(b) Include the following in your application for certification:
    (1) A statement that, to the best of your belief, you will not have
a negative balance of emission credits for any averaging set when all
emission credits are calculated at the end of the year; or a statement
that you will have a negative balance of emission credits for one or
more averaging sets but that it is allowed under Sec.  1037.745.
    (2) Calculations of projected emission credits (positive or
negative) based on projected U.S.-directed production volumes. We may
require you to include similar calculations from your other vehicle
families to project your net credit balances for the model year. If you
project negative emission credits for a family or subfamily, state the
source of positive emission credits you expect to use to offset the
negative emission credits.

Sec.  1037.730  ABT reports.

    (a) If any of your engine families are certified using the ABT
provisions of this subpart, you must send an end-of-year report by
March 31 following the end of the model year and a final report by
September 30 following the end of the model year. We may waive the
requirement to send an end-of-year report.
    (b) Your end-of-year and final reports must include the following
information for each vehicle family participating in the ABT program:
    (1) Vehicle-family and subfamily designations, and averaging set.
    (2) The regulatory subcategory and emission standards that would
otherwise apply to the vehicle family.
    (3) The FEL for each pollutant. If you change the FEL after the
start of production, identify the date that you started using the new
FEL and/or give the vehicle identification number for the first vehicle
covered by the new FEL. In this case, identify each applicable FEL and
calculate the positive or negative emission credits as specified in
Sec.  1037.225.
    (4) The projected and actual U.S.-directed production volumes for
the model year. If you changed an FEL during the model year, identify
the actual U.S.-directed production volume associated with each FEL.
    (5) Useful life.
    (6) Calculated positive or negative emission credits for the whole
vehicle family. Identify any emission credits that you traded, as
described in paragraph (d)(1) of this section.
    (7) If you have a negative credit balance for the averaging set in
the given model year, specify whether the vehicle family (or certain
subfamilies with the vehicle family) have a credit deficit for the
year. Consider for example, a manufacturer with three vehicle families
(``A'', ``B'', and ``C'') in a given averaging set. If family A
generates enough credits to offset the negative credits of family B but
not

enough to also offset the negative credits of family C (and the
manufacturer has no banked credits in the averaging set), the
manufacturer may designate families A and B as having no deficit for
the model year, provided it designates family C as having a deficit for
the model year.
    (c) Your end-of-year and final reports must include the following
additional information:
    (1) Show that your net balance of emission credits from all your
participating vehicle families in each averaging set in the applicable
model year is not negative, except as allowed under Sec.  1037.745.
Your credit tracking must account for the limitation on credit life
under Sec.  1037.740(c).
    (2) State whether you will retain any emission credits for banking.
If you choose to retire emission credits that would otherwise be
eligible for banking, identify the families that generated the emission
credits, including the number of emission credits from each family.
    (3) State that the report's contents are accurate.
    (4) Identify the technologies that make up the certified
configuration associated with each vehicle identification number. You
may identify this as a range of identification numbers for vehicles
involving a single, identical certified configuration.
    (d) If you trade emission credits, you must send us a report within
90 days after the transaction, as follows:
    (1) As the seller, you must include the following information in
your report:
    (i) The corporate names of the buyer and any brokers.
    (ii) A copy of any contracts related to the trade.
    (iii) The averaging set corresponding to the vehicle families that
generated emission credits for the trade, including the number of
emission credits from each averaging set.
    (2) As the buyer, you must include the following information in
your report:
    (i) The corporate names of the seller and any brokers.
    (ii) A copy of any contracts related to the trade.
    (iii) How you intend to use the emission credits, including the
number of emission credits you intend to apply for each averaging set.
    (e) Send your reports electronically to the Designated Compliance
Officer using an approved information format. If you want to use a
different format, send us a written request with justification for a
waiver.
    (f) Correct errors in your end-of-year or final report as follows:
    (1) You may correct any errors in your end-of-year report when you
prepare the final report, as long as you send us the final report by
the time it is due.
    (2) If you or we determine within 270 days after the end of the
model year that errors mistakenly decreased your balance of emission
credits, you may correct the errors and recalculate the balance of
emission credits. You may not make these corrections for errors that
are determined more than 270 days after the end of the model year. If
you report a negative balance of emission credits, we may disallow
corrections under this paragraph (f)(2).
    (3) If you or we determine any time that errors mistakenly
increased your balance of emission credits, you must correct the errors
and recalculate the balance of emission credits.

Sec.  1037.735  Recordkeeping.

    (a) You must organize and maintain your records as described in
this section.
    (b) Keep the records required by this section for at least eight
years after the due date for the end-of-year report. You may not use
emission credits for any vehicles if you do not keep all the records
required under this section. You must therefore keep these records to
continue to bank valid credits.
    (c) Keep a copy of the reports we require in Sec. Sec.  1037.725
and 1037.730.
    (d) Keep records of the vehicle identification number for each
vehicle you produce. You may identify these numbers as a range. If you
change the FEL after the start of production, identify the date you
started using each FEL and the range of vehicle identification numbers
associated with each FEL. You must also identify the purchaser and
destination for each vehicle you produce to the extent this information
is available.
    (e) We may require you to keep additional records or to send us
relevant information not required by this section in accordance with
the Clean Air Act.

Sec.  1037.740  Restrictions for using emission credits.

    The following restrictions apply for using emission credits:
    (a) Averaging sets. Except as specified in paragraph (b) of this
section, emission credits may be exchanged only within an averaging
set. The following principal averaging sets apply for vehicles
certified to the standards of this part involving emission credits as
described in this subpart:
    (1) Light HDV.
    (2) Medium HDV.
    (3) Heavy HDV.
    (4) Long trailers.
    (5) Short trailers.
    (6) Note that other separate averaging sets also apply for emission
credits not related to this part. For example, vehicles certified to
the greenhouse gas standards of 40 CFR 86.1819 comprise a single
averaging set. Separate averaging sets also apply for engines under 40
CFR part 1036, including engines used in vehicles subject to this
subpart.
    (b) Credits from hybrid vehicles and other advanced technologies.
Credits you generate under Sec.  1037.615 from Phase 1 vehicles may be
used for any of the averaging sets identified in paragraph (a) of this
section; you may also use those credits to demonstrate compliance with
the CO2 emission standards in 40 CFR 86.1819 and 40 CFR part
1036. Similarly, you may use advanced-technology credits generated
under 40 CFR 86.1819-14(k)(7) or 40 CFR 1036.615 to demonstrate
compliance with the CO2 standards in this part. Credits
generated from Phase 2 vehicles are subject to all the averaging-set
restrictions that apply to other emission credits.
    (1) The maximum amount of credits you may bring into the following
service class groups is 60,000 Mg per model year:
    (i) Spark-ignition engines, light heavy-duty compression-ignition
engines, and light heavy-duty vehicles. This group comprises the
averaging set listed in paragraphs (a)(1) of this section and the
averaging set listed in 40 CFR 1036.740(a)(1) and (2).
    (ii) Medium heavy-duty compression-ignition engines and medium
heavy-duty vehicles. This group comprises the averaging sets listed in
paragraph (a)(2) of this section and 40 CFR 1036.740(a)(3).
    (iii) Heavy heavy-duty compression-ignition engines and heavy
heavy-duty vehicles. This group comprises the averaging sets listed in
paragraph (a)(3) of this section and 40 CFR 1036.740(a)(4).
    (2) Paragraph (b)(1) of this section does not limit the advanced-
technology credits that can be used within a service class group if
they were generated in that same service class group.
    (c) Credit life. Banked credits may be used only for five model
years after the year in which they are generated. For example, credits
you generate in model year 2018 may be used to demonstrate compliance
with emission standards only through model year 2023.
    (d) Other restrictions. Other sections of this part specify
additional restrictions for using emission credits under certain
special provisions.

Sec.  1037.745  End-of-year CO[bdi2] credit deficits.

    Except as allowed by this section, we may void the certificate of
any vehicle

family certified to an FEL above the applicable standard for which you
do not have sufficient credits by the deadline for submitting the final
report.
    (a) Your certificate for a vehicle family for which you do not have
sufficient CO2 credits will not be void if you remedy the
deficit with surplus credits within three model years (this applies
equally for tractors, trailers, and vocational vehicles). For example,
if you have a credit deficit of 500 Mg for a vehicle family at the end
of model year 2015, you must generate (or otherwise obtain) a surplus
of at least 500 Mg in that same averaging set by the end of model year
2018.
    (b) You may not bank or trade away CO2 credits in the
averaging set in any model year in which you have a deficit.
    (c) You may apply only surplus credits to your deficit. You may not
apply credits to a deficit from an earlier model year if they were
generated in a model year for which any of your vehicle families for
that averaging set had an end-of-year credit deficit.
    (d) You must notify us in writing how you plan to eliminate the
credit deficit within the specified time frame. If we determine that
your plan is unreasonable or unrealistic, we may deny an application
for certification for a vehicle family if its FEL would increase your
credit deficit. We may determine that your plan is unreasonable or
unrealistic based on a consideration of past and projected use of
specific technologies, the historical sales mix of your vehicle models,
your commitment to limit production of higher-emission vehicles, and
expected access to traded credits. We may also consider your plan
unreasonable if your credit deficit increases from one model year to
the next. We may require that you send us interim reports describing
your progress toward resolving your credit deficit over the course of a
model year.
    (e) If you do not remedy the deficit with surplus credits within
three model years, we may void your certificate for that vehicle
family. Note that voiding a certificate applies ab initio. Where the
net deficit is less than the total amount of negative credits
originally generated by the family, we will void the certificate only
with respect to the number of vehicles needed to reach the amount of
the net deficit. For example, if the original vehicle family generated
500 Mg of negative credits, and the manufacturer's net deficit after
three years was 250 Mg, we would void the certificate with respect to
half of the vehicles in the family.
    (f) For purposes of calculating the statute of limitations, the
following actions are all considered to occur at the expiration of the
deadline for offsetting a deficit as specified in paragraph (a) of this
section:
    (1) Failing to meet the requirements of paragraph (a) of this
section.
    (2) Failing to satisfy the conditions upon which a certificate was
issued relative to offsetting a deficit.
    (3) Selling, offering for sale, introducing or delivering into U.S.
commerce, or importing vehicles that are found not to be covered by a
certificate as a result of failing to offset a deficit.

Sec.  1037.750  What can happen if I do not comply with the provisions
of this subpart?

    (a) For each vehicle family participating in the ABT program, the
certificate of conformity is conditioned upon full compliance with the
provisions of this subpart during and after the model year. You are
responsible to establish to our satisfaction that you fully comply with
applicable requirements. We may void the certificate of conformity for
a vehicle family if you fail to comply with any provisions of this
subpart.
    (b) You may certify your vehicle family or subfamily to an FEL
above an applicable standard based on a projection that you will have
enough emission credits to offset the deficit for the vehicle family.
See Sec.  1037.745 for provisions specifying what happens if you cannot
show in your final report that you have enough actual emission credits
to offset a deficit for any pollutant in a vehicle family.
    (c) We may void the certificate of conformity for a vehicle family
if you fail to keep records, send reports, or give us information we
request. Note that failing to keep records, send reports, or give us
information we request is also a violation of 42 U.S.C. 7522(a)(2).
    (d) You may ask for a hearing if we void your certificate under
this section (see Sec.  1037.820).

Sec.  1037.755  Information provided to the Department of
Transportation.

    After receipt of each manufacturer's final report as specified in
Sec.  1037.730 and completion of any verification testing required to
validate the manufacturer's submitted final data, we will issue a
report to the Department of Transportation with CO2 emission
information and will verify the accuracy of each manufacturer's
equivalent fuel consumption data required by NHTSA under 49 CFR 535.8.
We will send a report to DOT for each vehicle manufacturer based on
each regulatory category and subcategory, including sufficient
information for NHTSA to determine fuel consumption and associated
credit values. See 49 CFR 535.8 to determine if NHTSA deems submission
of this information to EPA to also be a submission to NHTSA.

Subpart I--Definitions and Other Reference Information

Sec.  1037.801  Definitions.

    The following definitions apply to this part. The definitions apply
to all subparts unless we note otherwise. All undefined terms have the
meaning the Act gives to them. The definitions follow:
    Act means the Clean Air Act, as amended, 42 U.S.C. 7401-7671q.
    Adjustable parameter means any device, system, or element of design
that someone can adjust (including those which are difficult to access)
and that, if adjusted, may affect measured or modeled emissions (as
applicable). You may ask us to exclude a parameter that is difficult to
access if it cannot be adjusted to affect emissions without
significantly degrading vehicle performance, or if you otherwise show
us that it will not be adjusted in a way that affects emissions during
in-use operation.
    Adjusted Loaded Vehicle Weight means the numerical average of
vehicle curb weight and GVWR.
    Advanced technology means vehicle technology certified under 40 CFR
86.1819-14(k)(7), 40 CFR 1036.615, or Sec.  1037.615.
    Aftertreatment means relating to a catalytic converter, particulate
filter, or any other system, component, or technology mounted
downstream of the exhaust valve (or exhaust port) whose design function
is to decrease emissions in the vehicle exhaust before it is exhausted
to the environment. Exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and turbochargers
are not aftertreatment.
    Aircraft means any vehicle capable of sustained air travel more
than 100 feet off the ground.
    Alcohol-fueled vehicle means a vehicle that is designed to run
using an alcohol fuel. For purposes of this definition, alcohol fuels
do not include fuels with a nominal alcohol content below 25 percent by
volume.
    Alternative fuel conversion has the meaning given for clean
alternative fuel conversion in 40 CFR 85.502.
    Ambulance has the meaning given in 40 CFR 86.1803.
    Amphibious vehicle means a motor vehicle that is also designed for
operation on water. Note that high ground clearance that enables a
vehicle to drive through water rather than floating on the water does
not make a vehicle amphibious.

    A to B testing means testing performed in pairs to allow comparison
of two vehicles or other test articles. Back-to-back tests are
performed on Article A and Article B, changing only the variable(s) of
interest for the two tests.
    Automated manual transmission (AMT) means a transmission that
operates mechanically similar to a manual transmission, except that an
automated clutch actuator controlled by the onboard computer disengages
and engages the drivetrain instead of a human driver. An automated
manual transmission does not include a torque converter or a clutch
pedal controllable by the driver.
    Automatic tire inflation system means a pneumatically or
electronically activated system installed on a vehicle to maintain tire
pressure at a preset level. These systems eliminate the need to
manually inflate tires. Note that this is different than a ``tire
pressure monitoring system,'' which we define separately in this
section.
    Automatic transmission (AT) means a transmission with a torque
converter (or equivalent) that uses computerize or other internal
controls to shift gears in response to a single driver input for
controlling vehicle speed. Note that automatic manual tranmissions are
not automatic transmissions because they do not include torque
converters.
    Auxiliary emission control device means any element of design that
senses temperature, motive speed, engine rpm, transmission gear, or any
other parameter for the purpose of activating, modulating, delaying, or
deactivating the operation of any part of the emission control system.
    Auxiliary power unit means a device installed on a vehicle that
uses an engine to provide power for purposes other than to (directly or
indirectly) propel the vehicle.
    Averaging set has the meaning given in Sec.  1037.701.
    Axle ratio or Drive axle ratio, ka, means the
dimensionless number representing the angular speed of the transmission
output shaft divided by the angular speed of the drive axle.
    Basic vehicle frontal area means the area enclosed by the geometric
projection of the basic vehicle along the longitudinal axis onto a
plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle, including
tires but excluding mirrors and air deflectors. Note that in certain
cases, this may refer to the combined area of a tractor and trailer.
    Box van has the meaning given in the definition for ``trailer'' in
this section.
    Bus means a heavy-duty vehicle designed to carry more than 15
passengers. Buses may include coach buses, school buses, and urban
transit buses.
    Calibration means the set of specifications and tolerances specific
to a particular design, version, or application of a component or
assembly capable of functionally describing its operation over its
working range.
    Carryover means relating to certification based on emission data
generated from an earlier model year.
    Coach bus means a bus designed for inter-city passenger transport.
Buses with features to accommodate standing passengers are not coach
buses.
    Concrete mixer means a heavy-duty vehicle designed to mix and
transport concrete in a permanently mounted revolving drum.
    Certification means relating to the process of obtaining a
certificate of conformity for a vehicle family that complies with the
emission standards and requirements in this part.
    Certified emission level means the highest deteriorated emission
level in a vehicle subfamily for a given pollutant from either
transient or steady-state testing.
    Class means relating to GVWR classes for vehicles other than
trailers, as follows:
    (1) Class 2b means relating to heavy-duty motor vehicles at or
below 10,000 pounds GVWR.
    (2) Class 3 means relating to heavy-duty motor vehicles above
10,000 pounds GVWR but at or below 14,000 pounds GVWR.
    (3) Class 4 means relating to heavy-duty motor vehicles above
14,000 pounds GVWR but at or below 16,000 pounds GVWR.
    (4) Class 5 means relating to heavy-duty motor vehicles above
16,000 pounds GVWR but at or below 19,500 pounds GVWR.
    (5) Class 6 means relating to heavy-duty motor vehicles above
19,500 pounds GVWR but at or below 26,000 pounds GVWR.
    (6) Class 7 means relating to heavy-duty motor vehicles above
26,000 pounds GVWR but at or below 33,000 pounds GVWR.
    (7) Class 8 means relating to heavy-duty motor vehicles above
33,000 pounds GVWR.
    Complete vehicle has the meaning given in the definition for
vehicle in this section.
    Compression-ignition has the meaning given in Sec.  1037.101
    Container chassis means a trailer designed for carrying temporarily
mounted shipping containers.
    Date of manufacture means the date on which the certifying vehicle
manufacturer completes its manufacturing operations, except as follows:
    (1) Where the certificate holder is an engine manufacturer that
does not manufacture the chassis, the date of manufacture of the
vehicle is based on the date assembly of the vehicle is completed.
    (2) We may approve an alternate date of manufacture based on the
date on which the certifying (or primary) manufacturer completes
assembly at the place of main assembly, consistent with the provisions
of Sec.  1037.601 and 49 CFR 567.4.
    Day cab means a type of tractor cab that is not a sleeper cab or a
heavy-haul tractor cab.
    Designated Compliance Officer means one of the following:
    (1) For compression-ignition engines, Designated Compliance Officer
means Director, Diesel Engine Compliance Center, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 2000 Traverwood Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105;
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>epa.gov/otaq/verify.
    (2) For spark-ignition engines, Designated Compliance Officer means
Director, Gasoline Engine Compliance Center, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 2000 Traverwood Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48105<EMAIL_ADDRESS>    Deteriorated emission level means the emission level that results
from applying the appropriate deterioration factor to the official
emission result of the emission-data vehicle. Note that where no
deterioration factor applies, references in this part to the
deteriorated emission level mean the official emission result.
    Deterioration factor means the relationship between the highest
emissions during the useful life and emissions at the low-hour test
point, expressed in one of the following ways:
    (1) For multiplicative deterioration factors, the ratio of the
highest emissions to emissions at the low-hour test point.
    (2) For additive deterioration factors, the difference between the
highest emissions and emissions at the low-hour test point.
    Diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) means a liquid reducing agent (other
than the engine fuel) used in conjunction with selective catalytic
reduction to reduce NOX emissions. Diesel exhaust fluid is
generally understood to be an aqueous solution of urea conforming to
the specifications of ISO 22241.
    Drayage tractor means a tractor that is intended for service in a
port or

intermodal railyard, with multiple design features consistent with that
intent, such as a cab with only a single seat, rear cab entry, a
raisable fifth wheel, a solid-mounted rear suspension, and a maximum
speed at or below 54 mi/hr.
    Drive idle means idle operation during which the vehicle operator
remains in the vehicle cab, as evidenced by engaging the brake or
clutch pedals, or by other indicators we approve.
    Driver model means an automated controller that simulates a person
driving a vehicle.
    Dual-clutch transmission (DCT) means a transmission that operates
similar to an automated manual transmission, but with two clutches that
allow the transmission to maintain positive torque to the drive axle
during a shift.
    Dual-fuel means relating to a vehicle or engine designed for
operation on two different fuels but not on a continuous mixture of
those fuels. For purposes of this part, such a vehicle or engine
remains a dual-fuel vehicle or engine even if it is designed for
operation on three or more different fuels.
    Electric vehicle means a vehicle that does not include an engine,
and is powered solely by an external source of electricity and/or solar
power. Note that this does not include hybrid electric vehicles or
fuel-cell vehicles that use a chemical fuel such as gasoline, diesel
fuel, or hydrogen. Electric vehicles may also be referred to as all-
electric vehicles to distinguish them from hybrid vehicles.
    Emergency vehicle means a vehicle that is an ambulance or a fire
truck.
    Emission control system means any device, system, or element of
design that controls or reduces the emissions of regulated pollutants
from a vehicle.
    Emission-data component means a vehicle component that is tested
for certification. This includes vehicle components tested to establish
deterioration factors.
    Emission-data vehicle means a vehicle (or vehicle component) that
is tested for certification. This includes vehicles tested to establish
deterioration factors.
    Emission-related maintenance means maintenance that substantially
affects emissions or is likely to substantially affect emission
deterioration.
    Excluded means relating to vehicles that are not subject to some or
all of the requirements of this part as follows:
    (1) A vehicle that has been determined not to be a ``motor
vehicle'' is excluded from this part.
    (2) Certain vehicles are excluded from the requirements of this
part under Sec.  1037.5.
    (3) Specific regulatory provisions of this part may exclude a
vehicle generally subject to this part from one or more specific
standards or requirements of this part.
    Exempted has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1068.30. Note that
exempted vehicles are not considered to be excluded.
    Extended idle means tractor idle operation during which the engine
is operating to power accessories for a sleeper compartment or other
passenger compartment. Although the vehicle is generally parked during
extended idle, the term ``parked idle'' generally refers to something
different than extended idle.
    Family emission limit (FEL) means an emission level declared by the
manufacturer to serve in place of an otherwise applicable emission
standard under the ABT program in subpart H of this part. The family
emission limit must be expressed to the same number of decimal places
as the emission standard it replaces. Note that an FEL may apply as a
``subfamily'' emission limit.
    Final drive ratio, kd, means the dimensionless number
representing the angular speed of the transmission input shaft divided
by the angular speed of the drive axle when the vehicle is operating in
its highest available gear. The final drive ratio is the transmission
gear ratio (in the highest available gear) multiplied by the drive axle
ratio.
    Fire truck has the meaning given in 40 CFR 86.1803.
    Flatbed trailer means a trailer designed to accommodate side-
loading cargo onto a single, continuous load-bearing surface that runs
from the rear of the trailer to at least the trailer's kingpin. This
includes trailers that use curtains, straps, or other devices to
restrain or protect cargo while underway. It also may include similar
trailers that have one or more side walls without completely enclosing
the cargo space. For purposes of this definition, disregard any ramps,
moveable platforms, or other rear-mounted equipment or devices designed
to assist with loading the trailer.
    Flexible-fuel means relating to an engine designed for operation on
any mixture of two or more different fuels.
    Fuel system means all components involved in transporting,
metering, and mixing the fuel from the fuel tank to the combustion
chamber(s), including the fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filters, fuel
lines, carburetor or fuel-injection components, and all fuel-system
vents. It also includes components for controlling evaporative
emissions, such as fuel caps, purge valves, and carbon canisters.
    Fuel type means a general category of fuels such as diesel fuel or
natural gas. There can be multiple grades within a single fuel type,
such as high-sulfur or low-sulfur diesel fuel.
    Gaseous fuel means a fuel that has a boiling point below 20 [deg]C.
    Gear ratio or Transmission gear ratio, kg, means the
dimensionless number representing the angular velocity of the
transmission's input shaft divided by the angular velocity of the
transmission's output shaft when the transmission is operating in a
specific gear.
    Glider kit means either of the following:
    (1) A new vehicle that is incomplete because it lacks an engine,
transmission, and/or axle(s).
    (2) Any other new equipment that is substantially similar to a
complete motor vehicle and is intended to become a complete motor
vehicle with a previously used engine (including a rebuilt or
remanufactured engine). For example, incomplete heavy-duty tractor
assemblies that are produced on the same assembly lines as complete
tractors and that are made available to secondary vehicle manufacturers
to complete assembly by installing used/remanufactured engines,
transmissions and axles are glider kits.
    Glider vehicle means a new motor vehicle produced from a glider
kit, or otherwise produced as a new motor vehicle with a with a used/
remanufactured engine.
    Good engineering judgment has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1068.30.
See 40 CFR 1068.5 for the administrative process we use to evaluate
good engineering judgment.
    Greenhouse gas Emissions Model (GEM) means the GEM simulation tool
described in Sec.  1037.520 (incorporated by reference in Sec.
1037.810). Note that an updated version of GEM applies starting in
model year 2021.
    Gross axle weight rating (GAWR) means the value specified by the
vehicle manufacturer as the maximum weight of a loaded axle or set of
axles, consistent with good engineering judgment.
    Gross combination weight rating (GCWR) means the value specified by
the vehicle manufacturer as the maximum weight of a loaded vehicle and
trailer, consistent with good engineering judgment. For example,
compliance with SAE J2807 is generally considered to be consistent with
good engineering judgment, especially for Class 3 and smaller vehicles.

    Gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) means the value specified by the
vehicle manufacturer as the maximum design loaded weight of a single
vehicle, consistent with good engineering judgment.
    Heavy-duty engine means any engine used for (or for which the
engine manufacturer could reasonably expect to be used for) motive
power in a heavy-duty vehicle.
    Heavy-duty vehicle means any trailer and any other motor vehicle
that has a GVWR above 8,500 pounds, a curb weight above 6,000 pounds,
or a basic vehicle frontal area greater than 45 square feet.
    Heavy-haul tractor means a tractor with GCWR greater than or equal
to 120,000 pounds. A heavy-haul tractor is not a vocational tractor in
Phase 2.
    Hybrid engine or hybrid powertrain means an engine or powertrain
that includes energy storage features other than a conventional battery
system or conventional flywheel. Supplemental electrical batteries and
hydraulic accumulators are examples of hybrid energy storage systems.
Note that certain provisions in this part treat hybrid engines and
powertrains intended for vehicles that include regenerative braking
different than those intended for vehicles that do not include
regenerative braking.
    Hybrid vehicle means a vehicle that includes energy storage
features (other than a conventional battery system or conventional
flywheel) in addition to an internal combustion engine or other engine
using consumable chemical fuel. Supplemental electrical batteries and
hydraulic accumulators are examples of hybrid energy storage systems
Note that certain provisions in this part treat hybrid vehicles that
include regenerative braking different than those that do not include
regenerative braking.
    Hydrocarbon (HC) means the hydrocarbon group on which the emission
standards are based for each fuel type. For alcohol-fueled vehicles, HC
means nonmethane hydrocarbon equivalent (NMHCE) for exhaust emissions
and total hydrocarbon equivalent (THCE) for evaporative emissions. For
all other vehicles, HC means nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) for exhaust
emissions and total hydrocarbon (THC) for evaporative emissions.
    Identification number means a unique specification (for example, a
model number/serial number combination) that allows someone to
distinguish a particular vehicle from other similar vehicles.
    Idle operation means any operation other than PTO operation during
which the vehicle speed is zero. Idle operation may be ``Drive idle''
or ``Parked idle'' (as defined in this section).
    Incomplete vehicle has the meaning given in the definition of
vehicle in this section.
    Innovative technology means technology certified under Sec.
1037.610 (also described as ``off-cycle technology'').
    Light-duty truck means any motor vehicle rated at or below 8,500
pounds GVWR with a curb weight at or below 6,000 pounds and basic
vehicle frontal area at or below 45 square feet, which is:
    (1) Designed primarily for purposes of transportation of property
or is a derivation of such a vehicle; or
    (2) Designed primarily for transportation of persons and has a
capacity of more than 12 persons; or
    (3) Available with special features enabling off-street or off-
highway operation and use.
    Light-duty vehicle means a passenger car or passenger car
derivative capable of seating 12 or fewer passengers.
    Low-mileage means relating to a vehicle with stabilized emissions
and represents the undeteriorated emission level. This would generally
involve approximately 4000 miles of operation.
    Low rolling resistance tire means a tire on a vocational vehicle
with a TRRL at or below of 7.7 kg/tonne, a steer tire on a tractor with
a TRRL at or below 7.7 kg/tonne, a drive tire on a tractor with a TRRL
at or below 8.1 kg/tonne, a tire on a non-box trailer with a TRRL at or
below of 6.5 kg/tonne, or a tire on a box van with a TRRL at or below
of 6.0 kg/tonne,.
    Manual transmission (MT) means a transmission that requires the
driver to shift the gears and manually engage and disengage the clutch.
    Manufacture means the physical and engineering process of
designing, constructing, and/or assembling a vehicle.
    Manufacturer has the meaning given in section 216(1) of the Act. In
general, this term includes any person who manufactures or assembles a
vehicle (including a trailer or another incomplete vehicle) for sale in
the United States or otherwise introduces a new motor vehicle into
commerce in the United States. This includes importers who import
vehicles for resale, entities that manufacture glider kits, and
entities that assemble glider vehicles.
    Medium-duty passenger vehicle (MDPV) has the meaning given in 40
CFR 86.1803.
    Model year means one of the following for compliance with this part
1037. Note that manufacturers may have other model year designations
for the same vehicle for compliance with other requirements or for
other purposes:
    (1) For tractors and vocational vehicles with a date of manufacture
on or after January 1, 2021, the vehicle's model year is the calendar
year corresponding to the date of manufacture; however, the vehicle's
model year may be designated to be the year before the calendar year
corresponding to the date of manufacture if the engine's model year is
also from an earlier year. Note that Sec.  1037.601(a)(2) limits the
extent to which vehicle manufacturers may install engines built in
earlier calendar years.
    (2) For trailers and for Phase 1 tractors and vocational vehicles
with a date of manufacture before January 1, 2021, model year means the
manufacturer's annual new model production period, except as restricted
under this definition and 40 CFR part 85, subpart X. It must include
January 1 of the calendar year for which the model year is named, may
not begin before January 2 of the previous calendar year, and it must
end by December 31 of the named calendar year. The model year may be
set to match the calendar year corresponding to the date of
manufacture.
    (i) The manufacturer who holds the certificate of conformity for
the vehicle must assign the model year based on the date when its
manufacturing operations are completed relative to its annual model
year period. In unusual circumstances where completion of your assembly
is delayed, we may allow you to assign a model year one year earlier,
provided it does not affect which regulatory requirements will apply.
    (ii) Unless a vehicle is being shipped to a secondary vehicle
manufacturer that will hold the certificate of conformity, the model
year must be assigned prior to introduction of the vehicle into U.S.
commerce. The certifying manufacturer must redesignate the model year
if it does not complete its manufacturing operations within the
originally identified model year. A vehicle introduced into U.S.
commerce without a model year is deemed to have a model year equal to
the calendar year of its introduction into U.S. commerce unless the
certifying manufacturer assigns a later date.
    Motor home has the meaning given in 49 CFR 571.3.
    Motor vehicle has the meaning given in 40 CFR 85.1703.
    Multi-Purpose means relating to the Multi-Purpose duty cycle as
specified in Sec.  1037.510.

    Neutral coasting means a vehicle technology that automatically puts
the transmission in neutral when the vehicle has minimal power demand,
such as driving downhill.
    Neutral idle means a vehicle technology that automatically puts the
transmission in neutral when the vehicle is stopped, as described in
Sec.  1037.660(a).
    New motor vehicle has the meaning given in the Act. It generally
means a motor vehicle meeting the criteria of either paragraph (1) or
(2) of this definition. New motor vehicles may be complete or
incomplete.
    (1) A motor vehicle for which the ultimate purchaser has never
received the equitable or legal title is a new motor vehicle. This kind
of vehicle might commonly be thought of as ``brand new'' although a new
motor vehicle may include previously used parts. For example, vehicles
commonly known as ``glider kits,'' ``glider vehicles,'' or ``gliders''
are new motor vehicles. Under this definition, the vehicle is new from
the time it is produced until the ultimate purchaser receives the title
or places it into service, whichever comes first.
    (2) An imported heavy-duty motor vehicle originally produced after
the 1969 model year is a new motor vehicle.
    Noncompliant vehicle means a vehicle that was originally covered by
a certificate of conformity, but is not in the certified configuration
or otherwise does not comply with the conditions of the certificate.
    Nonconforming vehicle means a vehicle not covered by a certificate
of conformity that would otherwise be subject to emission standards.
    Nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) means the sum of all hydrocarbon
species except methane, as measured according to 40 CFR part 1065.
    Nonmethane hydrocarbon equivalent (NMHCE) has the meaning given in
40 CFR 1065.1001.
    Off-cycle technology means technology certified under Sec.
1037.610 (also described as ``innovative technology'').
    Official emission result means the measured emission rate for an
emission-data vehicle on a given duty cycle before the application of
any required deterioration factor, but after the applicability of
regeneration adjustment factors.
    Owners manual means a document or collection of documents prepared
by the vehicle manufacturer for the owners or operators to describe
appropriate vehicle maintenance, applicable warranties, and any other
information related to operating or keeping the vehicle. The owners
manual is typically provided to the ultimate purchaser at the time of
sale. The owners manual may be in paper or electronic format.
    Oxides of nitrogen has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1065.1001.
    Parked idle means idle operation during which the transmission is
set to park, or the transmission is in neutral with the parking brake
engaged. Although this idle may occur for extended periods, the term
``extended idle'' refers to tractor operation in which the engine is
operating to power accessories for a sleeper compartment or other
passenger compartment.
    Particulate trap means a filtering device that is designed to
physically trap all particulate matter above a certain size.
    Percent (%) has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1065.1001. Note that
this means percentages identified in this part are assumed to be
infinitely precise without regard to the number of significant figures.
For example, one percent of 1,493 is 14.93.
    Petroleum means gasoline or diesel fuel or other fuels normally
derived from crude oil. This does not include methane or liquefied
petroleum gas.
    Phase 1 means relating to the Phase 1 standards specified in
Sec. Sec.  1037.105 and 1037.106. For example, a vehicle subject to the
Phase 1 standards is a Phase 1 vehicle. Note that there are no Phase 1
standards for trailers.
    Phase 2 means relating to the Phase 2 standards specified in
Sec. Sec.  1037.105 through 1037.107.
    Placed into service means put into initial use for its intended
purpose, excluding incidental use by the manufacturer or a dealer.
    Power take-off (PTO) means a secondary engine shaft (or equivalent)
that provides substantial auxiliary power for purposes unrelated to
vehicle propulsion or normal vehicle accessories such as air
conditioning, power steering, and basic electrical accessories. A
typical PTO uses a secondary shaft on the engine to transmit power to a
hydraulic pump that powers auxiliary equipment, such as a boom on a
bucket truck. You may ask us to consider other equivalent auxiliary
power configurations (such as those with hybrid vehicles) as power
take-off systems.
    Preliminary approval means approval granted by an authorized EPA
representative prior to submission of an application for certification,
consistent with the provisions of Sec.  1037.210 or 1037.211.
    Rechargeable Energy Storage System (RESS) means the component(s) of
a hybrid engine or vehicle that store recovered energy for later use,
such as the battery system in an electric hybrid vehicle.
    Refuse hauler means a heavy-duty vehicle whose primary purpose is
to collect, compact, and transport solid waste, including recycled
solid waste.
    Regional means relating to the Regional duty cycle as specified in
Sec.  1037.510.
    Regulatory subcategory has the meaning given in Sec.  1037.230.
    Relating to as used in this section means relating to something in
a specific, direct manner. This expression is used in this section only
to define terms as adjectives and not to broaden the meaning of the
terms.
    Revoke has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1068.30.
    Roof height means the maximum height of a vehicle (rounded to the
nearest inch), excluding narrow accessories such as exhaust pipes and
antennas, but including any wide accessories such as roof fairings.
Measure roof height of the vehicle configured to have its maximum
height that will occur during actual use, with properly inflated tires
and no driver, passengers, or cargo onboard. Roof height may also refer
to the following categories:
    (1) Low-roof means relating to a vehicle with a roof height of 120
inches or less.
    (2) Mid-roof means relating to a vehicle with a roof height of 121
to 147 inches.
    (3) High-roof means relating to a vehicle with a roof height of 148
inches or more.
    Round has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1065.1001.
    Scheduled maintenance means adjusting, repairing, removing,
disassembling, cleaning, or replacing components or systems
periodically to keep a part or system from failing, malfunctioning, or
wearing prematurely. It also may mean actions you expect are necessary
to correct an overt indication of failure or malfunction for which
periodic maintenance is not appropriate.
    School bus has the meaning given in 49 CFR 571.3.
    Secondary vehicle manufacturer anyone that produces a vehicle by
modifying a complete vehicle or completing the assembly of a partially
complete vehicle. For the purpose of this definition, ``modifying''
generally does not include making changes that do not remove a vehicle
from its original certified configuration. However, custom sleeper
modifications and alternative fuel conversions that change actual
vehicle aerodynamics are

considered to be modifications, even if they are permitted without
recertification. This definition applies whether the production
involves a complete or partially complete vehicle and whether the
vehicle was previously certified to emission standards or not.
Manufacturers controlled by the manufacturer of the base vehicle (or by
an entity that also controls the manufacturer of the base vehicle) are
not secondary vehicle manufacturers; rather, both entities are
considered to be one manufacturer for purposes of this part.
    Sleeper cab means a type of tractor cab that has a compartment
behind the driver's seat intended to be used by the driver for
sleeping, and is not a heavy-haul tractor cab. This includes cabs
accessible from the driver's compartment and those accessible from
outside the vehicle.
    Small manufacturer means a manufacturer meeting the criteria
specified in 13 CFR 121.201. The employee and revenue limits apply to
the total number employees and total revenue together for affiliated
companies.
    Spark-ignition has the meaning given in Sec.  1037.101.
    Standard payload means the payload assumed for each vehicle, in
tons, for modeling and calculating emission credits, as follows:
    (1) For vocational vehicles:
    (i) 2.85 tons for Light HDV.
    (ii) 5.6 tons for Medium HDV.
    (iii) 7.5 tons for Heavy HDV.
    (2) For tractors:
    (i) 12.5 tons for Class 7.
    (ii) 19 tons for Class 8, other than heavy-haul tractors.
    (iii) 43 tons for heavy-haul tractors.
    (3) For trailers:
    (i) 10 tons for short box vans.
    (ii) 19 tons for other trailers.
    Standard tractor has the meaning given in Sec.  1037.501.
    Standard trailer has the meaning given in Sec.  1037.501.
    Stop-start means a vehicle technology that automatically turns the
engine off when the vehicle is stopped, as described in Sec.
1037.660(a).
    Suspend has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1068.30.
    Tank trailer means a trailer designed to transport liquids or
gases.
    Test sample means the collection of vehicles or components selected
from the population of a vehicle family for emission testing. This may
include testing for certification, production-line testing, or in-use
testing.
    Test vehicle means a vehicle in a test sample.
    Test weight means the vehicle weight used or represented during
testing.
    Tire pressure monitoring system (TPMS) is a vehicle system that
monitors air pressure in each tire and alerts the operator when tire
pressure falls below a specified value.
    Tire rolling resistance level (TRRL) means a value with units of
kg/tonne that represents the rolling resistance of a tire
configuration. TRRLs are used as modeling inputs under Sec. Sec.
1037.515 and 1037.520. Note that a manufacturer may use the measured
value for a tire configuration's coefficient of rolling resistance, or
assign some higher value.
    Total hydrocarbon has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1065.1001. This
generally means the combined mass of organic compounds measured by the
specified procedure for measuring total hydrocarbon, expressed as a
hydrocarbon with an atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of 1.85:1.
    Total hydrocarbon equivalent has the meaning given in 40 CFR
1065.1001. This generally means the sum of the carbon mass
contributions of non-oxygenated hydrocarbon, alcohols and aldehydes, or
other organic compounds that are measured separately as contained in a
gas sample, expressed as exhaust hydrocarbon from petroleum-fueled
vehicles. The atomic hydrogen-to-carbon ratio of the equivalent
hydrocarbon is 1.85:1.
    Tractor has the meaning given for ``truck tractor'' in 49 CFR
571.3. This includes most heavy-duty vehicles specifically designed for
the primary purpose of pulling trailers, but does not include vehicles
designed to carry other loads. For purposes of this definition ``other
loads'' would not include loads carried in the cab, sleeper
compartment, or toolboxes. Examples of vehicles that are similar to
tractors but that are not tractors under this part include dromedary
tractors, automobile haulers, straight trucks with trailers hitches,
and tow trucks. Note that the provisions of this part that apply for
tractors do not apply for tractors that are classified as vocational
tractors under Sec.  1037.630.
    Trailer means a piece of equipment designed for carrying cargo and
for being drawn by a tractor when coupled to the tractor's fifth wheel.
These trailers may be known commercially as semi-trailers or truck
trailers. This definition excludes equipment that serve similar
purposes but are not intended to be pulled by a tractor, whether or not
they are known commercially as trailers. Trailers may be divided into
different types and categories as described in paragraphs (1) through
(4) of this definition. The types of equipment identified in paragraph
(5) of this definition are not trailers for purposes of this part.
    (1) Box vans are trailers with enclosed cargo space that is
permanently attached to the chassis, with fixed sides, nose, and roof.
Tank trailers are not box vans.
    (2) Box vans with self-contained HVAC systems are refrigerated
vans. Note that this includes systems that provide cooling, heating, or
both. All other box vans are dry vans.
    (3) Trailers that are not box vans are non-box trailers. Note that
the standards for non-box trailers in this part 1037 apply only to
flatbed trailers, tank trailers, and container chassis.
    (4) Box vans with length at or below 50.0 feet are short box vans.
Other box vans are long box vans.
    (5) The following types of equipment are not trailers for purposes
of this part 1037:
    (i) Containers that are not permanently mounted on chassis.
    (ii) Dollies used to connect tandem trailers.
    Ultimate purchaser means, with respect to any new vehicle, the
first person who in good faith purchases such new vehicle for purposes
other than resale.
    United States has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1068.30.
    Upcoming model year means for a vehicle family the model year after
the one currently in production.
    Urban means relating to the Urban duty cycle as specified in Sec.
1037.510.
    U.S.-directed production volume means the number of vehicle units,
subject to the requirements of this part, produced by a manufacturer
for which the manufacturer has a reasonable assurance that sale was or
will be made to ultimate purchasers in the United States. This does not
include vehicles certified to state emission standards that are
different than the emission standards in this part.
    Useful life means the period during which a vehicle is required to
comply with all applicable emission standards.
    Vehicle means equipment intended for use on highways that meets at
least one of the criteria of paragraph (1) of this definition, as
follows:
    (1) The following equipment are vehicles:
    (i) A piece of equipment that is intended for self-propelled use on
highways becomes a vehicle when it includes at least an engine, a
transmission, and a frame. (Note: For purposes of this definition, any
electrical, mechanical, and/or hydraulic devices attached to engines
for the purpose of powering wheels are considered to be transmissions.)
    (ii) A piece of equipment that is intended for self-propelled use
on highways becomes a vehicle when it

includes a passenger compartment attached to a frame with one or more
axles.
    (iii) Trailers. A trailer becomes a vehicle when it has a frame
with one or more axles attached.
    (2) Vehicles other than trailers may be complete or incomplete
vehicles as follows:
    (i) A complete vehicle is a functioning vehicle that has the
primary load carrying device or container (or equivalent equipment)
attached. Examples of equivalent equipment would include fifth wheel
trailer hitches, firefighting equipment, and utility booms.
    (ii) An incomplete vehicle is a vehicle that is not a complete
vehicle. Incomplete vehicles may also be cab-complete vehicles. This
may include vehicles sold to secondary vehicle manufacturers.
    (iii) The primary use of the terms ``complete vehicle'' and
``incomplete vehicle'' are to distinguish whether a vehicle is complete
when it is first sold as a vehicle.
    (iv) You may ask us to allow you to certify a vehicle as incomplete
if you manufacture the engines and sell the unassembled chassis
components, as long as you do not produce and sell the body components
necessary to complete the vehicle.
    Vehicle configuration means a unique combination of vehicle
hardware and calibration (related to measured or modeled emissions)
within a vehicle family. Vehicles with hardware or software
differences, but that have no hardware or software differences related
to measured or modeled emissions may be included in the same vehicle
configuration. Note that vehicles with hardware or software differences
related to measured or modeled emissions are considered to be different
configurations even if they have the same GEM inputs and FEL. Vehicles
within a vehicle configuration differ only with respect to normal
production variability or factors unrelated to measured or modeled
emissions.
    Vehicle family has the meaning given in Sec.  1037.230.
    Vehicle service class has the meaning given in Sec.  1037.140. The
different vehicle service classes are Light HDV, Medium HDV, and Heavy
HDV.
    Vehicle subfamily or subfamily means a subset of a vehicle family
including vehicles subject to the same FEL(s).
    Vocational tractor means a vehicle classified as a vocational
tractor under Sec.  1037.630.
    Vocational vehicle means relating to a vehicle subject to the
standards of Sec.  1037.105 (including vocational tractors).
    Void has the meaning given in 40 CFR 1068.30.
    Volatile liquid fuel means any fuel other than diesel or biodiesel
that is a liquid at atmospheric pressure and has a Reid Vapor Pressure
higher than 2.0 pounds per square inch.
    We (us, our) means the Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency and any authorized representatives.

Sec.  1037.805  Symbols, abbreviations, and acronyms.

    The procedures in this part generally follow either the
International System of Units (SI) or the United States customary
units, as detailed in NIST Special Publication 811 (incorporated by
reference in Sec.  1037.810). See 40 CFR 1065.20 for specific
provisions related to these conventions. This section summarizes the
way we use symbols, units of measure, and other abbreviations.
    (a) Symbols for chemical species. This part uses the following
symbols for chemical species and exhaust constituents:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                  Symbol                               Species
------------------------------------------------------------------------
C.........................................  carbon.
CH4.......................................  methane.
CO........................................  carbon monoxide.
CO2.......................................  carbon dioxide.
H2O.......................................  water.
HC........................................  hydrocarbon.
NMHC......................................  nonmethane hydrocarbon.
NMHCE.....................................  nonmethane hydrocarbon
                                             equivalent.
NO........................................  nitric oxide.
NO2.......................................  nitrogen dioxide.
NOX.......................................  oxides of nitrogen.
N2O.......................................  nitrous oxide.
PM........................................  particulate matter.
THC.......................................  total hydrocarbon.
THCE......................................  total hydrocarbon
                                             equivalent.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (b) Symbols for quantities. This part uses the following symbols
and units of measure for various quantities:

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                Unit in terms of SI base
    Symbol             Quantity                  Unit              Unit symbol                 units
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A.............  vehicle frictional      pound force or newton.  lbf or N.........  kg[middot]m[middot]s-2.
                 load.
a.............  axle position
                 regression
                 coefficient.
[alpha].......  atomic hydrogen-to-     mole per mole.........  mol/mol..........  1.
                 carbon ratio.
[alpha].......  axle position
                 regression
                 coefficient.
[alpha]0......  intercept of air speed
                 correction.
[alpha]1......  slope of air speed
                 correction.
ag............  acceleration of         meters per second       m/s\2\...........  m[middot]s-2.
                 Earth's gravity.        squared.
a0............  intercept of least
                 squares regression.
a1............  slope of least squares
                 regression.
B.............  vehicle load from drag  pound force per mile    lbf/(mi/hr) or     kg[middot]s-1.
                 and rolling             per hour or newton      N[middot]s/m.
                 resistance.             second per meter.
b.............  axle position
                 regression
                 coefficient.
[beta]........  atomic oxygen-to-       mole per mole.........  mol/mol..........  1.
                 carbon ratio.
[beta]........  axle position
                 regression
                 coefficient.
[beta]0.......  intercept of air
                 direction correction.
[beta]1.......  slope of air direction
                 correction.
C.............  vehicle-specific        pound force per mile    lbf/mph\2\ or      kg[middot]m-1.
                 aerodynamic effects.    per hour squared or     N[middot]s\2\/
                                         newton-second squared   m\1\.
                                         per meter squared.
c.............  axle position
                 regression
                 coefficient.
ci............  axle test regression
                 coefficients.
Ci............  constant..............
[Delta]CdA....  differential drag area  meter squared.........  m\2\.............  m\2\.
CdA...........  drag area.............  meter squared.........  m\2\.............  m\2\.
Cd............  drag coefficient......
CF............  correction factor.....
Crr...........  coefficient of rolling  kilogram per metric     kg/tonne.........  10-2.
                 resistance.             ton.
D.............  distance..............  miles or meters.......  mi or m..........  m.

e.............  mass-weighted emission  grams/ton-mile........  g/ton-mi.........  g/kg-km.
                 result.
Eff...........  efficiency............
F.............  adjustment factor.....
F.............  force.................  pound force or newton.  lbf or N.........  kg[middot]m[middot]s-2.
fn............  angular speed (shaft).  revolutions per minute  r/min............  [pi][middot]30[middot]s-1.
G.............  road grade............  percent...............  %................  10-2.
g.............  gravitational           meters per second       m/s\2\...........  m[middot]s-2.
                 acceleration.           squared.
h.............  elevation or height...  meters................  m................  m.
i.............  indexing variable.....
ka............  drive axle ratio......                                             1
kd............  transmission gear
                 ratio.
ktopgear......  highest available
                 transmission gear.
L.............  load over axle........  pound force or newton.  lbf or N.........  kg[middot]m[middot]s-2.
m.............  mass..................  pound mass or kilogram  lbm or kg........  kg.
M.............  molar mass............  gram per mole.........  g/mol............  10-3[middot]kg[middot]mol-1.
M.............  vehicle mass..........  kilogram..............  kg...............  kg.
Me............  vehicle effective mass  kilogram..............  kg...............  kg.
Mrotating.....  inertial mass of        kilogram..............  kg...............  kg.
                 rotating components.
N.............  total number in series
n.............  number of tires.......
n.............  amount of substance     mole per second.......  mol/s............  mol[middot]s-1.
                 rate.
P.............  power.................  kilowatt..............  kW...............  10\3\[middot]m\2\[middot]kg[m
                                                                                iddot]s-3.
P.............  tire inflation          pascal................  Pa...............  kg[middot]m-1[middot]s-2.
                 pressure.
p.............  pressure..............  pascal................  Pa...............  kg[middot]m-1[middot]s-2.
[rho].........  mass density..........  kilogram per cubic      kg/m\3\..........  kg[middot]m-3.
                                         meter.
PL............  payload...............  tons..................  ton..............  kg.
[phis]........  direction.............  degrees...............  [deg]............  [deg].
1.............  direction.............  degrees...............  [deg]............  [deg].
r.............  tire radius...........  meter.................  m................  m.
r\2\..........  coefficient of
                 determination.
Re#...........  Reynolds number.......
SEE...........  standard estimate of
                 error.
[sigma].......  standard deviation....
TRPM..........  tire revolutions per    revolutions per mile..  r/mi.............
                 mile.
TRRL..........  tire rolling            kilogram per metric     kg/tonne.........  10-3.
                 resistance level.       ton.
T.............  absolute temperature..  kelvin................  K................  K.
T.............  Celsius temperature...  degree Celsius........  [deg]C...........  K-273.15.
T.............  torque (moment of       newton meter..........  N[middot]m.......  m\2\[middot]kg[middot]s-2.
                 force).
t.............  time..................  hour or second........  hr or s..........  s.
[Delta]t......  time interval, period,  second................  s................  s.
                 1/frequency.
UF............  utility factor........
v.............  speed.................  miles per hour or       mi/hr or m/s.....  m[middot]s-1.
                                         meters per second.
w.............  weighting factor......
w.............  wind speed............  miles per hour........  mi/hr............  m[middot]s-1.
W.............  work..................  kilowatt-hour.........  kW[middot]hr.....  3.6[middot]m\2\[middot]kg[mid
                                                                                dot]s-1.
wC............  carbon mass fraction..  gram/gram.............  g/g..............  1.
WR............  weight reduction......  pound mass............  lbm..............  kg.
x.............  amount of substance     mole per mole.........  mol/mol..........  1.
                 mole fraction.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (c) Superscripts. This part uses the following superscripts to
define a quantity:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                Superscript                           Quantity
------------------------------------------------------------------------
overbar (such as y).......................  arithmetic mean.
Double overbar (such......................  arithmetic mean of
 =                                           arithmetic mean.
 as y)....................................
overdot (such as y).......................  quantity per unit time.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (d) Subscripts. This part uses the following subscripts to define a
quantity:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
               Subscript                             Quantity
------------------------------------------------------------------------
6..........................  6[deg] yaw angle
                                          sweep.
A......................................  A speed.
air....................................  air.
aero...................................  aerodynamic.
alt....................................  alternative.
act....................................  actual or measured condition.
air....................................  air.
axle...................................  axle.
B......................................  B speed.
brake..................................  brake.
C......................................  C speed.
Ccombdry...............................  carbon from fuel per mole of
                                          dry exhaust.
CD.....................................  charge-depleting.
circuit................................  circuit.
CO2DEF.................................  CO2 resulting from diesel
                                          exhaust fluid decomposition.
CO2PTO.................................  CO2 emissions for PTO cycle.
coastdown..............................  coastdown.
comp...................................  composite.
CS.....................................  charge-sustaining.
cycle..................................  test cycle.
drive..................................  drive axle.
drive-idle.............................  idle with the transmission in
                                          drive.
driver.................................  driver.
dyno...................................  dynamometer.
effective..............................  effective.
end....................................  end.
eng....................................  engine.
event..................................  event.
fuel...................................  fuel.
full...................................  full.
grade..................................  grade.
H2Oexhaustdry..........................  H2O in exhaust per mole of
                                          exhaust.
hi.....................................  high.
i......................................  an individual of a series.
idle...................................  idle.
in.....................................  inlet.
inc....................................  increment.
lo.....................................  low.

loss...................................  loss.
max....................................  maximum.
meas...................................  measured quantity.
med....................................  median.
min....................................  minimum.
moving.................................  moving.
out....................................  outlet.
P......................................  power.
pair...................................  pair of speed segments.
parked-idle............................  idle with the transmission in
                                          park.
partial................................  partial.
ploss..................................  power loss.
plug-in................................  plug-in hybrid electric
                                          vehicle.
powertrain.............................  powertrain.
PTO....................................  power take-off.
rated..................................  rated speed.
record.................................  record.
ref....................................  reference quantity.
RL.....................................  road load.
rotating...............................  rotating.
seg....................................  segment.
speed..................................  speed.
spin...................................  axle spin loss.
start..................................  start.
steer..................................  steer axle.
t......................................  tire.
test...................................  test.
th.....................................  theoretical.
total..................................  total.
trac...................................  traction.
trac10.................................  traction force at 10 mi/hr.
trailer................................  trailer axle.
transient..............................  transient.
TRR....................................  tire rolling resistance.
urea...................................  urea.
veh....................................  vehicle.
w......................................  wind.
wa.....................................  wind average.
yaw....................................  yaw angle.
ys.....................................  yaw sweep.
zero...................................  zero quantity.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (e) Other acronyms and abbreviations. This part uses the following
additional abbreviations and acronyms:

------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------
ABT....................................  averaging, banking, and
                                          trading.
AECD...................................  auxiliary emission control
                                          device.
AES....................................  automatic engine shutdown.
APU....................................  auxiliary power unit.
CD.....................................  charge-depleting.
CFD....................................  computational fluid dynamics.
CFR....................................  Code of Federal Regulations.
CITT...................................  curb idle transmission torque.
CS.....................................  charge-sustaining.
DOT....................................  Department of Transportation.
EPA....................................  Environmental Protection
                                          Agency.
FE.....................................  fuel economy.
FEL....................................  Family Emission Limit.
GAWR...................................  gross axle weight rating.
GCWR...................................  gross combination weight
                                          rating.
GEM....................................  greenhouse gas emission model.
GVWR...................................  gross vehicle weight rating.
Heavy HDV..............................  Heavy heavy-duty vehicle (see
                                          Sec.   1037.140).
HVAC...................................  heating, ventilating, and air
                                          conditioning.
ISO....................................  International Organization for
                                          Standardization.
Light HDV..............................  Light heavy-duty vehicle (see
                                          Sec.   1037.140).
Medium HDV.............................  Medium heavy-duty vehicle (see
                                          Sec.   1037.140).
NARA...................................  National Archives and Records
                                          Administration.
NHTSA..................................  National Highway Transportation
                                          Safety Administration.
PHEV...................................  plug-in hybrid electric
                                          vehicle.
PTO....................................  power take-off.
RESS...................................  rechargeable energy storage
                                          system.
rpm....................................  revolutions per minute.
SAE....................................  Society of Automotive
                                          Engineers.
SEE....................................  standard error of estimate.
SKU....................................  stock-keeping unit.
TRPM...................................  tire revolutions per mile.
TRRL...................................  tire rolling resistance level.
U.S.C..................................  United States Code.
VSL....................................  vehicle speed limiter.
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (f) Constants. This part uses the following constants:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
           Symbol                   Quantity                Value
------------------------------------------------------------------------
g...........................  gravitational         9.81 m[middot]s-2.
                               constant.
R...........................  specific gas          287.058 J/
                               constant.             (kg[middot]K).
------------------------------------------------------------------------

    (g) Prefixes. This part uses the following prefixes to define a
quantity:

------------------------------------------------------------------------
              Symbol                      Quantity             Value
------------------------------------------------------------------------
[micro]...........................  micro...............            10-6
m.................................  milli...............            10-3
c.................................  centi...............            10-2
k.................................  kilo................           10\3\
M.................................  mega................           10\6\
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sec.  1037.810  Incorporation by reference.

    (a) Certain material is incorporated by reference into this part
with the approval of the Director of the Federal Register under 5
U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. To enforce any edition other than that
specified in this section, the Environmental Protection Agency must
publish a document in the Federal Register and the material must be
available to the public. All approved material is available for
inspection at U.S. EPA, Air and Radiation Docket and Information
Center, 1301 Constitution Ave. NW., Room B102, EPA West Building,
Washington, DC 20460,<PHONE_NUMBER>, and is available from the sources
listed below. It is also available for inspection at the National
Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the
availability of this material at NARA, call<PHONE_NUMBER>, or go to
http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html.
    (b) International Organization for Standardization, Case Postale
56, CH-1211 Geneva 20, Switzerland, (41) 22749 0111, www.iso.org, or
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>    (1) ISO 28580:2009(E) ``Passenger car, truck and bus tyres--Methods
of measuring rolling resistance--Single point test and correlation of
measurement results'', First Edition, July 1, 2009, (``ISO 28580''),
IBR approved for Sec.  1037.520(c).
    (2) [Reserved]
    (c) U.S. EPA, Office of Air and Radiation, 2565 Plymouth Road, Ann
Arbor, MI 48105, www.epa.gov.
    (1) Greenhouse gas Emissions Model (GEM), Version 2.0.1, September
2012 (``GEM version 2.0.1''), IBR approved for Sec.  1037.520. The
computer code for this model is available as noted in paragraph (a) of
this section. A working version of this software is also available for
download at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/gem.htm.
    (2) Greenhouse gas Emissions Model (GEM) Phase 2, Version 3.0, July
2016; IBR approved for Sec.  1037.520. The computer code for this model
is available as noted in paragraph (a) of this section. A working
version of this software is also available for download

at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/gem.htm.
    (d) National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau
Drive, Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070,<PHONE_NUMBER>, or
www.nist.gov.
    (1) NIST Special Publication 811, Guide for the Use of the
International System of Units (SI), 2008 Edition, March 2008, IBR
approved for Sec.  1037.805.
    (2) [Reserved]
    (e) SAE International, 400 Commonwealth Dr., Warrendale, PA 15096-
0001,<PHONE_NUMBER> (U.S. and Canada) or<PHONE_NUMBER> (outside the
U.S. and Canada), http://www.sae.org.
    (1) SAE J1025, Test Procedures for Measuring Truck Tire Revolutions
Per Kilometer/Mile, Stabilized August 2012, (``SAE J1025''), IBR
approved for Sec.  1037.520(c).
    (2) SAE J1252, SAE Wind Tunnel Test Procedure for Trucks and Buses,
Revised July 2012, (``SAE J1252''), IBR approved for Sec. Sec.
1037.525(b) and 1037.530(a).
    (3) SAE J1263, Road Load Measurement and Dynamometer Simulation
Using Coastdown Techniques, revised March 2010, (``SAE J1263''), IBR
approved for Sec. Sec.  1037.528 introductory text, (a), (b), (c), (e),
and (h) and 1037.665(a).
    (4) SAE J1594, Vehicle Aerodynamics Terminology, Revised July 2010,
(``SAE J1594''), IBR approved for Sec.  1037.530(d).
    (5) SAE J2071, Aerodynamic Testing of Road Vehicles--Open Throat
Wind Tunnel Adjustment, Revised June 1994, (``SAE J2071''), IBR
approved for Sec.  1037.530(b).
    (6) SAE J2263, Road Load Measurement Using Onboard Anemometry and
Coastdown Techniques, Revised December 2008, (``SAE J2263''), IBR
approved for Sec. Sec.  1037.528 introductory text, (a), (b), (d), and
(f) and 1037.665(a).
    (7) SAE J2343, Recommended Practice for LNG Medium and Heavy-Duty
Powered Vehicles, Revised July 2008, (``SAE J2343''), IBR approved for
Sec.  1037.103(e).
    (8) SAE J2452, Stepwise Coastdown Methodology for Measuring Tire
Rolling Resistance, Revised June 1999, (``SAE J2452''), IBR approved
for Sec.  1037.528(h).
    (9) SAE J2966, Guidelines for Aerodynamic Assessment of Medium and
Heavy Commercial Ground Vehicles Using Computational Fluid Dynamics,
Issued September 2013, (``SAE J2966''), IBR approved for Sec.
1037.532(a).

Sec.  1037.815  Confidential information.

    The provisions of 40 CFR 1068.10 apply for information you consider
confidential.

Sec.  1037.820  Requesting a hearing.

    (a) You may request a hearing under certain circumstances, as
described elsewhere in this part. To do this, you must file a written
request, including a description of your objection and any supporting
data, within 30 days after we make a decision.
    (b) For a hearing you request under the provisions of this part, we
will approve your request if we find that your request raises a
substantial factual issue.
    (c) If we agree to hold a hearing, we will use the procedures
specified in 40 CFR part 1068, subpart G.

Sec.  1037.825  Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    (a) This part includes various requirements to submit and record
data or other information. Unless we specify otherwise, store required
records in any format and on any media and keep them readily available
for eight years after you send an associated application for
certification, or eight years after you generate the data if they do
not support an application for certification. You may not rely on
anyone else to meet recordkeeping requirements on your behalf unless we
specifically authorize it. We may review these records at any time. You
must promptly send us organized, written records in English if we ask
for them. We may require you to submit written records in an electronic
format.
    (b) The regulations in Sec.  1037.255 and 40 CFR 1068.25 and
1068.101 describe your obligation to report truthful and complete
information. This includes information not related to certification.
Failing to properly report information and keep the records we specify
violates 40 CFR 1068.101(a)(2), which may involve civil or criminal
penalties.
    (c) Send all reports and requests for approval to the Designated
Compliance Officer (see Sec.  1037.801).
    (d) Any written information we require you to send to or receive
from another company is deemed to be a required record under this
section. Such records are also deemed to be submissions to EPA. Keep
these records for eight years unless the regulations specify a
different period. We may require you to send us these records whether
or not you are a certificate holder.
    (e) Under the Paperwork Reduction Act (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq), the
Office of Management and Budget approves the reporting and
recordkeeping specified in the applicable regulations. The following
items illustrate the kind of reporting and recordkeeping we require for
vehicles regulated under this part:
    (1) We specify the following requirements related to vehicle
certification in this part 1037:
    (i) In Sec.  1036.150 we include various reporting and
recordkeeping requirements related to interim provisions.
    (ii) In subpart C of this part we identify a wide range of
information required to certify vehicles.
    (iii) In subpart G of this part we identify several reporting and
recordkeeping items for making demonstrations and getting approval
related to various special compliance provisions.
    (iv) In Sec.  1037.725, 1037.730, and 1037.735 we specify certain
records related to averaging, banking, and trading.
    (2) We specify the following requirements related to testing in 40
CFR part 1066:
    (i) In 40 CFR 1066.2 we give an overview of principles for
reporting information.
    (ii) In 40 CFR 1066.25 we establish basic guidelines for storing
test information.
    (iii) In 40 CFR 1066.695 we identify the specific information and
data items to record when measuring emissions.
    (3) We specify the following requirements related to the general
compliance provisions in 40 CFR part 1068:
    (i) In 40 CFR 1068.5 we establish a process for evaluating good
engineering judgment related to testing and certification.
    (ii) In 40 CFR 1068.25 we describe general provisions related to
sending and keeping information.
    (iii) In 40 CFR 1068.27 we require manufacturers to make engines
and vehicles available for our testing or inspection if we make such a
request.
    (iv) In 40 CFR 1068.105 we require vehicle manufacturers to keep
certain records related to duplicate labels from engine manufacturers.
    (v) In 40 CFR 1068.120 we specify recordkeeping related to
rebuilding engines.
    (vi) In 40 CFR part 1068, subpart C, we identify several reporting
and recordkeeping items for making demonstrations and getting approval
related to various exemptions.
    (vii) In 40 CFR part 1068, subpart D, we identify several reporting
and recordkeeping items for making demonstrations and getting approval
related to importing engines and vehicles.
    (viii) In 40 CFR 1068.450 and 1068.455 we specify certain records

related to testing production-line engines and vehicles in a selective
enforcement audit.
    (ix) In 40 CFR 1068.501 we specify certain records related to
investigating and reporting emission-related defects.
    (x) In 40 CFR 1068.525 and 1068.530 we specify certain records
related to recalling nonconforming engines and vehicles.
    (xi) In 40 CFR part 1068, subpart G, we specify certain records for
requesting a hearing.

Appendix I to Part 1037 -- Heavy-Duty Transient Test Cycle

------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Time (sec)                          Speed (mi/hr)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
1.......................................................            0.00
2.......................................................            0.00
3.......................................................            0.00
4.......................................................            0.00
5.......................................................            0.00
6.......................................................            0.00
7.......................................................            0.41
8.......................................................            1.18
9.......................................................            2.26
10......................................................            3.19
11......................................................            3.97
12......................................................            4.66
13......................................................            5.32
14......................................................            5.94
15......................................................            6.48
16......................................................            6.91
17......................................................            7.28
18......................................................            7.64
19......................................................            8.02
20......................................................            8.36
21......................................................            8.60
22......................................................            8.74
23......................................................            8.82
24......................................................            8.82
25......................................................            8.76
26......................................................            8.66
27......................................................            8.58
28......................................................            8.52
29......................................................            8.46
30......................................................            8.38
31......................................................            8.31
32......................................................            8.21
33......................................................            8.11
34......................................................            8.00
35......................................................            7.94
36......................................................            7.94
37......................................................            7.80
38......................................................            7.43
39......................................................            6.79
40......................................................            5.81
41......................................................            4.65
42......................................................            3.03
43......................................................            1.88
44......................................................            1.15
45......................................................            1.14
46......................................................            1.12
47......................................................            1.11
48......................................................            1.19
49......................................................            1.57
50......................................................            2.31
51......................................................            3.37
52......................................................            4.51
53......................................................            5.56
54......................................................            6.41
55......................................................            7.09
56......................................................            7.59
57......................................................            7.99
58......................................................            8.32
59......................................................            8.64
60......................................................            8.91
61......................................................            9.13
62......................................................            9.29
63......................................................            9.40
64......................................................            9.39
65......................................................            9.20
66......................................................            8.84
67......................................................            8.35
68......................................................            7.81
69......................................................            7.22
70......................................................            6.65
71......................................................            6.13
72......................................................            5.75
73......................................................            5.61
74......................................................            5.65
75......................................................            5.80
76......................................................            5.95
77......................................................            6.09
78......................................................            6.21
79......................................................            6.31
80......................................................            6.34
81......................................................            6.47
82......................................................            6.65
83......................................................            6.88
84......................................................            7.04
85......................................................            7.05
86......................................................            7.01
87......................................................            6.90
88......................................................            6.88
89......................................................            6.89
90......................................................            6.96
91......................................................            7.04
92......................................................            7.17
93......................................................            7.29
94......................................................            7.39
95......................................................            7.48
96......................................................            7.57
97......................................................            7.61
98......................................................            7.59
99......................................................            7.53
100.....................................................            7.46
101.....................................................            7.40
102.....................................................            7.39
103.....................................................            7.38
104.....................................................            7.37
105.....................................................            7.37
106.....................................................            7.39
107.....................................................            7.42
108.....................................................            7.43
109.....................................................            7.40
110.....................................................            7.39
111.....................................................            7.42
112.....................................................            7.50
113.....................................................            7.57
114.....................................................            7.60
115.....................................................            7.60
116.....................................................            7.61
117.....................................................            7.64
118.....................................................            7.68
119.....................................................            7.74
120.....................................................            7.82
121.....................................................            7.90
122.....................................................            7.96
123.....................................................            7.99
124.....................................................            8.02
125.....................................................            8.01
126.....................................................            7.87
127.....................................................            7.59
128.....................................................            7.20
129.....................................................            6.52
130.....................................................            5.53
131.....................................................            4.36
132.....................................................            3.30
133.....................................................            2.50
134.....................................................            1.94
135.....................................................            1.56
136.....................................................            0.95
137.....................................................            0.42
138.....................................................            0.00
139.....................................................            0.00
140.....................................................            0.00
141.....................................................            0.00
142.....................................................            0.00
143.....................................................            0.00
144.....................................................            0.00
145.....................................................            0.00
146.....................................................            0.00
147.....................................................            0.00
148.....................................................            0.00
149.....................................................            0.00
150.....................................................            0.00
151.....................................................            0.00
152.....................................................            0.00
153.....................................................            0.00
154.....................................................            0.00
155.....................................................            0.00
156.....................................................            0.00
157.....................................................            0.00
158.....................................................            0.00
159.....................................................            0.00
160.....................................................            0.00
161.....................................................            0.00
162.....................................................            0.00
163.....................................................            0.00
164.....................................................            0.00
165.....................................................            0.00
166.....................................................            0.00
167.....................................................            0.00
168.....................................................            0.00
169.....................................................            0.00
170.....................................................            0.00
171.....................................................            0.00
172.....................................................            1.11
173.....................................................            2.65
174.....................................................            4.45
175.....................................................            5.68
176.....................................................            6.75
177.....................................................            7.59
178.....................................................            7.75
179.....................................................            7.63
180.....................................................            7.67
181.....................................................            8.70
182.....................................................           10.20
183.....................................................           11.92
184.....................................................           12.84
185.....................................................           13.27
186.....................................................           13.38
187.....................................................           13.61
188.....................................................           14.15
189.....................................................           14.84
190.....................................................           16.49
191.....................................................           18.33
192.....................................................           20.36
193.....................................................           21.47
194.....................................................           22.35
195.....................................................           22.96
196.....................................................           23.46
197.....................................................           23.92
198.....................................................           24.42
199.....................................................           24.99
200.....................................................           25.91
201.....................................................           26.26

202.....................................................           26.38
203.....................................................           26.26
204.....................................................           26.49
205.....................................................           26.76
206.....................................................           27.07
207.....................................................           26.64
208.....................................................           25.99
209.....................................................           24.77
210.....................................................           24.04
211.....................................................           23.39
212.....................................................           22.73
213.....................................................           22.16
214.....................................................           21.66
215.....................................................           21.39
216.....................................................           21.43
217.....................................................           20.67
218.....................................................           17.98
219.....................................................           13.15
220.....................................................            7.71
221.....................................................            3.30
222.....................................................            0.88
223.....................................................            0.00
224.....................................................            0.00
225.....................................................            0.00
226.....................................................            0.00
227.....................................................            0.00
228.....................................................            0.00
229.....................................................            0.00
230.....................................................            0.00
231.....................................................            0.00
232.....................................................            0.00
233.....................................................            0.00
234.....................................................            0.00
235.....................................................            0.00
236.....................................................            0.00
237.....................................................            0.00
238.....................................................            0.00
239.....................................................            0.00
240.....................................................            0.00
241.....................................................            0.00
242.....................................................            0.00
243.....................................................            0.00
244.....................................................            0.00
245.....................................................            0.00
246.....................................................            0.00
247.....................................................            0.00
248.....................................................            0.00
249.....................................................            0.00
250.....................................................            0.00
251.....................................................            0.00
252.....................................................            0.00
253.....................................................            0.00
254.....................................................            0.00
255.....................................................            0.00
256.....................................................            0.00
257.....................................................            0.00
258.....................................................            0.00
259.....................................................            0.50
260.....................................................            1.57
261.....................................................            3.07
262.....................................................            4.57
263.....................................................            5.65
264.....................................................            6.95
265.....................................................            8.05
266.....................................................            9.13
267.....................................................           10.05
268.....................................................           11.62
269.....................................................           12.92
270.....................................................           13.84
271.....................................................           14.38
272.....................................................           15.64
273.....................................................           17.14
274.....................................................           18.21
275.....................................................           18.90
276.....................................................           19.44
277.....................................................           20.09
278.....................................................           21.89
279.....................................................           24.15
280.....................................................           26.26
281.....................................................           26.95
282.....................................................           27.03
283.....................................................           27.30
284.....................................................           28.10
285.....................................................           29.44
286.....................................................           30.78
287.....................................................           32.09
288.....................................................           33.24
289.....................................................           34.46
290.....................................................           35.42
291.....................................................           35.88
292.....................................................           36.03
293.....................................................           35.84
294.....................................................           35.65
295.....................................................           35.31
296.....................................................           35.19
297.....................................................           35.12
298.....................................................           35.12
299.....................................................           35.04
300.....................................................           35.08
301.....................................................           35.04
302.....................................................           35.34
303.....................................................           35.50
304.....................................................           35.77
305.....................................................           35.81
306.....................................................           35.92
307.....................................................           36.23
308.....................................................           36.42
309.....................................................           36.65
310.....................................................           36.26
311.....................................................           36.07
312.....................................................           35.84
313.....................................................           35.96
314.....................................................           36.00
315.....................................................           35.57
316.....................................................           35.00
317.....................................................           34.08
318.....................................................           33.39
319.....................................................           32.20
320.....................................................           30.32
321.....................................................           28.48
322.....................................................           26.95
323.....................................................           26.18
324.....................................................           25.38
325.....................................................           24.77
326.....................................................           23.46
327.....................................................           22.39
328.....................................................           20.97
329.....................................................           20.09
330.....................................................           18.90
331.....................................................           18.17
332.....................................................           16.48
333.....................................................           15.07
334.....................................................           12.23
335.....................................................           10.08
336.....................................................            7.71
337.....................................................            7.32
338.....................................................            8.63
339.....................................................           10.77
340.....................................................           12.65
341.....................................................           13.88
342.....................................................           15.03
343.....................................................           15.64
344.....................................................           16.99
345.....................................................           17.98
346.....................................................           19.13
347.....................................................           18.67
348.....................................................           18.25
349.....................................................           18.17
350.....................................................           18.40
351.....................................................           19.63
352.....................................................           20.32
353.....................................................           21.43
354.....................................................           21.47
355.....................................................           21.97
356.....................................................           22.27
357.....................................................           22.69
358.....................................................           23.15
359.....................................................           23.69
360.....................................................           23.96
361.....................................................           24.27
362.....................................................           24.34
363.....................................................           24.50
364.....................................................           24.42
365.....................................................           24.38
366.....................................................           24.31
367.....................................................           24.23
368.....................................................           24.69
369.....................................................           25.11
370.....................................................           25.53
371.....................................................           25.38
372.....................................................           24.58
373.....................................................           23.77
374.....................................................           23.54
375.....................................................           23.50
376.....................................................           24.15
377.....................................................           24.30
378.....................................................           24.15
379.....................................................           23.19
380.....................................................           22.50
381.....................................................           21.93
382.....................................................           21.85
383.....................................................           21.55
384.....................................................           21.89
385.....................................................           21.97
386.....................................................           21.97
387.....................................................           22.01
388.....................................................           21.85
389.....................................................           21.62
390.....................................................           21.62
391.....................................................           22.01
392.....................................................           22.81
393.....................................................           23.54
394.....................................................           24.38
395.....................................................           24.80
396.....................................................           24.61
397.....................................................           23.12
398.....................................................           21.62
399.....................................................           19.90
400.....................................................           18.86
401.....................................................           17.79
402.....................................................           17.25
403.....................................................           16.91
404.....................................................           16.75
405.....................................................           16.75
406.....................................................           16.87
407.....................................................           16.37
408.....................................................           16.37
409.....................................................           16.49
410.....................................................           17.21
411.....................................................           17.41
412.....................................................           17.37
413.....................................................           16.87
414.....................................................           16.72
415.....................................................           16.22
416.....................................................           15.76
417.....................................................           14.72
418.....................................................           13.69
419.....................................................           12.00
420.....................................................           10.43

421.....................................................            8.71
422.....................................................            7.44
423.....................................................            5.71
424.....................................................            4.22
425.....................................................            2.30
426.....................................................            1.00
427.....................................................            0.00
428.....................................................            0.61
429.....................................................            1.19
430.....................................................            1.61
431.....................................................            1.53
432.....................................................            2.34
433.....................................................            4.29
434.....................................................            7.25
435.....................................................           10.20
436.....................................................           12.46
437.....................................................           14.53
438.....................................................           16.22
439.....................................................           17.87
440.....................................................           19.74
441.....................................................           21.01
442.....................................................           22.23
443.....................................................           22.62
444.....................................................           23.61
445.....................................................           24.88
446.....................................................           26.15
447.....................................................           26.99
448.....................................................           27.56
449.....................................................           28.18
450.....................................................           28.94
451.....................................................           29.83
452.....................................................           30.78
453.....................................................           31.82
454.....................................................           32.78
455.....................................................           33.24
456.....................................................           33.47
457.....................................................           33.31
458.....................................................           33.08
459.....................................................           32.78
460.....................................................           32.39
461.....................................................           32.13
462.....................................................           31.82
463.....................................................           31.55
464.....................................................           31.25
465.....................................................           30.94
466.....................................................           30.71
467.....................................................           30.56
468.....................................................           30.79
469.....................................................           31.13
470.....................................................           31.55
471.....................................................           31.51
472.....................................................           31.47
473.....................................................           31.44
474.....................................................           31.51
475.....................................................           31.59
476.....................................................           31.67
477.....................................................           32.01
478.....................................................           32.63
479.....................................................           33.39
480.....................................................           34.31
481.....................................................           34.81
482.....................................................           34.20
483.....................................................           32.39
484.....................................................           30.29
485.....................................................           28.56
486.....................................................           26.45
487.....................................................           24.79
488.....................................................           23.12
489.....................................................           20.73
490.....................................................           18.33
491.....................................................           15.72
492.....................................................           13.11
493.....................................................           10.47
494.....................................................            7.82
495.....................................................            5.70
496.....................................................            3.57
497.....................................................            0.92
498.....................................................            0.00
499.....................................................            0.00
500.....................................................            0.00
501.....................................................            0.00
502.....................................................            0.00
503.....................................................            0.00
504.....................................................            0.00
505.....................................................            0.00
506.....................................................            0.00
507.....................................................            0.00
508.....................................................            0.00
509.....................................................            0.00
510.....................................................            0.00
511.....................................................            0.00
512.....................................................            0.00
513.....................................................            0.00
514.....................................................            0.00
515.....................................................            0.00
516.....................................................            0.00
517.....................................................            0.00
518.....................................................            0.00
519.....................................................            0.00
520.....................................................            0.00
521.....................................................            0.00
522.....................................................            0.50
523.....................................................            1.50
524.....................................................            3.00
525.....................................................            4.50
526.....................................................            5.80
527.....................................................            6.52
528.....................................................            6.75
529.....................................................            6.44
530.....................................................            6.17
531.....................................................            6.33
532.....................................................            6.71
533.....................................................            7.40
534.....................................................            7.67
535.....................................................            7.33
536.....................................................            6.71
537.....................................................            6.41
538.....................................................            6.60
539.....................................................            6.56
540.....................................................            5.94
541.....................................................            5.45
542.....................................................            5.87
543.....................................................            6.71
544.....................................................            7.56
545.....................................................            7.59
546.....................................................            7.63
547.....................................................            7.67
548.....................................................            7.67
549.....................................................            7.48
550.....................................................            7.29
551.....................................................            7.29
552.....................................................            7.40
553.....................................................            7.48
554.....................................................            7.52
555.....................................................            7.52
556.....................................................            7.48
557.....................................................            7.44
558.....................................................            7.28
559.....................................................            7.21
560.....................................................            7.09
561.....................................................            7.06
562.....................................................            7.29
563.....................................................            7.75
564.....................................................            8.55
565.....................................................            9.09
566.....................................................           10.04
567.....................................................           11.12
568.....................................................           12.46