\26\ RIN 2120-AL14 Flight Simulation Training Device Usage in
Training Programs. See the Department of Transportation semi-annual
regulatory agenda at www.reginfo.gov for more information on this
rulemaking.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

O. SIC Training and Checking Conforming Changes

    The FAA proposed amendments to the SIC training requirements in
Appendix E to part 121, amendments to the SIC proficiency check
requirements in Appendix F to part 121, and an amendment to Sec.  61.71
to clarify that a pilot obtaining a type rating within a part 121
training program must satisfactorily accomplish the same tasks and
maneuvers required by Sec.  121.424 to serve as PIC. See 81 FR at
69925.
    The FAA did not receive any comments on these proposed amendments
and is adopting them as proposed.

P. Other Conforming and Miscellaneous Changes

    In the NPRM, the FAA proposed amendments to the pilot transition
ground training content in Sec.  121.419; a new term in Sec.  121.400
to identify flight engineer to SIC training as ``conversion'' training
instead of ``upgrade'' training; amendments to the ground training
content in Sec.  121.419 for flight engineer to SIC training; and an
amendment to Sec.  121.434, Appendix E to part 121, and Appendix F to
part 121 to allow preflight visual inspection using pictorial means
during pilot training and checking. See 81 FR at 69926.
    Ameristar suggested, that because proposed Appendices E and F refer
to an ``approved'' pictorial means for completing preflight, proposed
Sec.  121.434(b)(3) should include the term ``approved.''
    The FAA agrees with the suggestion, and Sec.  121.434(b)(3)
clarifies that the pictorial means must be approved. The FAA will
continue to provide relief through exemptions for preflight visual
inspection using pictorial means until April 27, 2021, to allow
sufficient time for certificate holders to obtain approval under the
regulations from their Principal Operations Inspector. The FAA did not
receive any other comments on these proposed amendments and is adopting
them as proposed.

Q. Costs and Benefits

    The FAA received a few comments concerning the potential costs and
benefits of the proposed rule. Jet Blue stated that the proposed OF
requirements may delay the training of a class of 30 pilots for up to
an entire calendar week, resulting in significant costs to the airline.
With Jet Blue's projected pilot hiring of 500 pilots in 2018, this
delay represented a potential additional cost of $1,718,640 per year in
system staffing costs versus approximately $245,520 for a single-day
flexible addition within the existing training footprint.
    As further explained in the section regarding Operations
Familiarization, the FAA has revised the proposed OF requirements to
clarify that OF can be completed during or after basic indoctrination
training. This change reduces staffing costs.
    An individual commenter stated that the proposed OF requirement
would increase operating costs to the airlines, and does not help
prevent the pilot shortage in the U.S.
    As described in the NPRM, the intent of OF is to provide newly
hired pilots with an opportunity to observe from the flight deck in a
real world environment, the unique characteristics of the air carrier's
operations, and the specialized processes learned during basic
indoctrination training.
    One individual provided positive comment on the cost savings
benefits to operators. This individual further stated that the cost of
$72 million over a 10-year period is much more feasible as it balances
the expected overall benefits.
    Another individual noted that due to economic factors and further
unknown variables, air carrier budgets could be impacted on a larger or
smaller scale than what was estimated in the NPRM. One individual
identified as a pilot suggested that if the savings are higher than or
equal to the cost to implement, the NPRM should be implemented. This
individual further calculated that even with the 10-year 7% discount
rate that if the cost ends up only being about $1 million or less of an
expense to air carriers, the NPRM should still be implemented so long
as the expenses are not shifted on to the pilots.
    The FAA addresses the estimated costs and benefits of the rule in
the Regulatory Evaluation section.

R. Other Out-of-Scope Comments

    Ameristar believed Sec.  121.436 should be amended to allow all
flight time acquired in a turbojet aircraft in a part 135 operation to
count towards the 1000-hour requirement of Sec.  121.436(a)(3).
Referencing proposed Sec.  121.427(b)(4), Ameristar believed that CRM
scenarios can be built into recurrent proficiency checks as well as
LOFT sessions. The FAA also received several other comments concerning
pilots' wages at regional air carriers, stress and fatigue, and optimal
working environment. In addition, the comments included recommendations
for general aviation pilot training and qualifications, as well as a
recommendation to target regulations to

general aviation and other forms of transit.
    These comments are out of the scope of this rulemaking. While there
are many other factors that contribute to aviation accidents, Public
Law 111-216 and this rule specifically address pilot professional
development through leadership and command training and pilot
mentoring. The new requirements are designed to enhance the
professional development of pilots and are therefore not intended as
substitutes for pilot qualifications or other pilot training regimes.

V. Regulatory Notices and Analyses

A. Regulatory Evaluation

    Changes to Federal regulations must undergo several economic
analyses. First, Executive Order 12866 and Executive Order 13563 direct
that each Federal agency shall propose or adopt a regulation only upon
a reasoned determination that the benefits of the intended regulation
justify its costs. Second, the Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (Pub.
L. 96-354) requires agencies to analyze the economic impact of
regulatory changes on small entities. Third, the Trade Agreements Act
(Pub. L. 96-39 as amended) prohibits agencies from setting standards
that create unnecessary obstacles to the foreign commerce of the United
States. In developing U.S. standards, the Trade Agreements Act requires
agencies to consider international standards and, where appropriate,
that they be the basis of U.S. standards. Fourth, the Unfunded Mandates
Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-4) requires agencies to prepare a
written assessment of the costs, benefits, and other effects of
proposed or final rules that include a Federal mandate likely to result
in the expenditure by State, local, or tribal governments, in the
aggregate, or by the private sector, of $100 million or more annually
(adjusted for inflation with base year of 1995). This portion of the
preamble summarizes the FAA's analysis of the economic impacts of this
final rule. We suggest readers seeking greater detail read the full
regulatory evaluation, a copy of which we have placed in the docket for
this rulemaking.
    In conducting these analyses, FAA has determined this final rule
has benefits that justify its costs, and is a ``significant regulatory
action'' as defined in section 3(f) of Executive Order 12866 because it
raises novel policy issues contemplated under that executive order. The
rule is also ``significant'' as defined in DOT's Regulatory Policies
and Procedures. The final rule, if adopted, will not have a significant
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities, will not
create unnecessary obstacles to international trade, and will not
impose an unfunded mandate on state, local, or tribal governments, or
on the private sector.
Total Benefits and Costs of This Rule
    The overall safety and reliability of the NAS demonstrates that
most pilots conduct operations with a high degree of professionalism.
Nevertheless, a problem still exists in the aviation industry with some
pilots acting unprofessionally and not adhering to standard operating
procedures (``SOP''), including the sterile flight deck rule. This rule
requires:
     Operations familiarization for new-hire pilots;
     Revised ground and flight training for upgrading pilots
that includes mentoring, leadership, and command training;
     Mentoring, leadership, and command ground training for
current PICs;
     Mentoring, leadership, and command recurrent training for
PICs; and
     Leadership and command training for certain SICs serving
in an operation that requires 3 or more pilots.
    The benefits of the training in the final rule include an increased
level of safety from mitigation of unprofessional pilot behavior which
the FAA has determined reduces pilot error that can lead to a
catastrophic event. In addition, the rule responds to NTSB
recommendations and satisfies the statutory requirement for a
rulemaking in Public Law 111-216.
    The estimated cost of the rule to air carriers is $90.0 million
over a 10-year period. When discounted using a 7-percent discount rate,
the rule is estimated to result in costs of $62.2 million over the same
period. The total and annualized costs and cost savings are shown in
the table below.
    The rule will also generate savings to operators of $95.5 million
over a 10-year period. When discounted using a 7-percent discount rate,
the rule will result in savings of $61.2 million over the same period.

                                          Total Costs and Cost Savings
                                     [Millions of 2016 dollars, 2018-2027] *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Present  value  Annualized  at  Present  value  Annualized  at
                                      Nominal          at 7%            7%             at 3%            3%
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Costs.....................          $90.04          $62.17           $8.29          $76.25           $8.24
Total Cost Savings..............           95.53           61.22            8.16           78.32            8.46
Net Costs.......................           -5.49            0.94            0.13           -2.07           -0.22
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Table values have been rounded. Totals may not add due to rounding.

    More detailed benefit and cost information follows below.
Who is potentially affected by this rule?
    The rule applies to all part 121 air carriers (77) and, for some
provisions, to part 135 operators conducting commuter operations in
airplanes type certificated for two pilots and are required to use
pilot training and qualification programs that comply with part 121
subparts N and O (2).\27\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ In addition to part 135 operators conducting commuter
operations, if authorized by the Administrator, part 91, subpart K
(part 91K) program managers, and other part 135 operators may
voluntarily comply with the training program requirements in
subparts N and O of part 121 instead of the training program
requirements of part 91K or part 135. Given that part 121 compliance
is voluntary for part 91K program managers and part 135 operators
(other than those conducting commuter operations), this pilot
segment is not included in this analysis.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Assumptions
 Discount Rates: \28\ 7% and 3%
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ Office of Management and Budget, OMB Circular No. A-4, New
Guidelines for the Conduct of Regulatory Analysis, Mar. 2, 2004.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Period of Analysis: 2018-2027
 Monetary values expressed in 2016 dollars
 Discounting calculations use 2016 as the base year

    Other key assumptions used to complete the regulatory evaluation
are as follows:

 Pilot Retirement Rate: 2.5%
 Pilot Attrition Rate Due to Medical Reasons: 0.5%
 Pilot Growth Rate: 0.5%
 Growth rate of SIC Pilots Qualified as PIC: 3.4% per year \29\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \29\ FAA Aerospace Forecast 2017-2037. Table 5: U.S. Commercial
Carriers Total Scheduled U.S. Passenger Traffic, 2016-2037. https://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation/aerospace_forecasts/. Accessed
April 2017.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Ground Instructors Needed: 1 instructor for every 200 pilots
 Class Size: 20 pilots per class
Changes From the NPRM to the Final Rule
    The final rule differs from the proposed rule in the following
ways. The FAA is not requiring a pilot professional development
committee (PPDC) as suggested in the NPRM. The FAA is also requiring
leadership and command training for SICs serving in operations that
require three or more pilots.
Benefits of This Rule
    The benefits of the required training include an increased level of
safety from mitigation of unprofessional pilot behavior which the FAA
has determined reduces pilot error that can lead to a catastrophic
event. The October 14, 2004, crash of Pinnacle Airlines flight 3701 in
Jefferson City, Missouri, and the February 12, 2009, crash of Colgan
Air flight 3407 near Buffalo, New York, are examples of past accidents
where unprofessional pilot behavior contributed to the accident. In
addition, the rule responds to National Transportation Safety Board
(NTSB) recommendations and satisfies the statutory requirement for
rulemaking in Public Law 111-216.
Costs of This Rule
    The costs of the rule are associated with the following
requirements:
     Operations familiarization for new-hire pilots;
     Revised ground and flight training for upgrading pilots
that includes mentoring, leadership, and command training;
     Mentoring, leadership, and command ground training for
current PICs;
     Mentoring, leadership, and command recurrent training for
PICs; and
     Leadership and command training for certain SICs serving
in an operation that requires 3 or more pilots.
    The rule has some additional conforming and miscellaneous changes
that do not impact either the costs or benefits of the rule (see
Sections N, O, and P of the preamble to the final rule).

                             Compliance Costs for the Rule by Provision (2018-2027)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                     Total compliance costs  (millions of 2016
                                                                                dollars)
                                                                 -----------------------------------------------
                              Cost                                                         Present value
                                                                       Total     -------------------------------
                                                                                7 percent       3 percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New-Hire Pilot Operations Familiarization (Sec.   121.435)......          $6.514          $3.962          $5.227
Upgrade Training (Sec.  Sec.   121.420 and 121.426).............          13.991           8.649          11.300
One-Time and Recurrent PIC Training (Sec.   121.429, Sec.                 66.391          47.439          57.095
 121.409(b), and Sec.   121.427)................................
One-Time and Recurrent SICs Qualified as PICs Training..........           3.133           2.108           2.623
Recordkeeping...................................................           0.009           0.007           0.008
                                                                 -----------------------------------------------
    Total.......................................................          90.039          62.165          76.254
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Table values have been rounded. Totals may not add due to rounding.

Cost Savings of This Rule
    The rule also contains cost saving benefits based on changes to
ground training that are possible due to changes already implemented in
the Pilot Certification Rule. The recent Pilot Certification final rule
ensures technical proficiency in those subjects via other means.\30\
These changes will lead to a reduction in the time required to complete
recurrent and upgrade training and will not compromise safety.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ The Pilot Certification rule requires all SIC serving in
part 121 operations to hold an ATP certificate with a type rating
and requires pilots to complete a minimum of 1,000 hours of relevant
operational experience prior to serving as a PIC in part 121
operations. Additionally, the Pilot Certification rule requires
pilots, who will serve in part 121 operations, to complete the ATP-
CTP prior to ATP certification. Thus, the Pilot Certification rule
requirements raise the baseline knowledge and experience level for
pilots prior to serving at an air carrier. See Pilot Certification
and Qualification Requirements for Air Carrier Operations; Final
Rule, published by the Federal Aviation Administration on July 15,
2013 (78 FR 42324). https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2013/07/15/2013-16849/pilot-certification-and-qualification-requirements-for-air-carrier-operations.

                             Total and Present Values of Cost Savings (2018-2027) *
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      Total costs savings  (millions of 2016
                                                                                dollars)
                                                                 -----------------------------------------------
                      Cost saving benefits                                                 Present value
                                                                       Total     -------------------------------
                                                                                7 percent       3 percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Recurrent Ground Training (Sec.   121.427)......................         $67.323         $44.068         $55.687
Upgrade Ground Training (Sec.   121.420)........................          28.205          17.155          22.631
                                                                 -----------------------------------------------
    Total.......................................................          95.529          61.223          78.318
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
* Table values have been rounded. Totals may not add due to rounding.

Alternatives Considered
    The FAA considered an alternative proposal representing the MLP ARC
recommendations as presented to the FAA. The FAA carefully considered
the MLP ARC recommendations when developing the rule, and many of the
recommendations are incorporated into the rule albeit with less
prescriptive requirements. The main drivers of the cost differences
between the MLP ARC recommendations and the final rule are the MLP ARC
recommendations for a full-time professional development position,
PPDC, and longer amount of time required for leadership and command
training during upgrade training and during PIC recurrent training. The
FAA adopts the proposed requirements, except the PPDC, as cost of the
MLP ARC recommendations are substantially greater than the cost of this
final rule.

B. Regulatory Flexibility Determination

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act of 1980 (Pub. L. 96-354) (RFA)
establishes ``as a principle of regulatory issuance that agencies shall
endeavor, consistent with the objectives of the rule and of applicable
statutes, to fit regulatory and informational requirements to the scale
of the businesses, organizations, and governmental jurisdictions
subject to regulation. To achieve this principle, agencies are required
to solicit and consider flexible regulatory proposals and to explain
the rationale for their actions to assure that such proposals are given
serious consideration.'' The RFA covers a wide-range of small entities,
including small businesses, not-for-profit organizations, and small
governmental jurisdictions.
    Agencies must perform a review to determine whether a rule will
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities. If the agency determines that it will, the agency must
prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis as described in the RFA.
    However, if an agency determines that a rule is not expected to
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities, section 605(b) of the RFA provides that the head of the
agency may so certify and a regulatory flexibility analysis is not
required. The certification must include a statement providing the
factual basis for this determination, and the reasoning should be
clear.
    The Small Business Administration (SBA) categorizes airlines with
1,500 or fewer employees as small businesses. Of the 77 carriers that
operate under part 121, 52 had fewer than 1,500 total employees based
on National Vital Information Subsystem (NVIS) data from February and
November 2017. Of the two part 135 operators required to use pilot
training and qualification programs that comply with part 121 subparts
N and O, both have fewer than 1,500 total employees based on NVIS data.
The count of pilots for the 52 small part 121 air carriers and the two
small part 135 operators are shown in the table below.

          Table 4--Total Number of Impacted Pilots, PICs, and SICs From Small Carriers in 2017 and 2027
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                               Year
                         Pilot category                          --------------------------------  Annual growth
                                                                       2017            2027             (%)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
PIC.............................................................           3,270           3,437             0.5
SIC qualified as PIC............................................             115             161             3.4
SIC--Other......................................................           2,901           3,049             0.5
                                                                 -----------------------------------------------
    Total Pilots................................................           6,286           6,647             0.5
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on these pilot counts, the analysis used to conduct the Pilot
Professional Development Regulatory Evaluation was recalculated for
small air carriers only. A summary of the costs and cost savings of the
rule on small air carriers is shown below.

                      Table 5--Total Costs and Cost Savings of the Rule for Small Carriers
                                                   [2018-2027]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                    Total costs and cost savings  (millions of
                                                                                2016 dollars)
                                                                 -----------------------------------------------
                     Costs and cost savings                                                Present value
                                                                       Total     -------------------------------
                                                                                7 Percent       3 Percent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Costs.....................................................          $6.873          $4.763          $5.830
Total Cost Savings..............................................           6.969           4.457           5.709
rrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrrr
    Total Net Costs.............................................          -0.096           0.306           0.121
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The total cost of the rule on small carriers, and the corresponding
per small carrier cost, by provision, is shown in the table below.

                Table 6--Total and Per Carrier Costs of the Rule for Small Carriers by Provision
                                                   [2018-2027]
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                     Total compliance costs  (millions of 2016
                                                                                dollars)
                           Provisions                            -----------------------------------------------
                                                                                Carriers       Per carrier
                                                                       Total         impacted       total cost
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
New-Hire SIC Operations Familiarization (Sec.   121.435)........           $0.28              54          $0.005
Upgrade Training (Mentoring, Leadership, and Command for SICs or            0.61              54           0.011
 Mentoring Training for SICs qualified as PICs) (Sec.  Sec.
 121.420 and 121.426)...........................................
One-Time and Recurrent PIC Training (Mentoring, Leadership, and             3.80              54           0.002
 Command) (Sec.   121.409(b), 121.427, and 121.429).............
One-Time and Recurrent Training SICs Qualified as PICs                      0.08              54           0.002
 (Leadership and Command).......................................
Recordkeeping...................................................           0.001              54           0.000
                                                                 -----------------------------------------------
    Total.......................................................           4.763  ..............           0.088
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The total cost per carrier of $88,000 for the rule, over the 10-
year analysis period, implies an annual average per carrier cost of
approximately $8,800.
    The FAA believes that such an economic cost is not economically
significant. BTS Form 41 Financial data is available for 40 small air
carriers.\31\ Operating revenues, in 2016, for 34 of the 40 carriers is
reported as $20 million or more. The remaining 6 carriers have
operating revenue ranging from $5 million to $16 million. Based on
these figures, the estimated annual average per carrier cost of the
rule is less than 1% of the operating revenue where data is available.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \31\ Bureau of Transportation Statistics Air Carrier Financial
Reports (Form 41 Financial Data) Database. Schedules P-1.1 and P-
1.2. https://www.transtats.bts.gov.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    If an agency determines that a rulemaking will not result in a
significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities,
the head of the agency may so certify under section 605(b) of the RFA.
Therefore, as provided in section 605(b), the FAA Administrator
certifies that this rulemaking will not result in a significant
economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.

C. International Trade Impact Assessment

    The Trade Agreements Act of 1979 (Pub. L. 96-39), as amended by the
Uruguay Round Agreements Act (Pub. L. 103-465), prohibits Federal
agencies from establishing standards or engaging in related activities
that create unnecessary obstacles to the foreign commerce of the United
States. Pursuant to these Acts, the establishment of standards is not
considered an unnecessary obstacle to the foreign commerce of the
United States, so long as the standard has a legitimate domestic
objective, such as the protection of safety, and does not operate in a
manner that excludes imports that meet this objective. The statute also
requires consideration of international standards and, where
appropriate, that they be the basis for U.S. standards. The FAA has
assessed the potential effect of this final rule and determined that it
will respond to a statutorily mandated safety objective and is not
considered an unnecessary obstacle to the foreign commerce of the
United States.

D. Unfunded Mandates Assessment

    Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (Pub. L. 104-
4) requires each Federal agency to prepare a written statement
assessing the effects of any Federal mandate in a proposed or final
agency rule that may result in an expenditure of $100 million or more
(in 1995 dollars) in any one year by State, local, and tribal
governments, in the aggregate, or by the private sector; such a mandate
is deemed to be a ``significant regulatory action.'' The FAA currently
uses an inflation-adjusted value of $155 million in lieu of $100
million. This final rule does not contain such a mandate; therefore,
the requirements of Title II of the Act do not apply.

E. Paperwork Reduction Act

    The Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3507(d)) requires
that the FAA consider the impact of paperwork and other information
collection burdens imposed on the public. According to the 1995
amendments to the Paperwork Reduction Act (5 CFR 1320.8(b)(2)(vi)), an
agency may not collect or sponsor the collection of information, nor
may it impose an information collection requirement unless it displays
a currently valid Office of Management and Budget (OMB) control number.
    This final rule will impose the following new information
collection requirements. As required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of
1995 (44 U.S.C. 3507(d)), the FAA has submitted these information
collection amendments to OMB for its review.
    Summary: The final rule requires the development and approval of
new and revised training curriculums for the following:
     Leadership and command and mentoring ground training for
pilots currently serving as PIC (Sec.  121.429) and recurrent PIC
leadership and command and mentoring training (Sec. Sec.  121.409(b)
and 121.427);
     Leadership and command training and recurrent leadership
and command training for pilots serving as SIC in operations that
require three or more pilots (Sec.  121.432(a));
     Upgrade training curriculum requirements (Sec. Sec.
121.420 and 121.426);
     Part 121 appendix H requirements; and
     Approval of Qualification Standards Document for
certificate holders using an Advanced Qualification Program (AQP)
(Sec.  121.909).
    The final rule also requires some additional recordkeeping related
to maintaining records of pilots completing the following:
     Leadership and command and mentoring ground training for
pilots currently serving as PIC (Sec.  121.429);
     Leadership and command training and recurrent leadership
and command training for pilots serving as SIC in operations that
require three or more pilots (Sec.  121.432(a));
     Recurrent PIC leadership and command and mentoring ground
training (Sec.  121.427); and
     Operations familiarization for new-hire pilots (Sec.
121.435).
    Public comments: The FAA did not receive any comments on the
information collection requirements.
    Use: This information will be used to ensure safety-of-flight by
making certain

that adequate training is obtained and maintained by those who operate
under part 121. The FAA will review the respondents' training programs
and training courseware through routine certification, inspection and
surveillance of certificate holders using part 121 pilot training and
qualification programs to ensure compliance and adherence to
regulations and, where necessary, to take enforcement action.
    Respondents (including number of): The relevant provisions of the
rule apply to certificate holders using part 121 pilot training and
qualification programs. As of February 2017, there were 79 such
certificate holders who collectively employed 39,122 PICs and 42,227
SICs.
    Frequency: The development and approval of new and revised
curriculums will be a one-time occurrence for each certificate holder.
The documentation regarding training in leadership and command and
mentoring for current PICs will be a one-time occurrence. Similarly,
the documentation regarding training in leadership and command for
current SICs serving in operations that require three or more pilots
will be a one-time occurrence. The documentation of operations
familiarization for new-hire pilots will occur once for each new-hire
pilot. The documentation of recurrent PIC leadership and command and
mentoring training will occur every three years for each PIC. The
documentation of recurrent leadership and command training for SICs
serving in operations that require three or more pilots will occur
every three years for each such SIC.
    Annual Burden Estimate: These amendments to part 121 set out
prerequisites and levy requirements that must be met by certificate
holders using part 121 pilot training and qualification programs and by
those individuals who serve in given capacities for those certificate
holders. The estimates for hours and costs are broken down by
development and approval of new and revised training curriculums
followed by pilot training recordkeeping.
    The FAA anticipates that certificate holders will incur costs for
the following groups of provisions:
     Operations familiarization for new-hire pilots (Sec.
121.435);
     Leadership and command and mentoring ground training for
pilots currently serving as PIC (Sec.  121.429);
     Leadership and command training and recurrent leadership
and command training for pilots serving as SIC in operations that
require three or more pilots (Sec.  121.432(a));
     Upgrade training curriculum requirements (Sec. Sec.
121.420 and 121.426);
     Recurrent PIC leadership and command and mentoring ground
training (Sec. Sec.  121.409(b) and 121.427);
     Part 121, appendix H requirements; and
     Approval of Qualification Standards Document for
certificate holders using an AQP (Sec.  121.909).
1. Development and Approval of New and Revised Training Curriculums
    For the development and approval of new and revised training
curriculums, the FAA estimated the paperwork costs for these provisions
by multiplying the hourly rate of the person responsible by the number
of estimated hours to develop and submit the new or revised training
curriculum. (In all cases we assume that a ground instructor would
develop and submit the new or revised training curriculum, and that the
ground instructor fully burdened wage is $53 per hour.\32\) We then
multiplied these costs by the number of certificate holders affected by
the provision.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ Training instructor hourly wage rate of $36.60 multiplied
by 1.435 to account for costs of employer provided benefits. Wage
based on 2016 Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) Occupational
Employment Statistics for Air Transportation Industry. (http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics4_481100.htm): Training and Development
Specialists (13-1151). Wage multiplier from BLS, Employer costs for
Employee compensation--December 2016, Table 5, Private Industry.
(https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/ecec_03172017.pdf).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Leadership and Command and Mentoring Ground Training for Pilots
Currently Serving as PIC (Sec.  121.429) and Recurrent PIC Leadership
and Command and Mentoring Training (Sec. Sec.  121.409(b) and 121.427)
    Section 121.429 requires one-time development of a training course
for leadership and command and mentoring for current PICs. This course
must be submitted to the FAA for approval.
    Revisions to Sec. Sec.  121.409(b) and 121.427 require one-time
revision to the certificate holder's approved recurrent PIC training
curriculum. This revised curriculum must be submitted to the FAA for
approval.
    The FAA estimates a total of 40 hours of ground instructor time for
development and submission of both the curriculum for current PICs and
the revision to the recurrent PIC training curriculum.
    Assuming 79 affected certificate holders, the FAA estimates that
these provisions result in a one-time total cost of $167,480 for all
affected certificate holders.
b. Leadership and Command Training and Recurrent Leadership and Command
Training for Pilots Serving as SIC in Operations That Require Three or
More Pilots (Sec.  121.432(a)
    SICs serving in operations that require three or more pilots
complete the same one-time training and recurrent training in
leadership and command as PICs. Therefore, no additional revisions are
necessary to the training curriculums. The FAA expects that the program
updates to reflect this change are minimal and are subsumed in the
paperwork costs for the collective amendments made to the training
provisions in this final rule.
    The FAA estimates there are no costs for this provision.
c. Upgrade Training Curriculum Requirements (Sec. Sec.  121.420 and
121.426)
    Sections 121.420 and 121.426 require one-time revision to the
certificate holder's approved SIC to PIC upgrade training curriculum.
This revised curriculum must be submitted to the FAA for approval.
    The FAA estimates a total of 80 hours of ground instructor time for
development and submission of the revised SIC to PIC upgrade training
curriculum.
    Assuming 79 affected certificate holders, the FAA estimates that
these provisions result in a one-time cost of $334,960 for all affected
certificate holders.
d. Part 121 Appendix H Requirements
    The revision to part 121 appendix H requires one-time revision to
the certificate holder's approved training program to remove the pilot
experience prerequisites for using a Level C FFS during training and
checking. This revised training program must be submitted to the FAA
for approval. The FAA expects that the program updates to reflect this
change are minimal and are subsumed in the paperwork costs for the
collective amendments made to the training provisions in this final
rule.
    The FAA estimates there are no costs for this provision.
e. Approval of Qualification Standards Document for Certificate Holders
Using an AQP (Sec.  121.909)
    Although the final rule does not make any changes to Sec.  121.909,
when the new subparts N and O training requirements become effective,
certificate holders that use an AQP must review their training programs
to make sure they address the new subparts N and O requirements. It is
possible that certificate holders may make a one-time revision to their
Qualifications Standards Document

required by Sec.  121.909 during this process to address the revised
subparts N and O requirements.
    This is a cost that only applies to certificate holders that use an
AQP for pilot training because only those certificate holders must meet
the Sec.  121.909 requirements. Therefore, this provision does not
apply to certificate holders who only train their pilots in accordance
with subparts N and O.
    For each of the 25 certificate holders with an approved AQP, the
FAA estimates 3 hours of ground instructor time for development and
submission of the revised Qualification Standards Document.
    The FAA estimates that this provision results in one-time costs of
$3,975 across all certificate holders who train their pilots under an
AQP.
2. Recordkeeping
    For the pilot training recordkeeping, the FAA estimated the
paperwork costs for these provisions by first multiplying the number of
required entries by the estimated number of pilots affected. Second, we
multiplied the total number of entries by .001 hours (the time required
to make each entry). Lastly, we multiplied the total time to make all
entries by the hourly rate of the person responsible for making the
entries. In all cases, the FAA assumes that the person making the
entries is a clerical employee with an estimated fully-burdened wage of
$29 per hour.\33\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ The clerk hourly wage rate of $20.29 multiplied by 1.435 to
account for costs of employer provided benefits. Wage based on 2016
BLS Occupational Employment Statistics for Air Transportation
Industry. (http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics4_481100.htm):
Information and Record Clerks (43-4000). Wage multiplier from BLS,
Employer costs for Employee compensation--December 2016, Table 5,
Private Industry. (https://www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/ecec_03172017.pdf).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

a. Leadership and Command and Mentoring Ground Training for Pilots
Currently Serving as PIC (Sec.  121.429)
    A record showing compliance with this requirement for current PICs
must be retained in accordance with Sec.  121.683(a)(1). This is a one-
time burden.
    The FAA assumes that this cost is incurred in 2019, the year prior
to the compliance date of the rule and estimates that during that year
39,515 pilots are affected and require one record. The FAA estimates 40
hours of clerical time for entry of these records.
    The FAA estimates that this provision adds a one-time cost of
$1,160 for all affected certificate holders.
b. Leadership and Command for SICs Serving in Operations That Require
Three or More Pilots (Sec.  121.432(a))
    A record showing compliance with this requirement for SICs
currently serving in operations that require three or more pilots must
be retained in accordance with Sec.  121.683(a)(1). This is a one-time
burden.
    The FAA assumes that the majority of this cost is incurred in the
year prior to the compliance date of the rule, however new SIC pilots
serving in operations that require three or more pilots will also
receive this initial training. The FAA estimates that 5,498 pilots are
affected and require one record. The FAA estimates 5 hours of clerical
time for entry of these records.
    The FAA estimates that this provision adds a one-time cost of $145
for all affected certificate holders.
c. Recurrent PIC Leadership and Command and Mentoring Ground Training
(Sec.  121.427)
    A record showing compliance with this requirement for current PICs
must be retained in accordance with Sec.  121.683(a)(1), in addition to
the current recordkeeping burden approved under OMB Control Number
2120-0008.
    PICs are required to complete the recurrent training every 3 years.
Over the 10-year analysis period, the FAA estimates that there are
109,874 instances of PICs undergoing recurrent training involving
leadership and command and mentoring. Each instance requires one
record. The FAA estimates 110 hours of clerical time for entry of these
records.
    The FAA estimates that this provision results in costs of $3,190
over the analysis period for all affected certificate holders.
d. Recurrent Leadership and Command Ground Training for SICs Serving in
Operations That Require Three or More Pilots (Sec. Sec.  121.427 and
121.432(a))
    A record showing compliance with this requirement for SICs serving
in operations that require three or more pilots must be retained in
accordance with Sec.  121.683(a)(1), in addition to the current
recordkeeping burden approved under OMB Control Number 2120-0008.
    These SICs are required to complete the recurrent training every 3
years. Over the 10-year analysis period, the FAA estimates that there
are 8,267 instances of SICs undergoing recurrent training involving
leadership and command. Each instance requires one record. The FAA
estimates 8 hours of clerical time for entry of these records.
    The FAA estimates that this provision results in costs of $232 over
the analysis period for all affected certificate holders.
e. Operations Familiarization for New-Hire Pilots (Sec.  121.435)
    Section 121.435 implements a new qualification requirement for new-
hire pilots to complete operations familiarization consisting of 2
operating cycles. A record showing compliance with this requirement for
each new-hire pilot must be retained in accordance with Sec.
121.683(a)(1), in addition to the current recordkeeping burden approved
under OMB Control Number 2120-0008.
    The FAA estimates all affected certificate holders have a total of
23,517 new-hire pilots over the analysis period. Each of the estimated
23,517 pilots affected requires one record. The FAA estimates 24 hours
of clerical time for entry of these records. The FAA estimates that
this provision results in costs of $696 across the analysis period for
all affected certificate holders.
3. Summary of Estimated Paperwork Costs
    The total cost burden is $511,838 ($445,883 discounted at 7
percent) over the 10-year analysis period.

BILLING CODE P

[GRAPHIC] [TIFF OMITTED] TR25FE20.000

BILLING CODE C

F. International Compatibility and Cooperation

    In keeping with U.S. obligations under the Convention on
International Civil Aviation, it is FAA policy to conform to
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Standards and
Recommended Practices to the

maximum extent practicable. The FAA has reviewed the corresponding ICAO
Standards and Recommended Practices and has identified no differences
with these proposed regulations.

G. Environmental Analysis

    FAA Order 1050.1F identifies FAA actions that are categorically
excluded from preparation of an environmental assessment or
environmental impact statement under the National Environmental Policy
Act in the absence of extraordinary circumstances. The FAA has
determined this rulemaking action qualifies for the categorical
exclusion identified in paragraph 5-6.6 and involves no extraordinary
circumstances.

VI. Executive Order Determinations

A. Executive Order 13132, Federalism

    The FAA has analyzed this final rule under the principles and
criteria of Executive Order 13132, Federalism. The agency determined
that this action will not have a substantial direct effect on the
States, or the relationship between the Federal Government and the
States, or on the distribution of power and responsibilities among the
various levels of government, and, therefore, does not have Federalism
implications.

B. Executive Order 13211, Regulations That Significantly Affect Energy
Supply, Distribution, or Use

    The FAA analyzed this final rule under Executive Order 13211,
Actions Concerning Regulations that Significantly Affect Energy Supply,
Distribution, or Use (May 18, 2001). The agency has determined that it
is not a ``significant energy action'' under the executive order, and
it is not likely to have a significant adverse effect on the supply,
distribution, or use of energy.

C. Executive Order 13609, Promoting International Regulatory
Cooperation

    Executive Order 13609, Promoting International Regulatory
Cooperation, promotes international regulatory cooperation to meet
shared challenges involving health, safety, labor, security,
environmental, and other issues and to reduce, eliminate, or prevent
unnecessary differences in regulatory requirements. The FAA has
analyzed this action under the policies and agency responsibilities of
Executive Order 13609, and has determined that this action will have no
effect on international regulatory cooperation.

D. Executive Order 13771, Reducing Regulation and Controlling
Regulatory Costs

    This rule is not subject to the requirements of E.O. 13771 because
this rule results in no more than de minimis costs or cost savings.

VII. How To Obtain Additional Information

A. Rulemaking Documents

    An electronic copy of a rulemaking document may be obtained by
using the internet--
    1. Search the Federal eRulemaking Portal (http://www.regulations.gov);
    2. Visit the FAA's Regulations and Policies web page at http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/ or
    3. Access the Government Publishing Office's web page at http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/.
    Copies may also be obtained by sending a request (identified by
notice, amendment, or docket number of this rulemaking) to the Federal
Aviation Administration, Office of Rulemaking, ARM-1, 800 Independence
Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20591, or by calling<PHONE_NUMBER>.

B. Comments Submitted to the Docket

    Comments received may be viewed by going to http://www.regulations.gov and following the online instructions to search the
docket number for this action. Anyone is able to search the electronic
form of all comments received into any of the FAA's dockets by the name
of the individual submitting the comment (or signing the comment, if
submitted on behalf of an association, business, labor union, etc.).

C. Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act

    The Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act (SBREFA) of
1996 requires FAA to comply with small entity requests for information
or advice about compliance with statutes and regulations within its
jurisdiction. A small entity with questions regarding this document,
may contact its local FAA official, or the person listed under the FOR
FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT heading at the beginning of the preamble.
To find out more about SBREFA on the internet, visit http://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/rulemaking/sbre_act/.

List of Subjects

14 CFR Part 61

    Aircraft, Airmen, Aviation safety, Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements.

14 CFR Part 91

    Aircraft, Airmen, Aviation safety, Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements.

14 CFR Part 121

    Air carriers, Aircraft, Airmen, Aviation safety, Reporting and
recordkeeping requirements, Safety, Transportation.

14 CFR Part 135

    Aircraft, Airmen, Aviation safety, Reporting and recordkeeping
requirements.

The Amendment

    In consideration of the foregoing, the Federal Aviation
Administration amends chapter I of title 14, Code of Federal
Regulations as follows:

PART 61--CERTIFICATION: PILOTS, FLIGHT INSTRUCTORS, AND GROUND
INSTRUCTORS

0
1. The authority citation for part 61 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40113, 44701-44703, 44707,
44709-44711, 44729, 44903, 45102-45103, 45301-45302, Sec. 2307 Pub.
L. 114-190, 130 Stat. 615 (49 U.S.C. 44703 note).

0
2. Amend Sec.  61.71 by revising paragraph (b)(1) to read as follows:

Sec.  61.71   Graduates of an approved training program other than
under this part: Special rules.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (1) Satisfactorily accomplished an approved training curriculum and
a proficiency check for that airplane type that includes all the tasks
and maneuvers required by Sec. Sec.  121.424 and 121.441 of this
chapter to serve as pilot in command in operations conducted under part
121 of this chapter; and
* * * * *

PART 91--GENERAL OPERATING AND FLIGHT RULES

0
3. The authority citation for part 91 continues to read as follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 1155, 40101, 40103, 40105,
40113, 40120, 44101, 44111, 44701, 44704, 44709, 44711, 44712,
44715, 44716, 44717, 44722, 46306, 46315, 46316, 46504, 46506-46507,
47122, 47508, 47528-47531, 47534, Pub. L. 114-190, 130 Stat. 615 (49
U.S.C. 44703 note); articles 12 and 29 of the Convention on
International Civil Aviation (61 Stat. 1180), (126 Stat. 11).

0
4. Amend Sec.  91.1063 by revising paragraph (b) to read as follows:

Sec.  91.1063   Testing and training: Applicability and terms used.

* * * * *
    (b) If authorized by the Administrator, a program manager may
comply with the applicable training and testing sections of part 121,
subparts N and O of this chapter instead of Sec. Sec.  91.1065 through
91.1107, provided that the following additional limitations and
allowances apply to program managers so authorized:
    (1) Operating experience and operations familiarization. Program
managers are not required to comply with the operating experience
requirements of Sec.  121.434 or the operations familiarization
requirements of Sec.  121.435 of this chapter.
    (2) Upgrade training. (i) Each program manager must include in
upgrade ground training for pilots, instruction in at least the
subjects identified in Sec.  121.419(a) of this chapter, as applicable
to their assigned duties; and, for pilots serving in crews of two or
more pilots, beginning on April 27, 2022, instruction and facilitated
discussion in the subjects identified in Sec.  121.419(c) of this
chapter.
    (ii) Each program manager must include in upgrade flight training
for pilots, flight training for the maneuvers and procedures required
in Sec.  121.424(a), (c), (e), and (f) of this chapter; and, for pilots
serving in crews of two or more pilots, beginning on April 27, 2022,
the flight training required in Sec.  121.424(b) of this chapter.
    (3) Initial and recurrent leadership and command and mentoring
training. Program managers are not required to include leadership and
command training in Sec. Sec.  121.409(b)(2)(ii)(B)(6), 121.419(c)(1),
121.424(b) and 121.427(d)(1) of this chapter, and mentoring training in
Sec. Sec.  121.419(c)(2) and 121.427(d)(1) of this chapter in initial
and recurrent training for pilots in command who serve in operations
that use only one pilot.
    (4) One-time leadership and command and mentoring training. Section
121.429 of this chapter does not apply to program managers conducting
operations under this subpart when those operations use only one pilot.
* * * * *

PART 121--OPERATING REQUIREMENTS: DOMESTIC, FLAG, AND SUPPLEMENTAL
OPERATIONS

0
5. The authority citation for part 121 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40103, 40113, 40119,
41706, 42301 preceding note added by Pub. L. 112-95, sec. 412, 126
Stat. 89, 44101, 44701-44702, 44705, 44709-44711, 44713, 44716-
44717, 44722, 44729, 44732; 46105; Pub. L. 111-216, 124 Stat. 2348
(49 U.S.C. 44701 note); Pub. L. 112-95, 126 Stat. 62 (49 U.S.C.
44732 note).

0
6. Amend Sec.  121.400 by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (a) and (c)(3);
0
b. Redesignating paragraphs (c)(4) through (11) as paragraphs (c)(5)
through (12), respectively; and
0
c. Adding a new paragraph (c)(4).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:

Sec.  121.400   Applicability and terms used.

    (a) This subpart prescribes the requirements applicable to each
certificate holder for establishing and maintaining a training program
for crewmembers, aircraft dispatchers, and other operations personnel,
and for the approval and use of flight simulation training devices and
training equipment in the conduct of the program.
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (3) Upgrade training. The training required for flightcrew members
who have qualified and served as second in command on a particular
airplane type, before they serve as pilot in command on that airplane.
    (4) Conversion training. The training required for flightcrew
members who have qualified and served as flight engineer on a
particular airplane type, before they serve as second in command on
that airplane.
* * * * *

0
7. Amend Sec.  121.401 by revising paragraph (a)(4) to read as follows:

Sec.  121.401   Training program: General.

    (a) * * *
    (4) Provide enough flight instructors and approved check airmen to
conduct the flight training and checks required under this part.
* * * * *

Sec.  121.403  [Amended]

0
8. Amend Sec.  121.403(b)(4) by removing the words ``airplane
simulators or other training devices'' and add in their place the word
``FSTDs''.

0
9. Amend Sec.  121.407 revising the section heading and paragraphs (a)
introductory text and (b) through (e) to read as follows:

Sec.  121.407  Training program: Approval of flight simulation training
devices.

    (a) Each FSTD used to satisfy a training requirement of this part
in an approved training program, must meet all of the following
requirements:
* * * * *
    (b) A particular FSTD may be approved for use by more than one
certificate holder.
    (c) A Level B or higher FFS may be used instead of the airplane to
satisfy the inflight requirements of Sec. Sec.  121.439 and 121.441 and
appendices E and F of this part, if the FFS--
    (1) Is approved under this section and meets the appropriate FFS
requirements of appendix H of this part; and
    (2) Is used as part of an approved program that meets the training
requirements of Sec. Sec.  121.424 (a) and (c), 121.426, and appendix H
of this part.
    (d) An FFS approved under this section must be used instead of the
airplane to satisfy the pilot flight training requirements prescribed
in the certificate holder's approved low-altitude windshear flight
training program set forth in Sec.  121.409(d) of this part.
    (e) An FFS approved under this section must be used instead of the
airplane to satisfy the pilot flight training requirements prescribed
in the extended envelope training set forth in Sec.  121.423 of this
part. Compliance with this paragraph is required no later than March
12, 2019.

0
10. Amend Sec.  121.409 by:
0
a. Revising the section heading and paragraphs (a), (b) introductory
text, (b)(1), (b)(2)(ii)(B), and (b)(2)(ii)(B)(4) and (5);
0
b. Adding paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B)(6);
0
c. Removing the undesignated paragraph following paragraph (b)(3); and
0
d. Revising paragraphs (c)(1) and (2) and (d).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:

Sec.  121.409   Training courses using flight simulation training
devices.

    (a) Training courses utilizing FSTDs may be included in the
certificate holder's approved training program for use as provided in
this section.
    (b) Except for the airline transport pilot certification training
program approved to satisfy the requirements of Sec.  61.156 of this
chapter, a course of training in an FFS may be included for use as
provided in Sec.  121.441 if that course--
    (1) Provides at least 4 hours of training at the pilot controls of
an FFS as well as a proper briefing before and after the training.
    (2) * * *
    (ii) * * *
    (B) Except as provided in paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B)(6) of this
section, beginning on March 12, 2019
* * * * *
    (4) Is representative of two flight segments appropriate to the
operations being conducted by the certificate holder;

    (5) Provides an opportunity to demonstrate workload management and
pilot monitoring skills; and
    (6) Beginning on April 27, 2023, provides an opportunity for each
pilot in command to demonstrate leadership and command skills.
    (c) * * *
    (1) A course of pilot training in an FFS as provided in Sec.
121.424(d); or
    (2) A course of flight engineer training in an FSTD as provided in
Sec.  121.425(d).
    (d) Each certificate holder required to comply with Sec.  121.358
of this part must use an approved FFS for each airplane type in each of
its pilot training courses that provides training in at least the
procedures and maneuvers set forth in the certificate holder's approved
low-altitude windshear flight training program. The approved low-
altitude windshear flight training, if applicable, must be included in
each of the pilot flight training courses prescribed in Sec. Sec.
121.409(b), 121.418, 121.424, 121.426, and 121.427 of this part.

Sec.  121.411  [Amended]

0
11. Amend Sec.  121.411 in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) and (f)(1) and (2)
by removing the words ``flight simulator'' and adding in their place
the word ``FFS'' and in paragraph (b)(4) by removing the word ``in-
flight'' and adding in its place the word ``inflight''.

Sec.  121.412  [Amended]

0
12. Amend Sec.  121.412 in paragraphs (a)(1) and (2) and (f)(1) and (2)
by removing the words ``flight simulator'' and adding in their place
the word ``FFS'' and in paragraph (b)(4) by removing the word ``in-
flight'' and adding in its place the word ``inflight''.

Sec.  121.413  [Amended]

0
13. Amend Sec.  121.413:
0
a. In paragraphs (a)(2), (c)(7) introductory text, (c)(7)(iv), (d)(2)
introductory text, (d)(2)(iv), and (f) by removing the words ``flight
simulator'' and adding in their place the word ``FFS'';
0
b. In paragraph (f), by removing the words ``in flight'' and adding in
their place the word ``inflight'';
0
c. In paragraphs (g) introductory text and (g)(1) by removing the words
``flight simulator'' and adding in their place the word ``FFS'';
0
c. In paragraph (g)(2) by removing the words ``flight simulators'' and
adding in their place ``FFSs''; and
0
d. In paragraph (h) by removing the words ``flight simulator'' and
adding in their place the word ``FFS''.

Sec.  121.414  [Amended]

0
14. Amend Sec.  121.414:
0
a. In paragraphs (a)(2), (c)(8) introductory text, (c)(8)(iv), (d)(2)
introductory text, and (d)(2)(iv) by removing the words ``flight
simulator'' and adding in their place the word ``FFS'';
0
b. In paragraph (e)(3)(i), by removing the word ``In-flight'' and
adding in its place the word ``Inflight''; and
0
c. In paragraph (f), by removing the words ``in flight'' and adding in
their place the word ``inflight'';
0
d. In paragraphs (f), (g) introductory text, (g)(1), and (h), by
removing the words ``flight simulator'' and adding in their place the
word ``FFS''.
0
e. In paragraph (g)(2), by removing the words ``flight simulators'' and
adding in their place the word ``FFSs''; and
0
f. In paragraph (h), by removing the words ``flight simulator'' and
adding in their place the word ``FFS''.

0
15. Amend Sec.  121.415 by:
0
a. Revising paragraphs (b) and (e);
0
b. Redesignating paragraphs (f) through (j) as paragraphs (g) through
(k), respectively;
0
c. Adding a new paragraph (f); and
0
d. Revising newly redesignated paragraphs (g), (h) introductory text,
(j), and (k).
    The revisions and addition read as follows:

Sec.  121.415  Crewmember and dispatcher training program requirements.

* * * * *
    (b) Each training program must provide the flight training
specified in Sec. Sec.  121.424 through 121.426, as applicable.
* * * * *
    (e) Upgrade training:
    (1) Upgrade training as specified in Sec. Sec.  121.420 and 121.426
for a particular type airplane may be included in the training program
for flightcrew members who have qualified and served as second in
command pilot on that airplane; or
    (2) Before April 27, 2022, upgrade training as specified in
Sec. Sec.  121.419 and 121.424 for a particular type airplane may be
included in the training program for flightcrew members who have
qualified and served as second in command pilot on that airplane.
    (f) Conversion training as specified in Sec. Sec.  121.419 and
121.424 for a particular type airplane may be included in the training
program for flightcrew members who have qualified and served as flight
engineer on that airplane.
    (g) Particular subjects, maneuvers, procedures, or parts thereof
specified in Sec. Sec.  121.419, 121.420, 121.421, 121.422, 121.424,
121.425, and 121.426 for transition, conversion or upgrade training, as
applicable, may be omitted, or the programmed hours of ground
instruction or inflight training may be reduced, as provided in Sec.
121.405.
    (h) In addition to initial, transition, conversion, upgrade,
recurrent and differences training, each training program must also
provide ground and flight training, instruction, and practice as
necessary to insure that each crewmember and aircraft dispatcher--
* * * * *
    (j) Each training program must include methods for remedial
training and tracking of pilots identified in the analysis performed in
accordance with paragraph (i) of this section.
    (k) Compliance with paragraphs (i) and (j) of this section is
required no later than March 12, 2019.

Sec.  121.417  [Amended]

0
16. Amend Sec.  121.417 in paragraph (b)(3)(ii) by removing the words
``in flight'' and adding in their place the word ``inflight''.

0
17. Amend Sec.  121.418 by revising paragraphs (a)(2) and (c) to read
as follows:

Sec.  121.418   Differences training and related aircraft differences
training.

    (a) * * *
    (2) Differences training for all variations of a particular type
airplane may be included in initial, transition, conversion, upgrade,
and recurrent training for the airplane.
* * * * *
    (c) Approved related aircraft differences training. Approved
related aircraft differences training for flightcrew members may be
included in initial, transition, conversion, upgrade and recurrent
training for the base aircraft. If the certificate holder's approved
training program includes related aircraft differences training in
accordance with paragraph (b) of this section, the training required by
Sec. Sec.  121.419, 121.420, 121.424, 121.425, 121.426, and 121.427, as
applicable to flightcrew members, may be modified for the related
aircraft.

0
18. Amend Sec.  121.419 by:
0
a. Revising the section heading and paragraphs (a) introductory text
and (b) introductory text;
0
b. Redesignating paragraphs (c) through (e) as paragraphs (d) through
(f), respectively;
0
c. Adding new paragraph (c);
0
d. Revising newly redesignated paragraph (f)(2); and
0
e. Adding paragraph (g).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:

Sec.  121.419  Pilots and flight engineers: Initial, transition,
conversion and upgrade ground training.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, initial
and conversion ground training for pilots and initial and transition
ground training for flight engineers, must include instruction in at
least the following as applicable to their assigned duties:
* * * * *
    (b) Initial and conversion ground training for pilots who have
completed the airline transport pilot certification training program in
Sec.  61.156 of this chapter, and transition ground training for
pilots, must include instruction in at least the following as
applicable to their assigned duties:
* * * * *
    (c) Beginning on April 27, 2022, and in addition to the
requirements in paragraph (a) or (b) of this section, as applicable,
initial ground training for pilots in command must include instruction
and facilitated discussion on the following:
    (1) Leadership and command, including flightcrew member duties
under Sec.  121.542; and
    (2) Mentoring, including techniques for instilling and reinforcing
the highest standards of technical performance, airmanship, and
professionalism in newly hired pilots.
* * * * *
    (f) * * *
    (2) Beginning March 12, 2019, initial programmed hours applicable
to pilots as specified in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section must
include 2 additional hours.
    (g) Before April 27, 2022, upgrade ground training must include
either the instruction specified in paragraph (a) of this section or
the instruction specified in Sec.  121.420. Beginning on April 27,
2022, upgrade ground training must include the instruction specified in
Sec.  121.420.

0
19. Add Sec.  121.420 to read as follows:

Sec.  121.420   Pilots: Upgrade ground training.

    (a) Upgrade ground training must include instruction in at least
the following subjects as applicable to the duties assigned to the
pilot in command:
    (1) Seat dependent procedures, as applicable;
    (2) Duty position procedures, as applicable; and
    (3) Crew resource management, including decision making, authority
and responsibility, and conflict resolution.
    (b) In addition to the requirements in paragraph (a) of this
section, upgrade ground training must include instruction and
facilitated discussion on the following:
    (1) Leadership and command, including flightcrew member duties
under Sec.  121.542; and
    (2) Mentoring, including techniques for reinforcing the highest
standards of technical performance, airmanship, and professional
development in newly hired pilots.
    (c) Compliance date: Beginning on April 27, 2022, upgrade ground
training must satisfy the requirements of this section.

Sec.  121.423  [Amended]

0
20. Amend Sec.  121.423 in the section heading by removing the word
``Pilot'' and adding in its place the word ``Pilots''.

0
21. Amend Sec.  121.424 by:
0
a. Revising the section heading and paragraph (a) introductory text;
0
b. Redesignating paragraphs (b) through (e) as paragraphs (c) through
(f), respectively;
0
c. Adding new paragraph (b);
0
d. Revising newly redesignated paragraphs (c)(1) and (3), (d)
introductory text, (e) introductory text, (e)(1)(i) and (ii), and
(e)(2); and
0
e. Adding paragraph (g).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:

Sec.  121.424   Pilots: Initial, transition, conversion, and upgrade
flight training.

    (a) Initial, transition, and conversion flight training for pilots
must include the following:
* * * * *
    (b) Beginning on April 27, 2022, in addition to the requirements in
paragraph (a) of this section, initial flight training for pilots in
command must include sufficient scenario-based training incorporating
CRM and leadership and command skills, to ensure the pilot's
proficiency as pilot in command. The training required by this
paragraph may be completed inflight or in an FSTD.
    (c) * * *
    (1) That windshear maneuvers and procedures must be performed in an
FFS in which the maneuvers and procedures are specifically authorized
to be accomplished;
* * * * *
    (3) To the extent that certain other maneuvers and procedures may
be performed in an FFS, an FTD, or a static airplane as permitted in
appendix E to this part.
    (d) Except as permitted in paragraph (e) of this section, the
initial flight training required by paragraph (a)(1) of this section
must include at least the following programmed hours of inflight
training and practice unless reduced under Sec.  121.405;
* * * * *
    (e) If the certificate holder's approved training program includes
a course of training utilizing an FFS under Sec.  121.409 (c) and (d)
of this part, each pilot must successfully complete--
    (1) * * *
    (i) Training and practice in the FFS in at least all of the
maneuvers and procedures set forth in appendix E of this part for
initial flight training that are capable of being performed in an FFS;
and
    (ii) A proficiency check in the FFS or the airplane to the level of
proficiency of a pilot in command or second in command, as applicable,
in at least the maneuvers and procedures set forth in appendix F of
this part that are capable of being performed in an FFS.
    (2) With respect to Sec.  121.409(d) of this part, training and
practice in at least the maneuvers and procedures set forth in the
certificate holder's approved low-altitude windshear flight training
program that are capable of being performed in an FFS in which the
maneuvers and procedures are specifically authorized.
* * * * *
    (g) Before April 27, 2022, upgrade flight training must be provided
in accordance with paragraphs (a), (c), (e), and (f), of this section
or Sec.  121.426. Beginning on April 27, 2022, upgrade flight training
must be provided as specified in Sec.  121.426.

0
 22. Amend Sec.  121.425 as follows:
0
a. In paragraphs (a)(1) and (a)(2)(iii), remove the comma after the
word ``inflight'' and remove the words ``in an airplane simulator, or
in a training device'' and add in their place the words ``or in an
FSTD'';
0
b. By redesignating paragraphs (b) and (c) as paragraphs (c) and (d),
respectively;
0
c. By designating the undesignated paragraph that follows paragraph
(a)(2)(iii) as paragraph (b) and revising it;
0
d. In newly redesignated paragraph (c), by removing the reference to
``paragraph (c)'' and adding in its place ``paragraph (d)'';
0
e. In newly redesignated paragraph (d) introductory text, by removing
the words ``airplane simulator or other training device'' and adding in
their place the word ``FSTD'' and removing the words ``simulator or
other training device'' and adding in their place the word ``FSTD''.
    The revision reads as follows:

Sec.  121.425  Flight engineers: Initial and transition flight
training.

* * * * *
    (b) Flight engineers possessing a commercial pilot certificate with
an instrument, category and class rating, or pilots already qualified
as second in command and reverting to flight engineer, may complete the
entire flight check, required by paragraph (a)(2) of this section, in
an approved FFS.
* * * * *

0
23. Add Sec.  121.426 to read as follows:

Sec.  121.426   Pilots: Upgrade flight training.

    (a) Upgrade flight training for pilots must include the following:
    (1) Seat dependent maneuvers and procedures, as applicable;
    (2) Duty position maneuvers and procedures, as applicable;
    (3) Extended envelope training set forth in Sec.  121.423;
    (4) Maneuvers and procedures set forth in the certificate holder's
low altitude windshear flight training program;
    (5) Sufficient scenario-based training incorporating CRM and
leadership and command skills, to ensure the pilot's proficiency as
pilot in command; and
    (6) Sufficient training to ensure the pilot's knowledge and skill
with respect to the following:
    (i) The airplane, its systems and components;
    (ii) Proper control of airspeed, configuration, direction,
altitude, and attitude in accordance with the Airplane Flight Manual,
the certificate holder's operations manual, checklists, or other
approved material appropriate to the airplane type; and
    (iii) Compliance with ATC, instrument procedures, or other
applicable procedures.
    (b) The training required by paragraph (a) of this section must be
performed inflight except--
    (1) That windshear maneuvers and procedures must be performed in an
FFS in which the maneuvers and procedures are specifically authorized
to be accomplished;
    (2) That the extended envelope training required by Sec.  121.423
must be performed in a Level C or higher FFS unless the Administrator
has issued to the certificate holder a deviation in accordance with
Sec.  121.423(e); and
    (3) To the extent that certain other maneuvers and procedures may
be performed in an FFS, an FTD, or a static airplane as permitted in
Appendix E of this part.
    (c) If the certificate holder's approved training program includes
a course of training utilizing an FFS under Sec.  121.409(c) and (d),
each pilot must successfully complete--
    (1) With respect to Sec.  121.409(c)--A proficiency check in the
FFS or the airplane to the level of proficiency of a pilot in command
in at least the maneuvers and procedures set forth in Appendix F of
this part that are capable of being performed in an FFS.
    (2) With respect to Sec.  121.409(d), training and practice in at
least the maneuvers and procedures set forth in the certificate
holder's approved low-altitude windshear flight training program that
are capable of being performed in an FFS in which the maneuvers and
procedures are specifically authorized.
    (d) Compliance dates: Beginning on April 27, 2022, upgrade flight
training must satisfy the requirements of this section.

0
24. Amend Sec.  121.427 as follows:
0
a. Revise paragraphs (a), (b)(2) and (4), and (c);
0
b. Redesignate paragraphs (d) and (e) as paragraphs (e) and (f),
respectively;
0
c. Add new paragraph (d); and
0
d. Revise newly redesignated paragraphs (e)(1)(ii), (e)(2)(ii), and
(f)(1).
    The revisions and additions read as follows:

Sec.  121.427   Recurrent training.

    (a) Recurrent training must ensure that each crewmember or aircraft
dispatcher is adequately trained and currently proficient with respect
to the type airplane (including differences training, if applicable)
and crewmember position involved.
    (b) * * *
    (2) Instruction as necessary in the following:
    (i) For pilots, the subjects required for ground training by
Sec. Sec.  121.415(a)(1), (3), and (4) and 121.419(b);
    (ii) For flight engineers, the subjects required for ground
training by Sec. Sec.  121.415(a)(1), (3), and (4) and 121.419(a);
    (iii) For flight attendants, the subjects required for ground
training by Sec. Sec.  121.415(a)(1), (3), and (4) and 121.421(a); and
    (iv) For aircraft dispatchers, the subjects required for ground
training by Sec. Sec.  121.415(a)(1) and (4) and 121.422(a).
* * * * *
    (4) For crewmembers, CRM training and for aircraft dispatchers, DRM
training. For flightcrew members, CRM training or portions thereof may
be accomplished during an approved FFS line-oriented flight training
(LOFT) session.
    (c) Recurrent ground training for crewmembers and aircraft
dispatchers must consist of at least the following programmed hours of
instruction in the required subjects specified in paragraph (b) of this
section unless reduced under Sec.  121.405:
    (1) For pilots--
    (i) Group I reciprocating powered airplanes, 15 hours;
    (ii) Group I turbopropeller powered airplanes, 19 hours; and
    (iii) Group II airplanes, 24 hours.
    (2) For flight engineers--
    (i) Group I, reciprocating powered airplanes, 16 hours;
    (ii) Group I turbopropeller powered airplanes, 20 hours; and
    (iii) Group II airplanes, 25 hours.
    (3) For flight attendants--
    (i) Group I reciprocating powered airplanes, 4 hours;
    (ii) Group I turbopropeller powered airplanes, 5 hours; and
    (iii) Group II airplanes, 12 hours.
    (4) For aircraft dispatchers--
    (i) Group I reciprocating powered airplanes, 8 hours;
    (ii) Group I turbopropeller powered airplanes, 10 hours; and
    (iii) Group II airplanes, 20 hours.
    (d) Recurrent ground training for pilots serving as pilot in
command:
    (1) Within 36 months preceding service as pilot in command, each
person must complete recurrent ground training on leadership and
command and mentoring. This training is in addition to the ground
training required in paragraph (b) of this section and the programmed
hours required in paragraph (c) of this section. This training must
include instruction and facilitated discussion on the following:
    (i) Leadership and command, including instruction on flightcrew
member duties under Sec.  121.542; and
    (ii) Mentoring, including techniques for instilling and reinforcing
the highest standards of technical performance, airmanship, and
professionalism in newly hired pilots.
    (2) The requirements of paragraph (d)(1) do not apply until after a
pilot has completed ground training on leadership and command and
mentoring, as required by Sec. Sec.  121.419, 121.420 and 121.429, as
applicable.
    (e) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (ii) Flight training in an approved FFS in maneuvers and procedures
set forth in the certificate holder's approved low-altitude windshear
flight training program and flight training in maneuvers and procedures
set forth in Appendix F of this part, or in a flight training program
approved by the Administrator, except as follows--
* * * * *

    (2) * * *
    (ii) The flight check, other than the preflight inspection, may be
conducted in an FSTD. The preflight inspection may be conducted in an
airplane, or by using an approved pictorial means that realistically
portrays the location and detail of preflight inspection items and
provides for the portrayal of abnormal conditions. Satisfactory
completion of an approved line-oriented flight training may be
substituted for the flight check.
    (f) * * *
    (1) Compliance with the requirements identified in paragraph
(e)(1)(i) of this section is required no later than March 12, 2019.
* * * * *

0
25. Add Sec.  121.429 to subpart N to read as follows:

Sec.  121.429   Pilots in command: Leadership and command and mentoring
training.

    (a) Beginning on April 27, 2023, no certificate holder may use a
pilot as pilot in command in an operation under this part unless the
pilot has completed the following ground training in accordance with
the certificate holder's approved training program:
    (1) Leadership and command training in Sec.  121.419(c)(1) and
mentoring training in Sec.  121.419(c)(2); or
    (2) Leadership and command training in Sec.  121.420(b)(1) and
mentoring training in Sec.  121.420(b)(2).
    (b) Credit for training provided by the certificate holder:
    (1) The Administrator may credit leadership and command training
and mentoring training completed by the pilot, with that certificate
holder, after April 27, 2017, and prior to April 27, 2020, toward all
or part of the training required by paragraph (a) of this section.
    (2) In granting credit for the training required by paragraph (a)
of this section, the Administrator may consider training aids, devices,
methods, and procedures used by the certificate holder in voluntary
leadership and command and mentoring instruction.

0
26. Amend Sec.  121.431 by revising paragraph (a)(1) to read as
follows:

Sec.  121.431   Applicability.

    (a) * * *
    (1) Prescribes crewmember qualifications for all certificate
holders except where otherwise specified; and
* * * * *

0
27. Amend Sec.  121.432 by revising paragraph (a) to read as follows:

Sec.  121.432   General.

    (a) Except in the case of operating experience under Sec.  121.434
and ground training for mentoring required by Sec. Sec.  121.419,
121.420, 121.427, and 121.429, as applicable, a pilot who serves as
second in command of an operation that requires three or more pilots
must be fully qualified to act as pilot in command of that operation.
* * * * *

0
28. Amend Sec.  121.433 by revising paragraphs (a)(2) and (c)(2) to
read as follows:

Sec.  121.433   Training required.

    (a) * * *
    (2) Crewmembers who have qualified and served as second in command
or flight engineer on a particular type airplane may serve as pilot in
command or second in command, respectively, upon completion of upgrade
or conversion training, as applicable, for that airplane as provided in
Sec.  121.415.
* * * * *
    (c) * * *
    (2) For pilots, a proficiency check as provided in Sec.  121.441 of
this part may be substituted for the recurrent flight training required
by this paragraph and the approved FFS course of training under Sec.
121.409(b) of this part may be substituted for alternate periods of
recurrent flight training required in that airplane, except as provided
in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section.
* * * * *

0
29. Amend Sec.  121.434 by revising paragraph (b)(3), adding paragraph
(b)(4), and revising paragraphs (c)(1)(ii) and (c)(3)(iii) to read as
follows:

Sec.  121.434   Operating experience, operating cycles, and
consolidation of knowledge and skills.

* * * * *
    (b) * * *
    (3) In the case of a pilot who satisfactorily completed the
preflight visual inspection of an aircraft by approved pictorial means
during an initial, transition, conversion, or upgrade proficiency
check, the pilot must also demonstrate proficiency to a check pilot on
at least one complete preflight visual inspection of the interior and
exterior of a static airplane. This demonstration of proficiency must
be completed by the pilot and certified by the check pilot before the
completion of operating experience.
    (4) The experience must be acquired inflight during operations
under this part. However, in the case of an aircraft not previously
used by the certificate holder in operations under this part, operating
experience acquired in the aircraft during proving flights or ferry
flights may be used to meet this requirement.
    (c) * * *
    (1) * * *
    (ii) For a qualifying pilot in command completing initial or
upgrade training specified in Sec.  121.424 or Sec.  121.426, be
observed in the performance of prescribed duties by an FAA inspector
during at least one flight leg which includes a takeoff and landing.
During the time that a qualifying pilot in command is acquiring the
operating experience in paragraphs (c)(l)(i) and (ii) of this section,
a check pilot who is also serving as the pilot in command must occupy a
pilot station. However, in the case of a transitioning pilot in command
the check pilot serving as pilot in command may occupy the observer's
seat, if the transitioning pilot has made at least two takeoffs and
landings in the type airplane used, and has satisfactorily demonstrated
to the check pilot that he is qualified to perform the duties of a
pilot in command of that type of airplane.
* * * * *
    (3) * * *
    (iii) In the case of transition training where the certificate
holder's approved training program includes a course of training in an
FFS under Sec.  121.409(c), each pilot in command must comply with the
requirements prescribed in paragraph (c)(3)(i) of this section for
initial training.
* * * * *

0
30. Add Sec.  121.435 to read as follows:

Sec.  121.435   Pilots: Operations Familiarization.

    (a) Applicability. The operations familiarization requirements in
paragraph (b) of this section apply to all persons newly hired by the
certificate holder to serve as a pilot in part 121 operations and who
began the certificate holder's basic indoctrination ground training on
or after April 27, 2022. The requirements in paragraph (b) of this
section also apply to all certificate holders required to comply with
this subpart, except for those certificate holders operating under part
135 of this chapter that have been authorized to comply with this
subpart instead of the requirements of part 135, subparts E, G, and H,
pursuant to Sec.  135.3(c), and those fractional ownership program
managers operating under part 91, subpart K, of this chapter that have
been authorized to comply with this subpart instead of Sec. Sec.
91.1065 through 91.1107, pursuant to Sec.  91.1063(b) of this chapter.
    (b) Operations familiarization requirements. (1) No certificate
holder may use, and no person may serve as, a pilot in operations under
this part unless that person has completed the operations
familiarization required by

this paragraph (b). Operations familiarization may be completed during
or after basic indoctrination training, but must be completed before
the pilot begins operating experience under Sec.  121.434.
    (2) Operations familiarization must include at least two operating
cycles conducted by the certificate holder in accordance with the
operating rules of this part.
    (3) All pilots completing operations familiarization must occupy
the observer seat on the flight deck and have access to and use an
operational headset.
    (c) Deviation. (1) A certificate holder who operates an aircraft
that does not have an observer seat on the flight deck may submit a
request to the Administrator for approval of a deviation from the
requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section.
    (2) A request for deviation from any of the requirements in
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section must include the following
information:
    (i) The total number and types of aircraft operated by the
certificate holder in operations under this part that do not have an
observer seat on the flight deck;
    (ii) The total number and types of aircraft operated by the
certificate holder in operations under this part that do have an
observer seat on the flight deck; and
    (iii) Alternative methods for achieving the objectives of this
section.
    (3) A certificate holder may request an extension of a deviation
issued under this section.
    (4) Deviations or extensions to deviations will be issued for a
period not to exceed 12 months.

0
31. Amend Sec.  121.439 as follows:
0
a. Revise paragraphs (a), (b) introductory text, and (b)(1);
0
b. Remove and reserve paragraph (c); and
0
c. Revise paragraphs (d), (e), and (f)(2)(ii).
    The revisions read as follows:

Sec.  121.439   Pilot qualification: Recent experience.

    (a) No certificate holder may use any person nor may any person
serve as a required pilot flightcrew member, unless within the
preceding 90 days, that person has made at least three takeoffs and
landings in the type airplane in which that person is to serve. The
takeoffs and landings required by this paragraph may be performed in a
Level B or higher FFS approved under Sec.  121.407 to include takeoff
and landing maneuvers. In addition, any person who fails to make the
three required takeoffs and landings within any consecutive 90-day
period must re-establish recency of experience as provided in paragraph
(b) of this section.
    (b) In addition to meeting all applicable training and checking
requirements of this part, a required pilot flightcrew member who has
not met the requirements of paragraph (a) of this section must re-
establish recency of experience as follows:
    (1) Under the supervision of a check airman, make at least three
takeoffs and landings in the type airplane in which that person is to
serve or in a Level B or higher FFS.
* * * * *
    (d) When using an FFS to accomplish any of the requirements of
paragraphs (a) or (b) of this section, each required flightcrew member
position must be occupied by an appropriately qualified person, and the
FFS must be operated as if in a normal inflight environment without use
of the repositioning features of the FFS.
    (e) A check airman who observes the takeoffs and landings
prescribed in paragraph (b)(1) of this section shall certify that the
person being observed is proficient and qualified to perform flight
duty in operations under this part and may require any additional
maneuvers that are determined necessary to make this certifying
statement.
    (f) * * *
    (2) * * *
    (ii) The number of takeoffs, landings, maneuvers, and procedures
necessary to maintain or re-establish recency based on review of the
related aircraft, the operation, and the duty position.
* * * * *

0
32. Amend Sec.  121.441 by revising paragraphs (a) introductory text,
(a)(1)(i)(B), (a)(1)(ii)(B), (a)(2)(i) and (ii), and (c) through (e) to
read as follows:

Sec.  121.441   Proficiency checks.

    (a) No certificate holder may use any person nor may any person
serve as a required pilot flight crewmember unless that person has
satisfactorily completed either a proficiency check, or an approved FFS
course of training under Sec.  121.409, as follows:
    (1) * * *
    (i) * * *
    (B) In addition, within the preceding 6 calendar months, either a
proficiency check or the approved FFS course of training.
    (ii) * * *
    (B) In addition, within the preceding 6 calendar months, either a
proficiency check or the approved FFS course of training.
    (2) * * *
    (i) Within the preceding 24 calendar months either a proficiency
check or the line-oriented flight training course under Sec.  121.409;
and
    (ii) Within the preceding 12 calendar months, either a proficiency
check or any FFS training course under Sec.  121.409
* * * * *
    (c) An approved FFS or FTD may be used in the conduct of a
proficiency check as provided in appendix F to this part.
    (d) A person giving a proficiency check may, in his or her
discretion, waive any of the maneuvers or procedures for which a
specific waiver authority is set forth in Appendix F of this part if
the conditions in paragraphs (d)(1) through (3) of this section are
satisfied:
    (1) The Administrator has not specifically required the particular
maneuver or procedure to be performed.
    (2) The pilot being checked is, at the time of the check, employed
by a certificate holder as a pilot.
    (3) The pilot being checked meets one of the following conditions:
    (i) The pilot is currently qualified for operations under this part
in the particular type airplane and flightcrew member position.
    (ii) The pilot has, within the preceding six calendar months,
satisfactorily completed an approved training curriculum, except for an
upgrade training curriculum in accordance with Sec. Sec.  121.420 and
121.426, for the particular type airplane.
    (e) If the pilot being checked fails any of the required maneuvers,
the person giving the proficiency check may give additional training to
the pilot during the course of the proficiency check. In addition to
repeating the maneuvers failed, the person giving the proficiency check
may require the pilot being checked to repeat any other maneuvers he
finds are necessary to determine the pilot's proficiency. If the pilot
being checked is unable to demonstrate satisfactory performance to the
person conducting the check, the certificate holder may not use him nor
may he serve in operations under this part until he has satisfactorily
completed a proficiency check.
* * * * *

0
33. Revise appendix E to part 121 to read as follows:

Appendix E to Part 121--Flight Training Requirements

    (a) The maneuvers and procedures required by Sec.  121.424 for
pilot initial, transition, and conversion flight training are set
forth in the certificate holder's approved

low-altitude windshear flight training program, Sec.  121.423
extended envelope training, and in this appendix. The maneuvers and
procedures required for upgrade training in accordance with Sec.
121.424 are set forth in this appendix and in the certificate
holder's approved low-altitude windshear flight training program and
Sec.  121.423 extended envelope training. For the maneuvers and
procedures required for upgrade training in accordance with Sec.
121.426, this appendix designates the airplane or FSTD, as
appropriate, that may be used.
    (b) All required maneuvers and procedures must be performed
inflight except that windshear and extended envelope training
maneuvers and procedures must be performed in a full flight
simulator (FFS) in which the maneuvers and procedures are
specifically authorized to be accomplished. Certain other maneuvers
and procedures may be performed in an FFS, an FTD, or a static
airplane as indicated by the appropriate symbol in the respective
column opposite the maneuver or procedure.
    (c) Whenever a maneuver or procedure is authorized to be
performed in an FTD, it may be performed in an FFS, and in some
cases, a static airplane. Whenever the requirement may be performed
in either an FTD or a static airplane, the appropriate symbols are
entered in the respective columns.
    (d) A Level B or higher FFS may be used instead of the airplane
to satisfy the inflight requirements if the FFS is approved under
Sec.  121.407 and is used as part of an approved program that meets
the requirements for an Advanced Simulation Training Program in
Appendix H of this part.
    (e) For the purpose of this appendix, the following symbols
mean--

I = Pilot in Command (PIC) and Second in Command (SIC) initial
training
T = PIC and SIC transition training
U = SIC to PIC upgrade training
C = Flight engineer (FE) to SIC conversion training

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
      Maneuvers/procedures             Inflight        Static  airplane           FFS                 FTD
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
As appropriate to the airplane
 and the operation involved,
 flight training for pilots
 must include the following
 maneuvers and procedures.
I. Preflight:
    (a) Visual inspection of     ...................  I, T, U, C........
     the exterior and interior
     of the airplane, the
     location of each item to
     be inspected, and the
     purpose for inspecting it.
     The visual inspection may
     be conducted using an
     approved pictorial means
     that realistically
     portrays the location and
     detail of visual
     inspection items and
     provides for the portrayal
     of normal and abnormal
     conditions.
    (b) Use of the prestart      ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
     checklist, appropriate
     control system checks,
     starting procedures, radio
     and electronic equipment
     checks, and the selection
     of proper navigation and
     communications radio
     facilities and frequencies
     prior to flight.
    (c)(1) Before March 12,      I, T, U, C.........
     2019, taxiing, sailing,
     and docking procedures in
     compliance with
     instructions issued by ATC
     or by the person
     conducting the training.
        (2) Taxiing. Beginning
         March 12, 2019, this
         maneuver includes the
         following:
            (i) Taxiing,         I, T, U, C.........
             sailing, and
             docking procedures
             in compliance with
             instructions
             issued by ATC or
             by the person
             conducting the
             training.
            (ii) Use of airport  I, T, U, C.........
             diagram (surface
             movement chart).
            (iii) Obtaining      I, T, U, C.........
             appropriate
             clearance before
             crossing or
             entering active
             runways.
            (iv) Observation of  I, T, U, C.........
             all surface
             movement guidance
             control markings
             and lighting.
    (d)(1) Before March 12,      ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
     2019, pre-takeoff checks
     that include powerplant
     checks.
        (2) Beginning March 12,  ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         2019, pre-takeoff
         procedures that
         include powerplant
         checks, receipt of
         takeoff clearance and
         confirmation of
         aircraft location, and
         FMS entry (if
         appropriate) for
         departure runway prior
         to crossing hold short
         line for takeoff.
II. Takeoffs:
Training in takeoffs must
 include the types and
 conditions listed below but
 more than one type may be
 combined where appropriate:
    (a) Normal takeoffs which,   I, T, U, C.........
     for the purpose of this
     maneuver, begin when the
     airplane is taxied into
     position on the runway to
     be used.
    (b) Takeoffs with            ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
     instrument conditions
     simulated at or before
     reaching an altitude of
     100' above the airport
     elevation.
    (c)(1) Crosswind takeoffs..  I, T, U, C.........
        (2) Beginning March 12,  I, T, U, C.........
         2019, crosswind
         takeoffs including
         crosswind takeoffs
         with gusts if
         practicable under the
         existing
         meteorological,
         airport, and traffic
         conditions.
    (d) Takeoffs with a          ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
     simulated failure of the
     most critical powerplant--
        (1) At a point after V1  ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         and before V2 that in
         the judgment of the
         person conducting the
         training is
         appropriate to the
         airplane type under
         the prevailing
         conditions; or
        (2) At a point as close  ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         as possible after V1
         when V1 and V2 or V1
         and VR are identical;
         or
        (3) At the appropriate   ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         speed for nontransport
         category airplanes.
    (e) Rejected takeoffs        ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
     accomplished during a
     normal takeoff run after
     reaching a reasonable
     speed determined by giving
     due consideration to
     aircraft characteristics,
     runway length, surface
     conditions, wind direction
     and velocity, brake heat
     energy, and any other
     pertinent factors that may
     adversely affect safety or
     the airplane.

    (f) Night takeoffs. For      I, T, U, C.........
     pilots in transition
     training, this requirement
     may be met during the
     operating experience
     required under Sec.
     121.434 by performing a
     normal takeoff at night
     when a check airman
     serving as PIC is
     occupying a pilot station.
III. Flight Maneuvers and
 Procedures:
    (a) Turns with and without   ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
     spoilers.
    (b) Tuck and Mach buffet...  ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
    (c) Maximum endurance and    ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
     maximum range procedures.
    (d) Operation of systems     ...................  ..................  I, T, U...........
     and controls at the flight
     engineer station.
    (e) Runaway and jammed       ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
     stabilizer.
    (f) Normal and abnormal or
     alternate operation of the
     following systems and
     procedures:
        (1) Pressurization.....  ...................  ..................  ..................  I, T, U, C.
        (2) Pneumatic..........  ...................  ..................  ..................  I, T, U, C.
        (3) Air conditioning...  ...................  ..................  ..................  I, T, U, C.
        (4) Fuel and oil.......  ...................  I, T, U, C........  ..................  I, T, U, C.
        (5) Electrical.........  ...................  I, T, U, C........  ..................  I, T, U, C.
        (6) Hydraulic..........  ...................  I, T, U, C........  ..................  I, T, U, C.
        (7) Flight control.....  ...................  I, T, U, C........  ..................  I, T, U, C.
        (8) Anti-icing and       ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         deicing.
        (9) Autopilot..........  ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
        (10) Automatic or other  ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         approach aids.
        (11) Stall warning       ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         devices, stall
         avoidance devices, and
         stability augmentation
         devices.
        (12) Airborne radar      ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         devices.
        (13) Any other systems,  ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         devices, or aids
         available.
        (14) Electrical,         ...................  I, T, U, C........  ..................  I, T, U, C.
         hydraulic, flight
         control, and flight
         instrument system
         malfunctioning or
         failure.
        (15) Landing gear and    ...................  I, T, U, C........  ..................  I, T, U, C.
         flap systems failure
         or malfunction.
        (16) Failure of          ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         navigation or
         communications
         equipment.
    (g) Flight emergency
     procedures that include at
     least the following:
        (1) Powerplant, heater,  ...................  I, T, U, C........  ..................  I, T, U, C.
         cargo compartment,
         cabin, flight deck,
         wing, and electrical
         fires.
        (2) Smoke control......  ...................  I, T, U, C........  ..................  I, T, U, C.
        (3) Powerplant failures  ...................  ..................  I, T..............  U, C.
        (4) Fuel jettisoning...  ...................  I, T, U, C........  ..................  I, T, U, C.
        (5) Any other emergency  ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         procedures outlined in
         the appropriate flight
         manual.
    (h) Steep turns in each      ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
     direction. Each steep turn
     must involve a bank angle
     of 45[deg] with a heading
     change of at least
     180[deg] but not more than
     360[deg]. This maneuver is
     not required for Group I
     transition training.
    (i) Stall Prevention. For    ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
     the purpose of this
     training the approved
     recovery procedure must be
     initiated at the first
     indication of an impending
     stall (buffet, stick
     shaker, aural warning).
     Stall prevention training
     must be conducted in at
     least the following
     configurations:
        (1) Takeoff              ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         configuration (except
         where the airplane
         uses only a zero-flap
         takeoff configuration).
        (2) Clean configuration  ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
        (3) Landing              ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         configuration.
    (j) Recovery from specific   ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
     flight characteristics
     that are peculiar to the
     airplane type.
    (k) Instrument procedures
     that include the
     following:
        (1) Area departure and   ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         arrival.
        (2) Use of navigation    ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         systems including
         adherence to assigned
         radials.
        (3) Holding............  ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
    (l) ILS instrument
     approaches that include
     the following:
        (1) Normal ILS           I, T, U, C.........
         approaches.
        (2) Manually controlled  I..................  ..................  T, U, C...........
         ILS approaches with a
         simulated failure of
         one powerplant which
         occurs before
         initiating the final
         approach course and
         continues to touchdown
         or through the missed
         approach procedure.
    (m) Instrument approaches
     and missed approaches
     other than ILS which
     include the following:
        (1) Nonprecision         ...................  ..................  U, C..............  I, T.
         approaches that the
         pilot is likely to use.
        (2) In addition to       ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         subparagraph (1) of
         this paragraph, at
         least one other
         nonprecision approach
         and missed approach
         procedure that the
         pilot is likely to use.

In connection with paragraphs
 III(l) and III(m), each
 instrument approach must be
 performed according to any
 procedures and limitations
 approved for the approach
 facility used. The instrument
 approach begins when the
 airplane is over the initial
 approach fix for the approach
 procedure being used (or
 turned over to the final
 approach controller in the
 case of GCA approach) and ends
 when the airplane touches down
 on the runway or when
 transition to a missed
 approach configuration is
 completed.
    (n) Circling approaches      I, T, U, C.........
     which include the
     following:
        (1) That portion of the  I, T, U, C.........
         circling approach to
         the authorized minimum
         altitude for the
         procedure being used
         must be made under
         simulated instrument
         conditions.
        (2) The circling         I, T, U, C.........
         approach must be made
         to the authorized
         minimum circling
         approach altitude
         followed by a change
         in heading and the
         necessary maneuvering
         (by visual reference)
         to maintain a flight
         path that permits a
         normal landing on a
         runway at least
         90[deg] from the final
         approach course of the
         simulated instrument
         portion of the
         approach.
        (3) The circling         I, T, U, C.........
         approach must be
         performed without
         excessive maneuvering,
         and without exceeding
         the normal operating
         limits of the
         airplane. The angle of
         bank should not exceed
         30[deg].
Training in the circling
 approach maneuver is not
 required if the certificate
 holder's manual prohibits a
 circling approach in weather
 conditions below 1000-3
 (ceiling and visibility).
    (o) Zero-flap approaches.    I, C...............  ..................  T, U..............
     Training in this maneuver
     is not required for a
     particular airplane type
     if the Administrator has
     determined that the
     probability of flap
     extension failure on that
     type airplane is extremely
     remote due to system
     design. In making this
     determination, the
     Administrator determines
     whether training on slats
     only and partial flap
     approaches is necessary.
    (p) Missed approaches which
     include the following:
        (1) Missed approaches    ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         from ILS approaches.
        (2) Other missed         ...................  ..................  ..................  I, T, U, C.
         approaches.
        (3) Missed approaches    ...................  ..................  ..................  I, T, U, C.
         that include a
         complete approved
         missed approach
         procedure.
        (4) Missed approaches    ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
         that include a
         powerplant failure.
IV. Landings and Approaches to
 Landings:
Training in landings and
 approaches to landings must
 include the types and
 conditions listed below but
 more than one type may be
 combined where appropriate:
    (a) Normal landings........  I, T, U, C.........
    (b) Landing and go around    I, C...............  ..................  T.................  U.
     with the horizontal
     stabilizer out of trim.
    (c) Landing in sequence      I..................  ..................  T, U, C...........
     from an ILS instrument
     approach.
    (d)(1) Crosswind landing...  I, T, U, C.........
        (2) Beginning March 12,  I, T, U, C.........
         2019, crosswind
         landing, including
         crosswind landings
         with gusts if
         practicable under the
         existing
         meteorological,
         airport, and traffic
         conditions.
    (e) Maneuvering to a
     landing with simulated
     powerplant failure, as
     follows:
        (1) For 3-engine         I, C...............  ..................  T, U..............
         airplanes, maneuvering
         to a landing with an
         approved procedure
         that approximates the
         loss of two
         powerplants (center
         and one outboard
         engine).
        (2) For other            I, C...............  ..................  T, U..............
         multiengine airplanes,
         maneuvering to a
         landing with a
         simulated failure of
         50 percent of
         available powerplants
         with the simulated
         loss of power on one
         side of the airplane.
    (f) Landing under simulated  I..................  ..................  T, U, C...........
     circling approach
     conditions (exceptions
     under III(n) applicable to
     this requirement).
    (g) Rejected landings that   I..................  ..................  T, U, C...........
     include a normal missed
     approach procedure after
     the landing is rejected.
     For the purpose of this
     maneuver the landing
     should be rejected at
     approximately 50 feet and
     approximately over the
     runway threshold.
    (h) Zero-flap landings if    I, C...............  ..................  T, U..............
     the Administrator finds
     that maneuver appropriate
     for training in the
     airplane.
    (i) Manual reversion.......  ...................  ..................  I, T, U, C........
    (j) Night landings. For      I, T, U, C.........
     pilots in transition
     training, this requirement
     may be met during the
     operating experience
     required under Sec.
     121.434 by performing a
     normal landing at night
     when a check airman
     serving as PIC is
     occupying a pilot station.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

0
34. Revise appendix F to part 121 to read as follows:

Appendix F to Part 121--Proficiency Check Requirements

    (a) The maneuvers and procedures required by Sec.  121.441 for
pilot proficiency checks are set forth in this appendix. Except for
the equipment examination, these maneuvers and procedures must be
performed inflight. Certain maneuvers and procedures may be
performed in an FFS or an FTD as indicated by the appropriate

symbol in the respective column opposite the maneuver or procedure.
    (b) Whenever a maneuver or procedure is authorized to be
performed in an FTD, it may be performed in an FFS.
    (c) A Level B or higher FFS may be used instead of the airplane
to satisfy the inflight requirements if the FFS is approved under
Sec.  121.407 and is used as part of an approved program that meets
the requirements for an Advanced Simulation Training Program in
Appendix H of this part.
    (d) For the purpose of this appendix, the following symbols
mean--
    B = Both Pilot in Command (PIC) and Second in Command (SIC).
    W = May be waived for both PIC and SIC, except during a
proficiency check conducted to qualify a PIC after completing an
upgrade training curriculum in accordance with Sec. Sec.  121.420
and 121.426.
    * = A symbol and asterisk (B* or W*) indicates that a particular
condition is specified in the maneuvers and procedures column.
    # = When a maneuver is preceded by this symbol it indicates the
maneuver may be required in the airplane at the discretion of the
person conducting the check.
    (e) Throughout the maneuvers and procedures prescribed in this
appendix, good judgment commensurate with a high level of safety
must be demonstrated. In determining whether such judgment has been
shown, the person conducting the check considers adherence to
approved procedures, actions based on analysis of situations for
which there is no prescribed procedure or recommended practice, and
qualities of prudence and care in selecting a course of action.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Required                            Permitted
                                        ------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                Waiver
          Maneuvers/procedures             Simulated                                              provisions of
                                          instrument     Inflight         FFS           FTD            Sec.
                                          conditions                                                121.441(d)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The procedures and maneuvers set forth
 in this appendix must be performed in
 a manner that satisfactorily
 demonstrates knowledge and skill with
 respect to--..........................
    (1) The airplane, its systems and
     components;
    (2) Proper control of airspeed,
     configuration, direction,
     altitude, and attitude in
     accordance with procedures and
     limitations contained in the
     approved Airplane Flight Manual,
     the certificate holder's
     operations manual, checklists, or
     other approved material
     appropriate to the airplane type;
     and
    (3) Compliance with approach, ATC,
     or other applicable procedures.
I. Preflight:
    (a) Equipment examination (oral or
     written). As part of the
     proficiency check the equipment
     examination must be closely
     coordinated with, and related to,
     the flight maneuvers portion but
     may not be given during the flight
     maneuvers portion. The equipment
     examination must cover--
        (1) Subjects requiring a
         practical knowledge of the
         airplane, its powerplants,
         systems, components,
         operational and performance
         factors;
        (2) Normal, abnormal, and
         emergency procedures, and the
         operations and limitations
         relating thereto; and.........
        (3) The appropriate provisions
         of the approved Airplane
         Flight Manual.................
The person conducting the check may
 accept, as equal to this equipment
 examination, an equipment examination
 given to the pilot in the certificate
 holder's ground training within the
 preceding 6 calendar months...........
    (b) Preflight inspection. The pilot
     must--
        (1) Conduct an actual visual     ............  ............  ............            B               W*
         inspection of the exterior and
         interior of the airplane,
         locating each item and
         explaining briefly the purpose
         for inspecting it. The visual
         inspection may be conducted
         using an approved pictorial
         means that realistically
         portrays the location and
         detail of visual inspection
         items and provides for the
         portrayal of normal and
         abnormal conditions. If a
         flight engineer is a required
         flightcrew member for the
         particular type airplane, the
         visual inspection may be
         waived under Sec.   121.441(d)
        (2) Demonstrate the use of the   ............  ............  ............            B
         prestart checklist,
         appropriate control system
         checks, starting procedures,
         radio and electronic equipment
         checks, and the selection of
         proper navigation and
         communications radio
         facilities and frequencies
         prior to flight...............
    (c)(1) Taxiing. Before March 12,     ............            B
     2019, this maneuver includes
     taxiing, sailing, or docking
     procedures in compliance with
     instructions issued by ATC or by
     the person conducting the check.
     SIC proficiency checks for a type
     rating must include taxiing.
     However, other SIC proficiency
     checks need only include taxiing
     to the extent practical from the
     seat position assigned to the SIC.

    (c)(2) Taxiing. Beginning March 12,  ............            B
     2019, this maneuver includes the
     following: (i) Taxiing, sailing,
     or docking procedures in
     compliance with instructions
     issued by ATC or by the person
     conducting the check. (ii) Use of
     airport diagram (surface movement
     chart). (iii) Obtaining
     appropriate clearance before
     crossing or entering active
     runways. (iv) Observation of all
     surface movement guidance control
     markings and lighting. SIC
     proficiency checks for a type
     rating must include taxiing.
     However, other SIC proficiency
     checks need only include taxiing
     to the extent practical from the
     seat position assigned to the SIC.
    (d)(1) Powerplant checks. As         ............  ............            B
     appropriate to the airplane type..
    (d)(2) Beginning March 12, 2019,     ............  ............            B
     pre-takeoff procedures that
     include powerplant checks, receipt
     of takeoff clearance and
     confirmation of aircraft location,
     and FMS entry (if appropriate),
     for departure runway prior to
     crossing hold short line for
     takeoff...........................
II. Takeoff:
Takeoffs must include the types listed
 below, but more than one type may be
 combined where appropriate:
    (a) Normal. One normal takeoff       ............           B*
     which, for the purpose of this
     maneuver, begins when the airplane
     is taxied into position on the
     runway to be used.................
    (b) Instrument. One takeoff with               B   ............           B*
     instrument conditions simulated at
     or before reaching an altitude of
     100' above the airport elevation..
    (c)(1) Crosswind. Before March 12,   ............           B*
     2019, one crosswind takeoff, if
     practicable, under the existing
     meteorological, airport, and
     traffic conditions................
    (c)(2) Beginning March 12, 2019,     ............           B*
     one crosswind takeoff with gusts,
     if practicable, under the existing
     meteorological, airport, and
     traffic conditions................
    #(d) Powerplant failure. One         ............  ............            B
     takeoff with a simulated failure
     of the most critical powerplant--
        (1) At a point after V1 and      ............  ............            B
         before V2 that in the judgment
         of the person conducting the
         check is appropriate to the
         airplane type under the
         prevailing conditions;........
        (2) At a point as close as       ............  ............            B
         possible after V1 when V1 and
         V2 or V1 and Vr are identical;
         or............................
        (3) At the appropriate speed     ............  ............            B
         for nontransport category
         airplanes.....................
    (e) Rejected. A rejected takeoff     ............  ............           B*   ............               W
     may be performed in an airplane
     during a normal takeoff run after
     reaching a reasonable speed
     determined by giving due
     consideration to aircraft
     characteristics, runway length,
     surface conditions, wind direction
     and velocity, brake heat energy,
     and any other pertinent factors
     that may adversely affect safety
     or the airplane...................
III. Instrument procedures:
    (a) Area departure and area                    B   ............            B   ............              W*
     arrival. During each of these
     maneuvers the pilot must--
        (1) Adhere to actual or                    B   ............            B
         simulated ATC clearances
         (including assigned radials);
         and...........................
        (2) Properly use available                 B   ............            B
         navigation facilities.........
Either area arrival or area departure,
 but not both, may be waived under Sec.
   121.441(d).
    (b) Holding. This maneuver includes            B   ............            B   ............               W
     entering, maintaining, and leaving
     holding patterns. It may be
     performed in connection with
     either area departure or area
     arrival...........................
    (c) ILS and other instrument
     approaches. There must be the
     following:
        (1) At least one normal ILS                B   ............            B
         approach......................
        (2) At least one manually                  B             B
         controlled ILS approach with a
         simulated failure of one
         powerplant. The simulated
         failure should occur before
         initiating the final approach
         course and must continue to
         touchdown or through the
         missed approach procedure.....
        (3) At least one nonprecision              B   ............            B
         approach procedure using a
         type of nonprecision approach
         procedure that the certificate
         holder is approved to use.....

        (4) At least one nonprecision              B   ............  ............            B
         approach procedure using a
         different type of nonprecision
         approach procedure than
         performed under subparagraph
         (3) of this paragraph that the
         certificate holder is approved
         to use........................
        (5) For each type of EFVS                  B            B*
         operation the certificate
         holder is authorized to
         conduct, at least one
         instrument approach must be
         made using an EFVS............
Each instrument approach must be
 performed according to any procedures
 and limitations approved for the
 approach procedure used. The
 instrument approach begins when the
 airplane is over the initial approach
 fix for the approach procedure being
 used (or turned over to the final
 approach controller in the case of GCA
 approach) and ends when the airplane
 touches down on the runway or when
 transition to a missed approach
 configuration is completed. Instrument
 conditions need not be simulated below
 100' above touchdown zone elevation.
    (d) Circling approaches. If the      ............  ............           B*   ............              W*
     certificate holder is approved for
     circling minimums below 1000-3
     (ceiling and visibility), at least
     one circling approach must be made
     under the following conditions--