UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON D.C., 20460

Date: November 16, 2009

PC Code:  109303

	DP Barcode: 365048

MEMORANDUM

Subject:	Registration Review:  Preliminary Problem Formulation for
Ecological Risk, Environmental Fate, Endangered Species, and Drinking
Water Assessment for Esfenvalerate

To:		Molly Clayton, Chemical Risk Manager

		Michael Goodis, Risk Manager

Special Review and Reregistration Division

Office of Pesticide Programs

From:		Nelson Thurman, Senior Fate Scientist

		Katrina White, Ph.D., Biologist (Effects Scientist)

		Environmental Risk Branch 2

		Environmental Fate and Effects Division

		Office of Pesticide Programs

Through:	Tom Bailey, Ph.D. Branch Chief

		Jean Holmes, DVM, MPH

		Environmental Risk Branch 2

		Environmental Fate and Effects Division

		Office of Pesticide Programs

The Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) has completed the
preliminary problem formulation (attached) for the ecological risk,
environmental fate, endangered species, and drinking water assessment to
be conducted as part of the Registration Review of the insecticide
esfenvalerate (PC Code 109303).  Functioning as the first stage of the
risk assessment process for registration review, this problem
formulation provides an overview of what is currently known about the
environmental fate and ecological effects associated with esfenvalerate
and its degradates.  It also describes the preliminary ecological risk
hypothesis and analysis plan for evaluating and characterizing risk to
non-target species in support of the registration of esfenvalerate.

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1

Problem Formulation for the

Environmental Fate, Ecological Risk, and Endangered Species Assessments

in Support of the Registration Review of Esfenvalerate

Esfenvalerate

CAS Number 66230-04-4

PC Code 109303

Prepared by:

Katrina White, Ph.D., Biologist (Effects Scientist)

Nelson Thurman, Senior Fate Scientist	U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency

Office of Pesticide Programs

Environmental Fate and Effects Division

Environmental Risk Branch II

1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW

Mail Code 7507P

Washington, DC 20460

Reviewed by:

Jean Holmes, DVM, MPH

Tom Bailey, Ph.D. Branch Chief

November 16, 2009

Table of Contents

  TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u    HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135955"  1.	Purpose
PAGEREF _Toc246135955 \h  5

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135956"  2.	Problem Formulation	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135956 \h  5

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135957"  2.1.	Nature of Regulatory Action
PAGEREF _Toc246135957 \h  5

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135958"  2.2.	Previous Ecological Risk
Assessments, Drinking Water Assessments, Data Call Ins, and Other
Relevant History	  PAGEREF _Toc246135958 \h  5

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135959"  2.2.1	Ecological Risk Assessments
Completed Prior to 1990	  PAGEREF _Toc246135959 \h  5

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135960"  2.2.2	Ecological Risk Assessments
Completed in 1990 - 1995	  PAGEREF _Toc246135960 \h  6

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135961"  2.2.3	Risk Assessments Completed in 1999
  PAGEREF _Toc246135961 \h  8

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135962"  2.2.4	1999 Scientific Advisory Panel on
Sediment Toxicity and Fate of Synthetic Pyrethroids	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135962 \h  8

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135963"  2.2.5	Section 3 Risk Assessment for Use
on Almonds, Cabbage, Cocoa Bean, Peanuts, Walnuts, Brussels Sprouts,
Canola, Pistachios, Bok Choy, Cardoon and Sweet Potatoes	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135963 \h  9

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135964"  2.2.6	Drinking Water Exposure
Assessments	  PAGEREF _Toc246135964 \h  10

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135965"  2.2.7	2009 Scientific Advisory Panel on
the Evaluation of the Common Mechanism of Action of Pyrethroid
Pesticides	  PAGEREF _Toc246135965 \h  10

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135966"  2.2.8	Aquatic Life Criteria	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135966 \h  10

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135967"  2.2.9	Impaired Water Bodies	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135967 \h  10

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135968"  2.2.10	Effects Determinations for
Esfenvalerate for the California Red-Legged Frog	  PAGEREF _Toc246135968
\h  11

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135969"  3.	Mechanism of Action, Type of
Pesticide, Usage, and Environmental Fate	  PAGEREF _Toc246135969 \h  11

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135970"  3.1.	Mechanism of Action and Type of
Pesticide	  PAGEREF _Toc246135970 \h  11

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135971"  3.2.	Overview of Pesticide Usage
PAGEREF _Toc246135971 \h  12

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135972"  3.3.	Environmental Fate and Transport
PAGEREF _Toc246135972 \h  16

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135973"  3.3.1	Degradation	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135973 \h  18

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135974"  3.3.2	Transport	  PAGEREF _Toc246135974
\h  21

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135975"  3.3.3	Field Studies	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135975 \h  21

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135976"  3.3.4	Water Monitoring Data	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135976 \h  22

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135977"  3.3.5	Bioaccumulation	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135977 \h  23

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135978"  4.	Receptors	  PAGEREF _Toc246135978 \h
23

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135979"  4.1.	Effects to Aquatic Organisms
PAGEREF _Toc246135979 \h  24

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135980"  4.2.	Effects to Terrestrial Organisms
PAGEREF _Toc246135980 \h  29

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135981"  4.3.	Incident Database Review	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135981 \h  32

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135982"  4.4.	Ecosystems Potentially at Risk
PAGEREF _Toc246135982 \h  38

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135983"  5.	Assessment Endpoints	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135983 \h  38

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135984"  6.	Conceptual Model	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135984 \h  38

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135985"  6.1.	Risk Hypothesis	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135985 \h  39

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135986"  6.2.	Conceptual Diagram	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135986 \h  39

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135987"  7.	Analysis Plan	  PAGEREF _Toc246135987
\h  41

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135988"  7.1.	Stressors of Concern	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135988 \h  42

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135989"  7.2.	Measures of Exposure	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135989 \h  43

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135990"  7.2.1	Aquatic Organisms	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135990 \h  44

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135991"  7.2.2	Terrestrial Organisms	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135991 \h  44

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135992"  7.3.	Measures of Effect	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135992 \h  46

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135993"  7.4.	Integration of Exposure and Effects
  PAGEREF _Toc246135993 \h  47

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135994"  7.5.	Deterministic and Probabilistic
Assessment Methods	  PAGEREF _Toc246135994 \h  47

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135995"  7.6.	Endangered Species Assessments
PAGEREF _Toc246135995 \h  47

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135996"  7.7.	Drinking Water Assessment	  PAGEREF
_Toc246135996 \h  48

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135997"  7.8.	Preliminary Identification of Data
Gaps	  PAGEREF _Toc246135997 \h  48

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135998"  7.8.1	Fate	  PAGEREF _Toc246135998 \h
48

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246135999"  7.8.2	Effects	  PAGEREF _Toc246135999 \h
 49

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136000"  7.9.	Other Information Needed for the
Risk Assessment	  PAGEREF _Toc246136000 \h  58

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136001"  8.	References	  PAGEREF _Toc246136001 \h
 58

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136002"  8.1.	Literature Cited	  PAGEREF
_Toc246136002 \h  58

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136003"  8.2.	Submitted Fate Studies	  PAGEREF
_Toc246136003 \h  64

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136004"  8.3.	Submitted Effects Studies for
Fenvalarate	  PAGEREF _Toc246136004 \h  66

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136005"  8.4.	Submitted Effects Studies for
Esfenvalerate	  PAGEREF _Toc246136005 \h  72

List of Tables

  TOC \h \z \c "Table"    HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136006"  Table 3-1.
Labeled Agricultural Uses1,2	  PAGEREF _Toc246136006 \h  12

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136007"  Table 3-2.  Labeled Non-agricultural
Uses Assessed in this Document.1,2	  PAGEREF _Toc246136007 \h  15

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136008"  Table 3-3.  Labeled Non- agricultural
Uses Qualitatively Assessed in this Document	  PAGEREF _Toc246136008 \h
16

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136009"  Table 3-4.  Summary of Physico-Chemical
Properties of Esfenvalerate.	  PAGEREF _Toc246136009 \h  18

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136010"  Table 3-5.  Summary of Esfenvalerate
Environmental Fate Properties.	  PAGEREF _Toc246136010 \h  19

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136011"  Table 4-1.  Summary of Sensitive
Endpoints for Aquatic Organisms Under Consideration for Use in the Risk
Assessment for Esfenvaleratea	  PAGEREF _Toc246136011 \h  26

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136012"  Table 4-2.  Summary of Sensitive
Toxicity Endpoints for Terrestrial Organisms Under Consideration for Use
in Risk Assessment*	  PAGEREF _Toc246136012 \h  31

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136013"  Table 4-3.  Wildlife Incidents from the
EIIS Database Associated with Esfenvalerate	  PAGEREF _Toc246136013 \h
36

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136014"  Table 7-1.  Summary of Environmental
Fate Studies	  PAGEREF _Toc246136014 \h  49

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136015"  Table 7-2.  Available Ecological Effects
Data for Terrestrial Animals Exposed to Esfenvalerat and Fenvalerate
PAGEREF _Toc246136015 \h  51

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136016"  Table 7-3.  Available Ecological Effects
Data for Aquatic Animals Exposed to Esfenvalerate or Fenvalerate
PAGEREF _Toc246136016 \h  52

List of Figures

  TOC \h \z \c "Figure"    HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136017"  Figure 3-1.
Chemical Structures of Esfenvalerate and Related Compounds	  PAGEREF
_Toc246136017 \h  17

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136018"  Figure 6-1.  Conceptual Model Depicting
Exposure Pathways and Potential Risks to Aquatic Organisms from the Use
of Esfenvalerate.  Dashed lines indicate routes of exposure considered
of lower or negligible importance for esfenvalerate.	  PAGEREF
_Toc246136018 \h  40

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136019"  Figure 6-2.  Conceptual Model Depicting
Exposure Pathways and Potential Risks to Terrestrial Organisms from the
Use of Esfenvalerate.  Dashed lines indicate routes of exposure
considered of lower importance for esfenvalerate.	  PAGEREF
_Toc246136019 \h  41

Appendices

  TOC \h \z \c "Appendix"    HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136020"  Appendix A:
Data Call In Tables	  PAGEREF _Toc246136020 \h  75

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136021"  Appendix B:  Summary of Toxicity Data
PAGEREF _Toc246136021 \h  83

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136022"  Appendix C:  Summary of products with
multiple active ingredients	  PAGEREF _Toc246136022 \h  98

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc246136023"  Appendix D.  ECOSAR (version 1.0)
Results for 4-chloro-alpha-(1-methylethyl)-benzeneacetic acid (CPIA)
PAGEREF _Toc246136023 \h  108

Purpose

The purpose of this problem formulation is to provide an understanding
of what is known about the environmental fate and ecological effects of
the registered uses of esfenvalerate.  Esfenvalerate is a broad spectrum
pyrethroid insecticide.  This document will provide a plan for analyzing
data relevant to esfenvalerate and for conducting environmental fate,
ecological risk, endangered species, and drinking water assessments for
its registered uses.  Additionally, this problem formulation is intended
to identify data gaps, uncertainties, and potential assumptions used to
address those uncertainties relative to characterizing the ecological
risk associated with the registered uses of esfenvalerate.

Problem Formulation

Nature of Regulatory Action

Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA),
all pesticides distributed or sold in the United States generally must
be registered by the United States Environmental Protection Agency
(USEPA).  To determine whether a pesticide can be registered, the USEPA
evaluates its safety to non-target species based on a wide range of
environmental and health effects studies.   In 1996, FIFRA was amended
by the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA), and EPA was mandated to
implement a new program for the periodic review of pesticides, i.e.,
registration review (  HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/registration_review/"
http://www.epa.gov/oppsrrd1/registration_review/ ).  The registration
review program is intended to ensure that, as the ability to assess risk
evolves and as policies and practices change, all registered pesticides
continue to meet the statutory standard of no unreasonable adverse
effects to human health and the environment. Changes in science, public
policy, and pesticide use practices will occur over time. Through the
new registration review program, the Agency periodically reevaluates
pesticides to make sure that as change occurs, products in the
marketplace can be used safely.

As part of the implementation of the new Registration Review program
pursuant to Section 3(g) of FIFRA, the Agency is beginning its
evaluation of esfenvalerate to determine whether it continues to meet
the FIFRA standard for registration. This problem formulation for the
environmental fate and ecological risk assessment chapter in support of
the registration review will be posted in the initial docket opening the
public phase of the review process.

Previous Ecological Risk Assessments, Drinking Water Assessments, Data
Call Ins, and Other Relevant History

Ecological Risk Assessments Completed Prior to 1990

In 1986, a request was made to register esfenvalerate (the SS-isomer in
the racemic mixture of fenvalerate) based on the data submitted on the
racemic mixture   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>RexRode</Author><Year>1986</Year><RecNum>43</RecN
um><DisplayText>(Rexrode,
1986)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>43</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">43</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">402</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Memo">2</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rexrode,
Miachel</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>George
LaRocca</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Substit
ution of SS isomer (ASANA) for the racemic mixture
(Pydrin)</title><tertiary-title>Ecological Effect Branch.  Hazard
Evaluation Division.  Office of Pesticide
Progams</tertiary-title></titles><edition>United States Environmental
Protection Agency</edition><dates><year>1986</year><pub-dates><date>May
6,
1986</date></pub-dates></dates><urls></urls></record></EndNote>
(Rexrode, 1986) .  A review of acute fish toxicity data for fenvalerate
(LC50 = 0.70 µg/L) and esfenvalerate (LC50 = 0.26 µg/L) indicated that
they would have similar toxicity to fish and therefore, data on
fenvalerate could be used in support of the registration of the
SS-isomer.  An aquatic field study was still required for fenvalerate.

In 1987, the Environmental Fate and Effects Division (EFED) reviewed the
emergency use of fenvalerate on cranberries in Washington   ADDIN
EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Vaughan</Author><Year>1987</Year><RecNum>44</RecN
um><DisplayText>(Vaughan,
1987)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>44</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">44</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">403</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Memo">2</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vaughan, Allen
W.</author><author>Cook, Norman J.</author><author>Slimak, Michael
W.</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>Stubbs,
D.</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Esfenvalerat
e:  Proposed Section 18 for Use on
Cranberries</title><tertiary-title>Ecological Effects Branch.  Hazard
Evaluation Division.  Office of Pesticide
Programs</tertiary-title></titles><edition>United States Environmental
Protection
Agency</edition><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><da
tes><year>1987</year><pub-dates><date>June 29,
1987</date></pub-dates></dates>Ecological Risk
Assessment<urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Vaughan et
al., 1987) .  The ecological risk assessment found no risk to federally
listed endangered or threatened species from the proposed use and
concluded that, “this use will not present a significant increase in
exposure or hazard to nontarget organisms in general.”

In 1988, a request was made for an emergency exemption for the use of
esfenvalerate on leafy vegetables (kale, kohlrabi, and mustard greens)
in Texas for control of cabbage loopers   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Johnson</Author><Year>1988</Year><RecNum>109</Rec
Num><DisplayText>(Johnson,
1988)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>109</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">109</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">584</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Johnson,
David</author><author>Craven, Harry</author><author>Akerman,
James</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ecological Effects
Branch Review of the Section 18 (Texas) Emergency Exemption for the Use
of Esfenvalerate on Leafy Vegetables</title><secondary-title>December
12, 1988</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Ecological Effects Branch.
Environmental Fate and Effects Division.  Office of Pesticide Programs.
United States Environmental Protection
Agency</tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keywor
d></keywords><dates><year>1988</year><pub-dates><date>December 7,
1988</date></pub-dates></dates>Ecological Risk
Assessment<urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Johnson et
al., 1988) .  The ecological risk assessment for this use found that a
single application would exceed the acute risk criteria established from
toxicity data on fenvalerate for fish and aquatic invertebrates.
Additionally, multiple applications could result in chronic risks to
aquatic organisms.

In 1989, a request was made to allow use of esfenvalerate on the uses
already approved for fenvalerate and to allow use on berries, okra, and
turnips   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Rexrode</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>45</RecN
um><DisplayText>(Rexrode, Urban, and  Cook,
1989)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>45</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">45</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">404</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Memo">2</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rexrode,
Miachel</author><author>Urban, Douglas</author><author>Cook, Norman
J.</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>George
LaRocca</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Propose
d Section 3 Registration of Various Uses (Some of which are on sister
Pydrin label).  Completely new uses are:  cranberries, blueberries,
related bushberries, okra (Florida only), and
turnips</title><tertiary-title>Ecological Effects Branch.  Environmental
Fate and Effects Division.  Office of Pesticide
Programs</tertiary-title></titles><edition>United States Environmental
Protection
Agency</edition><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><da
tes><year>1989</year><pub-dates><date>January 27,
1989</date></pub-dates></dates>Ecological Risk
Assessment<urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Rexrode,
Urban, and  Cook, 1989) .  EFED concluded that use of esfenvalerate may
result in environmental exposures that are one to two orders of
magnitude greater than published aquatic toxicity levels and that any
expansion of the use of the product could result in increased risk to
aquatic organisms.  EFED could not complete the aquatic risk assessment
until a mesocosm study was completed and evaluated.

In 1989 emergency exemptions (Section 18) were requested by the states
of Montana, North Dakota, Kansas, and Minnesota for use of esfenvalerate
(ASANA XL 0.66 EC) for the control of pests in wheat, barley, small
grains, and conservation reserves   ADDIN EN.CITE   ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA
(Rexrode, Urban, et al., 1989a, 1989b, 1989c, 1989d) .  The EFED
concluded that expected residues exceeded acute and chronic toxicity
values for fish and aquatic invertebrates in prairie potholes, rivers,
lakes, and wetlands adjacent to sprayed fields and would sometimes
result in risk to birds.  EFED recommended that the State Department of
Agriculture be contacted prior to use of esfenvalerate in counties with
endangered species.

Ecological Risk Assessments Completed in 1990 - 1995

In 1990, environmental fate reviews were completed on the registration
of esfenvalerate on grass, grass hay, alfalfa, celery, Brussels sprouts,
and lettuce   ADDIN EN.CITE   ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA   (Nelson, 1990;
Regelman, 1990a, 1990b) .  The registrant requested that the data on the
racemic mixture, fenvalerate (e.g., 25% each isomer), be used to support
the registration of the SS-isomer   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Regelman</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>6</RecN
um><DisplayText>(Regelman,
1990a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>6</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">6</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">366</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Regelman,
Emil</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EFGWB Review of
Lable and Tolerance Petition Amendment for 'Grass and Grass
Hay'</title><secondary-title>April 6,
1990</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Environmental Fate and Effects
Division.  Office of Pesticide Programs. United States Environmental
Protection
Agency.</tertiary-title></titles><dates><year>1990</year></dates><urls><
/urls></record></EndNote> (Regelman, 1990a) .  EFED concluded
that the submissions would result in a reduction in the application rate
of the SS-isomer and thus would result in less environmental effects
than those already registered for the racemic mixture.  Additionally,
data on fenvalerate were used to support the registrations of
esfenvalerate.  A bioconcentration study in fish, hydrolysis study, and
field dissipation study were outstanding data requirements at the time
of the reviews.

In Section 18 reviews for the use of esfenvalerate on wheat, small
grains, non-cropland, berries, and conservation reserve areas in several
states including Kansas, Minnesota, North Dakota, and Oklahoma.  EFED
concluded that all but the cranberry uses would result in risk to
aquatic fish and invertebrates and indirect risk to birds due to
reduction in aquatic organisms   ADDIN EN.CITE   ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA
(Rexrode et al., 1990d, 1990e, 1990f, 1990h) .  EFED recommended that
the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) regional office be
contacted prior to using esfenvalerate in counties with listed or
endangered species.  The same conclusions were drawn for the request for
Section 3 registrations of esfenvalerate on berries, turnips, okra
(Florida only), rangeland, pastures, sorghum, and ornamentals   ADDIN
EN.CITE   ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA   (Rexrode et al., 1990a, 1990b, 1990c) .
The request for use on sorghum was denied pending the submission of the
mesocosm study, which remained an outstanding data requirement   ADDIN
EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>LaRocca</Author><Year>1990</Year><RecNum>59</RecN
um><DisplayText>(LaRocca,
1990)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>59</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">59</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">417</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Memo">2</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>LaRocca,
G.</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>Ackerson, Robert
C.</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Label
Amendment - Add Use on
Sorghum</title><tertiary-title>Insecticide-Rodenticide Branch.
Registration Division.  Office of Pesticide
Programs</tertiary-title></titles><edition>United States Environmental
Protection Agency</edition><dates><year>1990</year><pub-dates><date>June
14,
1990</date></pub-dates></dates><urls></urls></record></EndNote>
(LaRocca, 1990) .

A Section 18 request for use of esfenvalerate in Washington on
cranberries and leafy greens in Texas was determined to be of little
risk due to the small area that would be treated in the request   ADDIN
EN.CITE   ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA   (Rexrode et al., 1992a; Rexrode et al.,
1990g) .  Several other Section 18 registration requests were made
between 1991 and 1995 including use on prairie wetlands in Minnesota,
sorghum and leafy greens in Texas, cranberries in Washington, and
sugarbeets in California   ADDIN EN.CITE   ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA
(Akerman, 1991; Lamb et al., 1993; Rexrode et al., 1993; Rexrode et al.,
1992b; Rexrode et al., 1992c; Rexrode et al., 1991; Urban, 1992; Vaughan
et al., 1994) .  Some of the use requests were approved with
restrictions such as buffer zones between the use site and water bodies
or endangered species habitat; risk assessments for other requests could
not be completed until the mesocosm study was completed.

A mesocosm study was submitted and reviewed in 1993   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Maciorowski</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>99</
RecNum><DisplayText>(Maciorowski,
1993)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>99</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">99</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">574</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Memo">2</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Maciorowski, Anthony
F.</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>LaRocca,
G.</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Hazard
Assessment of Esfenvalerate (ASANA)
Mesocosm</title><tertiary-title>Ecological Effects Branch.
Environmental Fate and Effects Division.  Office of Pesticide
Programs</tertiary-title></titles><edition>United States Environmental
Protection
Agency</edition><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><da
tes><year>1993</year><pub-dates><date>February 1,
1993</date></pub-dates></dates>Memo<urls></urls></record>
</EndNote> (Maciorowski, 1993) .  The results of the mesocosm
study indicated that, “esfenvalerate use will have a significant
influence on the populations of certain aquatic zooplankton and
macroinvertebrates. The resulting decline in these populations, at times
that coincide with fish reproduction (bluegill), will represent a
decrease in a significant food base which will affect fish larval growth
and possibly year-class strength.”  The comparative applicability of
this study to aquatic environments outside of the study area was
questioned because changes in aquatic chemistry during the study
(increased alkalinity and rising pH from supplemental fertilization)
appeared to affect esfenvalerate exposure potential and may have masked
higher toxicity concerns for this synthetic pyrethroid.

Early in 1995, EFED proposed mitigation measures for the use of
esfenvalerate on cotton and recommended that the mitigation measures
apply to all 50 uses for esfenvalerate   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Maciorowski</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>104<
/RecNum><DisplayText>(Maciorowski,
1995)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>104</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">104</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">579</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Memo">2</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Maciorowski, Anthony
F.</author></authors><tertiary-authors><author>Lewis,
Susan</author></tertiary-authors><subsidiary-authors><author>Maciorowski
, Anthony
F.</author></subsidiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Pyrethroid
Mitigation</title><tertiary-title>Ecological Effects Branch.
Environmental Fate and Effects
Division</tertiary-title></titles><edition>United States Environmental
Protection
Agency</edition><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><da
tes><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>March 9,
1995</date></pub-dates></dates>Memo<urls></urls></record>
</EndNote> (Maciorowski, 1995) .  Based on new data available
from the Spray Drift Task Force, EFED determined that the mitigation
measures should be revisited with external peer review.  In the interim,
the mitigation measures would apply to all esfenvalerate uses pending
review by the Office of Pesticide Programs (OPP) and by an external peer
review panel (see Section 2.2.5).

In 1995, several environmental risk assessments were completed for
84:8.4 SS:all isomer mixture.  Section 3 uses assessed include lettuce
ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Rabert</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>105</RecN
um><DisplayText>(Rabert,
1995e)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>105</rec-number><foreign-keys><k
ey app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">105</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">580</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rabert,
William</author><author>Craven, Harry</author><author>Maciorowski,
Anthony F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EEB Review of
Esfenvalerate Use on Head Lettuce</title><secondary-title>October 13,
1995</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Ecological Effects Branch.
Environmental Fate and Effects Division.  Office of Pesticide Programs.
United States Environmental Protection
Agency</tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keywor
d></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>October 13,
1995</date></pub-dates></dates>Ecological Risk
Assessment<urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Rabert et
al., 1995e) , grain sorghum   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Rabert</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>110</RecN
um><DisplayText>(Rabert,
1995a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>110</rec-number><foreign-keys><k
ey app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">110</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">585</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rabert,
William</author><author>Craven, Harry</author><author>Maciorowski,
Anthony F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ecological
Effects Branch Review of Esfenvalerate Use on Grain
Sorghum</title><secondary-title>September 15,
1955</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Ecological Effects Branch.
Environmental Fate and Effects Division.  Office of Pesticide Programs.
United States Environmental Protection
Agency</tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keywor
d></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>September 15,
1995</date></pub-dates></dates>Ecological Risk
Assessment<urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Rabert et
al., 1995a) , sugar beets   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Rabert</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>108</RecN
um><DisplayText>(Rabert,
1995b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>108</rec-number><foreign-keys><k
ey app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">108</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">583</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rabert,
William</author><author>Craven, Harry</author><author>Maciorowski,
Anthony F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ecological
Effects Branch Review of Esfenvalerate Use on Sugar
Beets</title><secondary-title>November 8,
1995</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Ecological Effects Branch.
Environmental Fate and Effects Division.  Office of Pesticide Programs.
United States Environmental Protection
Agency</tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keywor
d></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>November 8,
1995</date></pub-dates></dates>Ecological Risk
Assessment<urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Rabert et
al., 1995b) , Brussels sprouts   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Rabert</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>107</RecN
um><DisplayText>(Rabert,
1995c)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>107</rec-number><foreign-keys><k
ey app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">107</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">582</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rabert,
William</author><author>Craven, Harry</author><author>Maciorowski,
Anthony F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ecological
Effects Branch Review on the Section 3 Use of Esfenvalerate on Brussel
Sprouts</title><secondary-title>October 24,
1995</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Ecological Effects Branch.
Environmental Fate and Effects Division.  Office of Pesticide Programs.
United States Environmental Protection
Agency</tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keywor
d></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>October 24,
1995</date></pub-dates></dates>Ecological Risk
Assessment<urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Rabert et
al., 1995c) , and celery   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Rabert</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>106</RecN
um><DisplayText>(Rabert,
1995d)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>106</rec-number><foreign-keys><k
ey app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">106</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">581</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rabert,
William</author><author>Craven, Harry</author><author>Maciorowski,
Anthony F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ecological
Effects Branch Section 3 Review of Use of Esfenvalerate on
Celery</title><secondary-title>October 20,
1995</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Ecological Effects Branch.
Environmental Fate and Effects Division.  Office of Pesticide Programs.
United States Environmental Protection
Agency</tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keywor
d></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>October 20,
1995</date></pub-dates></dates>Ecological Risk
Assessment<urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Rabert et
al., 1995d) .

The following risks were identified even with the interim risk
mitigation measures in place:

acute and chronic risk to small mammals,

chronic risk to birds,

acute risk to bees and non-target insects. and

acute and chronic risk to freshwater fish and invertebrates.

Risk could not be assessed for estuarine species or terrestrial or
aquatic plants.

The following data gaps were identified in 1995:

quail and mallard reproduction studies,

acute flow-through, measured, for fathead minnow and bluegill for the
formulation,

freshwater fish full life-cycle test, fathead minnow preferred,

two daphnid acute studies, with diluter and static,

estuarine/marine fish acute study (72-3a),

estuarine early life-stage study (72-4a),

acute oyster study (72-3b),

acute mysid shrimp (72-3c), and

estuarine life-cycle test for mysid shrimp (72-4b).

Additionally, the following tests were identified as needed in the
future:

terrestrial plants tier I seed germination, seedling emergence, and
vegetative vigor, and

aquatic plant toxicity.

Risk Assessments Completed in 1999

In 1999, an ecological risk assessment in support of a Section 24c
California registration for use of esfenvalerate on forest sites to
control grasshoppers and crickets identified the following risks   ADDIN
EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Bryceland</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>9</Rec
Num><DisplayText>(Bryceland,
1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>9</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">9</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">369</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Andrew
Bryceland</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>EFED Response
to 24 C Esfenvalerate PC Code No:  109303; Case No. 066625; Submission
No. S566161; DP Barcode D258253</title><tertiary-title>Environmental
Fate and Effects Division.  Office of Pesticide Programs.  United States
Environmental Protection
Agency.</tertiary-title></titles><dates><year>1999</year></dates><urls><
/urls></record></EndNote> (Bryceland, 1999) :

chronic risk to birds presumed,

acute and chronic risk to mammals, and

acute and chronic risk to freshwater and estuarine/marine fish and
invertebrates.

Risk to terrestrial invertebrates was not evaluated in the 1999
assessment.

Data gaps included:

avian reproduction data (71-4),

freshwater fish full life-cycle study (72-5),

estuarine/marine fish early life-stage study (72-4a),

estuarine/marine invertebrate life-cycle study (72-4b), and

estuarine/marine fish full life-cycle study (72-5).

1999 Scientific Advisory Panel on Sediment Toxicity and Fate of
Synthetic Pyrethroids

A Scientific Advisory Panel (SAP) in 1999 examined the sediment toxicity
and fate of synthetic pyrethroids.  In response to a question regarding
whether sediment toxicity data on one pyrethroid (cypermethrin) could be
used to predict sediment toxicity to all pyrethroids, the panel
generally supported the method of using data from a few pyrethroids to
extrapolate information on toxicity to other pyrethroids.  The panel
recommended testing cypermethrin, “bifenthrin (relatively non-toxic to
freshwater aquatic organisms, very insoluble in water, large
bioconcentration factor) and possibly trefluthrin (highly toxic to
freshwater aquatic organisms, stable in water, intermediate solubility
in water to cypermethrin and bifenthrin)”   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>USEPA</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>42</RecNum
><DisplayText>(USEPA,
1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>42</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">42</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">401</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>USEPA,</author><secondary-authors><author>SAP Report No.
99-03A</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>FIFRA
Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting, February 23, 1999 held ad the Holiday
Inn Hotel, Arlington, Virginia.</title><secondary-title>March 25,
1999</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Office of Pesticide
Programs</tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>Pyrethroid,
esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><da
te>March 25, 1999</date></pub-dates></dates>Scientific Advisory
Panel<urls><related-urls><url>http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/mee
tings/1999/022399_mtg.htm#materials</url></related-urls></urls><access-d
ate>June 26, 2009</access-date></record></EndNote> (USEPA, 1999)
. The SAP also stated that a sediment:water ratio of 1 to 25 was
acceptable for sediment toxicity tests.

The SAP commented on the use of Kd or KOC to estimate concentrations of
synthetic pyrethroids in sediments, recommending that the Agency
reconsider KOC as a measure of the binding potential of synthetic
pyrethroids to sediment and soil because the use of Kd alone limits
extrapolation to experimental conditions while KOC “allows one to
estimate partitioning across a wide variety of soil/sediment types”
ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>USEPA</Author><Year>1999</Year><RecNum>42</RecNum
><DisplayText>(USEPA,
1999)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>42</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">42</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">401</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>USEPA,</author><secondary-authors><author>SAP Report No.
99-03A</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>FIFRA
Scientific Advisory Panel Meeting, February 23, 1999 held ad the Holiday
Inn Hotel, Arlington, Virginia.</title><secondary-title>March 25,
1999</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Office of Pesticide
Programs</tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>Pyrethroid,
esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1999</year><pub-dates><da
te>March 25, 1999</date></pub-dates></dates>Scientific Advisory
Panel<urls><related-urls><url>http://www.epa.gov/scipoly/sap/mee
tings/1999/022399_mtg.htm#materials</url></related-urls></urls><access-d
ate>June 26, 2009</access-date></record></EndNote> (USEPA, 1999)
.  The Panel expressed concern that standard methods used to measure
sorption may not be applicable to highly hydrophobic compounds due to
high solids to water ratio, consideration of the character of the
organic matter, presence of dissolved organic carbon, use of
non-representative soils and sediments as sorbents, and improper methods
used to measure organic carbon.

While the biota-sediment-accumulation-factor is a widely accepted method
of assessment of bioaccumulation in sediments, the Panel indicated that
the bioconcentration data for Daphnia and Hyalella should be sufficient
to predict bioconcentration of pyrethroids.  Finally, the Panel
indicated that use of a solid phase microextraction (SMPE) method to
determine the dissolved concentration in water could be used to account
for sorption of pyrethroids to organic carbon and colloids present in
the water column in the measurement of bioconcentration factors.

In 2003 and in response to the comments from the SAP on pyrethroids,
EFED requested the following studies on esfenvalerate   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Rexrode</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>5</RecNu
m><DisplayText>(Rexrode and Melendez,
2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>5</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">5</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">365</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Memo">2</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rexrode,
Miachel</author><author>Melendez, Jose
Luis</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>United States
Environmental Protection
Agency</author></secondary-authors><tertiary-authors><author>Johnson,
M.</author><author>LaRocca,
G.</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>EFED's
rationale for choosing Cypermethrin,, Esfenvalerate, Bifenthrin, and
Cyfluthrin for sediment testing as discussed with the Pyrethroid Working
Group (PWG)</title><tertiary-title>Environmental Fate and Effects
Division.  Office of Pesticide Programs.  United States Environmental
Protection
Agency</tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>Pyrethroid,
esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2003</year><pub-dates><da
te>December 23, 2003</date></pub-dates></dates>Ecological Risk
Assessment<urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Rexrode and
Melendez, 2003) .

850.1735: Acute Sediment (freshwater)

- Test organism: Hyalella azteca and Chironomus tentans

- Duration: 10 days, endpoint is survival.

EPA/600/R01/020: Chronic Estuarine/Marine Sediment Testing

- 28 day test on Leptocheirus plumulosus,

- Percentage of neonates that survive as adults.

- Growth rate.

- Reproduction (#eggs/female, etc.).

- Behavior.

Section 3 Risk Assessment for Use on Almonds, Cabbage, Cocoa Bean,
Peanuts, Walnuts, Brussels Sprouts, Canola, Pistachios, Bok Choy,
Cardoon and Sweet Potatoes

A 2003 Section 3 environmental risk assessment for the use of
esfenvalerate on almonds, cabbage, cocoa bean, peanuts, walnuts,
Brussels sprouts, canola, pistachios, bok choy, cardoon, and sweet
potatoes concluded   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Felthousen</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>4</Re
cNum><DisplayText>(Felthousen and Abdel-Saheb,
2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>4</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">4</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">364</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Felthousen, R.
W.</author><author>Abdel-Saheb,
I.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>D257890, D257987,
D259704,
D257273</author></secondary-authors><tertiary-authors><author>United
States Environmental Protection
Agency</author></tertiary-authors></contributors><titles><title>EFED
Risk Assessment for Section 3 Registration for use of Esfenvalerate on
Almonds,Cabbage, Cocoa Bean, Peanuts, Walnuts, Brussel sprouts, Canola,
Pistachios, Bok Choy,Cardoon and Sweet
Potatoes</title><secondary-title>June 16,
2003</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Environmental Fate and Effects
Division.  Office of Pesticide
Programs</tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyw
ord></keywords><dates><year>2003</year></dates><pub-location>Washington,
D.C.</pub-location>Ecological Risk
Assessment<urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Felthousen
and Abdel-Saheb, 2003) :

“Because the proposed Section 3 represents minor use patterns, which
amounts to relatively small increase in the number of potentially
treated acres, and because the application rates and number of
applications, for all of the proposed new uses are equivalent to those
that are currently registered, for which comprehensive risk assessments
have already been completed, the EFED believes there is very little
incremental risk from the proposed new uses to non-target fish and
wildlife species.”

Drinking Water Exposure Assessments

In support of various registration/new use actions that occurred after
the passage of the Food Quality Protection Act in 1996, EFED conducted
Tier 2 surface water and Tier 1 ground water screening assessments for
estimated concentrations in drinking water sources from esfenvalerate
uses on cotton and tree nurseries in 2002.  In a 2006 assessment for
proposed new uses of esfenvalerate on oil seed crops, EFED concluded
that, with lower application rates (0.1 lb ai/A va 1.5 lb ai/A), the
proposed uses were covered by the previous assessment on cotton and
nursery trees.  No transformation products or degradates were included
in the drinking water exposure assessment.

The Agency found no surface- or ground-water monitoring data for
esfenvalerate in support of the drinking water exposures.  The USGS
NAWQA program deleted all historical monitoring data for esfenvalerate
in 1997 because of poor recoveries in the analytical methods.  The
Agency has not determined whether studies have been published on the
potential impacts of conventional drinking water treatment methods
(sedimentation, flocculation, disinfection) on esfenvalerate
concentrations in drinking water sources.

2009 Scientific Advisory Panel on the Evaluation of the Common Mechanism
of Action of Pyrethroid Pesticides

OPP presented a “Proposed Common Mechanism Grouping for the Pyrethrins
and Synthetic Pyrethroids to a FIFRA SAP in June 2009. OPP proposed two
subgroups based on Type I or Type II effects related to sodium current
tails and neurobehaviorial impact, with esfenvalerate and fenpropathrin
showing symptoms of both types.  The panel indicated that substances
with mixed characteristics could be included in both groups.
Information on the SAP is available in the docket (with non-copyright
material available at http://  HYPERLINK "http://www.regulations.gov"
www.regulations.gov ) under EPA-HQ-OPP-2008-0489.

Aquatic Life Criteria

The Clean Water Act requires the EPA to publish water quality criteria
that accurately reflect the latest scientific knowledge on the kind and
extent of all identifiable effects on health and welfare which might be
expected from the presence of pollutants in any body of water, including
ground water. While these recommended criteria do not, in themselves,
impose any requirements, states and authorized tribes can use them to
develop water quality standards. An Aquatic Life Ambient Water Quality
Criteria document has not been published for esfenvalerate.

Impaired Water Bodies

Esfenvalerate is not identified as a cause of impairment for any water
bodies listed as impaired under section 303(d) of the Clean Water Act,
based on information provided at   HYPERLINK
"http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_nation_cy.cause_detail_303d
?p_cause_group_id=885"
http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_nation_cy.cause_detail_303d?
p_cause_group_id=885 .  In addition, no Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL)
criteria have been developed for esfenvalerate, based on information
provided at   HYPERLINK
"http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_nation.tmdl_pollutant_detai
l?p_pollutant_group_id=885&p_pollutant_group_name=PESTICIDES"
http://iaspub.epa.gov/tmdl_waters10/attains_nation.tmdl_pollutant_detail
?p_pollutant_group_id=885&p_pollutant_group_name=PESTICIDES .  More
information on impaired water bodies and TMDLs can be found at
HYPERLINK "http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/"  http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/
.  The Agency invites submission of water quality data for this
pesticide.  To the extent possible, data should conform to the quality
standards in Appendix A of the OPP Standard Operating Procedure:
Inclusion of Impaired Water Body and Other Water Quality Data in OPP’s
Registration Review Risk Assessment and Management Process (see:
HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/cb/ppdc/2006/november06/session1-sop.pdf"
http://www.epa.gov/oppfead1/cb/ppdc/2006/november06/session1-sop.pdf ),
in order to ensure they can be used quantitatively or qualitatively in
pesticide risk assessments.

Effects Determinations for Esfenvalerate for the California Red-Legged
Frog

In response to a settlement agreement in the case of the Center for
Biological Diversity vs EPA (2006), the Agency assessed the potential
direct and indirect effects to the California red-legged frog (CRLF) and
potential adverse modification to designated critical habitat from uses
of the esfenvalerate in California   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Borges</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum
><DisplayText>(Borges,
2008)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">1</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">362</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Borges,
Shannon</author><author>White, Katrina</author><author>Thurman,
Nelson</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Risks of
Esfenvalerate Use to Federally Threatened California Red-Legged Frog
(Rana aurora draytonii).  Pesticide Effects
Determination</title><secondary-title>February 19,
2008</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Environmental Fate and Effects
Division, Office of Pesticide Programs. United States Environmental
Protection
Agency</tertiary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>February 19,
2008</full-title></periodical><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword>
</keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>February 19,
2008</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Washington,
D.C.</pub-location><publisher>Government Printing Office.  Washington,
D.C.</publisher>Endangered Species
Assessment<urls><related-urls><url>http://www.epa.gov/espp/litst
atus/effects/redleg-frog/index.html</url></related-urls></urls><access-d
ate>June 19, 2009</access-date><modified-date>February 19,
2008</modified-date></record></EndNote> (Borges et al., 2008) .
The assessment concluded:

A “No Effect” determination for all indoor uses because there is no
exposure pathway that would reach aquatic or terrestrial-phase CRLF nor
directly or indirectly alter its critical habitat.

A “Likely to Adversely Affect” (“LAA”) determination for direct
effects on the CRLF and for effects on its food sources for all outdoor
uses based on exceedances of LOCs for the CRLF in both aquatic and
terrestrial environments.

Mechanism of Action, Type of Pesticide, Usage, and Environmental Fate

Mechanism of Action and Type of Pesticide

Esfenvalerate is a broad spectrum nonselective insecticide that is used
to control a variety of insects in agriculture, commercial, residential,
and industrial settings both indoors and outdoors.  Esfenvalerate is a
type two synthetic pyrethroid (e.g., contains an alpha-cyano group);
however, it demonstrates toxicity properties of both Type I and Type II
pyrethroids   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>USEPA</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>37</RecNum
><DisplayText>(USEPA,
2009a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>37</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">37</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">396</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>USEPA</author
></authors></contributors><titles><title>Draft Science Polciy Paper:
Proposed Common Mechanisms Grouping for The Pyrethrins and Synthetic
Pyrethroids</title><secondary-title>United States Environmental
Proteciton Agency</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Office of Pesticide
Programs</tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>Pyrethroid,
esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2009</year><pub-dates><da
te>May 19, 2009</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Washington,
D.C.</pub-location>Scientific Advisory
Panel<urls></urls></record></EndNote> (USEPA, 2009a) .
The primary mechanism of action of pyrethroids is interference with the
closing of voltage-dependent sodium channels, resulting in repetitive
firing of neurons or blocking of an action potential   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>ATSDR</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum
><DisplayText>(ATSDR,
1993)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">10</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">370</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>ATSDR</author
></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toxicological Profile for
Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids</title><secondary-title>Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry
(ATSDR)</secondary-title><tertiary-title>United States Department of
Health and Human
Services</tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>pyrethroid,
esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1993</year><pub-dates><da
te>September, 1993</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Washington,
D.C.</pub-location><publisher>Government Printing
Office</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxp
rofiles/tp155.html#bookmark08</url></related-urls></urls><access-date>Ju
ne 19, 2009</access-date></record></EndNote> (ATSDR, 1993) .
After exposure the organism may exhibit hyper-excitation, tremors,
convulsions, and/or salivation, followed by lethargy, paralysis, and
death   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Kelley</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>11</RecNu
m><DisplayText>(Kelley,
2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>11</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">11</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">371</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kelley,
Kevin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Fate
of Esfenvalerate</title><tertiary-title>Environmental Monitoring Branch.
 Department of Pesticide Regulation.  California Environmental
Protection
Agency</tertiary-title></titles><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls><r
elated-urls><url>http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/fatememo/esfen.pd
f</url></related-urls></urls><access-date>June 19,
2009</access-date></record></EndNote> (Kelley, 2003) .  Type two
pyrethroids, those that contain a cyano group in the alcohol and halogen
in the acid, are also reported to have effects at the presynaptic
membrane of voltage dependent calcium channels and to interfere with
ATPase enzymes involved with maintaining ionic concentration gradients
across membranes   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Solomon</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>12</RecN
um><DisplayText>(Solomon,
2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>12</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">12</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">372</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Solomon,
K.R.</author><author>Giddings, J.M.</author><author>Maund,
S.J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Probabilistic risk
assessment of cotton pyrethroids:I.  Distributional analyses of
laboratory aquatic toxicity data</title><secondary-title>Environmental
Toxicology and
Chemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environmenta
l Toxicology and
Chemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>652-659</pages><volume>20</vol
ume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keywor
ds><dates><year>2001</year></dates><urls></urls></record></EndNot
e> (Solomon et al., 2001) .

Type I pyrethroids cause T Syndrome which involves 1) slowly decaying
Na+ tail currents which depolarize the cell membrane above the threshold
for action potential generation, resulting in repetitive firing or long
trains of spontaneously induced action potentials.  In general, sodium
channels are open for a short time (milliseconds) for type I pyrethroids
  ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Casarett</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>112</Re
cNum><DisplayText>(Casarett,
2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>112</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">112</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">587</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Casarett, Louis
J.</author><author>Klaassen, Curtis D.</author><author>Doull,
John</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Casarett, Louis
J.</author><author>Klaassen, Curtis D.</author><author>Doull,
John</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Casarett
and Doull's Toxicology.  The Basic Science of
Poisons</title></titles><edition>6th</edition><dates><year>2001</year></
dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>McGraw-Hill
Professional</publisher><urls></urls></record></EndNote>
(Casarett et al., 2001) .  Symptoms observed include restlessness,
incoordination, prostration, paralysis, sparring and aggressive
behavior, enhanced startle response, and tremors   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Casarett</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>112</Re
cNum><DisplayText>(Casarett,
2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>112</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">112</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">587</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Casarett, Louis
J.</author><author>Klaassen, Curtis D.</author><author>Doull,
John</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Casarett, Louis
J.</author><author>Klaassen, Curtis D.</author><author>Doull,
John</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Casarett
and Doull's Toxicology.  The Basic Science of
Poisons</title></titles><edition>6th</edition><dates><year>2001</year></
dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>McGraw-Hill
Professional</publisher><urls></urls></record></EndNote>
(Casarett et al., 2001) .

Type II pyrethroids cause CS Syndrome which involves 1) very slowly
decaying Na+ tail currents, 2) leading to membrane depolarization, and
3) conduction block of action potentials in the axon.  In general sodium
channels are open for a longer time (seconds) than observed for type I
pyrethroids   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Casarett</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>112</Re
cNum><DisplayText>(Casarett,
2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>112</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">112</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">587</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Casarett, Louis
J.</author><author>Klaassen, Curtis D.</author><author>Doull,
John</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Casarett, Louis
J.</author><author>Klaassen, Curtis D.</author><author>Doull,
John</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Casarett
and Doull's Toxicology.  The Basic Science of
Poisons</title></titles><edition>6th</edition><dates><year>2001</year></
dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>McGraw-Hill
Professional</publisher><urls></urls></record></EndNote>
(Casarett et al., 2001) .  Calcium channels appear to be involved in
producing the complex CS convulsions.  Symptoms include intense
hyperactivity, incoordination, convulsions, burrowing behavior, coarse
tremors, clonic seizures, choreoathetosis, and salivation.  In the 2009
pyrethroid SAP, OPP proposed that esfenvalerate be considered mixed type
I and type II pyrethroid based on observed effects   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>USEPA</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>13</RecNum
><DisplayText>(USEPA,
1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>13</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">13</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">373</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>USEPA</author
></authors></contributors><titles><title>Guidelines for Ecological Risk
Assessment</title><secondary-title>United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA)</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Risk
Assessment Forum.  Office of Research and
Development</tertiary-title></titles><number>EPA/630/R-95/002F</number><
dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>April,
1998</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Washington,
D.C.</pub-location><publisher>Government Printing
Office</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm
/recordisplay.cfm?deid=12460</url></related-urls></urls><access-date>Jun
e 19, 2009</access-date></record></EndNote> (USEPA, 1998) .

Overview of Pesticide Usage

Esfenvalerate was first registered in 1986 and began to replace
fenvalerate, which was originally registered in 1979.  Esfenvalerate is
a broad spectrum nonselective insecticide that is used to control a
variety of insects in agriculture, commercial, residential, and
industrial settings, and includes both indoor and outdoor uses.  Based
on an Office of Pesticide Programs Information Network (OPPIN) search on
April 30, 2009 supplied by the Pesticide Re-evaluation Division (PRD)
there were 71 esfenvalerate-only ai active registrations and 56
multi-active ingredient registrations held by 26 registrants.
Agricultural uses include various berries, corn, cotton, fruit and nut
tree orchards, peanuts, sorghum, sugar beets, sugarcane, sunflower, and
a variety of vegetables.  Agricultural uses are listed in Table 3-1. In
general, all crops may be treated via chemigation (via an irrigation
system), aerial, and ground application methods.    REF _Ref184726292 \h
 Table 3-1  specifies the maximum application rates for each
agricultural use.  Labels did not specify a maximum number of
applications per year; however, this may be inferred from the maximum
single application rate and the maximum seasonal application rates.

Table   STYLEREF 1 \s  3 -  SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1  1 .  Labeled
Agricultural Uses1,2

Crop Group	Crop/ Use	Maximum Single Application Rate

(lbs ai/acre)	Maximum Seasonal Rate

(lbs ai/acre)	Seasons per Year3	Application Interval (days)

Tree Nuts	Almonds	0.1	0.2	14	NS5

	Filbert (Hazelnut)	0.1 	0.2	16	NS, 7

	Pecan	0.18	0.3	16	7

	Walnut	0.1	0.2	17	7

Cole Crops	Broccoli	0.05	0.4	1 to 2	NS, 7

	Broccoli, Chinese	0.05	0.4	1 to 2	NS

	Cabbage	0.05	NS	1 to 3	NS, 7

	Cabbage, Chinese	0.05	0.4	1 to 3	NS

	Cauliflower	0.05	0.4	1 to 2	NS, 7

	Collards	0.05	0.2	2 to 3	NS, 7

	Kohlrabi	0.05	0.4	2 to 36	NS

	Mustard	0.05	0.2	2 to 36	NS

Corn	Corn, unspecified	0.05	0.25	1	NS

	Corn, field	0.05	0.25	1	NS

	Corn, pop	0.05	0.5	1	NS

	Corn, sweet	0.05	0.5	1 to 2	NS, 7

Fruit Trees	Apple	0.18	0.525 lbs	1	NS, 7

	Apricot	0.12	0.375 / 0.3 between bloom and harvest	16	NS, 7

	Cherry

	0.12

	0.375 / 0.3 between bloom and harvest	16

	NS, 7

	Nectarine	0.12	0.375 / 0.3 between bloom and harvest	1	NS, 7

	Peach	0.12	0.375 / 0.3 between bloom and harvest	1	NS, 7

	Pear	0.075

0.1 (dormant)	0.375 season / 0.225 between bloom and harvest / 0.2
dormant	1	NS, 7

	Plum	0.12	0.375 / 0.3 between bloom and harvest	18	NS, 7

	Prune	0.12	0.375 / 0.3 between bloom and harvest	18	NS, 7

Cucumbers, Squash,  and Melons

	Cucumber	0.05	0.25	1	NS, 7

	Melons	0.05	0.25	1	NS, 7

	Melons, cantaloupe	0.05	0.25	1	NS

	Melons, honeydew	0.05	0.25	1	NS

	Melons, musk	0.05	0.25	16	NS

	Melons, water	0.05	0.25	16	NS

	Pumpkin	0.05	0.25	1	NS, 7

	Squash (winter, summer, unspecified)	0.05	0.25	16	NS

Potato / Root crops	Potato, white/Irish	0.05	0.35	1	NS, 7

	Turnip	0.05	0.5	16	NS

Other Vegetables

	Artichoke	0.05	0.15	18	7-14

	Beans, dried or succulent	0.05	0.2	1	NS, 7

	Carrot	0.05	0.5	1	NS, 7

	Eggplant	0.05	0.35	1	7

	Lentils	0.05	0.2	1	NS

	Lettuce, head	0.05	0.35	1-2	NS

	Okra	0.05	NS	1	NS

	Peas, dried, succulent, or unspecified	0.05	0.2	16	NS, 7

	Pepper	0.05	0.35	1	7

	Radish	0.05	0.1	3-5	NS, 7

	Tomato	0.05	0.5	1	NS, 7

Berries	Blackberry	0.05	0.15	1	NS, 7

	Blueberry	0.05	0.2	1	NS, 7

	Boysenberry	0.05	0.15	1	NS

	Caneberries	0.05	0.15	1	NS

	Dewberry	0.05	0.15	1	NS

	Elderberry, Gooseberry

NS

	NS	1	7

	Loganberry	0.05	0.15	1	NS

	Raspberry	0.05	0.15	1	NS, 7

	Youngberry	0.05	0.15	1	NS

Other Crops Not in Groups

 	Cotton (unspecified)	0.05	0.5	1	NS

	Kiwi	0.05	0.35	18	7

	Peanuts	0.05	0.15	1	NS

	Sorghum	0.05	0.15	1 crop for grain, hay several times per year	NS

	Soybeans	0.05	0.2	1	NS

	Sugar beet	0.05	0.15	1	NS

	Sugarcane	0.05	0.2	1	NS

	Sunflower	0.05	0.2	1 to 26	NS

Forest Tree Nursery and Tree Nursery

	Christmas tree plantings, Conifer plantations seed orchards, Forest
tree nurseries	0.19	1.6	1	NS, 7 for 2 sprays or every 28

Non-cropland	Prevent pests from getting to cropland	0.05	0.5	NS	NS

1  This Table was created based on information provided by OPP’s
Biological and Economic Analysis Division (BEAD) in its Label Use
Information System (LUIS) completed on December 22, 2008.

2 Unless at plant application is specified in the Crop/Use column,
esfenvalerate may be applied using aerial, ground, and chemigation
methods.

3  Seasons per year were obtained from Memorandum from Monisha Kaul in
BEAD to Melissa Panger in EFED dated 2/28/2007, unless stated otherwise.

4  Mosz, N. Almond Timeline, 2002.  Online:
http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/croptimelines/pdf/CAalmond.pdf

5  NS stands for not specified

6  Seasons per year were assumed from similar crops in the crop
grouping.

7  Mosz, N. Walnut Timeline, 2002.  Online:
http://pestdata.ncsu.edu/croptimelines/pdf/CAwalnut.pdf

8  USDA crop profiles, available online at
http://cipm.ncsu.edu/cropprofiles/cropprofiles.cfm (accessed on December
1, 2007).

Non-agricultural labels allow for a wide variety of uses in residential,
commercial, industrial, and feedlot settings, and include both indoor
and outdoor uses.  Table 3-2 lists those outdoor non-agricultural uses
EFED plans to assess for registration review.  Esfenvalerate can be
applied outdoors to structures and equipment, lawns, home ornamentals
and gardens, cracks and crevices, mosquito breeding areas, and spot
treatments for pests.  Indoor uses include as a crack and crevice
treatment, spot treatments, surface spray, foggers to treat insects such
as ants, crickets, cockroaches, ticks, and various other insects.
Formulations are sold as emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders,
microencapsulation, ready-to-use liquids, and pressurized liquids.
Application methods include spray, pressurized spray, hose-end spray,
power sprayer, aerosol spray, tank top sprayer, compressed air sprayer,
and fogger.  Maximum single application rates for non-agricultural uses
are provided in   REF _Ref184533773 \h  Table 3-2 .  Most labels
specified a maximum amount applied per specified area but did not
provide a maximum seasonal or yearly rate.  Indoor uses listed in   REF
_Ref236239163 \h  Table 3-3  are assumed to have incomplete exposure
pathways for aquatic and terrestrial organisms and will not be included
in the ecological risk assessment.

Table   STYLEREF 1 \s  3 -  SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1  2 .  Labeled
Non-agricultural Uses Assessed in this Document.1,2

Use Group	Specific Uses	Maximum Single Application Rate (lbs ai / acre)
Maximum Seasonal Rate (lbs ai / acre)	Application Methods	Application
Interval (days)

Forests	Forest Trees (all or unspecified), Softwoods, Conifers	0.05	1.6
ground, aerial	As needed

Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Areas:  Agricultural/farm
structures/buildings and equipment, Commercial Storage/warehouse
premises, Non-agricultural Outdoor Buildings/structures,
Non-agricultural Uncultivated Areas/soils, Recreation Areas	General
Outdoor Surfaces:  Unspecified, Paths and Patios,  Refuse/Solid Waste
Sites 	0.51	NS	spray	NS

	Building Perimeter	0.2

	NS	spray, microencapsulation	NS and 7

	Home and Garden: Ornamental Trees and Plants, Herbaceous Plants,
Nonflowering Plants, Woody Shrubs and Vines, Fruits, Nuts, Berries and
Vegetables, Shade Trees 	NS	NS	spray	NS and 7 to 14

	Lawn and Grass	0.2	NS	spray, microencapsulation	NS

	Outside of Automobiles, Vehicles, Taxis, Limousines, Truck Trailers,
Railroad Cars, Tires	NS	NS	spray, fogger	NS

	Kennels and Animal Housing Areas	0.1

	NS	spray, fogger	NS

	Ant Mounds and Wasp and Hornet Nests	NS	NS	spray, fogger,
microencapsulation	NS

	Mosquito breeding areas 	0.2	NS	spray,  microencapsulation	NS

1  The Labeling and Use Information (LUIS) report lists Wide
Area/General Outdoor Treatment (Public Health Use).  This listing could
easily be mistaken for a general wide area use that may involve
significant use near aquatic environments.  The labels referenced for
this use includes EPA Registration Numbers 1021-1764, 1021-1635,
1021-1852, and 1021-1701.  The outdoor uses allowed on these labels
include treatment of wasp, hornet, yellow jacket nests, fire ant
housing, and to kill fire ants, mud daubers, scorpions, spiders,
crickets, carpenter ants, harvester ants, centipedes, earwigs, and
sowbugs.  These uses are covered by the general outdoor uses already
listed in   REF _Ref184533773 \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  Table 3-2 .

2 NS=Not Specified.

Table   STYLEREF 1 \s  3 -  SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1  3 .  Labeled Non-
agricultural Uses Qualitatively Assessed in this Document

Use Group	Specific Uses	Reasons for Exclusion

Interior Vehicle Uses	Vehicles, Boats, Campers, Railroad Cars, and Truck
Trailers	Minimal chance for exposure in terrestrial or aquatic
environments

Indoor Uses:  Commercial, residential, and industrial buildings,
Cadavers and Caskets, Voids in Equipment and Structures, Grain Storage
Facilities	Surface Spray, Space Spray, Crack and Crevice Treatment, and
Spot Treatment	Minimal chance for exposure in terrestrial and aquatic
environments

The uses identified in this problem formulation summarize the Agency’s
understanding of the currently registered uses of esfenvalerate.  These
uses, along with any new uses submitted between the time of this problem
formulation and the risk assessment, will be included in the
registration review risk assessment, including a national endangered
species assessment.  The Agency would like input on the uses listed in
this section, as well as any currently registered uses for esfenvalerate
not represented in this use summary.

Environmental Fate and Transport

Esfenvalerate, cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-2-(4-chlorophyl)-3-methylbutyrate,
has two chiral centers – one at the 2C position of the acid and one at
the alpha C position of the alcohol (see Figure 3-1a), resulting in four
possible isomers: RS, SR, SS, and RR.  While fenvalerate is made up of
approximately equal amounts of each isomer, esfenvalerate is enriched
with the SS-isomer (75 – 90%)   ADDIN EN.CITE   ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA
(Adelsbach and Tjeerdema, 2003; ATSDR, 1993; Solomon et al., 2001)  ,
which is a more effective insecticide than the other isomers   ADDIN
EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Katagi</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>154</RecN
um><DisplayText>(Katagi, 1993; Solomon,
2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>154</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">154</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Katagi,
T.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Photodegradation of
esfenvalerate in clay suspensions</title><secondary-title>Journal of
Agricultural and Food
Chemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of
Agricultural and Food
Chemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>2178-2183</pages><volume>41</v
olume><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>
1993</year></dates>fate<urls></urls></record><Author>Solomon</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>12</RecNum><record><re
c-number>12</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">12</key><key app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">372</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Solomon,
K.R.</author><author>Giddings, J.M.</author><author>Maund,
S.J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Probabilistic risk
assessment of cotton pyrethroids:I.  Distributional analyses of
laboratory aquatic toxicity data</title><secondary-title>Environmental
Toxicology and
Chemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environmenta
l Toxicology and
Chemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>652-659</pages><volume>20</vol
ume><number>3</number><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keywor
ds><dates><year>2001</year></dates><urls></urls></record></EndNot
e> (Katagi, 1993; Solomon et al., 2001) ..  Unless otherwise specified,
all fate studies discussed were conducted using the SS-isomer.  Figure
3-1 shows the chemical structure of esfenvalerate and related compounds;
Table 3-4 lists the physico-chemical properties.

Figure   STYLEREF 1 \s  3 -  SEQ Figure \* ARABIC \s 1  1 . Chemical
Structures of Esfenvalerate and Related Compounds

a.  Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-2-(4-chlorophyl)-3-methylbutyrate with chiral
centers denoted with (*) at the 2C position of the acid and at the alpha
C position of the alcohol (Eisler 1992).1

b. (S)-alpha-cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl
(S)-2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate (esfenvalerate)2

c.  4-chloro-alpha-(1-methylethyl)-benzeneacetic acid (CPIA)

d.  4-chloro-beta-(1-methylethyl)-alpha
-(3-phenoxyphenyl)-benzenepropane-nitrile (decarboxyfenvalerate)3

1  Structure obtained from Chemfinder available at   HYPERLINK
"http://chemfinder.cambridgesoft.com/"
http://chemfinder.cambridgesoft.com/  (accessed 1/11/2008)

2  Structure obtained from IPCSINTOX Databank from the UK National
Poisons Information Service Monograph for esfenvalerate available at
HYPERLINK
"http://www.intox.org/databank/documents/chemical/esfenval/ukpid63.htm"
http://www.intox.org/databank/documents/chemical/esfenval/ukpid63.htm
(accessed 1/11/2008).

3  Structure obtained from Toxnet available at   HYPERLINK
"http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/index.html"
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov/index.html  (accessed 1/14/2008).

Table   STYLEREF 1 \s  3 -  SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1  4 .  Summary of
Physico-Chemical Properties of Esfenvalerate.

Property	Value (Method)	MRID #, Author1	Study Status, Date of Memorandum

Empirical Formula	C25H22ClNO3

Molecular Weight	419.9 g/mol

Melting Point	59.5 – 61.5 oC (OECD 102)	467253-05, Comb 2002
Acceptable, 6/1/06

Boiling Point	Not determinable (OECD 103)	467253-03, Comb 2002
Acceptable, 6/1/06

Relative Density	1.13 g/cm3 at 23oC(OECD 109)2	467253-03, Comb 2002
Acceptable, 6/1/06

Vapor Pressure	6.3 x 10-5 Pa at 25oC (OECD 109)

6.7 x 10-5 Pa	467253-04, Comb 2002

Open Lit.,   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Jones</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>158</RecNu
m><DisplayText>(Jones,
2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>158</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">158</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="EPA Memo">2</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Jones,
R.D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Chemical properties
of the pyrethroid insecticides to support surface water
modeling</title><tertiary-title>Environmental Fate and Effects Division.
 Office of Pesticide Programs</tertiary-title></titles><edition>United
States Environmental Protection
Agency</edition><dates><year>2002</year></dates><urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Jones, 2002) ,   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>European
Commission</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>28</RecNum><DisplayText>(Eur
opean Commission,
2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>28</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">28</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">387</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>European
Commission,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Review
Report for the Active Substance
Esfenvalerate</title><secondary-title>European Commission.
Directorate-General Heath & Consumer
Protection.</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2005</year></dates><l
abel>Esfenvalerate<urls><related-urls><url>http://ec.europa.eu/f
ood/plant/protection/evaluation/existactive/list1-15_en.pdf</url></relat
ed-urls></urls><access-date>Jun 19,
2009</access-date></record></EndNote> (European Commission, 2005)
	Acceptable, 6/1/06

Screened

Henry’s Law Constant	>1.87 Pa-m3/mol at 25oC (est.)

1.4 x 10-7 Pa-m3/mol	467253-04, Comb 2002

Open Lit.,   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Laskowski</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>157</R
ecNum><DisplayText>(Laskowski,
2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>157</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">157</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Laskowski,
D.A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Physical and
chemical properties of pyrethroids</title><secondary-title>Reviews of
Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Reviews of
Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology</full-title></periodical><pages>49-170</pages><volume>174</vo
lume><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2
002</year></dates>fate<urls></urls></record></EndN
ote> (Laskowski, 2002) 	Not Reviewed

Screened

Water Solubility	< 0.01 mg/L at 20oC (OECD 105)

0.006 mg/L

0.002 mg/L	467253-03, Comb 2002

Open Lit.,   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Laskowski</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>157</R
ecNum><DisplayText>(Laskowski,
2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>157</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">157</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Laskowski,
D.A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Physical and
chemical properties of pyrethroids</title><secondary-title>Reviews of
Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Reviews of
Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology</full-title></periodical><pages>49-170</pages><volume>174</vo
lume><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2
002</year></dates>fate<urls></urls></record></EndN
ote> (Laskowski, 2002) ,   ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Author>European
Commission</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>28</RecNum><DisplayText>(Eur
opean Commission,
2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>28</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">28</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">387</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>European
Commission,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Review
Report for the Active Substance
Esfenvalerate</title><secondary-title>European Commission.
Directorate-General Heath & Consumer
Protection.</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2005</year></dates><l
abel>Esfenvalerate<urls><related-urls><url>http://ec.europa.eu/f
ood/plant/protection/evaluation/existactive/list1-15_en.pdf</url></relat
ed-urls></urls><access-date>Jun 19,
2009</access-date></record></EndNote> (European Commission, 2005)

Open Lit.,   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Kelley</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>11</RecNu
m><DisplayText>(Kelley,
2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>11</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">11</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">371</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kelley,
Kevin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Fate
of Esfenvalerate</title><tertiary-title>Environmental Monitoring Branch.
 Department of Pesticide Regulation.  California Environmental
Protection
Agency</tertiary-title></titles><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls><r
elated-urls><url>http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/fatememo/esfen.pd
f</url></related-urls></urls><access-date>June 19,
2009</access-date></record></EndNote> (Kelley, 2003) 	Acceptable,
6/1/06

Screened

Screened

Log KOW	>6 (OECD 117)

5.62 - >6

6.24 at 25oC	467253-04, Comb 2002

Open Lit.,   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Laskowski</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>157</R
ecNum><DisplayText>(Laskowski,
2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>157</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">157</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Laskowski,
D.A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Physical and
chemical properties of pyrethroids</title><secondary-title>Reviews of
Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Reviews of
Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology</full-title></periodical><pages>49-170</pages><volume>174</vo
lume><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2
002</year></dates>fate<urls></urls></record></EndN
ote> (Laskowski, 2002)

Open Lit.,   ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Author>European
Commission</Author><Year>2005</Year><RecNum>28</RecNum><DisplayText>(Eur
opean Commission,
2005)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>28</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">28</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">387</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>European
Commission,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Review
Report for the Active Substance
Esfenvalerate</title><secondary-title>European Commission.
Directorate-General Heath & Consumer
Protection.</secondary-title></titles><dates><year>2005</year></dates><l
abel>Esfenvalerate<urls><related-urls><url>http://ec.europa.eu/f
ood/plant/protection/evaluation/existactive/list1-15_en.pdf</url></relat
ed-urls></urls><access-date>Jun 19,
2009</access-date></record></EndNote> (European Commission, 2005)
	Acceptable, 6/1/06

Screened

Screened

1 Open literature (lit.) indicates the study was obtained from the open
literature and the study was not submitted to the EPA for review.

2 Memorandum reviewing the product chemistry sent by Indira Gairola to
George Larocca on June 1, 2006 indicated that the relative density was
slightly lower (1.13) than that reported by   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>MRID
46725304</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>156</RecNum><DisplayText>(MRID
46725304,
2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>156</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">156</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="MRID">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author> MRID
46725304,</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Comb,
A.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Esfenvalera
te (pure grade):  Physico-chemical properties.  Project Number:
VFX013/022699.  </title><secondary-title>LG Chemical Investment,
Ltd</secondary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword>
</keywords><dates><year>2002</year></dates><pub-location>Huntingdon Life
Sciences,
Ltd.</pub-location>fate<urls></urls></record></End
Note> (MRID 46725304, 2002) .

Degradation

Soil: The environmental fate database for esfenvalerate is largely
complete, except for an assessment of microbial degradation in water and
sediment.  The major route of dissipation for esfenvalerate on soil
appears to be sorption onto soil and organic matter, with slower
microbial degradation (rates generally on the order of months).  In some
instances, photolysis may occur in shallow water where light is
available or on soil before the chemical sorbs to soil.

Water: Esfenvalerate is not expected to remain in the water column
because of its high sorption coefficients.  Most of it will sorb to
organic materials or sediment.  Although aquatic metabolism studies are
not available for esfenvalerate, Samsoe-Petersen et al. (2001) observed
50 percent mineralization of esfenvalerate in pond sediment between 73
and 350 days, suggesting that esfenvalerate sorbed onto sediment is
likely to persist   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Samsoe-Peterson</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>
159</RecNum><DisplayText>(Samsoe-Peterson,
2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>159</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">159</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Samsoe-Peterson,
L.</author><author>Gustavsan K.</author><author>Madsen,
T</author><author>Mogensen, B.B.</author><author>Lassen,
K.</author><author>Skjernov, K.</author><author>Christoffersen,
K.</author><author>Jorgensen,
E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fate and effects of
esfenvalerate in agricultural
ponds</title><secondary-title>Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environmenta
l Toxicology and
Chemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>1570-1578</pages><volume>20</v
olume><number>7</number><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keyw
ords><dates><year>2001</year></dates>fate,
effects<urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Samsoe-Peterson
et al., 2001) .

Degradates: The only major aerobic or anaerobic metabolism degradate was
carbon dioxide   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>42396801</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>160</Re
cNum><DisplayText>(MRID 146578, 1992; MRID 42396801,
1992)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>160</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">160</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="MRID">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MRID
42396801,</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Gassamidi,
V.</author><author>Bookhard,
S.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Anaerobic
soil metabolism of esfenvalerate:  Lab Project Number:
DUPONT-3438</title></titles><dates><year>1992</year></dates><pub-locatio
n>E.I. du Pont de Nemours and
Company</pub-location><urls></urls></record><Author>MRID
146578</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>125</RecNum><record><rec-number>
125</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">125</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="MRID">27</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>MRID
146578,</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Lee,
P.W.</author><author>Sterns, S.M.</author><author>Powell,
W.R.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Comparati
ve aerobic soil metabolism of SD 43775 (racemic) and SD 47443
(A-alpha)</title><secondary-title>Shell Development Company, Modesto,
CA</secondary-title></titles><number>MO-RIR-22-011-85.  Accession Number
258842</number><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate,
chlorpyrifos</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1992</year></dates>
MRID, Fate<urls></urls></record></EndNote> (MRID 146578,
1992; MRID 42396801, 1992) .  When sunlight is available, photolysis may
occur and photolysis degradates include up to 27 % CPIA and 12 %
decarboxy-fenvalerate   ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Author>Dynamac
Corporation</Author><Year>1988</Year><RecNum>30</RecNum><DisplayText>(Dy
namac Corporation,
1988)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>30</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">30</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">389</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Memo">2</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Dynamac
Corporation,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fenvalerate
Addendum.  Task 1:  Review and Evaluation of Individual Studies.
Contract No. 68-02-4250.  Review of Stevenson, I. 1987.
Photodegradation of (chlorophenyl (u)-(Carbon 14) (DPX-GB800 in Water at
pH 5:  Laboratory Project ID:  AMR-868-87.  Unpublished study prepared
by E.I. du Pont de Nemours &
Co.</title></titles><dates><year>1988</year></dates><urls></urls></recor
d></EndNote> (Dynamac Corporation, 1988) .  Based on the data
available, decarboxy fenvalerate is less toxic (rat oral LD50 was 67-87
mg/kg for esfenvalerate and >500 mg/kg for decarboxyfenvalerate) and
concentrations of decarboxyfenvalerate will be much lower, approximately
87% lower, than the parent compound   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Kelley</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>11</RecNu
m><DisplayText>(Holmstead, 1978;
Kelley,
2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>11</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">11</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">371</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kelley,
Kevin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Fate
of Esfenvalerate</title><tertiary-title>Environmental Monitoring Branch.
 Department of Pesticide Regulation.  California Environmental
Protection
Agency</tertiary-title></titles><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls><r
elated-urls><url>http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/fatememo/esfen.pd
f</url></related-urls></urls><access-date>June 19,
2009</access-date></record><Author>Holmstead</Author><Year>
1978</Year><RecNum>31</RecNum><record><rec-number>31</rec-number><foreig
n-keys><key app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">31</key><key app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">390</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Holmstead,
R.L.</author><author>Fullmer, D.G.</author><author>Ruzo,
L.O.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Pyrethroid
photodecomposition:  Pyrdrin</title><secondary-title>Journal of
Agricultural and Food
Chemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of
Agricultural and Food
Chemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>954-959</pages><volume>26</vol
ume><number>4</number><dates><year>1978</year></dates><urls></urls></rec
ord></EndNote> (Holmstead et al., 1978; Kelley, 2003) .  No
toxicity data were available for CPIA; however, breaking the ester bond
is expected to significantly decrease the toxicity of the substance as
compared to the parent compound.  Additionally, aquatic toxicity data
estimated using ECOSAR indicate that CPIA is expected to be much less
toxic than esfenvalerate (  REF _Ref236291917 \h  \* MERGEFORMAT
Appendix D ).  As the expected toxicity and exposure of the degradates
do not exceed that of esfenvalerate, they were not considered to
contribute substantially to the toxicity exposure.  The SS-isomer may
sterioisomerize into the RS and SR-isomers in water.  However,
application rates are based on the SS-isomer and half-lives used in the
exposure estimates are based on breakdown of the combined isomers. Thus,
in the aquatic environment, the estimated concentration of the SS-
isomer represents the sum of all isomers present or the maximum
concentration of the SS-isomer.  As the SS-isomer is the most toxic
isomer for insects and only limited toxicity data is available for other
individual isomers, this may be assumed to be the most protective
assumption   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>ATSDR</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum
><DisplayText>(Adelsbach and Tjeerdema, 2003; ATSDR,
1993)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">10</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">370</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>ATSDR</author
></authors></contributors><titles><title>Toxicological Profile for
Pyrethrins and Pyrethroids</title><secondary-title>Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry
(ATSDR)</secondary-title><tertiary-title>United States Department of
Health and Human
Services</tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>pyrethroid,
esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1993</year><pub-dates><da
te>September, 1993</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Washington,
D.C.</pub-location><publisher>Government Printing
Office</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxp
rofiles/tp155.html#bookmark08</url></related-urls></urls><access-date>Ju
ne 19,
2009</access-date></record><Author>Adelsbach</Author><Year>
2003</Year><RecNum>33</RecNum><record><rec-number>33</rec-number><foreig
n-keys><key app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">33</key><key app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">392</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Adelsbach,
T.L.</author><author>Tjeerdema,
R.S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Chemistry of
fenvalerate and esfenvalerate</title><secondary-title>Reviews of
Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Reviews of
Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology</full-title></periodical><pages>137-154</pages><volume>176</v
olume><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></End
Note> (Adelsbach and Tjeerdema, 2003; ATSDR, 1993) ;  ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Eisler</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>32</RecNu
m><DisplayText>(Eisler,
1992)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>32</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">32</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">391</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Eisler,
R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fenvalerate Hazards
to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates:  A Synoptic Review. Biological
Report No 85(2)</title><tertiary-title>United States Fish and Wildlife
Service
(USFWS)</tertiary-title></titles><dates><year>1992</year></dates><pub-lo
cation>Washington, D.C.</pub-location><publisher>Government Printing
Office</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/info
base/eisler/CHR_24_Fenvalerate.pdf</url></related-urls></urls><access-da
te>June 19, 2009</access-date></record></EndNote> (Eisler, 1992)
..

  REF _Ref184122647 \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  Table 3-5  summarizes the
environmental fate properties of esfenvalerate, along with the major and
minor degradates detected in the submitted environmental fate and
transport studies.

Table   STYLEREF 1 \s  3 -  SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1  5 .  Summary of
Esfenvalerate Environmental Fate Properties.

Study

Value, SS-isomer/All Isomers1 (units)

Major Degradates

Minor Degradates

MRID #, Author2	Study Status (Date of Memorandum Referenced)

Hydrolysis	Minimal degradation in 30 days at pH 5, 7, 9, All isomers	Not
Applicable	40999303, Lee 1989	Acceptable (3/14/1991)

Direct Aqueous Photolysis	T1/2 = 6 days at pH 5, SS-isomer

T1/2 = 9 days, All isomers	CO2, CPIA, decarboxyfenvalerate	40443801,

Stevenson 1987

40443801,

Stevenson 1987	Acceptable (1/5/1988, 7/27/1992)

Calculated for this review

Soil Photolysis 	Minimal in 30 days, SS-isomer3

Range from < 1 day in kaolinite to 100 days in a Noichi upland soil,
SS-isomer	CO2, CPIA,  decarboxy-fenvalerate

3-phenoxybenzyl alcohol, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, and decarboxy
fenvalerate+	41728501 Castle et al. 1990

Open Lit.,   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Katagi</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>155</RecN
um><DisplayText>(Katagi,
1991)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>155</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">155</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Katagi,
T.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Photodegradation of
the pyrethroid insecticide esfenvalerate on soil, clay minerals, and
humic acid surfaces</title><secondary-title>Journal of Agricultural and
Food Chemistry
</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of
Agricultural and Food
Chemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>1351-1356</pages><volume>39</v
olume><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>
1991</year></dates>fate<urls></urls></record></End
Note> (Katagi, 1991) ,   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Katagi</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>154</RecN
um><DisplayText>(Katagi,
1993)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>154</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">154</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Katagi,
T.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Photodegradation of
esfenvalerate in clay suspensions</title><secondary-title>Journal of
Agricultural and Food
Chemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of
Agricultural and Food
Chemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>2178-2183</pages><volume>41</v
olume><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>
1993</year></dates>fate<urls></urls></record></End
Note> (Katagi, 1993) 	Acceptable (3/6/1991)

Screened

Aerobic Soil Metabolism	T1/2=  75 days in silt loam soil, SS-isomer3

Reported range of 15 – 546 days in literature with an average of 107
days	CO2,
4’’-chloro-(2’’’-isopropyl)phenylaceto-2-(3’-hydroxyphenoxy)
phenylacetonitrile, alpha-carbamoyl-3-phenoxybenzyl
2-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylbutyrate 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, and
4-(hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid

	00146578, Lee et al. 1985

Open Lit.,   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Laskowski</Author><Year>2002</Year><RecNum>157</R
ecNum><DisplayText>(Laskowski,
2002)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>157</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">157</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Laskowski,
D.A.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Physical and
chemical properties of pyrethroids</title><secondary-title>Reviews of
Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Reviews of
Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology</full-title></periodical><pages>49-170</pages><volume>174</vo
lume><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2
002</year></dates>fate<urls></urls></record></EndN
ote> (Laskowski, 2002) 	Acceptable (11/29/1994)

Screened

Anaerobic Soil Metabolism	T1/2 =  77 days in sandy loam, SS-isomer3

Reported range of 104 -203 days with an average of 154 days	CO2,
4’’-Chloro-(2’’’-isopropyl)phenylaceto-2-(3’-hydroxyphenoxy)
phenylacetonitrile,
4’’-chloro-(2’’’-isopropyl)phenylaceto-2-(3’-phenoxy)phenyla
cetamide, 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, and 4-(hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid
42396801 Gaddamidi et al. 1992

Open Lit.,   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Kelley</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>11</RecNu
m><DisplayText>(Kelley,
2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>11</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">11</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">371</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kelley,
Kevin</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Environmental Fate
of Esfenvalerate</title><tertiary-title>Environmental Monitoring Branch.
 Department of Pesticide Regulation.  California Environmental
Protection
Agency</tertiary-title></titles><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls><r
elated-urls><url>http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/emon/pubs/fatememo/esfen.pd
f</url></related-urls></urls><access-date>June 19,
2009</access-date></record></EndNote> (Kelley, 2003)

	Acceptable (3/30/1993)

Screened

Anaerobic Aquatic Metabolism	Not available	Not available

Aerobic Aquatic Metabolism	Not available	Not available

Kd-ads / Kd-des  (mL/g)

Koc- ads / Koc-des (mL/g)

KOM (mL/g)	600, 700, 750, 1,700, 5,200, 15,500 (sandy loam, sandy clay
loam, silt loam, loam, loamy sand, silt clay loam)

85,700, 140,000, 141,700, 171,700, 375,000, 596,200 (sandy loam, sandy
clay loam,  loam, loamy sand, silt loam, silt clay loam)

50,000, 77,800, 85,000, 101,000, 187,500, 352,300 (sandy loam, sandy
clay loam,  loam, loamy sand, silt loam, silt clay loam)	Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable	45555102

Ohm 2001

	Not Reviewed

Terrestrial Field Dissipation	T1/2 = 14 days in sandy loam/sandy clay
loam, Isomer information was not specified	Not reported	41728502 Castle
et al. 1990 and supplement	Acceptable (7/27/1992)

Aquatic Field Dissipation	Not available	Not available

Bioconcen-tration Factor	334-3650 Carp, All isomers	Metabolites included
glucuronide of 4’-OH-fenvalerate, CPIA, 4’-OH-fenvalerate, and
sulfate of 4’-OH-PB acid	42922401 Oshima et al. 1993

42170501 Oshima et al. 1991	Acceptable (11/29/1994)

1 Cyano-3-phenoxybenzyl-2-(4-chlorophyl)-3-methylbutyrate has four
different isomers.  All fate studies were conducted using the SS-isomer
but the rate data may apply to the SS-isomer or total isomers as the
SS-isomer may undergo isomerization.  If the SS-isomer is listed the
data was specific to the SS-isomer.  If all isomers is listed, then the
rate data is specific to total isomers.

2  Open literature (lit.) indicates the study was obtained from the open
literature and the study was not submitted to the EPA for review.

3  Limited information was available on the various isomers in the
study.  However, the value was reported as specific to esfenvalerate or
the SS-isomer.

Transport

Potential transport mechanisms include pesticide surface water runoff,
spray drift, and secondary drift of soil-bound residues leading to
deposition onto nearby or more distant ecosystems.  Surface water runoff
and spray drift are expected to be the major routes of exposure for
esfenvalerate. Because of its high tendency to sorb to soil (as
evidenced by high Kd/KOC values reported in Table 3-5), esfenvalerate is
expected to reach water bodies primarily sorbed to sediment. With its
persistence, esfenvalerate may accumulate in sediment, where it may be a
reservoir for exposure for benthic organisms   Esfenvalerate is not
persistent in the atmosphere and is not expected to move via long range
transport processes.

Based on its vapor pressure (approximately 0.063 mPa and estimated
Henry’s Law constant (greater than 1.87 Pa-m3/mol), esfenvalerate is
not likely to volatize at environmental temperatures (Comb 2002, MRID
467253-04).  Esfenvalerate is not expected to persist in air due to its
susceptibility to photo-oxidation in air (European Commission, 2005;
Comb, 2002, MRID 467253-04). Based on the short half-life, it is not
expected to undergo long range transport.

Esfenvalerate is not very soluble (0.002 - <0.01 mg/L) and is
hydrophobic (reported log KOWs range from 5.62 to greater than 6.24)
(Laskowski 2002; European Commission 2005; Comb 2002, MRID 467253-03).
It is likely to sorb onto organic matter or suspended particles in the
water column and in sediments (log KOCs range from 4.93 to 5.8 mL/g)
(Ohm 2001, MRID 45555102). Based on a leaching study and high KOWs, Kds,
and KOMs, esfenvalerate is unlikely to leach into ground water   ADDIN
EN.CITE   ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA   (Houston, 1978; MRID 42350201, 1992; MRID
45555102, 2001) .

Field Studies

A field soil dissipation study measured a half-life of 7 to 14 days
after a single surface application (0.5 lb/acre) to sandy loam to sandy
clay loam soil from Madera, CA (Castle et al. 1990, MRID 41728502), but
may not have accounted for the fraction sorbed to soil. The European
Commission (2005) estimated field dissipation half-lives of 62-126 days
for a summer application and 68 – 87 days from an autumn application
of esfenvalerate to bare sandy silt loam soil.  Field dissipation
studies measure degradation in the field and allow for many types of
degradation while anaerobic and aerobic degradation are specific to one
type of degradation.  Many variables could contribute to the different
rates measured; however, we speculate that sunlight and irrigation
contributed to the high rate of degradation in the Castle et al. (1990,
MRID 41728502) study.  It is also possible that esfenvalerate sorbed
onto soil and organic particles and remained resistant to analytical
extraction methods used.

Another field study examined the distribution of esfenvalerate after
application directly to a pond.  Samsoe-Petersen et al. (2001) sprayed
esfenvalerate directly onto a pond (0.022 lb ai/acre, near the highest
recommended field dose in Denmark) and measured concentrations in the
surface microlayer, water column, and sediment fractions.  Two weeks
after application, the highest concentrations were found in sediment (9
g/kg), with lower concentrations found on the surface microlayer (0.4
g/L) and in the water column (0.05 g/L)   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Samsoe-Peterson</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>
159</RecNum><DisplayText>(Samsoe-Peterson,
2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>159</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">159</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Samsoe-Peterson,
L.</author><author>Gustavsan K.</author><author>Madsen,
T</author><author>Mogensen, B.B.</author><author>Lassen,
K.</author><author>Skjernov, K.</author><author>Christoffersen,
K.</author><author>Jorgensen,
E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fate and effects of
esfenvalerate in agricultural
ponds</title><secondary-title>Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environmenta
l Toxicology and
Chemistry</full-title></periodical><pages>1570-1578</pages><volume>20</v
olume><number>7</number><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keyw
ords><dates><year>2001</year></dates>fate,
effects<urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Samsoe-Peterson
et al., 2001) .  Percentages of the total amount applied in each
compartment were not provided.

Water Monitoring Data

The Agency found no monitoring data for esfenvalerate in either surface
water or ground water in its previous drinking water assessments.
Esfenvalerate has been removed from the United States Geological Survey
(USGS) National Water-Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA) analytical
methods because of poor recovery during analysis.

Esfenvalerate was included in surface water and sediment monitoring data
obtained from the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (CDPR).
Esfenvalerate was detected in 3 of 365 surface water samples (0.8%
detections) where the limits of quantification ranged from 0.02 to 0.05
µg/L. The detections – 0.06, 0.14, and 0.17 µg/L – all occurred in
Stanislaus County in 2003. The two highest detections occurred in
tributaries of the San Joaquin River while the lowest detection was
found in an irrigation distribution drain. Esfenvalerate was also
detected in 21 out of 259 sediment samples (8% detections), with limits
of quantification from 0.001 to 0.01 µg/g (ppm). The detections,
ranging from 0.002 to 0.07 µg/g, or 20 to 70 ng/g (ppb), were reported
in Imperial (2 detects), Monterey (5 detects), Placer (5 detects), and
Stanislaus (9 detects) counties between 2003 and 2005.

Weston et al. (2004) evaluated sediment samples from the Central Valley
of California, with a focus on the pyrethroid insecticides.
Esfenvalerate was detected in 32% of 70 sediment samples collected from
10 counties in the Central Valley, with the highest detections ranging
from 11 to 30 ng/g (0.01 to 0.03 ppb) in three sampled creeks and
sloughs and from 10 to 28 ng/g (0.01 to 0.028 ppb) in three irrigation
canals   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Weston</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>165</RecN
um><DisplayText>(Weston,
2004)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>165</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">165</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Weston,
D.P.</author><author>You, J.</author><author>Lydy,
M.J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Distribution and
toxicity of sediment-associated pesticides in agriculture-dominated
water bodies of California’s Central
Valley</title><secondary-title>Environmental Science and
Technology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Environment
al Science and
Technology</full-title></periodical><pages>2752-2759</pages><volume>38</
volume><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keyword></keywords><dates><year
>2004</year></dates>fate<urls></urls></record></En
dNote> (Weston et al., 2004) .

Bioaccumulation

Daily bioconcentration factors (BCF) for total isomer residues ranged
from 334-3650 in carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to 0.046 – 0.061 parts
per billion esfenvalerate (Oshima et al. 1991, MRID 42922401; Oshima et
al. 1993, MRID 42922401).  Approximately 70% of accumulated residues
were eliminated during the 14-day depuration period, resulting in an
estimated half-life of 7-8 days.  The metabolic pathways were oxidation
of the 4’ position of the alcohol moiety and the 3 position of the
acid moiety, cleavage of the ester linkage, and conjugation of the
resultant phenol and acid with glucuronic acid or sulfuric acid.  The
major metabolites were the glucuronide of 4’-OH-fenvalerate,
4’-OH-fenvalerate, sulfate of 4’-OH-PB acid, and CPIA (Oshima et al.
1991, MRID 42170501).

When metabolism, growth dilution, and other confounding factors are
ignored, bioconcentration factors are expected to increase with
increasing log KOWs (for log KOW up to ~ 6)   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Gobas</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>127</RecNu
m><DisplayText>(Bintein, 1993; Gobas
and Morrison,
2000)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">127</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="Book
Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gobas, Frank
A.P.C.</author><author>Morrison,
H.A.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Boethling,
S.R.</author><author>Mackay,
D.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Bioconcentr
ation and Biomagnification in the Aquatic
Environment</title><secondary-title>Handbook of Property Estimation
Methods for
Chemicals</secondary-title></titles><pages>189-227</pages><keywords><key
word>Bioconcentration</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year></date
s><pub-location>Boca Raton</pub-location><publisher>Lewis
Publishers</publisher><urls></urls></record><Author>Bintein
</Author><Year>1993</Year><RecNum>128</RecNum><record><rec-number>128</r
ec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">128</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Bintein,
S.</author><author>Devillers, J.</author><author>Karcher,
W.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Nonlinear dependence
of fish bioconcentration on n-Octanol/water partition
coefficients</title><secondary-title>SAR and QSAR in Env.
Res</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>SAR and QSAR in
Env.
Res</full-title></periodical><pages>29-39</pages><volume>1</volume><keyw
ords><keyword>Bioconcentration</keyword></keywords><dates><year>1993</ye
ar></dates><urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Bintein et al.,
1993; Gobas and Morrison, 2000) .  Using the relationship published by
Mackay between KOW and BCF, results in a predicted BCF of 48000 or log
BCF of 4.68 for esfenvalerate   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Gobas</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>127</RecNu
m><DisplayText>(Gobas and Morrison,
2000)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>127</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">127</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="Book
Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gobas, Frank
A.P.C.</author><author>Morrison,
H.A.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Boethling,
S.R.</author><author>Mackay,
D.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Bioconcentr
ation and Biomagnification in the Aquatic
Environment</title><secondary-title>Handbook of Property Estimation
Methods for
Chemicals</secondary-title></titles><pages>189-227</pages><keywords><key
word>Bioconcentration</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2000</year></date
s><pub-location>Boca Raton</pub-location><publisher>Lewis
Publishers</publisher><urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Gobas and
Morrison, 2000) .  This indicates that esfenvalerate has a high
potential to bioconcentrate in organisms.  However, measured BCFs for
carp are much lower than predicted and significant bioconcentration is
not expected to occur in organisms that readily metabolize pyrethroids,
such as mammals and birds.  Mammals and birds tend to metabolize
pyrethroids while insects are more susceptible to toxicity and
bioconcentration because of less developed metabolic systems   ADDIN
EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Eisler</Author><Year>1992</Year><RecNum>32</RecNu
m><DisplayText>(Eisler,
1992)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>32</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">32</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">391</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Eisler,
R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fenvalerate Hazards
to Fish, Wildlife, and Invertebrates:  A Synoptic Review. Biological
Report No 85(2)</title><tertiary-title>United States Fish and Wildlife
Service
(USFWS)</tertiary-title></titles><dates><year>1992</year></dates><pub-lo
cation>Washington, D.C.</pub-location><publisher>Government Printing
Office</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.pwrc.usgs.gov/info
base/eisler/CHR_24_Fenvalerate.pdf</url></related-urls></urls><access-da
te>June 19, 2009</access-date></record></EndNote> (Eisler, 1992)
.  The ability of fish to metabolize pyrethroids varies.  For example,
carp are known to have a well developed esterase metabolism that will
metabolize esfenvalerate, thus reducing its bioconcentration and
toxicity   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Adelsbach</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>33</Re
cNum><DisplayText>(Adelsbach and Tjeerdema,
2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>33</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">33</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">392</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Adelsbach,
T.L.</author><author>Tjeerdema,
R.S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Chemistry of
fenvalerate and esfenvalerate</title><secondary-title>Reviews of
Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Reviews of
Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology</full-title></periodical><pages>137-154</pages><volume>176</v
olume><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></End
Note> (Adelsbach and Tjeerdema, 2003) .  On the other hand, rainbow
trout are known to have decreased rates of metabolism and low rates of
esterase activity for pyrethroids; they are more susceptible to toxicity
and bioconcentration of esfenvalerate   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Adelsbach</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>33</Re
cNum><DisplayText>(Adelsbach and Tjeerdema,
2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>33</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">33</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">392</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Adelsbach,
T.L.</author><author>Tjeerdema,
R.S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Chemistry of
fenvalerate and esfenvalerate</title><secondary-title>Reviews of
Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Reviews of
Environmental Contamination and
Toxicology</full-title></periodical><pages>137-154</pages><volume>176</v
olume><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></End
Note> (Adelsbach and Tjeerdema, 2003) .  Amphibians in later
developmental stages may have a more developed metabolic system than
their younger counterparts and amphibians in developmental stages can be
more susceptible to xenobiotic toxicity   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Greulich</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>129</Re
cNum><DisplayText>(Greulich and Pflugmacher,
2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>129</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN"
db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">129</key></foreign-keys><re
f-type name="Journal
Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Greulich,
K.</author><author>Pflugmacher,
S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Differences in
susceptibility of various life stages of amphibians to pesticide
exposure</title><secondary-title>Aquatic
Toxicology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Aquatic
Toxicology</full-title></periodical><pages>329-336</pages><volume>65</vo
lume><keywords><keyword>Bioconcentration</keyword></keywords><dates><yea
r>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Greulich
and Pflugmacher, 2003) .

Receptors

The receptor is the biological entity that is exposed to the stressor
ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>USEPA</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>13</RecNum
><DisplayText>(USEPA,
1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>13</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">13</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">373</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>USEPA</author
></authors></contributors><titles><title>Guidelines for Ecological Risk
Assessment</title><secondary-title>United States Environmental
Protection Agency (USEPA)</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Risk
Assessment Forum.  Office of Research and
Development</tertiary-title></titles><number>EPA/630/R-95/002F</number><
dates><year>1998</year><pub-dates><date>April,
1998</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Washington,
D.C.</pub-location><publisher>Government Printing
Office</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>http://cfpub.epa.gov/ncea/cfm
/recordisplay.cfm?deid=12460</url></related-urls></urls><access-date>Jun
e 19, 2009</access-date></record></EndNote> (USEPA, 1998) .
Consistent with the process described in the Overview Document   ADDIN
EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>USEPA</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>16</RecNum
><DisplayText>(USEPA,
2004)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>16</rec-number><foreign-keys><key
app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">16</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">376</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>USEPA</author
></authors></contributors><titles><title>Overview of the Ecological Risk
Assessment Process in the Office of Pesticide
Programs</title><secondary-title>United States Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA)</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Environmental Fate and
Effects Division.  Office of Pesticide
Programs.</tertiary-title></titles><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><d
ate>January 23, 2004</date></pub-dates></dates><pub-location>Washington,
D.C.</pub-location><publisher>Government Printing
Office</publisher><urls><related-urls><url>http://www.epa.gov/espp/consu
ltation/ecorisk-overview.pdf</url></related-urls></urls><access-date>Jun
e 19, 2009</access-date></record></EndNote> (USEPA, 2004) , the
risk assessment for esfenvalerate relies on a surrogate species
approach.  T  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 oxicological data generated from
surrogate test species, which are intended to be representative of broad
taxonomic groups, are used to extrapolate to potential effects on a
variety of species (receptors) included under these taxonomic groupings.

Acute and chronic toxicity data from studies submitted by pesticide
registrants along with the available open literature are used to
evaluate the potential direct and indirect effects of esfenvalerate to
aquatic and terrestrial receptors. This includes toxicity on the
technical grade active ingredient, degradates, and when available,
formulated products (e.g., “Six-Pack” studies).  The open literature
studies are identified through EPA’s ECOTOXicology (ECOTOX) database
ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>USEPA</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>19</RecNum
><DisplayText>(USEPA,
2009b)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>19</rec-number><foreign-keys><ke
y app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">19</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">379</key></foreign-keys><ref-type
name="Generic">13</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>USEPA</author
></authors></contributors><titles><title>ECOTOXicology
Database</title><secondary-title>United States Environmental Protection
Agency (USEPA)</secondary-title><tertiary-title>National Health and
Environmental Effects Research Laboratory's Mid-Continent Ecology
Division).Office of Research and
Development.</tertiary-title></titles><dates><year>2009</year></dates><related-urls><url>http://cfpub.epa.gov/ecotox/</url></related-urls>
</urls><access-date>June 19,
2009</access-date></record></EndNote> (USEPA, 2009b) , which
employs a literature search engine for locating chemical toxicity data
for aquatic life, terrestrial plants, and wildlife.  The evaluation of
both sources of data may also provide insight into the direct and
indirect effects of esfenvalerate on biotic communities from loss of
species that are sensitive to the chemical and from changes in structure
and functional characteristics of the affected communities.  Open
literature data from ECOTOX on esfenvalerate was searched on February
28, 2009.  The data is being evaluated for possible quantitative and/or
qualitative inclusion in the risk assessment.

A summary of the aquatic and terrestrial toxicity data used to derive a
preliminary evaluation of risk for esfenvalerate is provided in Sections
4.1 and 4.2, respectively.  In addition, a summary of ecological
incidents associated with esfenvalerate and a description of ecosystems
potentially at risk are provided in Sections 4.3 and 4.4, respectively.

Effects to Aquatic Organisms

Information on the toxicity of esfenvalerate to selected taxa is
characterized based on registrant-submitted studies and a comprehensive
review of the open literature on esfenvalerate (primarily SS
stereoisomer) and the sterioisomeric related compound fenvalerate
(approximately equal mixture of RR, RS, SR, and SS).  Esfenvalerate
contains more of the insecticidally active isomer; however, some
fenvalerate toxicity endpoints are lower than esfenvalerate endpoints
for other taxa.  Ultimately, organisms exposed to esfenvalerate in water
are exposed to a mixture of isomers because esfenvalerate
sterioisomerizes in water (MRID 40999303).  Therefore, fenvalerate
toxicity endpoints that are more sensitive than that of esfenvalerate
will be utilized in the risk assessment where applicable.

A summary of sensitive aquatic toxicity data from registrant-submitted
studies and data available from the ECOTOX database is provided in   REF
_Ref225325574 \h  \* MERGEFORMAT  Table 4-1 .    REF _Ref213563188 \h
\* MERGEFORMAT  Appendix B  includes a table summarizing toxicity data
submitted to the Agency.  Esfenvalerate is classified as very highly
toxic to aquatic organisms based on data for aquatic vertebrates and
invertebrates.  Sublethal effects such as erratic swimming, gasping for
air, lying on the bottom, lethargy, rapid respiration, vertical
position, loss of equilibrium, and dark coloration were observed in both
vertebrate and invertebrate studies and in some studies at all treatment
levels.

Measured concentrations in static tests indicated that the test levels
were not constant (e.g., within 20% of initial measured concentrations).
 Aquatic toxicity values from static tests and conducted using the
Technical Grade Active Ingredient (TGAI) without measured concentrations
should be considered supplemental-qualitative because the exposure
concentration is not known   ADDIN EN.CITE
<EndNote><Author>Rabert</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>110</RecN
um><DisplayText>(Rabert,
1995a)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>110</rec-number><foreign-keys><k
ey app="EN" db-id="s0xer2w2o0xwx3e0a0tx0sz3zradttw529er">110</key><key
app="ENWeb"
db-id="RcJqaQrtmCQAAFU55fA">585</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="EPA
Document">51</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rabert,
William</author><author>Craven, Harry</author><author>Maciorowski,
Anthony F.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Ecological
Effects Branch Review of Esfenvalerate Use on Grain
Sorghum</title><secondary-title>September 15,
1955</secondary-title><tertiary-title>Ecological Effects Branch.
Environmental Fate and Effects Division.  Office of Pesticide Programs.
United States Environmental Protection
Agency</tertiary-title></titles><keywords><keyword>Esfenvalerate</keywor
d></keywords><dates><year>1995</year><pub-dates><date>September 15,
1995</date></pub-dates></dates>Ecological Risk
Assessment<urls></urls></record></EndNote> (Rabert et
al., 1995a) .  Static acute studies conducted with the Typical End-Use
Product (TEP) without measured concentrations may be use to assess
exposure to spray drift only and only reflect potential effects from a
brief exposure to the formulation.

Freshwater Fish

All acute studies submitted for freshwater fish using the TGAI were
static tests and when concentrations were measured they were highly
variable.  Therefore, these studies are considered supplemental.  The
data available are not quantitative and therefore, the toxicity of the