( 2062.64 2860.52) 4985.96 ( 3971.54 5736.90) 15  44 2891 291.18 ( 263.86 318.50) 993.92 ( 854.63 1127.32) 1436.00 ( 1234.66 1631.25) 2726.50 ( 2406.11 3044.81) 45 or older 2340 345.69 ( 312.49 378.90) 1122.26 ( 1050.15 1230.68) 1669.72 ( 1556.83 1784.37) 2684.71 ( 2303.80 3064.38) All ages 6662 336.01 ( 307.83 364.20) 1120.91 ( 1054.05 1172.38) 1720.84 ( 1642.63 1855.69) 3093.76 ( 2973.66 3265.54)

Males 14 or under 1546 388.61 ( 320.66 456.56) 1476.31 ( 1371.24 1632.55) 2038.58 ( 1909.00 2631.42) 4294.12 ( 3556.31 4574.13) 15  44 2151 309.78 ( 281.55 338.02) 1096.57 ( 1044.57 1194.06) 1566.39 ( 1410.20 1609.35) 2275.15 ( 2047.18 2465.77) 45 or older 1553 320.02 ( 287.79 352.25) 1013.05 ( 955.37 1096.43) 1459.73 ( 1340.97 1601.79) 2392.05 ( 2233.16 2806.51) All ages 5250 331.93 ( 306.46 357.40) 1126.66 ( 1081.06 1225.66) 1621.80 ( 1599.78 1696.20) 3031.31 ( 2806.51 3274.93)

Both Sexes 14 or under 2977 403.38 ( 343.65 463.12) 1442.72 ( 1279.82 1672.75) 2191.90 ( 2021.16 2536.75) 4425.27 ( 4000.27 4669.59) 15  44 5042 300.06 ( 277.94 322.19) 1040.98 ( 1003.55 1097.08) 1514.82 ( 1421.34 1572.40) 2481.23 ( 2383.54 2773.15) 45 or older 3893 334.07 ( 307.87 360.26) 1069.14 ( 978.95 1140.98) 1579.43 ( 1373.97 1696.20) 2653.45 ( 2292.45 2806.51) All ages 11912 334.06 ( 311.25 356.88) 1123.14 ( 1090.76 1178.95) 1684.23 ( 1620.48 1718.51) 3092.77 ( 2973.66 3250.20)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 36. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for the U. S. Population Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat  Uncooked Fish Weight 90% Interval Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Fresh/ Estuarine Mean 95.99 84.30 107.69 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 306.74 259.97 334.58 95th % 677.39 626.01 734.34 99th % 1,547.81 1,411.56 1,599.78 Marine Mean 222.86 207.34 238.37 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 810.43 778.50 859.61 95th % 1,190.45 1,145.61 1,219.60 99th % 2,033.92 1,870.09 2,263.58 All Fish Mean 318.85 298.20 339.49 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 1,061.14 1,016.87 1,105.01 95th % 1,548.77 1,464.72 1,609.14 99th % 2,559.07 2,444.24 2,764.50 Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. NOTE: Estimates are projected from a sample of 8,478 individuals of age 18 and older to the population of 177,807,000 individuals of age 18 and older using 3 year combined survey weights. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 52 August 1997 Table 10 37. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for Consumers Only by Age and Gender  Uncooked Fish Weight ( Freshwater and Estuarine)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 138 48.3 117.27 161.44 230.63 15  44 445 78.56 191.95 242.76 472.21 45 or older 453 78.77 192.32 258.56 368.84 All ages 1036 74.67 ( 65.46 83.88) 181.08 ( 171.19 197.59) 239.59 ( 220.69 284.70) 409.00 ( 345.96 671.54)

Males 14 or under 157 64.91 141.35 193.79 287.28 15  44 356 104.86 269.96 343.66 494.38 45 or older 343 102.56 234.28 326.96 539.77 All ages 856 98.12 ( 88.60 107.64) 246.93 ( 212.93 283.90) 324.53 ( 283.28 381.58) 499.19 ( 488.41 532.32)

Both Sexes 14 or under 295 56.95 134.89 166.32 262.87 15  44 801 91.66 237.27 322.06 494.64 45 or older 796 90 220.76 295.41 523.94 All ages 1892 86.19 ( 78.41 93.97) 217.92 ( 205.28 237.27) 290.04 ( 267.10 325.61) 489.29 ( 424.87 534.20)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Consumers only are individuals reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 38. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for Consumers Only by Age and Gender  Uncooked Fish Weight ( Marine)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 315 89.92 169.23 198.62 432.51 15  44 774 98.53 194.59 231.22 317.42 45 or older 715 110 214.73 279.67 345.37 All ages 1804 101.30 ( 95.90 106.69) 195.37 ( 186.67 213.33) 252.43 ( 231.53 278.16) 372.17 ( 314.67 428.00)

Males 14 or under 348 101.5 205.49 242.28 408.68 15  44 565 133.86 244.46 297.67 393.14 45 or older 467 131.2 243.33 327.14 428.72 All ages 1380 126.85 ( 119.75 133.94) 238.64 ( 225.57 247.01) 296.68 ( 279.95 316.81) 425.98 ( 403.66 481.95)

Both Sexes 14 or under 663 95.56 189.32 231.72 442.87 15  44 1339 115.41 223.99 263.76 383.16 45 or older 1182 119.08 226.55 288.16 418.23 All ages 3184 113.11 ( 107.79 118.43) 222.67 ( 216.50 225.56) 271.70 ( 260.62 279.95) 415.88 ( 367.26 440.45)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 53 Table 10 39. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for Consumers Only by Age and Gender  Uncooked Fish Weight ( All Fish)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 378 89.73 163.47 204.14 476.56 15  44 952 114.04 220.63 277.69 461.54 45 or older 879 123.61 236.3 298.66 397.43 All ages 2209 113.58 ( 107.69 119.47) 220.44 ( 206.27 226.80) 287.08 ( 257.09 312.42) 448.57 ( 393.68 531.63)

Males 14 or under 429 102.01 205.25 244.46 386.47 15  44 702 160.06 305.61 379.38 495.51 45 or older 587 152.52 292.95 350.26 555.11 All ages 1718 146.18 ( 138.99 153.38) 283.46 ( 261.72 297.95) 350.99 ( 328.70 382.33) 520.51 ( 488.41 591.47)

Both Sexes 14 or under 807 96.07 195.35 232.85 466.09 15  44 1654 136.12 262.15 343.86 488.9 45 or older 1466 136.38 263.95 326.94 510.25 All ages 3927 129.00 ( 123.74 134.27) 249.09 ( 240.99 264.10) 326.00 ( 306.02 335.58) 497.54 ( 469.23 519.67)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Consumers only are individuals reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 40. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( g/ day) for Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat  Uncooked Fish Weight 90% Interval Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Fresh/ Estuarine Mean 89.88 81.41 98.35 n = 1,541 50th % 53.64 46.44 57.81 N = 37,166,000 90th % 223.11 206.58 237.27 95th % 296.89 283.90 325.61 99th % 502.93 448.23 654.55 Marine Mean 117.83 112.47 123.20 n = 2,432 50th % 98.79 95.69 100.76 N = 57,830,000 90th % 225.51 222.67 234.00 95th % 279.50 261.47 289.44 99th % 403.48 369.10 427.73 All Fish Mean 136.33 131.11 141.55 n = 3,007 50th % 111.50 108.53 112.00 N = 70,949,000 90th % 262.03 253.24 272.71 95th % 328.66 323.61 340.52 99th % 506.02 435.44 531.63 Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Note: Consumers only are individuals who consumed fish at least once during the 3 day reporting period; n = sample size; and N = population size. Estimates are projected from a sample of consumers only 18 years of age and older to the population of consumers only 18 years of age and older using 3 year combined survey weights. The population for this survey consisted of individuals in the 48 conterminous states. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 54 August 1997 Table 10 41. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for Consumers Only by Age and Gender  Uncooked Fish Weight ( Freshwater and Estuarine)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 138 2070.41 4450.54 6915.31 13269.61 15  44 445 1229.97 3045.41 4191.25 7711.43 45 or older 453 1171.17 2886.48 3519.87 5577.34 All ages 1036 1317.18 3250.31 4240.89 ( 3710.16 5025.02) 8912.52 ( 6385.55 11533.98) ( 1150.10 1484.26) ( 2988.81 3491.38)

Males 14 or under 157 2229.31 4638.34 5071.41 9622.15 15  44 356 1294.27 3318.89 4275.83 5974.96 45 or older 343 1235.55 2898.00 4097.24 7217.68 All ages 856 1411.35 3579.06 4615.66 ( 4121.91 5081.65) 6594.61 ( 5980.19 7944.55) ( 1278.61 1544.08) ( 3225.84 4060.30)

Both Sexes 14 or under 295 2153.11 4634.82 5756.93 12388.27 15  44 801 1261.99 3276.06 4246.63 6625.15 45 or older 796 1201.57 2892.52 3981.84 6378.11 All ages 1892 1363.44 3325.14 4408.18 ( 4085.55 4781.34) 7957.50 ( 6979.20 8920.99) ( 1242.24 1484.65) ( 3232.58 3676.99)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 42. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for Consumers Only by Age and Gender  Uncooked Fish Weight ( Marine)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 315 3359.10 6058.97 8573.62 13050.09 15  44 774 1582.77 3129.41 3854.14 5961.80 45 or older 715 1669.73 3429.24 4397.07 5476.02 All ages 1804 1920.77 3793.20 5083.63 8576.60 ( 7527.83 9743.01) 0 0 0 0 0 ( 1804.28 2037.26) ( 3618.55 4328.00) ( 4953.40 5552.65)

Males 14 or under 348 3180.45 6434.20 8089.26 10764.01 15  44 565 1666.42 3102.24 3651.10 4998.14 45 or older 467 1604.71 2931.17 3725.63 5373.82 All ages 1380 1934.12 3736.16 4884.60 8066.96 ( 6852.67 9869.52) 0 0 0 0 0 ( 1812.97 2055.28) ( 3548.08 4072.42) ( 4454.15 5710.83)

Both Sexes 14 or under 663 3272.13 6278.74 8424.77 11838.54 15  44 1339 1622.75 3120.60 3682.17 5517.95 45 or older 1182 1641.87 3320.87 4328.34 5406.76 All ages 3184 1926.95 3752.89 5018.74 8448.28 ( 7215.72 9136.89) 0 0 0 0 0 ( 1829.50 2024.39) ( 3631.98 4001.16) ( 4852.08 5267.31)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 55 Table 10 43. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for Consumer Only by Age and Gender  Uncooked Fish Weight ( All Fish)

Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.) 95th % ( 90% B. I.) 99th % ( 90% B. I.)

Females 14 or under 378 3448.73 7100.43 9012.18 15381.13 15  44 952 1818.32 3506.20 4661.96 8789.33 45 or older 879 1857.64 3520.90 4740.11 6561.13 All ages 2209 2102.20 4092.51 5545.07 9630.23 ( 8166.44 9796.61) ( 1982.89 2221.51) ( 3842.15 4282.08) ( 5080.72 6007.28)

Males 14 or under 429 3273.63 5734.46 7570.83 11891.85 15  44 702 1983.16 3720.05 4769.44 6121.56 45 or older 587 1850.69 3534.61 4311.83 6374.34 All ages 1718 2193.24 4385.06 5351.38 8596.82 ( 7816.70 10199.24) ( 2089.20 2297.28) ( 4121.91 4776.34) ( 5055.10 5727.01)

Both Sexes 14 or under 807 3358.33 6333.46 8611.73 12406.35 15  44 1654 1897.40 3674.88 4709.78 7276.18 45 or older 1466 1854.57 3522.43 4615.22 6440.17 All ages 3927 2145.26 4223.91 5477.86 9171.52 ( 8605.35 9796.61) ( 2055.92 2234.61) ( 4085.76 4454.15) ( 5163.33 5686.04)

Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Consumers only are individuals with reported fish consumption at least once during the three day reporting period. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a.

Table 10 44. Per Capita Distribution of Fish ( Finfish and Shellfish) Intake ( mg/ kg day) for Consumers Only Aged 18 Years and Older by Habitat  Uncooked Fish Weight 90% Interval Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Fresh/ Estuarine Mean 1,216.82 1,101.74 1,331.90 n = 1,541 50th % 740.93 639.11 822.65 N = 37,166,000 90th % 3,050.95 2,931.26 3,270.80 95th % 4,025.44 3,639.76 4,121.91 99th % 6,638.62 6,007.28 8,920.99 Marine Mean 1,637.10 1,564.27 1,709.92 n = 2,432 50th % 1,370.42 1,302.29 1,422.69 N = 57,830,000 90th % 3,169.02 3,006.55 3,328.98 95th % 3,926.74 3,632.70 4,156.98 99th % 5,452.75 5,353.12 5,596.31 All Fish Mean 1,873.84 1,801.93 1,945.75 n = 3,007 50th % 1,515.91 1,477.99 1,570.40 N = 70,949,000 90th % 3,599.04 3,443.64 3,676.99 95th % 4,665.15 4,264.03 4,812.97 99th % 7,022.47 6,459.64 7,294.80 Percentile intervals ( B. I.) were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. Note: Consumers only are individuals who consumed fish at least once during the 3 day reporting period; n = sample size; and N = population size. Estimates are projected from a sample of consumers only 18 years of age and older to the population of consumers only 18 years of age and older using 3 year combined survey weights. The population for this survey consisted of individuals in the 48 conterminous states. Source: U. S. EPA, 1996a. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 56 August 1997 Table 10 45. Distribution of Quantity of Fish Consumed ( in grams) Per Eating Occasion, by Age and Sex Percentiles Age ( years) Sex Group Mean SD 5th 25th 50th 75th 90th 95th 99th 1 2 Male Female 52 38 8 28 43 58 112 125 168 3 5 Male Female 70 51 12 36 57 85 113 170 240 6 8 Male Female 81 58 19 40 72 112 160 170 288 9 14 Male 101 78 28 56 84 113 170 255 425 9 14 Female 86 62 19 45 79 112 168 206 288 15 18 Male 117 115 20 57 85 142 200 252 454 15 18 Female 111 102 24 56 85 130 225 270 568 19 34 Male 149 125 28 64 113 196 284 362 643 19 34 Female 104 74 20 57 85 135 184 227 394 35 64 Male 147 116 28 80 113 180 258 360 577 35 64 Female 119 98 20 57 85 152 227 280 480 65 74 Male 145 109 35 75 113 180 270 392 480 65 74 Female 123 87 24 61 103 168 227 304 448 75+ Male 124 68 36 80 106 170 227 227 336 75+ Female 112 69 20 61 112 151 196 225 360 Overall 117 98 20 57 85 152 227 284 456 Source: Pao et al., 1982.

Table 10 46. Mean Fish Intake in a Day, by Sex and Agea Sex Per capita intake Percent of population consuming Mean intake ( g/ day) for consumers Age ( year) ( g/ day) fish in 1 day onlyb Males or Females 4 6.0 67 5 and under Males 3 3.7 79 6 11 3 2.2 136 12 19 15 10.9 138 20 and over Females 7 7.1 99 6 11 9 9.0 100 12 19 12 10.9 110 20 and over All individuals 11 9.4 117 Based on USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey 1987 88 data for one day. a Intake for users only was calculated by dividing the per capita consumption rate by the fraction of the population consuming fish in one day. b Source: USDA, 1992b. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 57 Table 10 47. Percent of Respondents That Responded Yes, No, or Don't Know to Eating Seafood in 1 Month ( including shellfish, eels, or squid)

Response Population Group Total N No Yes DK N % N % N %

Overall 4663 1811 38.8 2780 59.6 72 1.5 Gender * 2 1 50.0 1 50.0 * * Male 2163 821 38.0 1311 60.6 31 1.4 Female 2498 989 39.6 1468 58.8 41 1.6 Age ( years) * 84 25 29.8 42 50.0 17 20.2 1 4 263 160 60.8 102 38.8 1 0.4 5 11 348 177 50.9 166 47.7 5 1.4 12 17 326 179 54.9 137 42.0 10 3.1 18 64 2972 997 33.5 1946 65.5 29 1.0 > 64 670 273 40.7 387 57.8 10 1.5 Race * 60 20 33.3 22 36.7 18 30.0 White 3774 1475 39.1 2249 59.6 50 1.3 Black 463 156 33.7 304 65.7 3 0.6 Asian 77 21 27.3 56 72.7 * * Some Others 96 39 40.6 56 58.3 1 1.0 Hispanic 193 100 51.8 93 48.2 * *

Hispanic * 46 10 21.7 412 43.0 28 41.3 No 4243 1625 31.2 1366 67.7 21 1.2 Yes 348 165 35.4 236 62.3 9 * DK 26 11 40.4 766 58.5 14 *

Employment * 958 518 54.1 412 43.0 28 2.9 Full Time 2017 630 31.2 1366 67.7 21 1.0 Part Time 379 134 35.4 236 62.3 9 2.4 Not Employed 1309 529 40.4 766 58.5 14 1.1 Education * 1021 550 53.9 434 42.5 37 3.6 < High School 399 196 49.1 198 49.6 45 1.3 High School Graduate 1253 501 40.0 739 59.0 13 1.0 < College 895 304 34.0 584 65.3 7 0.8 College Graduate 650 159 24.5 484 74.5 7 1.1 Post Graduate 445 101 22.7 341 76.6 3 0.7 Census Region Northeast 1048 370 35.3 655 62.5 23 2.2 Midwest 1036 449 43.3 575 55.5 12 1.2 South 1601 590 36.9 989 61.8 22 1.4 West 978 402 41.1 561 57.4 15 1.5 Day of Week Weekday 3156 1254 39.7 1848 58.6 54 1.7 Weekend 1507 557 37.0 932 61.8 18 1.2 Season Winter 1264 462 36.6 780 61.7 22 1.7 Spring 1181 469 39.7 691 58.5 21 1.8 Summer 1275 506 39.7 745 58.4 24 1.9 Fall 943 374 39.7 564 59.8 5 0.5 Asthma No 4287 1674 39.0 2563 59.8 50 1.2 Yes 341 131 38.4 207 60.7 3 0.9 DK 35 6 17.7 10 28.6 19 54.3 Angina No 4500 1750 38.9 2698 60.0 52 1.2 Yes 125 56 44.8 68 54.4 1 0.8 DK 38 50 13.2 14 36.8 19 50.0 Bronchitis/ Emphysema No 4424 1726 9.0 2648 59.6 50 1.1 Yes 203 80 39.4 121 59.6 2 1.0 DK 36 5 13.9 11 30.6 20 55.6 Note: * = Missing data; DK = Don't know; % = Row percentage; N = Sample size Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 58 August 1997 Table 10 48. Number of Respondents Reporting Consumption of a Specified Number of Servings of Seafood in 1 Month Population Group Total N Number of Servings in a Month 1 2 3 5 6 10 11 19 20+ DK Overall 2780 918 990 519 191 98 64 Gender * 1311 405 458 261 101 57 29 Male 1468 512 532 258 90 41 35 Female 1 1 * * * * *

Age ( years) * 42 13 16 5 4 1 3 1 4 102 55 29 12 2 * 4 5 11 166 72 57 21 6 4 6 12 17 137 68 54 9 2 1 3 18 64 1946 603 679 408 145 79 32 > 64 387 107 155 64 32 13 16 Race * 2249 731 818 428 155 76 41 White 304 105 103 56 16 10 14 Black 56 15 17 11 5 5 3 Asian 56 22 18 6 5 3 2 Some Others 93 41 25 14 9 2 2 Hispanic 22 4 9 4 1 2 2 Hispanic * 2566 844 922 480 175 88 57 No 182 68 52 34 15 8 5 Yes 15 5 8 2 * * * DK 17 1 8 3 1 2 2 Employment * 399 190 140 40 11 5 13 Full Time 1366 407 466 307 107 57 22 Part Time 236 70 95 46 14 8 3 Not Employed 766 249 285 124 57 26 25 Refused 13 2 4 2 2 2 1 Education * 434 205 149 47 12 7 14 < High School 198 88 62 20 6 10 12 High School Graduate 739 267 266 119 46 21 20 < College 584 161 219 122 48 26 8 College Graduate 484 115 183 121 43 17 5 Post Graduate 341 82 111 90 36 17 5 Census Region Northeast 655 191 241 137 62 12 12 Midwest 575 199 221 102 17 22 14 South 989 336 339 175 70 41 28 West 561 192 189 105 42 23 10 Day of Week Weekday 1848 602 661 346 129 70 40 Weekend 932 316 329 173 62 28 24 Season Winter 780 262 284 131 60 28 15 Spring 691 240 244 123 45 25 14 Summer 745 220 249 160 59 31 26 Fall 564 196 213 105 27 14 9 Asthma No 2563 846 917 475 180 88 57 Yes 207 69 71 42 11 9 5 DK 10 3 2 2 * 1 2 Angina No 2698 896 960 509 183 95 55 Yes 68 19 27 8 7 1 6 DK 14 3 3 2 1 2 3 Bronchitis/ Emphysema No 2648 877 940 495 185 91 60 Yes 121 37 47 23 6 6 2 DK 11 4 3 1 * 1 2 Note: * = Missing data; DK = Don't know; % = Row percentage; N = Sample size; Refused = Respondent refused to answer. Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 59 Table 10 49. Numer of Respondents Reporting Monthly Consumption of Seafood That Was Purchased or Caught by Someone They Knew Population Group Total N * Mostly Purchased Mostly Caught DK Overall 2780 3 2584 154 39 Gender * 1311 1 1206 85 19 Male 1468 2 1377 69 20 Female 1 * 1 * *

Age ( years) * 42 * 39 3 * 1 4 102 * 94 8 * 5 11 166 * 153 9 4 12 17 137 * 129 6 2 18 64 1946 3 1810 106 27 > 64 387 * 359 22 6 Race * 2249 1 2092 124 32 White 304 1 280 19 4 Black 56 * 50 4 2 Asian 56 * 55 * 1 Some Others 93 * 86 7 * Hispanic 22 1 21 * *

Hispanic * 2566 2 2387 140 37 No 182 * 169 13 * Yes 15 * 12 1 2 DK 17 1 16 * *

Employment * 399 * 368 25 6 Full Time 1366 2 1285 64 15 Part Time 236 1 217 15 3 Not Employed 766 * 701 50 15 Refused 13 * 13 * *

Education * 434 * 401 26 7 < High School 198 * 174 20 4 High School Graduate 739 * 680 48 11 < College 584 2 547 28 7 College Graduate 484 * 460 19 5 Post Graduate 341 1 322 13 5 Census Region Northeast 655 2 627 21 5 Midwest 575 * 547 20 8 South 989 1 897 73 18 West 561 * 513 40 8 Day of Week Weekday 1848 2 1724 100 22 Weekend 932 1 860 54 17 Season Winter 780 * 741 35 4 Spring 691 * 655 27 9 Summer 745 2 674 54 15 Fall 564 1 514 38 11 Asthma No 2563 2 2384 142 35 Yes 207 1 190 12 4 DK 10 * 10 * *

Angina 37 No 2698 3 2507 151 2 Yes 68 * 63 3 * DK 14 * 14 *

Bronchitis/ Emphysema No 2648 3 2457 149 39 Yes 121 * 116 5 * DK 11 * 11 * *

Note: * = Missing data; DK = Don't know; N = Sample size; Refused = Respondent refused to answer. Source: Tsang and Klepeis, 1996. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 60 August 1997 Table 10 50. Estimated Number of Participants in Marine Recreational Fishing by State and Subregion Subregion State Coastal Participants Non Coastal Participants Out of State Total Participants a a Pacific So. California 902 8 159 910 N. California 534 99 63 633 Oregon 265 19 78 284 TOTAL 1,701 126 North Atlantic Connecticut 186 * 47 186 Maine 93 9 100 102 Massachusetts 377 69 273 446 New Hampshire 34 10 32 44 Rhode Island 97 * 157 97 TOTAL 787 88 b Mid Atlantic Delaware 90 * 159 90 Maryland 540 32 268 572 New Jersey 583 9 433 592 New York 539 13 70 552 Virginia 294 29 131 323 TOTAL 1,046 83 South Atlantic Florida 1,201 * 741 1,201 Georgia 89 61 29 150 N. Carolina 398 224 745 622 S. Carolina 131 77 304 208 TOTAL 1,819 362 Gulf of Mexico Alabama 95 9 101 104 Florida 1,053 * 1,349 1,053 Louisiana 394 48 63 442 Mississippi 157 42 51 200 TOTAL 1,699 99 GRAND TOTAL 8,053 760 Not additive across states. One person can be counted as " OUT OF STATE" for more than one state. a An asterisk (*) denotes no non coastal counties in state. b Source: NMFS, 1993. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 61 Table 10 51. Estimated Weight of Fish Caught ( Catch Type A and B1) by Marine Recreational Fishermen, by Wave and Subregion Atlantic and Gulf Pacific Region Weight ( 1000 kg) Region Weight ( 1000 kg)

Jan/ Feb South Atlantic 1,060 So. California 418 Mar/ Apr North Atlantic 310 So. California 590 May/ Jun North Atlantic 3,272 N. California 563 Jul/ Aug North Atlantic 4,003 Oregon 39 Sep/ Oct North Atlantic 2,980 TOTAL 2,615 Nov/ Dec North Atlantic 456 Gulf 3,683 N. California 101 TOTAL 4,743 TOTAL 684 Mid Atlantic 1,030 N. California 346 South Atlantic 1,913 Oregon 144 Gulf 3,703 TOTAL 1,080 TOTAL 6,956 Mid Atlantic 4,815 Oregon 581 South Atlantic 4,234 TOTAL 2,339 Gulf 5,936 TOTAL 18,257 So. California 1,566 Mid Atlantic 9,693 TOTAL 2,706 South Atlantic 4,032 Gulf 5,964 So. California 859 TOTAL 23,692 N. California 1,032 Mid Atlantic 7,798 South Atlantic 3,296 So. California 447 Gulf 7,516 N. California 417 TOTAL 21,590 Oregon 65 Mid Atlantic 1,649 GRAND TOTAL 10,353 South Atlantic 2,404 Gulf 4,278 TOTAL 8,787 GRAND TOTAL 84,025 Oregon 165 So. California 1,195 N. California 1,101 Oregon 724 TOTAL 929 Source: NMFS, 1993. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 62 August 1997 Table 10 52. Average Daily Intake ( g/ day) of Marine Finfish, by Region and Coastal Status Intake Among Anglers Region Mean 95th Percentile ( Coastal) ( Coastal & Non Coastal) Population Coastal a Per Capita Per Capita Proportion of b c N. Atlantic 6.2 20.1 1.2 1.1 0.82 Mid Atlantic 6.3 18.9 1.2 0.9 0.70 S. Atlantic 4.7 15.9 1.5 1.0 0.51 All Atlantic 5.6 18.0 1.3 0.9 0.66 Gulf 7.2 26.1 3.0 1.9 0.60 S. California 2.0 5.5 0.2 0.2 0.96 N. California 2.0 5.7 0.3 0.3 0.70 Oregon 2.2 8.9 0.5 0.5 0.87 All Pacific 2.0 6.8 0.3 0.3 0.86 N. Atlantic  ME, NH, MA, RI, and CT; Mid Atlantic  NY, NJ, MD, DE, and VA; S. Atlantic  NC, SC, GA, and FL ( Atlantic Coast); Gulf  AL, MS, LA, and FL a ( Gulf Coast).

Mean intake rate among entire coastal population of region. b Mean intake rate among entire population of region. c Source: NMFS, 1993.

Table 10 53. Estimated Weight of Fish Caught ( Catch Type A and B1) by Marine Recreational Fishermen a by Species Group and Subregion, Atlantic and Gulf North Atlantic Mid Atlantic South Atlantic Gulf All Regions ( 1,000 kg) ( 1,000 kg) ( 1,000 kg) ( 1,000 kg) ( 1,000 kg)

Cartilaginous fishes 66 1,673 162 318 2,219 Eels 14 9 * 0 23 Herrings 118 69 1 89 177 Catfishes 0 306 138 535 979 Toadfishes 0 7 0 * 7 Cods and Hakes 2,404 988 4 0 1,396 Searobins 2 68 * * 70 Sculpins 1 * 0 0 1 Temperate Basses 837 2,166 22 4 2,229 Sea Basses 22 2,166 644 2,477 5,309 Bluefish 4,177 3,962 1,065 158 5,362 Jacks 0 138 760 2,477 3,375 Dolphins 65 809 2,435 1,599 4,908 Snappers 0 * 508 3,219 3,727 Grunts 0 9 239 816 1,064 Porgies 132 417 1,082 2,629 4,160 Drums 3 2,458 2,953 9,866 15,280 Mullets 1 43 382 658 1,084 Barracudas 0 * 356 244 600 Wrasses 783 1,953 46 113 2,895 Mackerels and Tunas 878 3,348 4,738 4,036 13,000 Flounders 512 4,259 532 377 5,680 Triggerfishes/ Filefishes 0 48 109 544 701 Puffers * 16 56 4 76 Other fishes 105 72 709 915 1,801 b c For Catch Type A and B1, the fish were not thrown back. a An asterisk (*) denotes data not reported. b Zero ( 0) = < 1000 kg. c Source: NMFS, 1993. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 63 Table 10 54. Estimated Weight of Fish Caught ( Catch Type A and B1) by Marine Recreational a Fishermen by Species Group and Subregion, Pacific Species Group ( 1,000 kg) ( 1,000 kg) ( 1,000 kg) Total Southern California Northern California Oregon Cartilaginous fish 35 162 1 198 Sturgeons 0 89 13 102 Herrings 10 15 40 65 Anchovies * 7 0 7 Smelts 0 71 0 71 Cods and Hakes 0 0 0 0 Silversides 58 148 0 206 Striped Bass 0 51 0 51 Sea Basses 1,319 17 0 1,336 Jacks 469 17 1 487 Croakers 141 136 0 277 Sea Chubs 53 1 0 54 Surfperches 74 221 47 342 Pacific Barracuda 866 10 0 876 Wrasses 73 5 0 78 Tunas and Mackerels 1,260 36 1 1,297 Rockfishes 409 1,713 890 3,012 California Scorpionfish 86 0 0 86 Sablefishes 0 0 5 5 Greenlings 22 492 363 877 Sculpins 6 81 44 131 Flatfishes 106 251 5 362 Other fishes 89 36 307 432 b c For Catch Type A and B1, the fish were not thrown back. a Zero ( 0) = < 1000 kg. b An asterisk (*) denotes data not reported. c Source: NMFS, 1993.

Table 10 55. Median Intake Rates Based on Demographic Data of Sport Fishermen and Their Family/ Living Group Percent of total interviewed Median intake rates ( g/ person day)

Ethnic Group Caucasian 42 46.0 Black 24 24.2 Mexican American 16 33.0 Oriental/ Samoan 13 70.6 Other 5  Age ( years) < 17 11 27.2 18  40 52 32.5 41  65 28 39.0 > 65 9 113.0 a Not reported. a Source: Puffer et al., 1981. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 64 August 1997 Table 10 56. Cumulative Distribution of Total Fish/ Shellfish Consumption by Surveyed Sport Fishermen in the Metropolitan Los Angeles Area Percentile Intake rate ( g/ person day)

5 2.3 10 4.0 20 8.3 30 15.5 40 23.9 50 36.9 60 53.2 70 79.8 80 120.8 90 224.8 95 338.8 Source: Puffer et al. ( 1981).

Table 10 57. Catch Information for Primary Fish Species Kept by Sport Fishermen ( n = 1059)

Species Average Weight ( Grams) Percent of Fishermen who Caught White Croaker 153 34 Pacific Mackerel 334 25 Pacific Bonito 717 18 Queenfish 143 17 Jacksmelt 223 13 Walleye Perch 115 10 Shiner Perch 54 7 Opaleye 307 6 Black Perch 196 5 Kelp Bass 440 5 California Halibut 1752 4 Shellfish 421 3 a Crab, mussels, lobster, abalone. a Source: Modified from Puffer et al., 1981.

Table 10 58. Percent of Fishing Frequency During the Summer and Fall Seasons in Commencement Bay, Washington Fishing Frequency in the Summer in the Fall in the Fall Frequency Percent Frequency Percent Frequency Percent a b c Daily 10.4 8.3 5.8 Weekly 50.3 52.3 51.0 Monthly 20.1 15.9 21.1 Bimonthly 6.7 3.8 4.2 Biyearly 4.4 6.1 6.3 Yearly 8.1 13.6 11.6 Summer  July through September, includes 5 survey days and 4 survey areas ( i. e., area # 1, # 2, # 3 and # 4) a Fall  September through November, includes 4 survey days and 4 survey areas ( i. e., area # 1, # 2, # 3 and # 4) b Fall  September through November, includes 4 survey days described in footnote plus an additional survey area ( 5 survey areas) ( i. e., area c b # 1, # 2, # 3, # 4 and # 5) Source: Pierce et al., 1981. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 65 Table 10 59. Selected Percentile Consumption Estimates ( g/ day) for the Survey and Total Angler Populations Based on the Reanalysis of the Puffer et al. ( 1981) and Pierce et al. ( 1981) Data 50th Percentile 90th Percentile Survey Population Puffer et al. ( 1981) 37 225 Pierce et al. ( 1981) 19 155 Average 28 190 Total Angler Population Puffer et al. ( 1981) 2.9 35 Pierce et al. ( 1981) 1.0 13 a b Average 2.0 24 Estimated based on the average intake for the 0  90th percentile anglers. a Estimated based on the average intake for the 91st  96th percentile anglers. b Source: Price et al., 1994.

Table 10 60. Means and Standard Deviations of Selected Characteristics by Subpopulation Groups in Everglades, Florida Variables Mean ± Std. Dev. ( N = 330) Range a b Age ( years) 38.6 ± 18.8 2  81 Sex Female 38%  Male 62%

Race/ ethnicity Black 46%  White 43%  Hispanic 11%

Number of Years Fished 15.8 ± 15.8 0  70 Number Per Week Fished in Past 6 Months of Survey Period 1.8 ± 2.5 0  20 Number Per Week Fished in Last Month of Survey Period 1.5 ± 1.4 0  12 Aware of Health Advisories 71%

Number of respondents who reported consuming fish a Std. Dev. = standard deviation b Source: U. S. DHHS, 1995 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 66 August 1997 Table 10 61. Mean Fish Intake Among Individuals Who Eat Fish and Reside in Households With Recreational Fish Consumption Group meals/ week n grams/ day grams/ day kg/ day All Fish meals/ week Total Fish Fish grams/ kg/ day Fish grams/ Recreational Fish Recreational Total Fish Recreational All household 0.686 0.332 2196 21.9 11.0 0.356 0.178 members Respondents ( i. e., 0.873 0.398 748 29.4 14.0 0.364 0.168 licensed anglers)

Age Groups ( years) 1 5 0.463 0.223 121 11.4 5.63 0.737 0.369 6 to 10 0.49 0.278 151 13.6 7.94 0.481 0.276 1 to 20 0.407 0.229 349 12.3 7.27 0.219 0.123 21 to 40 0.651 0.291 793 22 10.2 0.306 0.139 40 to 60 0.923 0.42 547 29.3 14.2 0.387 0.186 60 to 70 0.856 0.431 160 28.2 14.5 0.377 0.193 71 to 80 1.0 0.622 45 32.3 20.1 0.441 0.271 80+ 0.8 0.6 10 26.5 20 0.437 0.345 Source: U. S. EPA analysis using data from West et al., 1989.

Table 10 62. Comparison of Seven Day Recall and Estimated Seasonal Frequency for Fish Consumption Usual Fish Consumption Mean Fish Meals/ Week Usual frequency Value Selected Frequency Category 7 day Recall Data for Data Analysis ( times/ week)

Almost daily no data 4 [ if needed] 2 4 times a week 1.96 2 Once a week 1.19 1.2 2 3 times a month 0.840 ( 3.6 times/ month) 0.7 ( 3 times/ month) Once a month 0.459 ( 1.9 times/ month) 0.4 ( 1.7 times/ month) Less often 0.306 ( 1.3 times/ month) 0.2 ( 0.9 times/ month)

Source: U. S. EPA analysis using data from West et al., 1989.

Table 10 63. Distribution of Usual Fish Intake Among Survey Main Respondents Who Fished and Consumed Recreationally Caught Fish All Fish Recreational Fish All Fish Intake Fish Intake All Fish Intake Fish Intake Meals/ Week Meals/ Week grams/ day grams/ day grams/ kg/ day grams/ kg/ day Recreational Recreational n 738 738 738 738 726 726 mean 0.859 0.447 27.74 14.42 0.353 0.1806 10% 0.300 0.040 9.69 1.29 0.119 0.0159 25% 0.475 0.125 15.34 4.04 0.187 0.0504 50% 0.750 0.338 24.21 10.90 0.315 0.1357 75% 1.200 0.672 38.74 21.71 0.478 0.2676 90% 1.400 1.050 45.20 33.90 0.634 0.4146 95% 1.800 1.200 58.11 38.74 0.747 0.4920 Source: U. S. EPA analysis using data from West et al., 1989. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 67 Table 10 64. Estimates of Fish Intake Rates of Licensed Sport Anglers in Maine During the 1989 1990 Ice Fishing or 1990 Open Water Seasonsa Intake Rates ( grams/ day)

Percentile Rankings All Waters Rivers and Streams b All Anglers Consuming Anglers River Anglers Consuming Anglers c ( N = 1,369) ( N = 1,053) ( N = 741) ( N = 464) d e d 50th ( median) 1.1 2.0 0.19 0.99 66th 2.6 4.0 0.71 1.8 75th 4.2 5.8 1.3 2.5 90th 11.0 13.0 3.7 6.1 95th 21.0 26.0 6.2 12.0 Arithmetic Mean 5.0 6.4 1.9 3.7 f [ 79] [ 77] [ 82] [ 81]

Estimates are based on rank except for those of arithmetic mean. a All waters based on fish obtained from all lakes, ponds, streams and rivers in Maine, from other household sources and from other non b household sources. Licensed anglers who fished during the seasons studied and did or did not consume freshwater fish, and licensed anglers who did not fish but c ate freshwater fish caught in Maine during those seasons. Licensed anglers who consumed freshwater fish caught in Maine during the seasons studied. d Those of the " all anglers" who fished on rivers or streams ( consumers and nonconsumers). e Values in brackets [ ] are percentiles at the mean consumption rates. f Source: Chemrisk, 1991; Ebert et al., 1993.

Table 10 65. Analysis of Fish Consumption by Ethnic Groups for " All Waters" ( g/ day) a Consuming Anglersb French Native Other White Canadian Irish Italian American Non Hispanic Scandinavian Heritage Heritage Heritage Heritage Heritage Heritage N of Cases 201 138 27 96 533 37 Median ( 50th percentile) 2.3 2.4 1.8 2.3 1.9 1.3 c, d 66th percentile 4.1 4.4 2.6 4.7 3.8 2.6 c, d 75th percentile 6.2 6.0 5.0 6.2 5.7 4.9 c, d Arithmetic Mean 7.4 5.2 4.5 10 6.0 5.3 c Percentile at the Mean 80 70 74 83 76 78 d 90th percentile 15 12 12 16 13 9.4 c, d 95th percentile 27 20 21 51 24 25 c, d Percentile at 6.5 g/ day 77 75 81 77 77 84 d, e " All Waters" based on fish obtained from all lakes, ponds, streams and rivers in Maine, from other household sources and from other non a household sources. " Consuming Anglers" refers to only those anglers who consumed freshwater fish obtained from Maine sources during the 1989 1990 ice b fishing or 1990 open water fishing season. The average consumption per day by freshwater fish consumers in the household. c Calculated by rank without any assumption of statistical distribution. d Fish consumption rate recommended by U. S. EPA ( 1984) for use in establishing ambient water quality standards. e Source: Chemrisk, 1991. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 68 August 1997 Table 10 66. Total Consumption of Freshwater Fish Caught by All Survey Respondents During the 1990 Season Species Ice Fishing Lakes and Ponds Rivers and Streams Quantity Grams Quantity Grams Quantity Grams Consumed ( x10 ) Consumed ( x10 ) Consumed ( x10 ) (#) Consumed (#) Consumed (#) Consumed 3 3 3 Landlocked salmon 832 290 928 340 305 120 Atlantic salmon 3 1.1 33 9.9 17 11 Togue ( Lake trout) 483 200 459 160 33 2.7 Brook trout 1,309 100 3,294 210 10,185 420 Brown trout 275 54 375 56 338 23 Yellow perch 235 9.1 1,649 52 188 7.4 White perch 2,544 160 6,540 380 3,013 180 Bass ( smallmouth and largemouth) 474 120 73 5.9 787 130 Pickerel 1,091 180 553 91 303 45 Lake whitefish 111 20 558 13 55 2.7 Hornpout ( Catfish and bullheads) 47 8.2 1,291 100 180 7.8 Bottom fish ( Suckers, carp and sturgeon) 50 81 62 22 100 6.7 Chub 0 0 252 35 219 130 Smelt 7,808 150 428 4.9 4,269 37 Other 201 210 90 110 54 45 TOTALS 15,463 1,583.4 16,587 1,590 20,046 1,168 Source: Chemrisk, 1991.

Table 10 67. Mean Sport Fish Consumption by Demographic Variables, Michigan Sport Anglers Fish Consumption Study, 1991 1992 N Mean ( g/ day) 95% C. I.

Incomea <$ 15,000 290 21.0 16.3  25.8 $ 15,000  $ 24,999 369 20.6 15.5  25.7 $ 25,000  $ 39,999 662 17.5 15.0  20.1 >$ 40,000 871 14.7 12.8  16.7 Education Some High School 299 16.5 12.9  20.1 High School Degree 1,074 17.0 14.9  19.1 Some College College Degree 825 17.6 14.9  20.2 Post Graduate 231 14.5 10.5  18.6 Residence Sizeb Large City/ Suburb (> 100,000) 487 14.6 11.8  17.3 Small City ( 20,000 100,000) 464 12.9 10.7  15.0 Town ( 2,000 20,000) 475 19.4 15.5  23.3 Small Town ( 100 2,000) 272 22.8 16.8  28.8 Rural, Non Farm 598 17.7 15.1  20.3 Farm 140 15.1 10.3  20.0 Age ( years) 16 29 266 18.9 13.9  23.9 30 39 583 16.6 13.5  19.7 40 49 556 16.5 13.4  19.6 50 59 419 16.5 13.6  19.4 60+ 596 16.2 13.8  18.6 Sexa Male 299 17.5 15.8  19.1 Female 1,074 13.7 11.2  16.3 Race/ Ethnicityb Minority 160 23.2 13.4  33.1 White 2,289 16.3 14.9  17.6 P < .01, F test a P < .05, F test b Source: West et al., 1993 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 69 Table 10 68. Distribution of Fish Intake Rates ( from all sources and from sport caught sources) For 1992 Lake Ontario Anglers Percentile of Lake Ontario Anglers Fish from All Sources ( g/ day) Sport Caught Fish ( g/ day)

25% 8.8 0.6 50% 14.1 2.2 75% 23.2 6.6 90% 34.2 13.2 95% 42.3 17.9 99% 56.6 39.8 Source. Connelly et al., 1996.

Table 10 69. Mean Annual Fish Consumption ( g/ day) for Lake Ontario Anglers, 1992, by Sociodemographic Characteristics Mean Consumption Demographic Group Fish from all Sources Sport Caught Fish Overall 17.9 4.9 Residence Rural 17.6 5.1 Small City 20.8 6.3 City ( 25 100,000) 19.8 5.8 City (> 100,000) 13.1 2.2 Income < $ 20,000 20.5 4.9 $ 21,000 34,000 17.5 4.7 $ 34,000 50,000 16.5 4.8 >$ 50,000 20.7 6.1 Age ( years) < 30 13.0 4.1 30 39 16.6 4.3 40 49 18.6 5.1 50+ 21.9 6.4 Education < High School 17.3 7.1 High School Graduate 17.8 4.7 Some College 18.8 5.5 College Graduate 17.4 4.2 Some Post Grad. 20.5 5.9 Note  Scheffe's test showed statistically significant differences between residence types ( for all sources and sport caught) and age groups ( all sources). Source: Connelly et al., 1996. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 70 August 1997 Table 10 70. Percentile and Mean Intake Rates for Wisconsin Sport Anglers Percentile Annual Number of Sport Caught Meals Intake Rate of Sport Caught Meals ( g/ day)

25th 4 1.7 50th 10 4.1 75th 25 10.2 90th 50 20.6 95th 60 24.6 98th 100 41.1 100th 365 150 Mean 18 7.4 Source: Raw data on sport caught meals from Fiore et al., 1989. EPA calculated intake rates using a value of 150 grams per fish meal; this value is dervied from Pao et al., 1982.

Table 10 71. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Respondents Category Subcategory Percent of Totala Geographic Distribution Upper Hudson 18 % Mid Hudson 35 % Lower Hudson 48 %

Age Distribution ( years) < 14 3 % 15  29 26 % 30  44 35 % 45  59 23 % > 60 12 %

Annual Household Income < $ 10,000 16 % $ 10  29,999 41 % $ 30  49,999 29 % $ 50  69,999 10 % $ 70  89,999 2 % > $ 90,000 3 %

Ethnic Background Caucasian American 67 % African American 21 % Hispanic American 10 % Asian American 1 % Native American 1 %

A total of 336 shore based anglers were interviewed a Source: Hudson River Sloop Clearwater, Inc., 1993 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 71 Table 10 72. Number of Grams Per Day of Fish Consumed by All Adult Respondents ( Consumers and Non consumers Combined)  Throughout the Year Number of Grams/ Day Cumulative Percent Number of Grams/ Day Cumulative Percent 0.00 8.9% 64.8 80.6% 1.6 9.0% 72.9 81.2% 3.2 10.4% 77.0 81.4% 4.0 10.8% 81.0 83.3% 4.9 10.9% 97.2 89.3% 6.5 12.8% 130 92.2% 7.3 12.9% 146 93.7% 8.1 13.7% 162 94.4% 9.7 14.4% 170 94.8% 12.2 14.9% 194 97.2% 13.0 16.3% 243 97.3% 16.2 22.8% 259 97.4% 19.4 24.0% 292 97.6% 20.2 24.1% 324 98.3% 24.3 27.9% 340 98.7% 29.2 28.1% 389 99.0% 32.4 52.5% 486 99.6% 38.9 52.9% 648 99.7% 40.5 56.5% 778 99.9% 48.6 67.6% 972 100%

N = 500 Weighted Mean = 58.7 grams/ day ( g/ d) Weighted SE = 3.64 90th Percentile: 97.2 g/ d < ( 90th) < 130 g/ d 95th Percentile . 170 g/ d 99th Percentile = 389 g/ d Source: CRITFC, 1994 Table 10 73. Fish Intake Throughout the Year by Sex, Age, and Location by All Adult Respondents N ( grams/ day) Weighted SE Weighted Mean Sex Female 278 55.8 4.78 Male 222 62.6 5.60 Total 500 58.7 3.64 Age ( years) 18 39 287 57.6 4.87 40 59 155 55.8 4.88 60 & Older 58 74.4 15.3 Total 500 58.7 3.64 Location On Reservation 440 60.2 3.98 Off Reservation 60 47.9 8.25 Total 500 58.7 3.64 Source: CRITFC, 1994. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 72 August 1997 Table 10 74. Children's Fish Consumption Rates  Throughout Year Number of Grams/ Day Unweighted Cumulative Percent 0.0 21.1% 0.4 21.6% 0.8 22.2% 1.6 24.7% 2.4 25.3% 3.2 28.4% 4.1 32.0% 4.9 33.5% 6.5 35.6% 8.1 47.4% 9.7 48.5% 12.2 51.0% 13.0 51.5% 16.2 72.7% 19.4 73.2% 20.3 74.2% 24.3 76.3% 32.4 87.1% 48.6 91.2% 64.8 94.3% 72.9 96.4% 81.0 97.4% 97.2 98.5% 162.0 100%

N = 194 Unweighted Mean = 19.6 grams/ day Unweighted SE = 1.94 Source: CRITFC, 1994.

Table 10 75. Sociodemographic Factors and Recent Fish Consumption Peak Consumption Recent Consumption a b Average $ 3 (%) Walleye N. Pike Muskellunge Bass c d All participants ( N 323) 1.7 20 4.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 Gender Male ( n 148) 1.9 26 5.1 0.5 0.5 0.7 Female ( n 175) 1.5 15 3.4 0.2 0.1 0.3 Age ( y) < 35 ( n 150) 1.8 23 5.3 0.3 0.2 0.7 $ 35 ( n 173) 1.6 17 3.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 High School Graduate No ( n 105) 1.6 18 3.6 0.2 0.4 0.7 Yes ( n 218) 1.7 21 4.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 Unemployed Yes ( n 78) 1.9 27 4.8 0.6 0.6 1.1 No ( n 245) 1.6 18 4.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 a a a Highest number of fish meals consumed/ week. a Number of meals of each species in the previous 2 months. b Average peak fish consumption. c Percentage of population reporting peak fish consumption of $ 3 fish meals/ week. d Source: Peterson et al., 1994. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 74 August 1997 Table 10 76. Number of Local Fish Meals Consumed Per Year by Time Period for All Respondents Number of Local Fish Meals Consumed Per Year Time Period During Pregnancy # 1 Yr. Before Pregnancy > Yr. Before Pregnancy a b Mohawk Control Mohawk Control Mohawk Control N % N % N % N % N % N % c c c c c c None 63 64.9 109 70.8 42 43.3 99 64.3 20 20.6 93 60.4 1  9 24 24.7 24 15.6 40 41.2 31 20.1 42 43.3 35 22.7 10  19 5 5.2 7 4.5 4 4.1 6 3.9 6 6.2 8 5.2 20  29 1 1.0 5 3.3 3 3.1 3 1.9 9 9.3 5 3.3 30  39 0 0.0 2 1.3 0 0.0 3 1.9 1 1.0 1 0.6 40  49 0 0.0 1 0.6 1 1.0 1 0.6 1 1.0 1 0.6 50+ 4 4.1 6 3.9 7 7.2 11 7.1 18 18.6 11 7.1 Total 97 100.0 154 100. 97 100. 154 100. 97 100. 154 100.0 0 0 0 0 p < 0.05 for Mohawk vs. Control. a p < 0.001 for Mohawk vs. Control. b N = number of respondents. c Source: Fitzgerald et al., 1995.

Table 10 77. Mean Number of Local Fish Meals Consumed Per Year by Time Period for All Respondents and Consumers Only All Respondents Consumers Only ( N= 97 Mohawks and 154 Controls) ( N= 82 Mohawks and 72 Controls)

During # 1 Yr. Before > 1 Yr. Before During # 1 Yr. Before > 1 Yr. Before Pregnancy Pregnancy Pregnancy Pregnancy Pregnancy Pregnancy Mohawk 3.9 ( 1.2) 9.2 ( 2.3) 23.4 ( 4.3) 4.6 ( 1.3) 10.9 ( 2.7) 27.6 ( 4.9) Control 7.3 ( 2.1) 10.7 ( 2.6) 10.9 ( 2.7) 15.5 ( 4.2) 23.0 ( 5.1) 23.0 ( 5.5) a a b p < 0.001 for Mohawk vs. Control. a p< 0.05 for Mohawk vs. Control b ( ) = standard error. Test for linear trend: p< 0.001 for Mohawk ( All participants and consumers only); p= 0.07 for Controls ( All participants and consumers only). Source: Fitzgerald et al., 1995. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 75 Table 10 78. Mean Number of Local Fish Meals Consumed Per Year by Time Period and Selected Characteristics for All Respondents ( Mohawk, N= 97; Control, N= 154)

Time Period During Pregnancy # 1 Year Before Pregnancy > 1 Year Before Pregnancy Background Variable Mohawk Control Mohawk Control Mohawk Control Age ( Yrs) < 20 7.7 0.8 13.5 13.9 27.4 10.4 20  24 1.3 5.9 5.7 14.5 20.4 15.9 25  29 3.9 9.9 15.5 6.2 25.1 5.4 30  34 12.0 7.6 9.5 2.9 12.0 5.6 > 34 1.8 11.2 1.8 26.2 52.3 22.1 Education ( Yrs) < 12 6.3 7.9 14.8 12.4 24.7 8.6 12 7.3 5.4 8.1 8.4 15.3 11.4 13  15 1.7 10.1 8.0 15.4 29.2 13.3 > 15 0.9 6.8 10.7 0.8 18.7 2.1 Cigarette Smoking Yes 3.8 8.8 10.4 13.0 31.6 10.9 No 3.9 6.4 8.4 8.3 18.1 10.8 Alcohol Consumption Yes 4.2 9.9 6.8 13.8 18.0 14.8 No 3.8 6.3 12.1 4.7 29.8 2.9 b c a d F ( 4,149) = 2.66, p= 0.035 for Age Among Controls. a F ( 1,152) = 3.77, p= 0.054 for Alcohol Among Controls. b F ( 1,152) = 5.20, p= 0.024 for Alcohol Among Controls. c F ( 1,152) = 6.42, p= 0.012 for Alcohol Among Controls. d Source: Fitzgerald et al., 1995.

Table 10 79. Percentage of Individuals Using Various Cooking Methods at Specified Frequencies Study Frequency Bake Grill Poach Boil Smoke Raw Other Use Pan Fry Deep Fry Broil or Connelly et al., Always 24( a) 51 13 24( a) 1992 Ever 75( a) 88 59 75( a)

Connelly et al., Always 13 4 4 1996 Ever 84 72 42 CRITFC, 1994 At least 79 51 14 27 11 46 31 1 34( b) monthly 29( c) 49( d)

Ever 98 80 25 39 17 73 66 3 67( b) 71( c) 75( d)

Fitzgerald et al., Not 94( e)( f) 71( e)( g) 1995 Specified Puffer et al., As Primary 16.3 52.5 12 0.25 19( h) 1981 Method 24 and 75 listed as bake, BBQ, or poach a Dried b Roasted c Canned d Not specified whether deep or pan fried e Mohawk women f Control population g boil, stew, soup, or steam h Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 76 August 1997 Table 10 80. Percent Moisture and Fat Content for Selected Speciesa Species (%) (%) Comments Moisture Content Total Fat Content b FINFISH Anchovy, European 73.37 4.101 Raw Bass 75.66 3.273 Freshwater, mixed species, raw Bass, Striped 79.22 1.951 Raw Bluefish 70.86 3.768 Raw Butterfish 74.13 NA Raw Carp 76.31 4.842 Raw Catfish 76.39 3.597 Channel, raw Cod, Atlantic 81.22 0.456 Atlantic, raw Cod, Pacific 81.28 0.407 Raw Croaker, Atlantic 78.03 2.701 Raw Dolphinfish, Mahimahi 77.55 0.474 Raw Drum, Freshwater 77.33 4.463 Raw Flatfish, Flounder and Sole 79.06 0.845 Raw Grouper 79.22 0.756 Raw, mixed species Haddock 79.92 0.489 Raw Halibut, Atlantic & Pacific 77.92 1.812 Raw Halibut, Greenland 70.27 12.164 Raw Herring, Atlantic & Turbot, domestic species 72.05 7.909 Raw Herring, Pacific 71.52 12.552 Raw Mackerel, Atlantic 63.55 9.076 Raw Mackerel, Jack 69.17 4.587 Canned, drained solids Mackerel, King 75.85 1.587 Raw Mackerel, Pacific & Jack 70.15 6.816 Canned, drained solids Mackerel, Spanish 71.67 5.097 Raw Monkfish 83.24 NA Raw Mullet, Striped 77.01 2.909 Raw Ocean Perch, Atlantic 78.70 1.296 Raw Perch, Mixed species 79.13 0.705 Raw Pike, Northern 78.92 0.477 Raw Pike, Walleye 79.31 0.990 Raw 50.30 8.535 Canned in oil, drained solids 69.63 6.208 Cooked, dry heat 58.81 12.224 Channel, cooked, breaded and fried 75.61 0.582 Canned, solids and liquids 75.92 0.584 Cooked, dry heat 16.14 1.608 Dried and salted 59.76 11.713 Cooked, breaded and fried 73.16 1.084 Cooked, dry heat 73.36 0.970 Cooked, dry heat 74.25 0.627 Cooked, dry heat 71.48 0.651 Smoked 71.69 2.324 Cooked, dry heat 64.16 10.140 Cooked, dry heat 59.70 10.822 Kippered 55.22 16.007 Pickled 53.27 15.482 Cooked, dry heat 68.46 5.745 Cooked, dry heat 70.52 3.730 Cooked, dry heat 72.69 1.661 Cooked, dry heat 73.25 0.904 Cooked, dry heat 72.97 0.611 Cooked, dry heat Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 77 Table 10 80. Percent Moisture and Fat Content for Selected Species ( continued) a Species (%) (%) Comments Moisture Total Fat Content Content b Pollock, Alaska & Walleye 81.56 0.701 Raw Pollock, Atlantic 78.18 0.730 Raw Rockfish, Pacific, mixed species 79.26 1.182 Raw ( Mixed species)

Roughy, Orange 75.90 3.630 Raw Salmon, Atlantic 68.50 5.625 Raw Salmon, Chinook 73.17 9.061 Raw Salmon, Chum 75.38 3.279 Raw Salmon, Coho 72.63 4.908 Raw Salmon, Pink 76.35 2.845 Raw Salmon, Red & Sockeye 70.24 4.560 Raw Sardine, Atlantic 59.61 10.545 Canned in oil, drained solids with bone Sardine, Pacific 68.30 11.054 Canned in tomato sauce, drained solids with bone Sea Bass, mixed species 78.27 1.678 Cooked, dry heat Seatrout, mixed species 78.09 2.618 Raw Shad, American 68.19 NA Raw Shark, mixed species 73.58 3.941 Raw Snapper, mixed species 76.87 0.995 Raw Sole, Spot 75.95 3.870 Raw Sturgeon, mixed species 76.55 3.544 Raw Sucker, white 79.71 1.965 Raw Sunfish, Pumpkinseed 79.50 0.502 Raw Swordfish 75.62 3.564 Raw Trout, mixed species 71.42 5.901 Raw Trout, Rainbow 71.48 2.883 Raw Tuna, light meat 59.83 7.368 Canned in oil, drained solids Tuna, white meat 64.02 NA Canned in oil Tuna, Bluefish, fresh 68.09 4.296 Raw Turbot, European 76.95 NA Raw Whitefish, mixed species 72.77 5.051 Raw Whiting, mixed species 80.27 0.948 Raw Yellowtail, mixed species 74.52 NA Raw 74.06 0.929 Cooked, dry heat 73.41 1.515 Cooked, dry heat ( mixed species)

72.00 3.947 Smoked 70.77 4.922 Canned, drained solids with bone 65.35 6.213 Cooked, moist heat 68.81 5.391 Canned, solids with bone and liquid 68.72 6.697 Canned, drained solids with bone 61.84 9.616 Cooked, dry heat 72.14 2.152 Raw 60.09 12.841 Cooked, batter dipped and fried 70.35 1.275 Cooked, dry heat 69.94 4.544 Cooked, dry heat 62.50 3.829 Smoked 68.75 4.569 Cooked, dry heat 63.43 3.696 Cooked, dry heat 74.51 0.730 Canned in water, drained solids 69.48 2.220 Canned in water, drained solids 59.09 5.509 Cooked, dry heat 70.83 0.799 Smoked 74.71 1.216 Cooked, dry heat Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 78 August 1997 Table 10 80. Percent Moisture and Fat Content for Selected Species ( continued) a Species (%) (%) Comments Moisture Total Fat Content Content b SHELLFISH Crab, Alaska King 79.57 NA Raw Crab, Blue 79.02 0.801 Raw Crab, Dungeness 79.18 0.616 Raw Crab, Queen 80.58 0.821 Raw Crayfish, mixed species 80.79 0.732 Raw Lobster, Northern 76.76 NA Raw Shrimp, mixed species 75.86 1.250 Raw Spiny Lobster, mixed species 74.07 1.102 Imitation made from surimi, raw Clam, mixed species 81.82 0.456 Raw Mussel, Blue 80.58 1.538 Raw Octopus, common 80.25 0.628 Raw Oyster, Eastern 85.14 1.620 Raw Oyster, Pacific 82.06 1.752 Raw Scallop, mixed species 78.57 0.377 Raw Squid 78.55 0.989 Raw 77.55 0.854 Cooked, moist heat 79.16 0.910 Canned ( dry pack or drained solids of wet pack) 77.43 1.188 Cooked, moist heat 71.00 6.571 Crab cakes 75.37 0.939 Cooked, moist heat 76.03 0.358 Cooked, moist heat 72.56 1.421 Canned ( dry pack or drained solids of wet pack) 52.86 10.984 Cooked, breaded and fried 77.28 0.926 Cooked, moist heat 63.64 0.912 Canned, drained solids 97.70 NA Canned, liquid 61.55 10.098 Cooked, breaded and fried 63.64 0.912 Cooked, moist heat 61.15 3.076 Cooked, moist heat 85.14 1.620 Canned ( solids and liquid based) raw 64.72 11.212 Cooked, breaded and fried 70.28 3.240 Cooked, moist heat 58.44 10.023 Cooked, breaded and fried 73.82 NA Imitation, made from Surimi 64.54 6.763 Cooked, fried Imitation, made from surimi Data are reported as in the Handbook a Total Fat Content  saturated, monosaturated and polyunsaturated b NA = Not available Source: USDA, 1979 1984  U. S. Agricultural Handbook No. 8 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 79 Table 10 81. Recommendations  General Population Mean Intake 95th Percentile of Long term ( g/ day) Intake Distribution ( g/ day) Study ( Reference)

20.1 ( Total Fish) U. S. EPA Analysis of CSFII, 1989 91 14.1 ( Marine Fish) 6.0 ( Freshwater/ Estuarine Fish) 63 ( Value of 42 from Javitz was adjusted TRI ( Javitz, 1980; Ruffle et al., 1994) upward by 50 percent to account for recent increase in fish consumption)

Table 10 82. Recommendations  General Population  Fish Serving Size Mean Intake ( grams) 95th Percentile ( grams) Study ( Reference)

129 326 1989 1991 CSFII ( U. S. EPA, 1996)

Table 10 83. Recommendations  Recreational Marine Anglers Mean Intake ( g/ day) 95th Percentile ( g/ day) Study Location Study 5.6 18.0 Atlantic NMFS, 1993 7.2 26.0 Gulf 2.0 6.8 Pacific Table 10 84. Recommendations  Freshwater Anglers Mean Intake ( g/ day) Upper Percentile ( g/ day) Study Location Reference 5 13 ( 95th percentile) Maine Ebert et al., 1992 5 18 ( 95th percentile) New York Connelly et al., 1996 12 39 ( 96th percentile) Michigan West et al, 1989 17  Michigan West et al, 1993 Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Page Exposure Factors Handbook 10 80 August 1997 Table 10 85. Recommendations  Native American Subsistence Populations Per Capita ( or Mean) Intake Upper Percentile ( g/ day) ( g/ day) Study Population Reference 59 170 ( 95th) 4 Columbia River Tribes CRITFC, 1994 16  94 Alaska Communities Wolfe and Walker, 1989 ( Lowest of 94)

81  94 Alaska Communities Wolfe and Walker, 1989 ( Median of 94)

770  94 Alaska Communities Wolfe and Walker, 1989 ( Highest of 94) Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors Chapter 10  Intake of Fish and Shellfish Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 10 81 Table 10 86. Summary of Fish Intake Studies Source of Data ( Reference) Population Surveyed Survey Time Period/ Type Analyses Performed ( References) Limitations/ Advantages General Population Key Studies Javitz, 1980  TRI Survey 25,162 individuals

general population;

the TRI Survey sample Sept. 1973 Aug. 1974 ( 1 year survey).

Completed diary over 1 month period on date of meal consumption, species of fish, packaging type, amount of fish prepared, number of servings consumed, etc. Mean and distribution of fish consumption rates grouped by race, age, gender, census region, fish species, community type, and religion. Lognormal distribution fit to fish intake distribution by age and region by Ruffle et al. ( 1994). High response rate ( 80%); population was large and geographically and seasonally representative; consumption rates based on one month of diary data; survey data is over 20 years out of date U. S. EPA, 1996a 11,912 individuals

general population Participants provided 3 consecutive days of dietary data. Three survey years ( 1989 1991) combined into one data set. Analysis of CSFII 1989 91. Fish grouped by habitat ( freshwater vs. marine) and type ( finfish vs. shellfish). Per capita fish intake rates calculated using cooked and uncooked equivalent weight and reported in g/ day and g/ kg day; also intake distribution per day eating fish. Large, geographically representative study;

relatively recent. Based on short term ( 3 day) data so long term percentiles of fish intake distribution could not be estimated.

Relevant Studies AIHC, 1994   Distributions using @ Risk simulation software. Limited reviews of supporting studies; good alternative source of information.

Pao et al., 1982 37,874 individuals

general population Participants provided 3 consecutive days of dietary data. Survey conducted between April 1977 and March 1978. Mean and distribution of average daily fish intake and average fish intake per eating occasion; by age sex groups and overall. Population was large and geographically representative; data were based on shortterm dietary recall; data are almost 20 years out of date.

Tsang and Klepeis, 1996 9,386 individuals

general population Participants provided 24 hour diary data. Follow up questionnaires, survey conducted between October 1992 and September 1994. Frequency of eating fish and number of servings per month provided. Population large and geographically and seasonally balanced; data based on recall;

intake data not provided.