2. A large evergreen tree that grows to a height of 15 to 25 meters (49 to 82 feet).  The trunk is straight and 30 to 80 centimeters (12 to 31 inches) in diameter.  Bark is greyish-brown to dark brown, rough, uneven and scaly with white hairs that are up to 0.05 centimeters (0.02 inch) long.  The dense canopy is dome-shaped and 3.5 to 7 meters (12 to 23 feet) in diameter in mature trees.  The tree has a long taproot.  All parts of the tree produce milky white latex.  Native to southeast Asia, specifically India, Malaysia and Sri Lanka.  A close relative to the jackfruit.  Dark green leaves are glossy, hairy, obovate to elliptic in shape, wedge-shaped to rounded at the base, pointed at the tip, and 4 to 25 centimeters (2 to 10 inches) long by 2 to 12 centimeters (0.8 to 5 inches) wide.  On horizontal branches, leaves are arranged alternately and on ascending branches, leaves are arranged spirally.  Wiry, brown hairs less than 0.3 centimeters (0.1 inch) long occur on the stipules, twigs and leaves.  The leaf stalk is 1 to 3 centimeters (0.4 to 1.2 inches) long.  Inflorescences are similar to breadfruit flowers and are solitary, axillary, cauliflorous, or ramiflorous on leafy shoots.  Both male and female flowers are contained on the same tree.  The male inflorescence is cylindrical, whitish-yellow, 3 to 5.5 centimeters (1.2 to 2.2 inch) long, 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) in diameter and contains a 3 to 6 centimeter (1.2 to 2.4 inch) long peduncle.  Male flower heads are located on peripheral shoots.  The female inflorescence contains a simple filiform style that is 0.15 centimeters (0.06 inch) in size.  Female flower heads are located on cauliflorous shoots.  Flowers are pollinated by nocturnal insects.  Yellowish, brown, or orange-green fruit a syncarp that is pear, cylindrical, or round in shape, 20 to 35 centimeters (8 to 14 inches) long, 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) in diameter, and about 10 to 20 kilograms (22 to 44 pounds) in weight.  Each achene is one-seeded.  Fruit can contain hundreds of kidney-shaped seeds.  Fruit hangs on a 5 to 10 centimeter (2 to 4 inch) thick stalk.  The rind is fairly smooth, thick and rubbery.  When young, the skin is pale to dark green.  Pulp is yellow in color, juicy and creamy.  The flavor is sweet to strong.  Compared to the jackfruit, the champedak contains smaller fruit, a thinner rind and more juicy dark yellow flesh.  Fruit contains a musky, rancid cheese smell that in some opinions is slightly less objectionable than durian fruit (PERENNIAL, JANICK, AGROFORESTRY, TRADE WINDS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering can occur any time during the year, but main flowering occurs from February to April and August to October in peninsular Malaysia, July to August in Western Java, and September to October in Australia.  Ripening occurs from September to December in Western Java.  Fruit matures in 3 to 6 months.  Champedak can be biennial in bearing fruit.  The tree is more seasonal than jackfruit.  The juvenile period is 3 to 6 years from seed and 2 to 4 years from clones  (JANICK, AGROFORESTRY).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires warm to hot, wet, tropical climate with mean temperatures of 3 to 47 °C (37 to 117 °F).  Grows at elevations of 0 to 1,200 meters (0 to 3,937 feet).  Prefers full sun, areas with evenly distributed rainfall of 125 to 250 centimeters (49 to 98 inches) and well-drained, uneroded soils with high silica and aluminum content.  Grows as an understory tree in secondary and primary forests in lowland tropical rainforests.  Tolerates temporary waterlogging and partial shade.  Does not tolerate frost and drought, and wind.  Propagation is by seed and grafting.  Seed should be planted immediately once removed from ripe fruit.  Seeds should be cleaned with water before planting.  Seedlings should be grown in shade and should be transplanted in 1 year.  Plants should be planted at the beginning of the rainy season and should be spaced 12 to 14 meters (39 to 46 feet) apart.  Pruning and fertilization can be done to mature trees.  Fruit are mature when yellowish brown in color, a strong odor is emitted, and a dull hollow sound is heard when the fruit is tapped.  Mature fruit are harvested by cutting the peduncle, draining the latex and wrapping fruit in palm leaves or bags.  Fruit is important in the native area; widely grown in Southern Thailand and peninsular Malysia; cultivated in Indonesia, including Sumatra, Borneo, Sulawesi, the Moluccas and Irian Jaya as well as in Western Java.  Extensive small planting occurs in Jamaica, Kenya, and Zanzibar (PERENNIAL, JANICK, AGROFORESTRY).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit shelf life is only 2 to 3 days, so fruit is rapidly shipped to market.  Mature fruit can be stored at 10 to 12 °C (50 to 54 °F) for 2 to 3 weeks.  Young fruit is sold canned (JANICK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Ripe fruit pulp is consumed fresh, preserved in simple sugar syrup, made into ice cream, or cooked with other foods.  The seeds can be cooked.  Unripe fruit is consumed as a vegetable and can be used in curry, pickled or canned (PERENNIAL, JANICK, AGROFORESTRY).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  The seeds and fruit are high in starch (JANICK, AGROFORESTRY).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos:
4. Production in U.S.:  Hawaii (JANICK).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Thailand, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, western New Guinea, region of Malesia (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore); Southeast Asia, Vietnam, Tropical Asia, Jamaica, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zanzibar, Australia; commercial yields average 70 to 100 kilograms (154 to 220 pounds) per tree per year; champedak yields are similar to jackfruit yields (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK, AGROFORESTRY).
6. Use:  Fruit and seeds are consumed; wood for fuel and construction; leaves used for fodder; ripe fruit fed to cattle; bark used for making rope; resin used as a varnishing material; yellow dye from bark (GRIN, AGROFORESTRY).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition: None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, AGROFORESTRY, TRADE WINDS.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  	ABFIN
                                      143
1. Cherimoya	[(Chirimoya, Chirimólia, custard-apple, chérimolier, atemóia, cherimóia, chirimoyo (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Annonaceae
      Annona cherimola Mill. [(syn: Annona pubescens Salisb., Annona tripetala Aiton (GRIN))]
2. A subtropical, erect, low-branched, dense, shrubby or spreading tree that grows 3 to 10 meters (10 to 33 feet) tall.  Fast-growing.  Young branchlets are rusty-hairy.  Native to South America, particularly the highland Andes' valleys of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia and Bolivia.  Fruit has been cultivated in South America since ancient times and is considered the best of the annonas.  A staple food in South and Central America.  Deep green leaves are deciduous (before spring flowering), alternate, 2-ranked, hairy on the upper surface, velvety underneath, ovate, elliptic or ovate lanceolate in shape, short blunt-pointed at the tip, and 7.5 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) long by 3.8 to 8.9 centimeters (1.5 to 3.5 inches) wide.  Petioles are hairy and 0.6 to 1.25 centimeters (0.2 to 0.5 inches) long.  Fragrant yellowish flowers are solitary or in groups of two to three on short, hairy stalks.  Each flower contains three outer petals that are greenish, fleshy, oblong, downy and 3 centimeters (1 inch) long, and three inner petals that are smaller and pinkish in color.  Individual flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs.  Pollination is done by Nitidulid beetles and hand pollination.  Solitary compound yellow-green fruit is conical or heart-shaped, 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long, up to 10 centimeters (4 inches) wide, 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) in diameter and 150 to 2,000 grams (0.3 to 4 pounds) in weight.  The skin can be thin to thick, smooth with fingerprint-like markings or rough with conical or rounded protuberances.  Immature fruit is greyish green.  Fruit contains spirally arranged carpels that resemble a raspberry.  Each flesh segment surrounds a seed.  Pulp is white in color, fragrant and juicy.  The flavor is sweet and fruity to subacid.  Each fruit contains many seeds that are glossy, hard, brown to black in color, bean-like and 1.25 to 2 centimeters (0.5 to 0.8 inch) long.  Many cultivars exist with varying leaf and fruit types (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LOVE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, CRFG, ECOCROP, TRADE WINDS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs from April to May in Florida.  In some areas such as India, flowering can occur twice per year.  Fruit matures in 150 days.  In California, fruit ripen October to May.  Fruit production occurs in 3 to 6 years from seed and 3 to 4 years from grafts (PERENNIAL, CRFG).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires tropical highlands, a cool subtropical climate, or mild-temperate climate.  Does not produce fruit well in hot, humid tropics and lowland conditions.  Grows well at 18 to 25 °C (64 to 77 °F); prefers long days, full sun, and cool nights.  Trees require chilling periods and do well in areas with dry periods or seasons.  Prefers well-distributed medium rainfall of 125 to 250 centimeters (49 to 98 inches) and elevations of 1,200 to 2,000 meters (3,937 to 6,562 feet).  Rainfall and high humidity during peak flowering season can aid fruit production.  Tolerates a number of soil types including sandy soil to clay loams; trees prefer rich, well-drained, uniformly moist, sandy to sandy loam soils with a pH of 6.5 to 7.6.  Young trees do not tolerate frost, while older trees show some tolerance to light frost.  Tolerates drought.  Does not tolerate wind or standing water.  Propagation is by seed and grafting.  Seeds should be planted directly after being removed from the fruit.  Germination takes approximately 30 days.  Gibberellic acid aids germination.  Side whip graft and cleft graft techniques provide the best grafting results.  Orchard trees should be planted 6 to 9 meters (20 to 30 feet) apart.  Trees for commercial production should be pruned when dormant and fertilized.  Fruit should be harvested when mature and firm.  Fruit must be clipped from the branch and should be pre-cooled as soon as possible to 12 to 15 °C (54 to 59 °F).  Fruit can be stored at 10 to 13 °C (50 to 55 °F) and 90 to 95% relative humidity for 2 to 3 weeks (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LOVE, MORTON, CRFG, AGROFORESTRY).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit is shipped to wholesale markets around the world including the U.S.; most fruit is grown and sold in California; short shelf life (LOVE, JANICK, MORTON, CRFG, TRADE WINDS).

      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is consumed fresh out of hand or scooped with a spoon.  Fruit can be easily broken or cut open.  Fruit is also made into ice cream, sherbets, soft drinks, alcoholic beverage, fruit salads, custards and pies; used to flavor flan and mousse; a dessert fruit (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is nutritious; high in calories and fiber; fair to good source of niacin and vitamin C; the seeds are toxic (JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Seeds are used to induce vomiting and kill lice and other parasites.  A decoction of the fruit skin is used to aid pneumonia (MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos:
4. Production in U.S.:  California coastal areas, Florida and to a limited extent in Hawaii; less than 40 hectares (100 acres) are grown in California (MARKLE, PERENNIAL, MORTON).
5. Other commercial production regions:  South America, Central America, Mexico, the Caribbean Islands, the African coast, the Mediterranean including Spain and Italy, Israel, Philippines, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, Singapore; cultivated elsewhere in the tropics and subtropics.  Most commercial production occurs in Spain, Bolivia, Chile, Peru, and New Zealand.  World production in 1998 was approximately 100,000 tonnes (110,231 tons).  Spain grew 3,600 hectares (8,896 acres) that yielded 35,000 tonnes (38,581 tons); Peru grew 1,800 hectares (4,448 acres) that yielded 15,000 tonnes (16,535 tons); Chile grew 1,200 hectares (2,965 acres) that yielded 12,000 tonnes (13228 tons).  Trees that are not artificially pollinated can produce 25 or more fruit per season.  Hand pollination can produce up to 100 fruit per tree (GRIN, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, LOVE, MORTON, AGROFORESTRY).
6. Use:  The fruit is generally consumed fresh or made into desserts; medicinal purposes; backyard tree; seeds are used as an insecticide; dried flowers are used as a flavoring for snuff (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, LOVE, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed: Fruit pulp, the pulp's flavor is of the finest among tropical fruits, with a taste of pineapple, mango, papaya, and vanilla custard.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group: 006 (FI 0331) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits-inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  Sugar apple = cherimoya
10. References: GRIN, MARKLE, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, LOVE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, CRFG, ECOCROP, TRADE WINDS, AGROFORESTRY.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 3, 10 and 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  ANUCH

1.  Cupuaçú [(copoasu, cupuassú, copoasú (GRIN))]
      Malvaceae.  Also placed in:  Sterculiaceae
      Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) K. Schum.
2. A medium-sized tree growing to a height of 6 to 30 meters (20 to 98 feet).  Cultivated plants grow 6 to 8 meters (20 to 26 feet) tall and 7 meters (23 feet) in diameter.  The tree exhibits a dimorphic type of growth.  Native to the Brazilian Amazon.  A relative of Theobroma cacao.  A pre-Colombian crop.  Dark green, leathery leaves are simple, alternate, pubescent on the upper leaf surface, grey underneath, and 25 to 35 centimeters (10 to 14 feet) long by 5 to 15 centimeters (2 to 6 feet) wide.  Fruit contain short petioles.  New leaves are reddish when young.  Cymose inflorescences are axillar or extra-axillary, and contain one to five flowers.  Individual flowers contain five thick, triangular fleshy sepals, 5 stamens, and five reddish to purple petals.  An obligate cross-pollinated species.  Brown fruit is a drupe that is ellipsoid or obovoid-ellipsoid in shape, rounded at the ends, and 12 to 25 centimeters (5 to 10 feet) long by 10 to 12 centimeters (4 to 5 inches) in diameter and 200 to 5,000 grams (0.4 to 11 pounds) in weight.  Each fruit contains a short, thick peduncle.  The epicarp is hard, smooth, woody and 0.2 to 0.4 centimeters (0.08 to 0.2 inch) thick.  Pulp is yellowish to whitish in color, soft, creamy, fibrous, juicy or spongy.  The flavor is subacid, strong, and tropical.  Individual fruit contain 15 to 50 ovoid to ellipsoid-ovoid flattened seeds that measure 2 to 3 centimeters (0.8 to 1.2 inches) long, 2 to 2.5 centimeters (0.8 to 1 inch) broad and 1 to 1.2 centimeters (0.4 to 0.5 inch) thick.  An important crop in its native area; one of the most popular fruit species in Eastern Amazonia.  Fruit are beginning to be industrial processed and commercialized (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NAGY, GIACOMETTI).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  In natural Amazonian conditions, the tree blooms in the dry season of July to December.  Fruiting occurs from August to May, with the major peak from January to March (the rainy season).  In commercial crop production, the tree produces fruit continuously.  Fruit take 4 to 4.5 months to develop from pollination (JANICK, NAGY).
      b. Cultivation:  Prefers hot, wet tropical lowlands.  Distributed in high and lowland rainforests from the Amazon basin to Southern Mexico.  Prefers mean annual temperatures of 21 to 28 °C (70 to 82 °F), relative humidity of 64 to 93%, annual rainfall of 190 to 310 centimeters (75 to 122 inches), and well drained fertile Amazon soils.  Also grown on upland, semi-flooded soils and floodplains with heart-of-palm and açai.  Found at elevations of 0 to 1,000 meters (3,281 feet).  Most propagation is by seed.  Pulp must be removed from the seeds before planting in a sand and sawdust mixture.  Germination occurs between 25 and 30 °C (77 to 86 °F) 13 to 25 days after sowing.  Grafting can be done in seedless varieties.  Seedlings should be planted in double rows that are 40 centimeters (16 inches) apart.  Partial shade is required during establishment in the field.  Shade is also needed for trees planted in areas with long dry seasons.  When mature (eight mature leaves and 30 centimeters (12 inches) tall), trees can be planted 6 meters (20 feet) apart in areas with low levels of shade.  Commercial trees should be pruned once per year and fertilized.  When mature, fruit abscise from the tree.  Color changes do not occur when fruit reach maturity.  Instead, fruit aroma increases when ripe (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NAGY, GIACOMETTI, ECOCROP).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit was once restricted to local Amazonian markets but the recent increase in production allowed for the fruit to reach international markets.  Frozen pulp is exported to large populations in southern Brazil and Europe.  Several industries are developing cupuassu products including chocolate (JANICK, NAGY).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp can be consumed fresh and in beverages.  Due to the strong flavor, fruit is not usually consumed fresh.  Used in juices, ice creams, sherberts, jams, candies, desserts, confectionary fillings, preserves, and liquors.  The pulp is traditionally extracted manually with a pair of scissors.  Mechanical depulpers are used in commercial operations.  A mild thermal treatment is used to stabilize the juice at room temperature.  A product similar to cocoa powder (cupulate) can be obtained from fermented seeds.  This is used in ice creams and cakes (PERENNIAL, JANICK).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  The seed pulp is very acidic, low in sugar, and contains reasonable levels of total vitamin C, starch and pectin.  Pulp contains low levels of proteins and fats.  Seeds contain protein and fat.  Cupuassu contains less saturated fat than cocoa (JANICK, NAGY).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos:
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other production regions:  An important crop in northern Brazil; common in the Amazon; small scale production occurs in Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Mexico, and Bolivia; cultivated elsewhere in the tropics; grown experimentally in Trinidad, Ecuador, French Guyana, Martinique, São Tome, Ghana, Costa Rica, Malaysia, and Australia.  More than 30,000 hectares (74,132 acres) are cultivated in the Amazon region.  Of this, 14,000 hectares (34,595 acres) are located in Pará, Brazil.  Over 8,000 hectares (19,768 acres) have been established since 1998 in Pará, Brazil.  In 2002, fruit production was 30,000 tonnes (33,069 tons) in 7,700 hectares (19,027 acres).  Fruit yields are highly variable, but an average annual yield of 15 kilograms (33 pounds) of fruit/plant/year occurs in well-maintained orchards (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK, GIACOMETTI).
6. Use:  Food additive (flavoring), beverage base, material (lipids), medicinal purposes; grown in botanical
and experimental gardens (GRIN, JANICK).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:   Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits-inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, NAGY, GIACOMETTI, ECOCROP.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  THOGR

                                      215
1. Custard apple [(Anona, Ramphal, bullock's-heart, ox-heart, annone réticulée, coeur de boeuf, Netzannone, Ochsenherz, biribá, fruta-de-condessa, fruta-do-conde, anona corazón, corazón de buey, mamán (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Annonaceae
      Annona reticulata L. [(syn: Annona lutescens Saff. (GRIN))]
2.  A low, erect tree with a rounded, spreading, open or irregular crown that grows 4.5 to 10 meters (15 to 33 feet) tall.  The trunk is 25 to 36 centimeters (10 to 14 inches) thick.  Native to tropical America, specifically the West Indies.  Leaves are deciduous, alternate, smooth, slender, long, narrow, oblong, oblong-lanceolate, lanceolate, or narrow-lanceolate in shape, pointed at the tip, and 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long by 2 to 5 centimeters (0.75 to 2 inches) wide.  When crushed, leaves emit an unpleasant odor.  Fragrant, slender flowers are in drooping clusters of three to four and are light-green externally and pale-yellow with a dark-red to purple spot internally.  Individual flowers contain 3 outer petals that are fleshy, narrow, oblong linear in shape, and 2 to 3 centimeters (0.75 to 1.25 inches) long and three small, inner scale-like ovate petals.  Reddish, brown or yellow compound fruit grows solitary on the tree and is ovoid, heart-shaped, lopsided, round, or oblate in shape.  Fruit contains a deep or shallow depression at the base, and measures 8 to 16 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) in diameter, and 400 to 1,000 grams (0.9 to 2 pounds) in weight.  The skin is thin, tough, and faintly, moderately, or distinctly reticulated.  Pulp is white in color, thick, creamy, custard-like, somewhat granular.  Fruit segments contain a single hard, dark-brown to black, 1.3 centimeter (0.5 inch), oblong, smooth, glossy seed.  Each fruit contains 50 to 80 seeds and a pointed, fibrous central core that is attached to the thick stem.  The flavor is sweet to bland (PERENNIAL, MORTON, GIACOMETTI, POPENOE).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs from May to June in Florida.  In many areas, fruiting occurs in late winter and spring.  Fruit matures in approximately 200 days.  Fruit production occurs in 4 to 5 years (PERENNIAL, MORTON).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot tropical lowlands, coastal lowlands, or a subtropical climate with medium to high rainfall.  Prefers cooler winters, elevations lower than 1,524 meters (5,000 feet), and low-lying, deep, rich, moist, well-drained soil.  Tolerant of light frost and various soil types.  Not tolerant of drought.  Propagation is by seed, inarching, budding, and grafting.  Trees can be mulched, fertilized, pruned and irrigated.  Fruit are harvested when there is no green color (PERENNIAL, MORTON).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit is sold in local markets of South America and Central America (MORTON, GIACOMETTI).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is consumed fresh and in desserts.  In India, fruit is consumed out-of-hand only by the lower classes.  In Central America, Mexico and the West Indies, fruit is consumed by all classes.  When soft to the touch and the stem and core can be easily pulled out, the flesh is scooped from the skin and consumed or served with cream and sugar.  Pulp can be pressed through a sieve and used to flavor milk shakes, custards, puddings, sauces, or ice cream (PERENNIAL, MORTON, ECOCROP).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is a good source of vitamin C.  The kernels are very toxic.  Seeds, leaves and young fruits are insecticidal (PERENNIAL, MORTON).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  A leaf decoction is used to remove intestinal worms; crushed leaves or fruit flesh is placed on boils, abscesses and ulcers; dried unripe fruit and bark is used to aid diarrhea and dysentery; root bark is used to relieve toothaches and fevers (MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos:
4. Production in U.S.:  Occasionally grown in South Florida (MORTON).

5. Other production regions:  The West Indies including the Bahamas and Bermuda, Central America including Guatemala and Belize, southern Mexico, tropical South America including Peru, Ecuador and Brazil, tropical Africa, including South Africa, Malaya, Southeast Asia, the Philippines, Polynesia, Australia, Guam, Sri Lanka, and India.  A mature tree can produce 34 to 45 kilograms (75 to 100 pounds) of fruit per year (GRIN, MORTON, MARKLE, GIACOMETTI, POPENOE).
6. Use:  Eaten fresh or added to milk shakes and other desserts; medicinal purposes, non-vertebrate poison
(plant pest control) in seeds, leaves, bark and young fruits, dooryard fruit tree; leaves are used in tanning and
yield a blue or black dye; fiber is derived from young twigs; wood is used to make tools (GRIN, MARKLE,
MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0332) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  Sugar apple = custard apple
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, MORTON, GIACOMETTI, POPENOE, ECOCROP.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  ANURE

1. Dragon-fruit [(belle-of-the-night, night-blooming cereus, pitahaya, queen-of-the-night, red pitaya, strawberry-pear, pitahaya rouge, pitaya, Distelbirne, chacam, chak-wob, junco tapatío, pitahaya dulce, pitahaya orejona, reina de la noche, tasajo, zacamb (GRIN))]
      Cactaceae
      Hylocereus undatus (Haw.) Britton & Rose [(syn:  Cereus undatus Haw. (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. A perennial, fast-growing, sprawling, climbing vine-like cacti that reaches up to 6 meters (20 feet) in length.  Native to Mexico, the Caribbean, Northern South America and Central America.   Stems are branched, 0.3 to 0.5 centimeters (0.1 to 0.2 inch) thick, green, fleshy, succulent, heavy, 3-angled, and jointed.  Each stem segment contains 3 flat, wavy wings with horny stem margins and 1 to 5 short, conical brown to gray 0.3 centimeter (0.1 inch) long spines.  Plants can be epiphytes with aerial roots that cling to support such as a trees, rocks, trellises or walls; nutrients can be obtained from cracks containing organic material.  Plants can also be terrestrial and grow directly in the soil.  Fragrant, large flowers are bell-shaped, white, and 25 to 30 centimeters (10 to 12 inches) in diameter.  Each flower contains several linear, green scales that measure 4 to 7.5 centimeters (1.6 to 3 inches) long, a circle of recurved, greenish-yellow, linear segments that measure 11 centimeters (4.3 inches) long by 1 to 1.6 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inch) wide, an inner circle of 20 white, oblong-lanceolate segments that measure 10 centimeters (4 inches) long by 3.2 to 3.8 centimeters (1.25 to 1.5 inches) wide, and many cream-colored stamens.  Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs.  Flowers open at dusk and bloom one night.  Pollinated by bats and moths; hand pollination is also used.  Large, attractive bright red or yellow fruit is a berry that is spherical, oblong, or oval in shape, and measures 7 to 12 centimeters (3 to 5 inches) long, 11 centimeters (4.5 inches) thick, and 400 to 600 grams (0.9 to 1.3 pounds).  Fruit do not contain spines.  The outside of the fruit is coated with fleshy ovate bases of scales.  The pulp is white, yellow, deep purple or red in color, and juicy.  The flavor is sweet and melon-like.  There are approximately 700 tiny edible black seeds in each fruit.  The second most important commercial fruiting cactus species.  Enjoyed for centuries in tropical and subtropical rainforests in many Latin America countries; important fruit crop in southeast Asia (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  In California, flowering occurs from May to November.  In Florida, fruit ripen during June to November. In some areas, the plant blooms and fruits mainly in August and September.  Flower bud emergence to fruit ripening takes 50 to 90 days.  Seed to fruit production occurs in 7 years; cuttings to fruit production occurs in 6 to 9 months (JANICK, CRANE and BALERDI, MERTEN).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires warm to cool tropical lowlands or tropical to subtropical rainforests.  Prefers low to high rainfall, a wide range of well-drained soils with high organic matter, and   temperatures of 18 to 25 °C (65 to 77 °F).  Grown in full sun to very light shade.  Sensitive to high temperatures of 38 °C (100 °F) and above.  Sunburn may occur in areas with low humidity and high altitudes.  Long periods of freezing temperatures and high winds cause damage to the plant.  Moderately tolerant of saline soil conditions.  Most propagation is by cuttings; some propagation is by seed.  Stem cuttings should be 15 to 38 centimeters (6 to 15 inches) long.  A slanted cut should be made at the stem base, a fungicide treatment should be applied, and cuttings should be left to heal for 8 days in a dry, shady location before being planted in the field.  Cultivated plants should be spaced so that there is interplant shading.  Partial shade is needed during the first 3 to 4 months of growth.  Plants should be trained to grow on a trellis.  Spacing depends on the type of trellis used and varies from 1.5 to 5 meters (5 to 16 feet).  Pruning induces branching and removes excessive growth.  Fertilizer and irrigation should be applied to commercial crops during dry periods.  Fruit are harvested when scales turn yellow.  Well-colored, mature fruit is harvested using clippers 25 to 45 days after flowering.  Fruit storage is 14 days at 10 °C (50 °F) (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CRANE and BALERDI, MERTEN).

      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit are being traded in international markets and have become the most important export fruit of Vietnam.  U.S. produced fruit is being sold in Asian communities in Orange and Los Angeles counties (CRANE and BALERDI, MERTEN).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fresh fruit is cut in half, and the flesh is scooped out after chilling.  Lemon or lime juice can be added to enhance the flavor.  Fruit is also used in fruit platters, fruit salads, garnishes, and desserts including ice cream, yogurt, sorbets, purée, jams, jelly, preserves, candy, pastry, juice, marmalades, wines and soft drinks.  A syrup made from the whole fruit can be used to color pastries and candies.  The unopened flower bud is cooked and consumed as a vegetable (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, CRANE and BALERDI).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Seeds are digestible.  Fruit contains vitamin C, carotene, protein, calcium, vitamin B, phosphorus and fiber (JANICK, DRAGON FRUIT).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Fruit is used for medicinal purposes; seeds are used as mild laxative   (JANICK, MORTON, CRANE and BALERDI, DRAGON FRUIT).
      g. Crop Photos:
4. Production in U.S.:  Fruit is grown commercially in the U.S. including Florida, California, Hawaii and tropical American lowlands.  There are approximately 10 to 15 hectares (25 to 37 acres) of dragon fruit in commercial production in Southern California.  There is some commercial production in Hawaii (JANICK, MORTON, MERTEN).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Origin neotropics, particularly Mexico, the Caribbean including the Bahamas and Bermuda, northern South America and Central America; raised commercially for fruit in Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Nicaragua, Guatemala, Mexico, the U.S., Spain, Israel, Northern Australia, New Zealand, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos, the Philippines, Japan and Taiwan.  Annual production varies from 4 to 20 tonnes (4.4 to 22 tons) fresh mass per hectare.  6,000 hectares (14,826 acres) of dragon fruit are cultivated in the Mekong Delta region of Vietnam and 2,000 hectares (4,942 acres) are cultivated in Mexico.  Vietnam is the major producer of the fruit.  4 year old plants can produce 100 kilograms (220 pounds) of fruit per year (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CRANE and BALERDI).
6. Use:  Ornamental, beverage base, fruit, vegetable, medicinal purposes (GRIN).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Interior pulp of fruit.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, CRANE and BALERDI, MERTEN, DRAGON FRUIT.
11. Production map:  EPA Crop Production Region 3, 10 and 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  HCRUN

                                      226
1. Durian [(Civet fruit, Durianbaum, Stinkfrucht, durião, durión (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Malvaceae; also placed in Bombacaceae and Durionaceae
      Durio zibethinus L.

1. Durio oxleyanus Griff.
1. Durio graveolens Becc.
1. Boschia grandiflora Mast.
1. Durio wyattsmithii Kosterm.
1. Durio kutejensis (Hassk.) Becc.

2. A large, fast-growing evergreen tree that reaches a height of 20 to 50 meters (66 to 164 feet).  Native to southeast Asia, including Malaysia, Borneo and Indonesia.  The trunk is straight, short, 1.2 meters (4 feet) in diameter, rough, and peeling with bulky buttresses.  Bark is dark red-brown and peeling.  Wood is brittle, grainy, dark brown or reddish.  Limbs are almost horizontal and rough.  Young branches are coated with coppery or gray scales.  The crown is irregular, dense, or open.  Light to dark green large, drooping leaves are simple, alternate, glossy, leathery, silvery to rusty brown with scales underneath, oblong-lanceolate, elliptic, lanceolate-elliptic, or elliptic-obovate in shape, and 6 to 25 centimeters (2.4 to 10 inches) long by 2.5 to 9 centimeters (1 to 3.5 inches) wide.  The petiole is short, thick and measures 1 to 1.5 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inch) long.  Flower clusters containing 1 to 50 flowers are found on the laterals, main branches, and tree trunk.  Individual creamy white, pink, yellow or greenish flowers are long-stalked, pendulous, 3 to 5 petalled, 5 to 6 centimeters (2 to 2.4 inches) long and 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) in diameter.  Flowers open during the afternoon over a period of 2 to 3 weeks.  When flowers open, a sour-milk odor is emitted.  Approximately 20,000 to 40,000 flowers are produced per tree.  Bats and moths promote pollination.  Cross-pollination and hand-pollination aid fruit set.  Greenish yellow to light green fruit is a solitary capsule that is divided into 3 to 5 smooth-walled compartments containing 1 to 6 glossy, creamy to red-brown seeds that are 2 to 6 centimeters (0.8 to 2.4 inches) long and an aril.  Fruit is ovoid, ovoid-oblong, nearly round or ellipsoid in shape, 15 to 30 centimeters (6 to 12 inches) long, 15 to 25 centimeters (6 to 10 inches) in diameter, and up to 8 kilograms (18 pounds) in weight.  Immature fruit is light brown.  The rind is fibrous, thick, tough, semi-woody, and densely covered with coarse, stout, sharp, pyramidal spines that measure 1 centimeter (0.4 inch).  Pulp (aril) is creamy-white, pinkish, orange or yellowish in color with a soft, custard-like to firm texture.  The flavor is sweet and is described as a mixture of buttery custard, bananas, caramel, vanilla and garlic.  Fruit emits a strong odor of garlic, onion and strong cheese with a fruity background smell.  There are strong and mild tasting varieties.  A highly prized, popular, expensive fruit in parts of southeast Asia   (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, MORTON, AGROFORESTRY).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering can occur all year long, during or near the end of the dry period, or once in the winter and once in the summer, depending on the climate.  For example, in monsoon climates such as Thailand and Sri Lanka, flowering begins in March after the dry season.  In areas near the equator, plants can produce two crops of fruit per year.  In Malaysia, crops are produced in early March and April and September or October.  In Sri Lanka, fruit are harvested July and August.  In Thailand, fruit are produced for 2 to 3 months.  In some areas, fruit ripen near the end of the dry season (September to December).  Fruit matures in 90 to 150 days.  Fruit production occurs in 7 to 8 years from seed and 3 to 4 years from grafts.  Peak production occurs when trees reach 12 to 15 years of age (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot, humid tropical lowlands or rainforests, temperatures of 27 to 30 °C (81 to 86 °F), relative humidity of 75 to 80%, and abundant, well-distributed rainfall of 1,500 to 2,500 millimeters (59 to 98 inches).  Prefers high light intensity, elevations up to 900 meters (2,953 feet) and deep, rich, fertile, well-drained sandy clay or clay loam soil.  Not tolerant of cold temperatures and poorly drained, heavy soils.  Propagation is by seed and grafting.  Seed must be planted soon after being removed from the fruit.  Germination occurs in 3 to 8 days.  In commercial production, trees should be transplanted just before the rainy season.  Spacing should be 8 to 16 meters (26 to 52 feet) in a square or triangle.  Young trees should be shaded.  Irrigation is required if the dry period is longer than 3 months.  In heavy production areas, thinning is required.  Fertilization aids production.  Fruit are harvested at maturity (when the fruit appears to be hollow, or fall to the ground) and can be held at 29 to 31 °C (84 to 88 °F) for 3 to 6 days.  Fruit are graded and cleaned before being sold (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit is prized in southeast Asian markets.  Singapore populations prefer fully ripe fruit that is not splitting, while Thais prefer less ripe fruit.  Fruit is in demand among ethnic groups in large temperate cities.  Also sold in local markets (JANICK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  The aril of the fruit is consumed fresh, boiled, preserved, powdered, fermented, pickled, frozen, salted, or dried.  Fruit is most commonly consumed fresh with sugar, fresh cream or coconut milk.  To avoid difficulty of opening the fruit, the aril with seeds is sold packaged.  Pulp is also sold as paste, relish and chips.  Fruit is used in salads, tempura, chowder, milk-based desserts, cakes, ice cream, cookies, jams, candy and biscuits.  Unripe fruit is boiled and eaten as a vegetable.  Pulp deteriorates quickly.  Ash of the burned rind is added to cakes.  Mature seeds can be boiled, dried, fried and roasted.  Young leaves and shoots are cooked as greens (PERENNIAL, BARWICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is a good source of calories, protein, carbohydrates, vitamin B1 and B2, vitamin C, potassium, and beta-carotene.  Seeds are rich in protein (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Fruit is used as an aphrodisiac.  Flesh of the fruit is used to rid intestinal worms; a mixture of leaves and roots is used to cure fevers; leaves and fruit are used to aid skin diseases (VAN WYK, MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos:
4. Production in U.S.:  Small plantings are developed in Hawaii (approximately 4 hectares (10 acres) and Puerto Rico (MARKLE).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Southeast and Tropical Asia including Sumatra, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Burma, Indochina, India, New Guinea,; cultivated elsewhere in the Tropics.  Most commercial production occurs in Australia, Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam.  Thailand grows and exports the most fruit.  Most exported fruit from Thailand is imported by Hong Kong.  Production in Thailand was 711,371 tonnes (784,152 tons) in 1992 from 97,238 hectares (240,280 acres).  Malaysia produced 384,500 tonnes (423,839 tons) from 61,294 hectares (151,461 acres).  Indonesia produced 228,668 tonnes (252,063 tons) from 44,016 hectares (108,766 acres).  Individual trees produce approximately 50 to 100 fruit (4 to 18 tonnes (4.4 to 19.8 tons) per hectare) per year (GRIN, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON).
6. Use:  Fruit; seeds; wood; botanic collection; rinds are burned as fuel; ash of the rind is used to bleach silk (GRIN, MARKLE, BARWICK, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  The pulp is the item of commerce.  Three Kg of fresh pulp=1 Kg of dried powder.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel.
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0334)  Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, MORTON, AGROFORESTRY, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes: a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  DURZI

1. Elephant-apple  [(Indian wood-apple, wood-apple (GRIN))]
      Rutaceae
      Limonia acidissima L.  [(syn: Feronia elephantum Corrêa, Feronia limonia (L.) Swingle, Schinus limonia L. (GRIN))]
2. A small, deciduous, slow-growing, erect tree that reaches a height of 10 to 12 meters (33 to 39 feet). Native to southern India and Sri Lanka.  Branches are thorny, bent outwards near the top of the tree, and are subdivided into slender branchlets.  Branchlets droop at the tips.  Bark is dark grey, rough, rigid, furrowed, and contains spines that are 2 to 5 centimeters (0.8 to 2 inches) long.  The trunk and branches exude white, transparent gum.  Wood is yellow-grey to whitish in color.  Dark green leaves are pinnate, leathery, minutely toothed, blunt or notched at the tip, lemon-scented, and 7.5 to 25 centimeters (3 to 10 inches) long.  Leaflets are alternate, obovate, sessile or on petioles that measure 2.5 to 3.8 by 1.3 to 2.5 centimeters (1 to 1.5 by 0.5 to 1 inch).  Flowers are borne in small, loose, terminal or auxiliary panicles.  Male and female flowers are usually found on the same panicle.  Individual flowers are dull red, white or greenish in color, 5-merous, and 1.25 centimeters (0.5 inch) wide.  Cross-pollinated by insects.  Fruit are round to oval in shape and measure 5 to 12.5 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) in diameter.  The rind is hard, woody, scaly, dry, brownish to greyish-white in color and 0.6 centimeter (0.2 inch) thick.  Pulp is brown to pinkish in color, mealy, aromatic, resinous, and astringent.  The flavor is acid to sweet.  Each fruit contains numerous small, hairy, white, 0.5 to 0.6 centimeter (0.20 to 0.24 inch) seeds.  A "poor man's fruit" until the development of processing techniques.  Commonly grown throughout Southeast Asia (JANICK, MORTON, GLOBINMED).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  In Malaysia, leaves are shed in January, flowering takes place from February to March, and fruit are harvested in October and November.  In India, fruit is harvested from early October to March.  Seedling trees produce fruit in 15 years and vegetatively propagated trees produce fruit in 3 years (JANICK).
      b. Cultivation:  Fruit is grown in the dry plains of northern, central, southern and eastern India in semi-arid and arid locations.  Grown in coastal areas in Malaysia and Indonesia.  Cultivated in villages and parks.  Prefers a tropical monsoon climate with a dry season, elevations of up to 450 meters (1,476 feet), light soils, and temperatures of 0 to 15 °C (32 to 59 °F) and up to 47.5 °C (118 °F).  Tolerates drought and a range of soil types.  Propagation is by seed, root cuttings, air layers or budding.  Germination occurs in 2 to 3 weeks.  Fruit is mature when it does not bounce after being dropped from a height of 30 centimeters (12 inches).  Fruit is placed in the sun for 2 weeks to encourage ripening (JANICK, MORTON).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Small quantities of the fruit are found in local markets (JANICK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  The exocarp of the fruit is hard and must be cracked with a hammer to remove the sticky, brown sub-acid pulp with a spoon.  Pulp is consumed fresh with or without sugar, prepared into a drink after mixing with coconut milk and palm-sugar syrup, or frozen as an ice cream.  Pulp is also prepared into chutneys, jellies and jams.  Nectar is made by diluting pulp with water.  Pulp can be canned or freeze-dried (JANICK, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit contains pectin.  The seeds contain oil high in unsaturated fatty acids (JANICK, MORTON).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  One of the most useful medicinal plants in India.  Powdered gum mixed with honey is used to treat dysentery and diarrhea.  Fruit is used to aid the liver and heart; unripe fruit are used to cure diarrhea, dysentery, hiccups, sore throat, and gum disease; the pulp and rind is placed on bites and stings; leaf juice is mixed with milk and sugar to cure digestion and intestinal problems; leaf oil is used to aid itching; an infusion of spines and bark are taken to cure liver problems, excess menstruation, bites and stings (JANICK).
      g. Crop Photos:
4. Production in U.S.:  Grown in California and Florida for experimental purposes (GLOBINMED).

5. Other commercial production regions:  Grown throughout southeast Asia; China, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indo-China, Myanmar, northern Malaysia, Penang Island, Indonesia, Burma, Thailand, Dominican Republic; cultivated in home gardens, along roads, edges of fields, and orchards.  Mature trees can produce 200 to 250 fruit per tree (GRIN, JANICK, GLOBINMED).
6. Use:  Graft stock, fruit, medicinal purposes, wood for construction and fuel; gum from the tree is used as a substitute or adulterant of gum Arabic; gum is used to make watercolors, ink, dyes and varnish; the rind can be used as a small container (GRIN, JANICK, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Interior pulp of fruit.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, MORTON, GLOBINMED.
11. Production map:  EPA Crop Production Region 3 and 10.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  FEOLI

1. Etambe [(wal ambe, kaddu-ma (GRIN))]
      Anacardiaceae
      Mangifera zeylanica (Blume) Hook. f. [(syn:  Buchanania zeylanica Blume (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. A large tree that grows to a height of 35 meters (115 feet).  Native to Sri Lanka.  The trunk is 90 centimeters (35 inches) in diameter.  Bark is rough, deeply fissured with strips 2 to 3 centimeters (0.8 to 1.2 inch) wide, and dark to light brown in color.  Live bark is 0.3 to 0.5 centimeters (0.1 to 0.2 inch) thick, red with lighter bands on the outside and straw to light red inside.  White latex exudes from the bark.  Branchlets are thick and furrowed.  Leaves are scattered and clustered at the ends of twigs.  Individual leaves are leathery, spathulate, obovate-oblong, or oblanceolate in shape, tapered at the base, and approximately 3 by 9 centimeters (1.2 by 3.5 inches) in size.  Leaf margins are slightly incurved.  The petiole is slender and 1 to 3 centimeters (0.4 to 1.2 inches) long.  Flower panicles are stiff, erect and up to 20 centimeters (8 inches) long.  Flowers are light yellow in color and grouped into clusters.  Individual flowers are 0.4 centimeter (0.16 inch) wide, and contain 5 ovate, acute 0.2 by 0.15 centimeter (0.08 by 0.06 inch) sepals, 5 elliptic 0.35 to 0.4 by 0.2 centimeter (0.14 to 0.16 by 0.08 inch) petals, a large, cushion-like disc with 5 lobes, a 0.2 centimeter (0.08 inch) long fertile stamen, 5 to 8 staminodes with anthers, and a style.  The pedicel is slender and 0.1 centimeter (0.04 inch) long.  Yellowish flushed with red fruit are mango-shaped, slightly flattened with a small beak, and up to 6.5 by 5 by 4 centimeters (2.6 by 2 by 1.6 inches) in size.  The skin is thin and contains many tiny glands.  Pulp is yellow in color, 0.5 centimeter (0.2 inch) thick, juicy, fluid, and fibrous.  The flavor is sweet to slightly acid (KOSTERMANS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  No specific entry.
      b. Cultivation:  Trees are grown in both the wet and dry zones of Sri Lanka.  Tolerates water rich areas and altitudes of up to 800 meters (2,625 feet).  Fruit is ripe when it drops from the tree.  Trees are not cultivated extensively (KOSTERMANS).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  No specific entry.
      d. Preparation for cooking:  No specific entry.
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  No data.
5. Other commercial production regions:  Tropical Asia including Sri Lanka (GRIN).
6. Use:  Fruit (KOSTERMANS).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  The pulp is the only part consumed.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, KOSTERMANS.
11. Production Map:  No entry.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  No specific entry.

1. Granadilla [(Granada-china, sweet granadilla, granadille, grenadille douce, süße Grenadille, maracujá, cranix (GRIN))]
      Passifloraceae
      Passiflora ligularis Juss.
2. A strong, vigorous, woody vine that can grow several feet in a single season.  Native to Central and South America.  The vine is weakly angled, grooved, or cylindrical and tapering at the ends.  Plants have the ability to climb high trees using tendrils and often shade out the understory.  Shiny, medium-green leaves are broadly heart-shaped, pointed at the tip, prominently veined, pale green and hairy underneath, 8 to 22 centimeters (3 to 9 inches) long and 6 to 17 centimeters (2.4 to 7 inches) wide.  Three pairs of 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) long hair-like glands are located along the petiole.  The leaf axils contain paired leaf-like finely toothed stipules that are ovate-oblong and 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) long by 1.25 centimeters (0.5 inch) wide.  Sweet, musky-scented flowers are 10 centimeters (4 inches) wide and are contained on a 3.8 centimeter (1.5 inch) stalk that bears 3 leaf-like pointed, faintly toothed bracts that are ovate-oblong and 3.8 centimeters (1.5 inches) long by 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) wide.  Greenish-white sepals are lanceolate in shape, petals are pinkish white, and filaments are in 2 rows and are white, horizontally striped with purple-blue.  There are two flowers per node.   Fruit is greenish, yellow, orange or yellow-orange with white speckles.  Individual fruit is solitary, broad-elliptic in shape, 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) long and 4 to 7 centimeters (1.6 to 2.8 inches) in diameter.  The outside of the rind is smooth, thin, hard and brittle.  Internally, the rind is white and soft.  The pulp is whitish-yellow to orange, mucilaginous, aromatic and juicy.  The flavor is sweet.  There are numerous seeds that are black, flat, pitted, and tender.  Unripe fruit is green with purple blush and dotted.  Fruit are cultivated commercially in native countries.  Becoming invasive on some Hawaiian islands (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, STARR, TRADE WINDS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  The tree produces one crop per year.  In Bolivia, fruit are produced in May and June (MORTON).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires a cool tropical climate or sub-tropical climate and humid conditions.  Adapted to high rainforests.  Prefers well-distributed medium to high rainfall and elevations of 914 to 2,697 meters (3,000 to 8,850 feet).  Tolerates moist, well-drained volcanic soils and light frost.  Does not tolerate hot tropical lowlands or heat.  Propagation is by seed and cuttings.  Fruit deteriorates quickly after harvest (PERENNIAL, MORTON, TRADE WINDS, ECOCROP).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit are sold in village markets in Latin American countries (JANICK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is cracked open and arils and seeds are consumed fresh out-of-hand or with a spoon.  Fruit can also be placed in beverages, flavorings and desserts, including sherbet (PERENNIAL, MORTON, TRADE WINDS).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos:
4. Production in U.S.:  Hawaii (MORTON).
5. Other production regions:  Central Mexico, Central America, South America including the Andes, Venezuela, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru; Jamaica; Haiti (GRIN, PERENNIAL, MORTON, STARR).
6. Use:  Beverage base, fruit, summer ornamental in the northern U.S. (GRIN, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None

10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, STARR, ECOCROP, TRADE WINDS.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  PAQLI

1. Granadilla, Giant [(maracujá-açú, granadilla, grenadine, barbadine, Königs-Grenadille, Riesen-Grenadille, maracujá-mamão, maracujá-melão, maracujá-uaçu, badea, granadilla real (GRIN))]
      Passifloraceae
      Passiflora quadrangularis L.  [(syn:  Passiflora macrocarpa Mast., Passiflora quadrangularis var. variegata (GRIN))]
2. A fast-growing, large, coarse, herbaceous vine that is woody at the base.  Vines may climb 10 to 46 meters (33 to 150 feet) and can grow 15 meters (50 feet) in one growing season.  Roots are fleshy, tuberous and increase in size with age.  Stems are thick, 4-angled and prominently winged on the angles.  Vines contain axillary tendrils that reach 30 centimeters (12 inches) long.  Leaf-like, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, faintly toothed stipules measuring 2 to 3.5 centimeters (0.75 to 1.4 inches) in size are located along side of tendrils.  Leaves are alternate, broad-ovate or oblong-ovate in shape, rounded to heart-shaped at the base, pointed at the tip, 8.3 to 15 centimeters (3.25 to 6 inches) wide and 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) long.  Large, fragrant red and purple flowers are solitary and measure 12 to 13 centimeters (4.75 to 5 inches) wide.  Individual flowers contain a bell-shaped calyx, 5 sepals that are greenish to reddish-green outside and white, pink or purple inside, 5 white and pink petals measuring 4.4 centimeters (1.75 inches) long, and 2-ranked, 6 centimeter (2.375 inches) long filaments that are purple and white below, blue in the middle and pinkish-blue above.  Hand pollination is used to increase yield.  Fruit is  yellowish green, greenish-white or pale to deep yellow blushed with pink, irregularly shaped, ovate-oblong or oblong-ovoid in shape, melon-like, 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) long, and 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) in diameter.  Fruit can be faintly ribbed or longitudinally 3-lobed.  The skin is thin and delicate.  The flesh is white to pink in color, firm, mealy, coated with a parchment-like material on the inner surface and 2.5 to 3.8 centimeters (1 to 1.5 inches) thick.  The interior of the fruit contains juice and arils that are yellow, whitish, or purple-pink in color.  The flavor of the flesh is mild and the flavor of the arils (pulp) is subacid, sweet-acid or bland.  Purplish-brown, flattened-oval seeds are 1.3 centimeters (0.5 inch) long.  Fruit is highly aromatic.  The largest fruit in its genus.  A widely cultivated plant (PERENNIAL, MORTON, QUISQUALIS, ECOCROP).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  In Venezuela, flowering occurs May to October and fruiting takes place from July to October.  In Indonesia and Queensland, Australia, vines fruit continually all year.  Fruit matures in 65 to 85 days.  Fruit is produced in 1 to 2 years from seed and less than 1 year from cuttings (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires warm to hot, wet tropical lowlands.  Prefers warm, humid conditions both day and night, elevations of 213 to 2,195 meters (700 to 7,200 feet), and deep, fertile, moist, well-drained soil.  Does not tolerate dry areas, flooding or extreme cold.  Propagation is by seed and cuttings.  Seeds germinate in 2 to 3 weeks.  Seedlings should be planted in the field when 15 to 30.5 centimeters (6 to 12 inches) high.  Cuttings should be 25 to 30 centimeters (10 to 12 inches) long and deeply planted in well-watered sand.  Transplanting should occur in 30 days.  Vines should be set 2 to 3 meters (6.5 to 10 feet) apart.  When 2 meters (6.5 feet) high, vines are trained to a trellis.  Pruning, water, and fertilizer should be used in commercial plantings.  For commercial purposes, trees may need to be replaced every 5 to 6 years.  Fruit are harvested with clippers when the skin becomes translucent, glossy and yellowish at the tips (PERENNIAL, MORTON, QUISQUALIS, ECOCROP).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Juice from the arils is bottled and sold in local Indonesian restaurants; pulp is canned in syrup (MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Flesh is consumed fresh and in desserts.  Flesh can be added to fruit salads, cooked with sugar, candied, or canned in syrup.  Jelly can be made from the unpeeled flesh.  The aril is consumed fresh, in beverages, and desserts.  Arils can be consumed raw without removing the seeds.  Juice from the arils is used to make beverages including wine.  The flesh and arils can be eaten together with sugar, fruit juice, cream and shaved ice.  Flesh and arils can be used as pie filling.  The entire immature fruit can be steamed, boiled, or cut up, breaded and fried and consumed as a vegetable.  The root of mature vines is baked and eaten as a substitute for yam in Jamaica (PERENNIAL, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit are a source of phosphorus and vitamin A.  Leaves, skin and immature seeds are toxic.  If the pulp is consumed too much, lethargy occurs.  The raw root is poisonous and induces vomiting (MORTON, ECOCROP).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Fruit is used to aid scurvy and the digestive system.  Flesh is used to relieve headaches, asthma, diarrhea, dysentery, insomnia, and nervous problems.  The seeds are used as a sedative.  A leaf decoction is used to aid skin and liver conditions and remove parasitic worms.  The root is used to aid skin wounds, induce vomiting, remove excess water and remove intestinal worms (MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos:
4. Production in U.S.:  Hawaii; grown occasionally in South Florida (MORTON).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Java, Mexico, Brazil, Peru, Malaya, Vietnam, India, Sri Lanka, the Philippines, tropical Africa, Australia; widely cultivated in the tropics including Barbados, Bermuda and Caribbean Islands.  Annual yields in Indonesia and Queensland, Australia may reach 25 to 35 large fruit and 70 to 120 small to medium fruit.  In younger vines, 16 to 50 fruits are produced per year (GRIN, MORTON).
6. Use:  Beverage base, fruit, medicinal purposes (GRIN).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, MORTON, QUISQUALIS, ECOCROP, JANICK.
11. Production map:  EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  PAQQU

1. Guriri [(caxandó, coco da pria, seashore palm (JANICK))]
      Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)
      Allagoptera arenaria (Gomes) Kuntze [(syn: Cocos arenaria Gomes (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. A small, slow-growing, bushy palm that reaches a height of 1.8 meters (6 feet) and a diameter of up to 2.1 meters (7 feet).  Native to the Atlantic coast of Brazil from Bahia to Sao Paulo.  The stem is short, solitary or branched, and subterranean.  In rare cases, the stem is visible.  The growing point may be lower in the ground than the base of the stem.  Bright green to silvery green leaves emerge out of the ground in groups of 4 to 15 and grow in a swirling pattern.  Individual leaves are pinnately compound, narrow, tough, arching, bushy, densely waxy underneath, sharp, and 0.6 to 2 meters (2 to 6 feet) long,.  The petioles are short.  Leaflets radiate in different planes and are narrow, clustered irregularly, split at the tip, and 0.6 meters (2 feet) long.  Inflorescences are spicate, unbranched, borne among the leaves, and 51 centimeters (20 inches) long.  Many greenish yellow flowers occur on the short broad flowering branch.  On the lower portion of the flowering branch flowers occur in triads of two lateral male flowers and one central female flower.  This results in the female flowers growing in distinct spirals.  Male flowers occur on the upper part of the flowering branch.  Oval fruit are yellowish-green to yellowish-orange, shaped like small coconuts, and 1.3 to 2.5 centimeters (0.5 to 1 inch) long by 1.3 centimeters (0.5 inch) in diameter.  Each fruit contains one to two seeds.  Fruit are densely clustered on the fruiting stem (JANICK, FLORIDATA, PACSOA, TOP TROPICALS, DESERT TROPICALS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  No specific entry.
      b. Cultivation:  Trees prefer seasonally dry habitats, sandy soils with good drainage and moisture and moderate to full sun.  Grows on exposed areas including dunes, coastal tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests, and coastal strand above the high tide mark.  Trees form large colonies in tropical and subtropical coastal areas.  Prefers elevations of sea level to 10 meters (33 feet).  Tolerant of some cold (-4 °C or 25 °F), poor soils, and wind.  Extremely salt tolerant.  Propagation is by seed.  Germination is erratic and can take 3 to 6 months.  High temperatures and humidity aid the germination process.  The tree is widely cultivated as an ornamental.  Fruit are not produced commercially (JANICK, FLORIDATA, PACSOA, TOP TROPICALS).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit is consumed by the locals (PACSOA).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  The sweet mesocarp of the fruit and seeds are edible.  Fruit is consumed raw or in drinks (JANICK, FLORIDATA, TOP TROPICALS).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop photos
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other production regions:  Brazil (GRIN, JANICK).
6. Use:  Fruit, ornamental, beach screen; leaves are used to make baskets (GRIN, FLORIDATA).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, FLORIDATA, PACSOA, TOP TROPICALS, DESERT TROPICALS.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  No specific entry
                                      292
1. Ilama  [(anona blanca, llama, perpauce (GRIN))]
      Annonaceae
      Annona macroprophyllata Donn. Sm. [(syn:  Annona diversifolia Saff.) (GRIN))]
2. A small spreading to erect slender tree that grows to a height of 6 to 8 meters (20 to 26 feet).  Native to Central America and Mexico.  The trunk measures 25 centimeters (10 inches) in diameter.  Furrowed bark is aromatic and pale brownish-gray in color.  Branching may occur from the ground, forming 3 to 6 main stems.  Leaves are glossy, thin, elliptic, obovate or oblanceolate in shape, rounded at the apex, and 5 to 15 centimeters (2 to 6 inches) long.  Young foliage is reddish to coppery in color.  One to two leaf-like, nearly circular glabrous bracts that measure 2.5 to 3.5 centimeters (1 to 1.4 inches) long occur along the base of the flowering branchlets.  Undersides of the leaves, small branches and fruit have a powdery whitish appearance.  Maroon, pinkish, or purplish-red flowers are solitary, long-stalked and open to the base.  Individual flowers contain small rusty hairy sepals, 3 narrow, blunt, minutely hairy linear-oblong outer petals that measure 2 to 5 centimeters (0.8 to 2 inches) long, and 3 minute stamen-like pollen-bearing inner petals.   Pale green, deep pink or lavender fruit is solitary, spherical, heart-shaped, ovoid globose, conical, or ovoid in shape, 15 centimeters (6 inches) long, 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) in diameter, and 400 to 900 grams (0.9 to 2 pounds) in weight.  The surface of the fruit is rough and contains pronounced triangular protuberances.  The leathery soft, granular rind is coated with a dense, velvety gray-white bloom and is 0.6 centimeter (0.25 inch) thick.  Pulp is white or pinkish in color, smooth, fibrous, or custard-like in texture and dry to juicy.  The flavor varies according to cultivar.  Green types contain white flesh that is sweet in flavor.  Pink to purple types contain light to dark pink flesh that is tart in flavor.  Some believe the aromatic fruit resembles cherimoya or atemoya in flavor.  Each fruit contains 25 to 80 seeds enclosed in a membrane that are hard, smooth, brown, cylindrical in shape, and 2 centimeters (0.75 inch) long by 1 centimeter (0.375 inch) wide (PERENNIAL, MORTON, MAHDEEM, POPENOE, ECOCROP).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs from April to May in Florida.  Fruit matures in 150 days.  Fruit are harvested in late June in Mexico, late July to September in Guatemala and July to December in Florida.  Fruit production occurs in 7 to 8 years from seed and 3 to 4 years from grafts (PERENNIAL, MORTON).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot tropical lowlands with low to medium rainfall of 100 to 140 centimeters (39 to 55 inches), rich, loose loam to fertile volcanic soils, and elevations of up to 1,798 meters (5,900 feet) on the Pacific slope.  Prefers a long dry season followed by adequate rainfall.  Grows wild in the mountains and foothills of Central America.  Does not tolerate frost.  Propagation is by seed and grafting.  Cultivated trees should be irrigated in dry areas.  Fruit are usually harvested when they begin to crack open.  Fruit can also be harvested early and left to soften for up to 3 days.  Fruit has a short shelf life.  The ilama is grown together with other fruit trees, in small fields, or on patios (PERENNIAL, MORTON, MAHDEEM, POPENOE).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Sold in the markets of Guatemala and other indigenous areas (MAHDEEM).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is consumed fresh in the half shell or scooped out, chilled, and served with cream, lemon and sugar; also made into sherbets and other desserts (PERENNIAL, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  It can be grown in California, Florida, Puerto Rico and Hawaii.  Ilama production is rare in the U.S (MARKLE).
5. Other production regions:  South America including Chile, Mexico, Central America including Guatemala and El Salvador.  Yield is low.  In Mexico, 3 to 10 fruit are produced per tree.  Some trees can bear 85 to 100 fruit in one season (GRIN, MORTON).

6. Use:  Pulp is eaten fresh in sherbets and other desserts.  Some consider the fruit flavor lesser than that of Cherimoya; grown in gardens (MARKLE, POPENOE).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0337) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  Sugar apple = ilama
10. References:  GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, MORTON, MAHDEEM, POPENOE, ECOCROP.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Regions 10 and 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  ANUDI (listed as Annona diversifolia SAFF)

1. Ingá
      Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae).  Also placed in:  Mimosaceae
      Inga vera Willd. subsp. affinis (DC.) T. D. Penn.  [(syn:  Inga affinis DC. (basionym), Inga meissneriana Miq., Inga uraguensis Hook. & Arn. (GRIN))]
2. A large, attractive, semi-deciduous fruit tree growing to a height of 5 to 10 meters (16 to 33 feet).  Native to Brazil.  Branches are spreading.  Compound leaves are pinnate with a winged stalk.  Each leaf contains 4 to 5 pairs of leaflets with pubescent veins that measure 4 to 14 centimeters (1.6 to 5.5 inches) long.  Between each leaflet, a nectar gland occurs on the leaf rachis.  White and yellow inflorescences occur in solitary, axillary racemes and resemble pompoms.  Indehiscent fruit are legumes that are cylindrical in shape, resemble tamarind pods and measure 12 by 2 by 0.5 centimeters (5 by 0.8 by 0.2 inches).  The skin of the fruit is dense-pubescent.  The pulp is white in color, juicy, and has a soft cotton wool texture.  Each fruit contains few seeds.  The flavor of the aril is sweet and resembles vanilla ice-cream.  A nitrogen-fixing tree (LORENZI, TOP TROPICALS, CIRAD-FLHOR).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowers form from August to November (LORENZI).
      b. Cultivation:  Grown in the Atlantic Forest from Sao Paulo to Rio Grande do Sul.  Fruit is cultivated for use in landscaping.  Propagated by seeds.  Seeds often germinate while the fruit is still attached to the tree (LORENZI, TOP TROPICALS).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  No specific entry.
      d. Preparation for cooking:  The aril of the fruit is consumed raw.  Consumed mostly by children (LORENZI, TOP TROPICALS).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop photos
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Central America, northern South America, Brazil, the Guianas, Western South America, southern South America (GRIN, CIRAD-FLHOR).
6. Use:  Fruit, ornamental (GRIN, LORENZI).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, LORENZI, TOP TROPICALS, CIRAD-FLHOR.
11. Production map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  No specific entry

                                      300
1. Jackfruit [(jack, jak, bo luo mi, jacquier, Jackfruchtbaum, Nangka, kathal, jaqueira, jaca, árbol del pan, jaqueiro (GRIN))]
      Moraceae
      Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. [(syn:  Artocarpus integrifolius auct. (GRIN))]
2. A fast-growing medium size evergreen tree that grows to a height of 8 to 25 meters (26 to 82 feet).  Native to tropical Asia, specifically the rain forests of India and Malaysia.  Close relative of the chempedak.  Jackfruit has been cultivated since ancient times in Southeast Asia and widely cultivated in many tropical countries.  The tree produces large quantities of latex.  The greyish-brown trunk is straight, rarely buttressed, rough, uneven, and reaches 30 to 80 centimeters (12 to 31 inches) in diameter.  Bark is scaly and contains minute, 0.05 centimeter (0.02 inch) long white hairs.  The canopy is dome to pyramidal shaped and 3.5 to 7 meters (11.5 to 23 feet) in diameter.  Large dark green leaves are glossy, leathery, entire, simple, stiff, pale green underneath, smooth along the margins, round, elliptic, oval or oblong in shape, arranged alternately on horizontal branches, spirally on ascending branches, and 4 to 25 centimeters (1.6 to 10 inches) long by 2 to 12 centimeters (0.8 to 5 inches) wide.  The stipules are fused around the stem.  Young leaves can be oblong or deeply lobed.  The tree contains both male and female flowers.  The male inflorescence is elongated, oblong, cylindrical or club-shaped, hanging or drooping, dense, fleshy, produced singly, and 5 to 15 centimeters (2 to 6 inches) long by 2 to 4.5 centimeters (0.8 to 1.8 inches) wide.  Spikes are smooth and whitish green to dark green when young, turning yellowish and rough when mature.  Male flowers occur throughout the tree.  The female inflorescence is solitary to paired, elliptical to round in shape, rough, light to dark green, and 5 to 15 centimeters (2 to 6 inches) long.  Female spikes are contained on a 0.8 to 0.9 centimeter (0.3 to 0.4 inch) thick peduncle.  Female flowers occur on the main trunk and branches.  Pollination occurs by wind; hand pollination can also be done.  Compound fruit are borne from an entire flower cluster.  Large greenish yellow, yellow or brownish multiple fruit are pear to barrel-shaped syncarps that measure 30 to 100 centimeters (12 to 39 inches) long, 25 to 50 centimeters (10 to 20 inches) in diameter, and 4.5 to 60 kilograms (10 to 132 pounds) in weight.  Achenes that make up the syncarp fruit are indehiscent and contain one seed.  The fruit contains large amounts of latex.  Each fruit is borne on a 5 to 10 centimeter (2 to 4 inch) stalk on the main branches or directly on the trunk.  Immature fruit are pale to dark green.  The rind is thick, rubbery, hard, pebbly, 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) thick, and contains short, blunt spines.  Pulp (perianth) consists of large bulbs that are yellow to orange-yellow in color, waxy, leathery, smooth, firm to soft, and fleshy.  In between the bulbs are narrow ribbons of thin, tough, undeveloped perianths and a central pithy core.  The receptacle is not separable from the pulp.  Each bulb encloses one seed.  The flavor is sweet, strongly aromatic and resembles a combination of pineapple, banana and melon.  When ripe, the fruit produces a fruity onion odor.  Each fruit can contain up to 500 seeds.  Each seed is smooth, oval, and 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8 to 1.6 inches) long by 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) wide.  Seeds are surrounded by a horny endocarp and sub-gelatinous exocarp.  Fruit are classified into two general types:  Koozha chakka, which are fruit with small, fibrous, soft, mushy, sweet carpels and Koozha pazham, commercially important fruit that contain crisp carpels.  Largest edible tree fruit in the world (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CULL, LORENZI, MORTON, TRADITIONAL).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs June to July and December to February in Florida and June to August in Brazil.  In hot, humid tropical climates, flowering and fruit development occur throughout the year.  In the subtropics, flowering occurs in late spring and fruit maturation occurs late summer to early autumn.  In areas with wet and dry seasons, flowering takes place in the first 2 months of the dry season.  Heavy loads of fruit can suppress flowering.  In Asia, fruit ripen from March to June, April to September or June to August.  Off-season crops can occur from September to December.  In the West Indies, fruit ripen in June and in Florida fruit ripen from late summer to fall.  Fruit matures in 90 to 200 days, depending on the climate and altitude.  Fruit tend to be biennial in bearing.  Trees from seed bear in 4 to 14 years (PERENNIAL, JANICK, CULL, LORENZI, MORTON).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires a warm to hot, humid tropical climate with minimum temperatures of 16 to 22 °C (61 to 72 °F) and mean temperatures of 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F).  Also grown in equatorial to subtropical maritime climates.  Prefers lowland forests, moist tropical environments, semi-dry forests, full sun, elevations below 1,600 meters (5,249 feet), 100 to 240 centimeters (39 to 95 inches) of evenly distributed rainfall, and fertile, well-drained sandy to clay loams.  Tolerates a variety of well-drained soils with a pH of 5 to 7.5 and slightly saline conditions.  Does not tolerate frost, droughts, exposed locations, wind, infertile, dry soils, and floods.  Propagation is by seed, root and stem cuttings, air layers, budding, tissue culture and grafting.  Seed must be planted at a depth of 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) within 1 month after being removed from the fruit.  Germination occurs in 3 to 8 weeks.  Seedlings should be grown in shade.  Trees should be spaced 6 to 12 meters (20 to 39 feet) apart.  For commercial practices, shoots are thinned and branches cleared for harvesting purposes.  Fruit is mature when a hollow, dull sound is heard once the fruit is tapped.  Yellowish brown skin color, a strong onion odor, and flattening of the surface spines also determine when the fruit is ripe.  Fruit is harvested by cutting the peduncle and allowing the latex to drain.   In other areas, fruit is harvested after falling from the tree.  The shelf life for harvested fallen fruit is 2 to 3 days.  Fruit can also be stored at 10 to 12 °C (50 to 54 °F) for 2 to 3 weeks  Fruit is favored most in Asia (PERENNIAL, JANICK, CULL, MORTON, TRADITIONAL).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit are sold in local markets.  Mature fruit are cut open and sliced into pieces for sale, since the fruit is so large.  Fruit is also sold mixed with other fruit.  Young fruit is canned and sold commercially (JANICK, VAN WYK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  The aril of mature fruit can be eaten fresh.  Fruit is also preserved in simple sugar syrup, dried into chips, candied, frozen, made into liquor, canned in syrup or used to make jam, jelly, chutney, paste, fruit leather, nectar, drinks, custard, or ice cream.  Used in soups, fruit salads and curries.  Cooked with rice or coconut milk.  Since fruit contains large quantities of latex, gloves should be worn and oil should be applied to knives.  Seeds are roasted, boiled and consumed like chestnuts.  Cooked seeds can be ground into flour, canned in brine or curry or mixed into tomato sauce.  Raw seeds are poisonous.  The rind can be used to make a jelly.  The immature fruit is prepared by peeling, slicing and boiling the fruit.  Fruit can then be cooked, pickled, dried, canned, seasoned or mixed with other food.  Jackfruit is made into curry in India and Malaysia.  Leaves and young male flowers are cooked and eaten as a vegetable; flowers are also grated or smashed and eaten with salt and vinegar or pickled (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, TRADITIONAL).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is a good source of carbohydrates, protein, potassium, iron, nicotinamide and vitamin A.  Seeds are high in starch and a good source of vitamins B1 and B2 (JANICK, VAN WYK, MORTON).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Unripe fruit can cause digestive disorders.  Fruit pulp and seeds are used to cure hangovers; seed starch is used to relieve digestive problems; roasted seeds are an aphrodisiac; the ash of leaves burned with corn and coconut shells is used to heal ulcers; dried latex is made into steroids; dried leaves mixed with vinegar promotes the healing of abscesses, snakebites and swellings.  The root is used to cure skin diseases, fevers, diarrhea and asthma.  Bark and leaves are used to cure wounds (MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.: In 1994, 2 hectares (5 acres) was grown in Florida.  The plant is likely to be grown in south Florida, Puerto Rico and Hawaii (MARKLE, CRANE 1995a).
5. Other production regions:  Thailand, Brazil, Surinam, Guam, Jamaica, tropical Asia, Malaysia, Malay Peninsula, Sri Lanka, Burma, Fiji, Java, southern China; Southeast Asia, tropical Africa including Kenya, Uganda and former Zanzibar; Pacific Islands including the Philippines; the Caribbean, Queensland, Mauritius; widely cultivated in the tropics.  Trees can produce 20 to 500 fruit per tree per year.  Commercial yields average 70 to 100 kilograms (154 to 220 pounds) per tree per year.  Important food source in several tropical areas, including India, where there are over 5,666 hectares (14,000 acres); In Malaysia, orchards produce an average of 17,000 kilograms (37,479 pounds) per hectare.  In 2000, the Philippines produced 11,735 hectares (28,998 acres) of jackfruit and yields were 4.08 tonnes (4.50 tons) per hectare (GRIN, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, TRADITIONAL).
6. Use:  Fruit, medicinal purposes, ornamental; yellow timber for woodcarvings and furniture; dye; young leaves and flowers can be used as a vegetable; seeds consumed; shade tree; waste from the rind is used in tobacco curing; fruit and leaves are fed to cattle; latex is used as glue and caulking; tannin in the bark is made into cloth (GRIN, MARKLE, MORTON, TRADITIONAL).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit; pectin extracted from rind, bulbs and seeds for food products.  Sometimes leaves and flowers are consumed.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:   Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0338) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, CRANE 1995a, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CULL, LORENZI, MORTON, TRADITIONAL.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  ABFIN (listed as Artocarpus integrifolius L.f )

1. Jatobá [(amami-gum, Brazilian copal, jatoba, South American-locust, West Indian-locust, caroubier de la Guyane, courbaril, Heuschreckenbaum, jataí, jutaí, farinheira, jitaí, copal, curbaril, guapinol, paquio (GRIN))]
      Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae).  Also placed in:  Caesalpiniaceae
      Hymenaea courbaril L.  [(syn: Hymenaea stilbocarpa Hayne (GRIN))]
2. A slow-growing large tree that reaches a height of 15 to 40 meters (49 to 131 feet).  Native to Central and South America and the West Indies.  The sap is resinous, thick and clear-yellow.  The trunk is cylindrical, straight and up to 2 meters (6.6 feet) in diameter.  The base can sometimes develop buttresses.  Greyish to brown bark is smooth, thick, contains lenticels, and measures 1 to 3 centimeters (0.4 to 1.2 inches) thick.  The wood is hard, durable, tough and reddish-brown.  The roots are superficial and large roots occur near the surface.  The crown is open or dense and hemispherical to umbrella-shaped.  Leaves are semi-deciduous, alternate, compound and consist of 2 leaflets.  Petioles are 1 to 3 centimeters (0.4 to 1.2 inches) long.  The two leaflets are shiny, thick, smooth, waxy, leathery, ovate, lanceolate, narrowly oblong, elliptical, or elliptic-lanceolate in shape, acute to obtuse at the tip, asymmetrical, rounded at the base, contain entire margins, and range in size from 3 to 14 centimeters (1.2 to 5.5 inches) long by 1.5 to 7 centimeters (0.6 to 3 inches) wide.  The inflorescences consist of short, dense, terminal corymb panicles containing few branches and flowers.  Inflorescences measure 8 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) long by 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) wide.  Pedicles are 0.3 to 1.0 centimeter (0.1 to 0.4 inch) long.  Individual whitish to purplish rounded flowers are 1.5 to 5 centimeters (0.6 to 2 inches) long by 3 centimeters (1.2 inch) in diameter and contain both male and female reproductive structures, 4 to 5 concave sepals, 5 petals, deciduous corollas, ten stamens, one pistil an ovary with one locule, 6 to 18 ovules, and an anther.  Flowers are pollinated by bats.  The dark brown legume is indehiscent, rigid, oblong in shape, and 6 to 17 centimeters (2.4 to 7 inches) long, 6.5 centimeters (2.6 inches) wide, and 10 to 50 grams (0.4 to 2 ounces) in weight.  The pod is dull, hard, and woody.  The pod contains yellow, creamy brown or greenish pulp that is starchy, mealy, and powdery, resembling dry flour.  When placed in the mouth, the texture turns into a paste.  The flavor is sweet and reminiscent of bananas or dates.  The aroma is uncommon.  Each pod also contains 1 to 6 light, dark, or reddish-brown seeds that are flattened, hard, and measure 1 to 2 centimeters (0.4 to 0.8 inch) long (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, WINROCK, CDS, ECOCROP).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs during the dry season and early rainy season (December to May) in Panama.  In Brazil, flowers form from October to December.  In Costa Rica, flowering occurs from February to May.  Fruit mature during the late rainy season in Panama.  In Brazil, fruit ripen July to October.  In Costa Rica, fruit forms one to two months following flowering.  Fruit stay on the tree for seven to ten months (JANICK, LORENZI, DUKE, WINROCK, CDS).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires a hot tropical climate, full sun, annual rainfall of 150 to 300 centimeters (59 to 118 inches), an annual temperature of 20 to 30 °C (68 to 86 °F), deep, fertile, moist well-drained sandy soil with a pH of 4.8 to 6.8, and elevations of sea level to 900 meters (2,953 feet).  Trees grow best on ridges, hillsides, slopes, high river banks, stream banks, humid Pacific lowland forests, semi-deciduous forests of the Parana River basin and dry forests of the Amazon.  Tolerates a variety of conditions including tropical dry to wet to subtropical dry to wet forest, poor fertility, waterlogging, and 4 months or more of drought.  Does not tolerate shade.  Propagation is by seed and cuttings.  Seeds germinate in 20 to 30 days.  Scarification is used to reduce germination time.  77 trees per hectare should be used for commercial plantings.  This fruit is locally important but rarely cultivated outside of native areas (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, WINROCK, CDS).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Pulp is consumed locally and is sometimes sold in food markets, especially in El Salvador (WINROCK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is consumed fresh; can be powdered and made into gruel, beverages, or cakes.  Jatobá bark tea is consumed by lumberjacks in Brazilian forests (PERENNIAL, WINROCK).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Bark tea is used as an energy tonic, stomach soother, and antifungal aid.  Bark is also used as a tonic for the respiratory and urinary systems; bark is an astringent, balsamic, vermifuge, haemostatic, cough reliever and diarrhea reliever by people of the Amazon; used as a cure-all.  Bark, sap, or resin, and leaves are used to cure cyctitis, hepatitis, prostatitis and coughs.  Sap is used to aid coughs and bronchitis.  The fruit is used to aid mouth ulcers.  Leaves and wood are used to aid diabetes.  The tree has been used as an anodyne, antiseptic, astringent, expectorant, laxative, pectoral, purgative, sedative, stomachic, stimulant, tonic, and vermifuge (JANICK, DUKE).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Puerto Rico, Southern Florida (GRIN, DUKE).
5. Other production regions:  Mexico, Central America including Panama, El Salvador and Costa Rica; the Caribbean including Cuba, Jamaica, Trinidad and Tobago; South America including Brazil, Peru, French Guiana, Bolivia and Colombia (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK, DUKE, WINROCK).
6. Use:  Bee plant (pollination), agroforestry, fruit, beverage base, beads, roots and trunk yield pale yellow or red gum/resin known as copal that is used in varnish, incense and medicines; wood for fuel, furniture, carpentry and construction; medicinal purposes; seeds are used as fodder; ornamental (GRIN, JANICK, DUKE, ECOCROP).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit; pectin extracted from rind, bulbs and seeds for food products.  Sometimes leaves and flowers.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, WINROCK, CDS, ECOCROP, DUKE.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  HMYCO

1. Kei-apple [(Keiapfel, manzana cafre (GRIN))]
      Salicaceae.  Also placed in:  Flacourtiaceae
      Dovyalis caffra (Hook. F. & Harv.) Warb.  [(syn:  Aberia caffra Hook. f. & Harv. (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. A vigorous shrub or small evergreen tree that grows to a height of 3 to 9 meters (10 to 30 feet) and a spread of 8 meters (25 feet).  Native to the Kei River area in southwestern Africa.  Bark is smooth, grey and fissured on young branches and flaky or corky on old branches.  Young branches contain 4 to 7 centimeter (1.6 to 2.8 inch) long spines.  Stems contain few to no spines.  The crown is branched.  Leaves occur in tight clusters on lateral branches or at the bases of the thorns, and alternate on young shoots.  Individual leaves are simple, glossy, waxy, obovate, obovate-elliptic or oblong-obovate in shape, rounded at the tip, tapered at the base, and 2 to 7.5 centimeters (0.8 to 3 inches) long by 0.5 to 3 centimeters (0.2 to 1.2 inches) wide.  The petioles are short and measure 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inch) long.  Cream-green flowers are small, petalless, and occur in dense clusters in the leaf axils on lateral shoots.  Pale-yellow male flowers occur in clusters of 5 to 10 and measure 0.3 centimeters (0.1 inch) long.  Pale-yellow female flowers are solitary or occur in clusters of 2 to 3 on stalks that measure 0.4 to 1.0 centimeters (0.2 to 0.4 inch) long.  There are separate male and female plants.  Pollination occurs by insects.  Bright yellow to yellow-orange fruit is solitary, fleshy, ovoid, oblate, or almost spherical in shape and 2.5 to 6 centimeters (1 to 2.4 inches) in diameter.  Immature fruit is green in color.  The skin is tough, thin, and velvety.  The pulp is yellow, mealy, apricot-textured and juicy.  The flavor is sour, subacid or acid and pleasant.  Fruit is aromatic.  Each fruit contains 5 to 15 seeds in two circles.  Individual seeds are flat, pointed, surrounded by fibers and 1.0 centimeter (0.4 inch) long.  Fruit resembles a small flattened apricot (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, AGROFORESTRY, POPENOE, TRADE WINDS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs from February to June in Florida.  In southern Africa, flowering and fruiting occur November to January.  In other areas including the Mediterranean region and U.S., flowering occurs in the spring (April and May) and fruit ripening occurs from August to October.  In Tanzania, fruit ripen from February to March.  Fruit matures in 90 days to 4 months.  Fruit is produced in 5 to 6 years from seed and 2 to 3 years from vegetative propagation (PERENNIAL, MORTON, POPENOE, JØKER).
      b. Cultivation:  Prefers semiarid tropical and subtropical climates, full sun or light shade, elevations of 200 to 2,450 meters (656 to 8,038 feet), rainfall of 150 to 300 centimeters (59 to 118 inches), mean annual temperatures of 11 to 31 °C (52 to 88 °F), and deep, well-drained, loamy to sandy soil.  Trees grow in open bush, wooded grassland associated with termite mounds, dry areas, valleys and forest edges.  Tolerant of high rainfall, hot weather, drought, sea breezes, salt spray, and temperatures down to -8 °C (18 °F).  Not tolerant of soils with a high water table.  Propagation is by seed, cuttings, layering and grafting.  Cleaned, dried seeds must be planted in flats of light sandy loam soon after being removed from the ripe fruit.  Germination occurs in 18 to 20 days.  Trees for fruit production should be spaced 4 to 5 meters (12 to 15 feet) apart.  Trees for hedges should be spaced 0.9 to 1.5 meters (3 to 5 feet) apart.  Pruning aids growth and harvesting.  Trees can grow 60 centimeters (24 inches) per year.  Harvesting is done when fruits turn yellow-orange and become soft.  Fruit are collected from the ground after branches are shaken.  Widely cultivated in the Transvaal.  Also cultivated along the shores of the Mediterranean (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, AGROFORESTRY, POPENOE, JØKER, PLANTZAFRICA).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit are sold in local markets in Africa and elsewhere (PLANTZAFRICA).

      d. Preparation for cooking:  Most people believe the fruit is too acid for eating out-of-hand.  Therefore, fruit should be cut in half, peeled, seeded, sprinkled with sugar, left to stand for a few hours, and served in desserts or fruit salads.  In addition to being consumed fresh, fruit can also be cooked.  Fruit can only be cooked for a short period of time before turning into sauce. Fruit is most commonly preserved into jelly and jam.  Under ripe fruit is processed into pickles (PERENNIAL, MORTON, POPENOE).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is rich in vitamin C (JANICK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  The roots, stems and fruit possess antibiotic properties (MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Florida, Southern California, Puerto Rico (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
5. Other production regions:  Costa Rica, England, Australia, Egypt, Albania, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Greece, Israel, Kenya, Tanzania, Malta, Portugal, Spain, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, United Kingdom, Algeria, southern France, Italy, the Philippines, Jamaica, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, South Africa; cultivated elsewhere in tropical and subtropical areas (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, AGROFORESTRY, JØKER).
6. Use:  Fruit, ornamental, hedge; leaves are used as fodder for cattle, goats, and game; fermented fruit can be used as a herbicide (GRIN, JANICK, AGROFORESTRY).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible pee
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, AGROFORESTRY, POPENOE, TRADE WINDS, JØKER, PLANTZAFRICA.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 10 and 13
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  DOVCA

1. Langsat [(duku, langsep, lansium, longkong, Lansibaum, arbol-do-lanza, árbol de lanza, lanzón, lanzones (GRIN, JANICK))]
      Meliaceae
      Lansium domesticum Corrêa
2. A slender, tall, evergreen tree that grows to a height of 5 to 10 meters (16 to 33 feet) in cultivation and up to 30 meters (98 feet) in the wild.  Native to southeast Asia, specifically peninsular Thailand, Malaysia and Borneo.  The trunk is straight, short and up to 75 centimeters (30 inches) in diameter.  Mottled grey and orange, red-brown or yellow-brown bark is deeply and irregularly fluted with steep buttresses; contains sticky, milky sap.  The crown is erect and open.  Dull green leaves are glossy, coarse, pinnate, alternate and 22 to 50 centimeters (9 to 20 inches) long.  Petioles are up to 7 centimeters (3 inches) long.  Each leaf contains 5 to 9 oval, leathery, dark-green, glossy, alternate obovate to elliptic-oblong, pointed leaflets that measure 7 to 20 centimeters (3 to 8 inches) long by 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) wide.  Petiolules are 0.5 to 1.2 centimeters (0.2 to 0.5 inch) long.  Both langsat and duku produce many flowered, hairy, solitary or clustered racemes that range in size from 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) long.  Racemes are showy and can occur in groups of two to five directly on the trunk and large branches.  Individual langsat and duku flowers are small, yellow to white in color, perfect and sessile; flowers occur in clusters of 20 to 30 and measure 1.2 centimeters (0.5 inch) wide by 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inch) long.  Each flower contains 5 fleshy, cup-shaped 5-lobed greenish-yellow sepals, 5 fleshy, erect ovate petals, 10 anthers and united stamens.  Ripe fruit occur in clusters of 2 to 30, are oval, ellipsoid, ovid-oblong or round in shape, and generally measure 2.5 to 5 centimeters (1 to 2 inches) in diameter.  The skin of the mature fruit is generally light greyish-yellow, pale yellow with brown blemishes, pale brownish or pink in color, velvety, leathery and thin to thick.  Pulp (aril) is clear, white translucent, juicy and divided into five segments.  The flavor is acid, subacid or sweet.  Seeds are green, large, bitter, and 2 to 2.5 centimeters (0.8 to 1 inch) long by 1.25 to 2 centimeters (0.5 to 0.8 inch) wide.  Pale green immature fruit contains white latex.  Lansium domesticum consists of three types of fruit:  longkong, langsat, and duku.
     The longkong tree consists of a round, upright trunk with little roughness; the trunk lacks a white stripe.  The dark green leaves of this tree contain deep veins.   Leaves are large, thick, smooth underneath, and glossy.  The tip of the leaf is oval and wavy.  Light yellow fruit is large, oval in shape and occurs in clusters of 10 to 40.  The peel is thick, rough, hairless, and hard.  No latex is present in the peel.  Pulp is translucent and hard.  Each fruit contains few or no seeds.  Yellow-greenish seeds are large, oval and bitter.  Longkong fruit are sweeter and contain less latex compared to langsat.  Because of this, longkong fruit are more expensive compared to langsat fruit in Thailand.
     The langsat tree is meager, slender, open, and consists of a white-striped trunk with upright, hairy branches.  Native to the north of the Malay Peninsula.  Leaves are long, tapered, thin, hairy underneath, and contain shallow veins.  Overall, foliage is sparse.  White-yellow fruit are smaller than longkong and duku fruit and are grown in clusters of 15 to 25.  Individual fruit are ovoid to oblong in shape and 3 to 5 centimeters (1.2 to 2 inches) in size.  The pale, greyish buff peel is thin, soft and contains very short hairs and sticky sap.  Pulp is white-translucent.  Each fruit contains five segments with 1 to 5 seeds that are small and green.
     The duku tree is robust, broad-topped, densely foliaged, and consists of a trunk with knobs and a spreading dome-shaped canopy.  Native to the south of the Malay Peninsula.  Leaves are long, tapered, smooth underneath, and similar to the coffee leaf.  Leaves contain a thin oval tip and shallow veins.  Light-yellow fruit are round, larger than longkong and langsat, 4.0 to 5.0 centimeters (1.6 to 2 inches) in size, and contain 4 to 12 fruit per cluster.  The peel is thick, rough, brownish buff in color and contains short hairs and no sap.  The crusty rind can be removed easily, revealing 5 segments.  Fruit contain less pulp compared to other fruit.  The aroma of the fruit is strong.  All carpels contain 1 to 2 non-bitter seeds.  The duku is the more popular fruit form (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON, ECOCROP, GLOBINMED).

3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Longkong plants form flower buds from April to June.  Flowering usually occurs during the 1 to 2 months when it is not raining.  In langsat and duku trees, flower-bud differentiation occurs during the early part of the dry season.  Flowering occurs after the beginning of the monsoon rains.  In some areas, flowering occurs once during the spring and once during the fall.  Fruit is harvested from September to November in Thailand.  In Malaya, langsats bear twice per year in June to July and December to February.  In India, fruit ripen from April to September.  In the Philippines, the season is short.  Langsat and duku take 180 to 220 days to develop from anthesis.  Fruit production occurs in 7 to 15 years from seed and 3 to 5 years from vegetative propagation (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
      b. Cultivation:  Longkong requires hot, humid (70 to 80% humidity), wet tropical lowlands, part shade, well-drained, deep, rich, mildly acid soil high in organic matter (sandy loam), elevations of less than 750 meters (2,461 feet), temperatures of 20 to 30 °C (68 to 86 °F), and a uniform distribution of 250 to 300 centimeters (98 to 118 inches) of rain.  Grows in equatorial climates with no dry season.  Prefers rainforests and humid river valleys.  Does not tolerate frost, heat above 30 °C (86 °F), high wind, waterlogging, or drought.  Propagation is by seed, layering, and grafting (approach, cleft, whip or side veneer).  Seeds must be planted soon after being removed from the fruit.  Longkong seeds are fertile and germinate with many seedlings.  Langsat and duku seeds germinate with only one seedling.  Grafting is done during the rainy season.  Trees should be spaced 8 by 8 meters (26 by 26 feet) to 12 by 12 meters (39 by 39 feet) apart.  Irrigation can be used to promote flowering.  Fertilization promotes new growth.  Pruning is done to promote an open shape. Mature plants are pruned after harvest, at the beginning of the rainy season when dormant.  Flower thinning is done to prevent small fruit and lower fruit set.  Fruit thinning is done when fruit reach 0.5 centimeter (0.2 inch) in diameter to promote uniformity.  Fruit is harvested when the skin color turns green to yellow, the aroma increases, the fruit becomes sweeter, and the quantity of latex is reduced.  Longkong fruit are harvested when the skin changes from light yellow to dark yellow and the peduncles and calyxes are dry.  Longkong fruit must be harvested as soon as they turn ripe or fruit drop occurs, resulting in a short shelf life.  Clusters do not mature uniformly.  However, clusters of fruit are harvested and sold intact.  Individual fruit are sold at a lower price.  4 to 5 harvests are required to collect mature fruit.  Fruit can be stored for 21 days at 18 °C (64 °F) and 90% relative humidity (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit are sold in clusters or individually; plentiful in local markets (JANICK, MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is easily consumed by peeling from the stem end.  Varieties with large amounts of latex should be dipped into boiling water before peeling.  The aril is consumed fresh out-of-hand; also preserved, canned in syrup, candied and dried; made into jellies, jams or juice.  Served as a dessert (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Longkong fruit have a good source of carbohydrates and potassium; source of vitamins A and C (ECOCROP, JANICK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  The peel contains resin that is used to halt diarrhea and intestinal spasms.  The dried peel is burned to aid tuberculosis sufferers.  Crushed seed is used for scorpion stings, reduce fevers, and kill intestinal worms.  A bark or bark and leaf decoction is used as a treatment for dysentery, stings, and malaria.  Leaf juice is used as eye drops to aid inflammation (JANICK, MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Puerto Rico, Hawaii (JANICK, MORTON).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Southeast Asia, Thailand, Burma, Sri Lanka, Australia, China, Cambodia, Vietnam, Myanmar, India, Surinam, Borneo, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Archipelago, Cuba, Honduras, Tobago, Trinidad, the Philippines; the Tropics.  Langsat and duku are grown most in Malaysia; longkong and langsat are grown most in Thailand.  Fruit yield varies depending on the type of fruit.  Langsat and duku yields are highly variable.  Ten year old longkong trees can produce 40 to 50 kilograms (88 to 110 pounds) of fruit per tree and 80 to 150 kilograms (176 to 331 pounds) of fruit after 30 years.  In the Philippines, approximately 25 tonnes (28 tons) per hectare per year of duku fruit is produced and in Thailand, approximately 5.6 tonnes (6.2 tons) per hectare per year of duku is produced (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, AGROFORESTRY, GLOBINMED).
6. Use:  Fruit, medicinal purposes; the dried peel is burned and the smoke is used as a mosquito repellant in the Philippines and as incense in Java; shade tree; wood for construction; arrow poison has been made from the peel and bark (GRIN, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Interior pulp of fruit.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON, ECOCROP, GLOBINMED, AGROFORESTRY.
11. Production map:  EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  LNIDO

1. Lanjut
      Anacardiaceae
	Mangifera lagenifera Griff.
2. A tree that grows up to 40 meters (131 feet) tall.  Native to Indonesia.  The trunk is up to 18 meters (59 feet) long, 80 centimeters (31.5 inches) in diameter and contains thick buttresses that may reach up to 30 centimeters (12 inches) high.  Bark is scaly, red brown to grey brown in color, smooth when young, and irregularly cracked and slightly to broadly fissured when older.  Ridges in the trunk are wrinkled, flaky and up to 0.3 centimeters (0.1 inch) thick.  Live bark is hard, laminated, up to 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) thick and dark reddish, reddish yellow or pink in color with longitudinal stripes.  Sap is sticky, watery, and chocolate brown to dark red brown in color.  Sapwood is white in color.  Bud scales are pinkish in color, small, acute, and stiff.  The crown is dense and consists of many subcrowns.  Dark green leaves are spirally arranged and crowded on the upper half of twigs.  Individual leaves are smooth, leathery, obtuse at the base, obovate-lanceolate to spathulate in shape and up to 11 by 16 centimeters (4 by 6 inches) in size.  Flowers are in panicles that are subterminal or in the axils of apical leaves.  Panicles are slightly hairy and up to 30 centimeters (12 inches) long.  The pedicel is up to 0.15 centimeter (0.06 inch) long.  Individual dark velvety black-violet, dark violet or pale lilac flowers contain 5 broadly ovate to broadly elliptic 0.15 to 0.25 centimeter (0.06 to 0.1 inch) long hairy sepals, 5 dark to light purple oblong, linear-oblong, or oblanceolate, 0.5 to 0.7 centimeter (0.2 to 0.3 inch) long erect to reflexed petals, 5 fertile stamens, filaments that are purple to blue, tipped with yellow, a slender disc and a style.  Fruit are large in size, pear-shaped, and 10.5 centimeters (4 inches) long by 7 to 8 centimeters (2.8 to 3.1 inches) in diameter.  At maturity, fruit are green flushed with pink and at full maturity, fruit turn brownish in color.  Pulp is up to 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) thick, stringy, fibrous, and white to dirty pink or purple in color.  The flavor is very sour, acidic and bitter.  Foul smelling (KOSTERMANS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs at very long intervals as long as 5 to 10 years (KOSTERMANS).
      b. Cultivation:  The tree requires a wet evergreen tropical lowland forest.  Cultivated in western Malesia (KOSTERMANS).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  No specific entry.
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is consumed cooked or uncooked.  Uncooked fruit are prepared into pickles and preserved with salt or sugar with chillies or other spices before consumption (KOSTERMANS).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  No data.
5. Other commercial production regions:  Malesia including Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Malay Peninsula, and Singapore (GRIN, KOSTERMANS).
6. Use:  Fruit (KOSTERMANS).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  The pulp is the only part consumed.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, KOSTERMANS.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  No specific entry.

                                      345
1. Longan  [(Mamoncillo chino, Dragon's eye; longanier, oeil de dragon, Longanbaum, Longanbeere, mata kucing, longán (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Sapindaceae
      Dimocarpus longan Lour. [(syn: Euphoria cinerea (Turcz.) Radlk., Euphoria longan (Lour.) Steud., Euphoria longana Lam., Euphoria malaiensis (Griff.) Radlk., Nephelium longan (Lour.) Hook., Nephelium longana (Lam.) Cambess., Nephelium malaiense Griff. (GRIN))]
2. An erect, large, semi-deciduous to evergreen tree that grows to a height of 8 to 20 meters (26 to 66 feet) and a spread of 14 meters (46 feet).  Native to northeastern India, Sri Lanka, Burma, Thailand and southern China.  Cultivated in China for 2,000 years.  Roots are 2 to 4 meters (7 to 13 feet) deep.  The trunk is massive and sometimes buttressed.  Bark is corky, rough and 0.8 meter (2.5 feet) thick.  The canopy is dense, many-branched and rounded.  Young branches are brownish grey and hairy.  Main branches are long, spreading and somewhat drooping.  Leaves are dark green above, minutely grey velvety below, pinnately compound, alternate, and 25 centimeters (10 inches) long.  Leaves contain 6 to 12 leaflets that are alternate to nearly opposite, shiny, smooth, leathery, oblong, elliptic, ovate-oblong, or lanceolate in shape, blunt or pointed at the ends, wavy on the edges and 5 to 30 centimeters (2 to 12 inches) long by 3.5 to 5 centimeters (1.4 to 2 inches) wide.  Young leaflets are wine-red in color.  Flowers are borne in large terminal panicles in the upper leaf axils and measure 10 to 40 centimeters (4 to 16 inches) long.  Fragrant flowers are small, greenish-yellow, yellow-white or brownish in color and hairy stalked.  Each flower contains five sepals and five petals.  Trees have three different flower types:  staminate flowers, hermaphrodite flowers functioning as females and hermaphrodite flowers functioning as males.  Pollination is accomplished mostly by honeybees.  Fruit are contained in large clusters of 20 to 30.  Individual fruit (drupes) are yellowish-brown to reddish-brown in color, spherical to ovoid in shape and 1.5 to 2.5 or even 4 centimeters (0.6 to 1 or 1.6 inch) in diameter.  Fruit is smaller compared to lychee.  The skin is thin, fragile, leathery, crusty and pebbly to almost smooth with a honeycomb pattern.  Pulp (aril) is juicy, mucilaginous, translucent, clear to whitish or golden.  The flavor is strong, musky, sweet or sweet-sour and more delicate than a lychee.  The aroma is spicy.  Each fruit contains one round, dark-brown, red-brown or black shiny seed with a circular white spot at the base.  The seed resembles an eye.  Fruit is well-known and esteemed in Asia (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, BARWICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CULL, MORTON, ECOCROP).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  In most areas, flowering occurs once per year in spring.  In Brazil, flowering occurs August to September.  In order to promote flowering, the tree must be exposed to cool weather of 15 to 22 °C (59 to 72 °F) for 2 to 3 months.  Fruit matures in 4 months, usually in late summer.  In Brazil, fruiting occurs February to March.  In Thailand, fruiting is mainly from June to August.  Trees can bloom and fruit erratically.  Fruiting can occur in alternate years.  Trees produce fruit in 6 to 10 years from seed and 3 to 5 years from asexual propagation (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, CULL, MORTON).
      b. Cultivation:  Grown in the humid tropical and warm subtropical climates of the world.  Also grown in temperate areas that lack heavy frosts.  Requirements are similar to that of lychee.  Prefers a deep, well-drained, highly fertile, slightly acid clay loam or sand with a pH range of 5.0 to 6.5, sheltered, full sun, an elevation of 152 to 1,500 meters (500 to 4,921 feet), high rainfall of 150 to 300 centimeters (59 to 118 inches) and high humidity.  Grows well in humid mountain woodlands and warm tropical lowlands.  Tolerates a variety of soils including limestone, and brief exposure to below freezing temperatures.  Does not tolerate waterlogging for long periods of time, drought, or wind.  Young trees do not tolerate low temperatures.  Trees do not flower in lowland, equatorial areas with uniform hot, dry conditions.   Greater flowering and fruiting occur in areas with cool winters.  Propagation is mostly vegetative (air layering, budding, cuttings, grafting).  Propagation is not often done by seed since fruit quality is unpredictable.  If propagating by seed, plant seeds 2 centimeters (0.75 inch) deep.  Germination occurs in 7 to 10 days.  Seedlings should be transplanted to a shaded area during the spring and placed in the field 2 to 3 years later during dormancy.  Trees should be planted 5 to 12 meters (16 to 39 feet) apart between trees and 8 to 10 meters (26 to 33 feet) between rows when there is sufficient moisture and warm temperatures.  Thinning flower clusters can promote more even fruiting and increased fruit size.  Irrigation, fertilization, and pruning aid growth and yield.  Fruit shape, skin color and flavor influence when harvesting occurs.  Fruit are ready for harvest when fruit develop a smooth, dark skin and reach 8 to 10 grams (0.3 to 0.4 ounce) in size.  Harvesting is accomplished by clipping fruit from the stem.  Rapid skin browning occurs, making fruit hard to market.  A sulfur dioxide acid treatment is used to treat this problem in many countries.  Fruit should be stored at 4 to 7 °C (39 to 45 °F) at 90 to 95% relative humidity for 2 to 3 weeks (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CULL, MORTON).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  In Asian markets, fruit are sold still attached to the panicle in bunches.  In Western markets, individual fruits are sold in containers.  Canned fruit is available in supermarkets (JANICK, VAN WYK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is consumed fresh, frozen, canned, crystallized, or dried; used in fruit salad; made into a drink or liquor; served with Asian desserts including almond jelly; dried longans are cooked with black rice to make rice pudding.  Fruit tea is made from dried fruits.  Longan flowers are a source of honey (PERENNIAL, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is a fair source of vitamin C, phosphorus and potassium.  Fruit is a poor source of calcium, iron, thiamine and riboflavin (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LAMBERTS).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  In some areas, the fruit is believed to improve brain functioning, insomnia, amnesia, and mental health.  The pulp is used to aid the stomach, reduce fevers, and remove intestinal worms; regarded as an antidote for poison.  In Southeast Asia, parts of the tree are used for therapeutical purposes.  Seeds are ground into powder and used to treat skin diseases and snake bites (BARWICK, MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Home gardens; Hawaii, Florida, California; in 1994, Florida reported 81 hectares (200 acres) (MARKLE, CRANE 1995a, PERENNIAL, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC).
5. Other production regions:  West Indies; longan is commercialized in China, Taiwan, India, Sri Lanka, Brazil, Australia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Indonesia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Thailand; cultivated elsewhere.  China is the largest producer of longan; 444,400 hectares (1,098,136 acres) were grown and 495,800 tonnes (546,526 tons) in 1997 were produced.  In other areas, 181 to 227 kilograms (400 to 500 pounds) of fruit are produced during good years (GRIN, MARKLE, MORTON, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON).
6. Use:  Fruit; dried after seeds and rind removed; seeds and rind are burned for fuel; medicinal purposes; beverage base; seeds are used in shampoo; wood is used for construction purposes; planted as a forest tree for soil conservation; shade tree (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible pee
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0342) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  Lychee = longan
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, CRANE 1995a, PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, BARWICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CULL, MORTON, ECOCROP, LAMBERTS.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 10 and 13
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  DMCLO

1. Lúcuma [(lucmo, lúcumo (GRIN))]
      Sapotaceae
      Pouteria lucuma (Ruiz & Pav.) Kuntze [(syn: Achras lucuma Ruiz & Pav. (basionym), Lucuma obovata Kunth (GRIN))]
2. A tall, subtropical evergreen tree that grows to a height of 8 to 20 meters (26 to 66 feet).  Native to South America, specifically the inter-Andean valleys and the cool highlands of Ecuador and Peru.  Grown since ancient times.  Similar in appearance to the avocado tree.  The canopy is dense, rounded and 6 to 10 meters (20 to 33 feet) in diameter.  Branchlets contain velvety hairs and large amounts of latex.  Dark green leaves are clustered at the ends of small branches.  Individual leaves are simple, thin, leathery, obovate, oval or elliptic in shape, blunt at the apex, pointed at the base, pale green with brown hairs underneath, 12.5 to 25 centimeters (5 to 10 inches) long and up to 10 centimeters (4 inches) wide.  Compared to the avocado, leaves are darker, smaller, and more leathery.  Small, yellowish-green flowers are borne solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3 in the leaf axils.  Flowers are tubular with hairy sepals and a five to seven-lobed opening that measures 1.3 centimeters (0.5 inch) across.  Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs.  Trees are self-fertile and pollinated by insects.  Yellow, yellowish-green, or brownish-green fruit is solitary, oblate, ovate or elliptic in shape, pointed or depressed at the apex, and 4 to 10 centimeters (1.6 to 4 inches) long.  Immature fruit are green in color.  The skin is thin, delicate, smooth, and overlaid with russet.  Pulp of mature fruit is bright yellow, soft, firm, dry and mealy.  Pulp of immature fruit is hard and contains latex.  The flavor is very sweet and delicate, but has an unfavorable aftertaste.  Some have described the taste as a combination of pumpkin and maple-syrup with a tart aftertaste.  Each fruit contains one to five round to broad-oval dark brown glossy seeds.  Seeds contain a whitish hilum on one side.  Fruit is similar to canistel, but larger in size (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NAGY, MORTON, CAMPBELL, SKYFIELD).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs from June to August in Florida.  Trees may bloom and fruit all year long.  Fruit matures in approximately 180 days.  In Chile, fruit are harvested April to December.  Trees begin to produce fruit 5 to 20 years from seed and 4 years from grafting (PERENNIAL, JANICK).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires a tropical, subtropical or temperate climate, medium rainfall of 100 to 180 centimeters (39 to 71 inches), shade to part sun, slightly acidic fertile, well-drained soil, elevations of 2,700 to 3,000 meters (8,858 to 9,843 feet), and mean temperatures of 20 to 22 °C (68 to 72 °F).  Grows in the inter-Andean valleys.  Cultivated in forest stands in the highlands of South America.  In Chile, fruit are grown in frost-free, 100 meter (328 feet) altitude areas of the Aconcagua and Elqui river valleys.  In Bolivia, fruit are grown in dry areas at 200 to 2,000 meters (656 to 6,562 feet) and up to 3,000 meters (9,843 feet) in Peru.  Tolerates periodic dry weather.  Does not tolerate hot tropical lowlands or freezing temperatures.  Propagation is by seed and grafting.  Germination occurs in 25 to 40 days.  Cleft or tongue grafts are made in the early spring when the stem is pencil size.  Trees should be spaced 4 to 5 meters (13 to 16 feet) in-row and 5 to 6 meters (16 to 20 feet) between rows.  Young trees should be pruned to promote branching and fruiting.  Mature fruit may or may not ripen while on the tree.  Fruit are generally ripe when the pulp becomes soft, sweet, orange yellow in color, and the soluble solids content increases from 9 to 16%.  Fruit will not ripen if picked when immature.  After harvesting, fruit are kept in the shade for several days to become soft prior to packing (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NAGY, MORTON, CAMPBELL).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit is sold in local markets of Chile and Peru; sold in some markets in Ecuador.  Fruit are sold in the markets of La Paz.  Fruit are shipped from Chile to England for dessert use.  Dried fruit is marketed as a health food supplement (NAGY, MORTON, SKYFIELD).

      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is consumed fresh, dried, and powdered; fruit can be stewed in syrup and prepared into preserves.  Fruit is also used to flavor desserts and beverages.  In Peru and Chile, pulp is dried and ground into powder or frozen pulp and placed in ice cream, chocolate, confections, milk, pastries, milk shakes, pies, tarts and other desserts (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NAGY, MORTON, CAMPBELL).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit pulp contains calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin C; rich in minerals carotenes, B vitamins, and carbohydrates; high calorie fruit (JANICK, SKYFIELD).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Dried fruit is used as a health food supplement (SKYFIELD).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Florida, Hawaii, Southern California (MORTON, SKYFIELD).
5. Other commercial production regions:  South America including the Andes, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Chile; Mexico, Costa Rica; grown for processing on a commercial scale in Chile, Peru and Ecuador.  Peru has approximately 600 hectares (1,483 acres) under cultivation; in 1997, 3,010 tonnes (3,318 tons) of pulp was produced; in 1998, 2,624 tonnes (2,892 tons) of pulp was produced.  Approximately 18 tonnes (20 tons) per hectare of fruit are produced 10 years after planting.  Trees can yield over 300 fruit and each fruit can weigh 150 to 200 grams (5 to 7 ounces) (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
6. Use:  Beverage base, fruit; wood for furniture manufacturing; ornamental; medicinal purposes (GRIN, NAGY, SKYFIELD).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Interior pulp only.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition: None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, NAGY, MORTON, CAMPBELL, SKYFIELD.
11. Production Map:   EPA Crop Production Region 10 and 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  POJLU (listed as Lucuma obovata H.B.K.)

                                      351
1. Lychee [(leechee, litchi, cerisier de Chine, litchi de Chine, Litchi, Litchibaum, Litchipflanze, lici, litchia, lichia (GRIN))]
      Sapindaceae
      Litchi chinensis Sonn. [(syn: Euphoria didyma Blanco, Litchi philippinensis Radlk., Nephelium		 litchi Cambess. (GRIN))]