In a Dilution Tunnel.''
    12.4 Appliance Startup. The appliance shall be fired with wood
fuel of any species, size and moisture content at the laboratories
discretion to bring it up to operating temperature. Operate the
appliance until the water is heated to the upper operating control
limit and has cycled at least two times. Then remove all unburned
fuel, zero the scale and verify the scales accuracy using dead
weights.
    12.4.1 Pre-Test Burn Cycle. Reload appliance with oak wood and
allow it to burn down to the specified coal bed weight. The Pre-Test
burn cycle fuel charge weight shall be within 10 percent
of the test fuel charge weight. Piece size and length shall be
selected such that charcoalization is achieved by the time the fuel
charge has burned down to the required coal bed weight. Pieces with
a maximum thickness of approximately 2 inches have been found to be
suitable. Charcoalization is a general condition of the test fuel
bed evidenced by an absence of large pieces of burning wood in the
coal bed and the remaining fuel pieces being brittle enough to be
broken into smaller charcoal pieces with a metal poker.
Manipulations to the fuel bed prior to the start of the test run are
to be done to achieve charcoalization while maintaining the desired
heat output rate. During the pre-test burn cycle and at least one
hour prior to starting the test run, adjust water flow to the heat
exchanger to establish the target heat draw for the test. For the
first test run the heat draw rate shall be equal to the
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Allowable Adjustments. Fuel addition or subtractions,
and coal bed raking shall be kept to a minimum but are allowed up to
15 minutes prior to the start of the test run. For the purposes of
this method, coal bed raking is the use of a metal tool (poker) to
stir coals, break burning fuel into smaller pieces, dislodge fuel
pieces from positions of poor combustion, and check for the
condition of charcoalization. Record all adjustments to and
additions or subtractions of fuel, and any other changes to the
appliance operations that occur during pretest ignition period.
During the 15-minute period prior to the start of the test run, the
wood heater loading door shall not be open more than a total of 1
minute. Coal bed raking is the only adjustment allowed during this
period.
    12.4.2 Coal Bed Weight. The appliance is to be loaded with the
test fuel charge when the coal bed weight is between 10 percent and
20 percent of the test fuel charge weight. Coals may be raked as
necessary to level the coal bed but may only be raked and stirred
once between 15 to 20 minutes prior to the addition of the test fuel
charge.
    12.5 Test Runs. For all test runs, the return water temperature
to the hydronic heater must be equal to or greater than
120[emsp14][deg]F. Aquastat or other heater output control device
settings that are adjustable shall be set using manufacturer
specifications, either as factory set or in accordance with the
owner's manual, and shall remain the same for all burn categories.
    Complete a test run in each heat output rate category, as
follows:
    12.5.1 Test Run Start. Once the appliance is operating normally
and the pretest coal bed weight has reached the target value per
12.4.2, tare the scale and load the full test charge into the
appliance. Time for loading shall not exceed 5 minutes. The actual
weight of the test fuel charge shall be measured and recorded within
30 minutes prior to loading. Start all sampling systems.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Record all water temperatures, differential water
temperatures and water flow rates at time intervals of one minute or
less.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Record particulate emissions data per the requirements
of ASTM E2515.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Record data needed to determine Overall Efficiency
(SLM) per the requirements of CSA B415.1-2010 Clauses 6.2.1, 6.2.2,
6.3, 8.5.7, 10.4.3(a), 10.4.3(f), and <IP_ADDRESS>.
    <IP_ADDRESS>.1 Measure and record the test room air temperature in
accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6.2.1, 8.5.7 and
10.4.3(g).
    <IP_ADDRESS>.2 Measure and record the flue gas temperature in
accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6.2.2, 8.5.7 and
10.4.3(f).
    <IP_ADDRESS>.3 Determine and record the Carbon Monoxide (CO) and
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the flue gas in
accordance with Clauses 6.3, 8.5.7 and 10.4.3(i) and (j).
    <IP_ADDRESS>.4 Measure and record the test fuel weight per the
requirements of Clauses 8.5.7 and 10.4.3(h).
    <IP_ADDRESS>.5 Record the test run time per the requirements of
Clause 10.4.3(a).
    <IP_ADDRESS> Monitor the average heat output rate on the load side
of the heat exchanger. If the heat output rate gets close to the
upper or lower limit of the target range (5 percent)
adjust the water flow through the heat exchanger to compensate. Make
changes as infrequently as possible while maintaining the target
heat output rate. The first test run shall be conducted at the
category IV heat output rate to validate that the appliance is
capable of producing the manufacturer's rated heat output capacity.
    12.5.2 Test Fuel Charge Adjustment. It is acceptable to adjust
the test fuel charge (i.e., reposition) once during a test run if
more than 60 percent of the initial test fuel charge weight has been
consumed and more than 10 minutes have elapsed without a measurable
(1 lb or 0. 5 kg) weight change while the operating control is in
the demand mode. The time used to make this adjustment shall be less
than 60 seconds.
    12.5.3 Test Run Completion. The test run is completed when the
remaining weight of the test fuel charge is 0.0 lb (0.0 kg). End the
test run when the scale has indicated a test fuel charge weight of
0.0 lb (0.0 kg) or less for 30 seconds.
    <IP_ADDRESS> At the end of the test run, stop the particulate
sampling train and Overall Efficiency (SLM) measurements, and record
the run time, and all final measurement values.
    12.5.4 Heat Output Capacity Validation. The first test run must
produce a heat output rate that is within 10 percent of the
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity (Category IV) throughout
the test run and an average heat output rate within 5 percent of the
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity. If the appliance is not
capable of producing a heat output within these limits, the
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity is considered not
validated and testing is to be terminated. In such cases, the tests
may be restarted using a lower heat output capacity if requested by
the manufacturer.

    12.5.5 Additional Test Runs. Using the Manufacturer's Rated Heat
Output Capacity as a basis, conduct a test for additional heat
output categories as specified in 4.3. It is not required to run
these tests in any particular order.
    12.5.6 Alternative Heat Output Rate for Category I. If an
appliance cannot be operated in the category I heat output range due
to stopped combustion, two test runs shall be conducted at heat
output rates within Category II. When this is the case, the
weightings for the weighted averages indicated in Table 2 shall be
the average of the category I and II weightings and shall be applied
to both category II results. Appliances that are not capable of
operation within Category II (<25 percent of maximum) cannot be
evaluated by this test method.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Stopped Fuel Combustion. Evidence that an appliance
cannot be operated at a category I heat output rate due to stopped
fuel combustion shall include documentation of two or more attempts
to operate the appliance in burn rate Category I and fuel combustion
has stopped prior to complete consumption of the test fuel charge.
Stopped fuel combustion is evidenced when an elapsed time of 60
minutes or more has occurred without a measurable (1 lb or 0.5 kg)
weight change in the test fuel charge while the appliance operating
control is in the demand mode. Report the evidence and the reasoning
used to determine that a test in burn rate Category I cannot be
achieved. For example, two unsuccessful attempts to operate at an
output rate of 10 percent of the rated output capacity are not
sufficient evidence that burn rate Category I cannot be achieved.
    12.5.7 Appliance Overheating. Appliances shall be capable of
operating in all heat output categories without overheating to be
rated by this test method. Appliance overheating occurs when the
rate of heat withdrawal from the appliance is lower than the rate of
heat production when the unit control is in the idle mode. This
condition results in the water in the appliance continuing to
increase in temperature well above the upper limit setting of the
operating control. Evidence of overheating includes: 1 Hour or more
of appliance water temperature increase above the upper temperature
set-point of the operating control, exceeding the temperature limit
of a safety control device (independent from the operating control),
boiling water in a non-pressurized system or activation of a
pressure or temperature relief valve in a pressurized system.
    12.6 Additional Test Runs. The testing laboratory may conduct
more than one test run in each of the heat output categories
specified in section 4.4.1. If more than one test run is conducted
at a specified heat output rate, the results from at least two-
thirds of the test runs in that heat output rate category shall be
used in calculating the weighted average emission rate (See section
15.1.14). The measurement data and results of all test runs shall be
reported regardless of which values are used in calculating the
weighted average emission rate.

13.0 Calculation of Results

13.1 Nomenclature

    ET --Total particulate emissions for the full test
run as determined per ASTM E2515 in grams.
    Eg/MJ--Emissions rate in grams per mega joule of heat
output.
    Elb/mmBtu output--Emissions rate in pounds per
million Btu's of heat output.
    Eg/kg--Emissions factor in grams per kilogram of dry
fuel burned.
    Eg/hr--Emissions factor in grams per hour.
    HHV--Higher Heating Value of fuel = 8600 Btu/lb (19.990 MJ/kg).
    LHV--Lower Heating Value of fuel = 7988 Btu/lb (18.567 MJ/kg).
    [Delta]T--Temperature difference between water entering and
exiting the heat exchanger.
    Qout--Total heat output in BTU's (mega joules).
    Qin--Total heat input available in test fuel charge
in BTU's (mega joules).
    M--Mass flow rate of water in lb/min (kg/min).
    Vi--Volume of water indicated by a totalizing flow
meter at the ith reading in gallons (liters).
    Vf--Volumetric Flow rate of water in heat exchange
system in gallons per minute (liters/min).
    [Theta]--Total length of test run in hours
    ti--Data sampling interval in minutes.
    [eta]del--Delivered heating efficiency in percent.
    Fi--Weighting factor for heat output category i. (See
Tables 2A and 2B)
    T1--Temperature of water at the inlet on the supply side of the
heat exchanger.
    T2--Temperature of the water at the outlet on the supply side of
the heat exchanger.
    T3-Temperature of water at the inlet to the load side of the
heat exchanger.
    TIavg--Average temperature of the appliance and water
at start of the test.
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    MC--Fuel moisture content in percent dry basis.
    MCi--Average moisture content of individual 4 x 4
fuel pieces in percent dry basis.
    MCsp--Moisture content of spacers assumed to be 10
percent dry basis.
    [sigma]--Density of water in pounds per gallon.
    Cp--Specific Heat of Water in Btu/lb [deg]-F.
    Csteel--Specific Heat of Steel (0.1 Btu/lb-[deg]F).
    Wfuel--Fuel charge weight in pounds (kg).
    Wi--Weight of individual fuel 4 x 4 pieces in pounds
(kg).
    Wsp--Weight of all spacers used in a fuel load in
pounds (kg).
    Wapp--Weight of empty appliance in pounds.
    Wwat-- Weight of water in supply side of the system
in pounds.
    13.2 After the test is completed, determine the particulate
emissions ET in accordance with ASTM E2515.

13.3 Determine Average Fuel Load Moisture Content
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    13.5 Determine heat output and efficiency.
    13.5.1 Determine heat output as:
    Qout = [Sigma] [Heat output determined for each
sampling time interval]+ Change in heat stored in the appliance.
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    13.5.5 Determine [eta]SLM--Overall Efficiency (SLM)
using Stack Loss For determination of the average overall thermal
efficiency ([eta]SLM) for the test run, use the data
collected over the full test run and the calculations in accordance
with CSA B415.1-2010, Clause 13.7 except for 13.7.2 (e), (f), (g),
and (h), use the following average fuel properties for oak: percent
C = 50.0, percent H = 6.6, percent O = 43.2, percent Ash = 0.2
percent.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Whenever the CSA B415.1-2010 overall efficiency is
found to be lower than the overall efficiency based on load side
measurements, as determined by Eq. 16 of this method, section 14.1.7
of the test report must include a discussion of the reasons for this
result.
    13.6 Weighted Average Emissions and Efficiency
    13.6.1 Determine the weighted average emission rate and
delivered efficiency from the individual tests in the specified heat
output categories. The weighting factors (Fi) are derived from an
analysis of ASHRAE Bin Data which provides details of normal
building heating requirements in terms of percent of design capacity
and time in a particular capacity range--or ``bin''--over the course
of a heating season. The values used in this method represent an
average of data from several cities located in the northern United
States.
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    13.7 Average Heat Output (Qout-8hr) and Efficiency
(([eta]avg-8hr) for 8 hour burn time.
    13.7.1 Units tested under this standard typically require
infrequent fuelling, 8 to 12 hours intervals being typical. Rating
unit's based on an Average Output sustainable over an 8 hour
duration will assist consumers in appropriately sizing units to
match the theoretical heat demand of their application.
    13.7.2 Calculations:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.014

Where:
Y1 = Test Duration just above 8 hrs
Y2 = Test Duration just below 8 hrs
X1 = Actual Load for duration Y1
X2 = Actual Load for duration Y2

    [eta]del1 = Average Delivered Efficiency for duration Y1
    [eta]del2 = Average Delivered Efficiency for duration Y2
    <IP_ADDRESS> Determine the Test Durations and Actual Load for each
Category as recorded in Table 1A.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Determine the data point that has the nearest duration
greater than 8 hrs. X1 = Actual Load,
    Y1 = Test Duration and
    [eta]del1 = Average Delivered Efficiency for this data
point.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Determine the data point that has the nearest duration
less than 8 hrs.
    X2 = Actual Load,
    Y2 = Test Duration and
    [eta]del2 = Average Delivered Efficiency for this data
point.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Example:

                      Category Actual Load Duration
                [Category Actual Load Duration [eta]del]
------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       (Btu/Hr)                           (Hr)     (%)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1 15,000..............................................     10.2     70.0
2 26,000..............................................      8.4     75.5
3 50,000..............................................      6.4     80.1
4 100,000.............................................      4.7     80.9
------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                 {{time}
    Category 2 Duration is just above 8 hours, therefore: X1 = 26,000
BTU/hr, [eta]del1 = 75.5% and Y1 = 8.4 Hrs
    Category 3 Duration is just below 8 hours, therefore: X2 = 50,000
BTU/hr, [eta]del2 = 80.1% and Y2 = 6.4 Hrs
    Qout-8hr = 26,000 + {(8--8.4) x [(50,000--26,000)/(6.4--
8.4)]{time}
    = 30,800 BTU/hr
    [eta]avg-8hr = 75.5 + {(8--8.4) x [(80.1--75.5)/(6.4--
8.4)]{time}  = 76.4%

14.0 Report

    14.1.1 The report shall include the following.
    14.1.2 Name and location of the laboratory conducting the test.
    14.1.3 A description of the appliance tested and its condition,
date of receipt and dates of tests.
    14.1.4 A statement that the test results apply only to the specific
appliance tested.
    14.1.5 A statement that the test report shall not be reproduced
except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
    14.1.6 A description of the test procedures and test equipment
including a schematic or other drawing showing the location of all
required test equipment. Also, a description of test fuel sourcing,
handling and storage practices shall be included.
    14.1.7 Details of deviations from, additions to or exclusions from
the test method, and their data quality implications on the test
results (if any), as well as information on specific test conditions,
such as environmental conditions.
    14.1.8 A list of participants and observers present for the tests.
    14.1.9 Data and drawings indicating the fire box size and location
of the fuel charge.
    14.1.10 Drawings and calculations used to determine firebox volume.
    14.1.11 Information for each test run fuel charge including piece
size, moisture content, and weight.
    14.1.12 All required data for each test run shall be provided in
spreadsheet format. Formulae used for all calculations shall be
accessible for review.
    14.1.13 Test run duration for each test.
    14.1.14 Calculated results for delivered efficiency at each burn
rate and the weighted average Emissions reported as total emissions in
grams, pounds per million Btu of delivered heat, grams per mega-joule
of delivered heat, grams per kilogram of dry fuel and grams per hour.
Results shall be reported for each heat output category and the
weighted average.
    14.1.15 Tables 1A, 1B, 1C and 2 must be used for presentation of
results in test reports.
    14.1.16 A statement of the estimated uncertainty of measurement of
the emissions and efficiency test results.
    14.1.17 Raw data, calibration records, and other relevant
documentation shall be retained by the laboratory for a minimum of 7
years.

15.0 Precision and Bias

    15.1 Precision--It is not possible to specify the precision of the
procedure in Draft Test because the appliance

operation and fueling protocols and the appliances themselves produce
variable amounts of emissions and cannot be used to determine
reproducibility or repeatability of this measurement method.
    15.2 Bias--No definitive information can be presented on the bias
of the procedure in Draft Test Method 28 WHH for measuring solid fuel
burning hydronic heater emissions because no material having an
accepted reference value is available.

16.0 Keywords

    16.1 Solid fuel, hydronic heating appliances, wood-burning hydronic
heaters.
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Method 28WHH-PTS A Test Method for Certification of Cord Wood-Fired
Hydronic Heating Appliances With Partial Thermal Storage: Measurement
of Particulate Matter (PM) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emissions and
Heating Efficiency of Wood-Fired Hydronic Heating Appliances With
Partial Thermal Storage

1.0 Scope and Application

    1.1 This test method applies to wood-fired hydronic heating
appliances with heat storage external to the appliance. The units
typically transfer heat through circulation of a liquid heat
exchange media such as water or a water-antifreeze mixture.
Throughout this document, the term ``water'' will be used to denote
any of the heat transfer liquids approved for use by the
manufacturer.
    1.2 The test method measures PM and CO emissions and delivered
heating efficiency at specified heat output rates referenced against
the appliance's rated heating capacity as specified by the
manufacturer and verified under this test method.
    1.3 PM emissions are measured by the dilution tunnel method as
specified in the EPA Method 28 WHH and the standards referenced
therein with the exceptions noted in Section 12.5.9. Delivered
Efficiency is measured by determining the fuel energy input and
appliance output. Heat output is determined through measurement of
the flow rate and temperature change of water circulated through a
heat exchanger external to the appliance and the increase in energy
of the external storage. Heat input is determined from the mass of
dry wood fuel and its higher heating value (HHV). Delivered
efficiency does not attempt to account for pipeline loss.
    1.4 Products covered by this test method include both
pressurized and non-pressurized hydronic heating appliances intended
to be fired with wood and for which the manufacturer specifies for
indoor or outdoor installation. The system, which includes the
heating appliance and external storage, is commonly connected to a
heat exchanger by insulated pipes and normally includes a pump to
circulate heated liquid. These systems are used to heat structures
such as homes, barns and greenhouses. They also provide heat for
domestic hot water, spas and swimming pools.
    1.5 Distinguishing features of products covered by this standard
include:
    1.5.1 The manufacturer specifies the application for either
indoor or outdoor installation.
    1.5.2 A firebox with an access door for hand loading of fuel.
    1.5.3 Typically an aquastat mounted as part of the appliance
that controls combustion air supply to maintain the liquid in the
appliance within a predetermined temperature range provided
sufficient fuel is available in the firebox. The appliance may be
equipped with other devices to control combustion.
    1.5.4 A chimney or vent that exhausts combustion products from
the appliance.
    1.5.5 A liquid storage system, typically water, which is not
large enough to accept all of the heat produced when a full load of
wood is burned and the storage system starts a burn cycle at
125[emsp14][deg]F.
    1.5.6 The heating appliances require external thermal storage
and these units will only be installed as part of a system which
includes thermal storage. The manufacturer specifies the minimum
amount of thermal storage required. However, the storage system
shall be large enough to ensure that the boiler (heater) does not
cycle, slumber, or go into an off-mode when operated in a Category
III load condition (See section 4.3).
    1.6 The values stated are to be regarded as the standard whether
in I-P or SI units. The values given in parentheses are for
information only.

2.0 Summary of Method and References

    2.1 PM and CO emissions are measured from a wood-fired hydronic
heating appliance burning a prepared test fuel charge in a test
facility maintained at a set of prescribed conditions. Procedures
for determining heat output rates, PM and CO emissions, and
efficiency and for reducing data are provided.

2.2 Referenced Documents

    2.2.1 EPA Standards
    <IP_ADDRESS> Method 28 Certification and Auditing of Wood Heaters
    <IP_ADDRESS> Method 28 WHH Measurement of Particulate Emissions and
Heating Efficiency of Wood-Fired Hydronic Heating Appliances and the
standards referenced therein.
    2.2.2 Other Standards
    <IP_ADDRESS> CAN/CSA-B415.1-2010 Performance Testing of Solid-Fuel-
Burning Heating Appliances

3.0 Terminology

3.1 Definitions

    3.1.1 Hydronic Heating--A heating system in which a heat source
supplies energy to a liquid heat exchange media such as water that
is circulated to a heating load and returned to the heat source
through pipes.
    3.1.2 Aquastat--A control device that opens or closes a circuit
to control the rate of fuel consumption in response to the
temperature of the heating media in the heating appliance.
    3.1.3 Delivered Efficiency--The percentage of heat available in
a test fuel charge that is delivered to a simulated heating load or
the storage system as specified in this test method.
    3.1.4 Emission factor--the emission of a pollutant expressed in
mass per unit of energy (typically) output from the boiler/heater
    3.1.5 Emission index--the emission of a pollutant expressed in
mass per unit mass of fuel used
    3.1.6 Emission rate--the emission of a pollutant expressed in
mass per unit time
    3.1.7 Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity -The value in
Btu/hr (MJ/hr) that the manufacturer specifies that a particular
model of hydronic heating appliance is capable of supplying at its
design capacity as verified by testing, in accordance with section
12.5.4.
    3.1.8 Heat output rate--The average rate of energy output from
the appliance during a specific test period in Btu/hr (MJ/hr)
    3.1.9 Firebox--The chamber in the appliance in which the test
fuel charge is placed and combusted.
    3.1.10 NIST--National Institute of Standards and Technology
    3.1.11 Test fuel charge--The collection of test fuel placed in
the appliance at the start of the emission test run.
    3.1.12 Test Run--An individual emission test which encompasses
the time required to consume the mass of the test fuel charge. The
time of the test run also considers the time for the energy to be
drawn from the thermal storage.
    3.1.13 Test Run Under ``Cold-to-Cold'' Condition--under this
test condition the test fuel is added into an empty chamber along
with kindling and ignition materials (paper). The boiler/heater at
the start of this test is typically 125[deg] to 130[deg] F.
    3.1.14 Test Run Under ``Hot-to-Hot'' Condition--under this test
condition the test fuel is added onto a still-burning bed of
charcoals produced in a pre-burn period. The boiler/heater water is
near its operating control limit at the start of the test.
    3.1.15 Overall Efficiency, also known as Stack Loss Efficiency--
The efficiency for each test run as determined using the CSA B415.1-
2010 Stack Loss Method (SLM).
    3.1.16 Phases of a Burn Cycle. The ``startup phase'' is defined
as the period from the start of the test until 15 percent of the
test fuel charge is consumed. The ``steady state phase'' is defined
as the period from the end of the startup phase to a point at which
80 percent of the test fuel charge is consumed. The ``end phase'' is
defined as the time from the end of the steady state period to the
end of the test.
    3.1.17 Thermopile--A device consisting of a number of
thermocouples connected in series, used for measuring differential
temperature.
    3.1.18 Slumber Mode--This is a mode in which the temperature of
the water in the boiler/heater has exceeded the operating control
limit and the control has changed the boiler/heater fan speed,
dampers, and/or other operating parameters to minimize the heat
output of the boiler/heater.

4.0 Summary of Test Method

    4.1 Dilution Tunnel. Emissions are determined using the
``dilution tunnel'' method specified in EPA Method 28 WHH and the
standards referenced therein. The flow rate in the dilution tunnel
is maintained at a constant level throughout the test cycle and
accurately measured. Samples of the dilution tunnel flow stream are
extracted at a constant flow rate and drawn through high efficiency
filters. The filters are dried and weighed before and after the test
to determine the emissions collected and this value is multiplied by
the ratio of tunnel flow to filter flow to determine the total
particulate emissions produced in the test cycle.
    4.2 Efficiency. The efficiency test procedure takes advantage of
the fact that this type of system delivers heat through circulation
of the heated liquid (water) from the system to a remote heat
exchanger (e.g. baseboard radiators in a room) and back to the
system. Measurements of the cooling

water temperature difference as it enters and exits the test system
heat exchanger along with the measured flow rate allow for an
accurate determination of the useful heat output of the appliance.
Also included in the heat output is the change in the energy content
in the storage system during a test run. Energy input to the
appliance during the test run is determined by weight of the test
fuel charge, adjusted for moisture content, multiplied by the Higher
Heating Value. Additional measurements of the appliance weight and
temperature at the beginning and end of a test cycle are used to
correct for heat stored in the appliance. Overall Efficiency (SLM)
is determined using the CSA B415.1-2010 stack loss method for data
quality assurance purposes.
    4.3 Operation. Four test categories are defined for use in this
method. These are:
    4.3.1 Category I: A heat output of 15 percent or less of
Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity.
    4.3.2 Category II: A heat output of 16 percent to 24 percent of
Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity.
    4.3.3 Category III: A heat output of 25 percent to 50 percent of
Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity.
    4.3.4 Category IV: Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity.
These heat output categories refer to the output from the system by
way of the load heat exchanger installed for the test. The output
from just the boiler/heater part of the system may be higher for all
or part of a test, as part of this boiler/heater output goes to
storage.
    For the Category III and IV runs, appliance operation is
conducted on a hot-to-hot test cycle meaning that the appliance is
brought to operating temperature and a coal bed is established prior
to the addition of the test fuel charge and measurements are made
for each test fuel charge cycle. The measurements are made under
constant heat draw conditions within pre-determined ranges. No
attempt is made to modulate the heat demand to simulate an indoor
thermostat cycling on and off in response to changes in the indoor
environment.
    For the Category I and II runs, the unit is tested with a ``cold
start.'' At the manufacturer's option, the Category II and III runs
may be waived and it may be assumed that the particulate emission
values and efficiency values determined in the startup, steady-
state, and end phases of Category I are applicable in Categories II
and III for the purpose of determining the annual averages in lb/
MMBtu and g/MJ (See section 13). For the annual average in g/hr, the
length of time for stored heat to be drawn from thermal storage
shall be determined for the test load requirements of the respective
Category.
    All test operations and measurements shall be conducted by
personnel of the laboratory responsible for the submission of the
test report.

5.0 Significance and Use

    5.1 The measurement of particulate matter emission and CO rates
is an important test method widely used in the practice of air
pollution control.
    5.1.1 These measurements, when approved by state or federal
agencies, are often required for the purpose of determining
compliance with regulations and statutes.
    5.1.2 The measurements made before and after design
modifications are necessary to demonstrate the effectiveness of
design changes in reducing emissions and make this standard an
important tool in manufacturer's research and development programs.
    5.2 Measurement of heating efficiency provides a uniform basis
for comparison of product performance that is useful to the
consumer. It is also required to relate emissions produced to the
useful heat production.
    5.3 This is a laboratory method and is not intended to be fully
representative of all actual field use. It is recognized that users
of hand-fired, wood-burning equipment have a great deal of influence
over the performance of any wood-burning appliance. Some compromises
in realism have been made in the interest of providing a reliable
and repeatable test method.

6.0 Test Equipment

    6.1 Scale. A platform scale capable of weighing the boiler/
heater under test and associated parts and accessories when
completely filled with water to an accuracy of  1.0
pound ( 0.5 kg) and a readout resolution of
0.2 pound ( 0.1 kg).
    6.2 Heat Exchanger. A water-to-water heat exchanger capable of
dissipating the expected heat output from the system under test.
    6.3 Water Temperature Difference Measurement. A Type-T `special
limits' thermopile with a minimum of 5 pairs of junctions shall be
used to measure the temperature difference in water entering and
leaving the heat exchanger. The temperature difference measurement
uncertainty of this type of thermopile is equal to or less than
 0.50 [deg]F ( 0.25 [deg]C). Other
temperature measurement methods may be used if the temperature
difference measurement uncertainty is equal to or less than  0.50 [deg]F ( 0.25 [deg]C). This measurement
uncertainty shall include the temperature sensor, sensor well
arrangement, piping arrangements, lead wire, and measurement/
recording system. The response time of the temperature measurement
system shall be less than half of the time interval at which
temperature measurements are recorded.
    6.4 Water Flow Meter. A water flow meter shall be installed in
the inlet to the load side of the heat exchanger. The flow meter
shall have an accuracy of  1 percent of measured flow.
    6.4.1 Optional--Appliance side water flow meter. A water flow
meter with an accuracy of  1 percent of the flow rate is
recommended to monitor supply side water flow rate.
    6.5 Optional Recirculation Pump. Circulating pump used during
test to prevent stratification, in the boiler/heater, of liquid
being heated.
    6.6 Water Temperature Measurement--Thermocouples or other
temperature sensors to measure the water temperature at the inlet
and outlet of the load side of the heat exchanger must meet the
calibration requirements specified in 10.1 of this method.
    6.7 Lab Scale--For measuring the moisture content of wood slices
as part of the overall wood moisture determination. Accuracy of
 0.01 pounds.
    6.8 Flue Gas Temperature Measurement--Must meet the requirements
of CSA B415.1-2010, Clause 6.2.2.
    6.9 Test Room Temperature Measurement--Must meet the
requirements of CSA B415.1-2010, Clause 6.2.1.
    6.10 Flue Gas Composition Measurement--Must meet the
requirements of CSA B415.1-2010, Clauses 6.3.1 through 6.3.3.
    6.11 Dilution Tunnel CO Measurement--In parallel with the flue
gas composition measurements, the CO concentration in the dilution
tunnel shall also be measured and reported at time intervals not to
exceed one minute. This analyzer shall meet the zero and span drift
requirements of CSA B415.1-2012. In addition the measurement
repeatability shall be better than 15 ppm over the range
of CO levels observed in the dilution tunnel.

7.0 Safety

    7.1 These tests involve combustion of wood fuel and substantial
release of heat and products of combustion. The heating system also
produces large quantities of very hot water and the potential for
steam production and system pressurization. Appropriate precautions
must be taken to protect personnel from burn hazards and respiration
of products of combustion.

8.0 Sampling, Test Specimens and Test Appliances

    8.1 Test specimens shall be supplied as complete appliances, as
described in marketing materials, including all controls and
accessories necessary for installation in the test facility. A full
set of specifications, installation and operating instructions, and
design and assembly drawings shall be provided when the product is
to be placed under certification of a third-party agency. The
manufacturer's written installation and operating instructions are
to be used as a guide in the set-up and testing of the appliance and
shall be part of the test record.
    8.2 The size, connection arrangement, and control arrangement
for the thermal storage shall be as specified in the manufacturer's
documentation. It is not necessary to use the specific storage
system that the boiler/heater will be marketed with. However, the
capacity of the system used in the test cannot be greater than that
specified as the minimum allowable for the boiler/heater.
    8.3 All system control settings shall be the as-shipped, default
settings. These default settings shall be the same as those
communicated in a document to the installer or end user. These
control settings and the documentation of the control settings as to
be provided to the installer or end user shall be part of the test
record.
    8.4 Where the manufacturer defines several alternatives for the
connection and loading arrangement, one shall be defined in the
appliance documentation as the default or standard installation. It
is expected that this will be the configuration for use with a
simple baseboard heating system. This is the

configuration to be followed for these tests. The manufacturer's
documentation shall define the other arrangements as optional or
alternative arrangements.

9.0 Preparation of Test Equipment

    9.1 The appliance is to be placed on a scale capable of weighing
the appliance fully loaded with a resolution of  0.2 lb
(0.1 kg).
    9.2 The appliance shall be fitted with the type of chimney
recommended or provided by the manufacturer and extending to 15
 0.5 feet (4.6  0.15 m) from the upper
surface of the scale. If no flue or chimney system is recommended or
provided by the manufacturer, connect the appliance to a flue of a
diameter equal to the flue outlet of the appliance. The flue section
from the appliance flue collar to 8  0.5 feet above the
scale shall be single wall stove pipe and the remainder of the flue
shall be double wall insulated class A chimney.
    9.3 Optional Equipment Use
    9.3.1 A recirculation pump may be installed between connections
at the top and bottom of the appliance to minimize thermal
stratification if specified by the manufacturer. The pump shall not
be installed in such a way as to change or affect the flow rate
between the appliance and the heat exchanger.
    9.3.2 If the manufacturer specifies that a thermal control valve
or other device be installed and set to control the return water
temperature to a specific set point, the valve or other device shall
be installed and set per the manufacturer's written instructions.
    9.4 Prior to filling the boiler/heater with water, weigh and
record the appliance mass.
    9.5 Heat Exchanger
    9.5.1 Plumb the unit to a water-to-water heat exchanger with
sufficient capacity to draw off heat at the maximum rate
anticipated. Route hoses and electrical cables and instrument wires
in a manner that does not influence the weighing accuracy of the
scale as indicated by placing dead weights on the platform and
verifying the scale's accuracy.
    9.5.2 Locate thermocouples to measure the water temperature at
the inlet and outlet of the load side of the heat exchanger.
    9.5.3 Install a thermopile (or equivalent instrumentation)
meeting the requirements of section 6.3 to measure the water
temperature difference between the inlet and outlet of the load side
of the heat exchanger.
    9.5.4 Install a calibrated water flow meter in the heat
exchanger load side supply line. The water flow meter is to be
installed on the cooling water inlet side of the heat exchanger so
that it will operate at the temperature at which it is calibrated.
    9.5.5 Place the heat exchanger in a box with 2 in. (50 mm) of
expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam insulation surrounding it to
minimize heat losses from the heat exchanger.
    9.5.6 The reported efficiency and heat output rate shall be
based on measurements made on the load side of the heat exchanger.
    9.5.7 Temperature instrumentation per section 6.6 shall be
installed in the appliance outlet and return lines. The average of
the outlet and return water temperature on the supply side of the
system shall be considered the average appliance temperature for
calculation of heat storage in the appliance (TFavg and
TIavg). Installation of a water flow meter in the supply
side of the system is optional.
    9.6 Storage Tank. The storage tank shall include a
destratification pump as illustrated in Figure 1. The pump will draw
from the bottom of the tank and return to the top as illustrated.
Temperature sensors (TS1 and TS2 in Figure 1) shall be included to
measure the temperature in the recirculation loop. The valve plan in
Figure 1 allows the tank recirculation loop to operate and the
boiler/heater-to-heat exchanger loop to operate at the same time but
in isolation. This would typically be done before the start of a
test or following completion of a test to determine the end of test
average tank temperature. The nominal flow rate in the storage tank
recirculation loop can be estimated based on pump manufacturer's
performance curves and any significant restriction in the
recirculation loop.
    9.7 Fill the system with water. Determine the total weight of
the water in the appliance when the water is circulating. Verify
that the scale indicates a stable weight under operating conditions.
Make sure air is purged properly.

10.0 Calibration and Standardization

    10.1 Water Temperature Sensors. Temperature measuring equipment
shall be calibrated before initial use and at least semi-annually
thereafter. Calibrations shall be in compliance with National
Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Monograph 175, Standard
Limits of Error.
    10.2 Heat Exchanger Load Side Water Flow Meter.
    10.2.1 The heat exchanger load side water flow meter shall be
calibrated within the flow range used for the test run using NIST-
traceable methods. Verify the calibration of the water flow meter
before and after each test run and at least once during each test
run by comparing the water flow rate indicated by the flow meter to
the mass of water collected from the outlet of the heat exchanger
over a timed interval. Volume of the collected water shall be
determined based on the water density calculated from section 13,
Eq. 12, using the water temperature measured at the flow meter. The
uncertainty in the verification procedure used shall be 1 percent or
less. The water flow rate determined by the collection and weighing
method shall be within 1 percent of the flow rate indicated by the
water flow meter.
    10.3 Scales. The scales used to weigh the appliance and test
fuel charge shall be calibrated using NIST-traceable methods at
least once every 6 months.
    10.4 Flue Gas Analyzers--In accordance with CSA B415.1-2010,
Clause 6.8.

11.0 Conditioning

    11.1 Prior to testing, a non-catalytic appliance is to be
operated for a minimum of 10 hours using a medium heat draw rate.
Catalytic units shall be operated for a minimum of 50 hours using a
medium heat draw rate. The pre-burn for the first test can be
included as part of the conditioning requirement. If conditioning is
included in pre-burn, then the appliance shall be aged with fuel
meeting the specifications outlined in section 12.2 with a moisture
content between 19 and 25 percent on a dry basis. Operate the
appliance at a medium heat output rate (Category II or III) for at
least 10 hours for non-catalytic appliances and 50 hours for
catalytic appliances. Record and report hourly flue gas exit
temperature data and the hours of operation. The aging procedure
shall be conducted and documented by a testing laboratory.

12.0 Procedure

    12.1 Appliance Installation. Assemble the appliance and parts in
conformance with the manufacturer's written installation
instructions. Clean the flue with an appropriately sized, wire
chimney brush before each certification test series.
    12.2 Fuel. Test fuel charge fuel shall be red (Quercus ruba L.)
or white (Quercus Alba) oak 19 to 25 percent moisture content on a
dry basis. Piece length shall be 80 percent of the firebox depth
rounded down to the nearest 1 inch (25mm) increment. For example, if
the firebox depth is 46 inches (1168mm) the piece length would be 36
inches (46 inches x 0.8 = 36.8 inches round down to 36 inches).
Pieces are to be placed in the firebox parallel to the longest
firebox dimension. For fireboxes with sloped surfaces that create a
non-uniform firebox length, the piece length shall be adjusted for
each layer based on 80 percent of the length at the level where the
layer is placed. The test fuel shall be cord wood with cross section
dimensions and weight limits as defined in CSA B415.1-2010, section
8.3, Table 4. The use of dimensional lumber is not allowed.
    12.2.1 Select three pieces of cord wood from the same batch of
wood as the test fuel and the same weight as the average weight of
the pieces in the test load  1.0 lb. From each of these
three pieces, cut three slices. Each slice shall be \1/2\ inch to
\3/4\ inch thick. One slice shall be cut across the center of the
length of the piece. The other two slices shall be cut half way
between the center and the end. Immediately measure the mass of each
piece in pounds. Dry each slice in an oven at 220[emsp14][deg]F for
24 hours or until no further weight change occurs. The slices shall
be arranged in the oven so as to provide separation between faces.
Remove from the oven and measure the mass of each piece again as
soon as practical in pounds.
    The moisture content of each slice, on a dry basis shall be
calculated as:

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.004

Where:

WSliceWet = weight of the slice before drying in pounds
WSliceDry = weight of the slice after drying in pounds
MCSlice = moisture content of the slice in % dry basis

    The average moisture content of the entire test load (MC) shall
be determined using Eq. 6. Each individual slice shall have a
moisture content in the range of 18 percent to 28 percent on a dry
basis. The average moisture content for the test fuel load shall be
in the range of 19 percent to 25 percent. Moisture shall not be
added to previously dried fuel pieces except by storage under high
humidity conditions and temperature up to 100 [deg]F. Fuel moisture
measurement shall begin within four hours of using the fuel batch
for a test. Use of a pin-type meter to estimate the moisture content
prior to a test is recommended.
    12.2.2 Firebox Volume. Determine the firebox volume in cubic
feet. Firebox volume shall include all areas accessible through the
fuel loading door where firewood could reasonably be placed up to
the horizontal plane defined by the top of the loading door. A
drawing of the firebox showing front, side and plan views or an
isometric view with interior dimensions shall be provided by the
manufacturer and verified by the laboratory. Calculations for
firebox volume from computer aided design (CAD) software programs
are acceptable and shall be included in the test report if used. If
the firebox volume is calculated by the laboratory the firebox
drawings and calculations shall be included in the test report.
    12.2.3 Test Fuel charge. Test fuel charges shall be determined
by multiplying the firebox volume by 10 pounds (4.54 kg) per ft\3\
(28L), or a higher load density as recommended by the manufacturer's
printed operating instructions, of wood (as used wet weight). Select
the number of pieces of cord wood that most nearly match this target
weight. However, the test fuel charge cannot be less than the target
of 10 pounds (4.54 kg) per ft\3\ (28L).
    12.3 Sampling Equipment. Prepare the particulate emission
sampling equipment as defined by EPA Method 28 WHH and the standards
referenced therein.
    12.4 Appliance Startup. The appliance shall be fired with wood
fuel of any species, size and moisture content at the laboratories
discretion to bring it up to operating temperature. Operate the
appliance until the water is heated to the upper operating control
limit and has cycled at least two times. Then remove all unburned
fuel, zero the scale and verify the scales accuracy using dead
weights.
    12.4.1 Startup Procedure for Category III and IV Test Runs,
``Hot-to-Hot''
    <IP_ADDRESS> Pre-Test Burn Cycle. Following appliance startup
(section 12.4), reload appliance with oak cord wood and allow it to
burn down to the specified coal bed weight. The pre-test burn cycle
fuel charge weight shall be within 10 percent of the
test fuel charge weight. Piece size and length shall be selected
such that charcoalization is achieved by the time the fuel charge
has burned down to the required coal bed weight. Pieces with a
maximum thickness of approximately 2 inches have been found to be
suitable. Charcoalization is a general condition of the test fuel
bed evidenced by an absence of large pieces of burning wood in the
coal bed and the remaining fuel pieces being brittle enough to be
broken into smaller charcoal pieces with a metal poker.
Manipulations to the fuel bed prior to the start of the test run are
to be done to achieve charcoalization while maintaining the desired
heat output rate. During the pre-test burn cycle and at least one
hour prior to starting the test run, adjust water flow to the heat
exchanger to establish the target heat draw for the test. For the
first test run the heat draw rate shall be equal to the
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Allowable Adjustments. Fuel addition or subtractions,
and coal bed raking shall be kept to a minimum but are allowed up to
15 minutes prior to the start of the test run. For the purposes of
this method, coal bed raking is the use of a metal tool (poker) to
stir coals, break burning fuel into smaller pieces, dislodge fuel
pieces from positions of poor combustion, and check for the
condition of charcoalization. Record all adjustments to and
additions or subtractions of fuel, and any other changes to the
appliance operations that occur during pretest ignition period.
During the 15-minute period prior to the start of the test run, the
wood heater loading door shall not be open more than a total of 1
minute. Coal bed raking is the only adjustment allowed during this
period.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Coal Bed Weight. The appliance is to be loaded with the
test fuel charge when the coal bed weight is between 10 percent and
20 percent of the test fuel charge weight. Coals may be raked as
necessary to level the coal bed but may only be raked and stirred
once between 15 to 20 minutes prior to the addition of the test fuel
charge.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Storage. The Category III and IV test runs may be done
either with or without the thermal storage. If thermal storage is
used the initial temperature of the storage must be 125 [deg]F or
greater at the start of the test. The storage may be heated during
the pre-test burn cycle or it may be heated by external means. If
thermal storage is used, prior to the start of the test run, the
storage tank destratification pump, shown in Figure 1, shall be
operated until the total volume pumped exceeds 1.5 times the tank
volume and the difference between the temperature at the top and
bottom of the storage tank (TS1 and TS2) is
less than 1[emsp14][deg]F. These two temperatures shall then be
recorded to determine the starting average tank temperature. The
total volume pumped may be based on the nominal flow rate of the
destratification pump (See section 9.6). If the Category III and IV
runs are done with storage, it is recognized that during the last
hour of the pre-burn cycle the storage tank must be mixed to achieve
a uniform starting temperature and cannot receive heat from the
boiler/heater during this time. During this time period the boiler/
heater might cycle or go into a steady reduced output mode. (Note--
this would happen, for example, in a Category IV run if the actual
maximum output of the boiler/heater exceed the manufacturer's rated
output.) A second storage tank may be used temporarily to enable the
boiler/heater to operate during this last hour of the pre-burn
period as it will during the test period. The temperature of this
second storage tank is not used in the calculations but the return
water to the boiler/heater (after mixing device if used) must be 125
[deg]F or greater.
    12.4.2 Startup Procedure for Category I and II test runs,
``cold-to-cold.''
    <IP_ADDRESS> Initial Temperatures. This test shall be started with
both the boiler/heater and the storage at a minimum temperature of
125 [deg]F. The boiler/heater maximum temperature at the start of
this test shall be 135 [deg]F. The boiler/heater and storage may be
heated through a pre-burn or it may be heated by external means.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Firebox Condition at Test Start. Prior to the start of
this test remove all ash and charcoal from the combustion
chamber(s). The loading of the test fuel and kindling should follow
the manufacturer's recommendations, subject to the following
constraints: Up to 10 percent kindling and paper may be used which
is in addition to the fuel load. Further, up to 10 percent of the
fuel load (i.e., included in the 10 lb/ft\3\) may be smaller than
the main fuel. This startup fuel shall still be larger than 2
inches.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Storage. The Category I and II test runs shall be done
with thermal storage. The initial temperature of the storage must be
125 [deg]F or greater at the start of the test. The storage may be
heated during the pre-test burn cycle or it may be heated by
external means. Prior to the start of the test run, the storage tank
destratification pump, shown in Figure 1, shall be operated until
the total volume pumped exceeds 1.5 times the tank volume and the
difference between the temperature at the top and bottom of the
storage tank (TS1 and TS2) is less than 1
[deg]F. These two temperatures shall then be recorded to determine
the starting average tank temperature. The total volume pumped may
be based on the nominal flow rate of the destratification pump (See
section 9.6).
    12.5 Test Runs. For all test runs, the return water temperature
to the hydronic heater must be equal to or greater than 120 [deg]F
(this is lower than the initial tank temperature to allow for any
pipeline losses). Where the storage system is used, flow of water
from the boiler/heater shall be divided between the storage tank and
the heat

exchanger such that the temperature change of the circulating water
across the heat exchanger shall be 30  5 [deg]F,
averaged over the entire test run. This is typically adjusted using
the system valves.
    Complete a test run in each heat output rate category, as
follows:
    12.5.1 Test Run Start. For Category III and IV runs: once the
appliance is operating normally and the pretest coal bed weight has
reached the target value per 12.4.1, tare the scale and load the
full test charge into the appliance. Time for loading shall not
exceed 5 minutes. The actual weight of the test fuel charge shall be
measured and recorded within 30 minutes prior to loading. Start all
sampling systems.
    For Category I and II runs: once the appliance has reached the
starting temperature, tare the scale and load the full test charge,
including kindling into the appliance. The actual weight of the test
fuel charge shall be measured and recorded within 30 minutes prior
to loading. Light the fire following the manufacturer's written
normal startup procedure. Start all sampling systems.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Record all water temperatures, differential water
temperatures and water flow rates at time intervals of one minute or
less.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Record particulate emissions data per the requirements
of EPA Method 28 WHH and the standards referenced therein.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Record data needed to determine Overall Efficiency
(SLM) per the requirements of CSA B415.1-2010 Clauses 6.2.1, 6.2.2,
6.3, 8.5.7, 10.4.3 (a), 10.4.3(f), and <IP_ADDRESS>
    <IP_ADDRESS>.1 Measure and record the test room air temperature in
accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6.2.1, 8.5.7 and 10.4.3
(g).
    <IP_ADDRESS>.2 Measure and record the flue gas temperature in
accordance with the requirements of Clauses 6.2.2, 8.5.7 and 10.4.3
(f).
    <IP_ADDRESS>.3 Determine and record the Carbon Monoxide (CO) and
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) concentrations in the flue gas in
accordance with Clauses 6.3, 8.5.7 and 10.4.3 (i) and (j).
    <IP_ADDRESS>.4 Measure and record the test fuel weight per the
requirements of Clauses 8.5.7 and 10.4.3 (h).
    <IP_ADDRESS>.5 Record the test run time per the requirements of
Clause 10.4.3 (a).
    <IP_ADDRESS>.6 Record and document all settings and adjustments, if
any, made to the boiler/heater as recommended/required by
manufacturer's instruction manual for different combustion
conditions or heat loads. These may include temperature setpoints,
under and over-fire air adjustment, or other adjustments that could
be made by an operator to optimize or alter combustion. All such
settings shall be included in the report for each test run.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Monitor the average heat output rate on the load side
of the heat exchanger based on water temperatures and flow. If the
heat output rate over a 10 minute averaging period gets close to the
upper or lower limit of the target range ( 5 percent),
adjust the water flow through the heat exchanger to compensate. Make
changes as infrequently as possible while maintaining the target
heat output rate. The first test run shall be conducted at the
category IV heat output rate to validate that the appliance is
capable of producing the manufacturer's rated heat output capacity.
    12.5.2 Test Fuel Charge Adjustment. It is acceptable to adjust
the test fuel charge (i.e., reposition) once during a test run if
more than 60 percent of the initial test fuel charge weight has been
consumed and more than 10 minutes have elapsed without a measurable
(1 lb or 0.5 kg) weight change while the operating control is in the
demand mode. The time used to make this adjustment shall be less
than 60 seconds.
    12.5.3 Test Run Completion. For the Category III and IV, ``hot-
to-hot'' test runs, the test run is completed when the remaining
weight of the test fuel charge is 0.0 lb (0.0 kg). (WFuelBurned =
Wfuel) End the test run when the scale has indicated a test fuel
charge weight of 0.0 lb (0.0 kg) or less for 30 seconds.
    For the Category I and II ``cold-to-cold'' test runs, the test
run is completed; and the end of a test is defined at the first
occurrence of any one of the following:
    (a) The remaining weight of the test fuel charge is less than 1
percent of the total test fuel weight (WFuelBurned > 0.99 [middot]
Wfuel);
    (b) The automatic control system on the boiler/heater switches
to an off mode. In this case the boiler/heater fan (if used) is
typically stopped, and all air flow dampers are closed by the
control system. Note that this off mode cannot be an ``overheat'' or
emergency shutdown which typically requires a manual reset; or
    (c) If the boiler/heater does not have an automatic off mode:
After 90 percent of the fuel load has been consumed and the scale
has indicated a rate of change of the test fuel charge of less than
1.0 lb/hr for a period of 10 minutes or longer. Note--this is not
considered ``stopped fuel combustion,'' See section <IP_ADDRESS>.
    <IP_ADDRESS> At the end of the test run, stop the particulate
sampling train and Overall Efficiency (SLM) measurements, and record
the run time, and all final measurement values.
    <IP_ADDRESS> At the end of the test run, continue to operate the
storage tank destratification pump until the total volume pumped
exceeds 1.5 times the tank volume. The maximum average of the top
and bottom temperatures measured after this time may be taken as the
average tank temperature at the end of the tests (TFSavg, See
section 13.1). The total volume pumped may be based on the nominal
flow rate of the destratification pump (See section 9.6).
    <IP_ADDRESS> For the Category I and II test runs, there is a need to
determine the energy content of the unburned fuel remaining in the
chamber if the remaining mass in the chamber is greater than 1
percent of the test fuel weight. Following the completion of the
test, as soon as safely practical, this remaining fuel is removed
from the chamber, separated from the remaining ash and weighed. This
separation could be implemented with a slotted ``scoop'' or similar
tool. A \1/4\ inch opening size in the separation tool shall be used
to separate the ash and charcoal. This separated char is assigned a
heating value of 12,500 Btu/lb.
    12.5.4 Heat Output Capacity Validation. The first test run must
produce a heat output rate that is within 10 percent of the
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity (Category IV) throughout
the test run and an average heat output rate within 5 percent of the
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity. If the appliance is not
capable of producing a heat output within these limits, the
manufacturer's rated heat output capacity is considered not
validated and testing is to be terminated. In such cases, the tests
may be restarted using a lower heat output capacity if requested by
the manufacturer. Alternatively, during the Category IV run, if the
rated output cannot be maintained for a 15 minute interval, the
manufacturer may elect to reduce the rated output to match the test
and complete the Category IV run on this basis. The target outputs
for Cat I, II, and III shall then be recalculated based on this
change in rated output capacity.
    12.5.5 Additional Test Runs. Using the Manufacturer's Rated Heat
Output Capacity as a basis, conduct a test for additional heat
output categories as specified in 4.3. It is not required to run
these tests in any particular order.
    12.5.6 Alternative Heat Output Rate for Category I. If an
appliance cannot be operated in the Category I heat output range due
to stopped combustion, two test runs shall be conducted at heat
output rates within Category II. When this is the case, the
weightings for the weighted averages indicated in section 15.1.14
shall be the average of the Category I and II weighting's and shall
be applied to both Category II results. Appliances that are not
capable of operation within Category II (<25 percent of maximum)
cannot be evaluated by this test method.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Stopped Fuel Combustion. Evidence that an appliance
cannot be operated at a Category I heat output rate due to stopped
fuel combustion shall include documentation of two or more attempts
to operate the appliance in heat output rate Category I and fuel
combustion has stopped prior to complete consumption of the test
fuel charge. Stopped fuel combustion is evidenced when an elapsed
time of 60 minutes or more has occurred without a measurable (1 lb
or 0.5 kg) weight change in the test fuel charge while the appliance
operating control is in the demand mode. Report the evidence and the
reasoning used to determine that a test in heat output rate Category
I cannot be achieved. For example, two unsuccessful attempts to
operate at an output rate of 10 percent of the rated output capacity
are not sufficient evidence that heat output rate Category I cannot
be achieved.
    12.5.7 Appliance Overheating. Appliances with their associated
thermal storage shall be capable of operating in all heat output
categories without overheating to be rated by this test method.
Appliance overheating occurs when the rate of heat withdrawal from
the appliance is lower than the rate of heat production when the
unit control is in the idle mode. This condition results in the
water in the appliance continuing to increase in temperature well

above the upper limit setting of the operating control. Evidence of
overheating includes: 1 hour or more of appliance water temperature
increase above the upper temperature set-point of the operating
control, exceeding the temperature limit of a safety control device
(independent from the operating control--typically requires manual
reset), boiling water in a non-pressurized system or activation of a
pressure or temperature relief valve in a pressurized system.
    12.5.8 Option to Eliminate Tests in Category II and III.
Following successful completion of a test run in Category I, the
manufacturer may eliminate the Cat II and III tests. For the purpose
of calculating the annual averages for particulates and efficiency,
the values obtained in the Category I run shall be assumed to apply
also to Category II and Category III. It is envisioned that this
option would be applicable to systems which have sufficient thermal
storage such that the fuel load in the Cat I test can be completely
consumed without the system reaching its upper operating temperature
limit. In this case the boiler/heater would likely be operating at
maximum thermal output during the entire test and this output rate
may be higher than the Manufacturer's Rated Heat Output Capacity.
The Category II and III runs would then be the same as the Category
I run. It may be assumed that the particulate emission values and
efficiency values determined in the startup, steady-state, and end
phases of Category I are applicable in Categories II and III, for
the purpose of determining the annual averages in lb/MMBtu and g/MJ
(See section 13). For the annual average in g/hr, the length of time
for stored heat to be drawn from thermal storage shall be determined
for the test load requirements of the respective Category.
    12.5.9 Modification to Measurement Procedure in EPA Method 28
WHH to Determine Emissions Separately During the Startup, Steady-
State and End Phases. With one of the two particulate sampling
trains used, filter changes shall be made at the end of the startup
phase and the steady state phase (See section 3.0). This shall be
done to determine the particulate emission rate and particulate
emission index for the startup, steady state, and end phases
individually. For this one train, the particulates measured during
each of these three phases shall be added together to also determine
the particulate emissions for the whole run.
    12.5.10 Modification to Measurement Procedure in EPA Method 28
WHH and the standards referenced therein on Averaging Period for
Determination of Efficiency by the Stack Loss Method. The methods
currently defined in Method 28 WHH allow averaging over 10 minute
time periods for flue gas temperature, flue gas CO2, and
flue gas CO for the determination of the efficiency with the Stack
Loss Method. However, under some cycling conditions the ``on''
period may be short relative to this 10 minute period. For this
reason, during cycling operation the averaging period for these
parameters may not be longer than the burner on period divided by
10. The averaging period need not be shorter than one minute. During
the off period, under cycling operation, averaging periods as
specified in EPA Method 28 WHH and the standards referenced therein
may be used. Where short averaging times are used, however, the
averaging period for fuel consumption may still be at 10 minutes.
This average wood consumption rate shall be applied to all of the
smaller time intervals included.
    12.6 Additional Test Runs. The testing laboratory may conduct
more than one test run in each of the heat output categories
specified in section 4.3. If more than one test run is conducted at
a specified heat output rate, the results from at least two-thirds
of the test runs in that heat output rate category shall be used in
calculating the weighted average emission rate. The measurement data
and results of all test runs shall be reported regardless of which
values are used in calculating the weighted average emission rate.

13.0 Calculation of Results

    13.1 Nomenclature.

COs--Carbon monoxide measured in the dilution tunnel at
arbitrary time in ppm dry basis.
COg/min--Carbon monoxide emission rate in g/min.
COT--Total carbon monoxide emission for the full test run
in grams.
CO--1--Startup period carbon monoxide emissions in grams.
CO--2--Steady-state period carbon monoxide emission in
grams.
CO--3--End period carbon monoxide emission in grams.
ET--Total particulate emissions for the full test run as
determined per EPA Method 28 WHH and the standards referenced
therein in grams.
E1 = Startup period particulate emissions in grams.
E2 = Steady-state period particulate emissions in grams.
E3 = End period particulate emissions in grams.
E1--g/kg = Startup period particulate emission index in
grams per kg fuel.
E2--g/kg = Steady-state period particulate emission index
in grams per kg fuel.
E3--g/kg = End period particulate emission index in grams
per kg fuel.
E1--g/hr = Startup period particulate emission rate in
grams per hour.
E2--g/hr = Steady-state period particulate emission rate
in grams per hour.
E3--g/hr = End period particulate emission rate in grams
per hour.
Eg/MJ--Emission rate in grams per MJ of heat output.
Elb/mmBtu output--Emissions rate in pounds per million
Btu's of heat output.
Eg/kg--Emissions factor in grams per kilogram of dry fuel
burned.
Eg/hr--Emission factor in grams per hour.
HHV--Higher Heating Value of fuel = 8600 Btu/lb (19.990 MJ/kg).
LHV--Lower Heating Value of fuel = 7988 Btu/lb (18.567 MJ/kg).
[Delta]T--Temperature difference between cooling water entering and
exiting the heat exchanger.
Qout - Total heat output in Btu's (MJ).
Qin - Total heat input available in test fuel charge in
Btu's (MJ).
Qstd--Volumetric flow rate in dilution tunnel in dscfm.
M--Mass flow rate of water in lb/min (kg/min).
Vi--Volume of water indicated by a totalizing flow meter
at the ith reading in gallons (liters).
Vf--Volumetric flow rate of water in heat exchange system
in gallons per minute (liters/min).
[Theta]--Total length of burn period in hours ([Theta]1 +
[Theta]2 + [Theta]3).
[Theta]1--Length of time of the startup period in hours.
[Theta]2--Length of time of the steady state period in
hours.
[Theta]3--Length of time of the end period in hours.
[Theta]4--Length of time for stored heat to be used
following a burn period in hours.
ti--Data sampling interval in minutes.
[eta]del--Delivered heating efficiency in percent.
Fi--Weighting factor for heat output category i. See
Table 2.
T1--Temperature of water at the inlet on the supply side of the heat
exchanger, [deg]F.
T2--Temperature of the water at the outlet on the supply side of the
heat exchanger, [deg]F.
T3--Temperature of cooling water at the inlet to the load side of
the heat exchanger, [deg]F.
T4--Temperature of cooling water at the outlet of the load side of
the heat exchanger, [deg]F.
T5--Temperature of the hot water supply as it leaves the boiler/
heater, [deg]F.
T6--Temperature of return water as it enters the boiler/heater,
[deg]F.
T7--Temperature in the boiler/heater optional destratification loop
at the top of the boiler/heater, [deg]F.
T8--Temperature in the boiler/heater optional destratification loop
at the bottom of the boiler/heater, [deg]F.
TIavg--Average temperature of the appliance and water at
start of the test.
TIS1--Temperature at the inlet to the storage system at
the start of the test.
TIS2--Temperature at the outlet from the storage system
at the start of the test.
TFS1--Temperature at the inlet to the storage system at
the end of the test.
TFS2--Temperature at the outlet from the storage system
at the end of the test.
TISavg--Average temperature of the storage system at the
start of the test.

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.015

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.016

MC--Fuel moisture content in percent dry basis.
[sigma]--Density of water in pounds per gallon.
[sigma]Initial--Density of water in the boiler/heater
system at the start of the test in pounds per gallons.
[sigma]boiler/heater--Density of water in the boiler/
heater system at arbitrary time during the test in pounds per
gallon.
Cp--Specific heat of water in Btu/lb -[deg]F.
Csteel--Specific heat of steel (0.1 Btu/lb -[deg]F).
Vboiler/heater--total volume of water in the boiler/
heater system on the weight scale in gallons.
Wfuel--Fuel charge weight, as-fired or ``wet'', in pounds
(kg).
Wfuel--1--Fuel consumed during the startup period in
pounds (kg).
Wfuel--2--Fuel consumed during the steady state period in
pounds (kg).
Wfuel--3--Fuel consumed during the end period in pounds
(kg).
WFuelBurned--Weight of fuel that has been burned from the
start of the test to an arbitrary time, including the needed
correction for the change in density and weight of the water in the
boiler/heater system on the scale in pounds (kg).
WRemainingFuel--weight of unburned fuel separated from
the ash at the end of a test. Useful only for Cat I and Cat II
tests.
Wapp--Weight of empty appliance in pounds (kg).
Wwat--Weight of water in supply side of the system in
pounds (kg).
WScaleInitial--weight reading on the scale at the start
of the test, just after the test load has been added in pounds (kg).
WScale--Reading of the weight scale at arbitrary time
during the test run in pounds (kg).
WStorageTank--Weight of the storage tank empty in pounds
(kg).
WWaterStorage--Weight of the water in the storage tank at
TISavg in pounds (kg).

    13.2 After the test is completed, determine the particulate
emissions ET in accordance with EPA Method 28 WHH and the standards
referenced therein.
    13.3 Determination of the weight of fuel that has been burned at
arbitrary time
    For the purpose of tracking the consumption of the test fuel
load during a test run the following may be used to calculate the
weight of fuel that burned since the start of the test:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.017

    13.6 Determine heat output, efficiency, and emissions
    13.6.1 Determine heat output as:

Qout = [Sigma] [Heat output determined for each sampling
time interval] + Change in heat stored in the appliance + Change in
heat in storage tank.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.018

    Note: The subscript (i) indicates the parameter value for
sampling time interval ti.
    Mi = Mass flow rate = gal/min x Density of Water (lb/
gal) = lb/min.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.019

    Note: Vi is the total water volume at the end of
interval i and Vi-1 is the total water volume at the
beginning of the time interval. This calculation is necessary when a
totalizing type water meter is used.
    13.6.2 Determine Heat Output Rate Over Burn Period
([Theta]1+ [Theta]2+ [Theta]3) as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.020

    If thermal storage is not used in a Category III or IV run, then
[Theta]4 = 0

E1--g/kg = E1/(Wfuel--1/(1+MC/
100)), g/dry kg
E2--g/kg = E2/(Wfuel--2/(1+MC/
100)), g/dry kg
E3--g/kg = E3/(Wfuel--3/(1+MC/
100)), g/dry kg
E1--g/hr = E1/[Theta]1, g/hr
    E2--g/hr = E2/[Theta]2, g/hr
    E3--g/hr = E3/[Theta]3, g/hr
    13.6.4 Determine delivered efficiency as:
    [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.021

    13.6.5 Determine [eta]SLM--Overall Efficiency, also
known as Stack Loss Efficiency, using Stack Loss Method (SLM).
    For determination of the average overall thermal efficiency
([eta]SLM) for the test run, use the data collected over
the full test run and the calculations in accordance with CSA
B415.1-2010, Clause 13.7 except for 13.7.2 (e), (f), (g), and (h),
use the following average fuel properties for oak: %C = 50.0, %H =
6.6, %O = 43.2, %Ash = 0.2.
    <IP_ADDRESS> Whenever the CSA B415.1-2010 overall efficiency is
found to be lower than the overall efficiency based on load side
measurements, as determined by Eq. 22 of this method, section 14.1.7
of the test report must include a discussion of the reasons for this
result. For a test where the CSA B415.1-2010 overall efficiency SLM
is less than 2 percentage points lower than the overall efficiency
based on load side measurements,

the efficiency based on load side measurements shall be considered
invalid. [Note on the rationale for the 2 percentage points limit.
The SLM method does not include boiler/heater jacket losses and, for
this reason, should provide an efficiency which is actually higher
than the efficiency based on the energy input and output
measurements or ``delivered efficiency.'' A delivered efficiency
that is higher than the efficiency based on the SLM could be
considered suspect. A delivered efficiency greater than 2 percentage
points higher than the efficiency based on the SLM, then, clearly
indicates a measurement error.]
    13.6.6 Carbon Monoxide Emissions
    For each minute of the test period, the carbon monoxide emission
rate shall be calculated as:
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.022

    Total CO emissions for each of the three test periods
(CO--1, CO--2, CO--3) shall be
calculated as the sum of the emission rates for each of the 1 minute
intervals. Total CO emission for the test run, COT, shall
be calculated as the sum of CO--1, CO--2, and
CO--3.
    13.7 Weighted Average Emissions and Efficiency.
    13.7.1 Determine the weighted average emission rate and
delivered efficiency from the individual tests in the specified heat
output categories. The weighting factors (Fi) are derived
from an analysis of ASHRAE Bin Data which provides details of normal
building heating requirements in terms of percent of design capacity
and time in a particular capacity range--or ``bin''--over the course
of a heating season. The values used in this method represent an
average of data from several cities located in the northern United
States.
[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.023

    If, as discussed in section 12.5.8, the option to eliminate
tests in Category II and III is elected, the values of efficiency
and particulate emission rate as measured in Category I, shall be
assigned also to Category II and III for the purpose of determining
the annual averages.

14.0 Report

    14.1.1 The report shall include the following:
    14.1.2 Name and location of the laboratory conducting the test.
    14.1.3 A description of the appliance tested and its condition,
date of receipt and dates of tests.
    14.1.4 A description of the minimum amount of external thermal
storage that is required for use with this system. This shall be
specified both in terms of volume in gallons and stored energy
content in Btu with a storage temperature ranging from
125[emsp14][deg]F to the manufacturer's specified setpoint
temperature.
    14.1.5 A statement that the test results apply only to the
specific appliance tested.
    14.1.6 A statement that the test report shall not be reproduced
except in full, without the written approval of the laboratory.
    14.1.7 A description of the test procedures and test equipment
including a schematic or other drawing showing the location of all
required test equipment. Also, a description of test fuel sourcing,
handling and storage practices shall be included.
    14.1.8 Details of deviations from, additions to or exclusions
from the test method, and their data quality implications on the
test results (if any), as well as information on specific test
conditions, such as environmental conditions.
    14.1.9 A list of participants and their roles and observers
present for the tests.
    14.1.10 Data and drawings indicating the fire box size and
location of the fuel charge.
    14.1.11 Drawings and calculations used to determine firebox
volume.
    14.1.12 Information for each test run fuel charge including
piece size, moisture content and weight.
    14.1.13 All required data and applicable blanks for each test
run shall be provided in spreadsheet format both in the printed
report and in a computer file such that the data can be easily
analyzed and calculations easily verified. Formulas used for all
calculations shall be accessible for review.
    14.1.14 For each test run,
[Theta]1,[Theta]2, [Theta]3, the
total CO and particulate emission for each of these three periods,
and [Theta]4.
    14.1.15 Calculated results for delivered efficiency at each heat
output rate and the weighted average emissions reported as total
emissions in grams, pounds per million Btu of delivered heat, grams
per MJ of delivered heat, grams per kilogram of dry fuel and grams
per hour. Results shall be reported for each heat output category
and the weighted average.
    14.1.16 Tables 1A, 1B, 1C, 1D, 1E and 2 must be used for
presentation of results in test reports.
    14.1.17 A statement of the estimated uncertainty of measurement
of the emissions and efficiency test results.
    14.1.18 A plot of CO emission rate in grams/minute vs. time,
based on 1 minute averages, for the entire test period, for each
run.
    14.1.19 A plot of estimated boiler/heater energy release rate in
Btu/hr based on 10 minute averages, for the entire test period, for
each run. This will be calculated from the fuel used, the wood
heating value and moisture content, and the SLM efficiency during
each 10 minute period.
    14.1.20 Raw data, calibration records, and other relevant
documentation shall be retained by the laboratory for a minimum of 7
years.

15.0 Precision and Bias

    15.1 Precision--It is not possible to specify the precision of
the procedure in this test method because the appliance operation
and fueling protocols and the appliances themselves produce variable
amounts of emissions and cannot be used to determine reproducibility
or repeatability of this test method.
    15.2 Bias--No definitive information can be presented on the
bias of the procedure in this test method for measuring solid fuel
burning hydronic heater emissions because no material having an
accepted reference value is available.

16.0 Keywords

    16.1 Solid fuel, hydronic heating appliances, wood-burning
hydronic heaters, partial thermal storage.

                                                                                Table 1A--Data Summary Part A
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                [Theta]           Wfuel            MCave             Qin              Qout
                                                                                ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                Test duration   Wood weight as-   Wood moisture      Heat input
    Category          Run No.       Load %  capacity     Target load       Actual load       Actual load    -----------------      fired      ----------------------------------
                                                                                -----------------                                      Heat input
                                                                                lb              %DB              Btu              Btu
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I...............  ...............  <15% of max.......
II..............  ...............  16-24% of max.....
III.............  ...............  25-50% of max.....
IV..............  ...............  Max capacity......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                                Table 1B--Data Summary Part B
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            T2 Min              ET                 E                E              Eg/hr            Eg/kg           [eta]del        [EEgr]SLM
                                                      ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       Min return water      Total PM       PM output based  PM output based      PM rate         PM factor        Delivered        Stack loss
    Category          Run No.       Load %  capacity         temp.           emissions    ---------------------------------------------------------------------    efficiency       efficiency
                                                      ------------------------------------                                                                     ---------------------------------
                                                            [deg]F               g           lb/MMBtu Out          g/MJ             g/hr             g/kg              %                %
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I...............  ...............  <15% of max.......
II..............  ...............  16-24% of max.....
III.............  ...............  25-50% of max.....
IV..............  ...............  Max capacity......
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                              Table 1C--Data Summary Part C
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                    [Theta]1       [Theta]2       [Theta]3         CO_1           CO_2           CO_3           COT
                                                --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                 Startup time.   Steady state     End time      Startup CO    Steady state      End CO        Total CO
   Category        Run No.     Load %  capacity ---------------      time     ---------------    emission     CO emission      emission       emission
                                                               ---------------               -----------------------------------------------------------
                                                      min            min            min             g              g              g              g
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I.............  .............  <15% of max.....
II............  .............  16-24% of max...
III...........  .............  25-50% of max...
IV............  .............  Max capacity....
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                              Table 1D--Data Summary Part D
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       E1              E2              E3          E1_g/kg        E2_g/kg        E3_g/kg
                                                -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                   Startup PM     Steady state       End PM       Startup PM    Steady state      End PM
   Category        Run No.     Load %  capacity ----------------       PM       ---------------    emission     PM emission      emission
                                                                ----------------                    index          index          index
                                                        g                              g       --------------------------------------------
                                                                        g                         g/kg fuel      g/kg fuel      g/kg fuel
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I.............  .............  <15% of max.....
II............  .............  16-24% of max...
III...........  .............  25-50% of max...
IV............  .............  Max capacity....
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                       Table 1E--Label Summary Information
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MANUFACTURER:
MODEL NUMBER:
ANNUAL EFFICIENCY RATING:.........  [eta]avg..................  ..........................  (Using higher
                                                                                heating value).
PARTICLE EMISSIONS:...............  Eavg......................  ..........................  GRAMS/HR (average).
                                                                                LBS/MILLION Btu/hr
                                                                                OUTPUT.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                                Table 2--Annual Weighting
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Weighting     [eta]del,i x                                    Elb/MMBtu Out,i x
                      Category                          factor (Fi)         Fi         Eg/MJ,i x Fi    Eg/kg,i x Fi           Fi           Eg/hr,i x Fi
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
I...................................................           0.437
II..................................................           0.238

III.................................................           0.275
IV..................................................           0.050
                                                     ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    Totals..........................................           1.000
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                      [GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.007

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TP03FE14.008

0
7. Revise Appendix I to Part 60 to read as follows:

Appendix I to Part 60--Owner's Manuals for Wood-Burning Heaters Subject
to Subparts AAA, QQQQ, and RRRR of Part 60

1. Introduction

    The purpose of this appendix is to provide specific instructions
to manufacturers for compliance with the owner's manual provisions
of subparts AAA, QQQQ, and RRRR of this part.

2. Instructions for Preparation of Wood Heater Owner's Manuals

    2.1 Introduction
    Although the owner's manuals do not require premarket approval,
EPA will monitor the contents to ensure that sufficient information
is included to provide heater operation and maintenance information
affecting emissions to consumers. The purpose of this section is to
provide instructions to manufacturers for compliance with the
owner's manual provisions of Sec.  60.536(f) of subpart AAA that
applies to wood heaters, Sec.  60.5478(f) of subpart QQQQ that
applies to hydronic heaters and forced-air furnaces, and Sec.
60.5490(g) of subpart RRRR that applies to masonry heaters. A
checklist of topics and illustrative language is provided as
instructions. Owner's manuals should be tailored to specific wood
heater models, as appropriate.

2.2 Topics Required To Be Addressed in Owner's Manual

    (a) Wood heater description and compliance status;
    (b) Tamper warning;
    (c) Catalyst information and warranty (if catalyst equipped);
    (d) Fuel selection;
    (e) Achieving and maintaining catalyst light-off (if catalyst
equipped);
    (f) Catalyst monitoring (if catalyst equipped);
    (g) Troubleshooting catalytic equipped heaters (if catalyst
equipped);
    (h) Catalyst replacement (if catalyst equipped);
    (i) Wood heater operation and maintenance; and
    (j) Wood heater installation: achieving proper draft.

2.3 Sample Text/Descriptions

    (a) The following are example texts and/or further descriptions
illustrating the topics identified above. Although the regulation
requires manufacturers to address (where applicable) the ten topics
identified above, the exact language is not specified. Manuals
should be written specific to the model and design of the wood
heater. The following instructions are composed of generic
descriptions and texts.
    (b) If manufacturers choose to use the language provided in the
example, the portion in italics should be revised as appropriate.
Any manufacturer electing to use the EPA example language will be
considered to be in compliance with owner's manual requirements
provided that the particular language is printed in full with only
such changes as are necessary to ensure accuracy.
    Example language is not provided for certain topics, since these
areas are generally heater specific. For these topics, manufacturers
should develop text that is specific to the operation and
maintenance of their particular products.

2.3.1 Wood Heater Description and Compliance Status

    Owner's Manuals must include:
    (a) Manufacturer and model;
    (b) Compliance status (exempt, 1990 std., 2015 std., etc.); and
    (c) Heat output range.
    Exhibit 1--Example Text covering (a), (b), and (c) above:
    ``This manual describes the installation and operation of the
Brand X, Model 0 catalytic equipped wood heater. This heater meets
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's emission limits for wood
heaters sold after January 1, 2015. Under specific test

conditions this heater has been shown to deliver heat at rates
ranging from 8,000 to 35,000 Btu/hr.''

2.3.2 Tamper Warning

    The following statement must be included in the owner's manual
for catalyst-equipped units:
    ``This wood heater contains a catalytic combustor, which needs
periodic inspection and replacement for proper operation. It is
against the law to operate this wood heater in a manner inconsistent
with operating instructions in this manual, or if the catalytic
element is deactivated or removed.''

2.3.3 Catalyst Information

    The following information must be included with or supplied in
the owner's and warranty manuals:
    (a) Catalyst manufacturer and model;
    (b) Catalyst warranty details; and
    (c) Instructions for warranty claims.
    Exhibit 2--Example Text covering (a), (b), and (c):
    ``The combustor supplied with this heater is a Brand Z, Long
Life Combustor. Consult the catalytic combustor warranty also
supplied with this wood heater. Warranty claims should be addressed
to:
Stove or Catalyst Manufacturer-----------------------------------------
Address----------------------------------------------------------------
Phone --------------------------------------------------------

<IP_ADDRESS> This section should also provide clear instructions on how to
exercise the warranty (how to package for return shipment, etc.).

2.3.4 Fuel Selection

    Owner's manuals must include:
    (a) Instructions on acceptable fuels; and
    (b) Warning against inappropriate fuels.
    Exhibit 3--Example Text covering (a) and (b):
    ``This heater is designed to burn natural wood only. Higher
efficiencies and lower emissions generally result when burning air
dried seasoned hardwoods, as compared to softwoods or to green or
freshly cut hardwoods.
    DO NOT BURN:

 Treated Wood
 Coal
 Garbage
 Cardboard
 Solvents
 Colored Paper
 Trash

    Burning treated wood, garbage, solvents, colored paper or trash
may result in release of toxic fumes and may poison or render
ineffective the catalytic combustor. Burning coal, cardboard, or
loose paper can produce soot, or large flakes of char or fly ash
that can coat the combustor, causing smoke spillage into the room,
and rendering the combustor ineffective.''

2.3.5 Achieving and Maintaining Catalyst Light-Off

    Owner's manuals must describe in detail proper procedures for:
    (a) Operation of catalyst bypass (stove specific),
    (b) Achieving catalyst light-off from a cold start, and
    (c) Achieving catalyst light-off when refueling.
    <IP_ADDRESS> No example text is supplied for describing operation of
catalyst bypass mechanisms (Item (a) above) since these are
typically stove-specific. Manufacturers must provide instructions
specific to their model describing:
    (1) Bypass position during startup;
    (2) Bypass position during normal operation; and
    (3) Bypass position during reloading.
    Exhibit 4--Example Text for Item (b):
    ``The temperature in the stove and the gases entering the
combustor must be raised to between 500[deg] to 700[deg]F for
catalytic activity to be initiated. During the startup of a cold
stove, a medium to high firing rate must be maintained for about 20
minutes. This ensures that the stove, catalyst, and fuel are all
stabilized at proper operating temperatures. Even though it is
possible to have gas temperatures reach 600[deg]F within 2 to 3
minutes after a fire is started, if the fire is allowed to die down
immediately it may go out or the combustor may stop working. Once
the combustor starts working, heat generated in it by burning the
smoke will keep it working.''
    Exhibit 5--Example Text for Item (c):
    ``REFUELING: During the refueling and rekindling of a cool fire,
or a fire that has burned down to the charcoal phase, operate the
stove at a medium to high firing rate for about 10 minutes to ensure
that the catalyst reaches approximately 600[emsp14][deg]F.''

2.3.6 Catalyst Monitoring

    Owner's manuals must include:
    (a) Recommendation to visually inspect combustor at least three
times during the heating season;
    (b) Discussion on expected combustor temperatures for monitor-
equipped units; and
    (c) Suggested monitoring and inspection techniques.
    Exhibit 6--Example Text covering (a), (b) and (c):
    ``It is important to periodically monitor the operation of the
catalytic combustor to ensure that it is functioning properly and to
determine when it needs to be replaced. A non-functioning combustor
will result in a loss of heating efficiency, and an increase in
creosote and emissions. Following is a list of items that should be
checked on a periodic basis:
     Combustors should be visually inspected at least three
times during the heating season to determine if physical degradation
has occurred. Actual removal of the combustor is not recommended
unless more detailed inspection is warranted because of decreased
performance. If any of these conditions exists, refer to Catalyst
Troubleshooting section of this owner's manual.
     This catalytic heater is equipped with a temperature
probe to monitor catalyst operation. Properly functioning combustors
typically maintain temperatures in excess of 500[emsp14][deg]F, and
often reach temperatures in excess of 1,000[emsp14][deg]F. If
catalyst temperatures are not in excess of 500[emsp14][deg]F, refer
to Catalyst Troubleshooting section of this owner's manual.
     You can get an indication of whether the catalyst is
working by comparing the amount of smoke leaving the chimney when
the smoke is going through the combustor and catalyst light-off has
been achieved, to the amount of smoke leaving the chimney when the
smoke is not routed through the combustor (bypass mode).
    Step 1--Light stove in accordance with instructions in 3.3.5.
    Step 2--With smoke routed through the catalyst, go outside and
observe the emissions leaving the chimney.
    Step 3--Engage the bypass mechanism and again observe the
emissions leaving the chimney.
    Significantly more smoke should be seen when the exhaust is not
routed through the combustor (bypass mode). Be careful not to
confuse smoke with steam from wet wood.''

2.3.7 Catalyst Troubleshooting

    The owner's manual must provide clear descriptions of symptoms
and remedies to common combustor problems. It is recommended that
photographs of catalyst peeling, plugging, thermal cracking,
mechanical cracking, and masking be included in the manual to aid
the consumer in identifying problems and to provide direction for
corrective action.

2.3.8 Catalyst Replacement

    The owner's manual must provide clear step-by-step instructions
on how to remove and replace the catalytic combustor. The section
should include diagrams and/or photographs.

2.3.9 Wood Heater Operation and Maintenance

    Owner's manual must include:
    (a) Recommendations about building and maintaining a fire;
    (b) Instruction on proper use of air controls;
    (c) Ash removal and disposal;
    (d) Instruction on gasket replacement; and
    (e) Warning against overfiring.
    <IP_ADDRESS> No example text is supplied for (a), (b), and (d) since
these items are model specific. Manufacturers should provide
detailed instructions on building and maintaining a fire including
selection of fuel pieces, fuel quantity, and stacking arrangement.
Manufacturers should also provide instruction on proper air settings
(both primary and secondary) for attaining minimum and maximum heat
outputs and any special instructions for operating thermostatic
controls. Step-by-step instructions on inspection and replacement of
gaskets should also be included. Manufacturers should provide
diagrams and/or photographs to assist the consumer. Gasket type and
size should be specified.
    Exhibit 7--Example Text for Item (c):
    ``Whenever ashes get 3 to 4 inches deep in your firebox or ash
pan, and when the fire has burned down and cooled, remove excess
ashes. Leave an ash bed approximately 1 inch deep on the firebox
bottom to help maintain a hot charcoal bed.''
    ``Ashes should be placed in a metal container with a tight-
fitting lid. The closed container of ashes should be placed on a
noncombustible floor or on the ground, away

from all combustible materials, pending final disposal. The ashes
should be retained in the closed container until all cinders have
thoroughly cooled.''
    Exhibit 8--Example Text covering Item (e):

``DO NOT OVERFIRE THIS HEATER''

    ``Attempts to achieve heat output rates that exceed heater
design specifications can result in permanent damage to the heater
and to the catalytic combustor if so equipped.''
    2.3.10 Wood Heater Installation: Achieving Proper Draft
    Owner's manual must include:
    (a) Importance of proper draft;
    (b) Conditions indicating inadequate draft; and
    (c) Conditions indicating excessive draft.
    Exhibit 9--Example Text for Item (a):
    ``Draft is the force which moves air from the appliance up
through the chimney. The amount of draft in your chimney depends on
the length of the chimney, local geography, nearby obstructions, and
other factors. Too much draft may cause excessive temperatures in
the appliance and may damage the catalytic combustor. Inadequate
draft may cause backpuffing into the room and `plugging' of the
chimney or the catalyst.''
    Exhibit 10--Example Text for Item (b):
    ``Inadequate draft will cause the appliance to leak smoke into
the room through appliance and chimney connector joints.''
    Exhibit 11--Example Text for Item (c):
    ``An uncontrollable burn or a glowing red stove part or chimney
connector indicates excessive draft.''

[FR Doc. 2014-00409 Filed 1-31-14; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P