UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C.  20460

OFFICE OF

PREVENTION, PESTICIDES

AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES

March 28, 2006

MEMORANDUM

SUBJECT:	Crop Grouping – Part II:  Analysis of the USDA IR-4 Petition
to Amend the Crop Group Regulation 40 CFR ( 180.41 (c) (13) and
Commodity Definitions [40 CFR ( 180.1 (h)] Related to Crop Group 13
Berry.  MRID #  .

FROM:	Bernard A. Schneider, Ph.D., Senior Plant Physiologist

Chemistry and Exposure Branch

Health Effects Division (7509C)

THRU:	William Donovan and Michael Doherty, Chairpersons

HED Chemistry Science Advisory Council (ChemSAC)

Health Effects Division (7509C)

TO:		Barbara Madden, Minor Use Officer

Risk Integration, Minor Use, and Emergency Response Branch (RIMUERB)

		Registration Division (7505C)

cc: 		IR-4 Project, Hong Chen, Jerry Baron, Bob Holm, Van Starner

REQUEST:

Dr Hong Chen, Crop Grouping Coordinator and Dr. Van Starner, Crop Group
13 Workgroup Chairperson, have submitted a petition (May 16, 2005) on
behalf of the USDA Interregional Research Project No. 4 (IR-4) to amend
the Crop Group Regulation 40 CFR ( 180.41 (c) (13) Crop Group 13, Berry
Group, and the Commodity Definitions 40 CFR (180.1 (h) for blackberries
and caneberries.

The above mentioned Berry crop group petition requested the following
four amendments be made to the existing Berry Crop Group 13 and one
amendment to update the commodity definitions for blackberry and
caneberry:

	1. Amend the name of the crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (13) from
“Crop Group 13. Berries Group”, to “Crop Group 13. Berries and
small fruits group”.

	2. Amend the existing crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (13) that
consists of following 8 commodity entries:

1). Blackberries, (Rubus eubatus) (including bingleberry, black satin
berry, boysenberry, Cherokee blackberry, Chesterberry, Cheyenne
blackberry, coryberry, darrowberry, dewberry, Dirksen thornless berry,
Himalayaberry, Himalayaberry, Hullberry, Lavacaberry, Lowberry,
Lucretiaberry, Mammoth blackberry, Marionberry, Nectarberry,
Olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry, Phenomenalberry, Rangeberry,
Ravenberry, Rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, youngberry, and varieties
and/or hybrids of these)

2). Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)

3). Currant, (Ribes spp.).

4). Elderberry (Sambucus spp.)

5). Gooseberry, (Ribes spp.)

6). Huckleberry, (Gaylussacia spp.)

7). Loganberry (Rubus loganobaccus L.H. Bailey)

8). Raspberry, black and red (Rubus occidentalis L., Rubus strigosus
Michx., Rubus idaeus L.)

To an expanded crop group that consists of following 45 commodity
entries:

1).  Amur River grape, Vitis amurensis Rupr (Vitaceae)

2).  Aronia berry, Aronia spp. (Rosaceae)

3).  Bayberry, Myrica spp. (Myricaceae)

4).  Bearberry, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng (Ericaceae)

5).  Bilberry, Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae)

6).  Blackberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae)

7).  Blueberry, Vaccinium spp. (Ericaceae)

8).  Blueberry, Lowbush, Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton (Ericaceae)

9).  Buffalo Currant, Ribes aureum Pursh. (Grossulariaceae)

10). Buffaloberry, Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.(Eleagnaceae)

11). Che, Cudrania tricuspidata Bur. ex Lavallee (Moraceae)

12). Chilean guava, Myrtus ugni Mol. (Myrtaceae)

13). Chinese Egg Gooseberry, Actinidia rubricallus Dunn (Actinidiaceae)

14). Chokecherry, Prunus virginiana L. (Rosaceae)

15). Cloudberry, Rubus chamaemorus L. (Rosaceae)

16). Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton (Ericaceae)

17). Currant, Black, Ribes nigrum L. [Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)],
and Currant, Red, Ribes rubrum L. (syn: R. sativum (Rchb.) Syme)
[Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)]

18). Elderberry, Sambucus spp. (Caprifoliaceae)

19). European Barberry, Berberis vulgaris L. (Berberidaceae)

20). Gooseberry, Ribes spp. [Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)]

21). Grape, Vitis spp. (Vitaceae)

22). Highbush cranberry, Viburnum opulus L. var. Americanum Aiton
(Caprifoliaceae)

23). Honeysuckle, Lonicera caerula L. var. emphyllocalyx Nakai
(Caprifoliaceae)

24). Huckleberry, Gaylussacia spp. (Ericaceae)

25). Jostaberry, Ribes x nidigrolaria Rud. Bauer & A. Bauer.
[Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)]

26). Juneberry (including Saskatoon Berry), Amelanchier spp. (Rosaceae)

27). Kiwifruit, fuzzy, Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang & A.R.
Ferguson (Actinidaceae)

28). Kiwifruit, hardy, Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. Ex Miq
(Actinidaceae)

29). Lingonberry, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. (Ericaceae)

30). Maypop, Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae)

31). Mountain Pepper Berries, Tasmannia lanceolata (Poir.) A.C.
Sm.(Winteraceae)

32). Mulberry, Morus spp. (Moraceae)

33). Muntries, Kunzea pomifera F. Muell. (Myrtaceae)

34). Native Currant, Acrotriche depressa R. Br. (Epacridaceae)

35). Partridgeberry, Mitchella repens L. (Rubiaceae)

36). Phalsa, Grewia subinaequalis DC. (Tiliaceae)

37). Pincherry, Prunus pensylvanica L. f. (Rosaceae)

38). Raspberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae)

39). Riberry, Syzygium luehmannii (Myrtaceae)

40). Salal, Gaultheria shallon Pursh (Ericaceae)

41)  Schisandra berry (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.
(Schisandraceae)

42). Sea Buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Eleagnaceae)

43). Serviceberry, Sorbus spp. (Rosaceae)

44). Strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne, (Rosaceae)

45). Wild raspberry, Rubus muelleri Lefevre ex P.J. Mull (Rosaceae)

3. Revise Caneberry subgroup 13A and Bushberry subgroup 13B by adding
additional commodities in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (13), and add six new
subgroups 13C, 13D, 13E, 13F, 13G, and 13H following the 13A and 13B.
The revised and added subgroups are:

Subgroup 13A: Caneberry subgroup 13A (representative commodity: any one
Blackberry or any one Raspberry)

1). Blackberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae) (including Andean Blackberry,
Arctic blackberry, Bingleberry, Black satin berry, Boysenberry,
Brombeere, California blackberry, Chesterberry, Cherokee blackberry,
Cheyene backberry, Common blackberry, Coryberry, Darrowberry, Dewberry,
Dirksen thornless berry, Evergreen blackberry, Himalayaberry, Hullberry,
Lavacaberry, Loganberry, Lowberry, Lucretiaberry, Mammoth blackberry,
Marionberry, Moras, Mures deronce, Nectarberry, Northern dewberry,
Olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry, Phenomenalberry, Rangeberry,
Ravenberry, Rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, Southern dewberry, Tayberry,
Youngberry, Zarzamora, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these).

2). Raspberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae) (including Bababerry, Black
raspberry, Blackcap, Caneberry, Framboise, Frambueso, Himbeere,
Keriberry, Mayberry, Red raspberry, Thimbleberry, Tulameen, Yellow
raspberry, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these)

3). Wild raspberry

Subgroup 13B: Bushberry subgroup 13B (representative commodity:
Blueberry, highbush)

  1). Aronia berry

  2). Blueberry, highbush, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these

  3). Blueberry, Lowbush

  4). Buffalo Currant

  5). Chilean guava)

  6). Currant, black and Currant, Red

  7). Elderberry

  8). European Barberry

  9). Gooseberry

10). Highbush cranberry

11). Honeysuckle

12). Huckleberry

13). Jostaberry

14). Juneberry

15). Lingonberry

16) Native Currant

17). Salal

      18). Sea Buckthorn

Subgroup 13C: Large shrub/tree berry subgroup 13C (representative
commodities: Elderberry or Mulberry)

  1). Bayberry

  2). Buffaloberry

  3). Che

  4). Chokecherry

  5). Elderberry

  6). Juneberry

  7). Mountain Pepper Berries

  8). Mulberry

  9). Phalsa

10). Pincherry

11). Riberry

12). Serviceberry

Subgroup 13D: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13D (representative
commodities: Grape and Fuzzy kiwifruit):

1). Amur river grape

2). Chinese egg gooseberry

3). Grape

4). Kiwifruit, fuzzy

5). Kiwifruit, hardy

6). Maypop

7). Schisandra berry

Subgroup 13E: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13E, except grape
(representative commodity: Fuzzy kiwifruit):

1). Amur river grape

2). Chinese egg gooseberry

3). Kiwifruit, fuzzy

4). Kiwifruit, hardy

5). Maypop

6). Schisandra berry

Subgroup 13F: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13F, except kiwifruit
(representative commodity Grape):

1). Amur river grape

2). Chinese egg gooseberry

3). Grape

4). Maypop

5). Schisandra berry

Subgroup 13G: Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13G (representative commodity:
Strawberry)

1). Bearberry

2). Bilberry

3). Blueberry, Lowbush

4). Cloudberry

5). Cranberry

6). Lingonberry

7). Muntries

8). Partridgeberry

9). Strawberry

Subgroup 13H, Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13H, except strawberry
(representative commodity: Cranberry)

1). Bearberry

2). Bilberry

3). Blueberry, Lowbush

4). Cloudberry

5). Cranberry

6). Lingonberry

7). Muntries

8). Partridgeberry

“4. Revise the representative crops for Crop Group 13 in 40 CFR 180.41
(c) (13): Revise representative crops from “Any one blackberry or any
one raspberry; and blueberry”, to “Any one blackberry or any one
raspberry; highbush blueberry; lowbush blueberry; elderberry or
mulberry; grape; fuzzy kiwifruit; and strawberry”.

5. Revise crop definition for Blackberries in 40 CFR 180.1 (h) from:

Rubus eubatus (including bingleberries, black satin berries,
boysenberries, Cherokee blackberries, Chesterberries, Cheyene
backberries, coryberries, darrowberries, dewberries, Dirksen thornless
berries, Himalayaberries, hullberries, Lavacaberries, lowberries,
Lucretiaberries, mammoth blackberries, marionberries, nectarberries,
olallieberries, Oregon evergreen berries, phenomenalberries,
rangeberries, ravenberries, rossberries, Shawnee blackberries, and
varieties and/or hybrids of these).

To:

Blackberry in 40 CFR 180.1 (h) = Rubus spp. (including Andean
blackberry, Arctic blackberry, bingleberry, black satin berry,
boysenberry, brombeere, California blackberry, Cherokee blackberry,
chesterberry, Cheyene backberry, common blackberry, coryberry,
darrowberry, dewberry, dirksen thornless berry, evergreen blackberry,
Himalayaberry, hullberry, lavacaberry, loganberry, lowberry,
lucretiaberry, mammoth blackberry, marionberry, mora, mures deronce,
nectarberry, Northern dewberry, olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry,
phenomenalberry, rangeberry, ravenberry, rossberry, Shawnee blackberry,
Southern dewberry, tayberry, youngberry, zarzamora, and cultivars and/or
hybrids of these).

Each of these proposals will be reviewed in the following analysis:

BACKGROUND:

	The Berry Crop Group 13 proposal was initiated at the USDA/IR-4 Crop
Grouping Symposium in Arlington, VA, October 2002.  It was further
discussed and developed within the Crop Group 13 Workgroup of the
International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee.  This workgroup,
Chaired by IR-4 Coordinator Dr. Van Starner and Co-Chaired by Craig
Hunter, Rick Loranger, Rick Melnicoe, Chris Olinger, and John Wise,
consists of 170 U.S. crop or regulatory experts from agriculture
commodity groups, universities, agrichemical industry, IR-4 Project,
USDA, FDA, EPA, and international crop or regulatory experts
representing over 30 countries.  The Workgroup concluded that the
current Crop Group 13 Berry Group which includes only eight commodities
should be expanded to include forty five proposed new orphan commodities
to meet growers’ needs for crop protection and to facilitate
import/export tolerances. The Workgroup has discussed and validated each
of the current and proposed commodities, group, and subgroups. A
Bibliography is attached to the updated commodity monographs as
supporting data to provide references.  Information on berries and small
fruits production regions/countries are provided in Table 8, and major
berries and small fruits production data in the U.S. and other
regions/countries in 2004 are provided in Table 9.

The current Crop Group 13, Berries Group, includes eight berries
commodities in four botanical families, Rosaceae, Ericaceae,
Grossulariaceae, and Caprifoliaceae.  This group was revised from the
original crop group 13 in 1983 regulation, Small Fruits and Berries
Group that included 14 commodities and represented by five commodities,
blackberry or other Rubus spp., blueberry, cranberry, grape, and
strawberry.  Before the 1995 revision, only one tolerance was
established on this group based on the 1983 regulation.  The large
number of representative commodities was cited as the main reason for
the low number of tolerances established in 1983 (see Table 1 for Crop
Group 13 regulations published in 1983 and 1995, and proposed for 2006).

Based on public comments this crop group was revised to “Berries Group
13” in 1995 regulation which excluded grape, strawberry and cranberry.
 At that time, grape, strawberry, and cranberry were excluded because
either processing studies were necessary or the grower groups requested
to be omitted from the crop group.  Two representative commodities were
selected for this reduced group, any one raspberry or any one
blackberry, and blueberry.  Also two subgroups were established, the
Caneberry Subgroup 13A and the Bushberry subgroup 13B.  This revision
resulted in three crop group tolerances, 23 subgroup tolerances with 13
on the caneberry subgroup 13A and 10 on the bushberry subgroup 13B.

Without a doubt, the current Crop Group 13 has been successful in
establishing tolerances, yet the overwhelmingly higher number of
tolerances established on subgroups indicated that the subgroups is an
excellent way to pursue tolerances for related crops within a crop
group.  With this in mind other berries and small fruits such as grape,
strawberry and cranberry should be included in the crop group and
receive maximum benefit of crop protection by being members of the crop
groups and subgroups.

As mentioned previously the current Berries Group was revised from the
1983 crop group with fewer commodities.  Since 1983 there has been an
explosion of ethnic berry and small fruit crops.  These “orphan
crops” grown commercially, cultivated in small scales, or harvested
wild, are sold and consumed in the U.S. or other regions or countries.
Many of these are of economic importance, or have great potential to be
grown in larger scales in the future due to their nutritional content,
or the increased market demand driven by the growing ethnic populations.
 Being excluded from the crop groups, tolerances requested for these
commodities would have to be established based on separate residue
studies.  Without a doubt the inclusion of these commodities in crop
groups/subgroups will benefit growers, consumers, save time and tax
payer’s money on residue studies, save government Agencies time in
review residue data, and facilitate the establishment of import
tolerances. Acreages of these berries, however is limited by pest
problems and a lack of pesticides available to the grower to control the
pests and help them develop integrated pest management systems (IPM).

Another important aspect is the harmonization with the Codex crop
classification.  The Codex Classification of foods and animal feeds for
Berries and Small Fruits Group is proposing three subgroups:
Caneberries, Bushberries, and Other Small fruits.  Note that the Codex
crop group does not have representative commodities.  The IR-4/EPA Crop
Grouping Working Group and the International Crop Grouping Consulting
Committee are making every effort to collaborate with the revision of
the Codex crop classification (see Table 17 for berries and small fruits
crop groups established by Codex and proposed by this petition).

Table 1. EPA Crop Group Comparison:  1983 EPA Crop Group 13 (Small
Fruits and Berries Group) and 1995 EPA Crop Group 13 (Berries Group)

Regulation	1983 Regulation	1995 Regulation	2006 Proposed Regulation

Name of the Crop Group	Small Fruits and Berries Group	Berries Group
Berry and Small Fruit Group

Representative Crops	5 (Blackberry or other Rubus spp., blueberry,
cranberry, grape and strawberry)	2 (Any one blackberry or any one
raspberry, and blueberry)	6 (Any one blackberry or any one raspberry;
blueberry, highbush; elderberry or mulberry; grape and fuzzy kiwifruit;
and strawberry

Subgroups	None	2 (Caneberry subgroup and Bushberry subgroup)	8
(Caneberry subgroup; Bushberry subgroup; Large shrub/tree berry
subgroup; Small fruit vine climbing subgroup; Small fruit vine climbing
subgroup; Small fruit vine climbing subgroup, except kiwifruit;
Lowgrowing berry subgroup; Lowgrowing berry subgroup, except strawberry

Commodities included	15 (Blackberry; blueberry; boysenberry; cranberry;
currant; dewberry; elderberry; gooseberry; grape; huckleberry;
loganberry; olallie berry; raspberry, black and red; strawberry;
youngberry)	8 [Blackberry (including bingleberry, boysenberry, dewberry,
lowberry, marionberry, olallieberry, youngberry); blueberry; currant;
elderberry; gooseberry; huckleberry; eloganberry; raspberry, black and
red]	45 (Amur River grape; aronia berry; bayberry; bearberry; bilberry;
blackberry; blueberry; blueberry, lowbush; buffalo currant;
buffaloberry; che; chilean guava; chinese egg gooseberry; chokecherry;
cloudberry; cranberry; currant, black; currant, red; elderberry;
european barberry; gooseberry; grape; highbush cranberry; honeysuckle;
huckleberry; jostaberry; juneberry; kiwifruit, fuzzy; kiwifruit, hardy;
lingonberry; maypop; mountain pepper berries; mulberry; muntries; native
currant; partridgeberry phalsa; pincherry; raspberry; riberry; salal;
schisandra berry; sea buckthorn; serviceberry; strawberry; wild
raspberry)

RECOMMENDATIONS:

Each of the five proposals and recommendations will be discussed below,
followed by a series of other recommendations on terminology, database
development, and harmonization with Codex.  The EPA would like to
commend the valuable and high quality input of the ICGCC, all its
members, leader, and the Workgroup Chairperson.

Proposal 1:

	“Amend the name of the crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (13) from
“Crop Group 13. Berries Group” to “Crop Group 13. Berries and
small fruits group”.

Recommendation for Proposal 1:

I recommend that ChemSAC concur to change the name of the current Crop
Group 13: Berries Group [40 CFR ( 180.41 (c) (3)]” to “Crop Group
13: Berry and small fruit group.  By establishing the Crop group name as
Berry and small fruit group there will be no confusion or conflict with
the older 1983 nomenclature for Crop group 13 called  Small fruits and
berries group.  The singular commodity names are used throughout the
crop grouping proposal to conform to the updated EPA Food and Feed
Commodity Vocabulary (  HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed"
http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed ).  We have been setting
tolerances on the Crop group 13 as “Berry Crop Group” instead as
“Berries Crop Group 13”since the Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary
was developed.

Proposal 2:

	Amend the existing crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (13) that consists
of following 8 commodity entries:

1). Blackberries, (Rubus eubatus) (including bingleberry, black satin
berry, boysenberry, Cherokee blackberry, Chesterberry, Cheyenne
blackberry, coryberry, darrowberry, dewberry, Dirksen thornless berry,
Himalayaberry, Himalayaberry, Hullberry, Lavacaberry, Lowberry,
Lucretiaberry, Mammoth blackberry, Marionberry, Nectarberry,
Olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry, Phenomenalberry, Rangeberry,
Ravenberry, Rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, youngberry, and varieties
and/or hybrids of these)

2). Blueberry (Vaccinium spp.)

3). Currant, (Ribes spp.).

4). Elderberry (Sambucus spp.)

5). Gooseberry, (Ribes spp.)

6). Huckleberry, (Gaylussacia spp.)

7). Loganberry (Rubus loganobaccus L.H. Bailey)

8). Raspberry, black and red (Rubus occidentalis L., Rubus strigosus
Michx., Rubus idaeus L.)

To an expanded crop group that consists of following 45 commodity
entries:

  1).  Amur River grape, Vitis amurensis Rupr (Vitaceae)

  2).  Aronia berry, Aronia spp. (Rosaceae)

  3).  Bayberry, Myrica spp. (Myricaceae)

  4).  Bearberry, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi (L.) Spreng (Ericaceae)

  5).  Bilberry, Vaccinium myrtillus L. (Ericaceae)

  6).  Blackberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae)

  7).  Blueberry, Vaccinium spp. (Ericaceae)

  8).  Blueberry, Lowbush, Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton (Ericaceae)

  9).  Buffalo Currant, Ribes aureum Pursh. (Grossulariaceae)

10). Buffaloberry, Shepherdia argentea (Pursh) Nutt.(Eleagnaceae)

11). Che, Cudrania tricuspidata Bur. ex Lavallee (Moraceae)

12). Chilean guava, Myrtus ugni Mol. (Myrtaceae)

13). Chinese Egg Gooseberry, Actinidia rubricallus Dunn Actinidiaceae)

14). Chokecherry, Prunus virginiana L. (Rosaceae)

15). Cloudberry, Rubus chamaemorus L. (Rosaceae)

16). Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton (Ericaceae)

17). Currant, Black, Ribes nigrum L. [Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)],
and Currant, Red, Ribes rubrum L. (syn: R. sativum (Rchb.) Syme)
[Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)]

18). Elderberry, Sambucus spp. (Caprifoliaceae)

19). European Barberry, Berberis vulgaris L. (Berberidaceae)

20). Gooseberry, Ribes spp. [Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)]

21). Grape, Vitis spp. (Vitaceae)

22). Highbush cranberry, Viburnum opulus L. var. Americanum Aiton
(Caprifoliaceae)

23). Honeysuckle, Lonicera caerula L. var. emphyllocalyx Nakai
(Caprifoliaceae)

24). Huckleberry, Gaylussacia spp. (Ericaceae)

25). Jostaberry, Ribes x nidigrolaria Rud. Bauer & A. Bauer.
[Grossulariaceae (Saxifragaceae)]

26). Juneberry (including Saskatoon Berry), Amelanchier spp. (Rosaceae)

27). Kiwifruit, fuzzy, Actinidia deliciosa (A. Chev.) C.F. Liang & A.R.
Ferguson (Actinidaceae)

28). Kiwifruit, hardy, Actinidia arguta (Siebold & Zucc.) Planch. Ex Miq
(Actinidaceae)

29). Lingonberry, Vaccinium vitis-idaea L. (Ericaceae)

30). Maypop, Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae)

31). Mountain Pepper Berries, Tasmannia lanceolata (Poir.) A.C.
Sm.(Winteraceae)

32). Mulberry, Morus spp. (Moraceae)

33). Muntries, Kunzea pomifera F. Muell. (Myrtaceae)

34). Native Currant, Acrotriche depressa R. Br. (Epacridaceae)

35). Partridgeberry, Mitchella repens L. (Rubiaceae)

36). Phalsa, Grewia subinaequalis DC. (Tiliaceae)

37). Pincherry, Prunus pensylvanica L. f. (Rosaceae)

38). Raspberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae)

39). Riberry, Syzygium luehmannii (Myrtaceae)

40). Salal, Gaultheria shallon Pursh (Ericaceae)

41)  Schisandra berry (Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill.
(Schisandraceae)

42). Sea Buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides L. (Eleagnaceae)

43). Serviceberry, Sorbus spp. (Rosaceae)

44). Strawberry, Fragaria x ananassa Duchesne, (Rosaceae)

45). Wild raspberry, Rubus muelleri Lefevre ex P.J. Mull (Rosaceae)

Recommendation for Proposal 2:

Based on similarities in cultural practices, edible food portions,
residue levels, geographical locations, similar pest problems, and lack
of animal feed items and for international harmonization purposes, I
recommend that ChemSAC concur to establish an expanded Crop Group 13
Berry and small fruit Group.  The representative commodities for this
expanded crop group will become “any one blackberry or any one
raspberry; highbush blueberry; elderberry or mulberry; grape; fuzzy
kiwifruit; and strawberry”.  Cultivars and hybrids between members of
this Crop group are also included as members of this group.  Cranberry
is the representative commodity for the Crop subgroup 13 H, but is not
required to obtain a crop group tolerance because it is covered by
strawberry in Crop subgroup 13G. The only exception to adding all 45
members to the Berry and small fruit crop group is to delete Chinese egg
gooseberry, Actinidia rubricallus Dunn) from the crop group and the
proposed crop subgroups.  At this time, the author feels that the input
of the ICGCC indicates that Chinese egg gooseberry has limited potential
for increased cultivation and lacks potential for commercial development
as a specialty crop.  While some of the other added orphan crops are
also considered very minor, such as amur river grape, honeysuckle,
muntries, pincherry and the sea buckthorn, we feel they fit well in this
group because they are grown in other countries and demand from
immigrants to have native crops grown in the U.S. indicate greater
potential development as a specialty crop.  The scientific names for all
of the berry and small fruits were reviewed and verified by Dr. John H.
Wiersema, Botanist, USDA Systematic Botany and Mycology Laboratory, and
Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN).

Proposal 3:

	“Revise the Caneberry subgroup 13A and Bushberry subgroup 13B by
adding 36 additional commodities to 40 CFR 180.41 (c) (13), and add six
new subgroups as Large shrub/tree berry subgroup 13C, Small fruit vine
climbing subgroup 13D, Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13E, except
grape, Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13F, except fuzzy kiwifruit,
Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13G, and Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13H, except
strawberry.”

Recommendation for Proposal 3 Berry Crop Subgroups 13A and 13B:

	I am recommending that ChemSAC concur to revise the current crop
subgroups 13A and 13B by adding applicable orphan commodities as well as
establishing six new subgroups as follows and a discussion of each
subgroup will follow:

Subgroup 13A: Caneberry subgroup 13A (representative commodity: any one
Blackberry or any one Raspberry)

1). Blackberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae) (including Andean Blackberry,
arctic blackberry, bingleberry, black satin berry, boysenberry,
brombeere, California blackberry, Chesterberry, Cherokee blackberry,
Cheyene backberry, common blackberry, coryberry, darrowberry, dewberry,
Dirksen thornless berry, evergreen blackberry, Himalayaberry, hullberry,
lavacaberry, loganberry, lowberry, Lucretiaberry, mammoth blackberry,
marionberry, moras, mures deronce, nectarberry, Northern dewberry,
olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry, phenomenalberry, rangeberry,
ravenberry, rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, Southern dewberry, tayberry,
youngberry, zarzamora, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these with other
Rubus species).

2). Raspberries, Rubus spp. (Rosaceae) (including Bababerry, Black
raspberry, Blackcap, Caneberry, Framboise, Frambueso, Himbeere,
Keriberry, Mayberry, Red raspberry, Thimbleberry, Tulameen, Yellow
raspberry, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these with other Rubus
species)

3). Wild raspberry

Recommendation for Proposal 3- Caneberry subgroup 13A:

	I recommend this subgroup be revised from the current Caneberry
Subgroup 13A to add a number of blackberry and raspberry cultivars and
hybrids.  Loganberry is now listed under blackberry rather than as a
separate commodity entry in the current crop group because it is a
hybrid between a blackberry and a raspberry.  Caneberry should be
removed from the list of raspberries and “cultivars and/or hybrids of
these with other Rubus” should be changed to cultivars and/or hybrids
of these, and the list of commodities will be modified to add purple
raspberry.  Commodities in this subgroup are all Rubus species and will
contain all of the cultivars and hybrids that have occurred within
either blackberries and/or raspberries.  Considering the similarities of
these commodities in plant biology such as their fruit structure and
cultural practices, they are likely to encounter similar pest problems,
and hence have similar needs for pest control products with similar use
patterns.  The representative commodity from the current subgroup 13A,
“any one blackberry or any one raspberry,” is still applicable to
this expanded subgroup and they will remain the representative
commodity.

Proposed Subgroup 13B: Bushberry subgroup 13B (representative commodity:
Blueberry, highbush)

  1). Aronia berry

  2). Blueberry, highbush, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these

  3). Blueberry, Lowbush

  4). Buffalo Currant

  5). Chilean guava)

  6). Currant, black and Currant, Red

  7). Elderberry

  8). European Barberry

  9). Gooseberry

10). Highbush cranberry

11). Honeysuckle

12). Huckleberry

13). Jostaberry

14). Juneberry

15). Lingonberry

16) Native Currant

17). Salal

      18). Sea Buckthorn

Recommendation for Proposal 3- Bushberry subgroup 13B:

I recommend this subgroup be revised from the current Bushberry Subgroup
13B to increase the total number of commodities from six to eighteen.
This subgroup is similar to subgroup 13A, this group of bushberries
shares similarities in plant biology and cultural practices.  They are
likely to encounter similar pest problems, hence have similar needs for
pest control products with similar use patterns.  Previously, ChemSAC
(Schneider, 2001) approved the addition of Juneberry, lingonberry and
salal to this subgroup.  The representative commodity remains the
“Blueberry, highbush”.

Proposed Subgroup 13C: Large shrub/tree berry subgroup 13C
(representative commodity: Elderberry or Mulberry):

  1). Bayberry

  2). Buffaloberry

  3). Che

  4). Chokecherry

  5). Elderberry

  6). Juneberry

  7). Mountain Pepper Berries

  8). Mulberry

  9). Phalsa

10). Pincherry

11). Riberry

12). Serviceberry

Recommendation for Proposal 3- Large shrub/tree berry subgroup 13C
(representative commodity: Elderberry or Mulberry).

I recommend that this subgroup be added to Crop group 13.  This subgroup
includes 12 large shrubs and trees that range from 10 feet to up to 40
feet in height and produce berries or berry-like fruits.  The twelve
commodities proposed for this subgroup are from eight different
botanical families; however the similarities in plant and fruit sizes
could give this group of commodities similar use patterns for the
pesticide residue field studies.  The representative commodity selected
is either elderberry or mulberry.  Since the mulberry has a fruit
surface structure formed as a cluster of drupelets, it has a potential
to generate higher residues and it would be a good representative crop
for the regions and countries that have large mulberry productions.  In
the United States elderberry is a more appropriate representative crop
than mulberry since it has a larger commercial production.

Proposed Subgroup 13D: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13D
(representative commodities: Grape and Fuzzy kiwifruit):

1). Amur river grape

2). Chinese egg gooseberry

3). Grape

4). Kiwifruit, fuzzy

5). Kiwifruit, hardy

6). Maypop

7). Schisandra berry

	And

Proposed Subgroup 13E: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13E, except
grape (representative commodity: Fuzzy kiwifruit):

1). Amur river grape

2). Chinese egg gooseberry

3). Kiwifruit, fuzzy

4). Kiwifruit, hardy

5). Maypop

6). Schisandra berry

	And

Proposed Subgroup 13F: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13F, except
kiwifruit (representative commodity: Grape):

1). Amur river grape

2). Chinese egg gooseberry

3). Grape

4). Maypop

5). Schisandra berry

Recommendation for Proposal 3- Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13D
(representative commodities: Grape and Fuzzy kiwifruit); Small fruit
vine climbing subgroup 13E, except grape (representative commodity:
Fuzzy kiwifruit); and Proposed Subgroup 13F: Small fruit vine climbing
subgroup 13F, except kiwifruit (representative commodity: Grape):

	I recommend that ChemSAC approve these three new crop subgroups: Small
fruit vine climbing subgroup 13D with the representative commodities:
Grape and fuzzy kiwifruit); the Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13E,
except grape with the representative commodity: fuzzy kiwifruit; and the
Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13F, except kiwifruit with the
representative commodity being grape.  These three subgroups are created
for small fruit vine climbing commodities which are usually maintained
on a trellis support production system.  The seven commodities in the
Subgroup 13D are three Actinidia spp. i.e. kiwifruit and Chinese egg
gooseberry, two Vitis spp. i.e. grape and amur river grape, one
Passiflora spp., maypop, and one Schisandra spp., schisandra berry.  All
of these plants are perennial vines climbing on trellis or adjacent
upright plants.  I deleted Chinese egg gooseberry as a member of the
crop group and subgroups because of comments from the ICGCC that it is
very bitter and lacks potential as a developed crop in the future.  I
also placed hardy kiwifruit in Crop subgroup 13F because it is similar
to grape the representative commodity and to distinguish the kiwifruits
we will call the standard kiwi with the fuzzy skin the fuzzy kiwifruit
and the hardy kiwifruit resembles grapes with its smooth skin.  Grape
and fuzzy kiwifruit are selected as representative commodities for Crop
subgroup 13D based on grape’s large commercial production and high
consumption and fuzzy kiwifruit’s potential higher residues.  Table 13
shows tolerances established on grape and kiwifruit in six compounds,
two had higher tolerances on kiwifruit, one on grape, and same
tolerances in three cases.  Commercial fuzzy kiwifruit production in the
United States is limited to California at the present time, with the
research development and growing market demands for its nutritional
values kiwifruit has a potential to spread out to other states,
especially the small grape-sized hardy kiwi.  Subgroups 13E with fuzzy
kiwifruit and 13F with grape as representative commodities are developed
for tolerances to be established as an option to subgroup 13D which has
both grape and kiwifruit as representative commodities.  Reflecting
these changes from the proposals, the revised proposed subgroups for
13D, 13E, and 13H are listed below:

Revised Proposed Subgroup 13D: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13D
(representative commodities: Grape and Fuzzy kiwifruit):

1). Amur river grape

2). Grape

3). Kiwifruit, fuzzy

4). Kiwifruit, hardy

5). Maypop

6). Schisandra berry

	And

Revised Proposed Subgroup 13E: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13E,
except grape (representative commodity: Fuzzy kiwifruit):

1). Amur river grape

2). Kiwifruit, fuzzy

3). Kiwifruit, hardy

4). Maypop

5). Schisandra berry

	And

Revised Proposed Subgroup 13F: Small fruit vine climbing subgroup 13F,
except kiwifruit (representative commodity: Grape):

1). Amur river grape

2). Grape

3). Kiwifruit, hardy

4). Maypop

5). Schisandra berry

Proposed Subgroup 13G: Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13G (representative
commodity: Strawberry)

1). Bearberry

2). Bilberry

3). Blueberry, Lowbush

4). Cloudberry

5). Cranberry

6). Lingonberry

7). Muntries

8). Partridgeberry

9). Strawberry

	And

Proposed Subgroup 13H, Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13H, except strawberry
(representative commodity: Cranberry)

1). Bearberry

2). Bilberry

3). Blueberry, Lowbush

4). Cloudberry

5). Cranberry

6). Lingonberry

7). Muntries

8). Partridgeberry

Recommendation for Proposal 3- Lowgrowing berry subgroup 13G
representative commodity strawberry and Lowgrowing berry subgroup,
except strawberry subgroup 13H representative commodity Cranberry:

	I recommend that ChemSAC approve these two new crop subgroups:
Lowgrowing berry subgroup and 1the Lowgrowing berry subgroup, except
strawberry.  These two subgroups are created for nine lowgrowing berry
commodities that are either short shrubs or herbaceous perennial less
than two feet in height.  Most of these berries are from botanical
families of Ericaceae and Rosaceae and have similar sized fruits (1/2 to
1/3 inches in length), except for the strawberry which is larger in
size.  Strawberry is selected as representative commodity for this
subgroup (13G) of nine commodities based on its potential higher
residues with its seeds placed on its edible skin, higher per capita
consumption, cultural practices, and larger commercial production and
geographical locations.  A comparison of thirteen tolerances established
for strawberry and cranberry showed seven to be the same and six higher
in strawberry than cranberry and only one (clopyralid) was higher in
cranberry than in strawberry.  Cranberry is selected as representative
commodity for subgroup 13H and strawberry is excluded from this
subgroup.  Cranberry has a relatively large commercial production and
higher per capita production in this subgroup making it a good
representative commodity and has higher consumption then the other
commodities in this subgroup (see Table 14 for a comparison of
tolerances established on Blueberry, Currant, Cranberry, Gooseberry and
Strawberry).

Proposal 4:

	“Revise representative crops for Crop Group 13 in 40 CFR 180.41 (c)
(13): Revise representative crops from “Any one blackberry or any one
raspberry; and blueberry”, to “Any one blackberry or any one
raspberry; highbush blueberry; lowbush blueberry; elderberry or
mulberry; grape; fuzzy kiwifruit; and strawberry”.

Recommendation for Proposal 4:

	Based in the proposal above for the new crop subgroups, I recommend
ChemSAC approve to change the representative commodities for the amended
Berry and small fruit crop group to the following: “Any one blackberry
or any one raspberry; highbush blueberry; elderberry or mulberry; grape;
fuzzy kiwifruit; and strawberry”.  Cranberry is not required to obtain
a crop group tolerance but it is a representative commodity for Crop
subgroup 13H.  Cranberry is covered by strawberry, which is the
representative commodity for Crop subgroup 13G.  Lowbush blueberry is
not needed as a representative commodity since it will be a member of
two subgroups and it is covered by the representative commodity
strawberry for Crop subgroup 13 G and cranberry for Crop ubgroup13 H.

Proposal 5:

“Revise Commodity definitions under 40 CFR ( 180.1 (h) for
Blackberries from: Rubus eubatus (including bingleberries, black satin
berries, boysenberries, Cherokee blackberries, Chesterberries, Cheyenne
blackberries, coryberries, darrowberries, dewberries, Dirksen thornless
berries, Himalayaberries, hullberries, Lavacaberries, lowberries,
Lucretiaberries, mammoth blackberries, marionberries, nectarberries,
olallieberries, Oregon evergreen berries, phenomenalberries,
rangeberries, ravenberries, rossberries, Shawnee blackberries, and
varieties and/or hybrids of these).”

To:

“Blackberry Rubus spp. (including Andean blackberry, Arctic
blackberry, bingleberry, black satin berry, boysenberry, brombeere,
California blackberry, Cherokee blackberry, chesterberry, Cheyenne
blackberry, common blackberry, coryberry, darrowberry, dewberry, dirksen
thornless berry, evergreen blackberry, Himalayaberry, hullberry,
lavacaberry, loganberry, lowberry, lucretiaberry, mammoth blackberry,
marionberry, mora, mures deronce, nectarberry, Northern dewberry,
olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry, phenomenalberry, rangeberry,
ravenberry, rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, Southern dewberry, tayberry,
youngberry, zarzamora, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these).”

Recommendation for Proposal 5:

I recommend that ChemSAC approve the revision to the 40 CFR ( 180.1 (h)
commodity definition for Blackberries to add additional cultivars and
hybrids and to change the commodity names from plural to singular to
conform to the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary rules for
commodity terminology.  Note the subgenus Rubus eubatus is no longer
used by the USDA plant taxonomists, and they recommend the use of the
term Rubus spp. which we incorporated into the commodity definition.

Additional Recommendations:

 6. I recommend the commodity definition in 40 CFR ( 180.1 (h) for
Caneberries from “Caneberries …......  Rubus spp. (including
blackberries; Rubus caesius (youngberry); Rubus loganbaccus
(loganberry); Rubus occidentalis, idaeus, and strigosus (red and black
raspberries); and varieties and/or hybrids of these” be amended to:

“Caneberry .................  Rubus spp. (including blackberry; Rubus
caesius (youngberry); Rubus loganbaccus (loganberry); Rubus idaeus (red
and black raspberries); and varieties and/or hybrids of these).

	This amendment will correct the scientific names to the caneberry
commodity definition and update the commodity terminology to conform to
the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary rules for commodity
terminology.

 7. I recommend establishing a new commodity definition [40 CFR ( 180.1
(h)] for raspberry as follows:

“Raspberry……………  Rubus spp. (including bababerry, black
raspberry, blackcap, caneberry, framboise, frambueso, himbeere,
keriberry, mayberry, red raspberry, thimbleberry, tulameen, yellow
raspberry, and cultivars and/or hybrids of these).”

	This commodity definition for raspberry will further clarify the
cultivars of rapberry covered in the Caneberry subgroup.

 8. Guidance for HED SOP 99.6 -  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1  “Classification
of Food Forms with Respect to Level of Blending” issued August 20,
1999, and HED SOP 2000.1 – “  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Guidance for
Translation of Field Trial Data from Representative Commodities in the
Crop Group Regulation to Other Commodities in Each Crop
Group/Subgroup” issued September 12, 2000 can be updated to reflect
the revisions in the Berry and small fruit crop group 13.

 9. Guidance on expressing tolerance terminology for the Berry and small
fruit crop group 13 and the eight subgroups are discussed under the
“Tolerance expression guidance section of this analysis.

10. New lookup and preferred EPA terms are listed in the EPA Food and
Feed Commodity Vocabulary section of this report and these terms should
be added to the updated EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary website.

ANALYSIS OF THE USDA IR-4 PROPOSAL TO AMEND THE BERRY CROP GROUP 13:

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROPOSED COMMODITIES:

	The current Crop Group 13, Berries Group, includes eight berries
commodities in four botanical families, Rosaceae, Ericaceae,
Grossulariaceae, and Caprifoliaceae.  This group was revised from the
original crop group 13 in 1983 regulation, Small Fruits and Berries
Group that included 14 commodities and represented by five commodities,
blackberry or other Rubus spp., blueberry, cranberry, grape, and
strawberry.  The berries and small fruits has become cultivated in only
the last two to 400 years with the exception of grapes which have been
cultivated 5,000 to 6,000 years ago.  Plant breeders have found that
many members of the berry and small fruit group such as the blackberries
and raspberries can readily cross and bear fertile hybrids.  The berries
and small fruits are a good source of the flavonoid ellagic acid that is
being researched as a cancer inhibiting drug.  The finding that the
berries are very high in flavonoids that are a rich source of
antioxidants has greatly increased the interest in the development of
berry varieties and research into new berries crops for human nutrition
and medical research (Elstein, 2005).  The most recent successful
introduced crop from New Zealand to the U.S. is the kiwifruit.

The 45 commodities in the proposed crop group are herbaceous annual,
biennial or perennial cool season plants cultivated as annual crops.
There are many berries considered to be “orphan crops” grown
commercially or individually, and sold and consumed in the U.S. or other
regions or countries that ae not yet in a crop group.  This petition
proposes “Berry and Small Fruit Group 13” with 45 berries and small
fruits commodity entries, including the original 8 commodity entries in
the current “Berries group”.  These commodities are from the
following 16 botanical families: Actinidiaceae, Berberidaceae,
Caprifoliaceae, Eleagnaceae, Epacridaceae, Ericaceae, Grossulariaceae,
Moraceae, Myricaceae, Myrtaceae, Passifloraceae, Rosaceae, Rubiaceae,
Schisandraceae; Tiliaceae, Vitaceae, and Winteraceae.  Brambles are
another general term sometimes used in defining any species belonging to
the Rubus genus.  These are raspberries, blackberries, and several
hybrids of these two such as tayberry.  Many Rubus species related to
blackberry and raspberry are not listed as individual entries; instead
they are listed under “Blackberries” and “Raspberries”.  Current
commodity definitions for caneberries (Rubus spp.) cover both
blackberries and raspberries.  The predominant plant families in this
crop group are the Rosaceae and the Ericacae.  Members of the Rosaceae
family include strawberry, raspberry, and blackberry.  Plant species in
this family are classified by their flower type and their plant growth
habit.  In the Rosaceae family, the Rubus genera have two significant
subgenera that have attained commercial importance.  Raspberries are in
Rubus subgenus Idaeobatus and blackberries are in the subgenus Rubus
previously called Eubatus.  There are many hybrids between raspberry and
blackberry such as loganberry, boysenberry, and ollalieberry.
Caneberries is the general term for Rubus spp., which are commonly
called raspberries and blackberries.  The most commonly used criteria to
separate the raspberry and blackberry is their mature fruit.  When
picked, raspberries leave the receptacle behind resulting in a cup-or
thimble- shaped fruit.  On the other hand, blackberries retain the
receptacle within the fruit and it becomes part of the edible fruit, and
the fruit are not cup-shaped.  Rubus is one of the most diverse genera
of angiosperms (flowering) in the world, consisting of 12 subgenera some
with hundreds of species.  The geographic distribution ranges from the
Arctic Circle (Arctic blackberry) to the tropics (Mysore raspberry), on
every continent except Antarctica.

	Fruits of the Ericacae or Heath family not only have well known
ornamental members such as Rhododendrons and azaleas, but also have
thirteen genera that contain species with fleshy berries.  These berries
contain many seeds and have a outer waxy cuticle Vaccinium is the most
important member of this family and its growth varies from trailing
vines to trees with the being shrubs.  There are over 450 species of
evergreen and deciduous shrubs found in this group.  Included in this
genus are the blueberry, cranberry, bilberry, and lingonberry.  Highbush
blueberry production is in thirty-six states and six Canadian provinces.
 (See map in Appendix I, Figure 6).  Another important berry fruit crop
family is the Vitaceae which contains all the types of grapes used for
fresh fruit, wine, juice and raisins.

	Berries in a generic sense are pulpy, usually edible fruits of rounded
shape and small size that are derived from ovarian tissue.  Botanically,
a berry is a simple fruit, derived from ovarian floral tissue, in which
the fruit wall or pericarp has a uniformly pulpy or fleshy consistency.
The fruit of a grape is a berry borne in clusters and consisting of
several berries.  There is a large variation in plant biology and
cultural practices among this group of commodities, but they are more
similar in fruit characteristics and cultural practice management.  The
most efficient way for this group of berries and small fruits to receive
food use clearances in the future is to utilize subgroups in conducting
residue studies.  The berries and small fruits are all perennial crops
and are usually woody, and some such as strawberries can be managed as
an annual or perennial production crop.  For the purpose of pesticide
residue research and maximum benefit of the tolerance establishment, the
proposed eight subgroups were classified based on the overall
consideration of the botanical characteristics, cultural practice
similarities, and pest problems.  Although some commodities in the
proposed crop group are not currently in commercial production in the
U.S., they may enter U.S. markets as imported products or as introduced
as new or alternative cash crops to the U.S. farmers in the near future.

GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF BERRIES AND SMALL FRUITS

	Understanding how the berries and small fruits grow and develop is a
key part of developing a pest control strategy for optimum berries and
small fruits yield and quality and a helpful reference for analysis of
residue field trials by EPA scientists.  Some of the recognized growth
stages for highbush blueberry, cranberry, grape, currant, and
strawberries are discussed in Tables below.

	The developmental stages for the highbush blueberry (adapted from
Abbott and Gaugh, 1987) are shown in Table 2, the cranberry (adapted
from Galetta and Himelrick, 1990) in Table 3, grape (adapted from Meier,
2001) in Table 4, currant (adapted from Meier, 2001) in Table 5,
raspberry (adapted from Scottish Crop Research Institute, 2001) in Table
6, and strawberries (adapted from Meier, 2001) in Table7.

Table 2.—Growth stages of highbush blueberry by month (adapted from
Abbott and Gaugh, 1987).

Plant Developmental Stage	Timing Date (dates can vary depending on
climatic conditions such as temperature and rainfall)

Leaf bud swell includes early green tip	April 6 – 21

First bloom 	April 22- May 17

Fruit set includes early pink stage	May 18 – June 5

Immature green, late green tip and shoot expansion stages	June 6 –
June 20

Blue/blue-pink stage  includes early and late pink stage	June 21 –
July 5

Harvest > 75% blue color stage	July 6 – August 22

Flower bud formation for next years crop	July 19 – October 20

Dormant	October 20 –March 31

Table 3.  Growth stages of the Cranberry by Month (adapted from Galetta
and Himelrick, 1990).

MONTH	GROWTH STAGE

Jan - March	Dormant

April	Dormant, bud swelling

May	Dormant, hook stage

June	Bud development – blossom

July	Blossom – fruit set full flower

Buds initiated for next year

August	Fruit development

Sept	Fruit maturing

Oct	Fruit matured and harvested, vines become dormant

Nov- Dec.	Dormant

Table 4.  Selected Growth Stages of Grapes Using BBCH Identification
Codes (Meier, 2001, Schneider, 1996).

BBCH Code 	Growth Stage	General Description

00 	Dormancy	Sprouting/bud development

(00 – 09)

01	Beginning of bud swelling

	09	Leaf tips extended beyond bud scales

	10	Leaf tips above bud scales, first leaves separating	Leaf development
(10 – 19)

19	First leaves fully expanded

	55	First flower buds 	Inflorescence emergence

(51 – 59) For Concord grape in NY time is April.

59	Grape stage all flower buds separated

	60	First flowers open	Flowering (60 – 69) For Concord grape in NY
time is June 15 for full bloom.

69	End of flowering all petals fallen	For Concord grape in NY time is
July 1 for petal fall.

71	Beginning of fruit growth	Fruit Development (71 – 79)

75	50% of fruits formed

	79	90% of fruits formed

	81	Beginning of ripening berries begin to develop variety specific
color	Maturity of fruit and seed

(81 – 89)

87	Fruits ripe for picking

	91	Shoot growth completed	Senescence (91 – 99)

97	All leaves fallen

	99	Harvested product	For Concord grapes in NY time is Oct 1 for harvest
ranges from Sept. 25 to Oct 10.

Table 5.  Selected Growth Stages of Currants Using BBCH Identification
Codes (Meier, 2001).

BBCH Code 	Growth Stage	General Description

00 	Dormancy	Sprouting/bud development

(00 – 08)

01	Beginning of bud swelling

	08	Bud burst, green shoots visible

	11	First leaf unfolded	Leaf development (11 – 19)

19	9 or more leaves unfolded

	53	Inflorescence clearly visible 	Inflorescence emerge (53 – 57)

57	Inflorescence fully developed, flowers separating

	60	First flowers detach from receptacle	Flowering (60 – 69)

65	Full flowering

	69 	End of flowering

	71	Fruit set, remains of flowers lost	Fruit Development (71 – 79)

79	Majority of berries touching

	81	Beginning of ripening berries begin to develop variety specific
color	Berry Ripening (81 – 89)

89	Berries ripe for harvest

	91	After harvest	Senescence (91 – 99)

93	Beginning of leaf fall

	99	Harvest

Table 6.  Selected Growth Stages of Raspberries Using BBCH
Identification Codes (adapted from Scottish Crop Research Institute,
2001).

BBCH Code 	Growth Stage	General Description

00 	Dormancy	Bud development (00 – 09)

07	Beginning of bud break

	09	Green leaf tips visible

	10	First leaf separating	Leaf development (10 – 16)

16	6 or more leaves unfolded

	31	Canes about 10% of final length	Cane development (31 – 39)

39	Canes about final length

	40	First leaves separating	Lateral development (40 – 49)

49	Nine or more leaves separating

	51	First flower buds visible 	Inflorescence emergence

(51 – 59)

59	Petals (white) visible, flower buds still closed

	60	First flowers open	Flowering (60 – 69)

69	End of flowering, first fruits visible

	71	10% of fruits formed	Development of fruit (71 – 79)

75	50 % of fruit formed

	79	Majority of fruit formed

	81	First fruits about final size	Maturity of fruit (81 – 895)

83	Fruit begins coloring

	89	Full ripe fruit

	891	10 % of fruit harvested

	893	50 % of fruit harvested

	895	50 % of fruit harvested

Table 7.  Selected Growth Stages of Strawberries Using BBCH
Identification Codes (Meier, 2001 and Krewer and Myers, 1989).

BBCH Code 	Growth Stage	General Description

00 	Dormancy	Sprouting/bud development (00 – 03), February in
established plantings

03	Main bud swelling

	10	First leaf emerging	Leaf development (10 – 19)

19	Five or more leaves unfolded

	41	Beginning of stolon growth	Development of stolons and young plants
(41 – 49)

49	Several daughter plants with roots ready for planting

	55	First set flowers 	Inflorescence emergence

(55 – 59) March in established plantings

58	Early balloon stage

	60 	First flowers opening, majority of petals fallen	Flowering (60 –
67) Late March - April in established plantings

71	Receptacle protruding from sepal whorl	Fruit Development (71 – 73)
Late April in established plantings

73	Seeds clearly visible on receptacle tissue

	81	Beginning of ripening most berries white in color	Maturity of fruit
(81 – 89)  May- June in established plantings

87	Main harvest

	89	Second harvest more fruits colored

	91	Beginning of axillary bud formation	Senescence (91 – 97) November

97	Old leaves dead

U.S./NAFTA AND WORLD PRODUCTION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE
BERRIES AND SMALL FRUITS:

Proposed members of the Berry and small fruit crop group find widespread
distribution throughout the world.  Strawberry is found in almost ever
country from the Arctic to the tropics, and is more widely distributed
than grapes.  Blackberry, highbush blueberry, grape, kiwifruit, and
strawberry are widely grown fruits in the world (Table 8).  All of these
commodities plus raspberry, elderberry or mulberry, and cranberry are
the new representative commodities for the new Berry and small fruit
group.

	In the U.S berries and small fruits are widely consumed with the per
capita consumption in 2004 for the following berries reported as
blackberry at 0.08 lb, blueberry at 0.36 lb, raspberry at 0.25 lb,
strawberry at 6.9 lb and other berries at 0.03 lb.  Kiwifruit per capita
consumption was reported as 0.44 lb in 2004.  Grape per capita
consumption was 7.8 lb fresh, 0.2 lb canned, 4.3 lb as juice, and 6.6 lb
dried as raisins, and 29.9 l as wine.   (USDA ERS, 2005; Pollack and
Peres, 2005).  Frozen fruit consumption in 2004 is reported as
blackberry – 0.07 lb; blueberry – 0.28 lb, raspberry – 0.21 lb;
and strawberry – 1.73 lb.  Based on the USDA CSFII 1994 – 1996, 1998
survey, using two day individual consumption determined the berry and
small fruit consumption (g/day) was 0.20g for blackberry, 0.01g for
blackberry juice, 0.01 g for boysenberry, 0.000000002 g for dewberry,
0.058 g for raspberry, 0.00049 g for raspberry juice, 0.89 g for
blueberry, 0.000976g  for currant, 0.00037 g for dried currant,
0.00000045 g for gooseberry, 0.000579 g for huckleberry, 0.00058 g for
cranberry, 0.0048 g  for dried cranberry, 2.5 g for cranberry juice,
4.14 g for grape, 8.1 g for grape juice, 0.0088 g for grape leaves, 1.33
g for grape raisin, 8.88 g for grape wine and sherry 0.03g for
kiwifruit, 0.02 for mulberry, 3.32 g for strawberry and 1.61 g for
strawberry juice

Table 8 provides information on berry and small fruit production in
various countries that are members of the International Crop Grouping
Consulting Committee (ICGCC), and information on major berry and small
fruit production bulb production acreages is provided in Table 9.
Worldwide, the grape is by far the most harvested berry and small fruit.

Table 8. Berries and Small Fruits Production Regions/Countries

(Based on FAO Statistics 2003 and information provided by the members of
the ICGCC)

n Barberry	√

√

√

	Gooseberry	√	√	√

	√

Grape	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√

Table 8. (Continued)

nberry	√

√

√

	Maypop	√

	Mountain Pepper Berries

√

Mulberry	√

	√	√

√

	Muntries

√

Native Currant

√

Partridgeberry	√

√	√

Phalsa	√

	Pincherry

	√

	Raspberry	√	√	√

	√	√	√	√	√

Riberry

√

Salal	√

	Schisandra berry	√

√	√	√	√

Sea Buckthorn

√

Serviceberry	√

√

	Strawberry	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√	√

Wild raspberry

√

The major world bulb onion producing region is Asia followed by Europe,
Africa, and then North America (Table 3).  The major green onion
producing regions are Asia followed by Central America and then Africa,
while the major garlic producing regions are Asia, Europe, South
America, Africa, and North America.

Table 9. Major Berries and Small Fruits Production in 2004:

Areas Harvested (in Hectares) (Based on FAO Statistics 2004)

Region/Country	Blueberry	Cranberry	Grape	Kiwifruit	Raspberry	Strawberry

U.S.	16,500	16,000	380,000	1,900	6,000	19,500

Australia	--	--	150,000	400	230	1,479

Canada	24,121	2,869	9,330	8	3,211	4,085

China	--	--	423,080	--	--	800

India	--	--	60,000	--	--	--

Japan	--	--	19,200	3,200	--	7,300

Korea	--	--	23,500	1,000	--	7,600

New Zealand	350	--	17,200	10,750	300	380

Africa	10	8	337,520 	4	66	6,202

C. America	200	--	41,352	--	170	5,876

N. America	40,621	18,869	389,330	1,908	9,211	23,585

S. America	--	--	476,139	7,700	--	6,135

Asia	300	300	1,876,746	5,930	300	24,981

Europe	7,200	10,500	4,385,950	30,817	68,608	135,470

World Total	48,681	29,677	7,674,237	57,509	78,885	214,118

Berry and Small Fruit Production:

Production in U.S. is based on the USDA 2004 Agricultural Statistics,
FAO Statistics, 2004, USDA 2005 Noncitrus Fruits and Nuts 2005 Summary,
and the Agricultural Census, 2002:  According to the 2002 AgCensus
berries were harvested from 206,034 A (83,415 ha) with 157,897 A (63,926
ha) being irrigated (76.6%).  In 2004, blackberries were harvested from
6,300 A (2,551 ha) with average yields 8.35 T/A, blueberries were
harvested from 44,430 A (17,998 ha) with yields of 2.6T/A, boysenberries
were harvested from 950 A (385 ha) with yields of 2.74 T/A, loganberries
in Oregon were harvested from 60 A (24 ha) with yields 1.42 T/A, black
raspberries for Oregon were harvested from 1,000 A (405 ha) with yields
of 1.10 T/A, red raspberries were harvested from 10,900 A (4413 ha) with
yields of 3.08 T/A, both red and black raspberries from California were
harvested from 3,200 A (1296 ha) with yields of 10.4 T/A, cranberries
were harvested from 39,2000 A (15,870 ha) with yields of 8.12 T/A,
grapes from 933,200 A (377,813 ha) with yields of 6.4 T/A, kiwifruit for
California from 4,500 T/A (1,822 ha) with yields 5.8 T/A, and
strawberries from 51,600 A (20,891 ha) with yields of 21.5 T/a.  Most of
the berry production (> 95 %) is processed.  A comparison of NAFTA and
EPA Crop Production Regions are listed in Tables 13A and 13B.
Production in Canada in 2003 accounted 10,990 acres (4,448 ha) and 400
million pounds.  Maps showing the harvested acres of the major berry and
small fruit crops are found in Appendix I, Figures 1 to 8.

Specific Berry and Small Fruit Crop Producion:

Amur River grape:

Amur River grape is distributed in East Asia including Soviet Far East,
Chine, Japan and Korea.  It is hardy to U.S. Plant hardiness zones 3 –
9.

Andean blackberry:

	Andean blackberry is closely related to the black raspberry and is
distributed in Central and South America, and from the North Andes to
Mexico is often cultivated in South America for its edible fruit.

Arctic blackberry:

	Arctic blackberry is hardy in the US to Plant hardiness zone 1.
Formerly native to Britain in the Scottish highlands, it is distributed
in Northern North America, N. Europe and N. Asia.

Aronia berry:

	Aronia berry is a deciduous shrub native to eastern North America
widely used by landscapers.  Aronia was well known to natives and early
settlers, but has not been commercially cultivated in the U.S. since the
turn of the century.  However, in Denmark, Eastern Europe and Russia
(especially Siberia) the strongly colored, pungently flavored fruit is
quite popular for juice and even wine production.  Production Map: EPA
Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 4 and 5.

Bayberry:

		The bayberry is native in sandy swamps or wet woods from New Brunswick
south to Florida. M. cerifera is found as far west as Texas and Arkansas
while M. carolinensis is common in bogs in northern New Jersey and
Pennsylvania. Myrica rubra is a perennial evergreen tree, grown under
warm climate, such as middle or southern of Japan, South Korea, Taiwan,
China and the Philippines.  Other production regions: Japan grew 62 ha
(153 acres) yielding 42 tons in 2002).

Bearberry:

	Bearberry, also commonly known in the trade as ‘uva-ursi’ is a
native of the U.S., growing in dry sandy or rocky soil from the Middle
Atlantic States north to Labrador and westward to California and Alaska.
The trailing, lowgrowing evergreen shrub is found in cool temperate
regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including North America, Europe, and
Asia. Most of the leaf in commerce is wild-harvested.  USDA plant
hardiness Zone 2.

Bilberry:

	Bilberry is adapted to USDA plant hardiness zones 4-9.  It is native to
North America,  Europe and Asia.  More commonly found in the
Northwestern US and western Canada.  Other commercial production
regions: Scotland

Blackberry:

	Under the 40 CFR ( 180.1 (h) commodity definition for blackberries
several other commodities are covered by a blackberry tolerance and
these include: bingleberry, black satin berry, boysenberry, Cherokee
blackberry, Chesterberry, Cheyenne blackberry, coryberry, darrowberry,
dewberry, Dirksen thornless berry, Himalayaberry, Hullberry,
Lavacaberry, Lowberry, Lucretiaberry, Mammoth blackberry, Marionberry,
Nectarberry, Olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry, Phenomenalberry,
Rangeberry, Ravenberry, Rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, youngberry, and
varieties and/or hybrids of these.  Some of the beries included under
the blackberry commodity definition that have specific production data
will also be discussed below.  Also, arctic black beery and Andean
blackberry will be added to the blackberry commodity definition (see
Recommendation to proposal 5).

	Production in the U.S.for blackberries in 2002 was 10,210 acres (4,132
ha).  The top five 5 states are Oregon (6,431 A), California (523 A),
Texas (479 A), Washington (320 A) and Missouri (294 A).  Boysenberries
were grown on 1,097 acres including Oregon (852 A), California (226 A),
and Washington (19 A).  Loganberries reported in Oregon on 76 A and
Florida 63 A.  Led by OR and CA, Blackberry and its hybrids were
harvested 8370 A in 2002 yielding 56,000,000 lbs (28,000 T) including
4,600 A Marionberry (16,500 T), 1,200 A Evergreen (4,000 T), 1,410 A
Boysenberry (2,500 T), and 60 A for Loganberry (150 T).  EPA Crop
Production Regions for blackberries are 2, 6, 10, and 12.  See Appendix
I, Figure 2 for a map of the blackberry harvested acres.

	Other production regions:  Include Guatemala and Costa Rica.  Australia
grows many blackberries including dewberry, boysenberry, loganberry,
lowberry, Marionberry, tayberry, and youngberry. Blackberries are also
grown in Europe and Ontario and Canada reported growing 20 A in 2005.

Blueberry, highbush:

	Production in U.S.: The North American Blueberry Council reported U.S.
highbush blueberry acreage at 55,000 A (22,267 ha) and total yield at
209 million pounds (3800 lbs./A) in 2003.  Top producing states are:
Michigan (18,500A), New Jersey (7,500A), Georgia (6,000A), North
Carolina (5,000A), and Oregon (3,700A).  Important highbush varieties in
US and Canada includes ‘Northern highbush-Bluecrop’, ‘Jersey’,
‘Duke’, ‘Croatan’, ‘Elliott’; ‘Southern highbush-Star’,
‘O'Neal’, ‘Sharpblue’; ‘Half-high – Northblue’,
‘Northland’; ‘Rabbiteye- Tifblue’, ‘Climax’,
‘Brightwell’.  Rabbitteye blueberry is native to South Georgia and
Alabama to northern Florida.  Rabbitteye production is estimated at
3,000 ha with over half in Georgia and the annual production is over
5,500 t.  EPA Crop Production Regions are 1, 2, 5, and 12.  See Appendix
I, Figure 3 for tame (highbush) blueberry harvested acres.  In Ontario,
Canada 600 A (243 ha) of highbush blueberry is grown, and British
Columbia, Canada grew 11,000 A in 2005.  Other countries producing
blueberries are Poland, Germany, Netherlands, France, Italy, Spain,
Portugal, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Chile, Argentina,
Mexico, Japan, and China. Japan grew 423 ha (1,045 acres) yielding 981
ton in 2002.

Blueberry, lowbush:

	Lowbush blueberry production in U.S.:  Greater than 98 % (almost 33,000
tons) of the lowbush or wild blueberry production is in Maine.  There
are 23,000 A in Maine, and approximately 166 A in NH and 411 A in
Massachusetts.  Less than 1% of the crop is sold in the fresh market.
See Appendix I, Figures 3 and 4 for tame (highbush) blueberry and wild
blueberry Other commercial production regions in 1995, Canada grew
14,295 acres.  Ontario, Canada grew 50 acres of lowbush blueberry.  In
2005, Australia produced 1,512 ton on 421 hectares.

Buffalo currant:

	The plant was exported from North America to Europe as rootstock, where
it has escaped from cultivation and can be found growing in sandy soils.
It is a perennial shrub native to U.S.  It is distributed to Oklahoma,
Arkansas, Texas, north Minnesota, South Dakota, and west to the Rocky
Mountains.

Buffaloberry:

Native to Canada, the Buffaloberry is a large shrub or small tree which
grows up to 16 feet, and is also distributes from Montana to Alberta,
Canada and Oregon, and from California to New Mexico, Kansas and the
Dakotas.

Che:

	Che is native to many parts of eastern Asia from China to the Nepalese
sub-Himalayas, and it became naturalized in Japan many years ago.  In
China, the leaves of the che serve as a backup food for silkworms when
mulberry leaves are in short supply. The tree was introduced into
England and other parts of Europe around 1872, and into the U.S. around
1930. It can be grown in most parts of California and other parts of the
U.S. withstanding temperatures of -20° F.

Chilean guava:

	In New Zealand it is being sold and marketed as the ‘NZ Cranberry’.
 The small leathery leave plant is a native to Chile and Bolivia.  The
Chilean Guava was very popular in the 1800's in England, but only
recently has begun to regain popularity and use as a fruiting and
ornamental plant.  Other commercial production regions: Tasmania,
Australia grown approx. 30,000 plants (2,000 plants/hectare).  It can be
grown in U.S. Plant hardiness zones 8 – 10.

Chinese Egg Gooseberry:

	Cultivated for its edible fruit in China, but there is no commercial
production reported in any country (Nagasawan, 2006).

Chokecherry:

A tree-shrub widely distributed throughout southern Canada, many states
of the United States, and northern Mexico (  HYPERLINK
"http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/"
http://www.fs.fed.us/database/feis/plants/tree/pruvir/ ).  Native to
North America, the chokecherry is related to domestic cherries, plums,
peaches and apricots. Three varieties are eastern variety common
chokecherry, black chokecherry that is restricted to the western portion
of North America, and western chokecherry that occurs from British
Columbia southward into northern Mexico, Texas, and California.
Chokecherry often forms mixed stands with other tall shrubs.

Cloudberry:

	Distributed in northern hemisphere in circumpolar, Greenland, Canada,
United States, Eurasia, Alaska, Yukon, Nunavut Islands, Continental
Nunavut, Northern Québec, and low arctic Other production regions:
Arctic and subarctic, south to Maine.  Occur in peat bogs throughout
Canada from British Columbia to Maritimes and Newfoundland, also found
in Alaska.

Cranberry:

	The cranberry is a Native American wetland fruit growing in the
northern part of the United States. In Massachusetts where cranberries
grow is called a Bog that evolved from deposits left by the glaciers
more than 10,000 years ago.  Production in U.S.: 40,685 acres (16,472
ha) in 2002.  Top five production states are: Wisconsin (17,494 acres),
Massachusetts (14,707 acres), New Jersey (3,105 acres), Oregon (2,958
acres), and Washington (2,001 acres).  Approximately 40,000 acres
(16,200 hectares) across the northern United States and Canada.  Key
production states are MA (14,100 acres), WI (17,400 acres), NJ (3,100
acres), OR (2,900 acres) and WA (1,700 acres).  Also, minimal acreage in
the states of Maine (225 acres), Delaware, Michigan, Minnesota, New
Hampshire, New York, and Rhode Island.  See Appendix I, Figure 5 for
cranberry production regions:  Some domestic imports from Canada and
Chile.  In 1995, Canada grew 2,869 acres (1,172 ha).  Production Map:
EPA Crop Production Region 1, 5, 12.

Currant:

	Black currant is an introduced perennial shrub distributed in Northeast
and North central states of the U.S. Red currant production in the U.S.:
Washington and California with approximately 140 A and 75% of these
acres are with three growers in Washington.  EPA Crop Production Regions
10 and 12 for black currant and Regions 10 and 11 for red currant.  Both
red and black currants are grown in Europe.

Elderberry:

Production in U.S. is reported to be about 500 tons.  Other commercial
production regions include Canada and Eurasia, Ontario, Canada grew 20
acres elderberries. Elderberry is produced in EPA Crop Production Region
2, 5, and 12.

European barberry:

	The European barberry is a common garden bush, native to Europe and the
British Isles, naturalized in North America.  This perennial shrub is
distributed in most states of the northern United States.

Gooseberry:

	Production in U.S.: is mostly in Oregon, with limited production in New
York, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Washington.  EPA Crop Production
Region 12.  Other commercial production regions include New Zealand and
Ontario, Canada which grew 20 A.

Grape:

	There are three main types of grapes grown commercially in North
America, the vinifera or Old World European, the American bunch grapes
and the muscadine with their characteristics noted below:  The vinifera
are the wine grapes and the American bunch grape is the grape type of
major world production with over 5000 named cultivars.  In 2004 domestic
U.S. grape acreage was 933,200 A (377,733 ha) with yields of 7.3 T/A
that produced 6.23 million tons.  Major production states include
California (645,200 acres), Washington (34,000 acres), New York (33,000
acres), Michigan (11,800 acres) and Pennsylvania (11, 000 acres).
Approximately, 2.0 million tons of raisins were produced in CA.
California produces over 97 % of the table grapes in the U.S.  See
Appendix I, Figure 6 for tame grape harvested acres in the U.S.  Other
commercial production regions: Grapes are a major worldwide crop with
Italy, France, Russia, and Spain major grape producing countries.  In
1995, Canada grew 15,560 acres, Ontario, Canada grew 15,000 acres.
Japan grew 138 ha (341 acres) yielding 214 tons Vitis coignetiae
Pulliat. in 2002, and 19,400 ha (47,937 acres) of Vitis spp. yielding
220,800 tons in 2003.  Australia produced 86,523 ton on 143,373
hectares.  EPA Crop Production Regions for grapes are Regions 1, 10, and
11.

Highbush cranberry:

	There are no production statistics for the U.S., but there is some
acreage in New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and other northern states.
Other commercial production regions: Canada and Europe.  EPA Crop
Production Region 1 is the logical production region.

Honeysuckle:

		The edible honeysuckle is a deciduous shrub native to northern Japan.
The blue honeysuckle was first mentioned as a horticultural plant in
1894, and some 60 commercial cultivars spread widely in Northern and
Central Russia, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East.  Other production
regions: Japan grew 60 ha (148 acres) yielding 92 tons in 2002.

Huckleberry:

	Several species of huckleberry, mainly in Eastern North America,
produce fruits valued locally.  There are more than 40 species of U.S.
huckleberries.  The black huckleberry occurs from the Atlantic Coast
west to Wisconsin and south to Louisiana.  There are no production data
for the U.S.  Huckleberry is harvested from wild for local consumption.
Also domesticated huckleberries are grown in Washington for commercial
production with fewer than 50 growers.  It is grown mainly in eastern
North America and northwestern U.S.  Huckleberry is produced in EPA Crop
Production Regions 1, 2, 5 and 11.

Jostaberry:

	There is some production of Jostaberry in Eastern Washington State and
Idaho, and it is also grown in Canada.  EPA Crop Production Region 11

Juneberry:

	Some species of Amelanchier occur over most parts of the United States
and produce edible fruits, and they are now being commercially developed
on 50 to 100 acres in North Dakota (Region 5).  The Saskatoon is native
to the Canadian Prairies, the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, Alaska,
British Columbia and the northwestern and north central United States.
Production in the U.S. includes: North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota,
Michigan, and Alaska with very minimal acreage.  Other commercial
production regions: Canada total production 1,750 ha (4,300 acres).
British Columbia estimate 20 ha (50 acres); Alberta 800 ha (2000 acres);
Saskatchewan 485 ha (1,200 acres); Manitoba 325 ha (800 acres); Quebec
estimate 20 ha (50 acres); New Brunswick 20 acres (ROTHWELL 2005a).
Ontario, Canada grew 80 acres of Saskatoon berry (CHAPUT 2005a). Europe:
Finland 5 ha (ROTHWELL 2005a).

Kiwifruit, fuzzy and Kiwifruit, hardy:

Kiwifruits are native to Southeast Asia with more than 50 species in the
genus Actinidia and many have commercial potential.  Kiwifruit is called
Mihoutao in China. Zhonghua Mihoutao, A. chinensis was originated in
China and widely distributed in the northern, southern, western,
southern and central provinces.  China has 52 kiwifruit species,
varieties, and cultivars.  A. chinensis has three varieties, they are
the short haired A. chinensis var. chinensis that mainly grown in China,
the hard-haired A. chinensis var. hispida that mainly grown in other
regions outside China, and the thorny A. chinensis var. setosa.
Kiwifruit was introduced to New Zealand from China in 1906 where it is
widely produced.  Fuzzy kiwi is grown commercially in New Zealand,
Italy, Japan, France, Australia, Greece, Chile, California, and Oregon.
More hardy kiwifruit species includes A. arguta, known as the hardy kiwi
or arguta (marketed as baby kiwi in Oregon and grape kiwi in British
Columbia).  California ranks first in the U.S. production of kiwifruit,
accounting for nearly 95% of national production.  Hardy or baby kiwis
are grown further north, hardy to -25 ºF, and have a sweater taste.  It
is widely distributed in Korea, northeastern China, eastern Siberia, and
north of Japan, and has been introduced to Canada.  Japan also has hardy
kiwifruit grown on 13.1 ha (32.4 A) for a total production of 25.2 T
(NAGASAWA 2006).  Production in U.S.: California ranks first in the
national production of kiwifruit, accounting for nearly 95% of total
production. The leading production counties in California are Tulare,
Butte, Yuba, Sutter, Kings, Kern, and Fresno. The value of
California’s kiwifruit crop in 1997 was $18,119,640, with 5,000 acres
harvested and 6.6 tons per acre at a price of $518 per ton, while in
2004 more than 4,500 A of kiwifruit were harvested in CA.  There is
minor production in coastal South Carolina and Georgia.  Fuzzy kiwifruit
is produced in EPA Crop Production Region 10.  Hardy kiwifruit is
produced in EPA Crop Production Regions 11 and 12.  Hardy kiwi is grown
in Oregon on small acreage.  Other commercial production regions: Italy
ranks first followed by New Zealand, and the US ranks 7th in the world
production of kiwifruit.  World wide production is up to 170,000 acres.
In 1995, Canada grew 40 acres of a cold hardy type.  Japan grew 2,710 ha
(6,696 acres) yielding 38,300 tons in 2003, as well as a limited amount
of silver vine called Matatabi with one ton on 1.9 ha (4.7 A) (NAGASAWA
2004f).  Australia produced 2,953 ton on 294 hectares (NORDEN 2005a).

Lingonberry:

	The lingonberry is native throughout northern portions of North America
and Europe, and is produced on only one acre in both Maine and
Wisconsin, but they have now increased up to 174 acres in Washington
State.  They are often harvested from the wild.  Other production
regions: Northern temperate region.  Canada is a major source of fresh
fruit for the U.S. market.  EPA Crop Production Regions 1 and 5.

Loganberry:

Grown commercially in northern California and Oregon (60 A), which also
include EPA Crop Production Regions 2, 6, 10, and primarily 12.

Maypop:

	Distributed from Virginia to Missouri and south to Florida and Texas,
maypop plant is a smooth vine.  Captain John Smith of the Jamestown
settlement noted that the native Indians cultivated Maypop.  The EPA
Crop Production Regions are 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Mountain Pepper Berries:

	It is native to the moist temperate forest areas in Tasmania, Victoria,
Southern NSW and the ACT.  Related species are found in cool elevated
areas on the mainland east coast, from Victoria to Queensland.  Other
commercial production regions: In Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales
and ACT of Australia (NORDEN 2005a).

Mulberry:

	The species commonly grown in the Northeast and include the black
mulberries originated in Western Asia that produce the most flavorful
fruit but are only adapted to the mildest parts of New York State, and
the red mulberries originated in North America are hardier than black
mulberries from Massachusetts to Kansas.  No commercial acres yet with
some fruit consumed locally.  Other commercial production regions: Asia,
Europe, and Latin America.

Muntries:

	Muntries are native to southern coast of Australia, with inland
extensions, from Portland in Vic. to the Eyre Peninsula and Kangaroo
Island in SA.  Other commercial production regions: South Australia -
Adelaide Hills, Southern Vales, and the Limestone Coast.

Native Currant:

	The native currant is a small prickly shrub similar to raspberries that
is distributed in small pockets of South Australia and Victoria,
particularly on Kangaroo Island, Barossa Valley, Clare Valley, and
Adelaide Hills.  No reported U.S. production.  Other commercial
production regions: Wild harvest in South and Victoria, Australia
(NORDEN 2005a).

Partridgeberry:

	The partridgeberry is an evergreen perennial herb, native to North
America and East Asia Grown from Nova Scotia to Ontario and Minnesota,
south to Florida and east Texas. In the U.S. it is grown in USDA plant
hardiness Zone 4, and is native to eastern and central U.S., and in the
EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 5, and 7.  Other production regions:
Canada

Phalsa:

The phalsa is indigenous throughout much of India and Southeast Asia.
It is cultivated commercially mainly in the Punjab and around Bombay.
It was introduced into the Philippines before 1914, but only a few
specimens have been planted in the New World, Puerto Rico, and Florida.
In India, the phalsa grows well up to an elevation of 3,000 ft (914 m).

Pincherry:

The pincherry is native to Canada and found as far north as Great Slave
Lake making them very winter hardy.

Raspberry:

There are three main types of raspberry grown commercially, red
raspberry which is the most common form of raspberry cultivated (over
75% of US production), black raspberry or blackcaps, and the purple
raspberry which is a cross between red and black types.  Black
raspberries are indigenous to North America where it is most abundant in
the East.   Today, black raspberry cultivars have the least commercial
acreage of any of the raspberry varieties.  Production in U.S. in 2003
black raspberries in Oregon are harvested 1,100 A (445 ha) yielding
2,300,000 lb; in 2003 red raspberries in Oregon were harvested on 2,000
A yielding 5,200,000 lb, and in Washington were harvested on 9,200 A
yielding 67,200,000 lb.  In 2002, red raspberry were harvested on 14,200
A yielding 114,000,000 lb, led by WA, CA and OR, and black raspberry
harvested 1,100 acres yielding 3,000,000 lb, led by OR.  Average yields
in Washington range from 6500 to 8500 lb/A.  Raspberries can grow in the
entire area of Washington State west of the Cacade Mountains.  In
California yields average 10,200 lb/A.  Red raspberries prefer cool
summers and moderate winter temperature for best production.  See
Appendix I, Figure 7 for raspberry harvested acres in the U.S. EPA Crop
Production Regions 1, 5, and 12.  Other commercial production regions
include significant imported fruit from Canada (British Columbia) and
Chile with additional commercial production in Columbia, Guatemala,
Australia, New Zealand and Russia.  In 1995, Canada grew 8,031 A and
Ontario, Canada grew 1,100 A.  Australia produced 456 ton on 216
hectares in 2004.

Riberry:

	Commercial production regions: Queensland, New South Wales & Victoria
(NORDEN 2005a). Around 3-5 tons per year from cultivation, and a smaller
amount from wild harvest (AUSTRALIA).  Riberry is native to the bush
country in Australia.

Salal:

	There is also no production data for salal; however, they are grown
from southern Alaska to southern California (EPA Regions 10 and 12).

Schisandra berry:

	There is also no production data for schisandra berry, however, they
are adapted to Plant Hardiness zones 4 to 9 and can withstand cold
temperatures.  It is distributed throughout northern China, Manchuria,
Korea and Japan.

Sea buckthorn:

	Sea buckthorn is one of the important natural resources of the
mountainous regions of China and Russia.  The plant grows naturally in
sandy soil at an altitude of 1,200 to 4,500 meters (4,000 to 14,000
feet) in cold climates, though it can be cultivated at lower altitudes
and into temperate zones.  It has been extensively planted across much
of northern China, and in other countries, to prevent soil erosion and
to serve as an economic resource for food and medicine products. Over
500,000 A (2000,000 ha) are planted in China.  Canada has planted sea
buckthorn, originally brought over from Siberia in the 1930s to develop
for its fruit.

Serviceberry:

	In the U.S. it is grown in USDA plant hardiness Zone 6. Other
production regions: Mediterranean region

Strawberry:

	Production in U.S.:  In 2004, 51,000 acres were harvested yielding
2,081 million lb including 1,568,600,000 lb for fresh market and
512,500,000 lb for processing.  California produces more than 80% of the
fresh market and processed strawberries grown in the United States on
about 50% of the country's strawberry acreage.  Strawberry yields in
California are 50% higher than the national average yield.  California
produces about 20% of the world's production, and exports about 20% of
its strawberry production, accounting for 20% of the world's exported
berries.  California's primary export destinations are Canada, Japan,
and Mexico.  Florida ranks second in the U.S. strawberry production.
Other major states include Oregon, New York, North Carolina, Michigan,
Pennsylvania and Washington.  Florida produces 100% of the domestic
winter crop.  The fruit is widely planted in gardens and "Pick Your Own"
operations).  EPA Crop Production Regions for strawberries include 1, 2,
3, 5, 10, and 12.  See Appendix I, Figure 8 for harvested acres in the
U.S.  Other commercial production regions: Over 71 countries grow
strawberries.  US imports significant amounts of strawberries from
Mexico, as well as from Canada, New Zealand and Guatemala. Canada
(primarily in Ontario, Quebec and the Maritimes) grew 15,000 acres
strawberries including 4,000 acres in Ontario (CHAPUT 2005a).  Japan
grew 4,850 hectares (11,985 acres) yielding 167,000 ton in 2001
(NAGASAWA 2004f).  Australia produced 20,089 ton on 1,412 hectares
(NORDEN 2005a

Wild strawberry:

	Wild raspberry is distributed in tropical northern Queensland in open
forests and rain forest and is wild harvested (NORDEN 2005a).  Other
production data for other berry and small fruits will not be reported
above, but will be discussed under the cultural practice section.

Imports of Berries and Small Fruits:

Despite the U.S. being a major producer of berries and small fruits
(Table 9) significant amounts of berries and small fruits intended for
the fresh market are imported.  Berries and small fruits are widely
imported to the U.S making them available on a year around basis.  The
amount of a commodity can vary widely from year to year based on
differences in U.S. production, weather effects, and consumer demand.
The USDA Foreign Agriculture Trade Statistics (FATUS) reported that in
2005 over 159,000 MT of fresh berries were exported to other countries
with Canada receiving 81%, Mexico at 8%, Japan and Cayman Islands at
3.8%, and the United Kingdom at 2.5%.  In 2001, 6.9 million pounds of
frozen blueberries were exported to Japan (51 %), Canada at 31%, and
Australia at 12% (USDA AMS, 2004).

The USDA Foreign Agriculture Trade Statistics (FATUS) import data also
reports that more than 3,249 MT of blackberries imported to the U.S. in
2004 with Chile accounting for 41%, China for 22%, Serbia for 18%, and
Bosnia and Colombia accounting for 7% and 6% respectively.  Imported
raspberries (15,961MT) came from Chile at 64%, Canada at 19% and Serbia
at 9%.  Imports of kiwifruit (37,166 MT/A) came from Chile at 47%, New
Zealand at 37%, and Italy at 15%.  Cranberries (72,781 MT) were imported
from Canada at 97%, Chile at 11% and Argentina at 2%. Imports of
currants (52 MT) came from Colombia at 70%, Canada at 24% and both Chile
and Ukraine at 3%.  Fresh strawberries were imported (42,808 MT/A) with
Mexico accounting for over 99%, with minor amounts from New Zealand and
Canada.  Fresh grapes were imported (474, 961 MT) from Chile at 77.1 %,
Mexico at 20.1 %, Canada at 1.0 %, and the Republic of South Africa at
0.6 % and Peru at 0.5%.  Imports of fresh wild blueberries of 7,128 MT
were all from Canada, while highbush blueberry imports were over 21,749
MT and came from Canada at 56 %, Chile at 38 % and Argentina at 5 %, and
New Zealand at 0.5 %.

	Approximately, 59,998 MT of frozen strawberries were imported from
Mexico at 66%, Chile at 13%, Peoples Republic of China at 9%, and
Argentina at 6%.  Frozen raspberries at 22,619 MT were imported from
Chile at 52%, Canada at 14%, Serbia at 11%, and Mexico at 7%.

COMPARISON OF CULTURAL PRACTICES:

	The berries and small fruits are temperate climatic zone crops adapted
depending upon the species to either cool or warm temperatures (Table
11).  In general, the berries and small fruits are predominately woody
perennial dicot angiosperms (flowering plants) usually propagated
vegetatively, grown on their own roots, and bear small to moderately
sized fruit on herbs, vines, shrubs or small trees that are planted
densely on fairly small acreage (average berry farm size is 11.3 acres,
AgCensus, 2002).  The soil pH ranges and yields for berries and small
fruit crops are listed in Table 12.  Modern cultural practices and newer
cultivars have diminished differences between tree and small fruit crops
with the developed of dwarf trees trellised orchards and tissue culture
propagation.

	The cultural practices for berries and small fruits will be discussed
below.

Table. 11.  Plant Growth Habit, Climatic Adaptation and Specific Site
Information for the Berries and Small Fruits.  (Adapted from Galleta and
Himelrick. 1990.  Small Fruit Crop Management. Pp. 5 - 7).

Common Name	Plant Growth Habit	Climatic Adaptation	Site Information

Raspberry, red, black, and purple	Suckering shrubs, biennial tops and
perennial roots	Cool temperatures	Medium to light soils, good drainage,
sensitive to nematodes, root diseases and virus

Blackberry (erect thorny, semi erect thorny, semi erect thornless,
Himalaya, and Evergreen)	Suckering shrubs, biennial tops and perennial
roots	Warm temperatures	Well drained soils, free of crown gall

Dewberries, trailing and Raspberry X blackberry hybrids	Trailing shrubs,
biennial tops and perennial roots	Warm temperatures	Well drained soils,
free of crown gall

Blueberry, lowbush	Rhizomatous, low shrubs, perennial	Cool to cold
temperatures	Acidic, exposed sites, woodlot or bog populations

Blueberry, highbush	Perennial shrubs	Cool to warm temperatures	Acidic,
organic sands  with good drainage

Blueberry, rabbiteye	Large perennial shrubs	Warm temperatures	Acidic,
organic or mineral soils

Currant, red, white, and black 	Shrubs, perennial tops and roots	Cold
temperatures	Loam soils, well drained, cooler sites

Gooseberry, European and American	Shrubs, perennial tops and roots	Cold
temperatures	Loam soils, well drained, cooler sites

Cranberry	Perennial creeping evergreen vines with upright stems	Cool
temperatures	Acidic, organic sands  with good drainage, needs adequate
water source for flooding

Cranberry, highbush 	Tall, spreading shrubs	Cool temperature	Cool, moist
soils, tolerant to partial shade

Elderberry	Tall deciduous shrubs, stoloniferous	Cool temperatures
Tolerant to varying soil type and moisture, best on silt loams

Grape, American bunch	Perennial woody deciduous climbing vines	Cool to
warm temperatures	Tolerate cooler soils

Grape, European and muscadine	Perennial woody deciduous climbing vines
Cool to warm temperatures	Tolerates heat and humidity

Kiwifruit	Rampant long lived perennial vines	Warm temperature 	Deep
porous solid, 220 day growing season

Strawberry	Stoloniferous perennial herbs	Cool temperatures	Well drained.
Light soils, heavy soils for maximum production.

Table. 12. Soil pH Ranges and Yields for Berries and Small Fruits Crops.
(Adapted from Galleta and Himelrick. 1990. Small Fruit Crop Management.
Pp. 58, 550, and from Fields, 2005, ISHS, 2006).

Commodity	Desirable Range of pH 	Optimum pH 	Yield

[lb/A (kg/ha)]

Blackberry	6.2	4.5 – 7.5	4,000 (4,480) for thorned varieties – 8,000
(8,960) for thornless varieties

Blueberry,

Highbush

Lowbush

Rabbiteye

4.5

4.5

4.5

4.0 – 5.2

4.3 – 5.0

4.2 – 5.5

6,000 (6,720)

4,600 (5,152)

Cranberry	4.5	4.0 – 7.0	16,200 (18,144)

Currant, black	6.5	6.0 - 7.0	1 – 2.5 t/A (2.25 – 5.6 Mt/ha)

Currant, red	6.5	5.5 – 7.0	2 – 5 t/A (4.5 – 11.2 Mt/ha)

Gooseberry	6.5	6.0 – 7.0	2 – 5 t/A (4.5 – 11.2 Mt/ha)

Grape,

Vinifera

Hybrid

American

Muscadine

6.5

6.0

6.0

6.0

5.5 – 7.0

5.0 – 7.0

4.0 – 7.0

5.5 – 7.0

8,000 (8,960) – 9,000 (10,080)

Juneberry	6.0	6.0 – 7.5	6 T/A (13 Mt/ha)

Kiwifruit	6.0	5.0 – 6.5	6.6 t/A

Lingonberry	3.5 - 5.0	4.5 - 5.0	10 t/ha

Raspberry	6.5	5.4 – 7.0	3,000 (3,360) for black cultivars, 4,000
(4,480) for red and purple varieties

Sea buckthorn	6.0 – 7.0	5.5 – 8.3	3,600 (4,032) – 4,400 (4,928)

Strawberry	6.2	5.0 – 6.5	8,000 (8,960)

Specific Berry and Small Fruit Cultural Practices:

Amur River grape:

The amur river grape is a deciduous climber growing to average 15m in
length. The flowers are hermaphrodite. The fruit is small and somewhat
harsh in flavor, and it is succulent but usually bitter. The fruit is
about 16mm long and 10mm wide.  The amur river grape blooms from May to
July and seeds ripen from September to October.  It is hardy to plant
hardiness zone 4 tolerating temperatures down to about -40°C.  It can
be grown in sun or partial shade though a warm sunny position is
required for the fruit to ripen.  The plant prefers a wide range of
soils from well-drained light (sandy), medium (loamy) to heavy (clay)
soils.  Pruning is done in the winter when the plants are dormant.  It
can be grown from seed and germination should take place in the first
spring, but sometimes takes another 12 months.  The seedlings are placed
into individual pots when large enough to handle and grow them in a cold
frame for the first winter.   Plant out in early summer. If grown from
cuttings they should be made in December/January.  The cuttings can be
15 – 30 cm long wood sections or 5cm long short sections of the stem
with one bud at the top of the section.

Andean blackberry:

The Andean blackberry is a deciduous shrub that grows to 3m, and it is
hardy to plant hardiness zone 8.  The flowers are hermaphrodite (have
both male and female organs) and the plant is self-fertile. Andean
Blackberry is closely related to Rubus occidentalis the black raspberry,
and this plant is distributed in Central and South America, and North
Andes to Mexico.

The plant prefers well-drained light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy
(clay) soils, and it can grow in semi-shade (light woodland) or in no
shade.  This species tolerates temperatures as low as -5°C and -10°C.
Grow from seed: requires stratification and is best sown in early autumn
in a cold frame. The seedlings are planted into their permanent
positions in late spring of the following year.  They can also be grown
from cuttings and division of the clumps in early spring or just before
leaf-fall in the autumn.  The Andean blackberry is often cultivated in
South America for its edible fruit yielding up to 20 tons per hectare.
This species could be useful in hybridization programs with American and
European blackberries and raspberries, but it is susceptible to some
North American raspberry diseases. The fruit is up to 3 cm long, tart
and very juicy; and considered superior in flavor and quality to most
cultivated blackberries and raspberries.

Arctic blackberry:

Arctic blackberry is a perennial growing to 0.2m by 1m in woodland,
cultivated beds, or in the sun, and it cannot tolerate shade.  It is
propagated from seed, and seedlings are planted into their permanent
positions in late spring of the following year.  Divisions occur in
early spring or just before leaf-fall in the autumn, and larger
divisions can be planted out direct into their permanent field positions

 It is in flower from June to July, and the seeds ripen from July to
August.  The flowers are hermaphrodite (have both male and female
organs) and are pollinated by insects.  The plant prefers a moist, light
(sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and requires well-drained
soils.  The plant prefers acid, neutral and basic (alkaline) soils.
Fruit is very sweet, juicy and palatable with a pineapple-like aroma.

Aronia berry:

	The aronia berry is a deciduous shrub native to eastern North America,
used by landscapers for its clusters of creamy white flowers in late
spring, and colorful flame-colored autumn foliage with dark berries.
The thick bushes or shrubs grow to 6 to 8 feet and are sometimes used as
a windbreak. Berries have a strong, stable and natural color, with a dry
and sour strong flavor.  Aronia was well known to natives and early
settlers, but has not been commercially cultivated in the U.S. since the
turn of the 20th century. However, in Denmark, Eastern Europe and Russia
(especially Siberia) the strongly colored, pungently flavored fruit is
quite popular for juice and even wine production.  Aronia is cold hardy
(to about -20 oF) and the late blooming period (late April to May in the
Puget Sound region) avoids damage by spring frosts.  Aronia requires a
damp, acid soil with sufficient rain during the growing season.  Plants
can tolerate wet soil, but not drought. Plants are vigorous and mature
plants may have up to 40 canes/bush.  The plant is well adapted to many
areas of North America and appears to be fairly resistant to several
pest problems.  Planting can be done by seeds, by softwood cuttings
taken in early summer, by division, or by cutting suckers.  Numerous
suckers are produced from the roots. Planting spacing of 2.5 to 3 ft
(0.8 - 1.0 m) would allow plants to sucker and fill in the space like a
hedgerow.  Thinning of the older canes is recommended every a few years.
In the Pacific Northwest, the extremely vigorous plants will bear a
small crop one year after rooted cuttings are planted.  The fruit is a
small berry-like pome, red or black in color and about ¼ inch in
diameter. Aronia berry flowers in late spring and the pea-sized,
violet-black berries are harvested in autumn.  Yields of up to 37 lbs
(17kg) per bush with 22 lbs (10 kg) per bush average were reported in
Eastern Europe.  Fruit can be mechanically harvested with equipment
similar to that for blueberries. In non-commercial plantings the fruit
is often hand harvested by cutting the fruit clusters.

Bayberry:

	The bayberry is a shrub or slender tree that grows up to 40 feet high.
The leaves are 1 to 4 inches long, narrow, wedge-shaped, and have a
fragrant odor when crushed.  Male flowers (in cylindrical yellow
clusters) and female flowers (in green somewhat shorter clusters) are
borne on separate trees.  Several leaves, 2 to 3 cm width and 6 to 12 cm
long each, sprout at the top of each branch. Male and female trees are
grown separately.  The flowers appear from March to May, and fruits
mature in June (Japanese calendar) (NAGASAWA 2005a.  The fruit, can
remain on the tree for several years, consists of clusters of round,
with one seed, somewhat berry-like nuts covered with a whitish wax.  The
northern bayberry is a shrub growing up to 8 ft tall.  The red fruits
are commercially available for the fresh market, but the flesh of this
fruit is too soft that they are not tolerable for long transportation,
hence they are usually consumed in local area where they grown. The
fruits are round with red clusters including a seed. The taste of fruits
is very sweet with a slight sour taste.  In Japan, the tree grows up to
20 m, and it is well planted as boulevard tree

Bearberry:

	The bearberry, also commonly known in the trade as uva-ursi is a native
of the US and is grown in dry sandy or rocky soil from the Middle
Atlantic States north to Labrador and westward to California and Alaska.
 The trailing, lowgrowing evergreen shrub is found in cool temperate
regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including North America, Europe, and
Asia.  The leaves of bearberry have been used as an herbal remedy for
mild cystitis.  The much-branched trailing stems are short and woody.
It is a low growing (< 20 in) perennial shrub with creeping stems.  The
long shoots rise obliquely upward from the stems for a few inches and
are covered with soft hairs.  Most of the leaf in commerce is
wild-harvested, and the evergreen leaves are leathery and ½ to 1 inch
long.  The leaves have no distinctive odor, but they have a very
astringent and somewhat bitter taste.  The evergreen leaves may be
collected throughout the year, but preferably in September or October.
The waxy-looking flowers that bloom in early summer (May-June) are in
small, closely-crowded, drooping clusters, three to fifteen flowers
together, at the ends of the branches.  The berry ripens in early
autumn, and is about the size of a small currant, very bright
orange-red, smooth and glossy, with a tough skin enclosing an insipid
mealy pulp, with five one-seeded stones (a berry-like drupe).

Bilberry:

The bilberry is a tiny deciduous shrub that spreads by rhizomes and
grows over 18 inches tall.  It is similar to lowbush blueberries except
berries are only 4 or 5-celled and it is more shade tolerant. The
leathery leaves are at first rosy, then yellowish-green, and in autumn
turn red.  The fruit is a glabrous berry, blue to black-colored, sweet
and 1/3 inch in diameter.  There is also a variety with white fruits.
The fruit is globular, with a flat top, about the size of a black
currant, and makes excellent preserves.

Blackberry:

	In the commodity definition for blackberries many cultivars and
specific types are covered and include: bingleberry, black satin berry,
boysenberry, Cherokee blackberry, Chesterberry, Cheyenne blackberry,
coryberry, darrowberry, dewberry, Dirksen thornless berry,
Himalayaberry, Himalayaberry, Hullberry, Lavacaberry, Lowberry,
Lucretiaberry, Mammoth blackberry, Marionberry, Nectarberry,
Olallieberry, Oregon evergreen berry, Phenomenalberry, Rangeberry,
Ravenberry, Rossberry, Shawnee blackberry, youngberry, and varieties
and/or hybrids of these.  Some of the berries included under the
blackberry commodity definition that have specific cultural practice
information will also be discussed below.

	The blackberries are an extremely diverse group of cultivated plants.
Some varieties are heavily thorned while others are thornless; some
varieties grow erect while others have a trailing growth pattern.  The
trailing types are commonly referred as the dewberry. (see dewberry
below for additional information).  Loganberry and boysenberry are also
grown as trailing types.  Loganberry is a blackberry-raspberry hybrid
sold for the fresh market or for wine.  Boysenberry is a cross between
blackberry, raspberry and loganberry.  Blackberries are perennial plants
that produce fruits on biennial canes.  The canes grow from the crown
one year, fruit the following season, and then die.  The roots and crown
are perennial.  The first year of shoot growth is entirely vegetative
and is called a primocane.  In the second year, the shoots are called
floricanes and produce lateral branches that produce flowers.  The
floricanes die at the end of the season and must be pruned off.  Canes
are usually supported on a trellis.  They may grow to 15 or more feet in
length, but are managed as heights less than 6 feet tall.  The aggregate
fruit are borne in loose clusters on laterals that grow from the canes.
They consist of numerous small seeds each imbedded in a juicy pulp, and
all adhering to a fleshy base (or receptacle). The base separates from
the plant when the fruit is harvested, in contrast to raspberries, in
which the base is retained on the plant.  Fruits are near globose to
cylindrical in shape, ( to ¾ inch in diameter and ¾ to 2 inches long,
and weigh up to 8.5 gm/fruit.  Important cultivars of erect blackberry
include: Cherokee, Darrow and Shawnee.  Chester is the most important
semi-erect blackberry variety, while Marion and Thornless evergreen are
the most important trailing blackberry varieties.  .The Tayberry
cultivar in the Northwest is a cross of Loganberry and Black raspberry.

	Fruiting begins in the second year of the planting, and continues for
>10 years if properly managed.  Blackberries can also be called bramble
crops cannot tolerate wet, heavy soils, but otherwise can grow on soils
too poor for most other crops.  Sandy or loamy soils with pH 4.5 to 7.0
are ideal.  Most of the crop is irrigated by movable overhead impact
microsprinklers.  Blackberry plants are propagated by vegetative
systems, i.e. root cuttings, root suckers, tip layering, softwood stem
cuttings and tissue culture.  Most erect-growing Rubus are grown in
hedgerows, spaced 8-16 ft apart.  Semi-erect blackberries are grown on
trellis arranged in a “double T”.  Plantings are normally started by
root cuttings, planted at 2-3 ft intervals.  Hedges are kept to heights
of 4-6 ft, widths of 30 inches on top and 12 inches at the base. Hand
harvested hedges are allowed to spread to 3 ft in width; any wider
prevents picking from the center of the hedge.  Yields in well-managed
plantings in Georgia average 5000 – 10,000 lbs/acre. Fruit development
occurs rapidly, taking only 30-36 days for most raspberries, but 40-70
days for blackberries.  The best index of fruit maturity is the ease of
separation of the fruit from the pedicel (flower stalk).  The fruiting
period varies between cultivars from 4 to 7 weeks.  Fruit may have to be
picked ever 2 – 3 days, with hand harvest beginning in the early
morning.  Mechanical harvesters have been developed to harvest large
acreages for processing by shaking the bushes, but they cannot be used
for fresh fruit harvest.  A well managed blackberry planting should
yield 6000 to 8000 lb/A (6700 – 9600 kg/ha).  Some cultivars produce
up to 10 – 30 lb berries/plant.  In Oregon 90 – 95 % of the
blackberry crop is processed to frozen puree, jam, or into canned items,
with the rest being sold for the fresh market (USDA Crop Profile,
OR-2000), while in NY the whole crop is sold as fresh market fruit (USDA
Crop Profile, NY-2000).

	The dewberry is very similar to blackberries, except they have a
trailing growth habit.  With these the canes are slender and trailing,
and generally are less thorny than blackberries, and are long lived
perennial crops (> 15 years).  Fruits and fruiting habit are similar to
blackberry. Fruits generally are cylindrical in shape, l/2 inch in
diameter and 1 to 1 ½ inches in length.  Bloom to maturity in 50 to 70
days.  Some dewberries varieties, such as Loganberry, Youngberry and
Boysenberry are derived from crossing blackberry and raspberry.  Leading
varieties are Boysenberry, Loganberry, Marionberry, Olallieberry,
Evergreen and Youngberry.  The trailing blackberries can be harvested by
hand or machine about every 4 to 5 days.  Approximately 75 % of the
trailing blackberry acreage is by machine harvesting (Northwest Berry
and Grape).  Over 98 % of the crop is processed as individually quick
frozen (IQF), bulk frozen pack, or as puree.

Blueberry:

	The blueberry is a multi-stemmed perennial, deciduous, broadleaved,
woody shrub, 3 to 10 feet tall.  Fruits are borne in clusters of 5-10
berries arising from buds on previous season’s vegetative growth.
Berries round to flattened, smooth surface texture, weighing 0.5 to 7
grams each (avg. is 1-2 g).  Berries are covered with a protective, waxy
bloom.  Highbush blueberry refers to several types of blueberries
produced through hybridizations of Vaccinium species.  In general, the
term highbush blueberry encompasses all blueberry cultivars which are
less than 100 percent lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium).  The
highbush blueberry cultivars are produced by crossing parents of many
different Vaccinium species, including V. corymbosum, V. ashei, V.
angustifolim, V. elliottii, V. constablei, and many others.  Highbush
blueberry types include northern highbush blueberry, southern highbush
blueberry, half-high blueberry, and rabbiteye blueberry cultivars.
There are three species of Vaccinium spp. that are of commercial
importance, highbush blueberry, the lowbush blueberry (V.
angustifolium), and rabbiteye blueberry (V. ashei).  The highbush and
rabbiteye varieties, produced by breeding are widely grown.  Blueberries
prefer a well drained acid sandy loam with a pH of 3.5 to 5.2.
Blueberries are long lived perennials and can remain productive for 15
to 20 years that are native in the U.S.  Blueberries must be pruned
annually.  Plants of all are woody shrubs growing to 10 or more feet
naturally, but usually held to 5 to 6 feet by pruning.  Blueberry plants
can produce a light crop during the third year from planting with full
production in 6 - 8 years.  Bloom is often very early in spring, thus
fruit are susceptible to frost and freeze injury.  Fruit is smooth
skinned with a waxy coating or bloom. Individual berries are borne in
clusters of 6 to 12, are round to oblate in shape, with fruit size up to
¾ inch diameter.  One blueberry plant can produce 5 to 15 lb/plant
depending upon the variety.

	The majority of cultivated northern highbush blueberries are planted in
rows 10 feet apart with plants spaced 3-5 feet within the row (870-1450
bushes/A), and maintained to a height of 4 to 7 ft.  Rabbiteye
blueberries are typically planted at a 6’ x 12’ spacing (605
bushes/A), and maintained to a height of 4 to 10 ft.  Southern highbush
fields in the Southeastern U.S. are typically planted at much higher
densities (2-3000 bushels/ A).  Half-high blueberries are planted at
densities of 1400-1800 bushes/A. (TRINKA 2004).  The production and
cultural practices of highbush and rabbiteye are very similar.  The
plants are propagated by hardwood or softwood cuttings.  Highbush
blueberry requires a well drained acid soil.  Adequate moisture is
extremely important.  Irrigation is helpful in blueberry production
because the plant has a shallow fibrous root system.  Cultivation of
lowbush blueberry is to manage the native stands of wild blueberries.
Pruning is required to regulate current year’s crop and fruiting
potential for the following year.  Lowbush blueberries are low growing
less than 2 ft and are usually 8 inches tall and spread by underground
runners.  Field worker activities for blueberries in NC include pruning
by hand or mechanically cutting, cultivation by tractor twice a year,
weed and insect control, and harvesting by hand (60%), 20% mechanical
harvest for fresh market, and 20% for the frozen processed market (USDA
Crop Profile, NC-2000).

	Blueberry harvest in the U.S. begins in March in FL; April in GA; May
in MS, LA, TX, CA, and NC; June in NJ, AR, IN, IL, OH, MI, and OR; July
in WA and NY.  Each cultivar is harvested 3-5 times during a 2 - 5 week
period.  Cultivars with successive ripening periods extend the harvest
period to 3 - 4 months within each production area. (TRINKA 2004).
Plants bloom in very early spring.  The bloom to harvest interval is in
2 to 4 months.  Blueberries for the fresh market are hand harvested.
Most of the NC crop is hand harvested, while NJ it is 50% hand harvested
and in Michigan almost all the crop is machine harvested and over 70% of
the blueberry crop is processed.  Blueberries are machined harvested
when 60 – 70 % of the fruit are blue and again 10 – 14 days later.
A mechanical harvester can harvest one acre/hr and can replace over 100
hand pickers.  Berries are hand picked once a week during the harvest
period in most years.  In a pick your own grower (PYO) operation about
450 customers can harvest an acre of blueberries weighing 15,000 lb
(Small Farm News, 2004).  Five to ten people/A are needed to hand
harvest in the Northwest through the harvest season Strik, 2005).  Since
blueberries do not ripen evenly throughout the season several harvests
are needed.  Most cultivars can be harvested in two to three times with
a 7 to 10 day between harvests.  Larger acres will utilize pickers every
third day.

	Rabbiteyes tend to have longer bloom to harvest interval (about 90
days) than highbush (45 – 75 days), and generally require less pruning
than the highbush blueberry.  Rabbiteye is a perennial deciduous shrub
about 0.1 - 0.6 m tall with rhizomes.  Fruit is blue or black globose
about 6-9 mm long, with 8 - 16 orange-yellow oblong seeds.  The harvest
period can range from 6 to 8 week interval.  Four to six pickers are
required /A to hand harvest rabbiteye blueberries.

	The lowbush blueberry blooming period is often very early in spring,
thus fruit are susceptible to frost and freeze injury.  Pruning by
controlled fire is being replaced by mechanical mowing.  Fruit is smooth
skinned with a waxy coating or bloom. Individual berries are borne in
clusters, are round to oblate in shape. Size ranges from ¼ to ½ inch.
Fruit is harvested by raking the fields, usually by hand.  Burning or
mowing of fields is required to regulate crop fruiting.  Lowbush
blueberries take from 70 to 90 days to mature.

Buffalo Currant:

	Buffalo currant first entered cultivation in 1812.  It is hardy to
about -25°C, and can easily be grown in a moisture retentive but
well-drained loamy soil of at least moderate quality.  It prefers full
sun but it is quite tolerant of shade though it does not fruit well in
shade. This species succeeds in regions having hot summers.  Plants
often produce suckers, especially when growing in damp soils. The
buffalo currant can be propagated by seed, cuttings, or division of
suckers.  A few known cultivars are Crandall, Crandleberry, Pruterberry,
and Pewterberry.  .

	The fruits can be red, black, yellow, golden or reddish-brown. The
cultivar ‘Crandall’ has large edible fruits with a tart-sweet flavor
that are high in pectin.  Flowers appear April through June.  Fruit
matures from June to August.  The fruit is produced in clusters, and the
skin is smooth, tough and very thick. It is widely planted for the
fragrant flowers and fruits.  It grows to 3 m (9 ft) tall with gray to
red-brown bark, red-brown twigs and light green and glossy leaves.  The
hermaphroditic flowers have a strong fragrance of cloves.  The fruit is
a black berry 8 - 10 mm (0.3-0.4 in) in diameter, with numerous seeds

Buffaloberry:

	The buffaloberry is native to Canada, and is a large shrub or small
tree which grows up to 16 feet (5 m).  The plant is dioecious, and is a
nitrogen fixing plant.  The branches are spine tipped which makes
working with the tree difficult.  The plants are maintained as a
deciduous thicket.  Buffaloberry like other small fruit requires a
well-drained, deep loam soil which contains greater than one percent
organic matter.  Buffaloberry is salt and drought tolerant and tolerate
of spring flooding.  Flowering occurs in the early season from March to
May  after the leaves unfold.  The fruit is bright red to orange-red
when ripe and 0.2 to 0.4 inches (6 to 9 mm) in diameter with a single
flat seed inside (seed can range from 28,000 to 147,700 seeds/kg).
Shepherdia Canadensis is usually less than 6 feet tall, with opposite,
oval or oval-lance-shaped, smooth edged leaves.  The crop blooms in
early spring before the leaves expand, and the fruit ripens in late June
to Sept. is extremely bitter until after a frost and it is used in
jellies and pies.

	The buffaloberry needs a soil pH of between 5.5 and 7.5.  Either seeds
are planted in a nursery (1 – 2 lb/A) or propagated by cuttings.
Plants should be planted at 6 feet (2 m) plant spacing and 15 feet (4.5
m) row spacing to aid mechanical harvesting.  Fruit should be picked
slightly under ripe when making jellies because of the higher pectin
levels. When eating fresh, fruit should be harvested after a light frost
which tends to make the fruit sweeter. The fruit can be harvested by
laying sheets under the tree and shaking it, or by hand. It is
presumable that mechanical harvesters could be used. As the orchard ages
the trees will require regular pruning

Che:

Che requires minimal care and is tolerant to drought, wind and poor
soils.  The deciduous trees can eventually grow to about 25ft. in
height, but often remains a broad, spreading bush or small tree if not
otherwise trained when they are young.  Immature wood is thorny but
loses its thorns as it matures. The alternate leaves resemble those of
the mulberry, but are smaller and thinner and pale yellowish-green in
color. The plant prefers a warm, sunny location in a warm, well-drained
soil, ideally a deep loam. Plant male and female plants in a single site
with about 1ft. apart, and prune to a combined volume of approximately
25% male and 75% female. The plant needs to be watered in dry seasons
and a regular pruning is needed for the shape. The plant is readily
grown from seed, although the plants can take up to 10 years to bear.
Seeds should be sown as soon as extracted from the fruit. The plants are
often propagated from softwood cuttings taken in midsummer and treated
with rooting hormone. The che is dioecious with male and female flowers
on different plants. Appearing in June, both types of flowers are green
and pea-sized. The male flowers turn yellow as the pollen ripens and is
released, while the wind-pollinated female flowers develop many small
stigmas over the surface of the immature fruit. Male plants occasionally
have a few female flowers which will set fruit.  Female trees are larger
and more robust than male trees. . The ripe fruits do not separate
easily from the tree and must be individually picked. It is important
that the fruits be thoroughly ripe. A darker shade of red with some
blackening of the skin is a good indication of full ripeness. Like the
related mulberry, the che fruit is not a berry but a collective fruit,
in appearance somewhat like a round mulberry crossed with a lychee, 1 to
2 inches in diameter.  Che begins to bear at an early age and mature
trees can produce as much as 400 pounds of fruit.  The ripe fruit has an
attractive red or maroon-red color with a juicy, rich red flesh, and 3
to 6 small brown seeds.  Blooming in June and fruits ripen around
November in California.  The fruit has a raspberry-like appearance.
When fruit is still firm it is almost tasteless, but when fully soft
ripe it has a watermelon-like flavor.  Intergeneric hybrids exist
between Cudrania tricupidata and Maclura pomifera (osage orange) =
Macludrania hybrida, and the che is also easily grafted to Osage orange
rootstock.

Chilean guava:

The Chilean guava is a self-fertile plant hardy to -2°C.  The evergreen
bush forms a compact shrub of 1.7 m high and 1.5 meters wide.  It
prefers a well drained loam in a sunny location.  The Chilean guava
blooms in summer followed by the fruit maturing in February to March.
Harvesting is in autumn (in April-May in Tasmania, Australia) (NORDEN
2005b).  Some fruit in year 2 but mainly year 3 and onwards.  Fruit
should be allowed to become lighter in color before harvesting to ensure
the best taste.

	The fruits are blueberry sized berries red in color (also some in dark
red to purplish or blue-black colors) and they are up to one inch in
size.  Similar to other “bush” berries (NORDEN 2005b).  It has an
aromatic fruit that tastes like a combination of strawberry, pineapple
and apple).  The leaves can be used for a tea substitute and the roasted
seeds as a coffee substitute.  This attractive fruiting plant has small
glossy dark green leaves with the new growth tinged red.  In summer, the
plant is smothered with fluffy white flowers followed by the fruit in
February to March with a small tangy fruit with a beautiful aroma is 15
mm in diameter.  It is a shrub that produces a blueberry sized red berry
that tastes like a cross between a strawberry, an apple and a pineapple.

Chinese Egg Gooseberry:

The Chinese egg gooseberry is grown to a limited extent for its edible
fruit in China, and it is a deciduous climber growing to 10m.  It is
frost tender and closely related to Actinidia coriacea, and part of the
A. callosa group but with smaller fruits.  This is a climbing plant
supporting itself by twining around branches.  The plant prefers moist
light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils. It grows well in
semi-shade but full sun is best for fruit production.  The flowers are
dioecious (individual flowers are either male or female, but only one
sex is to be found on any one plant so both male and female plants must
be grown if seed is required) and are pollinated by bees and insects.
It is hardy to Plant hardiness zone 6.  Fruit is small, 1.6cm by 1.3cm,
and sweet, and they contains a number of small seeds.  Fruits are formed
on second year wood and also on fruit spurs on older wood

Chokecherry:

The chokeberry has a long life span ranging from 20 to 40 years.  Stems
are numerous and slender, either branching from the base or with main
branches upright and spreading. Heights vary considerably according to
variety and site quality, ranging from 3 to 19.5 feet (1-6 m).  In the
Great Basin, chokecherry may grow to almost 40 feet (12 m) with trunk
diameters of approximately 8 inches (20 cm).  Chokecherry grows in very
acid to moderately alkaline soils pH ranged from 3.5 to 7.6.
Chokecherries have a network of rhizomes and a deep root system
established at intervals along the rhizomes.  Roots may extend laterally
more than 35 feet (10.6 m) and vertically more than 6 feet (1.8 m).
Rhizomes range from 0.4 to 0.8 inch (1-2 cm) in diameter. The wood is
heavy, hard and close-grained, but rarely develops a commercial sized
large trunk.  Chokecherry is widely regarded as an important wildlife
food plant and provides habitat, watershed protection, and species
diversity, and also a food source for small mammals and many birds.  The
plants are widely used as ornamentals and windbreaks.  Best time for
pruning is the winter.  Grow from seed or cuttings.  Chokecherries do
not begin producing until their third or fourth year Flowers are borne
on leafy twigs of the season.  The fruits can be yellow, orange, red, or
dark purple.  Fruits are drupes, each containing a small stone.  The
attractive white flowers have a strong, sweet, almond like fragrance.
Chokecherry reproduces sexually and vegetatively.  Seeds are surrounded
by a stony endocarp.  Chokecherries ripen from mid-July to September
depending on the individual plant and the local climate.  It has a wider
window of harvest dates and more uniform ripening, and so can be
harvested after Juneberries and Saskatoon’s.  Fruits are used in
making jelly, jam, and sauces.

Cloudberry:

The cloudberry is an herbaceous, perennial plant species, often called a
“pioneer plant” for its rapid regrowth, prior to other species,
following soil disturbance on native peat land.  It has been crossed
with raspberry and crossed artificially with the bramble R. fruticosus
L.  Cloudberry is a short-stemmed herbaceous perennial, 3 to 10 inches
high growing from a creeping rhizome.  The varieties should be
propagated and planted at a density of 30,000 to 40,000/ha (12,000 to
16,000/acre) to provide an optimal cultivated stand.  The fruit ripens
from July to September.  The fruit is a red or yellow and a bramble type
fruit with an aggregate of small drupes.  The fruits are similar to
raspberries.  Bakeapples are important to Newfoundlanders and are
harvested commercially.

Cranberry:

The cranberry is a Native American wetland evergreen vine perennial
plant growing in the northern part of the United States. In
Massachusetts where cranberries grow is called a bog that evolved from
deposits left by the glaciers more than 10,000 years ago.  Growers
spread an inch or two of sand on their bogs every three years to help
the vines grow and prevents weeds and insects.

Cranberries are propagated vegetatively from cuttings; the plant
requires at least three to five years to produce the first crop.  There
are two basic planting methods that are normally completed in May.  Hand
plantings of cuttings can be done at a rate of 450 lb/A (500 kg/ha),
while mechanical planting by pressing the vine cuttings with a
cultivator in the field is up to 3 T/A (7 Mt/ha).  A second method of
plantings is to take vine cuttings into the greenhouse to root as plugs
and then plant them at one foot intervals in the field.  Cranberries
require a sandy soil and abundant fresh water.  Cranberries grow on
low-lying vines in impermeable beds layered with sand, peat, gravel and
clay.  Commercial beds (bogs) use a system of wetlands, uplands,
ditches, flumes, ponds and other water bodies that provide a natural
habitat for a variety of plants and animals, and may be productive for
50 years.  While cranberries are wetland plants, the vines spend most of
their life cycle on dry land.  Water is needed at five distinct times
during the season.  First, the season begins in winter when the bogs are
flooded with water to prevent frost damage and the water is drained in
spring.  Water is needed up to an inch of water a week to grow.  Third,
water is needed to protect the immature fruits from sun scald.  Then
water is needed to flood the fields at harvest, and last a winter flood
is used to protect the vines from freezing.

The cranberry plant grows on a prostrate evergreen "vine" but it is not
a climber.  Cranberries are a low-growing, vining, woody perennial with
small, alternate, ovate leaves.  Cranberries form a dense mat of
vegetation.  The plant produces stolons (horizontal stems) up to 6 feet
(2 m) long.  Short vertical branches or uprights, 2 to 8 inches (5 to 20
cm) in height, grow from buds on the stolons and these can be either
vegetative or fruiting branches.  Each fruiting upright may contain as
many as seven flowers.  Pollination is primarily via domestic honey
bees.  The berries are borne on short uprights 6 to 8 inches in length,
rising from the dense mass of stems prostrate on the soil surface.  In
mid-July, petals fall from the flowers leaving the tiny green nodes
that, after weeks of summer sun, become red, ripe cranberries.  The
flower to harvest period is from 60 to 130 days.  Fruit has a smooth
skin, is generally round, elliptical, or bell shaped and about 1/3 inch
in diameter and 1/2 to 1 inch long.  Inconspicuous seeds are attached at
the center of the fruit and surrounded by the tart pulp.  Cranberry
fruit after flowering goes through several color developments as it
matures from green, white, and red.  Plantings persist for many years if
properly managed.  Commercial cranberry bogs are harvested from 100 –
130 days following bloom.  The growing season is from May to October.
The majority of cranberries are harvested between September and October.
 Fruit is harvested by flooding or floating the berries or by dry
raking.  Harvest occurs in one of two ways: the most common way is wet
or water harvest.  The beds are flooded and the fruit is "beaten" of the
vine using a specialized harvester. The floating fruit is then corralled
and loaded onto trucks for delivery to a receiving station.  Wet
harvested fruit is used for processed cranberry products.  Dry harvested
fruit is "combed" from the vines using a mechanized picking machine. No
water is involved during this process.  The use of mechanized harvesters
with reel heads of 20 ft has replaced 6 – 8 men at harvest.  Pruning
is necessary after harvest to remove undesirable runners.  The wet
harvested method is used for cranberries to be processed.  Dry harvest
cranberries are sold as fresh cranberries (Oceanspray, 2005).  The fruit
is cleaned and packaged as fresh fruit.  Fruit is packed at 100
lbs/barrel.  Yields of cranberries are up to 162 barrels/acre (Fields
2005a).

Currant:

Currants grown in the U.S. are mainly red or black, with a few white
cultivars.  Currant bushes are small shrubs, up to 5 feet high, and long
lived > 15 years.  Stems are nearly free of thorns.  They are propagated
by hardwood cuttings.  They prefer a well drained loamy soil with a pH
ranging from 5.5 – 7.0, and are a deciduous shrub.  The planting
distance for red currants is 3 – 4 ft apart and 8 – 9 ft between
rows, and for black currants 4 – 5 ft apart and 10 – 12 ft between
rows for hand harvesting and 2 – 3 ft apart and 10 – 12 ft for
mechanical harvesting.  Currants share the same cultural practices as
gooseberries.  Flowers and fruit are produced on racemes, resulting in
loose clusters of a dozen or more fruits.  Pruning is done in the
winter.  Bloom to harvest depending upon the cultivar the fruits mature
in 70 to 100 after flowering.  Individual fruits have a thin, smooth
skin, are globose and about 1/3 inch diameter.  White currants are grown
mostly in Europe and used for babyfood.  Highly flavored tart pulp
surrounds several inconspicuous seeds.  Dried petals and parts of
pedicle (calyx) adhere to fruit at harvest.  Fruit yield for currants
maybe 4 – 8 qt from a mature plant.  One person can harvest about 8.8
lb (4 kg) of black currant, 17.6 lb (8 kg) of red currant, and 22 lb (10
kg) per hour.  The berries mature over a two week period, and the entire
cluster is harvested.  One person can harvest about 8.8 lb (4 kb) of
black currants and 17.6 lb (8 kg) of red currants per hour. Plants need
a120 – 140 day frost free period to mature.

Elderberry:

	Elderberry is a large shrub or small tree often with multiple stems
that are spreading by stolons, or arching. The trunk is usually short,
and the leaves are 4 to 11 inches long.  A deciduous shrub that is hardy
to plant hardiness zones 3 to 9.  Cultivated elderberry plants are