3  Lauth 1988 3  Jones 1962 3  DeMartini and Patten 1979 4  DeMartini and Patten 1979 4  Jones 1962 5  Jones 1962 6  DeVlaming et al. 1984 Page 190 of 1167 5 2220e  Cottidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 BG BH BI BJ BK 16 NG 1  O'Connell 1953 1  O'Connell 1953 1  O'Connell 1953 1  O'Connell 1953 2  Jones 1962 2  Forrester 1969a 2  Lauth 1988 3  Matarese et al. 1989 3  Tenera Environmental Services 2000 3  Matarese et al. 1989 4  Barnhart 1932 5  Demartini and Patten 1979 6  Jones 1962 7  Yoklavich et al. 1992 8  Hart 1973 9  Clemens and Wilby 1961 10  Wang 1981 11  Gorbunova 1966 12  Garrison and Miller 1982 13  Feder et al. 1974 14  Burge and Schultz 1973 15  Lauth 1987 16  Marliave 1975a Page 191 of 1167 5 2220e  Cottidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 BL BM BN BO cluster of egg masses on moderately exposed bedrock, 4 m depth 16 14 6 9 mm FL surface waters, Saanich Inlet, Vancouver Isl. 14 1  O'Connell 1953 1  Hubbs and Wick 1951 1  O'Connell 1953 1  O'Connell 1953 2  Lauth 1988 2  Pillsbury 1957 2  Richardson and Washington 1980 2  Richardson and Washington 1980 3  Matarese et al. 1989 3  Burns 1988 3  Matarese et al. 1989 3  Matarese et al. 1989 4  Barnhart 1932 4  Lauth 1987 4  Jones 1962 4  Jones 1962 5  Demartini and Patten 1979 5  Fuhrman et al. 1969 5  Yoklavich et al. 1992 5  Yoklavich et al. 1992 6  Jones 1962 6  Fuhrman et al. 1970 6  Wang 1981 6  Wang 1981 7  Yoklavich et al. 1992 7  McAllister 1968 7  Barraclough 1967a 7  Barraclough 1967a 8  Hart 1973 8  Gorbunova 1966 8  Gorbunova 1966 9  Clemens and Wilby 1961 9  Emmett et al. 1991 9  Emmett et al. 1991 10  Wang 1981 10  Barraclough and Fulton 1968 10  Barraclough and Fulton 1968 11  Gorbunova 1966 11  Barraclough 1967b 11  Barraclough 1967b 12  Garrison and Miller 1982 12  Ambrose 1996 12  Ambrose 1996 13  Feder et al. 1974 13  Marliave 1975a 13  Marliave 1975a 14  Burge and Schultz 1973 14  Barraclough et al. 1968 14  Barraclough et al. 1968 15  Lauth 1987 16  Marliave 1975a Page 192 of 1167 5 2220e  Cottidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 BP BQ BR BS BT copepod nauplii 14 1  O'Connell 1953 1  Cass et al. 1990 1  O'Connell 1953 2  Richardson and Washington 1980 2  Tasto 1975 3  Matarese et al. 1989 3  Dinnel et al. 1990 4  Jones 1962 4  Barry et al. 1996 5  Yoklavich et al. 1992 5  Wolf et al. 1983 6  Wang 1981 6  Bayer 1985 7  Barraclough 1967a 7  Porter 1964 8  Gorbunova 1966 8  Fernandez et al. 1993 9  Emmett et al. 1991 9  Boothe 1967 10  Barraclough and Fulton 1968 10  Armstrong 1991 11  Barraclough 1967b 11  Armstrong et al. 1995 12  Ambrose 1996 12  Smith 1980 13  Marliave 1975a 13  Dinnel et al. 1990 14  Barraclough et al. 1968 14  Birtwell et al. 1984 15  Thornburgh 1978 16  Mace 1983 17  Quast 1968d 18  Conley 1977 Page 193 of 1167 5 2220e  Cottidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 BU BV BW BX 1  O'Connell 1953 1  O'Connell 1953 2  Tasto 1975 2  Tasto 1975 3  Dinnel et al. 1990 3  Dinnel et al. 1990 4  Barry et al. 1996 4  Barry et al. 1996 5  Wolf et al. 1983 5  Wolf et al. 1983 6  Bayer 1985 6  Bayer 1985 7  Porter 1964 7  Porter 1964 8  Fernandez et al. 1993 8  Fernandez et al. 1993 9  Boothe 1967 9  Boothe 1967 10  Armstrong 1991 10  Armstrong 1991 11  Armstrong et al. 1995 11  Armstrong et al. 1995 12  Smith 1980 12  Smith 1980 13  Dinnel et al. 1990 13  Dinnel et al. 1990 14  Birtwell et al. 1984 14  Birtwell et al. 1984 15  Thornburgh 1978 15  Thornburgh 1978 16  Mace 1983 16  Mace 1983 17  Quast 1968d 17  Quast 1968d 18  Conley 1977 18  Conley 1977 Page 194 of 1167 5 2220e  Cottidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 BY BZ CA 1  Girard 1858 1  O'Connell 1953 1  O'Connell 1953 2  MacGinitie 1935 2  DeMartini and Patten 1979 2  DeMartini and Patten 1979 3  Miller 1943 3  Jones 1962 3  Jones 1962 4  Clemens and Wilby 1961 4  Dinnel et al. 1990 4  Dinnel et al. 1990 5  Palmer 1962 5  Peterson and Quammen 1982 5  Peterson and Quammen 1982 6  Treacy 1985 6  Wolf et al. 1983 6  Wolf et al. 1983 7  Love 1996 7  Porter 1964 7  Porter 1964 8  Parkin 1998 8  Fernandez et al. 1993 8  Fernandez et al. 1993 9  Trumble 1995 9  Barry et al. 1996 9  Barry et al. 1996 10  Dierks 1990 10  Posey 1986 10  Posey 1986 11  Harvey 1982 11  Boothe 1967 11  Boothe 1967 12  Torok 1994 12  Armstrong 1991 12  Armstrong 1991 13  Armstrong et al. 1995 13  Armstrong et al. 1995 14  Dinnel et al. 1990 14  Dinnel et al. 1990 15  Birtwell et al. 1984 15  Birtwell et al. 1984 16  Thornburgh 1978 16  Thornburgh 1978 17  Quast 1968d 17  Quast 1968d 18  Conley 1977 18  Conley 1977 19  Fraser 1923 19  Fraser 1923 20  Quast 1968b 20  Quast 1968b Page 195 of 1167 5 2220e  Cottidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 CB CC CD CE CF 1  O'Connell 1953 1  DeMartini and Patten 1979 1  Girard 1858 2  DeMartini and Patten 1979 2  MacGinitie 1935 3  Jones 1962 3  Miller 1943 4  Dinnel et al. 1990 4  Clemens and Wilby 1961 5  Peterson and Quammen 1982 5  Palmer 1962 6  Wolf et al. 1983 6  Treacy 1985 7  Porter 1964 7  Olesiuk et al. 1990 8  Fernandez et al. 1993 8  Love 1996 9  Barry et al. 1996 9  Trumble 1995 10  Posey 1986 10  Dierks 1990 11  Boothe 1967 11  Harvey 1982 12  Armstrong 1991 12  Torok 1994 13  Armstrong et al. 1995 14  Dinnel et al. 1990 15  Birtwell et al. 1984 16  Thornburgh 1978 17  Quast 1968d 18  Conley 1977 19  Fraser 1923 20  Quast 1968b Page 196 of 1167 5 2220e  Cottidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO Page 197 of 1167 5 2220e  Cottidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX CY CZ DA Page 198 of 1167 5 2220e  Cottidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 DB DC DD DE DF 1  Moravec and McDonald 1981 1  Lea et al. 1999 1  Yoklavich et al. 1991 2  Kruse 1977 2  DeMartini and Patten 1979 2  Yoklavich et al. 1992 3  Tasto 1975 3  Tasto 1975 3  Barry et al. 1996 4  Smedley 1934 5  Armitage 1997 6  Hill and Hendrickson 1991 7  Burreson 1979 8  Dunlap 1951 9  Lloyd 1938 10  Fraser 1919 11  Love and Moser 1983 12  Arai 1969 Page 199 of 1167 5 2220e  Cottidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 DG DH Page 200 of 1167 5 2220e  Cottidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 A B C D E Family name Scientific name ( Synonym) Common name( s) Geographic range Observed depth range ( m)

Triakidae 2 Triakis semifasciata 1,2 leopard shark Oregon to Baja and northern Gulf of California 1,2,3,4 1,2 3.7 91 m catshark, tiger shark 1,2,3 Triakidae 2 Mustelus henlei 1,2 brown smoothhound Oregon ( Coos Bay) to Gulf of California, Ecuador and 2 inshore to 335 m mud shark, dogfish, paloma, Peru 1,3,4 sand shark, Henle's shark 1,3 Triakidae 2 Mustelus califoriensis 1,2 grey smoothhound northern California ( Cape Mendocino) to Mexico 2 inshore 67 m mud shark, dogfish, paloma, ( Mazatlan), including Gulf of California 1,2,3,4 sand shark, gray shark 1,3 Triakidae 2 Galeorhinus galeus 2 soupfin shark temperate waters nearly worldwide; 2 nearshore to 471m school shark, oil shark, soupfin, northern British Columbia to Gulf of California;

tope shark 1,3,4,5,9 Peru and Chile 1,3,4,5 Squalidae 1,2 Squalus acanthias 1,2 spiny dogfish circumglobal; Sea of Japan to Bering Sea and to 2 intertidal 1,236 m spur dog, rock salmon, dogshark central Baja California and Gulf of California 1,3,4,5 picked dogfish, pinback shark, tiburon de espina, kaad, aburatsunozame1,3,4,5,10 TAXONOMY RANGE Page 201 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 F G H I J Total Length ( cm) Max. reported Geographic Area to weight ( g) equation Length conversion equations length ( cm) ( length measurment) Male 1 Males: W= 0.000009772L2.9806 ( W= lbs.) NF 1,2,3 2.1 m central California( TL) 1 149.9 Females: W= 0.000005754L3.1044 ( W= lbs.)

NF NF 1,2,3,4 95cm central California 2,13 97.6( 195)

( 95% CI)

2 Males: log W = 5.20  10 + 2.88 logL NF 1,2,3 1.6 m central California 2,13 142.4( 185)

Females: log W = 4.02  10 + 3.19 logL ( L= mm) ( 95% CI)

Males: W= 0.000002673L3.26954 NF 1,2,3,5 2 m NF NF Females: W= 0.000000032L4.15605 3 Females: loge ( weight + 1)= 0.0119TL  0.2676; TL< 50 cm( r2=. 91) NF 2,3,4,5 160 cm mid Atlantic and s. New England 3 82.49 loge ( weight + 1)= 0.0293TL  1.1714; TL> 50 cm ( r2=. 96)

3Males: loge ( weight + 1)= 0.00114TL  0.2532; TL< 50 cm( r2=. 92) Strait of Georgia 4 97.3 loge ( weight + 1)= 0.0235TL  0.8535; TL> 50 cm ( r2=. 91) Strait of Georgia 5 NG north and west Scottish coast 6 79.7 4 Full term females: W= 0.00000017 L3.47 ( mm) British Columbia14 99.8 4Barren Females: W= 0.00000305L3.03 ( mm)

4Males: W= 0.00000189L3.09 ( mm)

11Both: W= 0.00267L3.783 ( W= kg.)

11Males: W= 0.00292L3.0641 ( W= kg.)

11Females: 0.00185L3.7012 ( W= kg.) L Page 202 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 K L M N O P Q R S T U r2 Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both 160.2 153.6 0.089 0.073 0.082  2.03  2.74  2.31 NG NG NG 86.1( 68) 97.7( 64) 0.225( 0.196) 0.285( 0.059) 0.224( 0.05)  1.375( 0.925)  1.086( 0.688)  1.296( 0.49) NG NG NG 101.8( 165) 154.4( 245) 0.218( 0.177) 0.35( 0.063) 0.168( 0.058)  1.032( 0.42)  1.002( 0.296) 0.339 NG NG NG  1.271 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 100.5 NG 0.1481 0.1057 NG  2.67  2.9 NG NG NG NG 128.5 NG 0.07 0.036 NG  4.5  6.9 NG NG NG NG 114.94 NG NG 0.0437 NG NG  3.557 NG NG NG NG 101.4 NG 0.21 0.11 NG  2  3.6 NG NG NG NG 125.3 NG 0.07 0.048 NG  4.7  4.88 NG NG NG NG AGE and GROWTH to ( SE) Growth Parameters Linf in cm ( SE) k ( SE) Page 203 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 V W X Y Z AA AB Age composition Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Other refs. Longevity ( Length) information Sexuality vertebral centra/ silver nitrate tetracycline mark recapture betw. reader comparison 1,10,11 1 9 10 ( 120 cm) NF dioecious 1 stain, thin sectioning technique edge analysis 1 females may live to13 16 yrs.

2,3 24 yrs. ( 130 cm)

1230 yrs. ( 200 cm TL)

vertebral centra; sectioned and edge analysis betw. reader comparison NF 3 13 yrs. NF dioecious x rayed 7 13 yrs. ( 100 cm)

vertebral centra; sectioned and edge analysis betw. reader comparison NF 3 9 yrs. NF dioecious x rayed 7 9 yrs( 125 cm)

NF NF NF NF NF NF dioecious dorsal fin spines; surface reading No interreader comparison 2,3,4,5,13,14,15( juveniles), 16 4 25 30 yrs. NF dioecious 5 40 yrs.

x ray spectrometry No compared to dorsal spines 1160 + yrs.

dorsal fin spine No No dorsal fin spine; surface reading No interreader comparison dorsal fin spine; surface reading No interreader comparison 12females: 13 yrs ( 100 cm TL),

males: 7 yrs ( 90 cm TL)

Page 204 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ Mating system Mode of reproduction Parental Care Male : Female SL ratio Secondary Characteristics Male Female Male promiscuous aplacental viviparity 1,2,3 No females grow larger6 males have claspers 1 NG 118 cm NG 2 NG 104 cm NG 3 100 cm ( 7 yrs) 105 cm ( 10 yrs,) NG 4 NG 110 129 cm ( 12 14 yrs) NG 2970 119 cm( 7 yrs) 100 129 cm( 10 yrs) NG 32NG 100 129 cm( 11 21 yrs) NG promiscuous viviparous 1,2,4,5 No females grow larger 1,6,7 males have claspers 2 NG 67 cm NG yolksac placenta 15 5,23,32 52 66 cm.( 3 yrs) 51 63 cm.( 2 3 yrs) NG 6 61 cm 61 cm NG promiscuous viviparous 1,2,4,5 No females grow larger 7 males have claspers 2 NG 87.5 cm NG 6,23 58 64 cm ( 1 2 yrs) 70 cm ( 2 3 yrs) NG promiscuous aplacental viviparity1,2,4,5,6,7,18 No NF males have claspers 7 135 cm 150 cm approx. 140 cm 6,24 122 171 cm ( 8 yrs) 131 186 cm( 11yrs) NG 8 140 cm 155 cm NG 31approx. 152 cm > 152 cm NG promiscuous aplacental viviparity 1,2,4,5,8,9,16 No females grow larger1,8 males have claspers NG9 76 cm NG 10 72 cm( 15 yrs) 76 cm ( 18 yrs) 78.5cm ( 19 yrs)

11NG 80 cm ( 24 yrs) NG 8NG NG 72 cm 28NG( 14 yrs) 93.5 cm ( 23 yrs) NG 30NG NG 72.3 cm 759 cm 72.8 NG REPRODUCTION Breeding Behavior Sexual dimorphism 1st maturity 50% m Total length in cm ( age in yrs) at Page 205 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR Fertilization Female Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Other refs. Geographic Spawning Area Jan. Feb.

NG NG NG NG NF Elkhorn Slough, CA 1 NG NG NG NG San Diego, CA 3 NG vertebral centra/ silver nitrate tetracycline mark recapture betw. reader comparison west coast 4 stain, thin sectioning technique and edge analysis Pacific coast 2 NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NF Elkhorn Slough, CA 1 NG vertebral centra; sectioned and edge analysis betw. reader comparison and central California 12 x rayed Pacfic coast 2 NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG 1 central California 12 NG vertebral centra; sectioned and edge analysis betw. reader comparison and Anaheim Bay, CA 6 x rayed approx. 155cm NG NG NG 2 Santa Catalina Island, CA 14 NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG 93.5 cm NG NG NG 1,2,3,5 Strait of Georgia, B. C. 8 93.5 cm ( 29) used age and growth estimates No No San Diego, CA 3 of Jones and Geen 1977 Pacific coast 2 93.4 cm ( 35.5) dorsal spines/ NA No No Unkown location17 93.5 cm NG NG NG NG dorsal spines/ surface reading No interreader comparison 94.2 cm NG NG NG NG NG NG NG Fertilization and Spawning maturity Page 206 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD Mean Fecundity Both Parturition eggs/ g March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Spawning Frequency ( weight range)

annual breeding cycle1,5 1,2 7 36 offspring 3 6 24 offspring ***** ***** 4 12 offspring ( average)

^^^^^ ^^^^^ 5,6,284 29 offspring 7 4 33 offspring 313 11 young single spawner 3,7 1 8 embryos 22 1 10 embryos 5,28 3 5 young per litter 311 8 young single spawner 3,8 3 16 embryos 22 3 15 embryos 7 2 5 offspring single spawner 23 16 54 fertilized eggs 2,7,9,30 6 52 offspring 2,9,10 average of 35 young ***** ^^^^^ females: biannual spawners 11 4 11 eggs males: annual spawners 1 12 2 16 embryos 10 3 14 offspring 13 4 32 offspring 5,7,9 1 20 offspring 8 20 30 pups 262 20 pups, 8 pups ( avg.)

291 25 embryos Period (^^^^^= peak fertilization;*****= peak spawn; ##### = doubtful spawning records 27North Pacific: 2 17 pups, 6 7 ( avg.) , Sea of Japan: 3 25 pups, 12 pups( avg.),

northwest Atlantic: 1 9 pups, 4 pups( avg.),

northeast Atlantic: 1 10 pups, 3 5 pups( avg.)

Page 207 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 BE BF BG BH Fecundity Size specific Number of eggs fecundity eq ( at cm, grams, or age) ( length or weight range) Gestation period/ egg duration Larval duration 1 6 embryos ( 121 cm) NF 1,26approx. 12 month gestation NA 2 approx. 15 embryos ( 123 125.9 cm) 2 10 12 month gestation approx. 16 embryos( 126 128.9 cm)

approx. 19 embryos( 129 134.9 cm)

approx. 22 embryos( 135 143 cm)

approx. 30 embryos( 144 146.9 cm)

approx. 32 embryos( 147 149.9 cm)

3 6 embryos ( 64.6 cm) NF NF NA 3 10 embryos ( 86 cm)

NF NF 3,4 10 month gestation NA 5 10 11 month gestation NF NF 5,6,7,20,2512 month gestation NA NF 1 Eggs: loge F= 3.04 loge TL 11.81; r2= 0.40 3,8,9 approx. 2 yr. gestation NA Candled embryos: loge F= 3.33 loge TL 13.22; r2= 0.36 10 18 24 month gestation Large embryos: loge F= 3.80 loge TL 15.49; r2= 0.40 9 22 24 month gestation 2 y= 0.27x 18.25; y= brood size, x= length 11 12 month gestation 2220 months 2421 months DISPERSAL & R Page 208 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 BI BJ BK BL BM BN Eggs Size at settlement Size & location Annual cohort success ( diameter in mm) Habitat Predators Fish Size NA NF NA NA NA NA NA NF NA NA NA NA NA NF NA NA NA NA NA NF NA NA NA NA NA NF NA NA NA NA RECRUITMENT Page 209 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 BO BP BQ BR BS BT BU Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators Fish Size Habitat NA NA NA NA NA 1,2,3,4 18 20 cm to maturity pupped in estuaries3 NA NA NA NA NA 2,3 19 cm to maturity common in enclosed, shallow, muddy bays 9 20 cm to maturity NA NA NA NA NA 9 20 cm to maturity bottom dwelling in shallow muddy bays 2 NA NA NA NA NA 3 36 cm to maturity 176 found in shallow waters 4 NA NA NA NA NA 5 approx. 24 76 cm shallow bays and estuaries 2 1120 cm. maturity ( approx. 60 cm.)

Food habits Larvae sandy or muddy flats, cobble bottoms,

rocky reef, and kelp beds1,2,3 remain in bays and estuaries up to 2 yrs.

then move offshore2 sloughs and estuaries serve as a nursery ground12 Page 210 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 BV BW BX BY HABITAT ASSOCIATION & TROPHIC INTERACTIONS Life Stage Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators carnivores opportunistic feeder on bottom dwellers 1,2 NF larger sharks, ie. sixgill and sevengill 1 ( crabs) 1,2,3,4,5,6,7 may disturb mud to capture food 3 may use suction to capture prey 4 carnivore ( crabs) 3,8 feeder on bottom dwellers, may disturb NF NF mud to capture food 3 pursuit and capture over mudflats 5 carnivore 9 may disturb mud or suck organisms to no diel pattern 1 NF ( crabs) 8 capture food 5 ( crabs, clams, fish, polychaetes, echinorinid) 10 pursuit and capture over mudflats 5 ( small decapods) 11 carnivore ( fish) 12 NF NF NF ( invertebrates and fish) 7 carnivore ( bony fish, cartilageonous fish, invertebrates) 3 NF NF pups eaten by lincod, sablefish, white shark planktivores 13 ( euphasiids, herring, ctenophore, and other fish) 11 ( planktonic invertebrates, such as euphausiids and ctenophores) 20 ( invertebrates, such as euphausiids, ctenophores, and shrimp) 21 ( herring, young salmon, sticklebacks, and sand lance) 22 Food habits Juveniles continuous, or intermittent feeding6 Page 211 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 BZ CA CB Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method sandy or muddy flats, cobble bottoms, rocky reef, and kelp beds 1,2,3 benthic carnivore1,2,3,43 opportunistic feeder on bottom dwellers 1 found in polyhaline to euryhaline waters3,13 ( fish, crabs, fish eggs, innkeeper worms) 1,4 may disturb mud to capture food 2 kelp bed and adjacent kelpless cobble area 4 may use suction to capture prey 3 ( crabs, isopods, shrimp, worms, fish, clams, and fish eggs) 8 found in shallow bays and coves, often close over cobble bottom 16 ( mobile grapsid crabs) 45 ( crabs, shrimp, clam siphons, fish, aand small sharks and rays) 54 common in enclosed, shallow, muddy bays 2 feeder on bottom dwellers,

found in polyhaline to euryhaline waters13 may disturb mud to capture food 2 ( crabs, isopods, shrimp, worms, fish, clams, and fish eggs) 8 pursuit and capture over mudflats 4 ( small crabs and shrimp) 40,54 ( small crustaceans and fish) 43,54 bottom dwelling in shallow muddy bays 2 carnivore ( crabs, ghost shrimp, innkeeper worm, and sm. fish) 4,5 may disturb mud or suck ( primarily crabs) 10,48 organisms to capture food 4 ( clams, large decapods) 11 pursuit and capture over mudflats 4 coastal pelagic species of temperate waters, found in opportunistic carnivore ( pelagic and bottom fish, squid) 12,13,14,53 feeds on bottom and in water column 18 shallow bays and in submarine canyons 2 ( fish, chondrichthyans, invertebrates) 15 feeds in midwater19 males and females segregate by sex, males in deeper waters mainly piscivores ( fishes, squid, cephalopods) 44 and females inshore 5 boreal to warm temperate, inshore and offshore, and opportunistic carnivore ( bony fish and invertebrates) 5,16 primarily bottom feeder, but from surface to bottom 2 ( crustaceans and small fish) 14,17 also rise to the surface to feed 5 ( fish, shrimp, crabs) 8 forages throughout the water column19 ( fish, cephalopods, crustaceans) 18 ( ratfish, herring, krill) 37,41 ( shrimp, herring, flatfish, sand lance, squid, and octopus) 37 ( euphasiid, herring, sandlance, ctenophore, and other fish) 39 ( herring, euphausiids, jellyfish, and octopus) 46 Food habits Adults ( Clupea sp ., Scomber scomber , Gadus sp ., Pleuronectes sp .,

Trigla sp ., Callionymus lyra , and Raia sp .) 47 ( invertebrates, crabs, clam siphons, polychaetes, innkeeper worms, octupi, and fish) 3,5,6,7 mainly piscivores ( fish, such as herring, northern anchovy, lincod,

and Pacific hake, crustaceans, and eupausiids) 44 carnivore ( crabs, shrimp, isopods, squid, polychaete worms,

tunicates, and sm. fish) 4,5,6,9,10 ( krill crab, shrimp, octopus, squid, clam, snail, worm, jellyfish,

anemone, and plants) 42 found in sand bottom kelp holdfast, midkelp, and rocky bottom kelpbed habitat16 Page 212 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 CC CD CE CF CG CH Genetic varia Haplotype diversity Mean number of When / Frequency Predators Substocks ( Geographic Area) alleles per locus ( SE)

NF no major predators except man 1 NF NF NF NF possibly other shark species 2 NF sevengill and leopard sharks 3 NF NF NF NF no diel pattern 1 NF NF NF NF NF NF spotted sevengill shark, the NF NF NF NF great white shark, marine mammals, and man 2 NF larger sharks, bluefin tuna, and large bony fishNF NF NF NF six gill shark 5 larger sharks, such as the porbeagle shark,

blue shark, and tiger shark 6 GENETICS Nucleotide diversity (#)

Page 213 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP RECRUITMENT INTO FISHERY nce % Polymorphic First Recruitment Full Recruitment loci Expected ( SE) Observed ( SE) Approach Effective population size Fishery / Length ( age) Fishery / Length ( age) Sampling gear NF NF NF NF 1 4 13 yrs. NG NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF S Mean heterozygosity Page 214 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX Y Mortality Estimates Method of Age range used Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Natural ( M) Fishing ( F) Total ( Z) mortality estimation to calculate mortality NG NG NG 1 M= 0.28 ( first yr. of life) 0.038 0.163 NG Hoenig's equation NG 1 M= 0.14 ( after first yr.)

2 M= 0.15 NG NG Hoenig's equation NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 3 M= 0.094( instantaneous) NG NG age structure model NG 4 M= 0.10 202 NG NG NG NG MORTALITY Page 215 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 CY CZ DA DB DC Rate of Exploitation Rate of Exploitation Interactions / associations exploitation ( u) ratio ( F/ Z) Competition with other organisms Tagging studies NG NG NF Observed hunting anchovies with piked dogfish 5 parasites: 13 families, 20 spp. ( see reference) 10 NG NG 12 Tracking: overall movement rate: 8.1+ 0.5 m min 1 12 movements correlated with tides NF NF NF parasites: 8 families, 15 spp. ( see reference) 10 2,15160 km in 3 months NF NF NF parasites: 8 families, 9 spp. ( see reference) 10 NF NF NF NF parasites: 7 families, 9 spp. ( see reference) 10 NG NG sablefish, Pacific cod, soupfin 5 move offshore in winter shark, and sea lions 1 and inshore in summer NG NG parasites: 39 families, 75 spp. ( see reference) 10 6 > 7,000 km 2 long range movements > 1,600 km 1 tag recoveries indicate that most leopard sharks are residents of San Francisco Bay, although some move out of bay in fall and winter BEHAVIOR 3,4 approx. 1,000 miles northward ( at large 2yrs. 1 3/ 4 months)

14majority of tag recoveries made in the vicinity of release; movement from 20 1,200 nautical miles ( 1 7 yrs)

found in association with hake, pollock, salmon, herring, Leuroglossus ,

myctophid, and several other species of midwater fish 7 Page 216 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 DD DE DF DG Resident or Transient Homing ability ( Home range) Schooling Territoriality resident, limited local movement 1 sensitive to electrical fields in Yes 1,2 NF water, may be used in orientation or locating food 2 NF NF NF NF northern movement in summer 2 NF Yes 5,6 NF Transient 1,2,3 NF Yes 2,4,5,6,7,8 NF seasonal migration 4 school segregated by sex9,10 forms schools w/ grey and brown smoothhounds3,4,11 tend to move out of bays and estuaries in winter15 Movement inhabits inshore estuarine waters during spring and moves offshore during winter months1,15 reported to migrate from southern to central California in the summer1 seasonal migration assoc. with reproductive cycles5 Yes , schools often composed of one sex4 Yes, forms schools with leopard sharks2,4 Page 217 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 A B C D E Squatinidae 1,2 Squatina californica 1,2 pacific angel shark Unverified report from southeastern Alaska. Probably 1 3 46 m California angel shark, angel at least Puget Sound, Washington to Bahia Magdelena,

shark, monkfish, northern angel southern Baja California and Gulf of California; Panama shark, squat, squato 1,3 to Chile 1,2,3,4 Heterodontidae 1,2 Heterodontus francisi 1,2 horn shark central California to Gulf of California, probably 1,2 intertidal to 150 m Port Jackson shark, bullhead shark Ecuador and Peru 1,2,3,4 horned shark, California horn shark 1,3 2, 5 Scyliorhinidae 1,2 Cephaloscyllium ventriosum 1,2 swell shark central California ( Monterey Bay) to Aculpulco 2 5 457 m California swell shark, balloon shark, Mexico, also Chile 1,2,3,4,5 puffer shark 1,3,5 Hexanchidae 1,2 Hexanchus griseus 1,2 sixgill shark circumglobal in temperate seas; southern Japan, 1,2 surface to 2,000 m,

cowshark, shovelnosed shark, Aleutian Is., Alaska to the southern tip of Baja 1,3,4 adults usually below 91 m mud shark, sixgill cowshark, young in deeper parts of griset, caffa bota, bluntnose sixgill, bays, adults in deep requin griset 1,3,4,5 water Hexanchidae 1,2 Notorynchus cepideanus 1,2 sevengill shark circumglobal in temperate waters; southern Japan, 2 1 46 m cowshark, mud shark, spotted northern British Columbia to southern Baja California 1,3 shallow bays cowshark, sevengill cowshark, and in the Gulf of California 1,3,4 Pacific sevengill cowshark, broadnose sevengill shark, pratnez, canabota,

gata 1,3,4,5 Rhinobatidae 1,2 Rhinobatos productus 1,2 shovelnose guitarfish San Francisco to Gulf of California, 1 nearshore 15 m shovelnose shark, pointed nose rare north of Monterey 1,3 guitarfish, guitarfish 1,3 Dasyatididae Urolophus halleri 1,2 round stingray n. California ( Eureka) to Panama, including Gulf of 1,2 1 21 m Urolophidae Urobatis halleri 2 stingaree, stingray 1,3 California 1,3,4,5 Page 218 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 F G H I J 5 Males: y= 1.33  0.00831x + 0.0000152x2 ( r2= 0.96) NF 1,2,3,4 1.52 m Pacific Coast 7 NG Females: y= 2.095  0.0115x + 0.0000182x2 ( r2= 0.98) Pacific Coast 7 NG NF NF 3,4 122 cm NF NF NF NF 2,3,4 1 m NF NF 6 Females: y= 37.5 + ( 6.64x10 2)( x1)+( 3.11x10 5)( x1 2)+( 1X10 8)( x1 3) NF 3 5+ m NF NF ( polynomial regression) 1 4.7 m 6 4.82 m 6 Males: y= 3.39 + ( 1.23X10 2)( x1)+( 1.58x10 5)( x1 2)+( 1.10X10 8)( x1 3) NF 1 2.7 m NF NF Females: y= 59 + ( 0.14)( x1)+( 1.1x10 4)( x1 2)+( 3.08X10 8)( x1 3) 7 2.96 m ( polynomial regression)

NF NF 2 1.7 m Long Beach, California( TL) 8 142 NF ratio of DW to TL is 1: 1.75 1,2,3 56 cm NF NF Page 219 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 K L M N O P Q R S T U NG 133.8 NG NG 0.151 NG NG  1.309 NG NG NG NG 120.7 NG NG 0.523 NG NG  0.424 NG NG NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 594 228 0.095 0.016 0.047  3.942  3.8  4.03 0.7 0.94 0.81 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 220 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 V W X Y Z AA AB tag and recapture No No 1,6,7 NF NF dioecious tag and recapture No No NF NF NF NF NF NF dioecious NF NF NF NF NF NF dioecious NF NF NF NF NF NF dioecious NF NF NF NF NF NF dioecious vertebral centra; whole terramycin marked, held in intrareader comparison and NF 3 10 yrs. NF dioecious captivity and edge 11 yrs. ( 125 cm)

analysis NF NF NF 12 8 yrs. NF dioecious Page 221 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ promiscuous aplacental viviparity 4,9 No NF males have claspers 12 90 100 cm TL 90 100 cm TL NG 5 75 80 cm 86> 108 cm NG 13 102 107 cm 100 109 cm NG promiscuous oviparous 1,2,4,5 No NF males have claspers 5 58 71 cm > 58 cm NG 6 61 cm 61 cm NG promiscuous oviparous 2,4,5,9 No NF males have claspers NF NF NF promiscuous aplacental viviparity 2,5,9,10 No NF males have claspers 14 309 331 cm NG NG 15,16 421 cm NG NG 6 335 cm 427 cm NG promiscuous aplacental viviparity 2,9,11 No NF males have claspers 15,17 132 cm NG NG 18 140 cm 218 cm NG promiscuous aplacental viviparity 4 No NF males have claspers NG 2 110 cm TL NG 19 90 100 cm( 8 yrs) 99 cm( 7 yrs) NG promiscuous aplacental viviparity 4 No NF male dentition 1 27 14.6 cm DW( 2.6 yrs) 14.5 cm DW ( 2.6 yrs) NG males have claspers and siphon sac 5 Page 222 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR NG NG NG NG 3 Pacific coast 2,15 NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NF San Diego, CA 3 NG NG NG NG Pacific coast 2 Unspecified location 9 NF NF NF NF NF NF NG NG NG NG 1 British Columbia 2 NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG 1,3,4 central California 10 NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG 3 Anaheim Bay, CA 5 NG vertebral centra; whole terramycin marked, held in intrareader comparison Pacific coast 2 captivity NG rearing in captivity, tag and recaptureNG NG 3 southern California7 width frequency, and length frequency Pacific coast 2 Page 223 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD annual spawner 2 5,14 10 11 embryos 7 8 13 offspring 24 average: 6 offspring single spawner 3 single spawner 7 2 eggs per clutch single spawner 15 51 embryos 5,7,8,9,16 22 108 offspring single spawner 7,17,18, 29 82 95 offspring single spawner 7 < 28 offspring annual breeding cycle 4 20 1 6 embryos 7 3 offspring ( average)

Page 224 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 BE BF BG BH NF 21 10 months NA NF 12 young hatch in 8 9 months NA 2,10,13 young hatch in 7 9 months NF NF 2,10,12 young hatch in 7.5 10 months NA 13 7.5 months 4 51 embryos ( 420 cm) NF 15 12 month gestation NA NF NF 2,14,15 12 month gestation NA NF NA NF NF 16 3 month gestation NA Page 225 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 BI BJ BK BL BM BN NA NF NA NA NA NA NA NF NF lodged under reefs or northern elephant seals 1 NA crevices 4,5 NA NF NF NF northern elephant seals 1 NA NA NF NA NA NA NA NA NF 5 8 77 mm ( internal eggs) NA NA NA NA NF NA NA NA NA NA NF NA NA NA NA Page 226 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 BO BP BQ BR BS BT BU NA NA NA NA NA 2 21 cm to maturity sand and mud bottoms 5,6 6 24 cm to maturity 202 NA NA NA NA NA 2,3 15 cm to maturity Rocky to sandy areas 6 NA NA NA NA NA 2 13 cm to maturity rocky areas, often in crevices 6 NA NA NA NA NA < 120 cm often found inshore 2 2 65 cm to maturity 3 61 cm to maturity NA NA NA NA NA 7 43 186.5 cm TL found in shallow open coast and bays 2,4,7 2,3 45 cm to maturity NA NA NA NA NA 3 15 cm to maturity shallow sandy areas 4,6 NA NA NA NA NA 3 approx. 8 25 cm Sand or mud bottom off beaches and in bays and sloughs 1 juveniles found more inshore than adults 4,8 Page 227 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 BV BW BX BY carnivore benthic ambusher 6,7 NF NF carnivore ( worms, anemones) 14 scours seafloor in search of prey 8 nocturnal and/ or NF crepuscular feeder 2,3 NF NF nocturnal 3 northern elephant seals 3 carnivore ( cephalopods, teleosts, chondrichthyans) 15 NF NF NF carnivore NF NF NF carnivore ( prim. crabs) 8 bottom feeder 9 continuously throughout day 1 NF carnivore bottom feeders 9 continuously throughout day 1,4,5NF ( polychaetes, clams) 10 browsers, crush shells 10 ( worms, shrimp, crabs, amphipods) 14 Page 228 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 BZ CA CB ( anchovies, other fish, shrimp, and euphausiids) 50 ( fish, mollusks, crustaceans, annelids, and coelenterates) 52 sand and mud bottoms 6,7 benthic ambusher 1,5,6,7 often buried in mud or sand 2,8,16 found in sand bottom kelp holdfast and rocky bottom kelp bed habitat 16 ( fish, squids, sea cucumbers) 4 ( bottom and epipelagic fishes and squids) 5 rocky to sandy areas 7 carnivore ( crustaceans and small fish) 19 scours seafloor in search of prey 8 rocky bottom, kelp beds, sandy draws between rocks and on sand flats ( gastropods, crustaceans, pelecypods, sipunculoids,

rocky bottom kelp bed habitat16 cephalopods, small fish) 20 ( benthic invetebrates and small fish) 5 rocky areas, often in crevices 7,14 carnivore ( fish) 13 suction or " yawn"; in which the rocky, algal covered areas of kelp beds, also in algal covered bottom ( bony fish, dead and alive, and crustaceans) 5 mouth is held open until prey without kelp 2 wanders in or is carried in by current 5 rocky bottom kelp bed habitat16 locates prey by detecting electrical fields 5 marine and benthic or pelagic, on the continental and insular carnivores NF shelves and upper slopes 2 ( primarily bony and cartilagenous fish) 21,22,23 deep water along coasts 9 ( fish and crustaceans) 13,14,16 ( cephalopods, teleosts, chondrichthyans, marine mammals) 24 ( sharks, rays, bony fish, chimaeras, squid, shrimp, crabs,

carrion, and seals) 5 marine and benthic, neritic, on the continental shelves 2 carnivores ( primarily cartilagenous fish, bony fish, ambush strategy, stealth, group shallow open coast and bays 9,10 and mammals) 4,5,22,23,25,26 hunting, bursts of speed 9 shallow sandy areas 7,11,16 benthic carnivore ( crustaceans, fish, and clams) 4,10,11,13,27 pursuit and capture over mudflats 4 found in rocky bottom kelp bed habitat16 ( worms and crustaceans) 51 bottom feeder 10 hunts with snouts above the seafloor 11 sand or mud bottom off beaches and in bays and sloughs 1,12,16 carinvores bottom feeders 10 found in sand bottom kelp holdfast and rocky bottom kelp bed habitat 16 ( clams, ghost shrimp, polychaetes, and crabs) 4,11,27,28 browsers, crush shells 12 ( worms, small crustaceans, and mollusks) 51 digs by flapping of rostrum and pectoral fins 13 ( pelecypods, polychaetes, and crustaceans) 55 carnivore ( feeds on fast moving fish, such as corbina, queenfish,

and California halibut) 16,19,51 ( mature herring, young salmon, sticklebacks, sand lance, pipefish,

cephalopods, and schizopods) 49 benthic in nearshore, soft bottom habitats, with highest concentration found near protected inlets and embayments were water temperatures 17 Page 229 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 CC CD CE CF CG CH day and night feeder 2 northern elephant seals 3 Santa Rosa Island NF NG NG nocturnal 3,4,5 Santa Cruz Island NG NG San Clemente Island 1 NG NG nocturnal and/ or northern elephant seals, bald eagles 3 NF NF NF NF crepuscular feeder 6,7,8 primarily nocturnal feeder 3,7,8,9,16,17 northern elephant seals 3 NF NF NF NF may be a nocturnal feeder 8 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF continuously throughout day 1 NF NF NF NF NF continuously throughout day 1,10,11 elephant seals 3 NF NF NF NF Page 230 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP 1 10.7% NG 0.052 allozymes NG NF NF NF 1 10.7% NG 0.037 NG 14.30% NG 0.078 NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 231 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX NF NF NF 4 M= 0.15 0.20 NG NG Hoenig's equation NG 4 M= 0.14 NG NG Pauly's method NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 232 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 CY CZ DA DB DC NG NG flatfish, California lizardfish, parasites: 8 families, 8 spp. ( see reference) 10 7 2 9 km ( tracked for periods of 13 25 hrs)

NG NG lingcod 2 8 96 km in 46 days NF NF NF parasites: 5 families, 5 spp. ( see reference) 10 NF NF NF NF parasites: 1 family, 1 spp. ( see reference) 10 NF NF NF NF 9 < 10 km, swam at depths between 600 1,100 m parasites: 9 families, 25 spp. ( see reference) 10 NF NF NF Parasites: isopod( Lironeca vulgaris ), copepod ( Pandarus bicolor ), 10 0 539 km and the leech ( Branchellion lobata ) 3 parasites: 5 families, 6 spp. ( see reference) 10 NF NF NF parasites: 8 families, 13 spp. ( see reference) 10 NF NF NF benthic flatfish 3 guitarfish, California halibut, thornback, benthic flatfish1 11 < 4.75 nautical miles ( at liberty for 208 days)

parasites: 19 families, 40 spp. ( see reference) 10 parasites:( Otodistomum veliporum ), and the copepod ( Pandarus bicolor) 3 7,13 tagging revealed angel sharks have a home range which they return to after a night of foraging 11 most rays moved 1 2 nautical miles ( at liberty for 2 284 days)

Page 233 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 DD DE DF DG majority are residential 6,13 NF NF NF may migrate seasonally 7,8 move offshore in winter 6 NF sensitive to electrical fields in gen. solitary, sometimes NF water, may be used in orientation aggregate 4,5 or locating food 2 NF NF gen. solitary, sometimes NF aggregate 4 NF NF NF NF NF Yes 1 NF NF 137 NF NF often found in NF aggregations 4 observed swimming with leopard sharks 4 Resident 9 sensitive to electrical fields in NF NF water, may be used in orientation 2 Page 234 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 A B C D E Myliobatidae 1,2 Myliobatis californica 1,2 bat ray Oregon to Gulf of California 1,3,4,5 2 intertidal to 108 m eagle ray, California stingray,

stingaree, bat stingray, batfish 1,3 Torpedinidae 1,2 Torpedo californica 1,2 Pacific electric ray northern British Columbia to Bahia de Sebastian 2 3 453 m California electric ray, electric ray, central Baja California 1,3,4,5 torpedo fish, California torpedo,

crampfish, torpedo 1,3,4 Platyrhinidae Platyrhinoidis triseriata 1,2 thornback Tomales Bay, northern California to Gulf of California 4 2 surfline to 137 m Platyrhininae 2 round skate, thornback, guitarfish,

California thornback, shovelnose,

banjo shark 1,3,5 Rajidae 1,2 Raja binoculata 1,2 big skate Bering sea and se. Alaska to Cabo Falsa, 1 3 800 m big skate of California, gangiei rui 1,3,5 southern Baja California 1,4 Rajidae 1,2 Raja inornata 1,2 California skate Washington ( Straits of Juan de Fuca) to southern 1 18 670 m common skate 1,3 Baja California and Gulf of California 4 Rajidae 1,2 Raja rhina 1,2 longnose skate Bering Sea and Aleutian Is. to Isla Cedros, central Baja2 13 800 m California longnose skate 1,3 California 4 Rajidae 1 Bathyraja kincaidii 2 sandpaper skate Sea of Japan to Bering Sea to Cortes Bank, southern 2 17 1,380 m ( Bathyraja interrupta ) 1,2 black skate, Bering skate 1,4,6 California 4 Rajidae 1 Raia stellulata 2 starry skate Bering Sea and Aleutian Is. to Coronado Bank, 2 18 732 m Raja stellulata 1 prickly skate, cheap skate 1,7 northern Baja California 4 ( Raja asterias ) 2 Page 235 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 F G H I J NF 1 TL=. 758 DW + 44.413 ( r=. 9757) 2,3 1.8 m ( DW) Elkhorn Slough ( DW) 9,10 100.4( 204)

( 95% confidence intervals)

NF NF 2,3 1.37+ m NF NF NF NF 2,3 91 cm NF NF 7,8 Both: Log W= log a + b log TL; p< 0.001, r2= 0.96 2 DW= 15.5 + 0.72 TL: p< 0.001, r2= 0.99 1,2,3 2.4 m NF NF Y= 35.1 + 44.2* Log( x) 158, 169 NF NF 1,3 76 cm NF NF 7,8 Both: Log W= log a + b log TL; r2= 0.94 2 DW= 17.3 + 0.69 TL: p< 0.001, r2= 0.98 1,3,5 137 cm Monterey Bay( TL) 11,12 96.7( 10)

y=  20.4 + 3.2* log ( TL) ( 95 % confidence intervals)

NF NF 3 86 cm NF NF NF NF 3 76 cm NF NF Page 236 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 K L M N O P Q R S T U 158.7( 140) NG 0.229( 0.11142) 0.0995( 0.0188) NG  1.58( 0.541)  2.059( 0.354) NG NG NG NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 106.9( 13.1) 104.7( 9.1) 0.25( 0.10) 0.16( 0.05) 0.17( 0.05) 0.73( 1.1)  0.3( 0.08)  0.16( 0.62) NG NG NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 237 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 V W X Y Z AA AB vertebral centra; x radiography tetracycline mark recapture compared techniques and NF 3 > 24 yrs. NF dioecious and oil clearing intrareader comparison 8 24 yrs. ( 150 cm)

1224 yrs ( 100 cm DW)

NF NF NF NF NF NF dioecious NF NF NF NF NF NF dioecious NF NF NF 8,9 3 12 yrs. NF dioecious 10 12 yrs ( 160.7 cm)

NF NF NF NF 6 20 30 yrs NF dioecious vertebral centra; parafin edge analysis betw. reader comparison NF 6 20 30 yrs. NF dioecious wax sectioning 10 13 yrs ( 132.2 cm)

NF NF NF NF NF NF dioecious NF NF NF NF NF NF dioecious Page 238 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ promiscuous viviparous2,19 No females grow larger 1,2 males have claspers 3 NG2 105 cm DW NG 20,25 45.0 62.2 cm DW ( 2 3) NG NG 6 61 cm DW 91 cm DW NG promiscuous aplacental viviparity 12,13 No males have claspers NF NF NF promiscuous aplacental viviparity 4 No NF males have claspers NF NF NF viviparous 13 promiscuous oviparous 1,4,7,12,14,17 No females grow larger 3,4 males have claspers 4 21,26,29100 110 ( 7 8 yrs) 130 cm ( 12 yrs) NG promiscuous oviparous 7,14 No NF males have claspers 22 52 cm 52 cm NG promiscuous oviparous 4,7,12,14 No females grow larger 5 males have claspers 4 21,26 60cm ( 5) 70 cm( 8 yrs) NG promiscuous oviparous 1 No NF males have claspers NF NF NF promiscuous oviparous 1,12 No NF males have claspers NF NF NF Page 239 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR NG NG NG NG NF Elkhorn Slough, CA 1,16 88.1 cm DW ( 5) vertebral centra; x radiography tetracycline mark recapture compared techniques and Pacific coast 2 and oil clearing intrareader comparison NG NG NG NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Pacific coast 2 NG vertebral centra; parafin edge analysis betw. reader comparison 2 NF wax sectioning NG NG NG NG NF NF NG vertebral centra; parafin edge analysis betw. reader comparison 2 NF wax sectioning NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 240 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD annual breeding cycle4 3 2 6 offspring 21 2 5 embryos 7,31 2 12 offspring single spawner single spawner single spawner 2,9 < 7 eggs 25 1 7 embryos per egg case 25 3 4 average embryos per egg case single spawner 25 1 egg per egg case single spawner 9,25 1 egg per egg case single spawner single spawner Page 241 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 BE BF BG BH NF NF 2,17,23,269 12 month gestation NA NF NF NA NF NF NA NF 18 approx. 1 year NA NF NF NA NF NF NA NF NF NA NF NF Page 242 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 BI BJ BK BL BM BN NA NF 3 22 28 mm ( internal eggs) NA NA NA NA NF NA NA NA NA NA NF NA NA NA NA NA NF NF demersal1,7 elephant seals 1 NA NA NF 10 12 cm demersal 1 NF NA NA NF 1 8 12 cm ( length) demersal 1,6 NF NA NA NF NF NF NF NA NF NF NF NF NA Page 243 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 BO BP BQ BR BS BT BU NA NA NA NA NA 3 approx. 23 cm to maturity mud and sandy bottom 4 10 approx. 50 cm TL and 35 cm DW NA NA NA NA NA NF fine sand bottom or mud, also found in rock and kelp bed areas 6 NA NA NA NA NA NF fine sand to mud bottoms 6 NA NA NA NA NA 8 < 130 cm soft substrate 4 NA NA NA NA NA NF NF NA NA NA NA NA NF NF NA NA NA NA NA NF NF NA NA NA NA NA NF NF Page 244 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 BV BW BX BY carnivore ( clams) 8 NF NF NF carnivore NF NF NF benthic carnivore 16 NF NF NF opportunistic carnivore ( decapod crustaceans) 17 use of electroreception in finding buried preNF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 245 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 BZ CA CB intertidal mudflats in estuaries, open surf, and estuaries 11 opportunistic bottom feeders43 digs burrowing clams and worms from substrate4 kelp bed and adjacent kelpless cobble area 4 carnivore ( echiroid worm, clams, fish) 10 digs by flapping of rostrum and pectoral fins 13 found in rocky bottom kelp bed habitat16,17 ( epifaunal molluscs, infaunal worms, and molluscs) 29 benthic in nearshore, soft bottom habitats 17 ( mollusks and crustaceans) 43 ( infaunal bivalves, epifaunal gammarid amphipods, and gastropods) 45 ( clams, crabs, shrimps, and the echiuroid worm Urechis caupo ) 54 ( pelecypods, polychaetes, and crustaceans) 55 fine sand bottom or mud, also found in rock and kelp bed areas 7 carnivore ( bottom dwelling fish) 19,30 ambush predator 14 kelp bed and adjacent kelpless cobble area 4 preys on fish using powerful electric discharges 5,1 during the day , these animals are often found buried in the substratum 15 found in sand bottom kelp holdfast envrionment 16 fine sand to mud bottoms7,16 benthic carnivore ( polychaetes, mollusks, small crustaceans) 4,19 NF kelp bed and adjacent kelpless cobble area4 ( sand dwelling worms) 51 found in sand bottom kelp holdfast and rocky bottom kelp bed habitat 16 soft substrate 11 opportunistic carnivore ( bottom dwelling fishes) 31 use of elctroreception in finding buried prey 16 ( fish and crustaceans) 4,14,15,43 inshore muddy bottoms 5 carnivore ( shrimp and other invertebrates) 15,32 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF ( clams, crabs, shrimp, fish, innkeeper worms, snails, abalone, and worms) 4 benthic predator which forages in shallow mudflats and seagrass beds ain bays and 20 are elevated and sediments are primarily soft sand and mud 17 Page 246 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 CC CD CE CF CG CH NF NF NF NF NF NF diurnal and nocturnal feeder 12 NF NF NF NF NF nocturnal 3,13,15 northern elephant seal 3 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 247 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 248 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 249 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 CY CZ DA DB DC NF NF NF NF NF NF parasites: 3 families, 4 spp. ( see reference) 10 NF NF NF NF parasites: 4 families, 4 spp. ( see reference) 10 NF NF NF NF parasites: copepod ( Charopinus dentatus ) 4 NF parasites: trematodes( Otodistomum veliporum ) 6 parasites: 11 families, 22 spp. ( see reference) 10 NF NF NF parasites: 11 families, 21 spp. ( see reference) 10 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF parasites: 2 families, 2 spp. ( see reference) 10 NF 15tracked moving an average of 0.74 km/ hr and frequenting the shallow parts of the bay 15all three recaptures caught within 1 km of their tagging location white seaperch and senoritas commonly aggregate and feed where bat ray are stirring up the bottom with their wings9 Page 250 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 DD DE DF DG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF tend to move out of bays and estuaries in winter15 travel inshore to spawn and breed in spring and summer2,14 yes, large schools of bat rays have been sighted off southern and central 12 found solitary and in aggregations4 Page 251 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 A B C D E Chimaeridae 1,2 Hydrolagus colliei 1,2 spotted ratfish se. Alaska to Baja and n. Gulf of California; 1,2 inshore to 965 m Pacific ratfish, chimaera, ratfish, common off British Columbia to n. California 1,4 goatfish, king of the herrings, water hare, elephant fish, rattail, rabbitfish 1,3,8 1 Robins et al 1991 1 Robins et al 1991 1 Gates and Frey 1974 1 Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 1 Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 2 Eschmeyer 1998 2 Eschmeyer 1998 2 Leet et al 1992 2 Kato et al 1967 2 Love et al 2000 3 Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 3 Love 1996 3 Love 1996 4 Hart 1973 4 Love et al 2000 5 Love 1996 5 Miller and Lea 1972 6 Love et al 2000 7 Chamberlain 1979 8 Halstead and Bunker 1952 9 Holts 1988 10 Reilly et al 1994 Page 252 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 F G H I J 9 Males: W= 0.000047676L3.0546 ( r2=. 9835) NF 3,5 100 cm NF NF Females: W= 0.000067733L2.9720( r2=. 9886)

1 Ackerman 1971 1 Martin 1982 1 Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 1 Kusher et al 1992 2 Sandell 1973 2 Zeiner 1991 2 Love 1996 2 Yudin and Caillet 1990 3 Nammack et al 1985 3 Love et al 2000 3 Nammack et al 1985 4 Jones and Geen 1977a 4 Compagno 1984 4 Jones and Geen 1977b 5 Natanson 1984 5 Hart 1973 5 Saunders and McFarlane 1993 6 Ebert 1984 6 Castro 1996 6 Holden and Meadows 1962 7 Zeiner 1991 7 Ebert 1986a 7 Bedford 1987 8 Zeiner and Wolf 1993 8 Timmons and Bray 1997 9 Johnson and Horton 1972 9 Martin 1982 10 Ripley 1946 10 Martin and Caillet 1988a 11 Saunders et al 1984 11 Zeiner 1991 12 Zeiner and Wolf 1993 13 Yudin 1987 14 Ketchen 1975 Page 253 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 K L M N O P Q R S T U NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 254 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 V W X Y Z AA AB NF NF NF NF NF NF dioecious 1 Weldon et al 1987 1 Ackerman 1971 1 Emmett et al 19 2 Jones and Geen 1977b 2 Kusher et al 1992 3 Beamish and McFarlane 1985 3 Love 1996 4 Kirnosova 1989 4 Castro 1996 5 McFarlane and Beamish 1987 5 Hart 1973 6 Natanson and Caillet 1990 6 Casillas et al 1998 7 Natanson 1984 7 Yudin 1987 8 Zeiner 1991 8 Martin and Caillet 1988a 9 Fraser 1923 9 Timmons and Bray 1997 10 Smith 1984 10 Zeiner 1991 11 Ackerman 1971 11 Ketchen 1975 12 Babel 1967 12 Hopkins 1993 13 Soldat 1982 14 Alverson and Stansby 1963 15 Beamish and Smith 1976 16 Holland 1957 Page 255 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ promiscuous oviparous 1,2,7,12 No females grow larger 5 Males: possess frontal tenaculum, 6 20 cm( snout to vent) 25 cm( snout to vent) NG prepelvic tenacula, and claspers 2 991 1 Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 1 Love 1996 1 Norwell 1994 1 Ackerman 1971 2 Love 1996 2 Martin 1982 2 Johnson and Horton 1972 2 Talent 1985 3 Emmett et al 1991 3 Zeiner 1991 3 Martin 1982 3 Kusher et al 1992 4 Roedel and Ripley 1950 4 Zeiner and Wolf 1993 4 Zeiner 1991 4 Emmett et al 1991 5 Castro 1996 5 Casillas et al 1998 5 Babel 1967 5 Compagno 1984 6 Ripley 1946 6 de Wit 1975 6 Love 1996 7 Casillas et al 1998 7 Yudin 1987 7 Ford 1921 8 Hishaw and Albert 1947 8 Ford 1921 8 Hart 1973 9 Compagno 1984 9 Ketchen 1972 10 Ebert 1986 © 10 Jones and Geen 1977c 11 Herald and Ripley 1951 11 Saunders and McFarlane 1993 12 Hart 1973 12 Natanson 1984 13 Zorzi and Martin 1995 13 Bedford 1987 14 Zorzi 1994 14 Crow et al 1996 15 Compagno 1984 15 Ebert 1986a 16 Breder and Rosen1966 16 Ebert 1986b 17 Fraser 1923 17 Ebert 1984 18 Daugherty 1960b 18 Ebert 1996 19 Hopkins 1993 19 Timmons and Bray 1997 20 Martin and Caillet1988b 21 Zeiner and Wolf 1993 22 Martin and Zorzi 1993 23 Yudin 1987 24 Holt 1988 25 Martin 1982 26 Zeiner 1991 27 Babel 1967 28 Ketchen 1975 29 Fleming 1999a 30 Saunders et al 1984 31 Daugherty 1960b 32 Hopkins 1993 Page 256 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR NG NG NG NG NF California 12,13 Pacific coast 2 Unspecified location 11 1 Compagno 1984 1 Talent 1985 2 Casillas et al 1998 2 Love 1996 3 Love 1996 3 Eigenmann 1891 4 Hart 1973 4 Emmett et al 1991 5 Alverson and Stansby 1963 5 Ketchen 1972 6 Sandell 1973 7 Babel 1967 8 Jones and Geen 1977c 9 Compagno 1984 10 Ebert 1986a 11 Hart 1973 12 Yudin 1987 13 Dean 1906 14 Ripley 1946 15 Holts 1988 16 Martin and Caillet 1988b 17 Alverson and Stansby 1963 Page 257 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD ***** ***** ***** ***** annual breeding cycle 1 2,7 2 eggs ***** ***** ***** ***** ***** *****

***** ***** ***** ***** 1 Casillas et al 1998 1 Ackerman 1971 2 Bedford 1987 2 Casillas et al 1998 3 Roedel and Ripley 1950 3 Talent 1985 4 Martin 1982 4 Smith et al 1998 5 Fleming 1999a 5 Compagno 1984 6 Emmett et al 1991 7 Love 1996 8 Castro 1996 9 Hart 1973 10 Roedel and Ripley 1950 11 Nammack et al 1985 12 Ketchen 1972 13 Kirnosova 1989 14 Natanson 1984 15 Ebert 1986a 16 Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 17 Ebert 1989 18 Ebert 1986a 19 Ebert 1984 20 Babel 1967 21 Martin and Caillet 1988b 22 Yudin 1987 23 Ripley 1946 24 Holts 1988 25 Martin and Zorzi 1993 26 Alverson and Stansby1963 27 Ketchen 1972 28 Fleming 1999a 29 Ford 1921 30 Daugherty 1960b 31 Hopkins 1993 Page 258 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 BE BF BG BH NF NF 2,18 1 yr. NA 19 9 12 months 1 de Wit 1975 1 Nammack et al 1985 1 Talent 1985 2 Ackerman 1971 2 Kirnosova 1989 2 Love 1996 3 Yudin 1987 3 Ketchen 1972 4 Ebert 1984 4 Sandell 1973 5 Castro 1996 6 Roedel and Ripley 1950 7 Hart 1973 8 Jones and Geen 1977c 9 Hishaw and Albert 1947 10 Compagno 1984 11 Kirnosova 1989 12 Feder et al 1974 13 Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 14 Ebert 1986a 15 Ebert 1984 16 Babel 1967 17 Martin and Caillet 1988b 18 Casillas et al 1998 19 Dean 1906 20 Ripley 1946 21 Holts 1988 22 Alverson and Stansby 1963 23 Fleming 1999a 24 Ford 1921 25 Daugherty 1960b 26 Hopkins 1993 Page 259 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 BI BJ BK BL BM BN NA NF 2 egg capsule: 2.9 by 1.9 by 1.3 cm demersal 2,3 northern elephant seals 1 NA egg: 35 by 20 by 12 mm planted vertically in mud or attached to rocks 1,4 found in polyhaline and euhaline waters 1 1 Casillas et al 1998 1 Casillas et al 1998 1 Love 1996 2 Dean 1906 2 Allen, M. J. 1982 3 Yudin 1987 3 Sathyanesan 1966 4 Roedel and Ripley 1950 4 Love 1996 5 Ebert 1996 5 Compagno 1984 6 Roedel and Ripley 1950 7 Fraser 1923 Page 260 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 BO BP BQ BR BS BT BU NA NA NA NA NA NF demersal 9 muddy bottom 10 generally on rocky botom in deepwater, also common in estuaries 11 1 Emmett et al 1991 1 Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 2 Compagno 1984 2 Compagno 1984 3 Love 1996 3 Emmett et al 1991 4 Ketchen 1972 4 Love 1996 5 Hart 1973 5 Allen 1990 6 Bedford 1987 6 Feder et al 1974 7 Ebert 1986a 7 Ebert 1984 8 Zeiner and Wolf 1993 8 Babel 1967 9 Yudin 1987 9 Allen, M. J. 1982 10 Martin 1982 10 Hart 1973 11 Beamish and Smith 1976 11 Casillas et al 1998 12 San Filippo 1995 Page 261 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 BV BW BX BY opportunistic carnivore ( shrimp, mollusks, echinoderms) 18 NF NF spiny dogfish 4 ( prim. polychaetes) 19 1 Ackerman 1971 1 Compagno 1984 1 Sandell 1973 1 Leet et al 1992 2 Barry et al 1996 2 Ackerman 1971 2 Segura Zarosa et al 1997 2 Ketchen 1986 3 Compagno 1984 3 Russo 1975 3 Love 1996 3 Love 1996 4 Talent 1976 4 Talent 1976 4 Ketchen 1972 4 Quinn et al 1980 5 Castro 1996 5 Talent 1982 5 Babel 1967 6 Emmett et al 1991 6 Fouts and Nelson 1999 6 San Filippo 1995 7 Casillas et al 1998 7 Allen 1990 8 Talent 1982 8 Segura Zarosa et al 1997 9 Galvan Magana et al 1989 9 Ketchen 1972 10 Sandell 1973 10 Babel 1967 11 Taylor 1970 11 Badkin ( unpublished)

12 Roedel and Ripley 1950 13 Hart 1973 14 Love 1996 15 Ebert 1994 16 Feder et al 1974 17 Badkin ( unpublished)

18 Johnson and Horton 1972 19 Quinn et al 1980 20 Beamish and Smith 1976 21 Saunders et al 1984 22 Fraser 1923 Page 262 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 BZ CA CB demersal 1 opportunistic carnivore ( shrimp, mollusks, echinoderms) 33 benthic searcher, uses smell,

found in sand and mud to rocky reef 11 ( brittle stars, myodocopine ostracods, gammarid amphipods) 34 electroreception, and lateral line to detect prey 17 generally on rocky botom in deepwater, also common in estuaries 5 ( clams, crustaceans, shrimp, fish) 14 ( shrimp, clams, worms, fishes, brittlestars, gammarid amphipods,

and seastars) 4 omnivore ( molluscs, crustaceans) 35 ( bivalves, fish, decapods, limpets, barnacles) 36 ( fish, mollusks, squid, nudibranchs, opisthobranchs, annelid, and crustaceans) 38 1 Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 1 Ackerman 1971 1 Compagno 1984 2 Compagno 1984 2 Leet et al 1992 2 Russo 1975 3 Emmett et al 1991 3 Emmett et al 1991 3 Talent 1976 4 Larson and DeMartini 1984 4 Love 1996 4 Talent 1982 5 Casillas et al 1998 5 Compagno 1984 5 Love 1996 6 Allen 1990 6 Russo 1975 6 Fouts and Nelson 1999 7 Feder et al 1974 7 Talent 1976 7 Allen 1990 8 Castro 1996 8 de Wit 1975 8 Segura Zarosa et al 1997 9 Ebert 1984 9 Haesker and Czech 1993 9 Ebert 1991b 10 Ebert 1986a 10 Talent 1982 10 Ketchen 1972 11 Love 1996 11 Sandell 1973 11 Zorzi and Martin 1995 12 Babel 1967 12 Ripley 1946 12 Babel 1967 13 Fleming 1999a 13 Roedel and Ripley 1950 13 Van Blaricom 1976 14 Turner et al 1969 14 Hart 1973 14 Lowe et al 1994 15 Lowe et al 1994 15 Casillas et al 1998 15 Bray and Hixon 1978 16 Limbaugh 1955 16 Castro 1996 16 Badkin ( unpublished)

17 O'Brien and Valle 2000( in press) 17 Jensen 1965 17 Allen, M. J. 1982 18 Ebert et al 1992 18 Ripley 1946 19 Feder et al 1974 19 Brodeur et at 1987 20 Segura Zarosa et al 1997 20 Hopkins 1993 21 Ebert 1986 c 22 Ebert 1984 23 Ebert 1986a 24 Ebert 1994 25 Ebert 1989 26 Ebert 1991 ( a)

27 Ketchen 1972 28 Babel 1967 29 Barry et al 1996 30 Bray and Hixon 1978 31 Badkin ( unpublished)

32 Zorzi 1994 33 Johnson and Horton 1972 34 Allen, M. J. 1982 35 Halstead and Bunker 1952 36 Quinn et al 1980 37 Alverson and Stansby 1963 38 Dean 1906 39 Taylor 1970 40 Herald and Ripley 1951 41 Alverson and Stansby 1963 42 Bonham 1954 43 Fleming 1999a Page 263 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 CC CD CE CF CG CH nocturnal 14 soupfin sharks, dogfish, Pacific halibut, NF NF NF pigeon guillemots, northern fur seals,

and northern elephant seals 3 spiny dogfish 2 1 Sandell 1973 1 Emmett et al 1991 1 Gaida 1997 2 Fouts and Nelson 1999 2 Casillas et al 1998 3 Love 1996 3 Love 1996 4 Standora and Nelson 1977 4 Ketchen 1972 5 Bedford 1987 5 Ketchen 1986 6 Segura Zarosa et al 1997 6 Castro 1996 7 Nelson and Johnson 1970 8 Compagno 1984 9 Castro 1996 10 Ketchen 1972 11 Babel 1967 12 Lowe et al 1994 13 Bray and Hixon 1978 14 Allen, M. J. 1982 15 Caillet et al 1979 16 Ebeling and Bray 1976 17 Turner et al 1969 Page 264 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 Gaida 1997 1 Smith and Abramson 1990 Page 265 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 Smith and Abramson 1990 2 Au and Smith 1997 3 Wood et al 1978 4 Bedford 1987 Page 266 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 CY CZ DA DB DC NF NF NF venomous dorsal spine capable of inflicting injury 2 NF reproductive organs toxic when comsumed8 parasites: copepod ( Caligus gurnardi ) 4 parasites: 12 families, 15 spp. ( see reference) 10 1 Casillas et al 1998 1 Babel 1967 1 Smith and Abramson 1990 2 Allen 1990 2 Halstead and Bunker 1952 2 Compagno 1984 3 Babel 1967 3 Ebert 1984 3 Herald and Ripley 1951 4 Fraser 1919 4 Hart 1973 5 Compagno 1984 5 Jensen 1965 6 Lloyd 1938 6 McFarlane and Beamish 1986 7 Beamish and Smith 1976 7 Standora and Nelson 1977 8 McAllister 1968 8 Bedford 1987 9 Bray and Ebeling 1975 9 Carey and Clark 1995 10 Love and Moser 1983 10 Ebert 1996 11 Babel 1967 12 Ackerman et al 2000 13 Holts 1988 14 Holland 1957 15 Hopkins 1993 Page 267 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 DD DE DF DG migratory movement 10 NF NF NF 1 Compagno 1984 1 Van Dykhuizen et al 1998 1 Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 2 Love 1996 2 Knudtson 1977 2 Castro 1996 3 Ketchen 1986 3 Leet et al 1992 4 Hart 1973 4 Love 1996 5 Hishaw and Albert 1947 5 Compagno 1984 6 Bedford 1987 6 Casillas et al 1998 7 Galvan Magana et al 1989 7 Jensen 1965 8 Standora and Nelson 1977 8 De Wit 1975 9 Babel 1967 9 Breder and Rosen 1966 10 Mathews 1975 10 Ford 1921 11 Casillas et al 1998 11 Limbbaugh 1955 12 Quinn et al 1980 12 Hopkins 1993 13 Holts 1988 14 Martin 1982 15 Hopkins 1983 seasonal and diel migrations: move to shallow waters in spring and return to deep waters in summer and 2 11 nocturnal onshore movemements of small ratfish11,12 Page 268 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 A B C D E Page 269 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 F G H I J Page 270 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 K L M N O P Q R S T U Page 271 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 V W X Y Z AA AB Page 272 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ Page 273 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR Page 274 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD Page 275 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 BE BF BG BH Page 276 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 BI BJ BK BL BM BN Page 277 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 BO BP BQ BR BS BT BU Page 278 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 BV BW BX BY Page 279 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 BZ CA CB 44 Brodeur et al 1987 45 Barry et al 1996 46 Saunders et al 1984 47 Ford 1921 48 San Filippo 1995 49 Fraser 1923 50 Reilly et al 1994 51 Limbaugh 1955 52 Holden 1966 53 Daugherty 1960b 54 Hopkins 1993 55 O'Brien and Valle 2000 Page 280 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 CC CD CE CF CG CH Page 281 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP Page 282 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX Page 283 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 CY CZ DA DB DC Page 284 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 DD DE DF DG Page 285 of 1167 5 2220e  Elasmobranchs 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 A B C D E Family name Scientific name ( Synonym) Common name( s) Geographic range Observed depth range ( m)

Embiotocidae1 Amphistichus argenteus 1 1surf to 151 Amphistichus koelzi 1 1surf to 9.1 Amphistichus rhodoterus 1 1surf to 7.3 Cymatogaster aggregata 1 1inshore to 209 TAXONOMY RANGE calico surfperch; California porgie;

humback perch1,2 barred surfpech; barred perch; silver perch; surf perch; sand perch; silver surf fish1,2,5 n. WA to n. c. Baja CA ( Bahia Santa Rosalia) 1 WA ( Cape Flattery) n. Baja CA ( Arroyo San Isidro) 1 redtail surfperch; rosy surf fish; redtail seaperch; porgy; Oregon porgie1,2 shiner surfperch; shiner; sparada; minny;

shiner seaperch; yellow shiner; bay perch;

seven eleven perch1,2,6 B. C. ( Vancouver I.) to c. CA ( Avila Beach) 1 s. e. Alaska ( Wrangell) to c. Baja CA ( Punta Abreojos) 1 Page 286 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 F G H I JKLM Length weight equation Max. reported Geographic Area Linf in cm ( SE)

Length conversion equations length ( cm) ( length measurement) Male Female Both Male 1Male: W= 0.0000214SL3.1025 2TL= 1.2906( SL) + 0.0312 ( for sizes 42 to 178 mm) 2 43 s. California ( SL) 3 28.1 33.9 NG NG 1Female: W= 0.0000386SL2.9914 2TL= 1.2054( SL) + 15.01 ( for sizes 180 to 350 mm)

5TL= 2.93 + 1.24( SL); r2= 0.998; SE= 2.37 5TL=  3.62 + 1.06( FL); r2= 0.996; SE= 4.23 5SL=  2.03 + 0.805( TL); r2= 0.998; SE= 1.91 5SL=  4.00 + 0.877( FL); r2= 0.998; SE= 1.77 5FL=  2.52 + 0.943( TL); r2= 0.996; SE= 3.99 5FL= 4.88 + 1.14( SL); r2= 0.998; SE= 2.01 NF 5TL= 1.23 + 1.28( SL); r2= 0.996; SE= 2.79 1 30 NF NF NF NF NF 5TL=  4.12 + 1.12( FL); r2= 0.994; SE= 3.27 5SL=  0.42 + 0.778( TL); r2= 0.996; SE= 2.17 5SL=  5.14 + 0.88( FL); r2= 0.996; SE= 2.01 5FL= 4.77 + 0.887( TL); r2= 0.994; SE= 2.91 5FL= 6.36 + 1.133( SL); r2= 0.996; SE= 2.28 * 13Male: W= 0.000011TL3.08 ( r2= 0.986) 5TL= 0.321 + 1.26( SL); r2= 0.996; SE= 3.97 2 41 NF NF NF NF NF * 13Female: W= 0.00000813TL3.14 ( r2= 0.988) 5TL= 2.88 + 1.06( FL); r2= 0.998; SE= 3.12 * 13Both: W= 0.00000912TL3.12 ( r2= 0.986) 5SL= 0.308 + 0.791( TL); r2= 0.996; SE= 3.14 5SL=  0.77 + 1.172( FL); r2= 0.998; SE= 2.04 5FL=  2.47 + 0.941( TL); r2= 0.998; SE= 2.93 5FL= 0.828 + 0.852( SL); r2= 0.998; SE= 1.74 11SL= 0.81TL  5.29 ( r2= 0.998)

11FL= 0.95TL  5.09 ( r2= 0.998)

1Male: W= 0.0000158SL3.111 1TL= 1.245( SL) + 1.771 1 19.3 s. California ( SL) 1 NG NG 12.87 ( 0.285) NG 1Female: W= 0.000009697SL3.212 3,9TL= 1.3194( SL) ( sizes < 99 mm)

2,11Male: W= 0.00000554SL3.38776 3,9SL= 0.7579( TL) ( sizes < 99 mm)

2,11Female: W= 0.0000117SL3.19885 3,9TL= 1.3036( SL) ( sizes > 100 mm)

2,11Both: W= 0.0000106SL3.22607 3,9SL= 0.7671( TL) ( sizes > 100 mm)

3,5Both: W= 0.000491SL3.05 3,9TL= 1.3133( SL)

7Both: W= 0.000017SL3.125 ( r2= 0.992) 3,9SL= 0.7615( TL)

8Both: W= 0.00407TL3.45 ( r2= 0.98) 4,6TL= 1.26( SL) + 1.73 ( r2= 1.0)

15Both: W= 0.0000229FL3.02 5TL= 5.27 + 1.22( SL); r2= 0.958; SE= 3.08 5TL= 4.4 + 1.06( FL); r2= 0.996; SE= 2.61 5SL=  1.35 + 0.785( TL); r2= 0.958; SE= 2.47 5SL=  3.93 + 0.914( FL); r2= 0.96; SE= 2.29 5FL=  3.74 + 0.939( TL); r2= 0.996; SE= 2.45 5FL= 6.92 + 1.05( SL); r2= 0.96; SE= 2.46 13TL= 0.54 + 1.05FL; r2= 0.92 13SL=  0.34 + 0.92FL; r2= 0.94 Length ( TL= cm & FL, SL= mm) to weight ( g) equation. *

denotes TL = mm or FL, SL= cm relationships, but no equations, given for males and females in Gordon ( 1965) Page 287 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 N O P Q R S T U V W X Growth Parameters k ( SE) to ( SE)

Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG scales; pelvic bones No NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NG 0.063 ( 0.003) NG NG  0.45 mo. ( 0.023) NG NG NG Peterson length frequency distribution No No intrareader comparison/ multiple structure comparison AGE & GROWTH r2 Page 288 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Y Z AA AB AC Age composition Other refs. Longevity ( yrs.) information Sexuality Mating system NF 6,13 9 NF Dioecious1 NF 107 to 9 16 6 ( Males); 9 ( Females)

NF NF NF Dioecious NF 7 6 8 NF Dioecious NF 16 9 1,2,4,9,11 1,15,16 8 2,4 Dioecious2 promiscuous1,2,4 9 9 Page 289 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 AD AE AF AG AH AI Sexual dimorphism Mode of reproduction Parental Care Male vs. Female length Secondary Characteristics Male Female Viviparous2,18,28,31 NF NF 1,13,26 NG (< 1) NG ( 2)

213 ( 2) 13 ( 2)

Males have a tubercular penis4 8NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

Males have modified anal fin11 2213 ( NG)  sex unspecified Viviparous2,18,28 NF NF Males have a tubercular penis4 22NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

Males have modified anal fin11 Viviparous2,18,28,31 NF NF Males have a tubercular penis4 8NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

Males have modified anal fin11,15 11,26 NG ( 2) 24 ( 3)

2224 ( NG) sex unspecified Ovoviviparous1,2,4,5,27 NF 1,2,4,6,8,9Male< Female 3NG ( at birth) NG ( 2)

Viviparous16,18,22,24,26,28,30,31 6,15,16,24NG ( at birth) NG ( at birth)

Males have a tubercular penis4 8NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

19 NG ( at birth) NG ( at birth)

20 NG ( at birth) NG ( 2)

215 (< 1) < 5 (< 1)

229.2 ( NG) sex unspecified 23,26 NG ( at birth) NG ( 1)

TL, FL*, or SL^ in cm ( age in yrs discussed as viviparous, but ovoviviparity was disqualified for sake of discussion ( p.

509) 17 Males have dark head, females dark underside during mating1,3 Breeding Behavior 1st maturity Males have a modified anal fin appendage for copulation 6,7,14,17,18,19,21,24,28 Males turn dark during breeding season1,2,7,8,17,18,20,25,26,28 Page 290 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP Male Female Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Other refs. Geographic Spawning Area NG (< 1) NG ( 2) scales NG NG NF s. California2,4,32,45,51,56,59 NG ( NG) NG ( NG) scales; pelvic bones No intrareader comp./ multiple structure comp.

NG ( NG) NG ( 2) NG NG NG 24 ( NG) sex unspecified NA NA NA 23.1 ( NG) sex unspecified NA NA NA NF NF NG ( NG) NG ( 4) NG NG NG NF Oregon26,59 NG ( 2) 27 ( 4) scales Marginal increment analysis intra/ interreader comparison California7,57 27.7 ( NG) sex unspecified NA NA NA at birth NG ( 2) NG NG NG NF British Columbia 1,6,18,39,53,59 NG ( at birth) NG ( at birth) NG NG NG Washington 1,8,21,38,47 NG ( NG) NG ( 1) NG NG NG Oregon 8,17,50 NG ( at birth) NG ( at birth) scales tracked first annulus growth comparison to otoliths California 1,15,40,49,52,53,54 NG ( at birth) NG ( 2) scales No multiple scale comparison n. California 8,10,42,54 5 (< 1) < 5 (< 1) direct observations NA NA c. California 8,14 13.2 ( NG) sex unspecified NA NA NA s. California 5,8,35,36,54,59 NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG NG NG 50% maturity s) at Fertiliza REPRODUCTION Page 291 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC Fertilization of eggs Spawning females present Both reproductive states present Spawning Frequency Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ( per year)

##### ##### ###### Once1,4 Once1,4 ***** ***** Once1,4 ^^^^^ Once1,4 ***** ***** *****

***** ***** *****

***** *****

***** *****

*****

ation and Spawning Period (^^^^^= peak fertilization;*****= peak spawn; ##### = doubtful spawning records Page 292 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 BD BE BF BG BH Size specific fecundity equation ( TL= cm, SL= mm; * denotes TL= mm; SL= cm) Egg duration Larval duration 9 33.4 ( NG) 2,54 ( 17.8 SL) to 113 ( 28.5 SL) 1F= 0.335SL  49.65 None None 15,16 33 ( up to 113) 14 8.4 ( 17.2 SL; 2yrs.) to 62.4 ( 33.7 SL; 9 yrs.)

20 20 ( 2 yrs.) to 70 ( 4yrs.)

2347 ( NG) to 80 ( NG)

3225 (< 25.4 ? L); 45 (> 25.4 ? L); up to 113 4123 ( 25.4 ? L) to 46 (> 25.4 ? L)

brood size increases with size/ age2,14,20 NF NF NF None None 4, 13.3 ( 1 to 39) 5,42 8 ( NG) to 45 ( NG) 1F= 0.232SL  40.86 None None 9 25 ( NG) 14 8.7 ( 21.8 SL; 4 yrs.) to 33.7 ( 29.2 SL; 8 yrs.) 3F*= 0.218TL  51.32 ( r2= 0.757)

17 7.4 ( 25.8 TL; 3 yrs.) to 33.7 ( 36.7 TL; 8 yrs.) 3F*= 0.218TL  46.32 ( r2= 0.757)

3410 ( NG) to 12 ( NG)

brood size increases with size/ age14,17 1 8.94 ± 3.01 ( 4 to 17) 3 6 ( 9.0 SL) to 16 ( 13.9 SL) 1F= 0.0.171SL  9.2 None None 210.8 ± 3.5 ( NG) 6,43 5 ( NG) to 36 ( NG) 5F= 0.0128FL2.735 ( r2= 0.79)

3 8.27 ( 2 to 18) 14 5.8 ( 8.23 SL; 1 yr) to 20 ( 12.2 SL; 6 yrs.)

8 10 ( 5 to 17) 2239 6 ( 9.3 FL; 1 yr.) to 20 ( 13.7 FL; 6 yrs.)

9 9.5 ( NG) 23 16 ( 5 [ 10 SL] to 22 [ 138 SL])

128 ( NG) 27 4 ( 6.5 SL; < 1 yr.) to 24 ( 12.8 SL; 3 yrs.)

28 7 ( 9.5 to 9.9 BL?) to 13 ( 12.0 to 12.4)

30 6 ( NG) to 10 ( NG)

335 ( NG) to 17 ( NG)

376 ( 10 ? L; 1 yr.) to 15 ( 13 ? L; 4 to 6)

40 20 ( 15.2 ? L)

brood size increases with size/ age4,8,9,10,14,22,27,28,30,37,38 Fecundity range in offspring #(@ cm, grams, or age) DISPERS Fecundity Mean ( range) fecundity in offspring # Page 293 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 BI BJ BK BL BM BN BO BP BQ Size at settlement Size ( SL in mm) Annual cohort success ( diameter in mm) Habitat Predators Size ( in mm) Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method NF NF 3 0.4 No external eggs NA No external larval stage NA NA NA 4 0.65 to 0.68 NF NF NF No external eggs NA No external larval stage NA NA NA NF NF NF No external eggs NA No external larval stage NA NA NA NF NF 1,4,7 0.3 No external eggs NA No external larval stage NA NA NA 6 0.25 Eggs Larvae SAL & RECRUITMENT Food habits Page 294 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 BR BS BT BU BV BW Fish Size Food habits hen / FrequenPredators ( SL mm) Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method NA NA 44.5 to maturity3 NF NF NF > 40 to maturity18 < 51 to maturity39 NA NA NF NF NF NF NA NA 50 to maturity14 estuaries and bays9 carnivore NF NA NA 34 to 50 to maturity1 omnivore NF 56 to 78 to maturity2 29 to maturity6 39 to 49 to maturity7 eelgrass beds16,20 34 to 38 to maturity10 surfgrass beds17 ( copepods and cyprid larvae) 19 30 to maturity22 43.7 to maturity23,36 27 to 38 to maturity24 33 ( 27 to 38) to maturity26 27< 50 35 to 40 to maturity28,32 36 to maturity31 41 to 43 to maturity33 27 to 36 to maturity34 38 to maturity38 ( small fish; crustaceans, such as decapods and isopods; polychaetes) 8 ( small crustaceans, such as copepods and amphipods; algae; polychaetes;

mollusks) 1,15,16,17,21 spring/ summer shallow bays and estuaries; mud/ sand flats; kelp beds; winter neritic1,6,15,19 HABITAT ASSOCIATION & TR Life Stag Juveniles Page 295 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 BX BY BZ CA Adults Food habits When / Frequency Predators Habitat Foraging guild NF kelp bass1 carnivore NF kelp bass1 carnivore NF kelp bass1 shallow surf and sandy bottoms 7,28,40,64 carnivore gulls and cormorants8 diurnal3 kelp bass1 ( micro) carnivore13; omnivorous38,50/ planktivory, benthivory ( crustaceans, such as gammarids, sand crabs, and various shrimps) 5,65 ( small crustaceans, such as gammarids, barnacles;

polychaetes; chaetognaths; gastropods and bivalves; fish eggs; algae?) 2,5,7,11,13,17,38,41,49,50,52,54,56,57,59,63,64,65 rocks and pilings; surfzone; bays and sandy areas; artificial reefs5,10,14,19,28,32,40,48,52,60,63,64,65 ( mollusks; small fish, such as smelt; crustaceans, such as Emerita ; polychaetes) 5,28,61,65 shallow, sandy surf; artificial reefs; rocky outcrops 7,9,19,28,40,52,63,64 ( crustaceans, especially Emerita ; mussels and other bivalves; echinoders, such as Dendraster ) 2,5,6,10,15,44,60,65,66 kelp, surfgrass, and eelgrass beds; bays and estuaries; docks & pilings; sandy/ muddy bottoms; deeper water in winter;

artificial reefs 5,6,7,14,17,18,19,20,22,26,34,35,36,39,41,44,45,47,48,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,61,64 ROPHIC INTERACTIONS ge Page 296 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 CB CC CD CE CF Haplotype diversity Foraging method When / Frequency Predators Substocks ( Geographic Area)

NF NF birds, such as least terns11,28 NF NF NF NF pinnipeds, such as harbor seals20,28 NF NF NF NF possibly river otters13 NF NF gulls and cormorants; lingcod25 grazer/ picker nibbler2 diurnal/ nocturnal2,8,19 NF picker/ persuer3 nocturnal10 suction feeder16 diurnal13 possibly river otters13 harbor seals14,21,23 great blue herons16,17,28 pinnipeds20 Caspian and Forster's terns22,24 Brandt's and double crested cormorants;

bald eagles; least terns28 birds; marine mammals, such as harbor seals and porpoises; fishes, such as salmon, sturgeon, kelp and barred sand bass, California halibut; rockfishes; crabs 1,2,3,5,8,9,10,15,16,28 mainlander, may exist, but of only one species ( no sub species) 3 Page 297 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM Genetic variance Mean number of % Polymorphic alleles per locus ( SE) loci Expected ( SE) Observed ( SE) Approach Effective population size NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 2NG 0.0573 ( range= 0.038 to 0.072) NF NF GENETICS Mean heterozygosity Nucleotide diversity (#) Page 298 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV RECRUITMENT INTO FISHERY Mortality Estimates First Recruitment Full Recruitment Fishery / Total Length ( age) Fishery / Total Length ( age) Sampling gear Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Natural ( M) Fishing ( F) Total ( Z)

NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 2 0.013 NG 0.013 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 299 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 CW CX CY CZ DA DB s Rate of Exploitation Method of Age range used Rate of Exploitation Interactions / associations mortality estimation to calculate mortality exploitation ( u) ratio ( F/ Z) Competition with other organisms NF NF NF NF NF infested by parasites from the genus Lironeca 23 NF NF NF NF NF direct count embryos NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF infested by parasites from the genus Lironeca 23 infested by parasites from the families Echinorhynchidae, Polymorphidae, Argulidae,

Amphicotylidae, Lacistorhynchidae,

Phyllobothriidae, Tetraphyllidea, Bomolochidae,

Caligidae, Ergasilidae, Pennellidaem Philichthyidae, Acanthocolpidae, Diplangidae,

Hemiuridae, Heterophyidae, Monorchidae,

Opecoelidae, Zoogonidae, Cymothoidae,

Capsalidae, Gyrodactylidae, Gyrodactyloidea,

Anisakidae, Cucullanidae, Myxidiidae22 parasites Bomolchus cuneatus and Ergasilus turgidus found on gills13 parasitized by Lasiotocus sp., Genitocotyle acirrus , and other digenetic trematode11 parasitized by Genitocotyle acirrus,

Pseudopecoelus umbrinae, and several other parasites11 may contain intestinal parasite Telolecithus pugetensis 4 parasitized by Diclidophora and other internal parasites9,10 infested by parasites from the family Philichthyidae22 infested by parasites from the families Opecoelidae and Diclidophoridae22 infested by parasites from the families Philichthyidae, Diplangidae, Monorchiidae,

Opecoelidae, Cymothoidae, and Capsalidae22 MORTALITY Page 300 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 DC DD DE DF DG DH Tagging studies Resident or Transient Homing ability ( Home range) Schooling Territoriality NF NF Yes3,5,30,35 NF NF NF NF Yes5,35 NF NF NF NF Yes5,35 NF 3< 3 miles NF Yes4,5,8,9,10,11,13,14,20,21,22,24,26,29,32,33,35 Possibly2 solitary at night11 Transient ( emigrates out of bay) 21 Residential23 yearlings non schooling late summer/ early fall20 also exhibit diurnal migrations to deeper waters17,18,19 Transient ( moves to deeper waters in the winter and spring)

1,3,4,5,6,7,13,16,17,18,19 Transient ( moves to shallow waters to mate in spring, deeper waters in the fall/ winter) 20,22,26 4up to 57 km, but usually less than 3.7 km BEHAVIOR 2most < 2 miles, but up to 31 miles Movement Page 301 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 A B C D E Embiotoca jacksoni 1 11 to 50 Embiotoca lateralis 1 11 to 45 Taeniotoca lateralis 2 Hyperprosopon argenteum 1 11 to 182 Hyperprosopon ellipticum 1 silver surfperch; shiner1,2 11 to 110 B. C. ( Vancouver I.) to c. Baja CA ( Punta San Rosarito and Isla Guadalupe) 1 striped surfperch; blue perch4; rainbow perch; squawfish; crugnoli; blue surf fish;

striped surf fish; blue seaperch1,2,4,5 s. e. Alaska ( Wrangell) to n. Baja CA ( Punta Cabras) 1 distribution gap in the southern California Bight3 n. CA ( Fort Bragg) to c. Baja CA ( Punta Abreojos and Isla Guadalupe) 1 walleye surfperch; surf fish; silver perch;

walleye surf fish; walleye seaperch; china pompano; white perch1,2,5 B. C. ( Brooks Peninsula) to n.

Baja CA ( Rio San Vicente) 1 black surfperch; common surf fish; bay perch; porgy; blue perch; bay blackperch;

pogie1,2,3,5 Page 302 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 F G H I JKLM 1Male: W= 0.00003122SL3.044 1TL= 1.238( SL) + 2.911 2 39 s. California ( SL) 1 NG NG 22.5 ( 0.093) NG 1Female: W= 0.00001472SL3.2 5TL= 5.24 + 1.25( SL); r2= 1.0; SE= 1.99 6Both: W= 0.0000083SL3.31 5TL= 0.456 + 1.09( FL); r2= 0.996; SE= 4.03 7Both: W= 0.00002SL3.149 ( r2= 0.995) 5SL=  4.07 + 0.799( TL); r2= 1.0; SE= 1.59 9Both: W= 0.034TL( in.) 3.137 ( r2= 0.99) 5SL=  5.7 + 0.882( FL); r2= 1.0; SE= 1.45 5FL= 0.317 + 0.916( TL); r2= 0.996; SE= 3.7 5FL= 6.58 + 1.13( SL); r2= 1.0; SE= 1.64 7TL= 1.26SL 8TL= 7.0 = 1.2406SL ( SE= 1.88)

4Male: W=  618.95 + 46.03( SL) ( r 2= 0.884) 5TL= 5.35 + 1.26( SL); r2= 0.998; SE= 2.78 2 38 c. California ( TL) 3 38.5 39.8 NG 0.263 4Female: W=  2,118.62 + 106.66( SL) ( r 2= 0.941) 5TL= 1.03 + 1.09( FL); r2= 0.998; SE= 2.67 10Female: W= 0.000021FL3.007 ( r2= 0.964) 5SL=  3.93 + 0.794( TL); r2= 0.998; SE= 2.21 10Male: W= 0.000014FL3.079 ( r2= 0.975) 5SL=  5.08 + 0.879( FL); r2= 0.998; SE= 1.49 16Female: W= 2.01046 + 3.16214 ( logFL  2.23934) 5FL=  0.695 + 0.917( TL); r2= 0.998; SE= 2.45 16Male: W= 1.82624 + 3.27164 ( logFL  2.18213) 5FL= 5.94 + 1.14( SL); r2= 0.998; SE= 1.7 1Male: W= 0.00009448SL3.238 1TL= 1.228( SL) + 4.32 1 30 s. California ( SL) 1 NG NG 17.37 ( 0.031) NG 1Female: W= 0.00001714SL3.114 3,9TL= 1.3214( SL) ( sizes < 99 mm) 2 31 2,11Male: W= 0.000011SL3.22343 3,9SL= 0.7568( TL) ( sizes < 99 mm)

2,11Female: W= 0.0000474SL2.90774 3,9TL= 1.2919( SL) ( sizes > 100 mm)

2,11Both: W= 0.000032SL2.99467 3,9SL= 0.774( TL) ( sizes > 100 mm)

6Both: W= 0.0000107SL3.22 3,9TL= 1.2925( SL)

3,9SL= 0.7737( TL)

5TL= 4.7 + 1.23( SL); r2= 0.996; SE= 4.13 5TL= 0.036 + 1.09( FL); r2= 0.996; SE= 3.5 5SL=  3.21 + 0.81( TL); r2= 0.996; SE= 3.36 5SL=  3.98 + 0.888( FL); r2= 0.998; SE= 2.54 5FL= 0.581 + 0.916( TL); r2= 0.996; SE= 3.21 5FL= 4.87 + 1.12( SL); r2= 0.998; SE= 2.86 * 14Male: W= 0.00000783TL3.131 ( r2= 0.976) 5TL= 14.49 + 1.17( SL); r2= 0.99; SE= 2.57 2 27 NF NF NF NF NF * 14Female: W= 0.0000214TL2.936 ( r2= 0.966) 5TL= 5.62 + 1.06( FL); r2= 0.996; SE= 1.82 Page 303 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 N O P Q R S T U V W X NG 0.39 ( 0.001) NG NG  0.705 ( 0.008) NG NG NG otoliths/ whole No No 0.263 NG  0.1  0.2 NG NG NG NG scale impressions No intrareader comparison/ multiple scales NG 0.538 ( 0.001) NG NG  0.257 ( 0.011) NG NG NG scales No No NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 304 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Y Z AA AB AC 6 6,7 7 1 Dioecious NF 84 ( at Catalina I.)

12 10 14 6 ( at Santa Cruz I.)

16 9 3,5 2,4,5,67 to 10 NF Dioecious NF 14 6 ( at Santa Cruz I.)

16 8 1,10 3,16 6 NF Dioecious promiscuous ( polygynous?) 3 polygymous5 8 6 5 NF Dioecious NF 16 7 12 ( contains validation via marginal increment and Petersen's length frequency analyses) Page 305 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 AD AE AF AG AH AI Viviparous2,6,14,15,18,20,24,28,31 NF NF 1,9NG ( 1) 12.1 ( 1)

8NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

14NG ( NG) 14.6 ( 2)

18NG ( NG) NG ( 1)

2214.6 ( NG) sex unspecified Males have a tubercular penis4 2312.7 ( 1) 12.7 ( 1)

Viviparous2,3,6,7,8,9,10,11,18,19,21,25,28,29,31 NF 3Male< Female Males have a tubercular penis4 4,5,26 23 to 25 ( 2) 23 to 25 ( 2)

Ovoviviparous27 7,24 NG ( 2) NG ( 3)

8NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

22NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

Viviparous2,13,18,28,31 NF 4,7Male< Female Males have a tubercular penis4 8NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

17,256.5 to 9.5^ (< 1) 9.5 (< 1)

22NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

26 11.4 ( 1) 11.4 ( 1)

Breeding males darker than females1 Viviparous2,18,28,31 NF 5Male> Female Males have a tubercular penis4 8NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

1214.1 ( 1) 17.1 ( 2)

modified anal fin used as a copulatory organ23,26 male anal and pelvic fins become barred and shaded yellow, orange,

and blue during breeding season2,5 ( this is questioned by Isaacson &

Isaacson) 13 Males have a modified anal fin appendage; Females have drab coloration when pregnant10,28 Males with yellow pelvic fins and modified anal fin appendage; females with dark bars12 Males with modifed anal fin appendage14,16 Males with modifed anal fin appendage for copulation16,22,27 Page 306 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG NG NG NF n. California34 NG ( NG) NG ( 2) NG NG NG c. California14 NG ( NG) NG ( NG) scales NG NG s. California 2,16,29,41 NG ( NG) NG ( 2) NG NG NG California54 23.4 ( NG) sex unspecified NA NA NA NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG NG NG NG ( 3) NG ( 3) scales NG intrareader comparison NF British Columbia 3,6,13 NG ( 3) NG ( 3) scales NG NG Washington9,27,47,53,59 NG ( NG) NG ( 3) NG NG NG Oregon9,20,50,59 28.6 ( NG) sex unspecified NA NA NA c. California11,12 s. California2,43 NG ( NG) NG ( 1) NG NG NG NF Oregon37,50 6.5 to 9.5 (< 1) 9.5 (< 1) length frequency; otoliths No interreader comparisons s. California7,22,31,37,46,54,55,58,59 20.6 ( NG) sex unspecified NA NA NA NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG NG NG NG ( NG) NG ( 2) NG NG NG NF Oregon28,59 14.1 ( 1) 17.1 ( 2) scales NG interreader comparison s. California48 Page 307 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC ***** Once1,2,3,4 ##### ##### ##### ***** ##### Once1,4 *****

##### ##### ##### Once1,4 Once1,4 Page 308 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 BD BE BF BG BH 1 11.28 ± 3.01 ( 7 to 18) 22 8 ( NG) to 60 ( NG) 1F= 0.12SL  12.18 None None 6,9,16 14.4 ( 7 to 31) 14 4.3 ( 14.9 SL; 2 yrs.) to 30.7 ( 29.6 SL; 7 yrs.)

1013 ( 5 to 26) 21 7 ( 15.3 SL; 2 yrs) to 31 ( 22.7 SL; 4 yrs.)

26 5 ( NG) to 15 ( NG)

33 1 ( NG) to 26 ( NG)

34up tp 60 ( NG)

brood size increases with size/ age14,21,26,36 9 18 ( NG) 1 18 ( 3 yrs.) to 32 ( 7 yrs.) 1F= 0.173SL  27.79 None None 4 up to 44 ( NG)

7 18.4 ( 21.6 SL; 3 yrs.) to 30.9 ( 27.7 SL; 6 yrs.)

11,43 11 ( 26.3 FL; 4 yrs.) to 36 ( 33.4 FL; 7 yrs.)

14 18 ( 21.6 SL; 3 yrs.) to 32 ( 29.7 SL; 7 yrs.)

23 21 ( NG) to 80 ( NG)

29,43 18 ( NG) to 92 ( NG)

35 22 ( NG) to 54 ( NG)

brood size increases with size/ age24,37 7,16 8.6 ( 1 to 19) 4,13 5 ( NG) to 12 ( NG) 1F= 0.135SL  9.0 None None 9 9 ( NG) 14 6 ( 11.0 SL; 1 yr.) to 11 ( 15.1 SL; 4 yrs.) 6F= 0.1352SL  9.0024 ( r2= 0.348)

23 7 ( NG) to 12 ( NG)

25 1 ( 10.5 SL) to 19 ( 15.3 SL)

33,38 5 ( NG) to 12 ( NG)

40 3 ( NG) to 5 ( NG)

brood size increases with size/ age14,25 9 10 ( NG) 14 3.4 ( 12.8 SL; 2 yrs.) to 16.3 ( 18.4 SL; 5 yrs.) 1F= 0.229SL  25.8 None None 18,43 4 ( 17.4 TL; 2 yrs.) to 17 ( 18.4 TL; 3 yrs.) 4F= 0.178TL  25.962 ( r2= 0.462)

Page 309 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 BI BJ BK BL BM BN BO BP BQ NF NF 4 0.53 to 0.92 No external eggs NA No external larval stage NA NA NA NF NF 5 0.67 to 0.81 No external eggs NA No external larval stage NA NA NA 6,70.3 to 0.81 1 3 ( TL) to birth size NF NF 2,6 0.7 No external eggs NA No external larval stage NA NA NA 1 1.5 to 2.0 to birth size NF NF NF No external eggs NA No external larval stage NA NA NA Page 310 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 BR BS BT BU BV BW NA NA 45 to maturity6 microcarnivore9,11,14; mesocarnivore13 picker/ non winnower2,4 52 to maturity13 surfgrass beds17 ( harpacticoids and tanaids) 19 54 to maturity19 55 to maturity20,21,25,29 45 to 57 to maturity33 NA NA 50 to maturity4,30 carnivore grazer2 70 to maturity5 43 to 58 to maturity8 55 to maturity29 51 to maturity34 NA NA 40 to maturity2,35 sandy bottoms5 carnivore NF > 45 to maturity17 surfgrass beds17 ( small crustaceans) 4 > 38 to maturity38 NA NA 40 to maturity15 NF NF NF ( crustaceans, such as gammarids and isopods; gastropods and bivalves;

bryzoans) 6,9,10,11,12,14 ( small crustaceans, such as gammarids and isopods; polychaetes; fish eggs;

bivalves and gastropods; sea urchins)

2,3,5,6,16,17,18 kelp bed understory; non planar algal patches, occasionally turf;

sandy bottoms; rocky areas 3,5,7,8,10,11,12,13,14,18 bays and estuaries; eelgrass; kelp bed understory and algal patches4,6,8,10,16 31 to 48 to maturity ( some pugheaded); 48 to 56 ( normal) 11 picker; larger juveniles also may winnow3 Page 311 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 BX BY BZ CA diurnal1,2 microcarnivore8,13,31,34,48,53; mesocarnivore36,46 birds, such as comorants7 NF kelp bass1 microcarnivore44; mesocarnivore46 NF kelp bass1 carnivore NF NF carnivore ( crustaceans, such as gammarids) 5,65 kelp forest; midwater over sandy bottoms; surf and surfgrass;

pilings; artificial reefs 3,4,5,7,14,19,20,26,38,42,45,48,54,55,60,63,64 kelp canopy; pilings and docks; rocky shores and reefs; reefs with foliose red algae; eelgrass; artificial reefs 2,5,7,8,11,16,19,23,25,27,28,33,37,39,40,41,42,44,45,46,47,53,56,57,59,63,64 shallow surf and sandy bottoms; rocky outcroppings and jetties; mouths of estuaries; artificial reefs 5,7,19,28,30,40,45,63,64 within same age group; smaller individuals are gammarid specialists, largest are caprellid specialists; intermediate sizes generalists. Caprellids taken mostly in Gelidium beds47 ( crustaceans, such as gammarids and mysids; polychaetes;

bivalves; small fish; squid eggs) 1,2,5,10,15,17,21,45,52,56,57,59,65 kelp bass; grass rockfish 1,2,3,4,5,6 ( crustaceans, such as caprellids, free living gammerids, and isopods; gastropods and bivalves; polychaetes; tunicates;

ophiuroids; fish eggs; bryozoans) 1,3,5,8,11,20,22,23,24,25,26,29,30,31,37,39,40,46,55,65 mixed rock and sand; turf; kelp forest bottoms with or without foliose algae; eelgrass and surfgrass beds; rocky coastlines;

pilings; artificial reefs; bays and estuaries; in sandy areas north of Santa Barbara; soft substrate in southern CA Bight 1,2,5,7,14,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,26,27,29,31,33,40, 42,45,46,48,49,51,52,54,55,57,58,60,62,64 ( polychaetes; bryozoans; mollusks; crustaceans, such as tubicolous gammerids and caprellids; ophiuroids;

gastropods; external fish parasites) 2,4,5,10,12,13,14,17,18,19,21,23,24,25,26,29,

30,33,34,35,37,43,45,46,50,52,54,55,56,59,65 Page 312 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 CB CC CD CE CF grazer1 diurnal1,4,8,10,11,15,17,20 Santa Cruz Island; mainland California1 NF searcher3 possibly river otters13 harbor seals19 picker15 pinnipeds20 Caspian and Forster's tern24 moray eels26 grazer4 diurnal1,3,8,11,16 NF NF day and night17 Caspian and Forster's tern24 picker11,12 Brandt's cormorant28 picker/ persuer3 nocturnal1,14,10,18,19 birds3 NF NF kelp bass; scorpionsfish; halibut12,18,26 possibly river otters13 pinnipeds20 Caspian and Forster's tern24 NF NF possibly river otters13 NF NF Caspian and Forster's tern24 harbor seals; Brandt's and double crested cormorants28 Brandt's and double crested cormorants;

least terns28 electric rays and sharks; serranid basses;

rockfishes; pinnepeds 6,7,8 north of Santa Monica Bay; south of Santa Monica bay; Channel Is. and mainland 2 birds; electric rays and sharks; serranid basses; pinnepeds3,6,15 searcher/ picker/ oral winnower 5,7,8,9,10,14,18 suction feeder/ picker/ winnower16 searcher/ picker/ browser;

nonwinnower 5,7,8,10,16 Page 313 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM NF NF NF 3NG 0.015 allozymes NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 314 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV NF NF NF NF NF NF 4 0.288 NG NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 315 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 CW CX CY CZ DA DB NG eggs NG NG possibly with. E. lateralis 1,2,3,6 cleaned by Oxyjulis californica 6 exploitation competition with sea urchins8 parasitized by copepod family Clavella15 competes with Hypsypops rubicundus for food10 infested by parasites from the genus Lironeca 23 NF NF NF NF possibly with. E. jacksoni 1,2,3,6 competes with E. jacksoni 2 schools with D. vacca 5 NF NF NF NF NF infested by parasites from the genus Lironeca 23 NF NF NF NF NF infested by parasites from the families Bomolochidae, Lernaeopodidae, Pennellidae,

Philichthyidae, Acanthocolpidae, Diplangidae,

Monorchiidae, Opecoelidae, Zoogonidae, and Cymothoidae22 infested by parasites from the families Argulidae,

Lernaeopodidae, Philichthyidae, Diplangidae,

Hemiuridae, Monorchiidae, Opecoelidae,

Zoogonidae, Myxidiidae, and Sinuolineidae22 infested by parasites from the families Argulidae,

Philichtyidae, Acanthocolpidae,

Cryptogonimidae, Haplosplanchnidae,

Monorchiidae, Opecoelidae, Cymothoidae,

Diclidophoridae, and Gyrodactylidae22 parasitized by Diclidophora and other internal parasites10 infected by ectoparasites from the families Caligidae and Lernaeidae6 competes with E. lateralis for resources; competition may affect growth and birth rates 9 may be negatively affected by chlorine discharge plums from power plants16 parasitized by Diclidophora and other internal parasites10 parasitized by Genitocotyle acirrus ,

Schikhobalotrema girellae , and other digenetic trematodes11 kept from shallow algal areas by competitive interference with dominant E. lateralis 4,8,11 cleaned by Oxyjulis californica and Brachyistius frenatus 7,17 parasitized by Telolecithus pugetensis,

Neozoogonus californicus , and others trematodes11 competes with E. jacksoni for resources; competition may affect growth and birth rates 9 constant competetitive interference and seasonal exploitation competition with E. jacksoni 5 seasonal competition with E. jacksoni for Gelidium feeding habitat in shallow reef areas (< 5 m) 7,11 negatively affect by presence of Macrocystis on the understory18 constant competitive interference and seasonal exploitation competition with E. lateralis 5 parasitized by Telolecithus pugetensis,

Neozoogonus californicus , and others trematode11 seasonal competition with E. lateralis for Gelidium feeding habitat in shallow reef areas (< 5 m) 7,11 removes external parasites from conspecifics and other fishes1,7,12,20 competitive interference with E. jacksoni , keeping E.

jacksoni out of the shallow algal areas 4,8,11 indirectly derives positive benefit from presence of Macrocystis on the understory18 Page 316 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 DC DD DE DF DG DH NF Residential2,8,23 NF Yes2,5,7,8,9,12,14,25,27,35 Yes3,4 2(~ 50 m) No19 1,3< 3 miles Residential2,21 Possibly1 Yes2,5,6,13,32,35 Yes1,4 winter migration to deeper water19 2(~ 50 m) somewhat solitary3 Yes defend foraging microhabitats6 1< 6 miles Transient6,23 NF Yes1,2,5,9,11,12,14,15,30,34,35 NF 3< 3 miles NF NF NF Yes3,5,25,35 NF winter migration to lower estuary and ocean25 school during the day, disperse offshore at night31 Yes, temporarily during breeding season,

but also present year round 5 3( 292 m2 [ 187 to 481 m2]: during breeding season); ( 25.4 m2 [ 21.2 to 30.7 m2]: rest of year) Page 317 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 A B C D E Hypsurus caryi 1 11 to 40 Phanerodon furcatus 1 12 to 70 Rhacochilus toxotes 1 13 to 47 Racochilus vacca 1 11 to 209 pile surfperch; forktail perch; porgee; white n. CA ( Cape Mendocino) to n.

Baja CA ( Bahia San Carlos) 1 s. e. Alaska ( Wrangell) to c. Baja n. CA ( Mendocino County) to s.

Baja CA ( Cabo Thurloe and Isla Guadalupe) 1 white surfperch; Pacific white perch;

splitail perch; forktail perch; white surf perch;

shiner1,2,5 rubberlip surfperch; porgee; alfione; pile perch; sprat; liverlip; buttermouth 1,5 B. C. ( Vancouver I.) to c. Baja CA ( Punta Escarpada) 1 rainbow surfperch; rainbow seaperch;

striped perch; bugara; moharra1,2,5 Page 318 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 F G H I JKLM * 14Immatures: W= 0.00000652TL3.148 ( r2= 0.937) 5SL=  10.82 + 0.843( TL); r2= 0.99; SE= 2.18 5SL=  6.88 + 0.897( FL); r2= 0.996; SE= 1.41 5FL=  4.47 + 0.941( TL); r2= 0.996; SE= 1.72 5FL= 8.32 + 1.11( SL); r2= 0.996; SE= 1.56 12SL*= 0.782TL  1.155 ( r2= 0.996)

12FL*= 0.9004TL + 2.429 ( r2= 0.974)

6Both: W= 0.000002SL3.56 5TL= 8.7 + 1.19( SL); r2= 0.998; SE= 3.12 1 30 NF NF NF NF NF 5TL= 1.3 + 1.09( FL); r2= 0.998; SE= 2.6 5SL=  6.7 + 0.836( TL); r2= 0.996; SE= 2.61 5SL=  6.05 + 0.913( FL); r2= 1.0; SE= 1.3 5FL=  0.735 + 0.916( TL); r2= 0.998; SE= 2.39 5FL= 6.78 + 1.09( SL); r2= 1.0; SE= 1.42 1Male: W= 0.00002655SL2.978 1TL= 1.296( SL) + 1.584 1 46 s. California ( SL) 1 NG NG 20.2 ( 0.056) NG 1Female: W= 0.00002254SL3.013 3,9TL= 1.3571( SL) ( sizes < 99 mm)

2,11Male: W= 0.0000185SL3.07131 3,9SL= 0.7368( TL) ( sizes < 99 mm)

2,11Female: W= 0.0000147SL3.11733 3,9TL= 1.3526( SL) ( sizes > 100 mm)

2,11Both: W= 0.00000765SL3.24848 3,9SL= 0.7393( TL) ( sizes > 100 mm)

6Both: W= 0.0000141SL3.12 3,9TL= 1.3504( SL)

7Both: W= 0.000019SL3.065 ( r2= 0.996) 3,9SL= 0.7405( TL)

* 17Male: W= 0.0000891TL2.98 5TL= 5.58 + 1.27( SL); r2= 0.978; SE= 6.16 * 17Female: W= 0.000117TL3.06 5TL= 10.39 + 1.09( FL); r2= 0.974; SE= 7.51 5SL=  0.741 + 0.774( TL); r2= 0.978; SE= 4.82 5SL=  8.02 + 0.927( FL); r2= 0.996; SE= 1.89 5FL=  3.95 + 0.897( TL); r2= 0.974; SE= 6.82 5FL= 9.24 + 1.08( SL); r2= 0.996; SE= 2.03 6Both: W= 0.00000457SL3.36 5TL= 2.67 + 1.26( SL); r2= 1.0; SE= 2.99 1 47 NF NF NF NF NF 5TL=  7.53 + 1.14( FL); r2= 1.0; SE= 1.57 5SL=  2.03 + 0.79( TL); r2= 1.0; SE= 2.37 5SL=  8.51 + 0.909( FL); r2= 1.0; SE= 21.3 5FL= 6.61 + 0.874( TL); r2= 1.0; SE= 1.37 5FL= 9.44 + 1.1( SL); r2= 1.0; SE= 2.34 6Both: W= 0.00000017SL4.18 (< 80 mm) 5TL= 4.82 + 1.29( SL); r2= 0.998; SE= 4.6 2 44 Oregon ( TL) 4 43.2 49 NG NG Page 319 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 N O P Q R S T U V W X NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NG 0.425 ( 0.001) NG NG  0.782 ( 0.003) NG NG NG scales No No NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG scales No No Page 320 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 Y Z AA AB AC NF NF NF Dioecious NF 1 3,6,16 7 5 Dioecious NF 13 8 NF 2,16 7 to 10 NF Dioecious NF 13,14 juveniles 2,67 to 10 NF Dioecious NF Page 321 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 AD AE AF AG AH AI 2216.5 ( NG) sex unspecified 26 15.2 ( 1) 17.8 ( 2)

Viviparous2,14,18,24,28,31 NF NF Males have a tubercular penis4 14,26 NG ( NG) 13.1 ( NG)

2213.1 ( NG) sex unspecified Viviparous2,12,18,28,29,31 NF 4Male< Female Males have a tubercular penis4 8NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

Ovoviviparous27 22NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

Viviparous2,3,18,23,28,31 NF NF Males have a tubercular penis4 22NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

Viviparous2,3,10,11,18,28,29,31 NF NF Males have a tubercular penis4 8NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

Males turn darker during breeding season29 Males with modifed anal fin appendage for copulation26 Males with modifed anal fin appendage for copulation14 Page 322 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP 19.7 ( NG) sex unspecified NA NA NA NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG NG NG NG ( NG) NG ( NG) scales NG NG NF n. California34,59 19.7 ( NG) sex unspecified NA NA NA NG ( NG) NG ( 2) NG NG NG NF n. California30,59 25.4 ( NG) sex unspecified NA NA NA c. California14,33,54 s. California 24,54,59 California53 29 ( NG) sex unspecified NF NF NF NF California3,7,45 NG ( NG) NG ( 4) NG NG NG NF British Columbia3 Page 323 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC Once1,4 Once1,4 Once1,4 Once1,4,5 Page 324 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 BD BE BF BG BH brood size increases with size/ age14 6,9 11.6 ( 9 to 22) 21 9 ( 13.1 SL) to 22 ( 21.0 SL) 1F= 0.154SL  15.18 None None 16 NG ( 5 to 22) 23,24 8 ( NG)

brood size increases with size/ age21 1 12.51 ± 6.49 ( 5 to 34) offspring 15 7.3 ( 4 to 11); 6.8 ( 3 to 11) 1F= 0.062SL  3.75 None None 11,16 NG ( 8 to 33) 14 10.1 ( 16 SL; 2 yrs.) to 28.5 ( 23.4 SL; 7 yrs.) 2F= 0.115SL  13.07 19 8 ( 19.6 SL) to 33 ( 26.2 SL)

23 10 ( NG) to 23 ( NG)

37,38 12.1 ( 16.5 to 21.5) to 24.6 ( 25.2)

brood size increases with size/ age14,19 NF 32 21 ( NG) 1F= 0.112SL  18.37 None None 1,5,38 12 ( 4 yrs.) to 60 ( 10 yrs.) 1F= 0.347SL  66.05 None None 5,16 42 ( 30 to 50) for 600 g mother; 65 Page 325 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 BI BJ BK BL BM BN BO BP BQ NF NF NF No external eggs NA No external larval stage NA NA NA NF NF NF No external eggs NA No external larval stage NA NA NA NF NF NF No external eggs NA No external larval stage NA NA NA NF NF NF No external eggs NA No external larval stage NA NA NA Page 326 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 BR BS BT BU BV BW NA NA 55 to maturity19 NF NF 48 to maturity31 NA NA 34 to maturity6 kelp beds; bays and estuaries3,6 NF NF 44 to 53 to maturity12 surfgrass beds17 43.5 to maturity16,34 NA NA NF kelp bed understory3,8,18 carnivore NF NA NA 13 to maturity9 carnivore grazer1 ( polychaetes; bryozoans; amphipods;

mussels) 21 over sandy bottoms; kelp bed understory2,3,8 Page 327 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 BX BY BZ CA NF NF carnivore NF kelp bass1 ( micro) carnivore13,42/ benthivorous carnivore64 NF kelp bass1 ( meso) carnivore9 NF kelp bass1 mesocarnivore8 rocky shores; pilings; kelp forest bottoms; surfgrass beds; soft ( crustacenas; mollusks, such as gastropods; algae; small fish; fish eggs) 2,3,5,10,12,15,25,26,44,45,52,56,65 ( crustaceans, such as gammerids and isopods; ophiuroids;

mollusks; polychaetes) 4,5,25,56,65 ( substrate oriented crustaceans, such as gammerids,

isopods, and decapods; ophiuroids; mollusks, such as gastropods and bivalves; polychaetes; bryozoans; fish eggs)

2,4,5,10,11,12,13,17,18,42,52,56,57,65 rocky shores and reef bottoms; midwater; kelp beds and forest; artficial reefs; soft substrata 5,7,13,14,19,20,21,24,42,45,49,52,54,58,60,63,64 piers and docks; sandy/ muddy shallows; eelgrass and surfgrass beds; rocky reefs; sand rock interface; artificial reefs;

kelp bed bottoms, occasionally midwater 5,7,8,14,15,18,19,20,21,23,24,42,43,45,47,48,49,52,53,54,55,60,62,63,64 kelp forest edge near bottom; holdfast area; rocky reef;

surfgrass; artififcial reefs; soft substrata 7,12,14,19,20,23,24,40,42,45,49,60,63,64 Page 328 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 CB CC CD CE CF grazer1 diurnal1,4,11 NF NF NF searcher; oral winnower5 grazer1 diurnal1,4,8,14 NF NF searcher3 picker13 possibly river otters13 plucker18 pinnipeds20 Caspian terns22 sea lions27 nocturnal1,3,5,6,11 birds3 NF NF diurnal/ nocturnal12 possibly river otters13 pinnipeds20 Caspian terns24 harbor seal; Brandt's cormorants28 grazer1,4 diurnal1,4,6,7,11 birds; rockfishes3,8 Santa Cruz Island; mainland California1 NF Brandt's and double crested cormorants;

least terns28 searcher/ plucker; oral winnower5,18 birds; rockfishes and seabasses, such as barred sand bass3,4,5 Page 329 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 6 NF NF NF NF Page 330 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV NF NF NF NF NF NF 3 0.117 0 0.117 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 0.0387 0 0.0387 Page 331 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 CW CX CY CZ DA DB eggs NF NF NF NF removes ectoparasites from fish 12 NF NF NF NF NF parasitized by copepod Argulus borealis 13 parasitized by copepod family Clavella15 infested by parasites from the genus Lironeca 23 NF NF NF NF NF mutual association with R. vacca 3 direct counting eggs NG NG NF cleaned by Oxyjulis californica 2,6,7 infested by parasites from the families Hemiuridae, Opecoelidae, Diclidophoridae, and Gyrodactylidae22 infested by parasites from the families Pennellidae, Philichthyidae, Zoogonidae, and Myxidiidae22 infested by parasites from the families Argulidae,

Bomolochidae, Caligidae, Lernaeopodidae,

Pennellidae, Diplangidae, Monorchiidae,

Opecoelidae, Zoogonidae, Cymothoidae,

Diclidophoridae, and Myxiidae22 infested by parastites from the families Caligidae, Philichthyidae, Acanthocolpidae,

Monorchiidae, Zoogonidae, and Ceratomyxidae22 cleaned by Phanerodon atripes and Oxyjulis californica 2,6 parasitized by digenetic trematode Neozoogonus californicus 11 may be indirectly negatively affected by chlorine discharge plums from power plants16 may be negatively affected by chlorine discharge plums from power plants16 parasitized by Telolecithus pugetensis,

Neozoogonus californicus , and others trematodes11 removes ectoparasites from fish such as Sebastes mystinus and Chromis punctipinnis 6,14,21 parasitized by Telolecithus pugetensis,

Neozoogonus californicus , and others trematodes11 share same resources as S. politus and Phanerodon furcatus 19 infected by ectoparasites from the families Caligidae and Lernaeidae; also monogenetic trematodes6 Page 332 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 DC DD DE DF DG DH NF Transient11,12,14 NF Yes3,5,9,12,35 NF aggregate for breeding in fall 25 NF Residential3,10,23 NF Yes2,3,8,9,11,12,17,18,30,35 NF Adults occasionally23,29 Yes juveniles29 NF NF NF Yes2,5,12,17,35 NF not usually28 NF Residential2,23,24 NF Yes2,5,7,9,12,13,16,17,25,30,32,35 Yes1 Page 333 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 A B C D E Damalichthys vacca 2 1 Robins et al. 1991 1 Eschmeyer 1998 1 Gates & Frey 1974 1 Love et al 2000 1 Love et al 2000 2 Cassano 1998 2 Robins et al. 1991 2 Haldorson & Moser 1979 3 Limbaugh 1955 4 Morgan 1961 5 Roedel 1948 6 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 perch; splittail perch; pile seaperch; dusky seaperch4; silver perch1,2,4,5 CA ( Bahia Playa Maria and Isla Guadalupe) 1 Page 334 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 F G H I JKLM 6Both: W= 0.0000269SL3.03 (> 80 mm) 5TL= 2.31 + 1.14( FL); r2= 0.992; SE= 7.35 9Both: W= 0.027TL( in.) 3.039 ( r2= 0.98) 5SL=  3.24 + 0.774( TL); r2= 0.998; SE= 3.57 * 12Male: W= 0.00000871TL3.08 ( r2= 0.9996) 5SL=  6.43 + 0.905( FL); r2= 0.998; SE= 2.67 * 12Female: W= 0.00000513TL3.19 ( r2= 0.993) 5FL= 0.008 + 0.871( TL); r2= 0.992; SE= 6.42 5FL= 7.4 + 1.1( SL); r2= 0.998; SE= 2.95 10SL= 0.75TL  1.51 1 Eckmayer 1979 1 Eckmayer 1979 1 Love et al 2000 1 Eckmayer 1979 2 Anderson 1969 2 Carlisle et al. 1960 2 Baltz 1984 2 Carlisle et al. 1960 3 Odenweller 1971 3 Anderson 1969 3 Bryant 1978 4 Swedberg 1965 4 Odenweller 1971 4 Wares 1971 5 Odenweller 1975 5 Karpov & Kwiecien 1988 6 Quast 1968b 6 Odenweller 1975 7 Antrim 1981 7 DeMartini et al. 1994 8 Bayer 1985 8 Isaacson & Isaacson 1966 9 DeMartini et al. 1994 9 Anderson & Bryan 1970 10 Gnose 1967 10 Wares 1971 11 Anderson & Bryan 1970 11 Bennet & Wydoski 1977 12 Wares 1971 12 Wydoski & Bennett 1973 13 Bennet & Wydoski 1977 13 Wilson & Millemann 1969 14 Wydoski & Bennet 1973 15 Suomela 1931 16 Sivalingam 1953 17 Beardsley 1969 Page 335 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 N O P Q R S T U V W X Page 336 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 Y Z AA AB AC 13,16 9 to 10 1 Anderson et al. 1969; Anderson & Bryan 1970 1 Emmett et al. 1991 1 Isaacson & Isaacson 1966 1 Carlisle et al. 1960 1 Darling et al. 1980 2 Odenweller 1971 2 Fritzsche et al. 1989 2 Bane 1970 2 Hubbs 1917 2 Hubbs 1921 3 Swedberg 1965 3 Anderson 1969 3 Bane 1970 3 Rechnitzer & Limbaugh 1952 4 Odenweller 1975 4 Swedberg 1965 4 DeLeon 1999b 4 Warner & Harlan 1982 5 Gnose 1967 5 Gnose 1967 5 Beardsley 1969 5 DeLeon 1999b 6 Isaacson & Iasaacson 1966 6 Baltz 1984 7 Bennet & Wydoski 1977 7 Holbrook & Schmitt 1984 8 Wydoski & Bennet 1973 8 Schmitt & Holbrook 1985 9 Bane 1970 9 Suomela 1931 10 DeMartini et al. 1983 10 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 11 Suomela 1931 11 Sivalingam 1953 12 Sivalingam 1953 12 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 13 Garrison & Miller 1982 13 DeLeon 1999b 14 Wares 1971 14 Holbrook & Schmitt 1995 15 Cassano 1998 16 Love 1996 Page 337 of 1167 5 2220e  Embiotocidae 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 AD AE AF AG AH AI Ovoviviparous27 10,24,25,26 NG ( 2?) NG ( 2)

22NG ( NG) NG ( NG)