1 EXCERPTS FROM THE MINERALS YEARBOOK AVAILABLE AT HTTP:// WWW. USGS. GOV/ MINERALS BAUXITE AND ALUMINA 1 ( Data in thousand metric dry tons, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: Domestic ore, which for many years has accounted for less than 1% of the U. S. requirement for bauxite, was used in the production of nonmetallurgical products, such as abrasives, chemicals, and refractories. Thus, nearly all bauxite consumed in the United States was imported; of the total, about 95% was converted to alumina. Also, the United States imported approximately one half of the alumina it required. Of the total alumina used, about 90% went to primary aluminum smelters and the remainder went to nonmetallurgical uses. Annual alumina capacity was 5.75 million tons, with three Bayer refineries in operation and one temporarily idled at midyear. Salient Statistics   United States: 2 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production, bauxite, mine NA NA NA NA NA Imports of bauxite for consumption 3 11,600 10,400 9,030 8,670 8,500 Imports of alumina 4 4,050 3,810 3,820 3,100 3,000 Exports of bauxite 3 108 168 147 88 70 Exports of alumina 4 1,280 1,230 1,090 1,250 1,200 Shipments of bauxite from Government stockpile excesses 3 3,300 4,180 1,100 3,640 1,000 Consumption, apparent, bauxite and alumina ( in aluminum equivalents) 5 5,000 4,870 3,840 3,670 3,300 Price, bauxite, average value U. S. imports ( f. a. s.) dollars per ton 23 22 23 23 21 Stocks, bauxite, industry, yearend 3 1,860 1,440 1,300 1,750 1,300 Net import reliance, 6 bauxite and alumina, as a percentage of apparent consumption 100 100 100 100 100 Recycling: None. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): 7 Bauxite: Guinea, 39%; Jamaica, 28%; Brazil, 14%; Guyana, 11%; and other, 8%. Alumina: Australia, 63%; Suriname, 15%; Jamaica, 9%; and other, 13%. Total: Australia, 29%; Guinea, 21%; Jamaica, 19%; Brazil, 9%; and other, 22%. Tariff: Import duties on bauxite and alumina were abolished in 1971 by Public Law 92 151. Only imports from non normal trade relations nations were dutiable. Countries that supplied commercial quantities of bauxite or alumina to the United States during the first 8 months of 2002 had normal trade relations status. Depletion Allowance: 22% ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign). 2 ALUMINUM 1 ( Data in thousand metric tons of metal, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: In 2002, 11 companies operated 16 primary aluminum reduction plants; 6 smelters were temporarily idled. The 11 smelters east of the Mississippi River accounted for 75% of the production; whereas the remaining 11 smelters, which included the 9 Pacific Northwest smelters, accounted for only 25%. Based upon published market prices, the value of primary metal production was $ 3.9 billion in 2002. Aluminum consumption was centered in the East Central United States. Transportation accounted for an estimated 34% of domestic consumption in 2002; packaging, 25%; building, 17%; consumer durables, 7%; electrical, 7%; and other, 10%. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production: Primary 3,713 3,779 3,668 2,637 2,700 Secondary ( from old scrap) 1,500 1,570 1,370 1,210 1,200 Imports for consumption 3,550 4,000 3,910 3,740 4,000 Exports 1,590 1,640 1,760 1,590 1,500 Shipments from Government stockpile excesses ( 2 )         Consumption, apparent 3 7,090 7,770 7,530 6,230 6,400 Price, ingot, average U. S. market ( spot), cents per pound 65.5 65.7 74.6 68.8 65.0 Stocks: Aluminum industry, yearend 1,930 1,870 1,550 1,300 1,300 LME, U. S. warehouses, yearend 4 13 14 ( 2 ) 28 10 Employment, primary reduction, number 18,400 17,900 17,100 15,100 13,700 Net import reliance 5 as a percentage of apparent consumption 27 31 33 38 39 Recycling: In 2002, aluminum recovered from purchased scrap was about 3 million tons, of which about 60% came from new ( manufacturing) scrap and 40% from old scrap ( discarded aluminum products). Aluminum recovered from old scrap was equivalent to about 20% of apparent consumption. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Canada, 60%; Russia, 18%; Venezuela, 4%; Mexico, 2%; and other, 16%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Unwrought ( in coils) 7601.10.3000 2.6% ad val. Unwrought ( other than aluminum alloys) 7601.10.6000 Free. Waste and scrap 7602.00.0000 Free. Depletion Allowance: Not applicable. 1 Government Stockpile: None. 3 COPPER ( Data in thousand metric tons of copper content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: Domestic mine production in 2002 declined to 1.13 million metric tons and was valued at about $ 1.9 billion. The principal mining States, in descending order, Arizona, Utah, and New Mexico, accounted for 99% of domestic production; copper was also recovered at mines in three other States. Although copper was recovered at 22 mines operating in the United States, just 13 mines accounted for more than 99% of production. Three primary smelters, 4 electrolytic and 3 fire refineries, and 12 solvent extraction electrowinning facilities operated during the year. Refined copper and direct melt scrap were consumed at about 35 brass mills; 13 rod mills; and 600 foundries, chemical plants, and miscellaneous consumers. Copper and copper alloy products consumed 1 in building construction totaled 44%; electric and electronic products, 25%; transportation equipment, 11%; industrial machinery and equipment, 10%; and consumer and general products, 10%. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production: Mine 1,860 1,600 1,450 1,340 1,130 Refinery: Primary 2,140 1,890 1,590 1,630 1,450 Secondary 349 230 209 172 95 Copper from all old scrap 466 381 357 316 250 Imports for consumption: Ores and concentrates 217 143 ( 2 ) 46 95 Refined 683 837 1,060 991 900 Unmanufactured 1,190 1,280 1,350 1,400 1,220 Exports: Ores and concentrates 37 64 116 45 20 Refined 86 25 94 23 30 Unmanufactured 412 395 650 556 400 Consumption: Reported refined 2,890 2,980 3,030 2,620 2,500 Apparent unmanufactured 3 3,030 3,130 3,100 2,500 2,700 Price, average, cents per pound: Domestic producer, cathode 78.6 75.9 88.2 76.9 75 London Metal Exchange, high grade 75.0 71.3 82.2 71.6 70 Stocks, yearend, refined, held by U. S. producers, consumers, and metal exchanges 532 565 334 952 1,020 Employment, mine and mill, thousands 13.0 10.3 9.1 8.2 7 Net import reliance 4 as a percentage of apparent consumption 14 27 37 22 37 Recycling: Old scrap, converted to refined metal and alloys, provided 250,000 tons of copper, equivalent to 9% of apparent consumption. Purchased new scrap, derived from fabricating operations, yielded 900,000 tons of contained copper; about 90% of the copper contained in new scrap was consumed at brass or wire rod mills. Of the total copper recovered from scrap ( including aluminum and nickel base scrap), brass mills recovered 70%; copper smelters and refiners, 8%; ingot makers, 11%; and miscellaneous manufacturers, foundries, and chemical plants, 11%. Copper in all old and new, refined or remelted scrap contributed 32% of the U. S. copper supply. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Unmanufactured: Canada, 30%; Chile, 23%; Peru, 19%; Mexico, 15%; and other, 13%. Refined copper accounted for 68% of unwrought copper imports. 4 ZINC ( Data in thousand metric tons of zinc content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: The value of zinc mined in 2002, based on contained zinc recoverable from concentrate, was about $ 660 million. It was produced in 5 States by 12 mines operated by 7 companies. Alaska, Missouri, New York, and Tennessee accounted for 98% of domestic mine output; Alaska alone accounted for about 85% of production. Two primary and 13 large and medium sized secondary smelters refined zinc metal of commercial grade in 2002. Of zinc metal consumed, about 75% was used in Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, New York, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, mostly by steel companies. Of the total zinc consumed, about 55% was used in galvanizing, 17% in zinc base alloys, 13% in brass and bronze, and 15% in other uses. Zinc compounds and dust were used principally by the agriculture, chemical, paint, and rubber industries. Major coproducts of zinc mining and smelting, in order of decreasing tonnage, were lead, sulfur, cadmium, silver, gold, and germanium. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production: Mine, zinc in ore 1 755 852 852 842 740 Primary slab zinc 234 241 228 203 210 Secondary slab zinc 134 131 143 108 130 Imports for consumption: Ore and concentrate 46 75 53 84 80 Refined zinc 879 1,060 915 813 900 Exports: Ore and concentrate 552 531 523 696 710 Refined zinc 2 2 3 1 1 Shipments from Government stockpile 26 22 39 18 20 Consumption: Apparent, refined zinc 1,290 1,430 1,330 1,140 1,244 Apparent, all forms 1,590 1,700 1,630 1,400 1,500 Price, average, cents per pound: Domestic producers 2 51.4 53.5 55.6 44.0 40.0 London Metal Exchange, cash 46.4 48.8 51.2 40.2 36.0 Stocks, slab zinc, yearend 68 84 77 75 90 Employment: Mine and mill, number e 2,400 2,500 2,600 2,400 2,000 Smelter primary, number e 1,000 1,000 1,000 900 900 Net import reliance 3 as a percentage of apparent consumption: Refined zinc 71 74 72 73 73 All forms of zinc 58 62 60 59 60 Recycling: In 2002, an estimated 370,000 tons of zinc was recovered from waste and scrap; about 30% was recovered in the form of slab zinc and the remainder in alloys, oxide, and chemicals. Of the total amount of scrap recycled, 300,000 tons was derived from new scrap and 70,000 tons was derived from old scrap. About 25,000 tons of scrap was exported, mainly to China, Canada, and Taiwan, and 40,000 tons was imported, 90% of which came from Canada. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Ore and concentrate: Peru, 53%; Mexico, 19%; Australia, 17%; and other, 11%. Metal: Canada, 57%; Mexico, 12%; Kazakhstan, 9%; and other, 22%. Combined total: Canada, 54%; Mexico, 12%; Kazakhstan, 8%; and other, 26%. 5 LEAD ( Data in thousand metric tons of lead content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: The value of recoverable mined lead in 2002, based on the average U. S. producer price, was $ 415 million. Six lead mines in Missouri plus lead producing mines in Alaska, Idaho, and Montana yielded most of the total. Primary lead was processed at two smelter refineries in Missouri. Of the 24 plants that produced secondary lead, 15 had annual capacities of 15,000 tons or more and accounted for more than 99% of secondary production. Lead was consumed at about 130 manufacturing plants. The transportation industries were the principal users of lead, consuming 76% of it for batteries, fuel tanks, solder, seals, bearings, and wheel weights. Electrical, electronic, communications uses ( including batteries), ammunition, television glass, construction ( including radiation shielding), and protective coatings accounted for approximately 22% of consumption. The balance was used in ballast and counterweights, ceramics and crystal glass, tubes and containers, type metal, foil, wire, and specialized chemicals. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production: Mine, lead in concentrates 493 520 465 466 450 Primary refinery 337 350 341 290 260 Secondary refinery, old scrap 1,060 1,060 1,080 1,050 1,040 Imports for consumption, lead in concentrates 33 12 31 2 5 Exports, lead in concentrates 72 94 117 181 120 Imports for consumption, refined metal, wrought and unwrought 275 323 366 284 255 Exports, refined metal, wrought and unwrought 40 37 49 35 30 Shipments from Government stockpile excesses, metal 50 61 32 41 30 Consumption: Reported 1,630 1,680 1,720 1,590 1,510 Apparent 1,690 1,760 1,740 1,650 1,580 Price, average, cents per pound: North American Producer 45.3 43.7 43.6 43.6 44 London Metal Exchange 24.0 22.8 20.6 21.6 21 Stocks, metal, producers, consumers, yearend 89 91 124 100 80 Employment: Mine and mill ( peak), number 1,200 1,100 1,100 1,100 900 Primary smelter, refineries 450 450 450 400 320 Secondary smelters, refineries 1,800 1,700 1,700 1,600 1,600 Net import reliance 1 as a percentage of apparent consumption 18 20 18 19 18 Recycling: About 1.1 million tons of secondary lead were produced, an amount equivalent to 69% of domestic lead consumption. Nearly all of it was recovered from old ( post consumer) scrap. About 1 million tons ( equivalent to 63% of domestic lead consumption) was recovered from used batteries alone. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Lead in concentrates: Peru, 26%; Mexico, 18%; Canada, 8%; Australia, 3%; and other, 45%. Metal, wrought and unwrought: Canada, 62%; Mexico, 10%; Australia, 6%; Peru, 2%; and other, 20%. Total lead content: Canada, 60%; Mexico, 11%; Australia, 6%; Peru, 3%; and other, 20%. 6 25 ANTIMONY ( Data in metric tons of antimony content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: There was no domestic mine production of antimony in 2002. The only domestic source of antimony, a silver mine that produced antimony as a byproduct, closed early in 2001 without any output in the year. A small amount of antimony was recovered as a byproduct of lead and silver copper smelting. Primary antimony metal and oxide was produced by three companies in Montana, New Jersey, and Texas, using foreign feedstock and a small amount of domestic feed material. The estimated value of primary antimony metal and oxide produced in 2002 was $ 30 million. Secondary antimony was recovered, mostly in alloy form, at lead smelters; its value, based on the price of antimony metal, was about $ 2 million. The estimated distribution of antimony uses was as follows: flame retardants, 55%; transportation, including batteries, 18%; chemicals, 10%; ceramics and glass, 7%; and other, 10%. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production: Mine ( recoverable antimony) 1 489 450 W     Smelter: Primary 24,000 23,800 20,900 18,000 16,000 Secondary 7,710 8,220 7,920 6,660 4,000 Imports for consumption 34,600 36,800 41,600 37,900 16,000 Exports of metal, alloys, oxide, and waste and scrap 2 4,170 3,660 7,120 7,610 7,000 Shipments from Government stockpile 4,160 5,790 4,540 4,620 4,000 Consumption, apparent 3 42,700 36,500 49,400 45,200 18,000 Price, metal, average, cents per pound 4 72 63 66 65 79 Stocks, yearend 10,600 10,900 6,780 4,970 4,000 Employment, plant, number e 80 75 40 40   Net import reliance 5 as a percentage of apparent consumption 81 82 84 61 41 Recycling: Traditionally, the bulk of secondary antimony has been recovered as antimonial lead, most of which was generated and then also consumed by the battery industry. However, changing trends in this industry in recent years have caused lesser amounts of secondary antimony to be produced. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Metal: China, 86%; Mexico, 6%; Hong Kong, 5%; and other, 3%. Ore and concentrate: China, 37%; Australia, 29%; Austria, 6%; and other, 28%. Oxide: China, 43%; Mexico, 20%; Belgium, 13%; South Africa, 10%; Bolivia, 6%; Hong Kong, 3%; and other, 5%. Total: China, 52%; Mexico, 21%; Belgium, 9%; South Africa, 9%; Hong Kong, 6%; and other, 3%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Ore and concentrates 2617.10.0000 Free. Antimony and articles thereof, 8110.00.0000 Free. including waste and scrap Antimony oxide 2825.80.0000 Free. Depletion Allowance: 22% ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign). Government Stockpile: Sales of antimony from the Defense National Stockpile Center proceeded for the 10th consecutive year. Sales were conducted on a negotiated bid basis and were held bimonthly on the first Thursday of the month. There was no maximum quantity for which a company could submit a bid, but the minimum quantity was 18 metric tons. Grade A and grade B ingots, cakes, and broken pieces were offered. The antimony sulfide ore inventory has been depleted. The Somerville, NJ, depot holds the remaining antimony inventory. Stockpile Status   9 30 02 6 Uncommitted Committed Authorized Disposal plan Disposals Material inventory inventory for disposal FY 2002 FY 2002 Antimony 2,588 1,154 2,588 4,500 2,091 Prepared by James F. Carlin, Jr. [( 703) 648 4985, jcarlin@ usgs. gov, fax: ( 703) 648 7757] ANTIMONY Events, Trends, and Issues: In 2002, antimony production from domestic source materials was derived mainly from the recycling of lead acid batteries. Recycling supplied only a minor portion of estimated domestic demand. The price of antimony metal held fairly steady during the first half of 2002. Prices started the year at $ 0.63 per pound and ended the first half at $ 0.67 per pound. Prices rose sharply in July and August, ending August at $ 0.89 per pound. Prices in September increased to $ 1.13 per pound. Industry observers thought the significant price increases were caused by a dearth of antimony worldwide, caused mostly by the success of China's export control system. During 2002, the United States and most major antimony consuming countries experienced a marked decrease in demand that lasted through most of the year. It affected virtually all consumption categories, and observers attributed it mostly to the economic slowdown of recent years. World Mine Production, Reserves, and Reserve Base: Reserves and reserve base estimates have been revised for China, Kyrgyzstan, South Africa, and Tajikistan based on new information from those countries. Mine production Reserves 7 Reserve base 7 2001 2002 e United States     80,000 90,000 7 Bolivia 2,000 2,200 310,000 320,000 China 135,000 125,000 790,000 2,400,000 Kyrgyzstan 150 200 120,000 250,000 Russia 4,500 5,000 350,000 370,000 South Africa 3,900 4,000 33,000 250,000 Tajikistan 2,500 3,000 50,000 150,000 Other countries 2,950 2,000 25,000 75,000 World total ( may be rounded) 151,000 141,000 1,800,000 3,900,000 World Resources: U. S. resources are mainly in Alaska, Idaho, Montana, and Nevada. Principal identified world resources are in Bolivia, China, Mexico, Russia, and South Africa. Additional antimony resources may occur in Mississippi Valley type lead deposits in the Eastern United States. Substitutes: Compounds of chromium, tin, titanium, zinc, and zirconium substitute for antimony chemicals in paint, pigments, and enamels. Combinations of cadmium, calcium, copper, selenium, strontium, sulfur, and tin can be used as substitutes for hardening lead. Selected organic compounds and hydrated aluminum oxide are widely accepted substitutes as flame retardants. 8 GOLD ( Data in metric tons 1 of gold content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: Gold was produced at about 52 major lode mines, a dozen or more large placer mines ( nearly all in Alaska), and numerous smaller placer mines ( mostly in Alaska and in the Western States). In addition, a small amount of domestic gold was recovered as a byproduct of processing base metals, chiefly copper. Thirty mines yielded more than 99% of the gold produced in the United States. In 2002, the value of mine production was more than $ 2.9 billion. Commercial grade refined gold came from about two dozen producers. A few dozen companies, out of several thousand companies and artisans, dominated the fabrication of gold into commercial products. U. S. jewelry manufacturing was heavily concentrated in the New York, NY, and Providence, RI; areas with lesser concentrations include California, Florida, and Texas. Estimated uses were: jewelry and arts, 85%; dental, 10%; and electrical and electronics, 5%. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production: Mine 366 341 353 335 300 Refinery: Primary 277 265 197 191 180 Secondary ( new and old scrap) 163 143 82 83 85 Imports 2 278 221 223 193 125 Exports 2 522 523 547 489 165 Consumption, reported 219 245 183 179 170 Stocks, yearend, Treasury 3 8,130 8,170 8,140 8,120 8,140 Price, dollars per ounce 4 295 280 280 272 305 Employment, mine and mill, number 5 13,400 10,300 10,400 9,500 9,000 Net import reliance 6 as a percentage of apparent consumption E E E E E Recycling: 85 metric tons of new and old scrap, equal to 50% of reported consumption, was recycled in 2002. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): 2 Canada, 46%; Brazil, 14%; Peru, 8%; Australia, 7%; and other, 25%. Tariff: Most imports of unwrought gold, including bullion and doré, enter duty free. Depletion Allowance: 15% ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign). Government Stockpile: The U. S. Department of the Treasury maintains stocks of gold ( see salient statistics above) and the U. S. Department of Defense administers a Government wide secondary precious metals recovery program. Events, Trends, and Issues: Domestic gold mine production in 2002 was estimated at about 10% less than the level of 2001, but high enough to maintain the United States' position as the world's second largest gold producing nation, after South Africa. Domestic output continued to be dominated by Nevada, where combined production accounted for more than 75% of the U. S. total. Between July 2001 and August 2002, four gold mines were closed in the United States. During this 12 month period, the average output per mine remained about the same, companies merged, and the size of gold mining operations increased. Companies were beginning to have difficulties in successfully replacing annual production with new reserves. Estimates by an industry association indicate that worldwide gold exploration expenditures decreased for the fifth consecutive year, with 1997 marking the peak of exploration spending for the 1990s. The expenditures of U. S. gold producers continued to fall, but at a lesser rate than in 2001 owing to the recovering gold price. 9 PLATINUM GROUP METALS ( Platinum, palladium, rhodium, ruthenium, iridium, osmium) ( Data in kilograms, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: The Stillwater Mine is the only primary platinum group metals ( PGM) producer in the United States. The mine, near Nye, MT, processed more than 820,000 metric tons of ore and recovered more than 16,000 kilograms of palladium and platinum in 2002. Small quantities of PGM were also recovered as byproducts of copper refining by two companies in Texas and Utah. Catalysts for air pollution abatement continued to be the largest demand sector for PGM. In the United States, more than 100,000 kilograms of PGM were used by the automotive industry in the manufacture of catalytic converters. Catalysts were also used in other air pollution abatement processes to remove organic vapors, odors, and carbon monoxide. Chemical uses include catalysts for organic synthesis, production of nitric acid, and fabrication of laboratory equipment. Platinum alloys, in cast or wrought form, are commonly used for jewelry. Platinum, palladium, and a variety of complex gold silver copper alloys are used as dental restorative materials. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Mine production: 1 Platinum 3,240 2,920 3,110 3,610 3,900 Palladium 10,600 9,800 10,300 12,100 13,000 Imports for consumption: Platinum 96,700 125,000 93,700 84,200 105,000 Palladium 176,000 189,000 181,000 160,000 75,800 Rhodium 13,500 10,300 18,200 12,400 7,560 Ruthenium 8,880 11,400 20,900 8,170 10,800 Iridium 1,950 2,270 2,700 3,110 2,060 Osmium 71 23 133 77 6 Exports: Platinum 14,300 19,400 25,000 31,300 30,500 Palladium 36,700 43,800 57,900 37,000 41,600 Rhodium 811 114 797 982 226 Price, 2 dollars per troy ounce: Platinum 374.61 378.94 549.30 533.29 558.75 Palladium 289.76 363.20 691.84 610.71 330.50 Rhodium 619.83 904.35 1,990.00 1,598.67 750.75 Ruthenium 47.95 40.70 129.76 130.67 60.00 Employment, mine, number 620 954 1,290 1,320 1,400 Net import reliance as a percentage of apparent consumption: e Platinum 94 96 78 90 93 Palladium 90 92 84 87 69 Recycling: An estimated 6,000 kilograms of PGM was recovered from new and old scrap in 2001. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Platinum: South Africa, 55%; United Kingdom, 15%; Germany, 9%; Russia, 4%; and other, 17%. Palladium: Russia, 44%; South Africa, 14%; United Kingdom, 13%; Belgium, 10%; and other, 19%. Tariff: All unwrought and semimanufactured forms of PGM can be imported duty free. Depletion Allowance: 22% ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign). Government Stockpile: Stockpile Status   9 30 02 3 Uncommitted Committed Authorized Disposal plan Disposals Material inventory inventory for disposal FY 2002 FY 2002 Platinum 649   649 4,354 4,055 Palladium 7,027 241 16,714 18,662 9,687 Iridium 784   784 187   10 MERCURY 1 ( Data in metric tons of mercury content, unless otherwise noted) 2 Domestic Production and Use: Recovery of mercury from obsolete or wornout items remains the principal source of domestic mercury production. Several companies in the eastern and central United States recovered mercury from a variety of secondary sources, such as batteries, chloralkali wastewater sludges, dental amalgams, electrical apparatus, fluorescent light tubes, and measuring instruments. Domestic mine production of mercury was limited to a very small quantity of byproduct production from fewer than 10 Western State gold mines. The manufacture of chlorine and caustic soda, along with its use in electrical and electronic applications probably accounted for two thirds to three fourths of the mercury consumed domestically. The remainder was used in other applications such as measuring and control instruments and dental amalgams. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production: Mine NA NA NA NA NA Secondary, industrial NA NA NA NA NA Imports for consumption ( gross weight) 128 62 103 100 100 Exports ( gross weight) 63 181 182 108 300 Price, average value, dollars per flask, free market 139.84 140.00 155.00 155.00 140.00 Recycling: Recycling of old scrap represented essentially all of domestic mercury production in 2002. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): United Kingdom, 30%; Chile, 15%; Kazakhstan, 13%; Germany, 13%; and other, 29%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Mercury 2805.40.0000 1.7% ad val. Depletion Allowance: 22% ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign). Government Stockpile: In addition to the quantities shown below, 146 tons of secondary mercury was held by the U. S. Department of Energy at Oak Ridge, TN. Stockpile Status   9 30 02 3 Uncommitted Committed Authorized Disposal plan Disposals Material inventory inventory for disposal FY 2002 FY 2002 Mercury 4,435   4,435     11 SILVER ( Data in metric tons 1 of silver content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: In 2002, U. S. mine production of silver was about 1,470 tons with an estimated value of $ 214 million. Nevada was the largest producer, with more than 600 tons. Precious metal ores accounted for approximately one half of domestic silver production; the remainder was recovered as a byproduct from the processing of copper, lead, and zinc ores. There were 21 principal refiners of commercial grade silver, with an estimated total output of approximately 2,900 tons. About 30 fabricators accounted for more than 90% of the silver consumed in arts and industry. The remainder was consumed mostly by small companies and artisans. Aesthetic uses of silver for decorative articles, jewelry, tableware, and coinage were overshadowed by industrial and technical uses. Industrial and technical uses include photographic materials, electrical and electronic products, catalysts, brazing alloys, dental amalgam, and bearings. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production: Mine 2,060 1,950 1,860 1,740 1,470 Refinery: Primary 2,300 2,000 2,780 2,640 2,900 Secondary 1,700 1,500 1,680 1,060 1,600 Imports for consumption 2 3,330 2,660 3,810 3,310 3,630 Exports 2 2,250 481 279 963 885 Consumption, apparent e 5,300 5,500 6,300 5,800 5,340 Price, dollars per troy ounce 3 5.54 5.25 5.00 4.39 4.52 Stocks, yearend: Treasury Department 4 582 617 220 220 220 COMEX, CBT 5 2,360 2,360 2,920 3,342 3,272 National Defense Stockpile 1,030 778 458 200   Employment, mine and mill, 6 number 1,550 1,500 1,500 1,100 1,100 Net import reliance 7 as a percentage of apparent consumption e 43 39 43 44 61 Recycling: About 1,100 tons of silver was recovered from old and new scrap in 2001. Import Sources 2 ( 1998 2001): Canada, 40%; Mexico, 37%; Peru, 7%; United Kingdom, 3%; and other, 13%. Tariff: No duties are imposed on imports of unrefined silver or refined bullion. Depletion Allowance: 15% ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign). Government Stockpile: The Defense Logistics Agency ( DLA) has transferred all of the remaining silver in the National Defense Stockpile to the U. S. Mint for use in the manufacture of numismatic and bullion coins. Under an agreement with the U. S. Department of the Treasury, the metal will continue to be carried as DLA stocks until the metal is consumed by the Mint. The transfer marked the end of silver requirements in the National Defense Stockpile. Stockpile Status   9 30 02 8 Uncommitted Committed Authorized Disposal plan Disposals Material inventory inventory for disposal FY 2002 FY 2002 Silver 21 21 21 249 300 12 TUNGSTEN ( Data in metric tons of tungsten content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: The last reported U. S. production of tungsten concentrates was in 1994. In 2002, approximately eight companies in the United States processed tungsten concentrates, ammonium paratungstate, tungsten oxide, and/ or scrap to make tungsten powder, tungsten carbide powder, and/ or tungsten chemicals. More than 70 industrial consumers were surveyed on a monthly or annual basis. Data reported by these consumers indicates that 62% of the tungsten consumed in the United States was used in cemented carbide parts for cutting and wear resistant materials primarily in the metalworking, oil and gas drilling, mining, and construction industries. The remaining tungsten was consumed in making lamp filaments, electrodes, and other components for the electrical and electronics industries; steels, superalloys, and wear resistant alloys; and chemicals for catalysts and pigments. The total estimated value of tungsten consumed in 2002 was $ 250 million. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production: Mine           Secondary 3,350 4,980 5,210 5,390 4,500 Imports for consumption: Concentrate 4,750 2,870 2,370 2,680 3,900 Other forms 8,490 8,230 7,810 8,150 7,000 Exports: Concentrate 10 26 70 220 90 Other forms 3,640 2,860 2,800 4,860 3,500 Government stockpile shipments: Concentrate   ( 1 ) 1,240 2,200 1,600 Other forms   ( 1 ) 591 986 200 Consumption: Reported, concentrate 2 3,210 2 2,100 W W W Apparent, all forms 12,300 12,900 14,400 14,500 12,900 Price, concentrate, dollars per mtu WO3 , 3 average: U. S. spot market, Platts Metals Week 52 47 47 64 55 European market, Metal Bulletin 44 40 45 65 38 Stocks, industry, yearend: Concentrate 514 W W W W Other forms 2,780 2,490 2,280 2,110 1,800 Net import reliance 4 as a percentage of apparent consumption 77 65 66 64 70 Recycling: During 2002, the tungsten content of scrap consumed by processors and end users was estimated at 4,500 tons. This represented approximately 35% of apparent consumption of tungsten in all forms. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Tungsten content of ores and concentrates, intermediate and primary products, wrought and unwrought tungsten, and waste and scrap: China, 48%; Russia, 16%; and other, 36%. In 2001, imports of tungsten materials from Russia decreased to 4% of total tungsten imports. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 5 12/ 31/ 02 Ore 2611.00.3000 Free. Concentrate 9902.26.1100 Free. Ferrotungsten 7202.80.0000 5.6% ad val. Tungsten powders 8101.10.0000 7.0% ad val. Ammonium tungstate 2841.80.0010 5.5% ad val. Tungsten carbide 2849.90.3000 6.5% ad val. Tungsten oxide 2825.90.3000 5.5% ad val. Depletion Allowance: 22% ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign). Government Stockpile: Sales of National Defense Stockpile tungsten began in 1999. Included in the data listed in the table below, as of September 30, 2002, are the following quantities of uncommitted nonstockpile grade materials authorized for disposal ( tons of tungsten content): ores and concentrates, 6,410, and metal powder, 151. 13 COBALT ( Data in metric tons of cobalt content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: The United States did not mine or refine cobalt in 2002; however, negligible amounts of byproduct cobalt were produced as intermediate products from some mining operations. U. S. supply comprised imports, stock releases, and secondary materials, such as superalloy scrap, cemented carbide scrap, and spent catalysts. There were two domestic producers of extra fine cobalt powder: One produced powder from imported primary metal, and another produced powder from cemented carbide scrap. In addition to the powder producers, six companies were known to be active in the production of cobalt compounds. Nearly 90 industrial consumers were surveyed on a monthly or annual basis. Data reported by these consumers indicate that approximately 51% of U. S. cobalt use was in superalloys, which are used primarily in aircraft gas turbine engines; 8% was in cemented carbides for cutting and wear resistant applications; 19% was in various other metallic uses; and the remaining 22% was in a variety of chemical uses. The total estimated value of cobalt consumed in 2002 was $ 150 million. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production: Mine           Secondary 3,080 2,720 2,550 2,740 2,700 Imports for consumption 7,670 8,150 8,770 9,410 9,400 Exports 1,680 1,550 2,630 3,210 2,100 Shipments from Government stockpile excesses 2,310 1,530 2,960 3,050 750 Consumption: Reported ( includes secondary) 9,380 8,660 8,980 9,490 8,700 Apparent ( includes secondary) 11,500 10,700 11,600 11,800 10,800 Price, average annual spot for cathodes, dollars per pound 21.43 17.02 15.16 10.55 6.90 Stocks, industry, yearend 1,000 1,160 1,180 1,370 1,300 Net import reliance 1 as a percentage of apparent consumption 73 75 78 77 75 Recycling: An estimated 2,700 tons of cobalt was recycled from purchased scrap in 2002. This represented 31% of estimated reported consumption for the year. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Cobalt content of metal, oxide, and salts: Finland, 23%; Norway, 19%; Russia, 12%; Canada, 10%; and other, 36%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 2 12/ 31/ 02 Unwrought cobalt, alloys 8105.20.3000 4.4% ad val. Unwrought cobalt, other 8105.20.6000 Free. Cobalt mattes and other intermediate products 8105.20.9000 Free. Cobalt waste and scrap 8105.30.0000 Free. Wrought cobalt and cobalt articles 8105.90.0000 3.7% ad val. Chemical compounds: Cobalt oxides and hydroxides 2822.00.0000 0.1% ad val. Cobalt sulfates 2833.29.1000 1.4% ad val. Cobalt chlorides 2827.34.0000 4.2% ad val. Cobalt carbonates 2836.99.1000 4.2% ad val. Cobalt acetates 2915.23.0000 4.2% ad val. Cobalt ores and concentrates 2605.00.0000 Free. Depletion Allowance: 22% ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign). Government Stockpile: Sales of National Defense Stockpile cobalt began in March 1993. The Annual Materials Plan of the Defense Logistics Agency, U. S. Department of Defense, includes a cobalt disposal limit of 2,720 tons ( 6 million pounds) during fiscal year 2003. Stockpile Status   9 30 02 3 Uncommitted Committed Authorized Disposal plan Disposals Material inventory inventory for disposal FY 2002 FY 2002 Cobalt 6,640 214 6,640 2,720 1,210 14 MOLYBDENUM ( Data in metric tons of molybdenum content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: In 2002, molybdenum, valued at about $ 270 million ( based on average oxide price), was produced by six mines. Molybdenum ore was produced at three mines, one each in Colorado, Idaho, and New Mexico, whereas three mines in Arizona and Utah recovered molybdenum as a byproduct. Three plants converted molybdenite ( MoS2 ) concentrate to molybdic oxide, from which intermediate products, such as ferromolybdenum, metal powder, and various chemicals, were produced. Iron and steel, cast and wrought alloy, and superalloy producers accounted for about 70% of the molybdenum consumed. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production, mine 53,300 42,400 40,900 37,600 32,600 Imports for consumption 14,300 14,000 15,000 13,400 9,800 Exports 46,600 32,700 27,900 31,500 23,100 Consumption: Reported 18,800 18,700 18,300 16,200 13,400 Apparent 16,200 32,500 34,200 22,300 19,900 Price, average value, dollars per kilogram 1 5.90 5.90 5.64 5.20 8.30 Stocks, mine and plant concentrates, product, and consumer materials 16,200 12,000 11,400 10,700 9,600 Employment, mine and plant, number 740 610 470 380 360 Net import reliance 2 as a percentage of apparent consumption E E E E E Recycling: Secondary molybdenum in the form of molybdenum metal or superalloys was recovered, but the amount was small. Although molybdenum is not recovered from scrap steel, recycling of steel alloys is significant, and molybdenum content is reutilized. Quantities of molybdenum recycled from new and old scrap are estimated to be 30% of apparent supply of molybdenum. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): China, 30%; Mexico, 29%; Canada, 19%; United Kingdom, 11%; Chile, 8%; and other, 3%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Molybdenum ore and concentrates, roasted 2613.10.0000 12.8 ¢ / kg + 1.8% ad val. Molybdenum ore and concentrates, other 2613.90.0000 17.8 ¢ / kg. Molybdenum chemicals: Molybdenum oxides and hydroxides 2825.70.0000 3.2% ad val. Molybdates of ammonium 2841.70.1000 4.3% ad val. Molybdates, all others 2841.70.5000 3.7% ad val. Molybdenum pigments: Molybdenum orange 3206.20.0020 3.7% ad val. Ferroalloys: Ferromolybdenum 7202.70.0000 4.5% ad val. Molybdenum metals: Powders 8102.10.0000 9.1 ¢ / kg + 1.2% ad val. Unwrought 8102.94.0000 13.9 ¢ / kg + 1.9% ad val. Wrought bars and rods 8102.95.3000 6.6% ad val. Wrought plates, sheets, strips, etc. 8102.95.6000 6.6% ad val. Wire 8102.96.0000 4.4% ad val. Waste and scrap 8102.97.0000 Free. Other 8102.99.0000 3.7% ad val. Depletion Allowance: 22% ( Domestic); 14% ( Foreign). Government Stockpile: None. 15 RHENIUM ( Data in kilograms of rhenium content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: During 2002, ores containing rhenium were mined by six operations. Rhenium compounds are included in molybdenum concentrates derived from porphyry copper deposits in the Southwestern United States, and rhenium is recovered as a byproduct from roasting such molybdenum concentrates. Rhenium containing products included ammonium perrhenate, perrhenic acid, and metal powder. The major uses of rhenium were in petroleum reforming catalysts and in high temperature superalloys used in turbine engine components, representing about 40% and 50%, respectively, of the total demand. Rhenium was used in petroleum reforming catalysts for the production of high octane hydrocarbons, which are used in the production of lead free gasoline. Bimetallic platinum rhenium catalysts have replaced many of the monometallic catalysts. Rhenium is used in superalloys, improving the strength properties, at high temperatures ( 1,000 ° C), of nickel based alloys. Some of the uses for rhenium alloys were in thermocouples, temperature controls, heating elements, ionization gauges, mass spectrographs, electron tubes and targets, electrical contacts, metallic coatings, vacuum tubes, crucibles, electromagnets, and semiconductors. The estimated value of rhenium consumed in 2002 was $ 22 million. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production 1 14,000 12,000 12,400 11,800 9,400 Imports for consumption, gross weight 25,200 15,600 18,200 24,800 13,600 Exports NA NA NA NA NA Consumption: Estimated 28,600 32,500 32,000 35,000 23,000 Apparent NA NA NA NA NA Price, average value, dollars per kilogram, gross weight: Metal powder, 99.99% pure 960 1,100 1,010 910 1,060 Ammonium perrhenate 370 610 510 790 840 Stocks, yearend, consumer, producer, dealer NA NA NA NA NA Employment, number Small Small Small Small Small Net import reliance 2 as a percentage of estimated consumption 88 48 57 71 59 Recycling: Small amounts of molybdenum rhenium and tungsten rhenium scrap have been processed by several companies during the past few years. All spent platinum rhenium catalysts were recycled. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Chile, 61%; Kazakhstan, 15%; Germany, 10%; Russia, 5%; and other, 9%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Other inorganic acids, other   rhenium, etc. 2811.19.6050 4.2% ad val. Salts of peroxometallic acids, other   ammonium perrhenate 2841.90.2000 3.1% ad val. Rhenium, etc., ( metals) waste and scrap 8112.92.0500 Free. Rhenium, ( metals) unwrought; powders 8112.92.5000 3% ad val. Rhenium, etc., ( metals) wrought; etc. 8112.99.0100 4% ad val. Depletion Allowance: 14% ( Domestic and foreign). Government Stockpile: None. 16 VANADIUM 1 ( Data in metric tons of vanadium content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: Eight firms make up the U. S. vanadium industry. These firms produce ferrovanadium, vanadium pentoxide, vanadium metal, and vanadium bearing chemicals or specialty alloys by processing materials such as petroleum residues, spent catalysts, utility ash, and vanadium bearing iron slag. Metallurgical use, primarily as an alloying agent for iron and steel, accounts for about 90% of the vanadium consumed domestically. Of the other uses for vanadium, the major nonmetallurgical use was in catalysts for the production of maleic anhydride and sulfuric acid. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production, mine, mill W W       Imports for consumption: Ash, ore, residues, slag 2,400 1,650 1,890 1,670 2,000 Vanadium pentoxide, anhydride 847 208 902 600 400 Oxides and hydroxides, other 33   14 1,080 100 Aluminum vanadium master alloys ( gross weight) 298 1,210 16 10 100 Ferrovanadium 1,620 1,930 2,510 2,550 2,600 Exports: Vanadium pentoxide, anhydride 681 747 653 71 60 Oxides and hydroxides, other 232 70 100 63 200 Aluminum vanadium master alloys ( gross weight) 856 514 677 363 600 Ferrovanadium 579 213 172 70 100 Consumption, reported 4,380 3,620 3,520 3,210 3,300 Price, average, dollars per pound V2 O5 5.47 1.99 1.82 1.37 1.40 Stocks, consumer, yearend 336 348 303 246 300 Employment, mine and mill, number 400 400 400 400 400 Net import reliance 2 as a percentage of reported consumption 78 76 100 100 100 Recycling: Some tool steel scrap was recycled primarily for its vanadium content, and vanadium was recycled from spent chemical process catalysts, but these two sources together accounted for only a very small percentage of total vanadium used. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Ferrovanadium: South Africa, 29%; Canada, 24%; China, 20%; Czech Republic, 11%; and other, 16%. Vanadium pentoxide: South Africa, 98%; and other, 2%. Tariff: Ash, residues, slag, and waste and scrap enter duty free. Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Vanadium pentoxide anhydride 2825.30.0010 7.6% ad val. Vanadium oxides and hydroxides, other 2825.30.0050 7.6% ad val. Vanadates 2841.90.1000 6.6% ad val. Ferrovanadium 7202.92.0000 4.2% ad val. Aluminum vanadium master alloys 7601.20.9030 Free. Depletion Allowance: 22% ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign). Government Stockpile: None. 17 BERYLLIUM ( Data in metric tons of beryllium content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: A company in Utah mined bertrandite ore and recovered beryllium hydroxide from this ore and from imported beryl. The beryllium hydroxide was shipped to a plant in Ohio, where it was converted into beryllium metal, alloys, and oxide. Beryllium consumption of 220 tons was valued at about $ 80 million, based on the quoted producer price for beryllium copper master alloy. The use of beryllium ( as an alloy, metal, and oxide) in electronic and electrical components and aerospace and defense applications accounted for an estimated 80% of total consumption. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production, mine shipments 243 200 180 100 100 Imports for consumption, ore and metal 50 20 20 115 120 Exports, metal 60 40 35 60 100 Government stockpile releases e 1 57 145 220 60 60 Consumption: Apparent 320 385 300 230 220 Reported, ore 270 260 240 170 170 Price, dollars ( yearend): Domestic, metal, vacuum cast ingot, per pound 327 327 421 338 NA Domestic, metal, powder blend, per pound 385 385 492 375 375 Domestic, beryllium copper master alloy, per pound of contained beryllium 160 160 160 160 160 Domestic, beryllium oxide, powder, per pound 77 77 100 100 NA Stocks, consumer, yearend 80 20 115 100 60 Net import reliance 2 as a percentage of apparent consumption 24 48 37 57 55 Recycling: Quantities of new scrap generated in the processing of beryllium copper alloys and quantities of obsolete military equipment containing metallic beryllium were recycled. Data on beryllium recycled in this manner were not available. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Ore, metal, scrap, and master alloy: Kazakhstan, 37%; Russia, 16%; Brazil, 9%; Philippines, 8%; and other, 30%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Beryllium ores and concentrates 2617.90.0030 Free. Beryllium oxide or hydroxide 2825.90.1000 3.7% ad val. Beryllium copper master alloy 7405.00.6030 Free. Beryllium: Unwrought powders 8112.12.0000 8.5% ad val. Waste and scrap 8112.13.0000 Free. Other 8112.19.0000 5.5% ad val. Depletion Allowance: 22% ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign). Government Stockpile: Stockpile Status   9 30 02 3 Uncommitted Committed Authorized Disposal plan Disposals Material inventory inventory for disposal FY 2002 FY 2002 Beryl ore ( 11% BeO) 227 34 227 145 54 Beryllium copper master alloy 41 10 41 80   Beryllium metal 294 11 249 36 4 18 NICKEL ( Data in metric tons of nickel content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: The United States did not have any active nickel mines in 2002. Limited amounts of byproduct nickel, though, were recovered from copper and palladium platinum ores mined in the Western United States. On a monthly or annual basis, 145 facilities reported nickel consumption. The principal consuming State was Pennsylvania, followed by West Virginia, Indiana, and Illinois. Approximately 42% of the primary nickel consumed went into stainless and alloy steel production, 38% into nonferrous alloys and superalloys, 14% into electroplating, and 6% into other uses. Ultimate end uses were as follows: transportation, 32%; chemical industry, 13%; electrical equipment, 10%; construction, 9%; fabricated metal products, 8%; household appliances, 7%; petroleum industry, 6%; machinery, 6%; and other, 9%. Estimated value of apparent primary consumption was $ 775 million. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production: Mine           Plant 4,290         Shipments of purchased scrap: 1 89,700 93,000 123,000 141,000 145,000 Imports: Ore 1,420         Primary 148,000 139,000 156,000 136,000 122,000 Secondary 8,500 9,480 10,700 8,760 8,920 Exports: Primary 8,440 7,440 8,150 8,450 7,000 Secondary 35,100 31,400 49,900 48,600 43,200 Consumption: Reported, primary 116,000 116,000 115,000 98,800 84,600 Reported, secondary 63,100 71,000 84,000 101,000 111,000 Apparent, primary 149,000 140,000 147,000 129,000 114,000 Total 2 212,000 211,000 231,000 230,000 225,000 Price, average annual, London Metal Exchange: Cash, dollars per metric ton 4,630 6,011 8,638 5,945 6,776 Cash, dollars per pound 2.100 2.727 3.918 2.696 3.074 Stocks: Government, yearend 2,600         Consumer, yearend 15,900 10,000 14,300 13,900 12,500 Producer, yearend 3 13,100 12,700 12,300 12,600 12,400 Employment, yearend, number: Mine 7 5 1     Smelter and port 7 7       Net import reliance 4 as a percentage of apparent consumption 64 63 56 46 43 Recycling: About 111,000 tons of nickel was recovered from purchased scrap in 2002. This represented about 57% of total reported consumption for the year. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Canada, 40%; Norway, 13%; Russia, 12%; Australia, 10%; and other, 25%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Nickel oxide, chemical grade 2825.40.0000 Free. Ferronickel 7202.60.0000 Free. Nickel oxide, metallurgical grade 7501.20.0000 Free. Unwrought nickel, not alloyed 7502.10.0000 Free. Depletion Allowance: 22% ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign). Government Stockpile: The U. S. Government sold the last of the nickel in the National Defense Stockpile in 1999. The U. S. Department of Energy is holding 6,000 tons of nickel scrap contaminated by low level radioactivity. Events, Trends, and Issues: Stainless steel accounts for two thirds of the primary nickel consumed in the world. U. S. production of austenitic ( i. e., nickel bearing) stainless steel was up 30% from the 1.01 million tons of 2001. The increase occurred after recessionary forces began weakening in mid 2002 and the economic disruption created by the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, had partially subsided. Imported steels accounted for 22% of total U. S. stainless steel consumption in 2002, down slightly from 24% for the previous year. On March 5, 2002, the U. S. Government temporarily raised tariffs on some forms of stainless steel. The new tariffs were part of a much larger trade action taken to slow dumping of excess foreign steel products at below market prices. The new tariffs were to decrease annually over 3 years and then drop back down to 2001 levels. 19 TIN ( Data in metric tons of tin content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: Tin has not been mined domestically since 1993. Production of tin at the only U. S. tin smelter, at Texas City, TX, stopped in 1989. Twenty five firms used about 92% of the primary tin consumed domestically in 2002. The major uses were as follows: cans and containers, 27%; electrical, 23%; construction, 10%; transportation, 10%; and other, 30%. On the basis of the New York composite price, the estimated values of some critical items were as follows: primary metal consumed, $ 243 million; imports for consumption, refined tin, $ 243 million; and secondary production ( old scrap), $ 43 million. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production: Secondary ( old scrap) 8,500 7,750 6,560 6,700 6,500 Secondary ( new scrap) 7,800 8,650 9,140 7,190 7,000 Imports for consumption, refined tin 44,000 47,500 44,900 37,500 37,000 Exports, refined tin 5,020 6,770 6,640 4,350 3,500 Shipments from Government stockpile excesses 12,200 765 12,000 12,000 12,000 Consumption, reported: Primary 37,100 38,000 38,100 34,200 37,000 Secondary 8,620 8,890 8,940 6,990 9,000 Consumption, apparent 60,600 59,700 57,200 48,250 54,000 Price, average, cents per pound: New York market 261 255 255 211 188 New York composite 373 366 370 315 298 London 251 245 246 203 177 Kuala Lumpur 246 241 244 201 178 Stocks, consumer and dealer, yearend 10,500 10,700 11,200 14,800 13,000 Net import reliance 1 as a percentage of apparent consumption 85 85 88 86 79 Recycling: About 14,000 tons of tin from old and new scrap was recycled in 2002. Of this, about 7,000 tons was recovered from old scrap at 3 detinning plants and 65 secondary nonferrous metal processing plants. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Peru, 27%; China, 23%; Indonesia, 14%; Brazil, 12%; Bolivia, 12%; and other, 12%. Tariff: Most major imports of tin, including unwrought metal, waste and scrap, and unwrought tin alloys, enter duty free. Depletion Allowance: 22% ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign). Government Stockpile: The Defense National Stockpile Center ( DNSC) continued its active longtime tin sales program. The Annual Materials Plan for tin for fiscal year 2003 remained at 12,000 tons. DNSC will continue to have two long term negotiated " contract" sales totaling 10,000 tons for the year. The remaining 2,000 tons will be sold using the Basic Ordering Agreement ( BOA). Under the BOA approach, DNSC posts the amount of tin that it wants to sell on its Web site every Tuesday. Interested parties submit a quote, and DNSC makes a sales determination by the end of the business day. BOA sales began in June 2002. In fiscal year 2002, DNSC had only one long term sale, and that was in July. Tin is warehoused at four depots, with the largest inventories at Hammond, IN, and Point Pleasant, WV. The other sites are New Haven, IN, and Baton Rouge, LA. 20 TANTALUM ( Data in metric tons of tantalum content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: There has been no significant domestic tantalum mining since 1959. Domestic tantalum resources are of low grade, some mineralogically complex, and most are not commercially recoverable. Most metal, alloys, and compounds were produced by three companies; tantalum units were obtained from imported concentrates and metal and from foreign and domestic scrap. Tantalum was consumed mostly in the form of metal powder, ingot, fabricated forms, compounds, and alloys. The major end use for tantalum was in the production of electronic components, more than 60% of use, mainly in tantalum capacitors. Major end uses for tantalum capacitors include automotive electronics, pagers, personal computers, and portable telephones. The value of tantalum consumed in 2002 was estimated at about $ 180 million. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production, mine           Imports for consumption: Mineral concentrates e 380 320 650 690 700 Tantalum metal and tantalum bearing alloys e 208 244 251 316 300 Exports, concentrate, metal, alloys, waste, scrap e 440 480 530 700 600 Government stockpile releases e 1 213 5 242 ( 53) 13 Consumption, apparent 738 555 650 550 525 Price, tantalite, dollars per pound 2 34.00 34.00 220.00 37.00 30.00 Net import reliance 3 as a percentage of apparent consumption 80 80 80 80 80 Recycling: Tantalum was mostly recycled from new scrap that was generated during the manufacture of tantalum related electronic components and new and old scrap products of tantalum containing cemented carbides and superalloys. Combined prompt industrial and obsolete scrap consumed represented about 20% of apparent consumption. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Australia, 49%; China, 10%; Japan, 8%; Thailand, 8%; and other, 25%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Synthetic tantalum columbium concentrates 2615.90.3000 Free. Tantalum ores and concentrates 2615.90.6060 Free. Tantalum oxide 2825.90.9000 3.7% ad val. Potassium fluotantalate 2826.90.0000 3.1% ad val. Tantalum, unwrought: Powders 8103.20.0030 2.5% ad val. Alloys and metal 8103.20.0090 2.5% ad val. Tantalum, waste and scrap 8103.30.0000 Free. Tantalum, other 8103.90.0000 4.4% ad val. Depletion Allowance: 22% ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign). Government Stockpile: For fiscal year 2002, the Defense National Stockpile Center ( DNSC) sold about 18 tons of tantalum contained in tantalum metal ingots valued at about $ 3.53 million from the National Defense Stockpile ( NDS). There were no sales of tantalum carbide powder, tantalum metal powder, tantalum minerals, and tantalum oxide in fiscal year 2002. The DNSC proposed maximum disposal limits in fiscal year 2003 of about 2 tons of tantalum contained in tantalum carbide powder, about 18 tons of tantalum contained in tantalum metal ingots, about 23 tons 4 of tantalum contained in tantalum metal powder, about 227 tons of tantalum contained in tantalum minerals, and about 9 tons of tantalum contained in tantalum oxide. The NDS uncommitted inventories shown below include a small quantity in nonstockpile grade tantalum capacitor grade metal powder and about 325 tons of tantalum contained in nonstockpile grade tantalum minerals. 21 TITANIUM AND TITANIUM DIOXIDE 1 ( Data in metric tons, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: Titanium sponge metal was produced by two operations in Nevada and Utah. Ingot was made by the two sponge producers and by nine other firms in seven States. About 30 firms consumed ingot to produce forged components, mill products, and castings. In 2002, an estimated 65% of the titanium metal used was in aerospace applications. The remaining 35% was used in armor, chemical processing, power generation, marine, medical, sporting goods, and other nonaerospace applications. The value of sponge metal consumed was about $ 148 million, assuming an average selling price of $ 7.77 per kilogram. The value of ingot produced from sponge and scrap was estimated to be $ 420 million. In 2002, titanium dioxide ( TiO2 ) pigment, valued at about $ 2.7 billion, was produced by four companies at eight facilities in seven States. Estimated use of TiO2 pigment by end use was paint, varnishes, and lacquers, 49%; paper, 16%; plastics, 25%; and other, 10%. Other uses of TiO2 included catalysts, ceramics, coated fabrics and textiles, floor coverings, printing ink, and roofing granules. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Titanium sponge metal: Production W W W W W Imports for consumption 10,900 6,000 7,240 13,300 12,600 Exports 348 807 1,930 2,170 2,000 Shipments from Government stockpile excesses 1,384 515 4,870 7,640 3,340 Consumption, reported 28,200 18,100 18,200 26,200 19,000 Price, dollars per kilogram, yearend 9.70 9.37 9.37 7.89 7.77 Stocks, industry yearend e 10,600 7,970 5,010 6,340 10,000 Employment, number e 300 300 300 300 300 Net import reliance 2 as a percentage of reported consumption 39 44 72 67 54 Titanium dioxide: Production 1,330,000 1,350,000 1,400,000 1,330,000 1,380,000 Imports for consumption 200,000 225,000 218,000 209,000 220,000 Exports 398,000 384,000 464,000 415,000 470,000 Consumption, apparent 1,140,000 1,160,000 1,150,000 1,100,000 1,160,000 Price, rutile, list, dollars per pound, yearend 0.98 1.01 1.01 1.05 1.05 Stocks, producer, yearend 103,000 137,000 141,000 159,000 130,000 Employment, number e 4,600 4,600 4,600 4,600 4,500 Net import reliance 2 as a percentage of apparent consumption E E E E E Recycling: New scrap metal recycled by the titanium industry totaled about 13,300 tons in 2002. Estimated use of titanium as scrap and ferrotitanium by the steel industry was about 6,900 tons; by the superalloy industry, 830 tons; and, in other industries, 300 tons. Old scrap reclaimed totaled about 500 tons. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Sponge metal: Japan, 36%; Russia, 36%; Kazakhstan, 25%; and other, 3%. Titanium dioxide pigment: Canada, 33%; Germany, 12%; France, 8%; Spain, 6%; China, 5%; and other, 36%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Titanium oxides ( unfinished TiO2 pigment) 2823.00.0000 5.5% ad val. TiO2 pigments, 80% or more TiO2 3206.11.0000 6.0% ad val. TiO2 pigments, other 3206.19.0000 6.0% ad val. Ferrotitanium and ferrosilicon titanium 7202.91.0000 3.7% ad val. Titanium waste and scrap metal 8108.30.0000 Free. Unwrought titanium metal 8108.20.0000 15.0% ad val. Wrought titanium metal 8108.90.6000 15.0% ad val. Other titanium metal articles 8108.90.3000 5.5% ad val. Depletion Allowance: Not applicable. 22 TITANIUM AND TITANIUM DIOXIDE 1 ( Data in metric tons, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: Titanium sponge metal was produced by two operations in Nevada and Utah. Ingot was made by the two sponge producers and by nine other firms in seven States. About 30 firms consumed ingot to produce forged components, mill products, and castings. In 2002, an estimated 65% of the titanium metal used was in aerospace applications. The remaining 35% was used in armor, chemical processing, power generation, marine, medical, sporting goods, and other nonaerospace applications. The value of sponge metal consumed was about $ 148 million, assuming an average selling price of $ 7.77 per kilogram. The value of ingot produced from sponge and scrap was estimated to be $ 420 million. In 2002, titanium dioxide ( TiO2 ) pigment, valued at about $ 2.7 billion, was produced by four companies at eight facilities in seven States. Estimated use of TiO2 pigment by end use was paint, varnishes, and lacquers, 49%; paper, 16%; plastics, 25%; and other, 10%. Other uses of TiO2 included catalysts, ceramics, coated fabrics and textiles, floor coverings, printing ink, and roofing granules. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Titanium sponge metal: Production W W W W W Imports for consumption 10,900 6,000 7,240 13,300 12,600 Exports 348 807 1,930 2,170 2,000 Shipments from Government stockpile excesses 1,384 515 4,870 7,640 3,340 Consumption, reported 28,200 18,100 18,200 26,200 19,000 Price, dollars per kilogram, yearend 9.70 9.37 9.37 7.89 7.77 Stocks, industry yearend e 10,600 7,970 5,010 6,340 10,000 Employment, number e 300 300 300 300 300 Net import reliance 2 as a percentage of reported consumption 39 44 72 67 54 Titanium dioxide: Production 1,330,000 1,350,000 1,400,000 1,330,000 1,380,000 Imports for consumption 200,000 225,000 218,000 209,000 220,000 Exports 398,000 384,000 464,000 415,000 470,000 Consumption, apparent 1,140,000 1,160,000 1,150,000 1,100,000 1,160,000 Price, rutile, list, dollars per pound, yearend 0.98 1.01 1.01 1.05 1.05 Stocks, producer, yearend 103,000 137,000 141,000 159,000 130,000 Employment, number e 4,600 4,600 4,600 4,600 4,500 Net import reliance 2 as a percentage of apparent consumption E E E E E Recycling: New scrap metal recycled by the titanium industry totaled about 13,300 tons in 2002. Estimated use of titanium as scrap and ferrotitanium by the steel industry was about 6,900 tons; by the superalloy industry, 830 tons; and, in other industries, 300 tons. Old scrap reclaimed totaled about 500 tons. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Sponge metal: Japan, 36%; Russia, 36%; Kazakhstan, 25%; and other, 3%. Titanium dioxide pigment: Canada, 33%; Germany, 12%; France, 8%; Spain, 6%; China, 5%; and other, 36%. 23 ZIRCONIUM AND HAFNIUM ( Data in metric tons, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: Zircon sand was produced at two mines in Florida and at one mine in Virginia. Zirconium and hafnium metal were produced from zircon sand by two domestic producers, one in Oregon and the other in Utah. Typically, both metals are in the ore in a zirconium to hafnium ratio of about 50: 1. Primary zirconium chemicals were produced by the Oregon metal producer and at a plant in New Jersey. Secondary zirconium chemicals were produced by 10 other companies. Zirconia ( ZrO2 ) was produced from zircon sand at plants in Alabama, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, and by the metal producer in Oregon. Zircon ceramics, opacifiers, refractories, and foundry applications are the largest end uses for zirconium. Other end uses of zirconium include abrasives, chemicals, metal alloys, welding rod coatings, and sandblasting. The largest market for hafnium metal is as an addition in superalloys. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production, zircon ( ZrO2 content) 1 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 Imports: Zirconium, ores and concentrates ( ZrO2 content) 58,200 37,500 42,400 39,400 20,900 Zirconium, alloys, waste and scrap, and other ( ZrO2 content) 1,210 1,160 1,400 197 720 Zirconium oxide ( ZrO2 content) 2 3,900 3,140 3,950 2,950 2,910 Hafnium, unwrought, waste and scrap 12 9 11 5 1 Exports: Zirconium ores and concentrates ( ZrO2 content) 26,600 45,200 47,400 43,500 25,300 Zirconium, alloys, waste and scrap, and other ( ZrO2 content) 216 211 259 251 87 Zirconium oxide ( ZrO2 content) 2 1,540 1,680 2,100 2,400 2,160 Consumption, zirconium ores and concentrates, apparent ( ZrO2 content) W W W W W Prices: Zircon, dollars per metric ton ( gross weight): Domestic 3 320 300 340 340 350 Imported, f. o. b. 4 355 311 396 356 410 Zirconium sponge, dollars per kilogram 5 20 26 20 26 20 26 20 31 20 31 Hafnium sponge, dollars per kilogram 5 165 209 165 209 165 209 119 141 119 141 Net import reliance 6 as a percentage of apparent consumption: Zirconium W W W W W Hafnium NA NA NA NA NA Recycling: Scrap zirconium metal and alloys was recycled by four companies, one each in California, Michigan, New York, and Texas. In plant recycled zirconium came from scrap generated during metal production and fabrication and was recycled by companies in Oregon and Utah. Zircon foundry mold cores and spent or rejected zirconia refractories are often recycled. Recycling of hafnium metal was insignificant. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Zirconium ores and concentrates: South Africa, 53%; Australia, 43%; and other, 4%. Zirconium, wrought, unwrought, waste and scrap: France, 63%; Germany, 17%; Japan, 7%; Canada, 5%; and other, 8%. Hafnium, unwrought, waste and scrap: France, 80%; Germany, 8%; United Kingdom, 3%; and other, 9%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Zirconium ores and concentrates 2615.10.0000 Free. Germanium oxide and zirconium oxide 2825.60.0000 3.7% ad val. Ferrozirconium 7202.99.1000 4.2% ad val. Zirconium, other unwrought, powders 8109.20.0000 4.2% ad val. Zirconium, waste and scrap 8109.30.0000 Free. Zirconium, other wrought, alloys 8109.90.0000 3.7% ad val. Unwrought hafnium 8112.92.2000 Free. Depletion Allowance: 22% ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign). 24 GERMANIUM 1 ( Data in kilograms of germanium content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: The value of domestic refinery production of germanium, based upon the 2002 producer price, was $ 17 million. Industry generated scrap, imported concentrates, and processed residues from certain domestic base metal ores were the feed materials for the production of refined germanium in 2002. The domestic industry was based on two zinc mining operations, one in Tennessee and the other in Alaska. The mining companies at these operations supplied domestic and export markets with germanium bearing materials generated from the processing of zinc ores. The germanium refinery in Utica, NY, produced germanium tetrachloride for optical fiber production. The refinery in Oklahoma doubled its production of germanium tetrachloride production in response to the growing demand expected in the fiber optics industry. The major end uses for germanium, worldwide, were estimated to be higher in fiber optics than for 2001   fiber optic systems, 60%; polymerization catalysts, 15%; infrared optics, 15%; electronics/ solar electrical applications, 5%; and other ( phosphors, metallurgy, and chemotherapy), 5%. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production, refinery e 22,000 20,000 23,000 20,000 20,000 Total imports 2 14,600 12,400 8,220 8,240 8,250 Exports NA NA NA NA NA Consumption e 28,000 28,000 28,000 28,000 28,000 Price, producer, yearend, dollars per kilogram: Zone refined 1,700 1,400 1,250 890 850 Dioxide, electronic grade 1,100 900 800 575 500 Stocks, producer, yearend NA NA NA NA NA Employment, plant, 3 number e 100 85 90 90 85 Net import reliance 4 as a percentage of estimated consumption NA NA NA NA NA Recycling: More than half of the germanium metal used during the manufacture of most electronic and optical devices is routinely recycled as new scrap. As a result of the low unit use of germanium in various devices, little germanium returns as old scrap. Worldwide, about 25% of the total germanium consumed is produced from recycled materials. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): 5 China, 35%; Belgium, 32%; Taiwan, 10%; Russia, 10%; and other, 13%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Germanium oxides 2825.60.0000 3.7% ad val. Waste and scrap 8112.30.3000 Free. Metal, unwrought 8112.30.6000 2.6% ad val. Metal, wrought 8112.30.9000 4.4% ad val. Depletion Allowance: 14% ( Domestic and foreign). Government Stockpile: Stockpile Status   9 30 02 6 Uncommitted Committed Authorized Disposal plan Disposals Material inventory inventory for disposal FY 2002 FY 2002 Germanium 42,186   42,186 8,000 620 25 GALLIUM ( Data in kilograms of gallium content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: No domestic primary gallium recovery was reported in 2002. Two companies in Oklahoma and Utah recovered and refined gallium from scrap and impure gallium metal. Imports of gallium, which supplied most of U. S. gallium consumption, were valued at about $ 6 million, most of which was low purity material. Gallium arsenide ( GaAs) components represented about 98% of domestic gallium consumption. About 34% of the gallium consumed was used in optoelectronic devices, which include light emitting diodes ( LEDs), laser diodes, photodetectors, and solar cells. Integrated circuits represented 65% of gallium demand. The remaining 1% was used in research and development, specialty alloys, and other applications. Optoelectronic devices were used in areas such as aerospace, consumer goods, industrial components, medical equipment, and telecommunications. Integrated circuits were used in defense applications, high performance computers, and telecommunications. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production, primary           Imports for consumption 26,300 24,100 39,400 27,100 21,000 Exports NA NA NA NA NA Consumption: Reported 26,900 29,800 39,900 27,700 21,000 Apparent NA NA NA NA NA Price, yearend, dollars per kilogram, 99.99999% pure 595 640 640 640 1 550 Stocks, producer, yearend NA NA NA NA NA Employment, refinery, number e 20 20 20 20 20 Net import reliance 2 as a percentage of apparent consumption NA NA NA NA NA Recycling: Old scrap, none. Substantial quantities of new scrap generated in the manufacture of GaAs based devices were reprocessed. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): France, 44%; Kazakhstan, 16%; Russia, 12%; China, 8%; and other, 20%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Gallium metal 8112.92.1000 3.0% ad val. Gallium arsenide wafers, undoped 2851.00.0010 2.8% ad val. Gallium arsenide wafers, doped 3818.00.0010 Free. Depletion Allowance: Not applicable. Government Stockpile: None. Events, Trends, and Issues: One of the two refiners in the United States announced that it would exit the gallium business because of a slump in demand by the telecommunications industry. The Oklahoma firm said that it would liquidate its remaining inventory before the end of 2002. This leaves the United States with only one gallium refiner, located in Utah. Imports continued to supply almost all U. S. demand for gallium and decreased from those in 2001 because of the continued slowdown in the wireless communications industry. Using partial year data, China, France, and Russia were the principal U. S. gallium suppliers in 2002. Through July, China had supplied nearly 90% of total imports. Gallium prices remained lower throughout the year because of the decreased demand. The price of low purity gallium from China was estimated to be about $ 250 per kilogram at midyear, and prices for high purity gallium were estimated to be between $ 400 and $ 500 per kilogram. 26 188 YTTRIUM 1 ( Data in metric tons of yttrium oxide ( Y2 O3 ) content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: The rare earth element yttrium was mined as a constituent of the mineral bastnäsite at Mountain Pass, CA, but was not recovered as a separate element during processing. Bastnäsite, a rare earth fluocarbonate mineral, was mined as the primary product. Bastnäsite's yttrium content is very small and represents a potential minor source of the element. Yttrium used by the domestic industry was imported primarily as compounds. Yttrium was used in many applications. Principal uses were in phosphors for color televisions and computer monitors, trichromatic fluorescent lights, temperature sensors, and x ray intensifying screens. Yttrium was also used as a stabilizer in zirconia, in alumina zirconia abrasives, wear resistant and corrosion resistant cutting tools, seals and bearings, high temperature refractories for continuous casting nozzles, jet engine coatings, oxygen sensors in automobile engines, and simulant gemstones. In electronics, yttrium iron garnets were components in microwave radar to control high frequency signals. Yttrium was an important component in yttrium aluminum garnet laser crystals used in industrial cutting and welding, medical and dental surgical procedures, temperature and distance sensing, photoluminescence, photochemistry, digital communications, and nonlinear optics. Yttrium was also used in heating element alloys, superalloys, and high temperature superconductors. The approximate distribution in 2001 by end use was as follows: lamp and cathode ray tube phosphors, 82%; oxygen sensors, laser crystals, miscellaneous, 13%; and ceramics and abrasives, 5%. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production, mine           Imports for consumption: In monazite ( yttrium oxide content e )           Yttrium compounds, greater than 19% to less than 85% oxide equivalent ( gross weight) 107 268 97 92 NA Exports, in ore and concentrate NA NA NA NA NA Consumption, estimated 2 516 428 454 473 450 Price, dollars: Monazite concentrate, per metric ton 3 400 400 400 400 400 Yttrium oxide, per kilogram, 99.0% to 99.99% purity 4 22 85 22 85 25 200 22 88 22 88 Yttrium metal, per kilogram, 99.0% to 99.9% purity 4 80 100 80 100 95 115 95 115 95 115 Stocks, processor, yearend NA NA NA NA NA Net import reliance e 5 as a percentage of apparent consumption 100 100 100 100 100 Recycling: Small quantities, primarily from laser crystals and synthetic garnets. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): e Yttrium compounds, > 19% to < 85% weight percent yttrium oxide equivalent: China, 58%; Japan, 36%; France, 4%; United Kingdom, 1%; and other, 1%. Import sources based on Journal of Commerce data ( year 2001 only): China, 79%; United Kingdom, 10%; Japan, 6%; and Germany, 5%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Thorium ores and concentrates ( monazite) 2612.20.0000 Free. Rare earth metals, scandium and yttrium, whether or not intermixed or interalloyed 2805.30.0000 5.0% ad val. Yttrium bearing materials and compounds containing by weight > 19% to < 85% Y2 O3 2846.90.4000 Free. Other rare earth compounds, including yttrium oxide > 85%, yttrium nitrate, and other individual compounds 2846.90.8000 3.7% ad val. Depletion Allowance: Monazite, thorium content, 22% ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign); yttrium, rare earth content, 14% ( Domestic and foreign); and xenotime, 14% ( Domestic and foreign). Government Stockpile: None. 27 RARE EARTHS 1 ( Data in metric tons of rare earth oxide ( REO) content, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: Rare earths were mined by one company in 2002. Bastnäsite, a rare earth fluocarbonate mineral, was mined as a primary product at Mountain Pass, CA. The United States was a leading producer and processor of rare earths and continued to be a major exporter and consumer of rare earth products. Domestic ore production was valued at an estimated $ 28 million. The estimated value of refined rare earths consumed in the United States was more than $ 1 billion. The approximate distribution in 2001 by end use was as follows: glass polishing and ceramics, 34%; petroleum refining catalysts, 16%; automotive catalytic converters, 15%; metallurgical additives and alloys, 14%; rare earth phosphors for lighting, televisions, computer monitors, radar, and X ray intensifying film, 9%; permanent magnets, 8%; and other, 4%. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production, bastnäsite concentrates e 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 5,000 Imports: 2 Thorium ore ( monazite)           Rare earth metals, alloy 953 1,780 2,470 1,420 1,520 Cerium compounds 4,940 3,990 4,310 3,850 2,660 Mixed REO's 2,530 5,980 2,190 2,040 1,130 Rare earth chlorides 1,680 1,530 1,330 2,590 1,620 Rare earth oxides, compounds 3,720 7,760 11,200 9,150 6,930 Ferrocerium, alloys 117 120 118 118 100 Exports: 2 Rare earth metals, alloys 724 1,600 1,650 884 1,160 Cerium compounds 4,640 3,960 4,050 4,110 2,980 Other rare earth compounds 1,630 1,690 1,650 1,600 1,300 Ferrocerium, alloys 2,460 2,360 2,250 2,500 2,950 Consumption, apparent 11,500 11,500 12,100 15,100 10,600 Price, dollars per kilogram, yearend: Bastnäsite concentrate, REO basis e 4.19 4.85 5.51 5.51 5.51 Monazite concentrate, REO basis 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.73 Mischmetal, metal basis, metric ton quantity 3 6 8 5 7 5 7 5 7 5 6 Stocks, producer and processor, yearend W W W W W Employment, mine and mill, number 183 78 78 90 95 Net import reliance 4 as a percentage of apparent consumption 56 70 71 67 53 Recycling: Small quantities, mostly permanent magnet scrap. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): Rare earth metals, compounds, etc.: China, 66%; France, 27%; Japan, 3%; Estonia, 2%; and other, 2%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Thorium ores and concentrates ( monazite) 2612.20.0000 Free. Rare earth metals, whether or not intermixed or interalloyed 2805.30.0000 5.0% ad val. Cerium compounds 2846.10.0000 5.5% ad val. Mixtures of REO's except cerium oxide 2846.90.2010 Free. Mixtures of rare earth chlorides except cerium chloride 2846.90.2050 Free. Rare earth compounds, individual REO's ( excludes cerium compounds) 2846.90.8000 3.7% ad val. Ferrocerium and other pyrophoric alloys 3606.90.3000 5.9% ad val. Depletion Allowance: Monazite, 22% on thorium content and 14% on rare earth content ( Domestic), 14% ( Foreign); bastnäsite and xenotime, 14% ( Domestic and foreign). 28 INDIUM 1 ( Data in metric tons, unless otherwise noted) Domestic Production and Use: Indium was not recovered from ores in the United States in 2002. Domestically produced standard grade indium was derived by upgrading lower grade imported indium metal. Two companies, one each in New York and Rhode Island, were the major producers of indium metal and indium products in 2002. Several additional firms produced high purity indium shapes, alloys, and compounds from imported indium. Thin film coatings, which are used in applications such as liquid crystal displays ( LCDs) and electroluminescent lamps, continued to be the largest end use. Indium semiconductor compounds were used in infrared detectors, high speed transistors, and high efficiency photovoltaic devices. The estimated distribution of uses in 2002 indicated a moderate increase in semiconductors and stable consumption in other sectors: Coatings, 45%; solders and alloys, 30%; electrical components and semiconductors, 15%; and research and other, 10%. The estimated value of primary indium metal consumed in 2002, based upon the annual average price, was about $ 9.5 million. Salient Statistics   United States: 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 e Production, refinery           Imports for consumption 75 77 69 79 90 Exports NA NA NA e 10 NA Consumption e 50 52 55 65 75 Price, annual average, dollars per kilogram ( 99.97% indium) 296 303 188 120 130 Stocks, producer, yearend NA NA NA NA NA Employment, number NA NA NA NA NA Net import reliance 2 as a percentage of estimated consumption 100 100 100 100 100 Recycling: Only small amounts of indium are recycled because there is an adequate supply of primary indium as a byproduct of zinc smelting. Compared with previous years, however   when recycling occurred only if the price of indium was very high and/ or increasing rapidly   recycling of both new and old scrap is becoming more noteworthy. Most of indium is recycled by countries that have inadequate zinc resources and are dependent on imported zinc, decreasing the possibility of primary indium production. For example, about 42% of Japanese indium consumption is derived from secondary sources, mostly of domestic origin. Recycling of new scrap, the scrap from fabrication of indium products, is only now gaining acceptance in the United States. Import Sources ( 1998 2001): China, 40%; Canada, 30%; France, 10%; Russia, 9%; and other, 11%. Tariff: Item Number Normal Trade Relations 12/ 31/ 02 Unwrought indium 8112.92.3000 Free. Depletion Allowance: 14% ( Domestic and foreign). Government Stockpile: None.


OOz zzoonnee EEaar rrl llyy AAcct tti iioonn PPl llaann EEaasst tteer rrnn PPaannhhaannddl llee RReeggi iioonn, ,, WWVV March 26, 2004 Ms. Judith Katz Air Protection Division U. S. Environmental Protection Agency 1650 Arch Street Philadelphia PA 19103 2029 RE: Final Ozone Early Action Plan Ozone Early Action Compact Eastern Panhandle Region of West Virginia Dear Ms. Katz:

I am submitting the enclosed Final Ozone Early Action Plan ( EAP) on behalf of the Eastern Panhandle Air Quality Task Force, the City of Martinsburg, and the Counties of Berkeley and Jefferson in West Virginia. This EAP has been adopted by the three participating local governments. Copies of their resolutions of adoption are attached to this package.

This submittal includes the final list of local emissions control measures that will be implemented according to the Early Action Compact protocol and a schedule for that implementation. In addition, all other required documentation including detailed summaries of public and stakeholder involvement activities and non modeled emissions reductions estimates are part of this submittal.

Required photochemical modeling and documentation will be submitted to you under separate cover from the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality.

We appreciate the opportunity to participate in the Early Action Compact process and are committed to begin implementation of local emissions reduction strategies as quickly as possible.

If you have any questions, please contact me at ( 304) 267 4144.

Sincerely,

Bob Crawford Executive Director Berkeley County Development Authority cc: Mr. John A. Benedict, Director   WV DEP


[Federal Register: November 9, 2006 (Volume 71, Number 217)]
[Notices]
[Page 65807-65808]
[DOCID:fr09no06-93]

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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

Notice of Settlement Agreement and Soliciting Comments

November 3, 2006.
    Take notice that the following settlement agreement has been filed
with the Commission and is available for public inspection.
    a. Type of Application: Settlement Agreement.
    b. Project No.: P-2630-004.
    c. Date filed: October 26, 2006.
    d. Applicant: PacifiCorp Energy (PacifiCorp).
    e. Name of Project: Prospect Nos. 1, 2, and 4 Hydroelectric Project
(Prospect Project).
    f. Location: On the Rogue River and certain tributaries, near the
Town of Prospect, Jackson County, Oregon.
    g. Filed Pursuant to: Rule 602 of the Commission's Rules of
Practice and Procedure, 18 CFR 385.602.
    h. Applicant Contact: Dave Leonhardt, Project Manager; PacifiCorp;
825 NE. Multnomah, Suite 1500; Portland, Oregon 97232; tel. (503) 813-
6658.
    i. FERC Contact: Nick Jayjack; tel.<PHONE_NUMBER>; e-mail
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
    j. Deadline for filing comments: 30 days from the date of this
notice. Reply comments due 45 days from the date of this notice.
    All documents (original and eight copies) should be filed with:
Magalie R. Salas, Secretary, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, 888
First Street, NE., Washington, DC 20426.
    The Commission's Rules of Practice require all intervenors filing
documents with the Commission to serve a copy of that document on each
person on the official service list for the project. Further, if an
intervenor files comments or documents with the Commission relating to
the merits of an issue that may affect the responsibilities of a
particular resource agency, they must also serve a copy of the document
on that resource agency.
    Comments may be filed electronically via the Internet in lieu of
paper. The Commission strongly encourages electronic filings. See 18
CFR 385.2001(a)(1)(iii) and the instructions on the Commission's Web
site (http://www.ferc.gov) under the ``e-Filing'' link.

    k. The Settlement Agreement, entered into by PacifiCorp and Oregon
Department of Fish and Wildlife (Oregon DFW), concerns certain resident
trout issues related to the relicense proceeding for the Prospect
Project. Specifically, PacifiCorp and Oregon DFW have agreed that
PacifiCorp: (1) Would implement certain ramping rates (i.e., project-
induced increases and decreases in river discharge and related changes
in river surface elevation over time) downstream of the project's
diversion dams and Prospect No. 2 powerhouse; (2) would conduct certain
large woody debris management practices at the project diversion dams;
and (3) would not be required to augment gravel downstream of the
project diversion dams.
    l. A copy of the settlement agreement is available for review at
the Commission in the Public Reference Room or may be viewed on the
Commission's Web site at http://www.ferc.gov using the ``eLibrary''

link. Enter the docket number excluding the last three digits in the
docket number field to access the document. For assistance, contact
FERC Online Support at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or toll-free at 1-
866-208-3676, or for TTY,<PHONE_NUMBER>. A copy is also available for
inspection and reproduction at the address in item h above.
    You may also register online at http: //http://www.ferc.gov/docs-filing/esubscription.asp
 to be notified via e-mail of new filings and

issuances related to this or other pending projects.

For assistance, contact FERC Online Support.

Magalie R. Salas,
Secretary.
[FR Doc. E6-18990 Filed 11-8-06; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 6717-01-P