NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Decennial Census, Minority Economic Profiles, unpublished data; and Current Population Reports, Series P 60, `` Poverty in the United States,'' `` Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons in the United States,'' and `` Income, Poverty, and Valuation of Noncash Benefits,'' various years, and `` Money Income in the U. S.: 1999,'' P60   201. ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 28 ALL LEVELS: FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS Table 21.   Poverty status of persons, families, and children under 18, by race/ ethnicity: 1959 to 1999 Year and race/ ethnicity Number below the poverty level, in thousands Percent below the poverty level All persons In all families In families with female householder, no husband present All persons In all families In families with female householder, no husband present Total Householder 1 Related children under 18 Total Related children under 18 Total Householder 1 Related children under 18 Total Related children under 18 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 All races 1959 ........................... 39,490 34,562 8,320 17,208 7,014 4,145 22.4 ( 0.3) 20.8 18.5 26.9 ( 0.4) 49.4 72.2 1960 ........................... 39,851 34,925 8,243 17,288 7,247 4,095 22.2 ( 0.3) 20.7 18.1 26.5 ( 0.4) 48.9 68.4 1965 ........................... 33,185 28,358 6,721 14,388 7,524 4,562 17.3 ( 0.2) 15.8 13.9 20.7 ( 0.4) 46.0 64.2 1970 ........................... 25,420 20,330 5,260 10,235 7,503 4,689 12.6 ( 0.2) 10.9 10.1 14.9 ( 0.3) 38.1 53.0 1975 ........................... 25,877 20,789 5,450 10,882 8,846 5,597 12.3 ( 0.2) 10.9 9.7 16.8 ( 0.4) 37.5 52.7 1980 ........................... 29,272 22,601 6,217 11,114 10,120 5,866 13.0 ( 0.2) 11.5 10.3 17.9 ( 0.4) 36.7 50.8 1981 ........................... 31,822 24,850 6,851 12,068 11,051 6,305 14.0 ( 0.2) 12.5 11.2 19.5 ( 0.4) 38.7 52.3 1982 ........................... 34,398 27,349 7,512 13,139 11,701 6,696 15.0 ( 0.2) 13.6 12.2 21.3 ( 0.4) 40.6 56.0 1983 ........................... 35,303 27,933 7,647 13,427 12,072 6,747 15.2 ( 0.2) 13.9 12.3 21.8 ( 0.4) 40.2 55.4 1984 ........................... 33,700 26,458 7,277 12,929 11,831 6,772 14.4 ( 0.2) 13.1 11.6 21.0 ( 0.4) 38.4 54.0 1985 ........................... 33,064 25,729 7,223 12,483 11,600 6,716 14.0 ( 0.2) 12.6 11.4 20.1 ( 0.4) 37.6 53.6 1986 ........................... 32,370 24,754 7,023 12,257 11,944 6,943 13.6 ( 0.2) 12.0 10.9 19.8 ( 0.4) 38.3 54.4 1987 ........................... 32,221 24,725 7,005 12,275 12,148 7,074 13.4 ( 0.2) 12.0 10.7 19.7 ( 0.4) 38.1 54.7 1988 ........................... 31,745 24,048 6,876 11,935 11,972 6,742 13.0 ( 0.2) 11.6 10.4 19.0 ( 0.4) 37.2 50.6 1989 ........................... 31,528 24,066 6,784 12,001 11,668 6,808 12.8 ( 0.2) 11.5 10.3 19.0 ( 0.4) 35.9 51.1 1990 ........................... 33,585 25,232 7,098 12,715 12,578 7,363 13.5 ( 0.2) 12.0 10.7 19.9 ( 0.4) 37.2 53.4 1991 ........................... 35,708 27,143 7,712 13,658 13,824 8,065 14.2 ( 0.2) 12.8 11.5 21.1 ( 0.4) 39.7 55.5 1992 ........................... 36,880 27,947 7,960 13,876 13,716 8,032 14.8 ( 0.2) 13.3 11.7 21.1 ( 0.4) 39.0 54.3 1993 ........................... 39,265 29,927 8,393 14,961 14,636 8,503 15.1 ( 0.2) 13.6 12.3 22.0 ( 0.4) 38.7 53.7 1994 ........................... 38,059 28,985 8,053 14,610 14,380 8,427 14.5 ( 0.2) 13.1 11.6 21.2 ( 0.4) 38.6 52.9 1995 ........................... 36,425 27,501 7,532 13,999 14,205 8,364 13.8 ( 0.2) 12.3 10.8 20.2 ( 0.4) 36.5 50.3 1996 ........................... 36,529 27,376 7,708 13,764 13,796 7,990 13.7 ( 0.2) 12.2 11.0 19.8 ( 0.4) 35.8 49.3 1997 ........................... 35,574 26,217 7,324 13,422 13,494 7,928 13.3 ( 0.2) 11.6 10.3 19.2 ( 0.4) 35.1 49.0 1998 ........................... 34,476 25,370 7,186 12,845 12,907 7,627 12.7 ( 0.2) 11.2 10.0 18.3 ( 0.4) 33.1 46.1 1999 ........................... 32,258 23,396 6,676 11,510 11,607 6,602 11.8 ( 0.2) 10.2 9.3 16.3 ( 0.4) 30.4 41.9 White 2 1960 ........................... 28,309 24,262 6,115 11,229 4,296 2,357 17.8 ( 0.3) 16.2 14.9 20.0 ( 0.4) 39.0 59.9 1965 ........................... 22,496 18,508 4,824 8,595 4,092 2,321 13.3 ( 0.2) 11.7 11.1 14.4 ( 0.4) 35.4 52.9 1970 ........................... 17,484 13,323 3,708 6,138 3,761 2,247 9.9 ( 0.2) 8.1 8.0 10.5 ( 0.3) 28.4 43.1 1975 ........................... 17,770 13,799 3,838 6,748 4,577 2,813 9.7 ( 0.2) 8.3 7.7 12.5 ( 0.3) 29.4 44.2 1980 ........................... 19,699 14,587 4,195 6,817 4,940 2,813 10.2 ( 0.2) 8.6 8.0 13.4 ( 0.4) 28.0 41.6 1985 ........................... 22,860 17,125 4,983 7,838 5,990 3,372 11.4 ( 0.2) 9.9 9.1 15.6 ( 0.4) 29.8 45.2 1990 ........................... 22,326 15,916 4,622 7,696 6,210 3,597 10.7 ( 0.2) 9.0 8.1 15.1 ( 0.4) 29.8 45.9 1991 ........................... 23,747 17,268 5,022 8,316 6,806 3,941 11.3 ( 0.2) 9.7 8.8 16.1 ( 0.4) 31.5 47.1 1992 ........................... 25,259 18,294 5,160 8,333 6,907 3,783 11.9 ( 0.2) 10.1 8.9 16.0 ( 0.4) 30.8 45.3 1993 ........................... 26,226 18,968 5,452 9,123 7,199 4,102 12.2 ( 0.2) 10.5 9.4 17.0 ( 0.4) 31.0 45.6 1994 ........................... 25,379 18,474 5,312 8,826 7,228 4,099 11.7 ( 0.2) 10.1 9.1 16.3 ( 0.4) 31.8 45.7 1995 ........................... 24,423 17,593 4,994 8,474 7,047 4,051 11.2 ( 0.2) 9.6 8.5 15.5 ( 0.4) 29.7 42.5 1996 ........................... 24,650 17,621 5,059 8,488 7,073 4,029 11.2 ( 0.2) 9.6 8.6 15.5 ( 0.4) 29.8 43.1 1997 ........................... 24,396 17,258 4,990 8,441 7,296 4,186 11.0 ( 0.2) 9.3 8.4 15.4 ( 0.4) 30.7 44.3 1998 ........................... 23,454 16,549 4,829 7,935 6,674 3,875 10.5 ( 0.2) 8.9 8.0 14.4 ( 0.4) 27.6 40.0 1999 ........................... 21,922 15,141 4,377 7,123 5,891 3,266 9.8 ( 0.2) 8.1 7.3 12.9 ( 0.4) 24.7 35.5 Black 2 1959 ........................... 9,927 9,112 1,860 5,022 2,416 1,475 55.1 ( 1.0) 54.9 48.1 65.5 ( 1.3) 70.6 81.6 1966 ........................... 8,867 8,090 1,620 4,774 3,160 2,107 41.8 ( 0.9) 40.9 35.5 50.6 ( 1.3) 65.3 76.6 1970 ........................... 7,548 6,683 1,481 3,922 3,656 2,383 33.5 ( 0.9) 32.2 29.5 41.5 ( 1.2) 58.7 67.7 1975 ........................... 7,545 6,533 1,513 3,884 4,168 2,724 31.3 ( 0.8) 30.1 27.1 41.4 ( 1.2) 54.3 66.0 1980 ........................... 8,579 7,190 1,826 3,906 4,984 2,944 32.5 ( 0.8) 31.1 28.9 42.1 ( 1.3) 53.4 64.8 1985 ........................... 8,926 7,504 1,983 4,057 5,342 3,181 31.3 ( 0.8) 30.5 28.7 43.1 ( 1.3) 53.2 66.9 1990 ........................... 9,837 8,160 2,193 4,412 6,005 3,543 31.9 ( 0.8) 31.0 29.3 44.2 ( 1.3) 50.6 64.7 1991 ........................... 10,242 8,504 2,343 4,637 6,557 3,853 32.7 ( 0.8) 32.0 30.4 45.6 ( 1.3) 54.8 68.2 1992 ........................... 10,827 9,134 2,435 4,850 6,799 3,967 33.4 ( 0.8) 32.9 30.9 46.3 ( 1.3) 54.0 67.1 1993 ........................... 10,877 9,242 2,499 5,030 6,955 4,104 33.1 ( 0.8) 32.9 31.3 45.9 ( 1.3) 53.0 65.9 1994 ........................... 10,196 8,447 2,212 4,787 6,489 3,935 30.6 ( 0.8) 29.6 27.3 43.3 ( 1.3) 50.2 63.2 1995 ........................... 9,872 8,189 2,127 4,644 6,553 3,954 29.3 ( 0.8) 28.5 26.4 41.5 ( 1.3) 48.2 61.6 1996 ........................... 9,694 7,993 2,206 4,411 6,123 3,619 28.4 ( 0.8) 27.6 26.1 39.5 ( 1.3) 46.4 58.2 1997 ........................... 9,116 7,386 1,985 4,116 5,654 3,402 26.5 ( 0.8) 25.5 23.6 36.8 ( 1.3) 42.8 55.3 1998 ........................... 9,091 7,259 1,981 4,073 5,629 3,366 26.1 ( 0.8) 24.7 23.4 36.4 ( 1.3) 42.8 54.7 1999 ........................... 8,360 6,688 1,898 3,644 5,179 2,997 23.6 ( 0.7) 22.7 21.9 32.7 ( 1.3) 41.0 51.7 Hispanic origin 3 1975 ........................... 2,991 2,755 627 1,619 1,053 694 26.9 ( 1.4) 26.3 25.1 33.1 ( 1.7) 57.2 68.4 1980 ........................... 3,491 3,143 751 1,718 1,319 809 25.7 ( 1.3) 25.1 23.2 33.0 ( 1.6) 54.5 65.0 1985 ........................... 5,236 4,605 1,074 2,512 1,983 1,247 29.0 ( 1.0) 28.3 25.5 39.6 ( 1.6) 55.7 72.4 1990 ........................... 6,006 5,091 1,244 2,750 2,115 1,314 28.1 ( 1.0) 26.9 25.0 37.7 ( 1.5) 53.0 68.4 1991 ........................... 6,339 5,541 1,372 2,977 2,282 1,398 28.7 ( 0.9) 28.2 26.5 39.8 ( 1.5) 52.7 68.6 1992 ........................... 7,592 6,455 1,395 2,946 2,474 1,289 29.6 ( 0.9) 28.4 26.2 38.8 ( 1.5) 51.5 65.7 1993 ........................... 8,126 6,876 1,625 3,666 2,837 1,673 30.6 ( 0.9) 29.3 27.3 39.9 ( 1.4) 53.2 66.1 1994 ........................... 8,416 7,357 1,724 3,956 2,920 1,804 30.7 ( 0.9) 30.2 27.8 41.1 ( 1.4) 54.8 68.3 1995 ........................... 8,574 7,341 1,695 3,938 3,053 1,872 30.3 ( 0.9) 29.2 27.0 39.3 ( 1.4) 52.8 65.7 1996 ........................... 8,697 7,515 1,748 4,090 3,020 1,779 29.4 ( 0.9) 28.5 26.4 39.9 ( 1.4) 53.5 67.4 1997 ........................... 8,308 7,198 1,721 3,865 2,911 1,758 27.1 ( 0.8) 26.2 24.7 36.4 ( 1.3) 50.9 62.8 1998 ........................... 8,070 6,814 1,648 3,670 2,837 1,739 25.6 ( 0.8) 24.3 22.7 33.6 ( 1.3) 46.7 59.6 1999 ........................... 7,439 6,349 1,525 3,382 2,488 1,471 22.8 ( 0.7) 21.7 20.2 29.9 ( 1.2) 40.7 52.4 Asian and Pacific Islander 1990 ........................... 858 712   356 132   12.2 ( 1.2) 11.3   17.0 ( 2.2) 20.7   1991 ........................... 996 773   348 177   13.8 ( 1.3) 12.1   17.1 ( 2.3) 24.6   1992 ........................... 985 787   352 183   12.7 ( 1.2) 11.4   16.0 ( 2.1) 25.0   1993 ........................... 1,134 898   358 126   15.3 ( 1.3) 13.6   17.6 ( 2.3) 17.4   1994 ........................... 974 776   308 137   14.6 ( 1.3) 13.1   17.9 ( 2.5) 23.6   1995 ........................... 1,411 1,112   532 266   14.6 ( 1.2) 13.0   18.6 ( 2.1) 28.9   1996 ........................... 1,454 1,172   553 300   14.5 ( 1.1) 13.2   19.1 ( 2.1) 29.5   1997 ........................... 1,468 1,116 244   313   14.0 ( 1.1) 12.0 10.2     33.6   1998 ........................... 1,360 1,087 270   373   12.5 ( 1.0) 11.4 11.0     33.2   1999 ........................... 1,163 919     253   10.7 ( 1.0) 9.6       23.0     Not available.

1 Refers to the person who owns or rents ( maintains) the housing unit.

2 Includes persons of Hispanic origin.

3 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P   60, `` Poverty in the United States,'' various years; and `` Income, Poverty and Valuation of Noncash Benefits,'' various years. ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 29 ALL LEVELS: OPINIONS ON EDUCATION Table 22.   Average grade that the public would give the schools in their community and in the nation at large: 1974 to 2001 Year All adults No children in school Public school parents Private school parents Nation Local community Local neighborhood Nation Local community Local neighborhood Nation Local community Local neighborhood Nation Local community Local neighborhood 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1974 ...............................................   2.63     2.57     2.80     2.15   1975 ...............................................   2.38     2.31     2.49     1.81   1976 ...............................................   2.38     2.34     2.48     2.22   1977 ...............................................   2.33     2.25     2.59     2.05   1978 ...............................................   2.21     2.11     2.47     1.69   1979 ...............................................   2.21     2.15     2.38     1.88   1980 ...............................................   2.26                     1981 ............................................... 1.94 2.20     2.12     2.36     1.88   1982 ............................................... 2.01 2.24   2.04 2.18   2.01 2.35   2.02 2.20   1983 ............................................... 1.91 2.12   1.92 2.10   1.92 2.31   1.82 1.89   1984 ............................................... 2.09 2.36   2.11 2.30   2.11 2.49   2.04 2.17   1985 ............................................... 2.14 2.39   2.16 2.36   2.20 2.44   1.93 2.00   1986 ............................................... 2.13 2.36     2.29     2.55     2.14   1987 ............................................... 2.18 2.44   2.20 2.38   2.22 2.61   2.03 2.01   1988 ............................................... 2.08 2.35   2.02 2.32   2.13 2.48   2.00 2.13   1989 ............................................... 2.01 2.35   1.99 2.27   2.06 2.56   1.93 2.12   1990 ............................................... 1.99 2.29   1.98 2.27   2.03 2.44   1.85 2.09   1991 ............................................... 2.00 2.36                     1992 ............................................... 1.93 2.30   1.92     1.94 2.73   1.85     1993 ............................................... 1.95 2.41   1.97 2.40   1.97 2.48   1.80 2.11   1994 ............................................... 1.95 2.26 2.43 1.95 2.16 2.34 1.90 2.55 2.64 1.86 1.90 2.23 1995 ............................................... 1.97 2.28 2.47 1.98 2.25 2.43 1.93 2.41 2.56 1.81 1.85 2.09 1996 ............................................... 1.93 2.30   1.91 2.22   2.00 2.56   1.80 1.86   1997 ............................................... 1.97 2.35   1.99 2.27   2.01 2.56   1.99 1.87   1998 ............................................... 1.93 2.41   1.91 2.36   1.96 2.51   1.81 2.20   1999 ............................................... 2.02 2.44   2.03 2.42   1.97 2.56         2000 ............................................... 1.98 2.47   1.94 2.44   2.05 2.59         2001 ............................................... 2.01 2.47   2.00 2.42   2.04 2.66           Not available.

NOTE: Average based on a scale where A= 4, B= 3, C= 2, D= 1, and F= 0. SOURCE: Phi Delta Kappa, `` The Annual Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools,'' various years. ( This table was prepared January 2002.)

Table 23.   Items most frequently cited by the general public as a major problem facing the local public schools: 1970 to 2001 Problems Percent 1970 1975 1980 1985 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Lack of discipline ....................... 18 23 26 25 22 19 19 19 20 17 15 18 15 15 15 14 18 15 15 Lack of financial support ........... 17 14 10 9 14 12 13 13 18 22 21 13 11 13 15 12 9 18 15 Fighting/ violence/ gangs .............                   9 13 18 9 14 12 15 11 11 10 Use of drugs .............................. 11 9 14 18 30 32 34 38 22 22 16 11 7 16 14 10 8 9 9 Standards/ quality of education ..                       8 4   8 6 2 5   Large schools/ overcrowding .....   10 7 5 8 6 8 7 9 9 8 7 3 8 8 8 8 12 10 Lack of respect ..........................                       3 3 2   2 2 2   Lack of family structure/ problems of home life ............                       5 3 4           Crime/ vandalism ........................                       4 2 3   2 5 5   Getting good teachers ............... 12 11 6 10 9 11 7 7 11 5 5 3 2 3 3 5 4 4 6 Parents' lack of interest ............ 3 2 6 3 6 7 6 4 7 5 4 3 2     2 4 4   Poor curriculum/ standards ........ 6 5 11 11 8 11 8 8 10 9 9 3 2 3   1 2 2   Pupils' lack of interest/ truancy ..   3 5 5 6 5 3 6 5 3 4 3 2 5 6 5 2     Integration/ segregation/ racial discrimination ............... 17 15 10 4 4 4 4 5 5 4 4 3 2 2           Management of funds/ programs                         2             Moral standards ........................       2 7 6 3 3 3 4 3         2 2     Low teacher pay ........................       2 5 4 4 6 4 3 3         2 2 4   Teachers' lack of interest ..........     6 4 5 3 4 4 2 2                   Drinking/ alcoholism ...................     2 3 6 5 4 4 2 2                   Lack of proper facilities ............. 11 3 2 1 2 1 1 2                         Not available. SOURCE: Phi Delta Kappa, `` The Annual Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools,'' various years. ( This table was prepared January 2002.) 30 ALL LEVELS: OPINIONS ON EDUCATION Table 24.   Public opinion on the difference in education quality and funding within states: 1993 and 2001 Question 1993 2001 Great deal and quite a lot Not too much Not at all Do not know Great deal and quite a lot Not too much Not at all Do not know Total A great deal Quite a lot Total A great deal Quite a lot 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 How much would you say the quality of the education provided by the public schools in your your state differs from school district to school district? National totals ............................................................................... 62 33 29 30 1 7 59 33 26 33 2 6 No children in school ................................................................ 61 31 30 30 1 8 56 31 25 35 2 7 Public school parents ................................................................ 62 35 27 33 1 4 65 38 27 29 2 4 How much would you say the amount of money spent on the public schools in your state differs from school district to school district? National totals ............................................................................... 54 28 26 33 3 10 57 28 29 28 3 12 No children in school ................................................................ 52 28 24 34 3 11 56 27 29 28 3 13 Public school parents ................................................................ 58 26 32 32 3 7 60 31 29 28 3 9 How much does the amount of money spent on a public school student's education affect the quality of his or her education? National totals ............................................................................... 68 38 30 25 5 2 68 38 30 25 5 2 No children in school ................................................................ 67 37 30 25 6 2 65 34 31 27 6 2 Public school parents ................................................................ 70 40 30 25 2 3 73 44 29 23 3 1 SOURCE: Phi Delta Kappa, `` The Annual Gallup Poll of the Public's Attitudes Toward the Public Schools,'' various years. ( This table was prepared January 2002.)

Table 25.   Percent of elementary and secondary school children whose parents are involved in school activities, by selected child, parent, and school characteristics: 1996 and 1999 Characteristics of children, parents, and schools Percent of children in 1996 whose parents 1 report that they   Distribution of children, by parental reports of number of times spent helping with homework per week, 1996 2 Percent of children in 1999 whose parents 1 report that they   Attended a general school meeting Attended parentteacher conference Attended a class event Volunteered at school Less than once per week 1 or 2 times per week 3 or 4 times per week 5 or more times per week Attended a general school meeting Attende parent teacher conference Attended class event Volunteered at school 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total .................................................. 76.4 70.6 66.1 39.6 26.7 35.1 25.8 12.3 78.3 ( 0.4) 72.8 ( 0.4) 65.4 ( 0.5) 36.8 ( 0.4)

Sex of child Male ............................................... 75.6 71.9 64.5 38.7 27.4 33.5 26.2 12.9 78.0 ( 0.6) 74.0 ( 0.6) 63.4 ( 0.6) 36.7 ( 0.6) Female ........................................... 77.3 69.3 67.8 40.6 25.9 36.9 25.4 11.8 78.6 ( 0.6) 71.5 ( 0.6) 67.4 ( 0.6) 37.0 ( 0.6) Race/ ethnicity of child White, non Hispanic ...................... 78.5 71.2 70.9 44.5 28.2 37.0 24.8 10.1 80.5 ( 0.5) 73.6 ( 0.5) 71.6 ( 0.5) 42.7 ( 0.6) Black, non Hispanic ....................... 71.9 68.0 56.0 29.5 21.9 30.0 28.6 19.5 74.5 ( 1.1) 71.1 ( 1.2) 53.8 ( 1.3) 26.2 ( 1.1) Hispanic ......................................... 72.7 70.7 54.8 27.7 25.4 31.1 27.9 15.6 73.1 ( 1.0) 71.0 ( 1.0) 51.5 ( 1.1) 24.5 ( 0.9) Other non Hispanic ........................ 72.6 71.4 63.4 36.2 24.3 37.5 26.1 12.0 76.7 ( 1.8) 73.2 ( 1.9) 62.4 ( 2.0) 30.7 ( 1.8) Highest education level of parents Less than high school ................... 57.6 62.5 42.4 18.3 28.7 30.0 24.5 16.7 57.4 ( 1.7) 60.0 ( 1.7) 37.8 ( 1.6) 12.9 ( 1.1) High school graduate .................... 71.1 68.2 59.5 31.1 26.4 34.2 25.7 13.6 72.7 ( 0.8) 69.7 ( 0.9) 58.7 ( 0.9) 26.0 ( 0.8) Some postsecondary ..................... 77.4 71.1 68.4 40.2 26.4 35.8 26.1 11.6 79.1 ( 0.7) 73.7 ( 0.7) 66.8 ( 0.8) 37.5 ( 0.8) College graduate ........................... 86.1 75.1 75.5 52.2 25.4 38.8 25.3 10.5 87.3 ( 0.8) 80.3 ( 0.9) 75.6 ( 1.0) 49.7 ( 1.1) Graduate/ professional ................... 87.6 75.1 81.0 56.8 27.9 35.1 26.8 10.2 88.8 ( 0.7) 75.9 ( 1.0) 78.9 ( 0.9) 54.3 ( 1.1) Family Income Less than $ 5,000 ........................... 67.0 68.3 49.8 27.0 23.7 28.3 27.7 20.4 67.0 ( 2.6) 66.7 ( 2.6) 47.4 ( 2.9) 17.6 ( 2.0) $ 5,001 to $ 10,000 ......................... 63.8 67.4 49.6 24.4 26.7 32.1 27.6 13.7 66.8 ( 2.0) 67.6 ( 2.0) 50.7 ( 2.1) 23.3 ( 1.8) $ 10,001 to 15,000 ......................... 67.4 66.9 60.3 29.9 26.8 36.0 22.7 14.6 67.1 ( 1.8) 70.0 ( 1.7) 49.9 ( 1.9) 20.4 ( 1.5) $ 15,001 to 20,000 ......................... 69.1 67.4 55.8 26.8 27.7 33.3 23.4 15.6 71.1 ( 1.7) 70.4 ( 1.7) 55.1 ( 1.9) 25.3 ( 1.7) $ 20,001 to 25,000 ......................... 69.0 68.7 58.5 29.2 25.9 34.9 26.5 12.7 70.6 ( 1.6) 67.0 ( 1.7) 53.4 ( 1.7) 26.2 ( 1.5) $ 25,001 to 30,000 ......................... 72.0 69.2 61.7 33.0 28.1 34.8 27.3 9.8 74.3 ( 1.5) 71.6 ( 1.5) 59.1 ( 1.7) 30.9 ( 1.6) $ 30,001 to 35,000 ......................... 79.0 69.1 68.8 41.6 27.9 35.6 24.8 11.6 79.0 ( 1.4) 73.8 ( 1.5) 67.6 ( 1.6) 37.9 ( 1.7) $ 35,001 to 40,000 ......................... 78.9 72.8 69.6 41.7 24.9 37.3 27.0 10.7 79.4 ( 1.3) 73.7 ( 1.4) 68.4 ( 1.5) 36.1 ( 1.6) $ 40,001 to 50,000 ......................... 80.7 73.9 72.8 45.3 27.1 35.3 25.3 12.4 81.6 ( 1.0) 75.1 ( 1.1) 72.8 ( 1.2) 40.1 ( 1.3) $ 50,001 to 75,000 ......................... 83.9 72.2 75.0 49.1 25.9 37.0 26.3 10.8 84.6 ( 0.8) 74.8 ( 0.9) 72.6 ( 0.9) 43.8 ( 1.0) Over $ 75,000 ................................. 88.2 73.8 79.1 57.3 28.3 36.6 25.1 9.9 88.5 ( 0.7) 77.3 ( 0.8) 79.3 ( 0.8) 54.9 ( 1.0) Child attending public schools 3 ........ 75.3 70.6 64.8 35.4 26.6 35.9 25.4 12.1 76.8 ( 0.4) 71.4 ( 0.5) 63.5 ( 0.5) 33.8 ( 0.5) Elementary ( kindergarten to grade 8) 3 ............................ 80.2 79.8 67.8 39.4 15.5 35.1 33.2 16.2 81.7 ( 0.5) 80.8 ( 0.5) 66.7 ( 0.6) 38.0 ( 0.6) Secondary ( grades 9 to 12) 3 ..... 63.2 47.7 57.5 25.5 52.0 37.7 7.7 2.5 65.7 ( 0.9) 50.0 ( 0.9) 56.2 ( 0.9) 24.1 ( 0.8) Child attending private schools 3 ....... 90.2 82.3 82.8 66.4 27.2 28.7 29.2 14.9 91.4 ( 0.8) 85.0 ( 0.9) 81.7 ( 1.0) 63.8 ( 1.3) Elementary ( kindergarten to grade 8) 3 ............................ 92.2 87.8 86.1 70.8 14.5 28.5 37.0 19.9 93.0 ( 0.8) 90.2 ( 0.8) 84.1 ( 1.1) 68.8 ( 1.4) Secondary ( grades 9 to 12) 3 ..... 85.0 67.4 73.7 54.4 57.4 29.0 10.8 2.8 85.8 ( 2.1) 66.7 ( 2.8) 73.3 ( 2.5) 46.3 ( 3.0)

1 The respondent was the parent most knowledgeable about the child's education. The responding parent reported on their own and their spouse's or other household adults' activities. Except where noted, includes children enrolled in nursery school through grade 12.

2 Includes children enrolled in grades 1 through 12.

3 Excludes home schooled children. NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Standard errors appear in parentheses

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Survey, 1996, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared June 2001.) 31 ALL LEVELS: OPINIONS ON EDUCATION Table 26.   Percent of elementary school children whose parents are involved in education related activities, by selected child, parent, and school characteristics: 1996 and 1999 Characteristics of children, parents, and schools Percent of children 1 in 1996 whose parents report that they did the following things in the past month   Percent of children 1 in 1999 whose parents report that they did the following things in the past month   Percent of children in 1999 whose parents involved them in the following activities during the last month 1 Visited a library Went to a play, concert, or other live show Visited an art gallery museum or historical site Visited a zoo or aquarium Visited a library Went to a play, concert or other live show Visited an art gallery, museum, or historical site Visited a zoo or aquarium Talked about family history Attended an event sponsored by a community religious or ethnic group Told a story Worked on arts or crafts Worked on household chores 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Total ...................................... 48.7 32.5 21.2 15.7 48.6 ( 0.7) 32.1 ( 0.6) 22.2 ( 0.6) 14.1 ( 0.4) 54.9 ( 0.7) 52.8 ( 0.7) 69.4 ( 0.6) 67.9 ( 0.6) 93.7 ( 0.3)

Sex of child Male .................................. 48.5 30.3 20.6 15.3 47.2 ( 0.9) 30.5 ( 0.9) 22.3 ( 0.8) 13.9 ( 0.6) 53.3 ( 0.9) 50.8 ( 0.9) 69.0 ( 0.9) 64.2 ( 0.9) 92.9 ( 0.5) Female .............................. 49.0 34.7 21.8 16.0 50.1 ( 1.0) 33.7 ( 0.9) 22.2 ( 0.8) 14.3 ( 0.6) 56.6 ( 1.0) 54.9 ( 1.0) 69.7 ( 0.9) 71.9 ( 0.9) 94.6 ( 0.5) Race/ ethnicity of child White, non Hispanic ......... 51.7 32.2 21.0 13.3 48.9 ( 0.9) 33.9 ( 0.8) 22.3 ( 0.7) 12.0 ( 0.5) 52.7 ( 0.9) 54.6 ( 0.9) 70.9 ( 0.8) 72.4 ( 0.8) 96.1 ( 0.4) Black, non Hispanic .......... 43.9 38.1 22.2 21.6 47.8 ( 1.8) 31.2 ( 1.6) 20.9 ( 1.4) 15.8 ( 1.2) 60.1 ( 1.9) 52.9 ( 1.9) 64.9 ( 1.8) 58.6 ( 1.8) 93.9 ( 0.8) Hispanic ............................ 38.9 26.6 19.6 19.3 43.9 ( 1.5) 24.3 ( 1.2) 20.7 ( 1.2) 19.6 ( 1.1) 53.5 ( 1.5) 45.7 ( 1.5) 66.5 ( 1.4) 59.3 ( 1.5) 84.5 ( 1.1) Other non Hispanic ........... 52.3 33.2 24.3 18.3 61.4 ( 2.9) 34.8 ( 2.9) 29.8 ( 2.9) 18.1 ( 2.0) 70.4 ( 2.7) 51.6 ( 3.0) 73.8 ( 2.7) 69.0 ( 2.6) 91.8 ( 1.6) Highest education level of parents Less than high school ...... 30.1 25.6 16.7 18.9 34.3 ( 2.3) 17.4 ( 1.7) 12.1 ( 1.5) 15.1 ( 1.6) 44.9 ( 2.5) 36.6 ( 2.3) 61.6 ( 2.4) 54.1 ( 2.5) 81.4 ( 1.8) High school graduate ....... 40.0 27.9 15.0 14.4 40.3 ( 1.4) 25.9 ( 1.2) 16.0 ( 1.0) 12.9 ( 0.8) 47.6 ( 1.4) 42.6 ( 1.4) 66.5 ( 1.3) 64.3 ( 1.3) 92.8 ( 0.7) Some postsecondary ........ 49.7 33.3 20.4 15.4 48.2 ( 1.2) 31.8 ( 1.1) 20.9 ( 0.9) 12.6 ( 0.7) 57.4 ( 1.2) 53.6 ( 1.2) 70.1 ( 1.1) 69.4 ( 1.1) 95.8 ( 0.5) College graduate .............. 60.1 35.8 27.3 16.3 57.4 ( 1.5) 40.3 ( 1.5) 29.0 ( 1.4) 15.1 ( 1.0) 60.2 ( 1.5) 64.5 ( 1.4) 74.1 ( 1.3) 73.8 ( 1.3) 96.0 ( 0.6) Graduate/ professional ...... 65.3 41.6 32.5 16.3 62.4 ( 1.6) 42.4 ( 1.6) 34.2 ( 1.6) 17.5 ( 1.3) 62.8 ( 1.6) 65.3 ( 1.6) 72.0 ( 1.5) 72.7 ( 1.5) 95.4 ( 0.7) Family Income Less than $ 5,000 .............. 40.4 38.1 19.8 19.2 42.7 ( 4.3) 24.9 ( 3.1) 16.5 ( 2.7) 16.6 ( 2.6) 54.5 ( 4.1) 37.3 ( 3.9) 67.5 ( 4.1) 55.9 ( 4.2) 90.9 ( 2.0) $ 5,001 to $ 10,000 ............ 37.2 27.3 16.1 17.0 43.8 ( 2.9) 21.0 ( 2.3) 17.7 ( 2.1) 14.5 ( 1.9) 49.8 ( 2.9) 38.8 ( 2.8) 69.5 ( 2.7) 58.4 ( 2.9) 89.9 ( 1.7) $ 10,001 to 15,000 ............ 37.3 29.6 16.8 15.6 44.8 ( 2.7) 24.5 ( 2.2) 18.2 ( 2.1) 15.3 ( 2.0) 54.7 ( 2.7) 45.5 ( 2.7) 66.7 ( 2.5) 61.2 ( 2.6) 91.9 ( 1.4) $ 15,001 to 20,000 ............ 41.1 25.7 13.9 16.8 43.1 ( 2.7) 25.8 ( 2.3) 13.3 ( 1.6) 13.8 ( 1.7) 49.2 ( 2.7) 47.2 ( 2.7) 62.4 ( 2.6) 64.1 ( 2.5) 91.4 ( 1.4) $ 20,001 to 25,000 ............ 42.3 30.8 20.9 14.9 38.6 ( 2.3) 26.1 ( 2.1) 18.6 ( 1.8) 14.6 ( 1.5) 53.0 ( 2.5) 47.4 ( 2.5) 67.6 ( 2.4) 63.4 ( 2.3) 89.8 ( 1.4) $ 25,001 to 30,000 ............ 43.3 27.1 17.7 16.0 45.3 ( 2.4) 30.4 ( 2.3) 20.7 ( 2.0) 14.4 ( 1.6) 53.3 ( 2.4) 50.1 ( 2.4) 70.6 ( 2.2) 68.7 ( 2.2) 94.6 ( 0.9) $ 30,001 to 35,000 ............ 50.5 30.0 21.3 15.9 49.3 ( 2.5) 31.1 ( 2.3) 21.6 ( 2.1) 11.9 ( 1.5) 54.7 ( 2.5) 53.8 ( 2.4) 69.3 ( 2.2) 66.2 ( 2.3) 93.1 ( 1.5) $ 35,001 to 40,000 ............ 56.4 32.6 17.3 13.2 52.0 ( 2.4) 34.5 ( 2.2) 23.5 ( 2.0) 13.1 ( 1.4) 57.0 ( 2.4) 59.2 ( 2.3) 72.5 ( 2.1) 71.4 ( 2.1) 96.2 ( 0.8) $ 40,001 to 50,000 ............ 55.1 32.7 21.1 13.2 52.1 ( 2.0) 32.5 ( 1.8) 22.5 ( 1.6) 13.1 ( 1.3) 55.8 ( 1.9) 58.4 ( 1.9) 68.9 ( 1.8) 72.2 ( 1.7) 95.6 ( 0.7) $ 50,001 to 75,000 ............ 55.5 33.3 25.1 13.4 51.5 ( 1.5) 34.6 ( 1.5) 23.1 ( 1.3) 12.2 ( 0.9) 53.8 ( 1.5) 57.5 ( 1.5) 70.9 ( 1.4) 72.5 ( 1.4) 96.2 ( 0.6) Over $ 75,000 .................... 59.6 42.6 31.4 19.0 55.5 ( 1.5) 44.4 ( 1.5) 31.7 ( 1.4) 15.8 ( 1.0) 60.8 ( 1.5) 62.0 ( 1.4) 71.4 ( 1.4) 74.4 ( 1.3) 95.4 ( 0.7) Child attending public schools 2 ........................... 48.3 31.7 19.9 14.7 47.5 ( 0.7) 30.4 ( 0.7) 21.0 ( 0.6) 13.7 ( 0.5) 54.4 ( 0.7) 51.1 ( 0.7) 68.7 ( 0.7) 67.4 ( 0.7) 93.6 ( 0.4) Child attending private schools 2 ........................... 58.2 37.2 27.8 16.9 56.6 ( 1.8) 44.2 ( 1.8) 31.2 ( 1.6) 17.0 ( 1.3) 58.5 ( 1.7) 64.9 ( 1.7) 73.9 ( 1.6) 71.6 ( 1.5) 94.6 ( 0.8)

1 Includes children enrolled in nursery school through grade 5. 2 Excludes nursery school and home schooled children.

NOTE: Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Survey, 1996 and 1999, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared June 2001.) 32 ALL LEVELS: OPINIONS ON EDUCATION Table 27.   Public's level of confidence in various institutions: 1996 and 1998 Institution Percent of respondents by levels of confidence, 1996 Percent of respondents by levels of confidence, 1998 A great deal Quite a lot Some Very little No opinion A great deal Quite a lot Some Very little No opinion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Private higher education ........................................................... 18.3 38.7 28.3 7.5 7.1           Small businesses ...................................................................... 15.3 40.8 32.6 7.6 3.6 25.0 31.0 34.0 9.0 1.0 Religious organizations ............................................................. 23.6 31.1 31.3 12.3 1.7 34.0 25.0 26.0 12.0 2.0 The military ............................................................................... 16.9 37.0 31.0 12.1 3.1 33.0 31.0 25.0 8.0 2.0 Public higher education ............................................................ 15.0 36.4 34.2 11.6 2.8           Private elementary or secondary education ............................. 15.1 35.3 33.4 9.7 6.5           Youth development and recreation .......................................... 14.8 35.2 32.7 11.6 5.7           Public elementary or secondary education .............................. 13.3 31.7 37.2 15.3 2.4 16.0 21.0 40.0 20.0 1.0 Health organizations ................................................................. 10.8 28.2 42.0 15.9 3.1           Federated charitable appeals, e. g., United Way ...................... 12.6 26.3 34.9 21.6 4.5           Human services organizations ................................................. 9.1 28.1 42.6 15.1 5.0           Arts, culture, and humanities organizations ............................. 9.3 26.7 39.8 14.3 9.9           Recreation for adults ................................................................ 7.8 27.5 41.9 13.4 9.4           Environmental organizations .................................................... 9.4 23.1 41.0 20.3 6.2           Private and community foundations ......................................... 7.6 24.0 42.3 13.5 12.6           Local government ..................................................................... 5.4 25.9 43.3 23.1 2.3           Public/ society benefit, e. g., civil rights, social justice, community improvement organizations ................................ 7.5 22.7 43.4 20.8 5.6           Media, e. g., newspapers, TV, radio ......................................... 6.3 22.7 39.5 29.7 1.8           Television news ........................................................................           15.0 19.0 40.0 24.0 1.0 Work related organizations ....................................................... 6.1 21.5 47.2 17.4 7.9           State government ..................................................................... 4.1 22.2 44.9 26.4 2.5           International/ foreign, e. g., culture exchange, relief organizations ....................................................................................... 6.3 19.1 37.5 24.2 12.8           Organized labor ........................................................................ 6.6 17.7 40.9 29.3 5.6 11.0 15.0 45.0 22.0 5.0 Major corporations .................................................................... 4.9 18.7 44.2 27.4 4.8           Federal government .................................................................. 5.2 17.5 43.9 31.1 2.2           Organizations that advocate a particular cause ....................... 4.0 15.7 42.7 29.5 8.1           Congress ................................................................................... 3.4 12.4 41.7 39.0 3.5 10.0 18.0 48.0 20.0 2.0 Political organizations, e. g., Republican or Democratic parties 3.8 10.8 39.2 42.6 3.7             Not available.

NOTE: Institutions are listed in rank order as determined by the combined responses of `` a great deal'' and `` quite a lot'' of confidence for 1996. SOURCE: Independent Sector, The Gallup Organization, Giving and Volunteering in the United States, 1996 and 1998. ( This table was prepared September 1998.)

Table 28.   Percentage of households contributing to education and other charitable organizations and average annual donation, by type of charity: 1989, 1991, 1993, and 1995 Type of charity 1989 1991 1993 1995 Percentage of total households 1 Average annual contribution Percentage of total households 1 Average annual contribution Percentage of total households 1 Average annual contribution Percentage of total households 1 Average annual contribution Per contributing household Per total household Per contributing household Per total household Per contributing household Per total household Per contributing household Per total household 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213 Total ................................................................ 75.1 $ 978 $ 734 72.2 $ 899 $ 649 73.4 $ 880 $ 646 68.5 $ 1,017 $ 696 Religious ............................................................. 53.2 896 477 51.3 800 410 49.2 817 402 48.0 868 417 Health .................................................................. 32.4 143 46 32.9 154 51 25.7 139 36 27.3 214 58 Human services .................................................. 23.0 263 60 27.5 260 71 26.7 208 56 25.1 271 68 Youth development ............................................. 21.6 129 28 22.1 114 25 17.9 106 19 20.9 137 29 Education ............................................................ 19.1 291 56 21.1 225 47 17.5 424 74 20.3 318 65 Environment ........................................................ 13.4 88 12 16.3 99 16 11.6 89 10 11.5 106 12 Arts, culture, and humanities .............................. 9.6 193 19 9.4 194 18 8.1 139 11 9.4 216 20 Public and societal benefit .................................. 11.2 120 13 11.2 132 15 11.2 160 18 10.3 122 13 Private and community foundations ................... 6.4 116 7 6.0 113 7 5.3 144 8 6.1 181 11 Recreation, adults ............................................... 6.2 135 8 6.3 164 10 4.6 193 9 7.0 161 11 International, foreign ........................................... 4.2 202 8 3.5 198 7 2.8 ( 2) ( 2) 6.1 283 17 Other ................................................................... 3.0 195 6 2.8 233 7 4.7 81 4 2.1 160 3 1 Percents do not add to total because of respondents giving to more than one type of charity. 2 Sample size too small for reliable data.

NOTE: Details for total households do not add to totals because details only include households which reported a donation amount for the particular type of charity. The percentage of total includes households who reported giving donations, but did not specify amount.

SOURCE: Independent Sector, The Gallup Organization, Giving and Volunteering in the United States, 1989, 1991, 1993, and 1995. ( This table was prepared April 1997.) 33 ALL LEVELS: FINANCES Table 29.   Total expenditures of educational institutions related to the gross domestic product, by level of institution: 1929   30 to 2000   01 Year Gross domestic product ( in billions) School year Total expenditures for education ( amounts in millions of current dollars)

All educational institutions All elementary and secondary schools All colleges and universities Amount As a percent of gross domestic product Amount As a percent of gross domestic product Amount As a percent of gross domestic product 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1929 ................................ $ 103.7 1929   30         $ 632 0.6 1939 ................................ 92.0 1939   40         758 0.8 1949 ................................ 267.7 1949   50 $ 8,911 3.3 $ 6,249 2.3 2,662 1.0 1959 ................................ 507.4 1959   60 23,860 4.7 16,713 3.3 7,147 1.4 1961 ................................ 545.7 1961   62 28,503 5.2 19,673 3.6 8,830 1.6 1963 ................................ 618.7 1963   64 34,440 5.6 22,825 3.7 11,615 1.9 1965 ................................ 720.1 1965   66 43,682 6.1 28,048 3.9 15,634 2.2 1967 ................................ 834.1 1967   68 55,652 6.7 35,077 4.2 20,575 2.5 1969 ................................ 985.3 1969   70 68,459 6.9 43,183 4.4 25,276 2.6 1970 ................................ 1,039.7 1970   71 75,741 7.3 48,200 4.6 27,541 2.6 1971 ................................ 1,128.6 1971   72 80,672 7.1 50,950 4.5 29,722 2.6 1972 ................................ 1,240.4 1972   73 86,875 7.0 54,952 4.4 31,923 2.6 1973 ................................ 1,385.5 1973   74 95,396 6.9 60,370 4.4 35,026 2.5 1974 ................................ 1,501.0 1974   75 108,664 7.2 68,846 4.6 39,818 2.7 1975 ................................ 1,635.2 1975   76 118,706 7.3 75,101 4.6 43,605 2.7 1976 ................................ 1,823.9 1976   77 126,417 6.9 79,194 4.3 47,223 2.6 1977 ................................ 2,031.4 1977   78 137,042 6.7 86,544 4.3 50,498 2.5 1978 ................................ 2,295.9 1978   79 148,308 6.5 93,012 4.1 55,296 2.4 1979 ................................ 2,566.4 1979   80 165,627 6.5 103,162 4.0 62,465 2.4 1980 ................................ 2,795.6 1980   81 182,849 6.5 112,325 4.0 70,524 2.5 1981 ................................ 3,131.3 1981   82 197,801 6.3 120,486 3.8 77,315 2.5 1982 ................................ 3,259.2 1982   83 212,081 6.5 128,725 3.9 83,356 2.6 1983 ................................ 3,534.9 1983   84 228,597 6.5 139,000 3.9 89,597 2.5 1984 ................................ 3,932.7 1984   85 247,657 6.3 149,400 3.8 98,257 2.5 1985 ................................ 4,213.0 1985   86 269,485 6.4 161,800 3.8 107,685 2.6 1986 ................................ 4,452.9 1986   87 291,974 6.6 175,200 3.9 116,774 2.6 1987 ................................ 4,742.5 1987   88 313,375 6.6 187,999 4.0 125,376 2.6 1988 ................................ 5,108.3 1988   89 346,883 6.8 209,377 4.1 137,506 2.7 1989 ................................ 5,489.1 1989   90 381,525 7.0 230,970 4.2 150,555 2.7 1990 ................................ 5,803.2 1990   91 412,652 7.1 248,930 4.3 163,722 2.8 1991 ................................ 5,986.2 1991   92 432,987 7.2 261,255 4.4 171,732 2.9 1992 ................................ 6,318.9 1992   93 456,070 7.2 274,335 4.3 181,735 2.9 1993 ................................ 6,642.3 1993   94 477,237 7.2 287,507 4.3 189,730 2.9 1994 ................................ 7,054.3 1994   95 503,925 7.1 302,400 4.3 201,525 2.9 1995 ................................ 7,400.5 1995   96 529,596 7.2 318,246 4.3 211,350 2.9 1996 ................................ 7,813.2 1996   97 562,451 7.2 339,151 4.3 223,300 2.9 1997 ................................ 8,318.4 1997   98 596,915 7.2 361,415 4.3 235,500 2.8 1998 ................................ 8,781.5 1998   99 1 633,459 7.2 384,059 4.4 249,400 2.8 1999 ................................ 9,268.6 1999   2000 2 669,000 7.2 404,300 4.4 264,700 2.9 2000 ................................ 9,872.9 2000   01 2 699,700 7.1 422,700 4.3 277,000 2.8   Not available. 1 Preliminary data for elementary and secondary schools and estimates for colleges and universities. 2 Estimated.

NOTE: Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools include current expenditures, interest on school debt, and capital outlay. Data for private elementary and secondary schools are estimated. Total expenditures for colleges and universities include current fund expenditures and additions to plant value. Excludes expenditures of noncollegiate postsecondary institutions. Data for 1995   96 and later years are for 4 year and 2 year degree granting institutions that were eligible to participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Some data revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education; Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education; Common Core of Data survey; Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' survey; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS) `` Finance'' survey; and unpublished data; Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business; and National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics, various years. ( This table was prepared November 2001.) 34 ALL LEVELS: FINANCES Table 30.   Total expenditures of educational institutions, by level and control of institution: 1899   1900 to 2000   01 [ In millions of dollars]

School year In current dollars In constant 2000   01 dollars 1 Total Elementary and secondary schools Colleges and universities Total Elementary and secondary schools Colleges and universities Total Public Private 2 Total Public Private Total Public 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1899   1900 ...........................     $ 215                 1909   10 ...............................     426                 1919   20 ...............................     1,036             $ 9,519   1929   30 ...............................     2,317   $ 632 $ 292 $ 341     23,699 $ 6,467 1939   40 ...............................     2,344   758 392 367     29,368 9,503 1949   50 ............................... $ 8,911 $ 6,249 5,838 $ 411 2,662 1,430 1,233 $ 65,881 $ 46,197 43,159 19,684 1951   52 ............................... 10,735 7,861 7,344 517 2,874 1,565 1,309 71,511 52,370 48,926 19,148 1953   54 ............................... 13,147 9,733 9,092 641 3,414 1,912 1,502 85,600 63,374 59,200 22,226 1955   56 ............................... 15,907 11,727 10,955 772 4,180 2,348 1,832 103,604 76,380 71,351 27,225 1957   58 ............................... 20,055 14,525 13,569 956 5,530 3,237 2,293 122,960 89,055 83,194 33,905 1959   60 ............................... 23,860 16,713 15,613 1,100 7,147 3,904 3,244 142,183 99,594 93,039 42,590 1961   62 ............................... 28,503 19,673 18,373 1,300 8,830 4,919 3,911 166,034 114,600 107,027 51,434 1963   64 ............................... 34,440 22,825 21,325 1,500 11,615 6,558 5,057 195,520 129,579 121,063 65,941 1965   66 ............................... 43,682 28,048 26,248 1,800 15,634 9,047 6,588 239,701 153,911 144,033 85,791 1967   68 ............................... 55,652 35,077 32,977 2,100 20,575 12,750 7,824 286,527 180,597 169,785 105,930 1969   70 ............................... 68,459 43,183 40,683 2,500 25,276 16,234 9,041 317,317 200,161 188,573 117,156 1970   71 ............................... 75,741 48,200 45,500 2,700 27,541 18,028 9,513 333,834 212,446 200,545 121,388 1971   72 ............................... 80,672 50,950 48,050 2,900 29,722 19,538 10,184 343,259 216,792 204,452 126,467 1972   73 ............................... 86,875 54,952 51,852 3,100 31,923 21,144 10,779 355,334 224,764 212,085 130,570 1973   74 ............................... 95,396 60,370 56,970 3,400 35,026 23,542 11,484 358,243 226,710 213,942 131,533 1974   75 ............................... 108,664 68,846 64,846 4,000 39,818 26,966 12,852 367,358 232,746 219,223 134,612 1975   76 ............................... 118,706 75,101 70,601 4,500 43,605 29,736 13,869 374,777 237,108 222,900 137,670 1976   77 ............................... 126,417 79,194 74,194 5,000 47,223 31,997 15,226 377,131 236,253 221,337 140,878 1977   78 ............................... 137,042 86,544 80,844 5,700 50,498 34,031 16,467 383,105 241,937 226,002 141,168 1978   79 ............................... 148,308 93,012 86,712 6,300 55,296 37,110 18,187 379,089 237,746 221,642 141,343 1979   80 ............................... 165,627 103,162 95,962 7,200 62,465 41,434 21,031 373,551 232,669 216,430 140,883 1980   81 ............................... 182,849 112,325 104,125 8,200 70,524 46,559 23,965 369,587 227,038 210,464 142,548 1981   82 ............................... 197,801 120,486 111,186 9,300 77,315 50,813 26,502 368,017 224,169 206,866 143,848 1982   83 ............................... 212,081 128,725 118,425 10,300 83,356 54,338 29,018 378,337 229,635 211,261 148,701 1983   84 ............................... 228,597 139,000 127,500 11,500 89,597 58,124 31,473 393,244 239,114 219,332 154,130 1984   85 ............................... 247,657 149,400 137,000 12,400 98,257 63,705 34,553 409,984 247,324 226,797 162,659 1985   86 ............................... 269,485 161,800 148,600 13,200 107,685 70,069 37,616 433,615 260,344 239,105 173,271 1986   87 ............................... 291,974 175,200 160,900 14,300 116,774 74,552 42,222 459,597 275,783 253,273 183,814 1987   88 ............................... 313,375 187,999 172,699 15,300 125,376 79,859 45,516 473,658 284,155 261,030 189,502 1988   89 ............................... 346,883 209,377 192,977 16,400 137,506 87,107 50,398 501,160 302,498 278,804 198,662 1989   90 ............................... 381,525 230,970 212,770 18,200 150,555 96,387 54,169 526,103 318,495 293,398 207,608 1990   91 ............................... 412,652 248,930 229,430 19,500 163,722 104,433 59,288 539,528 325,467 299,972 214,061 1991   92 ............................... 432,987 261,255 241,055 20,200 171,732 108,667 63,065 548,539 330,977 305,386 217,563 1992   93 ............................... 456,070 274,335 252,935 21,400 181,735 115,169 66,566 560,282 337,020 310,731 223,261 1993   94 ............................... 477,237 287,507 265,307 22,200 189,730 119,573 70,157 571,482 344,284 317,700 227,198 1994   95 ............................... 503,925 302,400 279,000 23,400 201,525 127,594 73,930 586,626 352,028 324,788 234,598 1995   96 ............................... 529,596 318,246 293,646 24,600 211,350 132,752 78,597 600,182 360,663 332,784 239,519 1996   97 ............................... 562,451 339,151 313,151 26,000 223,300 139,600 2 83,600 619,734 373,692 345,044 246,042 1997   98 3 ............................. 596,915 361,415 334,315 27,100 235,500 146,700 88,800 646,184 391,246 361,909 254,938 1998   99 4 ............................. 633,459 384,059 355,859 28,200 249,400 154,000 95,400 674,075 408,684 378,676 265,391 1999   2000 2 ......................... 669,000 404,300 375,000 29,300 264,700 163,200 101,500 691,920 418,151 387,848 273,769 2000   01 2 ............................. 699,700 422,700 392,200 30,500 277,000 171,000 106,000 699,700 422,700 392,200 277,000   Not available. 1 Based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor, adjusted to a school year basis. 2 Estimated. 3 Data for college and universities are estimated. 4 Preliminary data for public elementary and secondary schools and estimates for colleges and universitiies.

NOTE: Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools include current expenditures, interest on school debt, and capital outlay. Data for private elementary and secondary schools are estimated. Total expenditures for colleges and universities include current fund expenditures and additions to plant value. Excludes expenditures of noncollegiate postsecondary institutions. College and university education data for 1995   96 and later years are for 4 year and 2 year degree granting institutions that were eligible to participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education; Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' survey; Common Core of Data survey; `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' survey; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS) `` Finance'' survey; and National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics, various years. ( This table was prepared November 2001.) 35 ALL LEVELS: FINANCES Table 31.   Governmental expenditures, by level of government and function: 1970   71 to 1997   98 Expenditure, by function All governments 1 Federal government State and local governments 2 1970   71 1980   81 1990   91 1994   95 1970   71 1980   81 1990   91 1994   95 1970   71 1980   81 1990   91 1994   95 1995   96 1996   97 1997   98 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 In millions General expenditures ......................................... $ 301,096 $ 827,877 $ 1,804,005 $ 2,059,334 $ 150,422 $ 422,301 $ 1,060,407 $ 1,146,827 $ 150,674 $ 407,449 $ 908,108 $ 1,146,188 $ 1,189,356 $ 1,247,436 $ 1,314,496 Selected federal programs National defense and international relations ...... 80,910 174,564 366,112 327,231 80,910 174,564 366,112 327,231               Postal service ...................................................... 8,683 20,466 43,102 49,482 8,683 20,466 43,102 49,482               Space research and technology ......................... 3,334 5,523 13,514 13,316 3,334 5,523 13,514 13,316               Education and libraries ............................................ 64,042 158,012 334,333 410,827 4,629 12,408 46,025 55,794 60,174 147,649 313,744 383,557 404,579 425,346 456,934 Social services and income maintenance.

Public welfare ...................................................... 20,446 74,643 167,681 250,356 2,220 22,395 119,135 177,874 18,226 54,121 130,402 193,110 193,480 199,973 204,640 Hospitals and health ........................................... 14,835 47,378 102,817 132,463 3,630 11,277 28,207 36,392 11,205 36,101 81,110 105,946 110,813 110,332 114,024 Social insurance administration .......................... 2,031 5,075 27,356 31,350 1,086 16,575 23,949 27,198 945 2,333 3,407 4,152 4,156 4,252 4,422 Transportation .......................................................... 23,722 46,578 84,048 99,064 4,062 7,724 23,250 29,871 19,819 39,231 75,410 88,938 91,639 96,165 101,826 Public safety.

Police and fire protection .................................... 5,706 16,851 52,738 65,627 478 1,904 6,170 7,563 7,531 21,283 46,568 58,064 62,392 67,026 70,744 Correction ............................................................ 1,979 7,806 29,297 38,922 94 413 1,941 3,065 1,885 7,393 27,356 35,857 37,510 39,946 42,479 Environment and housing.

Natural resources, parks, recreation ................... 13,740 43,599 74,667 75,133 10,658 38,896 48,415 44,752 5,191 13,239 28,505 33,140 34,955 37,333 39,857 Housing and community development ................ 4,467 13,894 33,346 36,721 1,913 6,808 30,199 40,351 2,554 7,086 16,648 21,509 22,666 23,230 24,697 Sewerage and sanitation ....................................     31,014 38,573         4,087 14,898 31,014 38,573 39,365 41,549 41,765 Governmental administration.

Financial administration ...................................... 3,612 10,944 27,204 34,824 1,341 3,714 10,209 12,444 2,271 7,230 16,995 22,380 22,633 24,400 25,914 General control 3 ................................................. 3,567 11,514 36,977 44,610 540 1,973 5,511 6,972 4,432 12,771 31,466 37,638 39,512 42,243 44,813 Interest on general debt ........................................... 21,688 97,641 247,376 290,195 16,599 80,510 195,142 233,225 5,089 17,131 52,234 56,970 58,912 62,422 64,554 Other and unallocable .............................................. 28,334 93,389 132,424 120,641 10,245 17,151 99,526 81,297 7,265 26,983 53,250 66,355 66,744 73,217 77,829 Percentage distribution General expenditures ......................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Selected federal programs National defense and international relations ...... 26.9 21.1 20.3 15.9 53.8 41.3 34.5 28.5               Postal service ...................................................... 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.4 5.8 4.8 4.1 4.3               Space research and technology ......................... 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.6 2.2 1.3 1.3 1.2               Education and libraries ............................................ 21.3 19.1 18.5 19.9 3.1 2.9 4.3 4.9 39.9 36.2 34.5 33.5 34.0 34.1 34.8 Social services and income maintenance.

Public welfare ...................................................... 6.8 9.0 9.3 12.2 1.5 5.3 11.2 15.5 12.1 13.3 14.4 16.8 16.3 16.0 15.6 Hospitals and health ........................................... 4.9 5.7 5.7 6.4 2.4 2.7 2.7 3.2 7.4 8.9 8.9 9.2 9.3 8.8 8.7 Social insurance administration .......................... 0.7 0.6 1.5 1.5 0.7 3.9 2.3 2.4 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 Transportation .......................................................... 7.9 5.6 4.7 4.8 2.7 1.8 2.2 2.6 13.2 9.6 8.3 7.8 7.7 7.7 7.7 Public safety.

Police and fire protection .................................... 1.9 2.0 2.9 3.2 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 5.0 5.2 5.1 5.1 5.2 5.4 5.4 Correction ............................................................ 0.7 0.9 1.6 1.9 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 1.3 1.8 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.2 3.2 Environment and housing.

Natural resources, parks, recreation ................... 4.6 5.3 4.1 3.6 7.1 9.2 4.6 3.9 3.4 3.2 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.0 Housing and community development ................ 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.3 1.6 2.8 3.5 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 1.9 Sewerage and sanitation ....................................     1.7 1.9 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 3.7 3.4 3.4 3.3 3.3 3.2 Governmental administration.

Financial administration ...................................... 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.7 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.0 1.9 2.0 2.0 General control 3 ................................................. 1.2 1.4 2.0 2.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 2.9 3.1 3.5 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.4 Interest on general debt ........................................... 7.2 11.8 13.7 14.1 11.0 19.1 18.4 20.3 3.4 4.2 5.8 5.0 5.0 5.0 4.9 Other and unallocable .............................................. 9.4 11.3 7.3 5.9 6.8 4.1 9.4 7.1 4.8 6.6 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.9 5.9   Not available.

1 Excludes duplicative intergovernmental transactions.

2 General expenditures include monies paid by states to the federal government, which are excluded from direct general expenditures.

3 Includes judicial and legal expenditures and expenditures on general and public buildings and other governmental administration. NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared January 2002.) 36 ALL LEVELS: FINANCES Table 32.   Direct general expenditures of state and local governments for all functions and for education, by level and state: 1997   98 [ In millions]

State Total direct general expenditures 1 Education expenditures Total Elementary and secondary education Colleges and universities Other education 3 Total Current expenditure Capital outlay 2 Total Current expenditure Capital outlay 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 United States .......... $ 1,314,496 $ 450,365 $ 318,065 $ 281,867 $ 36,198 $ 112,874 $ 100,284 $ 12,590 $ 19,426 Alabama ....................... 18,583 6,629 4,209 3,743 466 2,032 1,847 184 388 Alaska .......................... 6,763 1,532 1,158 1,048 109 316 315 1 59 Arizona ......................... 18,642 6,515 4,465 3,705 760 1,802 1,618 184 247 Arkansas ...................... 10,101 3,748 2,442 2,249 193 1,028 833 195 278 California ...................... 167,985 52,190 36,674 32,323 4,351 13,345 11,930 1,415 2,171 Colorado ...................... 18,469 6,830 4,488 3,865 623 2,167 2,005 162 175 Connecticut .................. 18,300 5,451 4,193 3,989 204 1,010 934 76 247 Delaware ...................... 4,053 1,505 889 828 61 496 480 16 120 District of Columbia ..... 4,454 755 690 625 65 65 62 3   Florida .......................... 66,491 19,659 14,789 12,840 1,950 4,149 3,538 611 721 Georgia ........................ 33,262 12,306 8,699 7,676 1,023 2,760 2,275 485 847 Hawaii .......................... 6,595 1,636 973 813 160 640 582 58 23 Idaho ............................ 5,185 1,925 1,310 1,145 165 544 460 84 70 Illinois ........................... 55,825 19,324 14,099 12,182 1,917 4,183 3,743 440 1,042 Indiana ......................... 24,559 10,234 6,649 5,869 780 3,179 2,871 308 406 Iowa ............................. 13,837 5,459 3,319 2,994 326 1,809 1,662 146 331 Kansas ......................... 11,333 4,371 2,857 2,668 189 1,372 1,239 133 143 Kentucky ...................... 16,609 5,576 3,507 3,107 400 1,671 1,461 210 397 Louisiana ...................... 19,864 6,336 4,287 3,977 310 1,697 1,563 133 353 Maine ........................... 6,130 2,029 1,537 1,455 82 413 380 34 79 Maryland ...................... 23,448 8,536 5,837 5,292 545 2,332 2,161 171 367 Massachusetts ............. 33,916 9,816 7,457 6,790 667 1,832 1,723 109 526 Michigan ....................... 48,482 19,846 13,694 11,981 1,713 5,617 4,961 655 536 Minnesota .................... 27,019 9,044 6,318 5,536 782 2,308 2,107 201 419 Mississippi .................... 11,886 4,098 2,508 2,175 333 1,346 1,123 222 244 Missouri ........................ 21,918 8,015 5,633 5,080 553 2,020 1,768 252 362 Montana ....................... 4,005 1,466 997 923 74 379 344 35 90 Nebraska ...................... 7,409 2,969 1,908 1,695 214 967 872 95 93 Nevada ......................... 8,584 2,560 1,919 1,579 340 583 522 61 57 New Hampshire ........... 5,092 1,806 1,336 1,231 104 413 375 38 58 New Jersey .................. 44,513 16,183 12,822 11,782 1,040 2,854 2,570 284 507 New Mexico ................. 8,777 3,108 1,885 1,638 247 1,100 990 110 122 New York ..................... 128,227 35,964 28,670 25,943 2,727 5,932 5,131 801 1,362 North Carolina .............. 33,826 11,925 7,504 6,519 985 3,940 3,461 479 481 North Dakota ................ 3,266 1,136 666 608 57 418 384 35 52 Ohio ............................. 50,572 18,253 12,783 11,657 1,126 4,497 3,853 643 973 Oklahoma ..................... 12,726 5,126 3,473 3,144 329 1,455 1,365 90 198 Oregon ......................... 17,021 5,878 3,845 3,526 319 1,783 1,590 193 250 Pennsylvania ................ 57,061 20,888 15,106 13,425 1,681 4,331 3,860 470 1,452 Rhode Island ................ 4,911 1,650 1,196 1,172 24 349 334 15 106 South Carolina ............. 17,070 6,104 4,138 3,517 621 1,678 1,499 179 288 South Dakota ............... 3,133 1,049 757 649 108 248 221 27 44 Tennessee ................... 22,441 7,297 5,008 4,420 588 2,042 1,669 372 248 Texas ........................... 81,312 32,852 23,747 20,185 3,561 8,347 7,461 886 758 Utah ............................. 9,863 3,841 2,262 1,954 308 1,429 1,227 202 150 Vermont ....................... 3,010 1,171 773 709 63 321 300 21 77 Virginia ......................... 30,074 11,071 7,623 6,998 625 3,002 2,653 350 446 Washington .................. 30,824 10,433 7,049 5,932 1,117 2,889 2,522 367 495 West Virginia ................ 7,999 2,864 1,981 1,809 172 716 668 48 167 Wisconsin ..................... 26,151 10,398 7,246 6,294 952 2,792 2,507 285 360 Wyoming ...................... 2,918 1,008 689 605 85 278 262 16 41 1 Includes state and local government expenditures for education services, social services and income maintenance, transportation, public safety, environment and housing, governmental administration, interest on general debt, and other general expenditures. Includes intergovernmental expenditure to the federal government. 2 Includes outlays for `` other education.'' 3 Includes assistance and subsidies to individuals and private elementary and secondary schools, and colleges and universities, as well as miscellaneous education expenditures NOTE: Current expenditure data in this table differ from figures appearing in other tables because of slightly varying definitions used in the Governmental Finances and Common Core of Data surveys. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared August 2001.) 37 ALL LEVELS: FINANCES Table 33.   Direct general expenditures per capita of state and local governments for all functions and for education, by level and state: 1997   98 State Total, all direct general expenditures per capita 1 Education expenditures Total Elementary and secondary education Colleges and universities Other education 2 Amount per capita As a percent of all functions Amount per capita As a percent of all functions Amount per capita As a percent of all functions Amount per capita As a percent of all functions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 United States .......... $ 4,864 $ 1,666 34.3 $ 1,177 24.2 $ 418 8.6 $ 72 1.5 Alabama ....................... 4,271 1,524 35.7 967 22.7 467 10.9 89 2.1 Alaska .......................... 10,992 2,491 22.7 1,882 17.1 513 4.7 96 0.9 Arizona ......................... 3,994 1,396 34.9 957 24.0 386 9.7 53 1.3 Arkansas ...................... 3,980 1,476 37.1 962 24.2 405 10.2 110 2.8 California ...................... 5,140 1,597 31.1 1,122 21.8 408 7.9 66 1.3 Colorado ....................... 4,653 1,721 37.0 1,131 24.3 546 11.7 44 0.9 Connecticut .................. 5,592 1,666 29.8 1,281 22.9 309 5.5 76 1.4 Delaware ...................... 5,447 2,023 37.1 1,195 21.9 667 12.2 161 3.0 District of Columbia ...... 8,541 1,448 17.0 1,323 15.5 125 1.5     Florida .......................... 4,460 1,319 29.6 992 22.2 278 6.2 48 1.1 Georgia ........................ 4,356 1,611 37.0 1,139 26.2 361 8.3 111 2.5 Hawaii .......................... 5,540 1,375 24.8 818 14.8 538 9.7 19 0.3 Idaho ............................ 4,212 1,564 37.1 1,065 25.3 442 10.5 57 1.4 Illinois ........................... 4,625 1,601 34.6 1,168 25.3 347 7.5 86 1.9 Indiana ......................... 4,157 1,732 41.7 1,125 27.1 538 12.9 69 1.7 Iowa .............................. 4,836 1,908 39.5 1,160 24.0 632 13.1 116 2.4 Kansas ......................... 4,295 1,656 38.6 1,083 25.2 520 12.1 54 1.3 Kentucky ...................... 4,222 1,417 33.6 891 21.1 425 10.1 101 2.4 Louisiana ...................... 4,553 1,452 31.9 983 21.6 389 8.5 81 1.8 Maine ........................... 4,914 1,627 33.1 1,232 25.1 331 6.7 63 1.3 Maryland ...................... 4,571 1,664 36.4 1,138 24.9 455 9.9 72 1.6 Massachusetts ............. 5,520 1,597 28.9 1,214 22.0 298 5.4 86 1.6 Michigan ....................... 4,937 2,021 40.9 1,394 28.2 572 11.6 55 1.1 Minnesota ..................... 5,717 1,914 33.5 1,337 23.4 488 8.5 89 1.5 Mississippi .................... 4,320 1,489 34.5 912 21.1 489 11.3 89 2.1 Missouri ........................ 4,031 1,474 36.6 1,036 25.7 372 9.2 67 1.7 Montana ....................... 4,553 1,666 36.6 1,133 24.9 430 9.5 102 2.2 Nebraska ...................... 4,461 1,787 40.1 1,149 25.8 582 13.0 56 1.3 Nevada ......................... 4,923 1,468 29.8 1,101 22.4 335 6.8 33 0.7 New Hampshire ........... 4,294 1,523 35.5 1,126 26.2 348 8.1 49 1.1 New Jersey .................. 5,498 1,999 36.4 1,584 28.8 353 6.4 63 1.1 New Mexico ................. 5,063 1,793 35.4 1,088 21.5 635 12.5 70 1.4 New York ..................... 7,061 1,981 28.0 1,579 22.4 327 4.6 75 1.1 North Carolina .............. 4,483 1,580 35.3 994 22.2 522 11.6 64 1.4 North Dakota ................ 5,121 1,781 34.8 1,044 20.4 656 12.8 82 1.6 Ohio .............................. 4,500 1,624 36.1 1,137 25.3 400 8.9 87 1.9 Oklahoma ..................... 3,811 1,535 40.3 1,040 27.3 436 11.4 59 1.6 Oregon ......................... 5,186 1,791 34.5 1,172 22.6 543 10.5 76 1.5 Pennsylvania ................ 4,754 1,740 36.6 1,259 26.5 361 7.6 121 2.5 Rhode Island ................ 4,972 1,671 33.6 1,211 24.4 353 7.1 107 2.1 South Carolina ............. 4,446 1,590 35.8 1,078 24.2 437 9.8 75 1.7 South Dakota ............... 4,288 1,436 33.5 1,035 24.2 340 7.9 61 1.4 Tennessee ................... 4,131 1,343 32.5 922 22.3 376 9.1 46 1.1 Texas ........................... 4,125 1,667 40.4 1,205 29.2 423 10.3 38 0.9 Utah .............................. 4,695 1,828 38.9 1,077 22.9 680 14.5 71 1.5 Vermont ........................ 5,096 1,983 38.9 1,309 25.7 543 10.7 131 2.6 Virginia ......................... 4,430 1,631 36.8 1,123 25.3 442 10.0 66 1.5 Washington .................. 5,419 1,834 33.8 1,239 22.9 508 9.4 87 1.6 West Virginia ................ 4,415 1,581 35.8 1,093 24.8 395 9.0 92 2.1 Wisconsin ..................... 5,008 1,991 39.8 1,387 27.7 535 10.7 69 1.4 Wyoming ...................... 6,079 2,099 34.5 1,436 23.6 578 9.5 85 1.4   Not available. 1 Includes state and local government expenditures for education services, social services and income maintenance, transportation, public safety, environment and housing, governmental administration, interest on general debt, and other general expenditures. Includes intergovernmental expenditure to the federal government. 2 Includes assistance and subsidies to individuals and private elementary and secondary schools, and colleges and universities, as well as miscellaneous education expenditures NOTE: Per capita amounts are based on population figures as of July 1, 1998, and are computed on the basis of amounts rounded to the nearest thousand. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared September 2001.) 38 ALL LEVELS: FINANCES Table 34.   Gross domestic product, state and local expenditures, personal income, disposable personal income, median family income, and population: 1929 to 2000 Year Gross domestic product, in billions State and local expenditures, 1 in millions Personal income, in billions Disposable personal income, in billions of chained 1996 dollars Disposable personal income per capita Median family income Population in thousands Current dollars Chained 1996 dollars All general expenditures Education expenditures Current dollars Chained 1996 dollars Annual averages of quarterly data 2 Resident population as of July 1 3 1929 ..................... $ 103.7 $ 822.2     $ 85.3 $ 672.3 $ 683 $ 5,516     121,767 1933 ..................... 56.4 603.3     46.9 510.7 365 4,063     125,579 1939 ..................... 92.0 903.5     73.1 732.3 545 5,589     130,880 1940 ..................... 101.3 980.7 $ 9,229 $ 2,638 78.6 781.1 581 5,912     132,122 1941 ..................... 126.7 1,148.8     96.3 899.0 703 6,739     133,402 1942 ..................... 161.8 1,360.0 9,190 2,586 123.8 1,012.4 880 7,507     134,860 1943 ..................... 198.4 1,583.7     152.4 1,057.9 990 7,737     136,739 1944 ..................... 219.7 1,714.1 8,863 2,793 166.3 1,096.1 1,072 7,920     138,397 1945 ..................... 223.0 1,693.3     171.9 1,081.5 1,087 7,729     139,928 1946 ..................... 222.3 1,505.5 11,028 3,356 179.5 1,074.4 1,145 7,599     141,389 1947 ..................... 244.4 1,495.1     192.1 1,035.2 1,194 7,183 $ 3,031   144,126 1948 ..................... 269.6 1,560.0 17,684 5,379 211.1 1,090.0 1,307 7,433 3,187   146,631 1949 ..................... 267.7 1,550.9     208.2 1,095.6 1,281 7,343 3,107   149,188 1950 ..................... 294.3 1,686.6 22,787 7,177 229.9 1,192.7 1,388 7,863 3,319   152,271 1951 ..................... 339.5 1,815.1     258.7 1,227.0 1,499 7,953 3,709   154,878 1952 ..................... 358.6 1,887.3 26,098 8,318 276.1 1,266.8 1,552 8,071 3,890   157,553 1953 ..................... 379.9 1,973.9 27,910 9,390 292.6 1,327.5 1,622 8,319 4,242   160,184 1954 ..................... 381.1 1,960.5 30,701 10,557 295.2 1,344.0 1,629 8,276 4,167   163,026 1955 ..................... 415.2 2,099.5 33,724 11,907 316.8 1,433.8 1,715 8,675 4,418   165,931 1956 ..................... 438.0 2,141.1 36,711 13,220 340.0 1,502.3 1,800 8,930 4,780   168,903 1957 ..................... 461.5 2,183.9 40,375 14,134 359.3 1,539.5 1,867 8,988 4,966   171,984 1958 ..................... 467.9 2,162.8 44,851 15,919 370.0 1,553.7 1,899 8,922 5,087   174,882 1959 ..................... 507.4 2,319.0 48,887 17,283 394.0 1,623.8 1,983 9,167 5,417 177,130 177,830 1960 ..................... 527.4 2,376.7 51,876 18,719 412.7 1,664.8 2,026 9,210 5,620 180,760 180,671 1961 ..................... 545.7 2,432.0 56,201 20,574 430.3 1,720.0 2,081 9,361 5,735 183,742 183,691 1962 ..................... 586.5 2,578.9 60,206 22,216 457.9 1,803.5 2,174 9,666 5,956 186,590 186,538 1963 ..................... 618.7 2,690.4 63,977 23,729 481.0 1,871.5 2,249 9,886 6,249 189,300 189,242 1964 ..................... 664.4 2,846.5 69,302 26,286 515.8 2,006.9 2,412 10,456 6,569 191,927 191,889 1965 ..................... 720.1 3,028.5 74,678 28,563 557.4 2,131.0 2,567 10,965 6,957 194,347 194,303 1966 ..................... 789.3 3,227.5 82,843 33,287 606.4 2,244.6 2,742 11,417 7,532 196,599 196,560 1967 ..................... 834.1 3,308.3 93,350 37,919 650.4 2,340.5 2,899 11,776 7,933 198,752 198,712 1968 ..................... 911.5 3,466.1 102,411 41,158 714.5 2,448.2 3,119 12,196 8,632 200,745 200,706 1969 ..................... 985.3 3,571.4 116,728 47,238 780.8 2,524.3 3,329 12,451 9,433 202,736 202,677 1970 ..................... 1,039.7 3,578.0 131,332 52,718 841.1 2,630.0 3,591 12,823 9,867 205,089 205,052 1971 ..................... 1,128.6 3,697.7 150,674 59,413 905.1 2,745.3 3,860 13,218 10,285 207,692 207,661 1972 ..................... 1,240.4 3,898.4 168,550 65,814 994.3 2,874.3 4,138 13,692 11,116 209,924 209,896 1973 ..................... 1,385.5 4,123.4 181,357 69,714 1,113.4 3,072.3 4,619 14,496 12,051 211,939 211,909 1974 ..................... 1,501.0 4,099.0 198,959 75,833 1,225.6 3,051.9 5,013 14,268 12,902 213,898 213,854 1975 ..................... 1,635.2 4,084.4 230,721 87,858 1,331.7 3,108.5 5,470 14,393 13,719 215,981 215,973 1976 ..................... 1,823.9 4,311.7 256,731 97,216 1,475.4 3,243.5 5,960 14,873 14,958 218,086 218,035 1977 ..................... 2,031.4 4,511.8 274,215 102,780 1,637.1 3,360.7 6,519 15,256 16,009 220,289 220,239 1978 ..................... 2,295.9 4,760.6 296,984 110,758 1,848.3 3,527.5 7,253 15,845 17,640 222,629 222,585 1979 ..................... 2,566.4 4,912.1 327,517 119,448 2,081.5 3,628.6 8,033 16,120 19,587 225,106 225,055 1980 ..................... 2,795.6 4,900.9 369,086 133,211 2,323.9 3,658.0 8,869 16,063 21,023 227,726 227,225 1981 ..................... 3,131.3 5,021.0 407,449 145,784 2,599.4 3,741.1 9,773 16,265 22,388 230,008 229,466 1982 ..................... 3,259.2 4,919.3 436,733 154,282 2,768.4 3,791.7 10,364 16,328 23,433 232,218 231,664 1983 ..................... 3,534.9 5,132.3 466,516 163,876 2,946.9 3,906.9 11,036 16,673 24,674 234,332 233,792 1984 ..................... 3,932.7 5,505.2 505,008 176,108 3,274.8 4,207.6 12,215 17,799 26,433 236,394 235,825 1985 ..................... 4,213.0 5,717.1 553,899 192,686 3,515.0 4,347.8 12,941 18,229 27,735 238,506 237,924 1986 ..................... 4,452.9 5,912.4 605,623 210,819 3,712.4 4,486.6 13,555 18,641 29,458 240,682 240,133 1987 ..................... 4,742.5 6,113.3 657,134 226,619 3,962.5 4,582.5 14,246 18,870 4 30,970 242,842 242,289 1988 ..................... 5,108.3 6,368.4 704,921 242,683 4,272.1 4,784.1 15,312 19,522 4 32,191 245,061 244,499 1989 ..................... 5,489.1 6,591.8 762,360 263,898 4,599.8 4,906.5 16,235 19,833 4 34,213 247,387 246,819 1990 ..................... 5,803.2 6,707.9 834,818 288,148 4,903.2 5,014.2 17,176 20,058 4 35,353 249,981 249,464 1991 ..................... 5,986.2 6,676.4 908,108 309,302 5,085.4 5,033.0 17,710 19,919 4 35,939 252,677 252,153 1992 ..................... 6,318.9 6,880.0 981,253 324,652 5,390.4 5,189.3 18,616 20,318 4 36,573 255,403 255,030 1993 ..................... 6,642.3 7,062.6 1,033,167 342,287 5,610.0 5,261.3 19,121 20,384 4 36,959 258,107 257,783 1994 ..................... 7,054.3 7,347.7 1,077,665 353,287 5,888.0 5,397.2 19,820 20,709 4 38,782 260,616 260,327 1995 ..................... 7,400.5 7,543.8 1,146,188 378,273 6,200.9 5,539.1 20,613 21,055 4 40,611 263,073 262,803 1996 ..................... 7,813.2 7,813.2 1,189,356 398,859 6,547.4 5,677.7 21,385 21,385 4 42,300 265,504 265,229 1997 ..................... 8,318.4 8,159.5 1,247,436 419,053 6,937.0 5,854.5 22,262 21,838 4 44,568 268,087 267,784 1998 ..................... 8,781.5 8,508.9 1,314,496 450,365 7,426.0 6,186.6 23,491 22,800 4 46,737 270,560 270,248 1999 ..................... 9,268.6 8,856.5     7,777.3 6,320.0 24,242 23,150 4 48,950 272,996 272,691 2000 ..................... 9,872.9 9,224.0     8,319.2 6,539.2 25,528 23,742   275,423 275,130   Not available.

1 Data for years prior to 1963 include expenditures for government fiscal years ending during that particular calendar year. Data for 1963 and later years are the aggregations of expenditures for government fiscal years which ended on June 30 of the stated year. General expenditures exclude expenditures of publicly owned utilities and liquor stores, and of insurance trust activities. Intergovernmental payments between state and local governments are excluded. Payments to the federal government are included.

2 Population of the United States including Armed Forces overseas; includes Alaska and Hawaii beginning 1960. Quarterly data are averages for the period. 3 Resident population of the United States; includes Alaska and Hawaii beginning 1958. Includes revisions based on the 1990 Census. 4 Revised methodology.

NOTE: Gross domestic product data are adjusted by the GDP chained weight price deflator. Personal income data are adjusted by the personal consumption deflator. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Money Income in the United States, Series P   60, No. 200; and Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business, and unpublished data. ( This table was prepared August 2001.) 39 ALL LEVELS: FINANCES Table 35.   Gross domestic product deflator, Consumer Price Index, education price indexes, and federal budget composite deflator: 1919 to 2001 Calendar year School year Federal fiscal year Year Gross domestic product chain weight deflator Consumer Price Index 1 Year Consumer Price Index 2 Higher Education Price Index Research and Development Index Academic Library Operations Index Year Federal budget composite deflator 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1919 ...........   17.3 1919   20 .......... 19.1       1919 ...........   1929 ........... 12.6 17.1 1929   30 .......... 17.1       1929 ...........   1934 ........... 9.9 13.4 1934   35 .......... 13.6       1934 ...........   1939 ........... 10.2 13.9 1939   40 .......... 14.0       1939 ...........   1940 ........... 10.3 14.0 1940   41 .......... 14.2       1940 ........... 0.1004 1941 ........... 11.0 14.7 1941   42 .......... 15.6       1941 ........... 0.1057 1942 ........... 11.9 16.3 1942   43 .......... 16.9       1942 ........... 0.1180 1943 ........... 12.5 17.3 1943   44 .......... 17.4       1943 ........... 0.1285 1944 ........... 12.8 17.6 1944   45 .......... 17.8       1944 ........... 0.1209 1945 ........... 13.2 18.0 1945   46 .......... 18.2       1945 ........... 0.1153 1946 ........... 14.7 19.5 1946   47 .......... 21.2       1946 ........... 0.1205 1947 ........... 16.3 22.3 1947   48 .......... 23.3       1947 ........... 0.1351 1948 ........... 17.3 24.1 1948   49 .......... 24.1       1948 ........... 0.1361 1949 ........... 17.3 23.8 1949   50 .......... 23.7       1949 ........... 0.1326 1950 ........... 17.4 24.1 1950   51 .......... 25.1       1950 ........... 0.1362 1951 ........... 18.6 26.0 1951   52 .......... 26.3       1951 ........... 0.1396 1952 ........... 19.0 26.5 1952   53 .......... 26.7       1952 ........... 0.1400 1953 ........... 19.2 26.7 1953   54 .......... 26.9       1953 ........... 0.1491 1954 ........... 19.5 26.9 1954   55 .......... 26.8       1954 ........... 0.1551 1955 ........... 19.7 26.8 1955   56 .......... 26.9       1955 ........... 0.1587 1956 ........... 20.4 27.2 1956   57 .......... 27.7       1956 ........... 0.1659 1957 ........... 21.1 28.1 1957   58 .......... 28.6       1957 ........... 0.1731 1958 ........... 21.6 28.9 1958   59 .......... 29.0       1958 ........... 0.1828 1959 ........... 21.9 29.1 1959   60 .......... 29.4       1959 ........... 0.1862 1960 ........... 22.2 29.6 1960   61 .......... 29.8 25.6 26.7   1960 ........... 0.1870 1961 ........... 22.4 29.9 1961   62 .......... 30.1 26.5 27.5   1961 ........... 0.1919 1962 ........... 22.7 30.2 1962   63 .......... 30.4 27.6 28.5   1962 ........... 0.1918 1963 ........... 23.0 30.6 1963   64 .......... 30.8 28.6 29.5   1963 ........... 0.1999 1964 ........... 23.3 31.0 1964   65 .......... 31.2 29.8 30.7   1964 ........... 0.2026 1965 ........... 23.8 31.5 1965   66 .......... 31.9 31.3 32.0   1965 ........... 0.2054 1966 ........... 24.5 32.4 1966   67 .......... 32.9 32.9 33.8   1966 ........... 0.2212 1967 ........... 25.2 33.4 1967   68 .......... 34.0 34.9 35.7   1967 ........... 0.2188 1968 ........... 26.3 34.8 1968   69 .......... 35.7 37.1 38.0   1968 ........... 0.2286 1969 ........... 27.6 36.7 1969   70 .......... 37.8 39.5 40.3   1969 ........... 0.2425 1970 ........... 29.1 38.8 1970   71 .......... 39.7 42.1 42.7   1970 ........... 0.2569 1971 ........... 30.5 40.5 1971   72 .......... 41.2 44.3 45.0   1971 ........... 0.2736 1972 ........... 31.8 41.8 1972   73 .......... 42.8 46.7 47.1   1972 ........... 0.2914 1973 ........... 33.6 44.4 1973   74 .......... 46.6 49.9 50.1   1973 ........... 0.3047 1974 ........... 36.6 49.3 1974   75 .......... 51.8 54.3 54.8   1974 ........... 0.3322 1975 ........... 40.0 53.8 1975   76 .......... 55.5 57.8 59.0 57.3 1975 ........... 0.3655 1976 ........... 42.3 56.9 1976   77 .......... 58.7 61.5 62.7 61.6 1976 ........... 0.3922 1977 ........... 45.0 60.6 1977   78 .......... 62.6 65.7 66.8 65.8 1977 ........... 0.4242 1978 ........... 48.2 65.2 1978   79 .......... 68.5 70.5 71.7 71.4 1978 ........... 0.4524 1979 ........... 52.2 72.6 1979   80 .......... 77.6 77.5 78.3 78.5 1979 ........... 0.4903 1980 ........... 57.1 82.4 1980   81 .......... 86.6 85.8 86.6 86.1 1980 ........... 0.5409 1981 ........... 62.4 90.9 1981   82 .......... 94.1 93.9 94.0 94.0 1981 ........... 0.5965 1982 ........... 66.3 96.5 1982   83 .......... 98.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 1982 ........... 0.6386 1983 ........... 68.9 99.6 1983   84 .......... 101.8 104.8 104.3 105.1 1983 ........... 0.6682 1984 ........... 71.4 103.9 1984   85 .......... 105.8 110.8 109.8 111.2 1984 ........... 0.7013 1985 ........... 73.7 107.6 1985   86 .......... 108.8 116.3 115.2 117.6 1985 ........... 0.7254 1986 ........... 75.3 109.6 1986   87 .......... 111.2 120.9 120.0 124.2 1986 ........... 0.7433 1987 ........... 77.6 113.6 1987   88 .......... 115.8 126.1 126.8 130.0 1987 ........... 0.7637 1988 ........... 80.2 118.3 1988   89 .......... 121.2 132.8 132.1 138.6 1988 ........... 0.7879 1989 ........... 83.3 124.0 1989   90 .......... 127.0 140.8 139.0 147.4 1989 ........... 0.8171 1990 ........... 86.5 130.7 1990   91 .......... 133.9 148.2 145.8 155.7 1990 ........... 0.8447 1991 ........... 89.7 136.2 1991   92 .......... 138.2 153.5 150.6 163.3 1991 ........... 0.8820 1992 ........... 91.9 140.3 1992   93 .......... 142.5 158.0 155.2 169.8 1992 ........... 0.9119 1993 ........... 94.1 144.5 1993   94 .......... 146.2 163.3 160.1 176.7 1993 ........... 0.9349 1994 ........... 96.0 148.2 1994   95 .......... 150.4 168.3 165.4 183.9 1994 ........... 0.9543 1995 ........... 98.1 152.4 1995   96 .......... 154.5 173.3 170.8 192.6 1995 ........... 0.9770 1996 ........... 100.0 156.9 1996   97 .......... 158.9 178.6     1996 ........... 1.0000 1997 ........... 102.0 160.5 1997   98 .......... 161.7       1997 ........... 1.0207 1998 ........... 103.2 163.0 1998   99 .......... 164.5       1998 ........... 1.0337 1999 ........... 104.7 166.6 1999   2000 ...... 169.3       1999 ........... 1.0512 2000 ........... 107.0 172.2 2000   01 .......... 175.1       2000 ........... 1.0779 2001 ...........     2001   02 ..........         2001 ........... 1.1062   Not available. 1 Index for urban wage earners and clerical workers through 1977; 1978 and later figures are for all urban consumers. 2 Consumer Price Index adjusted to a school year basis ( July through June).

NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. SOURCE: Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Indicators, August 2001; U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index; Research Associates of Washington, `` Inflation Measures for Schools and Colleges, 1990 Update,'' and unpublished data; and U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U. S. Government Fiscal Year 2002. ( This table was prepared August 2001.) 41 CHAPTER 2 Elementary and Secondary Education This chapter contains a variety of statistics on public and private elementary and secondary education. Data are presented for enrollments, teachers, schools, student performance, graduates, and expenditures These data are derived from surveys conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES) and other public and private organizations The variety of information ranges from counts of students and schools to opinions of teachers and students concerning the state of education today. New data on charter schools will appear in the 2002 edition of Digest of Education Statistics.

Enrollments Public elementary and secondary school enrollments increased by 6 percent from 1994 to 1999, but when examined separately, enrollment at the elementary and secondary levels exhibited different patterns Between 1994 and 1999, public elementary enrollment rose by 5 percent, while secondary enrollment increased by 9 percent ( table 40). Preprimary education ( nursery and kindergarten schools) enrollment has grown substantially. Preprimary enrollment of 3 to 5 year olds rose by 14 percent between 1990 and 2000. An important feature of the increasing participation of young children in preprimary schools is the increasing proportion in full day programs. In 2000, about 53 percent of the children attended preprimary school all day compared with 39 percent in 1990 ( table 43). Slowly increasing numbers and proportions of children are being served in programs for the disabled. During the 1990   91 school year, 11 percent of students were served in these programs compared with 13 percent in 1999   2000. Some of the rise since 1990   91 may be attributed to the increasing proportion of children identified as learning disabled, which rose from 5 percent of enrollment to 6 percent of enrollment in 1999   2000 ( table 52).

Teachers and Other School Staff During the 1970s and early 1980s, public school enrollment decreased, while the number of teachers rose. As a result, the public school pupil/ teacher ratio declined from 22.3 in 1970 to 17.9 in 1985. After 1985, the number of pupils per teacher continued downward, reaching 17.2 in 1990. The pupil/ teacher ratio was stable during the early 1990s, but began to decline again during the mid 1990s. By 2000, the pupil/ teacher ratio had decreased to an estimated 16.0 ( table 65). The pupil/ teacher ratio includes teachers for disabled students and other special teachers, who generally are excluded from class size calculations. The average size for public elementary classes in 1993   94 was 24.1 pupils compared to the pupil/ teacher ratio for teachers in elementary schools at 18.2 ( tables 64 and 69). In 1993   94, 73 percent of public school teachers were women, 33 percent were under 40, and 47 percent had a master's degree or above. By comparison about 75 percent of the 378,000 full time and part time private school teachers were women. About 42 percent of the private school teachers were under age 40, and 34 percent had a master's or higher degree ( table 68). New data from the Schools and Staffing Survey for 1999   2000 will be available through the NCES Web Site during the first half of 2002. Public school principals tended to be older and have more advanced credentials than teachers. Also, they were more likely to be male. About 7 percent of the public school principals were under age 40 and 99 percent had a master's degree or above. About 35 percent of the principals were women ( table 87). The average salary for public school teachers grew slowly during the 1990s, reaching $ 42,898 in 2000   01. After adjustment for inflation, teachers' salaries declined 1 percent between 1990   91 and 2000   01 ( table 77). The number of nonteaching staff employed by public schools grew at a faster rate than the number of pupils and teachers in the 1970s. Between 1970 and 1980, the proportion of total staff who were teachers declined from 60 percent to 52 percent ( table 80). From 1980 through 1999, the number of teachers grew at about the same rate as other public school staff. In 1999, there were 8.3 pupils per staff member ( total staff) compared with 9.8 pupils per staff member in 1980. In 1993, the number of pupils per staff member at private schools was 9.3 ( table 60). 42 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION Schools Over the past several decades, the trend to consolidate small schools has brought a large decline in the total number of public schools in the United States. In 1930, there were more than 247,000 public schools, compared with around 92,000 today. But this number has grown in recent years, with an increase of 7,550 schools between 1990   91 and 1999   2000 ( table 89). The shift in structure of public school systems toward middle schools ( grades 4, 5, or 6 to 6, 7, or 8) is continuing. The number of elementary schools rose by 9 percent to approximately 64,000 between 1990   91 and 1999   2000, but middle schools rose by 35 percent. Meanwhile, the number of junior high schools ( grades 7 to 8 and 7 to 9) declined by 22 percent ( table 95). Elementary enrollment has risen faster than the number of schools, with the average elementary school size increasing as a result. Elementary schools grew from an average of 449 students in 1990   91 to 477 in 1999   2000 ( table 97). During the same time period, the average secondary school size rose from 663 to 706. The rising numbers of alternative schools, which tend to be small, have mitigated the increase in the average size of secondary schools. The average size of regular secondary schools, which exclude alternative schools, special education, and vocational education schools, rose from 684 to 785 between 1990   91 and 1999   2000. Schools tend to be smaller in predominantly rural states, such as South Dakota, Montana, and Nebraska and larger in states with large urban populations such as Florida, California, and Hawaii ( tables 100 and 101).

Completions and Achievement The dropout rate among 16 to 24 year olds ( which counts General Education Development recipients as graduates) suggests some decreases over the past twenty years. This dropout rate includes all persons in the 16 to 24 year old age group regardless of when they dropped out. Between 1980 and 2000, the dropout rate declined from 14.1 percent to 10.9 percent ( table 108). The dropout rate statistic is based on the civilian noninstitutionalized population, which excludes persons in prisons and persons not living in households. Most of the student performance data in the Digest are drawn from the National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP). The NAEP assessments have been conducted using three basic designs. The main NAEP reports current information for the nation and specific geographic regions of the country. It includes students drawn from both public and nonpublic schools and reports results for student achievement at grades 4, 8, and 12. The main NAEP assessments follow the frameworks developed by the National Assessment Governing Board, and uses the latest advances i assessment methodology. Since 1990, the NAEP assessments have also been conducted on the state level. States that choose to participate receive assessment results that report on the performance of students in that state. In its content, the state assessment is identical to the assessment conducted nationally. However, because the national NAEP samples were not, and are not currently designed to support the reporting of accurate and representative state level results, separate representative samples of students are selected for each participating jurisdiction/ state. NAEP long term trend assessments are designed to give information on the changes in the basic achievement of America's youth since the early 1970s. They are administered nationally and report student performance at ages 9, 13, and 17 and in grades 4, 8, and 11 in writing. Measuring trends of student achievement or change over time requires the precise replication of past procedures. Therefore, the long term trend instrument does not evolve based on changes in curricula or in educational practices Long term trend data on student achievement has improved in a number of areas. An overall increase was seen in reading proficiency scores for 9 and 13 year olds from 1971, with 17 year olds scoring about the same in 1999 as in 1971. After significant gains during the 1970s, 9 year old reading proficiency remained stable, with the 1999 score about the same as 1980. Significant gaps in performance continue to exist between racial/ ethnic subgroups and between male and female students. Gender gaps favoring female students in reading at ages 13 and 17 were essentially the same in 1999 as in 1971. The gender gap favoring female 9 year olds was smaller in 1999 than in 1971 ( table 112). The results of assessments in average writing achievement from 1984 to 1996 reveal a shift at grades 4 and 8. After declining between 1984 and 1990, average performance at grade 8 increased, and by 1996 had again returned to the earlier level. Also, at grade 4 there was an increase in performance between 1990 and 1996, countering downward fluctuations in the 1980s, so that performance was essentially unchanged between 1984 and 1996. Overall grade 11 writing performance declined between 1984 and 1996. Females outperformed males at the 4th, 8th, and 11th grade levels ( table 119). Results from national assessments of mathematics achievement indicate a significant improvement at ages 9, 13, and 17 between 1973 and 1999. For 9 year olds, a period of stable performance during the 1970s was followed by an 11 point increase in aver 43 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION age scores from 1982 to 1990. For 13 year olds, an increase in average scores between 1978 and 1982 was followed by additional increases during the 1990s. The average score of 17 year olds declined between 1973 and 1982. After increasing between 1982 and 1992, scores have remained stable, but the 1999 average mathematics score was higher than 1973. The difference between males' and females average mathematics scores in 1999 was not statistically significant at any age ( table 124). Average science scores of 9 year olds declined between 1970 and 1973, then remained stable through 1982. Average scores rose 10 points between 1982 and 1992, but have been stable since then. Science scores for 13 year olds declined by 8 points from 1970 to 1977. Scores increased by 11 points between 1977 and 1992, but decreased slightly between 1992 and 1999. Science scores for 13 year olds in 1999 were about the same as in 1970. Science scores for 17 year olds fell by 22 points between 1969 and 1982, and then increased between 1982 and 1992. On average, 17 year olds in 1999 had higher science scores than their counterparts in 1990. However, the average science scores of 17 year olds in 1999 remain 10 points lower than 1969. Gender gaps favoring 17 year old males in science narrowed so that the gaps in the 1990s were smaller than those in the 1970s and early 1980s. The difference in the performance of male and female 13 year olds favored males in 1999. There was no significant difference in the performance of male and female 9 year olds ( table 130). The Scholastic Assessment Test ( SAT, formerly known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test) was not designed as an indicator of student achievement, but rather to help predict how well students will do in college Between 1990   91 and 2000   01, mathematics SAT scores increased by 14 points, while verbal scores rose by 7 points ( table 135). Over the past 12 years, the average number of science and mathematics courses completed by public high school graduates increased substantially. The mean number of mathematics courses ( Carnegie units) completed in high school rose from 2.6 in 1982 to 3.4 in 1998, and the number of science courses rose from 2.2 to 3.1. The average number of courses in vocational areas completed by all high school graduates dropped gradually, from 4.6 units in 1982 to 4.0 units in 1998. As a result of the increased academic course load, the proportion of students completing the recommendations of the 1983 National Commission on Excellence ( 4 units of English, 3 units of social studies, 3 units of science, 3 units of mathematics, 2 units of foreign language, and .5 units of computer science) rose from 2 percent in 1982 to 29 percent in 1998 ( tables 140 and 143).

School Violence About 57 percent of public schools reported a criminal incident to police in 1996   97, including a serious violent crime or a less serious crime such as a fight without weapons, theft, or vandalism. Ten percent of schools reported a serious violent crime to police and 47 percent reported only a less serious or nonviolent crime ( table 150).

Revenues and Expenditures The state share of revenues for public elementary and secondary schools grew steadily for many decades but this trend stopped in the late 1980s. Since then, the balance of revenues from state and local governments has fluctuated. Between 1988   89 and 1993   94, the state share fell from 47.8 to 45.2 percent while the local share rose. Between 1993   94 and 1998   99, the state share rose to 48.7 percent while the local share decreased. The federal share was 7.1 percent in 1998   99 ( table 157). The expenditure per student in public schools rose during the late 1980s, and again in the late 1990s after remaining stable during the first part of the 1990s. Between 1985   86 and 1990   91, current expenditures per student in fall enrollment grew 14 percent after adjustment for inflation. From 1990   91 to 1995   96, expenditures per student increased by less than 1 percent. Between 1995   96 and 2000   01 expenditure per student in fall enrollment rose 10 percent to $ 7,079 ( table 167). 44 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION Total preprimary enrollment Full day enrollment SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Preprimary Enrollment, various years; and U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, unpublished data. NOTE: Data for 1994 and later years were collected using new procedures and may not be comparable with figures for earlier years. 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Year 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 in millions Enrollment, Figure 7.   Preprimary enrollment of 3 to 5 year olds, by attendance status: October 1970 to October 2000 45 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 School year beginning 0 10 20 30 40 50 in millions Fall enrollment,

1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 School year beginning 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 in millions Teachers,

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Pupil/ teacher ratio Elementary Secondary 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 School year beginning 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 in billions Current expenditures, Figure 8.   Enrollment, number of teachers, pupil/ teacher ratios, and expenditures in public schools: 1960   61 to 2000   01 Number of teachers Pupil/ teacher ratio In constant 2000   01 dollars In current dollars SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education; and Common Core of Data surveys. Total $ 46 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION 1970   71 1975   76 1980   81 1985   86 1990   91 1995   96 2000   01 School year 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 Salary Figure 10.   Average annual salary for public elementary and secondary school teachers: 1970   71 to 2000   01 Constant 2000 01 dollars Current dollars SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data surveys. Figure 9.   Percentage change in public elementary and secondary enrollment, by state: Fall 1995 to fall 2000 Increase of more than 10 percent Increase of 5 to 10 percent Increase of less than 5 percent Decrease WA MT ND OR ID WY SD UT CA NV CO KS NE AZ NM OK AK MN IA MO AR TN NC LA FL MS AL GA WI IL KY IN OH WV PA NY VA DC ME VT NH MA CT SC MI HI RI DE MD NJ TX SOURCE: National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics, latest edition 2000   01. Copyright 2001 by the National Education Association. ( All rights reserved.) $ Percent change DC MD DE RI 47 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION 1970   71 1980   81 1990   91 School year 0 20 40 60 80 Percent of revenue Figure 11.   Sources of revenue for public elementary and secondary schools: 1970   71 to 1998   99 1970   71 1975   76 1980   81 1985   86 1990   91 1995   96 2000   01 School year 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 Per pupil expenditure Figure 12.   Current expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance in public elementary and secondary schools: 1970   71 to 2000   01 Local governments State governments Federal government Constant 2000   01 dollars Current dollars SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education; and Common Core of Data surveys.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education; and Common Core of Data surveys. $ 1998   99 48 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION: ENROLLMENT Table 36.   Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: 1869   70 to 1998   99 Item 1869   70 1879   80 1889   90 1899   1900 1909   10 1919   20 1929   30 1939   40 1949   50 1959   60 1969   70 1979   80 1989   90 1990   91 1997   98 1998   99 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Population, pupils, and instructional staff Total population, 1 in thousands .................. 38,558 50,156 62,622 75,995 90,490 104,514 121,878 131,028 149,188 177,830 201,385 224,567 246,819 249,464 267,784 270,248 Population aged 5   17 years, 1 in thousands ........................................... 11,683 15,066 18,473 21,573 24,011 27,571 31,414 30,151 30,223 43,881 52,386 48,041 44,947 45,325 50,505 50,915 Percent of total population 5   17 ................. 30.3 30.0 29.5 28.4 26.5 26.4 25.8 23.0 20.3 24.7 26.0 21.4 18.2 18.2 18.9 18.8 Total enrollment in elementary and secondary schools, in thousands 2 ......... 3 7,562 9,867 12,723 15,503 17,814 21,578 25,678 25,434 25,112 36,087 45,550 41,651 40,543 41,217 46,127 46,539 Kindergarten and grades 1   8,

in thousands .................................... 3 7,481 9,757 12,520 14,984 16,899 19,378 21,279 18,833 19,387 27,602 32,513 28,034 29,152 29,878 33,073 33,346 Grades 9   12, in thousands ................ 3 80 110 203 519 915 2,200 4,399 6,601 5,725 8,485 13,037 13,616 11,390 11,338 13,054 13,193 Enrollment as a percent of total population ............................................... 3 19.6 19.7 20.3 20.4 19.7 20.6 21.1 19.4 16.8 20.3 22.6 18.5 16.4 16.5 17.2 17.2 Enrollment as a percent of 5 to 17 year olds ............................................ 3 64.7 65.5 68.9 71.9 74.2 78.3 81.7 84.4 83.1 82.2 87.0 86.7 90.2 90.9 91.3 91.4 Percent of total enrollment in high schools ( grades 9   12 and postgraduate) ............ 3 1.1 1.1 1.6 3.3 5.1 10.2 17.1 26.0 22.8 23.5 28.6 32.7 28.1 27.5 28.3 28.3 High school graduates, in thousands .........     22 62 111 231 592 1,143 1,063 1,627 2,589 2,748 2,320 2,235 2,439 2,489 Average daily attendance, in thousands ..... 4,077 6,144 8,154 10,633 12,827 16,150 21,265 22,042 22,284 32,477 41,934 38,289 37,799 38,427 42,766 43,187 Total number of days attended by pupils enrolled, in millions ................................. 539 801 1,098 1,535 2,011 2,615 3,673 3,858 3,964 5,782 7,501 4 6,835         Percent of enrolled pupils attending daily ... 59.3 62.3 64.1 68.6 72.1 74.8 82.8 86.7 88.7 90.0 90.4 4 90.1         Average length of school term, in days ...... 132.2 130.3 134.7 144.3 157.5 161.9 172.7 175.0 177.9 178.0 178.9 4 178.5   179.8     Average number of days attended per pupil ......................................................... 78.4 81.1 86.3 99.0 113 121.2 143 151.7 157.9 160.2 161.7 4 160.8         Total instructional staff, in thousands .........           678 880 912 963 1,457 2,286 2,406 2,986 3,051 3,573 3,694 Supervisors, in thousands ......................           7 7 5                 Principals, in thousands .........................           14 31 32 43 64 91 106 126 127 126 129 Teachers, librarians, and other nonsupervisory instructional staff, 5 in thousands ....................................... 201 287 364 423 523 657 843 875 920 1,393 2,195 2,300 2,860 2,924 3,447 3,564 Men, in thousands .............................. 78 123 126 127 110 93 140 195 196 4 404 4 711 4782         Women, in thousands ......................... 123 164 238 296 413 585 703 681 724 4 989 4 1,484 4 1,518         Percent men ....................................... 38.7 42.8 34.5 29.9 21.1 14.1 16.6 22.2 21.3 4 29.0 4 32.4 4 34.0         Amounts in millions of current dollars Revenues and expenditures Total revenue receipts ................................     $ 143 $ 220 $ 433 $ 970 $ 2,089 $ 2,261 $ 5,437 $ 14,747 $ 40,267 $ 96,881 $ 208,548 $ 223,341 $ 325,926 $ 347,330 Federal government ...............................           2 7 40 156 652 3,220 9,504 12,701 13,776 22,202 24,522 State governments .................................           160 354 684 2,166 5,768 16,063 45,349 98,239 105,325 157,645 169,298 Local sources, including intermediate ....           808 1,728 1,536 3,116 8,327 20,985 42,029 97,608 104,240 146,078 153,510 Percent distribution of revenue receipts Federal government ...............................           0.3 0.4 1.8 2.9 4.4 8.0 9.8 6.1 6.2 6.8 7.1 State governments .................................           16.5 16.9 30.3 39.8 39.1 39.9 46.8 47.1 47.2 48.4 48.7 Local sources, including intermediate ....           83.2 82.7 68.0 57.3 56.5 52.1 43.4 46.8 46.7 44.8 44.2 Total expenditures for public schools ......... $ 63 $ 78 $ 141 $ 215 $ 426 $ 1,036 $ 2,317 $ 2,344 $ 5,838 $ 15,613 $ 40,683 $ 95,962 $ 212,770 $ 229,430 $ 334,315 $ 355,859 Current expenditures 6 ............................     114 180 356 861 1,844 1,942 4,687 7 12,329 7 34,218 7 86,984 7 188,229 7 202,038 7 285,485 7 302,874 Capital outlay 8 .......................................     26 35 70 154 371 258 1,014 2,662 4,659 6,506 17,781 19,771 36,168 39,527 Interest on school debt ...........................           18 93 131 101 490 1,171 1,874 3,776 4,325 7,777 8,196 Other current expenditures 9 ..................           3 10 13 36 133 636 10 598 2,983 3,296 4,884 5,263 Percent distribution of total expenditures Current expenditures 6 ............................     81.3 83.5 83.6 83.1 79.6 82.8 80.3 7 79.0 7 84.1 7 90.6 7 88.5 7 88.1 7 85.4 7 85.1 Capital outlay 8 .......................................     18.7 16.5 16.4 14.8 16.0 11.0 17.4 17.0 11.5 6.8 8.4 8.6 10.8 11.1 Interest on school debt ...........................           1.8 4.0 5.6 1.7 3.1 2.9 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.3 2.3 Other current expenditures 9 ..................           0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.6 10 0.6 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.5 49 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION: ENROLLMENT Table 36.   Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: 1869   70 to 1998   99   Continued Item 1869   70 1879   80 1889   90 1899   1900 1909   10 1919   20 1929   30 1939   40 1949   50 1959   60 1969   70 1979   80 1989   90 1990   91 1997   98 1998   99 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Amounts in current dollars Annual salary of instructional staff 11 .......... $ 189 $ 195 $ 252 $ 325 $ 485 $ 871 $ 1,420 $ 1,441 $ 3,010 $ 5,174 $ 9,047 12 $ 16,715 12 $ 32,638 12 $ 34,401 12 $ 41,243 12 $ 42,488 Personal income per member of labor force 1 .....................................................             1,734 1,324 3,397 5,763 9,671 19,831 37,134 38,964 50,896 53,939 Total school expenditures per capita of total population ....................................... 1.59 1.56 2.23 2.83 4.71 9.91 19.01 17.89 39 88 202 427 862 920 1,248 1,317 National income 1 per capita .......................             712 556 1,453 2,314 3,986 9,243 17,795 18,608 24,715 26,055 Current expenditure 6,13 per pupil in A. D. A. 14 ..............................................     13.99 16.67 27.85 53.32 86.70 88.09 210 375 816 2,272 4,980 5,258 6,676 7,013 Total expenditure 15 per pupil in A. D. A. ...... 15.55 12.71 17.23 20.21 33.23 64.16 108.49 105.74 260 471 955 2,491 5,550 5,885 7,703 8,118 National income per pupil in A. D. A. ............             4,082 3,307 9,724 12,671 19,142 54,209 116,195 120,805 154,759 163,044 Current expenditure per day 16 per pupil in A. D. A. 6 ...............................................     0.10 0.12 0.18 0.33 0.50 0.50 1.17 2.11 4.56 12.73         Total expenditure per day per pupil in A. D. A. ................................................. 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.14 0.21 0.40 0.63 0.60 1.46 2.65 5.34 13.95         Amounts in constant 1998   99 dollars Annual salary of instructional staff 11 ..........           $ 7,520 $ 13,650 $ 16,966 $ 20,913 $ 28,974 $ 39,407 12 $ 35,427 12 $ 42,294 12 $ 42,268 12 $ 41,957 12 $ 42,488 Personal income per member of labor force 1 .....................................................             16,673 15,584 23,603 32,271 42,127 42,031 48,121 47,874 51,777 53,939 Total school expenditures per capita of total population .......................................           86 183 211 272 492 880 906 1,117 1,130 1,270 1,317 National income 1 per capita .......................             6,846 6,551 10,092 12,958 17,362 19,590 23,060 22,864 25,143 26,055 Current expenditure 6,13 per pupil in A. D. A. 14 ..............................................           460 833 1,037 1,459 2,101 3,554 4,815 6,453 6,460 6,791 7,013 Total expenditure 15 per pupil in A. D. A. ......           554 1,043 1,245 1,809 2,638 4,160 5,280 7,192 7,231 7,836 8,118 National income per pupil in A. D. A. ............             39,238 38,940 67,563 70,954 83,379 114,895 150,573 148,431 157,438 163,044 Current expenditure per day 16 per pupil in A. D. A. 6 ...............................................           2.85 4.8 5.9 8.1 11.8 19.9 27.0         Total expenditure per day per pupil in A. D. A. .................................................           3.45 6.1 7.1 10.1 14.8 23.3 29.6           Not available.

1 Data on population and labor force are from the Bureau of the Census, and data on personal income and national income are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U. S. Department of Commerce. Population data through 1900 are based on total population from the decennial census. From 1909   10 to 1959   60, population data are total population,

including armed forces overseas, as of July 1. Data for later years are for resident population that excludes armed forces overseas.

2 Data for 1869   70 through 1959   60 are school year enrollment. Data for later years are fall enrollment.

3 Data for 1870   71.

4 Estimated by the National Center for Education Statistics.

5 Prior to 1919   20, data are for the number of different persons employed rather than number of positions.

6 Prior to 1919   20, includes interest on school debt.

7 Because of the modification of the scope of `` current expenditures for elementary and secondary schools,'' data for 1959   60 and later years are not entirely comparable with prior years.

8 Beginning in 1969   70, includes capital outlay by state and local school building authorities.

9 Includes summer schools, community colleges, and adult education. Beginning in 1959   60, also includes community services, formerly classified with `` current expenditures for elementary and secondary schools.''

10 Excludes community colleges and adult education. 11 Average includes supervisors, principals, teachers, and other nonsupervisory instructional staff.

12 Estimated by the National Education Association.

13 Excludes current expenditures not allocable to pupil costs.

14 `` ADA'' means average daily attendance in elementary and secondary schools.

15 Expenditure figure is the sum of current expenditures allocable to pupil costs, capital outlay, and interest on school debt.

16 Per day rates derived by dividing annual rates by average length of term.

NOTE: Kindergarten enrollment includes a relatively small number of nursery school pupils. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Beginning in 1959   60, data include Alaska and Hawaii. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems;

Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, FY 1980; Common Core of Data surveys; and Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President. ( This table was prepared November 2001.) 50 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ENROLLMENT Table 37.   Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by level and state: Fall 1986 to fall 2000 State or other area Fall 1986 Fall 1987 Fall 1988 Fall 1989 Fall 1990 Fall 1991 Fall 1992 Fall 1993 Fall 1994 Fall 1995 Fall 1996 Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United States .................... 39,753,172 40,008,213 40,188,690 40,542,707 41,216,683 42,046,878 42,823,312 43,464,916 44,111,482 44,840,481 45,611,046 Alabama ................................ 733,735 729,234 724,751 723,743 721,806 722,004 731,634 734,288 736,531 746,149 747,932 Alaska .................................... 107,848 106,869 106,481 109,280 113,903 118,680 122,487 125,948 127,057 127,618 129,919 Arizona .................................. 534,538 572,421 574,890 607,615 639,853 656,980 673,477 709,453 737,424 743,566 799,250 Arkansas ................................ 437,438 437,036 436,387 434,960 436,286 438,518 441,490 444,271 447,565 453,257 457,349 California ............................... 4,377,989 4,488,398 4,618,120 4,771,978 4,950,474 5,107,145 5,254,844 5,327,231 5,407,475 5,536,406 5,686,198 Colorado ................................ 558,415 560,236 560,081 562,755 574,213 593,030 612,635 625,062 640,521 656,279 673,438 Connecticut 5 ......................... 468,847 465,465 460,637 461,560 469,123 481,050 488,476 496,298 506,824 517,935 527,129 Delaware ............................... 94,410 95,659 96,678 97,808 99,658 102,196 104,321 105,547 106,813 108,461 110,549 District of Columbia ............... 85,612 86,435 84,792 81,301 80,694 80,618 80,937 80,678 80,450 79,802 78,648 Florida .................................... 1,607,320 1,664,774 1,720,930 1,789,925 1,861,592 1,932,131 1,981,407 2,040,763 2,111,188 2,176,222 2,242,212 Georgia .................................. 1,096,425 1,110,947 1,107,994 1,126,535 1,151,687 1,177,569 1,207,186 1,235,304 1,270,948 1,311,126 1,346,761 Hawaii .................................... 164,640 166,160 167,488 169,493 171,708 174,747 177,448 180,410 183,795 187,180 187,653 Idaho ...................................... 208,391 212,444 214,615 214,932 220,840 225,680 231,668 236,774 240,448 243,097 245,252 Illinois ..................................... 1,825,185 1,811,446 1,794,916 1,797,355 1,821,407 1,848,166 1,873,567 1,893,078 1,916,172 1,943,623 1,973,040 Indiana ................................... 966,780 964,129 960,994 954,165 954,525 956,988 960,630 965,633 969,022 977,263 982,876 Iowa ....................................... 481,286 480,826 478,200 478,486 483,652 491,363 494,839 498,519 500,440 502,343 502,941 Kansas ................................... 416,091 421,112 426,596 430,864 437,034 445,390 451,536 457,614 460,838 463,008 466,293 Kentucky ................................ 642,778 642,696 637,627 630,688 636,401 646,024 655,041 655,265 657,642 659,821 656,089 Louisiana ............................... 795,188 793,093 786,683 783,025 784,757 794,128 797,985 800,560 797,933 797,366 793,296 Maine ..................................... 211,752 211,817 212,902 213,775 215,149 216,400 216,453 216,995 212,601 213,569 213,593 Maryland ................................ 675,747 683,797 688,947 698,806 715,176 736,238 751,850 772,638 790,938 805,544 818,583 Massachusetts ....................... 833,918 825,320 823,428 825,588 834,314 846,155 859,948 877,726 893,727 915,007 933,898 Michigan ................................ 1,597,154 1,589,287 1,582,785 1,576,785 1,584,431 1,593,561 1,603,610 1,599,377 1,614,784 1,641,456 1,685,714 Minnesota .............................. 711,134 721,481 726,950 739,553 756,374 773,571 793,724 810,233 821,693 835,166 847,204 Mississippi ............................. 498,639 505,550 503,326 502,020 502,417 504,127 506,668 505,907 505,962 506,272 503,967 Missouri ................................. 800,606 802,060 806,639 807,934 816,558 842,965 859,357 866,378 878,541 889,881 900,517 Montana ................................. 153,327 152,207 152,191 151,265 152,974 155,779 160,011 163,009 164,341 165,547 164,627 Nebraska ............................... 267,139 268,100 269,434 270,920 274,081 279,552 282,414 285,097 287,100 289,744 291,967 Nevada .................................. 161,239 168,353 176,474 186,834 201,316 211,810 222,974 235,800 250,747 265,041 282,131 New Hampshire ..................... 163,717 166,045 169,413 171,696 172,785 177,138 181,247 185,360 189,319 194,171 198,308 New Jersey ............................ 1,107,467 1,092,982 1,080,871 1,076,005 1,089,646 1,109,796 1,130,560 1,151,307 1,174,206 1,197,381 1,227,832 New Mexico ........................... 281,943 287,229 292,425 296,057 301,881 308,667 315,668 322,292 327,248 329,640 332,632 New York ............................... 2,607,719 2,594,070 2,573,715 2,565,841 2,598,337 2,643,993 2,689,686 2,733,813 2,766,208 2,813,230 2,843,131 North Carolina ....................... 1,085,248 1,085,976 1,083,156 1,080,744 1,086,871 1,097,598 1,114,083 1,133,231 1,156,767 1,183,090 1,210,108 North Dakota ......................... 118,703 119,004 118,809 117,816 117,825 118,376 118,734 119,127 119,288 119,100 120,123 Ohio ....................................... 1,793,508 1,793,431 1,778,544 1,764,410 1,771,089 1,783,767 1,795,199 1,807,319 1,814,290 1,836,015 1,844,698 Oklahoma .............................. 593,183 584,212 580,426 578,580 579,087 588,263 597,096 604,076 609,718 616,393 620,695 Oregon ................................... 449,307 455,895 461,752 472,394 472,394 498,614 510,122 516,611 521,945 527,914 537,854 Pennsylvania ......................... 1,674,161 1,668,542 1,659,714 1,655,279 1,667,834 1,692,797 1,717,613 1,744,082 1,764,946 1,787,533 1,804,256 Rhode Island ......................... 134,690 134,800 133,585 135,729 138,813 142,144 143,798 145,676 147,487 149,799 151,324 South Carolina ....................... 611,629 614,921 615,774 616,177 622,112 627,470 640,464 643,696 648,725 645,586 652,816 South Dakota ......................... 125,458 126,817 126,910 127,329 129,164 131,576 134,573 142,825 143,482 144,685 143,331 Tennessee ............................. 818,073 823,783 821,580 819,660 824,595 833,651 855,231 866,557 881,425 893,770 904,818 Texas ..................................... 3,209,515 3,236,787 3,283,707 3,328,514 3,382,887 3,464,371 3,541,769 3,608,262 3,677,171 3,748,167 3,828,975 Utah ....................................... 415,994 423,386 431,119 438,554 446,652 456,430 463,870 471,365 474,675 477,121 481,812 Vermont ................................. 92,112 92,755 93,381 94,779 95,762 97,137 98,558 102,755 104,533 105,565 106,341 Virginia ................................... 975,135 979,417 982,393 985,346 998,601 1,016,204 1,031,925 1,045,471 1,060,809 1,079,854 1,096,093 Washington ............................ 761,428 775,755 790,918 810,232 839,709 869,327 896,475 915,952 938,314 956,572 974,504 West Virginia ......................... 351,837 344,236 335,912 327,540 322,389 320,249 318,296 314,383 310,511 307,112 304,052 Wisconsin .............................. 767,819 772,363 774,857 782,905 797,621 814,671 829,415 844,001 860,581 870,175 879,259 Wyoming ................................ 100,955 98,455 97,793 97,172 98,226 102,074 100,313 100,899 100,314 99,859 99,058 Bureau of Indian Affairs ........                       Department of Defense dependents schools 7 .........                     80,715 Outlying areas American Samoa ................... 11,055 11,248 11,764 12,258 12,463 13,365 13,994 14,484 14,445 14,576 14,766 Guam ..................................... 25,676 25,936 26,041 26,493 26,391 28,334 30,077 30,920 32,185 32,960 33,393 Northern Marianas .................   5,819 6,079 6,101 6,449 7,096 8,086 8,188 8,429 8,809 9,041 Puerto Rico ............................ 679,489 672,837 661,693 651,225 644,734 642,392 637,034 631,460 621,121 627,620 618,861 Virgin Islands ......................... 24,435 24,020 23,492 21,193 21,750 22,346 22,887 22,752 23,126 22,737 22,385 51 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ENROLLMENT Table 37.   Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by level and state: Fall 1986 to fall 2000   Continued State or other area Fall 1997 Fall 1998 Fall 1999 Estimated fall 2000 1 Total Kindergarten through grade 8 2 Grades 9 to 12 Total Kindergarten through grade 8 2 Grades 9 to 12 Total Kindergarten through grade 8 2 Grades 9 to 12 Total 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 United States .............. 46,126,897 33,073,110 13,053,787 46,538,585 33,345,801 13,192,784 46,857,321 33,488,158 13,369,163 3 47,159,681 Alabama .......................... 749,207 541,059 208,148 747,980 542,350 205,630 740,732 538,687 202,045 726,259 Alaska .............................. 132,123 95,649 36,474 135,373 96,979 38,394 134,391 95,601 38,790 135,869 Arizona ............................ 814,113 595,969 218,144 848,262 622,747 225,515 852,612 623,561 229,051 3 856,984 Arkansas ......................... 456,497 322,236 134,261 452,256 319,232 133,024 451,034 317,714 133,320 4 448,018 California ......................... 5,803,887 4,195,625 1,608,262 5,926,037 4,269,926 1,656,111 6,038,589 4,336,687 1,701,902 3 6,239,539 Colorado .......................... 687,167 494,463 192,704 699,135 501,449 197,686 708,109 506,568 201,541 4 724,508 Connecticut 5 ................... 535,164 394,290 140,874 544,698 399,381 145,317 553,993 403,913 150,080 562,138 Delaware ......................... 111,960 78,772 33,188 113,262 79,955 33,307 112,836 80,274 32,562 114,424 District of Columbia ......... 77,111 59,937 17,174 71,889 56,712 15,177 77,194 59,917 17,277 4 78,751 Florida ............................. 2,294,077 1,680,316 613,761 2,337,633 1,704,024 633,609 2,381,396 1,725,493 655,903 4 2,434,403 Georgia ............................ 1,375,980 1,010,551 365,429 1,401,291 1,029,386 371,905 1,422,762 1,044,030 378,732 1,444,937 Hawaii .............................. 189,887 136,390 53,497 188,069 134,685 53,384 185,860 133,250 52,610 4 184,360 Idaho ............................... 244,403 168,824 75,579 244,722 168,604 76,118 245,331 168,822 76,509 245,650 Illinois .............................. 1,998,289 1,438,329 559,960 2,011,530 1,451,579 559,951 2,027,600 1,462,234 565,366 2,048,197 Indiana ............................. 986,836 692,848 293,988 989,001 697,247 291,754 988,702 699,221 289,481 988,963 Iowa ................................. 501,054 338,454 162,600 498,214 336,696 161,518 497,301 335,919 161,382 497,301 Kansas ............................ 468,687 327,545 141,142 472,353 327,474 144,879 472,188 325,818 146,370 469,747 Kentucky .......................... 669,322 474,325 194,997 655,687 464,348 191,339 648,180 458,607 189,573 623,231 Louisiana ......................... 776,813 563,619 213,194 768,734 558,473 210,261 756,579 548,019 208,560 743,089 Maine ............................... 212,579 153,476 59,103 211,051 151,440 59,611 209,253 148,774 60,479 4 213,461 Maryland .......................... 830,744 601,992 228,752 841,671 606,560 235,111 846,582 607,125 239,457 853,406 Massachusetts ................ 949,006 696,487 252,519 962,317 704,624 257,693 971,425 706,251 265,174 4 985,000 Michigan .......................... 1,702,717 1,236,204 466,513 1,720,287 1,245,321 474,966 1,725,617 1,244,586 481,031 1,705,800 Minnesota ........................ 853,621 587,725 265,896 856,455 586,719 269,736 854,034 580,363 273,671 847,000 Mississippi ....................... 504,792 365,061 139,731 502,379 365,497 136,882 500,716 365,357 135,359 4 499,362 Missouri ........................... 910,613 649,862 260,751 913,494 650,839 262,655 914,110 648,758 265,352 897,081 Montana .......................... 162,335 111,951 50,384 159,988 109,535 50,453 157,556 107,490 50,066 155,860 Nebraska ......................... 292,681 201,684 90,997 291,140 199,754 91,386 288,261 197,014 91,247 286,176 Nevada ............................ 296,621 218,802 77,819 311,061 229,275 81,786 325,610 239,625 85,985 340,707 New Hampshire ............... 201,629 145,256 56,373 204,713 146,722 57,991 206,783 146,854 59,929 210,454 New Jersey ..................... 1,250,276 921,374 328,902 1,268,996 936,428 332,568 1,289,256 953,766 335,490 3 1,309,839 New Mexico ..................... 331,673 235,593 96,080 328,753 232,485 96,268 324,495 228,592 95,903 316,548 New York ......................... 2,861,823 2,011,243 850,580 2,877,143 2,028,167 848,976 2,887,776 2,033,748 854,028 2,940,000 North Carolina ................. 1,236,083 906,436 329,647 1,254,821 920,838 333,983 1,275,925 934,725 341,200 4 1,265,810 North Dakota ................... 118,572 80,330 38,242 114,927 76,926 38,001 112,751 74,968 37,783 4 105,635 Ohio ................................. 1,847,114 1,299,249 547,865 1,842,163 1,301,025 541,138 1,836,554 1,296,450 540,104 1,821,200 Oklahoma ........................ 623,681 444,774 178,907 628,492 447,906 180,586 627,032 446,719 180,313 625,577 Oregon ............................ 541,346 381,107 160,239 542,809 379,770 163,039 545,033 378,474 166,559 547,200 Pennsylvania ................... 1,815,151 1,266,419 548,732 1,816,414 1,267,226 549,188 1,816,716 1,262,181 554,535 1,811,030 Rhode Island ................... 153,321 111,773 41,548 154,785 112,483 42,302 156,454 113,520 42,934 6 158,141 South Carolina ................ 659,273 472,681 186,592 664,600 477,858 186,742 666,780 483,725 183,055 647,400 South Dakota .................. 142,443 97,930 44,513 132,495 90,887 41,608 131,037 89,590 41,447 128,133 Tennessee ....................... 893,044 653,385 239,659 905,454 664,582 240,872 916,202 664,393 251,809 4 905,100 Texas ............................... 3,891,877 2,832,461 1,059,416 3,945,367 2,868,209 1,077,158 3,991,783 2,895,853 1,095,930 4,033,697 Utah ................................. 482,957 328,978 153,979 481,176 328,522 152,654 480,255 329,185 151,070 4 475,269 Vermont ........................... 105,984 73,693 32,291 105,120 73,257 31,863 104,559 72,276 32,283 104,001 Virginia ............................ 1,110,815 807,160 303,655 1,124,022 815,266 308,756 1,133,994 817,143 316,851 3 1,144,054 Washington ..................... 991,235 694,491 296,744 998,053 695,950 302,103 1,003,714 694,750 308,964 3 1,009,407 West Virginia ................... 301,419 207,011 94,408 297,530 205,840 91,690 291,811 203,475 88,336 285,169 Wisconsin ........................ 881,780 603,708 278,072 879,542 600,703 278,839 877,753 596,439 281,314 876,243 Wyoming ......................... 97,115 65,613 31,502 95,241 63,940 31,301 92,105 61,654 30,451 4 89,553 Bureau of Indian Affairs ..             49,076 37,450 11,626   Department of Defense dependents schools 7 .. 78,254 63,430 14,824 78,170 63,209 14,961 107,585 90,048 17,537   Outlying areas American Samoa ............. 15,214 11,764 3,450 15,372 11,806 3,566 15,477 11,899 3,578 3 15,583 Guam ............................... 32,444 23,976 8,468 32,222 23,858 8,364 32,951 24,151 8,800 3 33,696 Northern Marianas .......... 9,246 7,184 2,062 9,498 7,420 2,078 9,692 7,594 2,098 4 1,004 Puerto Rico ..................... 617,157 453,539 163,618 613,862 451,943 161,919 613,019 447,204 165,815 3 612,177 Virgin Islands ................... 22,136 15,835 6,301 20,976 15,198 5,778 20,866 14,821 6,045 20,757   Not available.

1 Data estimated by state education agencies. Data differ from projections appearing in other tables.

2 Includes a number of prekindergarten students.

3 Data imputed by the National Center for Education Statistics based on previous year's data.

4 Actual data reported by state.

5 Data beginning in 1986, include state vocational/ technical schools. 6 Early estimate number reported by state, adjusted by the National Center for Education Statistics. 7 The Department of Defense dependents schools includes only overseas schools through 1998. Data for 1999 includes both overseas and domestic schools.

NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures.