238160.................  Roofing Contractors..        1,966        1,966            0      154,053      528,262  ...........       132,056       814,371
238170.................  Siding Contractors...          527          527            0       41,307      141,645  ...........        35,409       218,360
238190.................  Other foundation,              258          258            0       20,228       69,365  ...........        17,340       106,933
                          structure, building,
                          ext.
238210.................  Electrical                     776          776            0            0            0  ...........        52,096        52,096
                          Contractors.
238220.................  Plumbing, Heating and          981          981            0       76,906      263,720  ...........        65,925       406,552
                          Air-conditioning
                          Cont.
238290.................  Other building               4,997        6,663            0      522,103    1,790,341  ...........       447,552     2,759,996
                          equipment cont.
238310.................  Drywall and                      0            0            0            0            0  ...........             0             0
                          insulation
                          contractors.
238320.................  Painting and wall              415          415            0       32,501      111,448  ...........        27,860       171,809
                          covering contractors.
238330.................  Flooring Contractors.            0            0            0            0            0  ...........             0             0
238340.................  Tile and Terrazzo                0            0            0            0            0  ...........             0             0
                          contractors.
238350.................  Finish Carpentry                 0            0            0            0            0  ...........             0             0
                          contractors.
238390.................  Other building                   0            0            0            0            0  ...........             0             0
                          finishing
                          contractors.
238910.................  Site Preparation.....        3,927        3,927            0      307,675    1,055,046  ...........       263,742     1,626,463
                                               ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                         Subtotal.............      160,352      163,463    2,362,911   12,523,682   42,944,942  ...........    10,979,778    68,811,312
                                               ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                            Total.............      210,800      267,032    2,362,911   16,355,077   68,167,112   16,501,911    50,732,589   154,119,600
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: ORA.

                      Table B-10--Annualized Compliance Costs Per Establishments by Sector
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                            Number of     Number of    Annualized
            NAIC                       Industry             affected      affected     compliance     Cost per
                                                              firms        estabs.        cost         estab.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Crane Rental With Operators
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
238990......................  All Other Specialty Trade          1,244         1,304    $2,512,898        $1,927
                               Cont.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                  Crane Rental Without Operators (Bare Rentals)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
532412......................  Const./Min./For. Machine &         2,137         3,702    10,052,732         2,934
                               Equip.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       Own and Rent Cranes With Operators
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115......................  New Single-Family Housing            178           178        72,322           406
                               Const.
236118......................  Residential Remodelers....            25            25        20,467           819
236210......................  Industrial Building                    9            12       270,766        22,564
                               Construction.
236220......................  Commercial and                        23            31       238,109         7,681
                               Institutional Building.
237110......................  Water and Sewer Line and              52            69       523,496         7,587
                               Related Struct.
237120......................  Oil and Gas Pipeline and              20            26       264,693        10,180
                               Related Struct.
237130......................  Power and Communication               34            34       180,887         5,320
                               Line and Rel.
237310......................  Highway, Street, and                  80           107     1,279,134        11,955
                               Bridge Construction.
237990......................  Other Heavy and Civil                 76           101     1,903,569        18,847
                               Engineering Const.
238110......................  Poured Concrete Foundation           261           261     1,096,002         4,199
                               and Struct.
238120......................  Structural Steel and                 200           266     1,690,217         6,354
                               Precast Concrete.
238130......................  Framing Contractors.......            26            26         7,372           284
238150......................  Glass and Glazing                     42            42        47,819         1,139
                               Contractors.
238170......................  Siding Contractors........             5             5         4,584           917
238190......................  Other Foundation,                     49            65       181,212         2,788
                               Structure, and Building.
238210......................  Electrical Contractors....            15            15        19,828         1,322
238220......................  Plumbing, Heating, and Air-            2             3        32,343        10,781
                               Conditioning.
238290......................  Other Building Equipment             113           151       969,116         6,418
                               Contractors.
238320......................  Painting and Wall Covering            21            21        35,552         1,693
                               Contract.
238910......................  Site Preparation                     400           400     1,232,974         3,082
                               Contractors.
                                                         -------------------------------------------------------
                              Subtotal..................         1,630         1,838    10,070,461  ............
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               Own but Do Not Rent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115......................  New Single family housing          3,097         3,097     2,331,245           753
                               construction.
236116......................  New Multifamily housing              217           217       163,597           753
                               construction.
236117......................  New housing operative              1,699         1,699     1,279,042           753
                               builders.
236118......................  Residential Remodelers....           985           985       741,233           753
236210......................  Industrial building                  276           325       244,832           753
                               construction.
236220......................  Commercial and                     4,141         4,141     3,117,387           753
                               Institutional Bldg. Const.
237110......................  Water and Sewer Line Const         1,028         1,371       894,775           653
237120......................  Oil and gas pipeline                 128           171        91,877           538
                               construction.
237130......................  Power and communication              213           285       115,452           406
                               line const.
237210......................  Land subdivision..........             0             0             0             0
237310......................  Highway, street and bridge            88           118        88,484           753
                               const.
237990......................  Other heavy and civil eng.           273           273       205,532           753
238110......................  Poured Concrete foundation           267           267       200,940           753
                               and struct.
238120......................  Structural steel and                 334           334       251,607           753
                               precast concrete.
238130......................  Framing Contractors.......         1,395         1,395     1,050,585           753
238140......................  Masonry Contractors.......           137           137       103,255           753
238150......................  Glass & Glazing                       54            54        40,858           753
                               Contractors.
238160......................  Roofing Contractors.......           197           197       148,013           753
238170......................  Siding Contractors........            53            53        39,668           753
238190......................  Other foundation,                     25            25        19,191           753
                               structure, building, ext.
238210......................  Electrical Contractors....            78            78        31,468           406
238220......................  Plumbing, Heating and Air-            98            98        73,889           753
                               conditioning Cont.
238290......................  Other building equipment              49            65        49,027           753
                               cont.
238310......................  Drywall and insulation                 0             0             0             0
                               contractors.
238320......................  Painting and wall covering            41            41        31,211           753
                               contractors.
238330......................  Flooring Contractors......             0             0             0             0
238340......................  Tile and Terrazzo                      0             0             0             0
                               contractors.
238350......................  Finish Carpentry                       0             0             0             0
                               contractors.
238390......................  Other building finishing               0             0             0             0
                               contractors.
238910......................  Site Preparation..........           389           389       292,601           753
221110......................  Electric Power Generation.           524         2,101     6,730,763         3,204
221120......................  Electric Power                     1,232         7,393    18,687,603         2,528
                               Transmission, Control,
                               Dist.
221210......................  Natural Gas Distribution..           526         2,458     2,446,452           995
321213......................  Engineered Wood Member               132           162       161,239           995
                               (exc Truss) Mfg.
321214......................  Truss Manufacturing.......           902         1,085     1,079,902           995
336611......................  Ship Building and                    575           635       414,265           652
                               Repairing.
339950......................  Sign Manufacturing........         6,291         6,415     2,366,828           369
423310......................  Lumbr, Plywd, Millwork, Wd         6,450         8,715             0             0
                               Pnl Mrchnt Whle.
423330......................  Roofing, Siding, and Insul         1,142         2,762             0             0
                               Material Merch Whle.
423390......................  Other Construction                 2,363         3,155             0             0
                               Material Merchant Whle.

423730......................  Warm Air Heating and Air-          2,533         5,193    10,337,204         1,991
                               Cond. Equip. & Suppl.
444110......................  Home Centers..............         2,553         6,749             0             0
454312......................  Liquefied Petroleum Gas            2,307         5,567     5,540,845           995
                               (Bottled Gas) Dealers.
482110......................  Railroads.................            NA            NA            NA            NA
486210......................  Pipeline Transportation of           127         1,363     1,356,596           995
                               Natural Gas.
517110......................  Wired Telecommunications           2,517        27,159     1,944,733            72
                               Carriers.
                                                         -------------------------------------------------------
                              Subtotal..................        45,436        96,725    62,672,198  ............
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Crane Lessees in the Construction Industry
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115......................  New Single family housing         31,054        31,054    14,140,107           455
                               construction.
236116......................  New Multifamily housing            2,173         2,173       900,116           414
                               construction.
236117......................  New housing operative             16,989        16,989     7,718,535           454
                               builders.
236118......................  Residential Remodelers....         9,848         9,848     4,484,296           455
236210......................  Industrial building                3,264         3,264     1,352,038           414
                               construction.
236220......................  Commercial and                    41,438        41,438    17,164,747           414
                               Institutional Bldg.
                               Construction.
237110......................  Water and Sewer Line Const        13,774        13,774     5,705,566           414
237120......................  Oil and gas pipeline               1,301         1,734       718,270           552
                               construction.
237130......................  Power and communication            2,147         2,862       192,240            90
                               line const.
237210......................  Land subdivision..........             0             0             0            NA
237310......................  Highway, street and bridge           890         1,186       491,273           552
                               const.
237990......................  Other heavy and civil eng.         2,781         2,781     1,151,759           414
238110......................  Poured Concrete foundation         1,348         1,348       558,192           414
                               and struct.
238120......................  Structural steel and               3,608         3,608     1,494,532           414
                               precast concrete.
238130......................  Framing Contractors.......        13,974        13,974     5,788,411           414
238140......................  Masonry Contractors.......         1,372         1,372       568,113           414
238150......................  Glass & Glazing                      547           547       226,541           414
                               Contractors.
238160......................  Roofing Contractors.......         1,966         1,966       814,371           414
238170......................  Siding Contractors........           527           527       218,360           414
238190......................  Other foundation,                    258           258       106,933           414
                               structure, building, ext.
238210......................  Electrical Contractors....           776           776        52,096            67
238220......................  Plumbing, Heating and Air-           981           981       406,552           414
                               conditioning Cont.
238290......................  Other building equipment           4,997         6,663     2,759,996           552
                               cont.
238310......................  Drywall and insulation                 0             0             0            NA
                               contractors.
238320......................  Painting and wall covering           415           415       171,809           414
                               contractors.
238330......................  Flooring Contractors......             0             0             0            NA
238340......................  Tile and Terrazzo                      0             0             0            NA
                               contractors.
238350......................  Finish Carpentry                       0             0             0            NA
                               contractors.
238390......................  Other building finishing               0             0             0            NA
                               contractors.
238910......................  Site Preparation..........         3,927         3,927     1,626,463           414
                                                         -------------------------------------------------------
                              Subtotal..................       160,352       163,463    68,811,312  ............
                                                         -------------------------------------------------------
                              Total.....................       210,800       267,032   154,119,600  ............
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: ORA.

        Table B-11--Estimates of Cranes, Crane Jobs, and Affected Crane Operators for All Establishments
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                  Number of    Number of
          NAIC                  Industry           affected     affected      Total      Crane jobs    Affected
                                                    firms       estabs.       cranes                  operators
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Crane Rental With Operators
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
238990.................  All Other Specialty           1,244        1,304        6,288  ...........        6,288
                          Trade Cont.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                  Crane Rental Without Operators (Bare Rentals)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
532412.................  Const./Min./For.              2,137        3,702       50,735  ...........       12,684
                          Machine & Equip.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       Own and Rent Cranes With Operators
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115.................  New Single-Family               178          178           98          490           98
                          Housing Const.
236118.................  Residential Remodelers           25           25           28          138           28
236210.................  Industrial Building               9           12          366        1,832          366
                          Construction.
236220.................  Commercial and                   23           31          322        1,611          322
                          Institutional
                          Building.
237110.................  Water and Sewer Line             52           69          708        3,542          708
                          and Related Struct.
237120.................  Oil and Gas Pipeline             20           26          358        1,791          358
                          and Related Struct.
237130.................  Power and                        34           34          245        1,224          245
                          Communication Line
                          and Rel.

237310.................  Highway, Street, and             80          107        3,152       15,760        3,152
                          Bridge Construction.
237990.................  Other Heavy and Civil            76          101        2,576       12,879        2,576
                          Engineering Const.
238110.................  Poured Concrete                 261          261        1,483        7,415        1,483
                          Foundation and Struct.
238120.................  Structural Steel and            200          266        2,287       11,436        2,287
                          Precast Concrete.
238130.................  Framing Contractors...           26           26           10           50           10
238150.................  Glass and Glazing                42           42           65          324           65
                          Contractors.
238170.................  Siding Contractors....            5            5            6           31            6
238190.................  Other Foundation,                49           65          245        1,226          245
                          Structure, and
                          Building.
238210.................  Electrical Contractors           15           15           49          244           49
238220.................  Plumbing, Heating, and            2            3           44          219           44
                          Air-Conditioning.
238290.................  Other Building                  113          151        1,311        6,557        1,311
                          Equipment Contractors.
238320.................  Painting and Wall                21           21           48          241           48
                          Covering Contract.
238910.................  Site Preparation                400          400        1,668        8,342        1,668
                          Contractors.
                                                ----------------------------------------------------------------
                         Subtotal..............        1,630        1,838       15,070       75,352       15,070
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               Own But Do Not Rent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115.................  New Single family             3,097        3,097        3,097       15,483        3,097
                          housing construction.
236116.................  New Multifamily                 217          217          217        1,087          217
                          housing construction.
236117.................  New housing operative         1,699        1,699        1,699        8,495        1,699
                          builders.
236118.................  Residential Remodelers          985          985          985        4,923          985
236210.................  Industrial building             276          325          325        1,626          325
                          construction.
236220.................  Commercial and                4,141        4,141        4,141       20,704        4,141
                          Institutional Bldg.
                          Const.
237110.................  Water and Sewer Line          1,028        1,371        1,371        6,853        1,371
                          Const.
237120.................  Oil and gas pipeline            128          171          171          854          171
                          construction.
237130.................  Power and                       213          285          285        1,423          285
                          communication line
                          const.
237210.................  Land subdivision......            0            0            0            0            0
237310.................  Highway, street and              88          118          118          588          118
                          bridge const.
237990.................  Other heavy and civil           273          273          273        1,365          273
                          eng.
238110.................  Poured Concrete                 267          267          267        1,335          267
                          foundation and struct.
238120.................  Structural steel and            334          334          334        1,671          334
                          precast concrete.
238130.................  Framing Contractors...        1,395        1,395        1,395        6,977        1,395
238140.................  Masonry Contractors...          137          137          137          686          137
238150.................  Glass & Glazing                  54           54           54          271           54
                          Contractors.
238160.................  Roofing Contractors...          197          197          197          983          197
238170.................  Siding Contractors....           53           53           53          263           53
238190.................  Other foundation,                25           25           25          127           25
                          structure, building,
                          ext.
238210.................  Electrical Contractors           78           78           78          388           78
238220.................  Plumbing, Heating and            98           98           98          491           98
                          Air-Conditioning Cont.
238290.................  Other building                   49           65           65          326           65
                          equipment cont.
238310.................  Drywall and insulation            0            0            0            0            0
                          contractors.
238320.................  Painting and wall                41           41           41          207           41
                          covering contractors.
238330.................  Flooring Contractors..            0            0            0            0            0
238340.................  Tile and Terrazzo                 0            0            0            0            0
                          contractors.
238350.................  Finish Carpentry                  0            0            0            0            0
                          contractors.
238390.................  Other building                    0            0            0            0            0
                          finishing contractors.
238910.................  Site Preparation......          389          389          389        1,943          389
221110.................  Electric Power                  524        2,101        2,650       13,250        7,950
                          Generation.
221120.................  Electric Power                1,232        7,393        5,670       28,350       17,010
                          Transmission,
                          Control, and
                          Distribution.
221210.................  Natural Gas                     526        2,458        2,458       12,290        2,458
                          Distribution.
321213.................  Engineered Wood Member          132          162          162          810          162
                          (except Truss)
                          Manufacturing.
321214.................  Truss Manufacturing...          902        1,085        1,085        5,425        1,085
336611.................  Ship Building and               575          635          275        1,375          550
                          Repairing.
339950.................  Sign Manufacturing....        6,291        6,415        2,378       11,890        2,378
423310.................  Lumber, Plywood,              6,450        8,715            0            0            0
                          Millwork, and Wood
                          Panel Merchant
                          Wholesalers+B42.
423330.................  Roofing, Siding, and          1,142        2,762            0            0            0
                          Insulation Material
                          Merchant Wholesalers.
423390.................  Other Construction            2,363        3,155            0            0            0
                          Material Merchant
                          Wholesalers.
423730.................  Warm Air Heating and          2,533        5,193       10,386       51,930       10,386
                          Air-Cond. Equip. and
                          Supplies.
444110.................  Home Centers..........        2,553        6,749            0            0            0
454312.................  Liquefied Petroleum           2,307        5,567        5,567       27,835        5,567
                          Gas (Bottled Gas)
                          Dealers.
482110.................  Railroads.............           NA           NA           NA           NA           NA
486210.................  Pipeline                        127        1,363        1,363        6,815        1,363
                          Transportation of
                          Natural Gas.
517110.................  Wired                         2,517       27,159        3,000       15,000        3,000
                          Telecommunications
                          Carriers.
                                                ----------------------------------------------------------------
                         Subtotal..............       45,436       96,725       50,807      254,036       67,722
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                   Crane Lessees in the Construction Industry
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115.................  New Single family            31,054       31,054  ...........      155,270        7,764
                          housing construction.
236116.................  New Multifamily               2,173        2,173  ...........       10,865          543
                          housing construction.
236117.................  New housing operative        16,989       16,989  ...........       84,945        4,247
                          builders.
236118.................  Residential Remodelers        9,848        9,848  ...........       49,240        2,462
236210.................  Industrial building           3,264        3,264  ...........       16,320          816
                          construction.
236220.................  Commercial and               41,438       41,438  ...........      207,190       10,360
                          Institutional Bldg.
                          Construction.
237110.................  Water and Sewer Line         13,774       13,774  ...........       68,870        3,444
                          Const.
237120.................  Oil and gas pipeline          1,301        1,734  ...........        8,670          434
                          construction.
237130.................  Power and                     2,147        2,862  ...........       14,310          716
                          communication line
                          const.
237210.................  Land subdivision......            0            0  ...........            0            0
237310.................  Highway, street and             890        1,186  ...........        5,930          297
                          bridge const.
237990.................  Other heavy and civil         2,781        2,781  ...........       13,903          695
                          eng.
238110.................  Poured Concrete               1,348        1,348  ...........        6,738          337
                          foundation and struct.
238120.................  Structural steel and          3,608        3,608  ...........       18,040          902
                          precast concrete.
238130.................  Framing Contractors...       13,974       13,974  ...........       69,870        3,494
238140.................  Masonry Contractors...        1,372        1,372  ...........        6,858          343
238150.................  Glass & Glazing                 547          547  ...........        2,735          137
                          Contractors.
238160.................  Roofing Contractors...        1,966        1,966  ...........        9,830          492
238170.................  Siding Contractors....          527          527  ...........        2,636          132
238190.................  Other foundation,               258          258  ...........        1,291           65
                          structure, building,
                          ext.
238210.................  Electrical Contractors          776          776  ...........        3,878          194
238220.................  Plumbing, Heating and           981          981  ...........        4,907          245
                          Air-Conditioning Cont.
238290.................  Other building                4,997        6,663  ...........       33,315        1,666
                          equipment cont.
238310.................  Drywall and insulation            0            0  ...........            0            0
                          contractors.
238320.................  Painting and wall               415          415  ...........        2,074          104
                          covering contractors.
238330.................  Flooring Contractors..            0            0  ...........            0            0
238340.................  Tile and Terrazzo                 0            0  ...........            0            0
                          contractors.
238350.................  Finish Carpentry                  0            0  ...........            0            0
                          contractors.
238390.................  Other building                    0            0  ...........            0            0
                          finishing contractors.
238910.................  Site Preparation......        3,927        3,927  ...........       19,633          982
                                                ----------------------------------------------------------------
                         Subtotal..............      160,352      163,463  ...........      817,315       40,866
                                                ----------------------------------------------------------------
                            Total..............      210,800      267,032      122,901    1,146,703      142,630
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: ORA.
 U.S. Census Bureau data.

7. Economic Feasibility and Impacts
    This section presents OSHA's analysis of the potential economic
impacts of the final standard and an assessment of its economic
feasibility. A separate analysis of the potential economic impacts on
small entities (as defined by the Small Business Administration) and on
very small entities (employers with fewer than 20 employees) is
presented in the following section as part of the Final Regulatory
Flexibility Analysis, conducted in accordance with the Regulatory
Flexibility Act.
    A standard is economically feasible if it does not threaten massive
dislocation to an industry or imperil its existence. (See United
Steelworkers v. Marshall, 647 F.2d 1189 (DC Cit. 1980).) The court also
found that a standard that is financially burdensome or threatens the
survival of some companies in an industry is not sufficient to render
it infeasible. Further, the cost of compliance with an OSHA standard
must be analyzed ``in relation to the financial health and
profitability of the industry and the likely effect of such costs on
unit consumer prices.'' Id. The court also found that ``the practical
question is whether the standard threatens the competitive stability of
an industry, or whether any intra-industry or inter-industry
discrimination in the standard might wreck such stability or lead to
undue concentration.'' Id.
    To assess the potential economic impacts of the final rule, OSHA
compared the anticipated costs of achieving compliance against revenues
and profits of establishments affected by the rule. This screening
analysis is presented in Table B-12. This table is considered a
screening analysis because it measures costs as a percent of pre-tax
profits and revenues, but does not predict impacts on pre-tax profits
and sales. This screening analysis is used to determine whether the
compliance costs potentially associated with the standard would lead to
significant impacts on establishments in the affected industries. The
actual impact of the standard on the profits and revenues of
establishments in a given industry will depend on the price elasticity
of demand for the services sold by establishments in that industry.
    Price elasticity refers to the relationship between the price
charged for a service and the demand for that service; the more elastic
the relationship, the less able an establishment is to pass the costs
of compliance through to its customers in the form of a price increase,
and the more it will have to absorb the costs of compliance in the form
of reduced profits. In general, ``when an industry is subject to a
higher cost, it does not simply swallow it, it raises its price and
reduces its output, and in this way shifts a part of the cost to its
consumers and a part to its suppliers.'' American

Dental Association v. Secretary of Labor, 984 F.2d 823, 829 (7th Cir.
1993).

                              Table B-12--Estimates of Economic Impacts for Affected Establishments Across Industry Sectors
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                      Affected              Avg.         Avg.
                                                             --------------------------   revenues   profits per    Cost per     Cost as a    Cost as a
             NAIC                         Industry                                       per estab.     estab.       estab.     percent of    percent of
                                                                 Firms       Estabs.      ($1,000)     ($1,000)                  revenues      profits
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Crane Rental With Operators
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
238990........................  All Other Specialty Trade           1,244        1,304        1,918           79        1,927         0.10          2.45
                                 Cont.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                      Crane Rental Without Operators (Bare Rentals)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
532412........................  Const./Min./For. Machine &          2,137        3,702        2,258          145        2,934         0.13          2.02
                                 Equip.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Own and Rent Cranes With Operators
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115........................  New Single-Family Housing             178          178          220           10          406         0.18          3.95
                                 Const.
236118........................  Residential Remodelers......           25           25          443           21          819         0.18          3.95
236210........................  Industrial Building                     9           12       12,213          571       22,564         0.18          3.95
                                 Construction.
236220........................  Commercial and Institutional           23           31        4,157          194        7,681         0.18          3.95
                                 Building.
237110........................  Water and Sewer Line and               52           69        4,107          214        7,587         0.18          3.54
                                 Related Struct.
237120........................  Oil and Gas Pipeline and               20           26        5,510          288       10,180         0.18          3.54
                                 Related Struct.
237130........................  Power and Communication Line           34           34        2,880          150        5,320         0.18          3.54
                                 and Rel.
237310........................  Highway, Street, and Bridge            80          107       11,783          615       11,955         0.10          1.94
                                 Construction.
237990........................  Other Heavy and Civil                  76          101       10,201          533       18,847         0.18          3.54
                                 Engineering Const.
238110........................  Poured Concrete Foundation            261          261        2,273          101        4,199         0.18          4.18
                                 and Struct.
238120........................  Structural Steel and Precast          200          266        3,439          152        6,354         0.18          4.18
                                 Concrete.
238130........................  Framing Contractors.........           26           26          153            7          284         0.18          4.18
238150........................  Glass and Glazing                      42           42          616           27        1,139         0.18          4.18
                                 Contractors.
238170........................  Siding Contractors..........            5            5          496           22          917         0.18          4.18
238190........................  Other Foundation, Structure,           49           65        1,509           67        2,788         0.18          4.18
                                 and Building.
238210........................  Electrical Contractors......           15           15        1,303           56        1,322         0.10          2.35
238220........................  Plumbing, Heating, and Air-             2            3        5,835          225       10,781         0.18          4.79
                                 Conditioning.
238290........................  Other Building Equipment              113          151        3,474          154        6,418         0.18          4.18
                                 Contractors.
238320........................  Painting and Wall Covering             21           21          916           41        1,693         0.18          4.18
                                 Contract.
238910........................  Site Preparation Contractors          400          400        1,668           76        3,082         0.18          4.05
                                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                Subtotal....................        1,630        1,838  ...........  ...........  ...........  ............  ...........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   Own but Do Not Rent
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115........................  New Single family housing           3,097        3,097        1,520           71          753         0.05          1.06
                                 construction.
236116........................  New Multifamily housing               217          217        5,477          256          753         0.01          0.29
                                 construction.
236117........................  New housing operative               1,699        1,699        6,021          281          753         0.01          0.27
                                 builders.
236118........................  Residential Remodelers......          985          985          646           30          753         0.12          2.49
236210........................  Industrial building                   276          325        5,931          277          753         0.01          0.27
                                 construction.
236220........................  Commercial and Institutional        4,141        4,141        7,177          335          753         0.01          0.22
                                 Bldg. Const.
237110........................  Water and Sewer Line Const..        1,028        1,371        3,239          169          653         0.02          0.39

237120........................  Oil and gas pipeline                  128          171        9,189          480          538         0.01          0.11
                                 construction.
237130........................  Power and communication line          213          285        5,581          291          406         0.01          0.14
                                 const.
237210........................  Land subdivision............            0            0        2,878          318            0         0.00          0.00
237310........................  Highway, street and bridge             88          118        8,279          432          753         0.01          0.17
                                 const.
237990........................  Other heavy and civil eng...          273          273        3,965          207          753         0.02          0.36
238110........................  Poured Concrete foundation            267          267        1,682           74          753         0.04          1.01
                                 and struct.
238120........................  Structural steel and precast          334          334        2,712          120          753         0.03          0.63
                                 concrete.
238130........................  Framing Contractors.........        1,395        1,395          936           41          753         0.08          1.82
238140........................  Masonry Contractors.........          137          137          876           39          753         0.09          1.94
238150........................  Glass & Glazing Contractors.           54           54        1,470           65          753         0.05          1.16
238160........................  Roofing Contractors.........          197          197        1,390           61          753         0.05          1.22
238170........................  Siding Contractors..........           53           53          580           26          753         0.13          2.94
238190........................  Other foundation, structure,           25           25        1,013           45          753         0.07          1.68
                                 building, ext.
238210........................  Electrical Contractors......           78           78        1,321           57          406         0.03          0.71
238220........................  Plumbing, Heating and Air-             98           98        1,473           57          753         0.05          1.32
                                 conditioning Cont.
238290........................  Other building equipment               49           65        2,959          131          753         0.03          0.58
                                 cont.
238310........................  Drywall and insulation                  0            0        1,751           77            0         0.00          0.00
                                 contractors.
238320........................  Painting and wall covering             41           41          530           23          753         0.14          3.21
                                 contractors.
238330........................  Flooring Contractors........            0            0          811           36            0         0.00          0.00
238340........................  Tile and Terrazzo                       0            0          698           31            0         0.00          0.00
                                 contractors.
238350........................  Finish Carpentry contractors            0            0          678           30            0         0.00          0.00
238390........................  Other building finishing                0            0        1,091           48            0         0.00          0.00
                                 contractors.
238910........................  Site Preparation............          389          389        1,416           65          753         0.05          1.16
221110........................  Electric Power Generation...          524        2,101       43,042        1,911        3,204         0.01          0.17
221120........................  Electric Power Transmission,        1,232        7,393       37,443        1,662        2,528         0.01          0.15
                                 Control, Dist.
221210........................  Natural Gas Distribution....          526        2,458       30,459          907          995         0.00          0.11
321213........................  Engineered Wood Member (exc           132          162       19,027          737          995         0.01          0.14
                                 Truss) Mfg.
321214........................  Truss Manufacturing.........          902        1,085        5,972          231          995         0.02          0.43
336611........................  Ship Building and Repairing.          575          635       23,071        1,406          652         0.00          0.05
339950........................  Sign Manufacturing..........        6,291        6,415        1,761          103          369         0.02          0.36
423310........................  Lumbr, Plywd, Millwork, Wd          6,450        8,715       14,905          430            0         0.00          0.00
                                 Pnl Mrchnt Whle.
423330........................  Roofing, Siding, and Insul          1,142        2,762        8,985          259            0         0.00          0.00
                                 Material Merch Whle.
423390........................  Other Construction Material         2,363        3,155        4,859          140            0         0.00          0.00
                                 Merchant Whle.
423730........................  Warm Air Heating and Air-           2,533        5,193        5,413          167        1,991         0.04          1.19
                                 Cond. Equip. & Suppl.
444110........................  Home Centers................        2,553        6,749       21,816        1,679            0         0.00          0.00
454312........................  Liquefied Petroleum Gas             2,307        5,567        1,698           72          995         0.06          1.39
                                 (Bottled Gas) Dealers.
482110........................  Railroads...................           NA           NA           NA           NA           NA        NA               NA
486210........................  Pipeline Transportation of            127        1,363       15,037        1,990          995         0.01          0.05
                                 Natural Gas.

517110........................  Wired Telecommunications            2,517       27,159        7,294          518           72         0.00          0.01
                                 Carriers.
                                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                Subtotal....................       45,436       96,725  ...........  ...........  ...........  ............  ...........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       Crane Lessees in the Construction Industry
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115........................  New Single family housing          31,054       31,054        3,040          142          455         0.01          0.32
                                 construction.
236116........................  New Multifamily housing             2,173        2,173       10,954          512          414         0.00          0.08
                                 construction.
236117........................  New housing operative              16,989       16,989       12,041          563          454         0.00          0.08
                                 builders.
236118........................  Residential Remodelers......        9,848        9,848        6,456          302          455         0.01          0.15
236210........................  Industrial building                 3,264        3,264        5,931          277          414         0.01          0.15
                                 construction.
236220........................  Commercial and Institutional       41,438       41,438        7,177          335          414         0.01          0.12
                                 Bldg. Construction.
237110........................  Water and Sewer Line Const..       13,774       13,774        3,239          169          414         0.01          0.24
237120........................  Oil and gas pipeline                1,301        1,734        9,189          480          552         0.01          0.12
                                 construction.
237130........................  Power and communication line        2,147        2,862       11,163          583           90         0.00          0.02
                                 const.
237210........................  Land subdivision............            0            0            0            0           NA         0.00          0.00
237310........................  Highway, street and bridge            890        1,186       82,791        4,323          552         0.00          0.01
                                 const.
237990........................  Other heavy and civil eng...        2,781        2,781        7,931          414          414         0.01          0.10
238110........................  Poured Concrete foundation          1,348        1,348       33,636        1,487          414         0.00          0.03
                                 and struct.
238120........................  Structural steel and precast        3,608        3,608        2,712          120          414         0.02          0.35
                                 concrete.
238130........................  Framing Contractors.........       13,974       13,974        1,249           55          414         0.03          0.75
238140........................  Masonry Contractors.........        1,372        1,372       17,527          775          414         0.00          0.05
238150........................  Glass & Glazing Contractors.          547          547       14,698          650          414         0.00          0.06
238160........................  Roofing Contractors.........        1,966        1,966       13,903          615          414         0.00          0.07
238170........................  Siding Contractors..........          527          527       11,596          513          414         0.00          0.08
238190........................  Other foundation, structure,          258          258       20,266          896          414         0.00          0.05
                                 building, ext.
238210........................  Electrical Contractors......          776          776      132,128        5,714           67         0.00          0.00
238220........................  Plumbing, Heating and Air-            981          981      147,307        5,685          414         0.00          0.01
                                 conditioning Cont.
238290........................  Other building equipment            4,997        6,663        2,959          131          552         0.02          0.42
                                 cont.
238310........................  Drywall and insulation                  0            0            0            0           NA         0.00          0.00
                                 contractors.
238320........................  Painting and wall covering            415          415       52,995        2,343          414         0.00          0.02
                                 contractors.
238330........................  Flooring Contractors........            0            0            0            0           NA         0.00          0.00
238340........................  Tile and Terrazzo                       0            0            0            0           NA         0.00          0.00
                                 contractors.
238350........................  Finish Carpentry contractors            0            0            0            0           NA         0.00          0.00
238390........................  Other building finishing                0            0            0            0           NA         0.00          0.00
                                 contractors.
238910........................  Site Preparation............        3,927        3,927       14,164          647          414         0.003         0.06
                                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                Subtotal....................      160,352      163,463  ...........  ...........  ...........         0.05          1.17
                                                             -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Total....................      210,800      267,032  ...........  ...........  ...........  ............  ...........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: U.S. Census Bureau data.
 Country Business Patters, 2006; Statistics of U.S. Businesses 2006.
 Internal Revenue Service, Source Book, profit rates over 2000-2006.

    In the extreme, if demand is perfectly inelastic (i.e., the price
elasticity is 0), then the expected impact of compliance costs equal to
1 percent of revenues would be a 1 percent increase in the price of the
product or service, with no decline in demand or profit. Such a
situation would be most likely when there are few, if any, substitutes
for the product or service offered by the affected sector or if the
products or services of the affected sector account only for a small
portion of the income of its consumers. On the other hand, if demand is
perfectly elastic (i.e., the price elasticity is infinitely large),
then no increase in price is possible, and before-tax profits would be
reduced by an amount equal to the costs of compliance (minus any cost
savings resulting from compliance, such as improved worker health and
reduced insurance costs). Under this scenario, if the costs of
compliance represent a large percentage of the sector's profits, some
establishments might be forced to close. This scenario is highly
unlikely to occur, however, because it can only arise when there are
other goods and services that are, in the eye of the consumer, perfect
substitutes for the goods and services the affected establishments
produce or provide.
    A common intermediate case would be a price elasticity of one. In
this situation, if the costs of compliance amount to 1 percent of
revenues, then production would decline by 1 percent and prices would
rise by 1 percent. The sector would be expected to remain in business
and maintain a comparable profit rate as before implementation of the
standard, but would produce 1 percent less of its services. Consumers
would effectively absorb the costs through a combination of increased
prices and reduced consumption; this, as the court described in ADA v.
Secretary of Labor, is the more typical case.
    Table B-12 presents estimates for the number of affected
establishments, average establishment revenues and profits, and average
establishment costs for each affected industry sector. Economic impacts
in the table (the two right-most columns) are represented by two
ratios: Of average establishment costs to revenues, and of costs to
profits.
    The average (unweighted) cost of the final standard per
establishment is about $560 annually. As is evident from the data and
estimates in Table B-12, average establishment costs of compliance for
the final standard are not large in relation to the corresponding
average establishment revenues and profits in each of the industry
sectors. The estimated per establishment cost of compliance represents
less than 0.2 percent (or 0.002) of average establishment revenues for
all affected sectors. In most sectors it is lower. The average cost as
a percentage of revenues across all sectors is 0.05 percent (0.0005).
    The impact of the final standard measured by the ratio of costs to
profits varies across the affected sectors. Among the sectors in the
Crane Lessees sector, which includes about 163,000 of the 267,000
affected establishments; in this sector, employers, on average, are
expected to have costs that represent about 1 percent of profits.
Within the sector of employers Own but Do Not Rent, affected
establishments in 14 of the 46 sectors have average costs as a percent
of profits of 1 percent or higher (from 1 to 3 percent); this impact of
costs as a percentage of profits is relatively low.
    In the two sectors that are most intensively involved in crane use,
Crane Rental with Operators (employers primarily in the crane rental
business) and Crane Rental without Operators (bare rentals), estimated
costs are about 2 percent of profits. In the Own and Rent Cranes with
Operators sectors, costs as a percentage of profits are estimated at
about 4 percent. Because these employers both own and use cranes, as
well as rent them, the cost model estimates significantly higher
average establishment costs for them--even in relation to the sectors
involved primarily in crane rentals. In addition, as noted above for
the Own but Do Not Rent sector, most employers in these sectors are
quite small, with only a few employees, and a relatively small fraction
of employers in the sectors that own cranes. Consequently, average
establishment revenues and profits may be lower for the average
establishment than for establishments that own cranes. If so, the cost
as a percentage of profits overestimates that impact for affected
establishments.
    The Agency concludes that the final standard is economically
feasible for the affected industries. As described above, a standard is
economically feasible if there is a reasonable likelihood that the
estimated costs of compliance ``will not threaten the existence or
competitive structure of an industry, even if it does portend disaster
for some marginal firms.'' United Steelworkers of America v. Marshall,
647 F.2d 1189, 1272 (DC Cir. 1980). The potential impacts on employer
costs associated with achieving compliance with the final standard fall
well within the bounds of economic feasibility in each industry sector.
Costs of 0.2 percent of revenues and 4 percent of profits will not
threaten the existence of the construction industry, affected general
industry sectors, or the use of cranes in affected industry sectors.
OSHA does not expect compliance with the requirements of the final
standard to threaten the viability of employers or the competitive
structure of any of the affected industry sectors. When viewed in the
larger context of the construction sector, an increase in costs of
$148.2 million a year is effectively negligible, and will have no
noticeable effect on the demand for construction services. Even when
viewed as an increase in the costs of using cranes, an increase in the
cost of rentals services of 0.2 percent will not cause the construction
industry to forego the use of cranes and, thus, put crane leasing firms
out of business.
    For several reasons, the Agency believes that the impact of
compliance costs will be less than estimates in Table B-12. For the
affected construction sectors, the economic impact of the final
standard is most likely to consist of a very small increase in prices
for construction projects involving work with cranes (0.2 percent or
less, depending on the sector). Crane rental companies, all of which
must incur the costs of compliance unless they are already in
compliance, should be able to pass through costs to lessees. The
additional costs of crane safety measures are extremely small in
relation to the value of construction, and there are no economic
substitutes, or alternatives, to the use of cranes in construction. It
is unlikely that a price increase of this magnitude would significantly
alter the services demanded by the public or any other affected
customers or intermediaries. If the compliance costs of the final
standard are substantially recouped with an increase in rental prices,
there would be little effect on profits. Impacts on all affected
general industry sectors are slight, and far below any test of economic
feasibility.
    Given the small incremental increases in prices potentially
resulting from compliance with the final standard, and the lack of
readily available substitutes for the products and services provided by
the covered construction and general industry sectors, demand is
expected to be sufficiently inelastic in each affected industry to
enable entities to substantially offset compliance costs through minor
price increases without experiencing any significant reduction in
revenues or profits.

Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act, as amended in 1996, requires the
preparation of a Final Regulatory

Flexibility Analysis (FRFA) for specified proposed rules (5 U.S.C. 601-
612). Under the provisions of the law, each such analysis must contain:
    (1) A description of the impact of the rule on small entities;
    (2) A succinct statement of the need for, and objectives of, the
rule;
    (3) A summary of the significant issues raised by the public
comments in response to the initial regulatory flexibility analysis, a
summary of the assessment of the agency of such issues, and a statement
of any changes made in the proposed rule as a result of such comments;
    (4) A description of and an estimate of the number of small
entities to which the rule will apply or an explanation of why no such
estimate is available; and
    (5) A description of the projected reporting, recordkeeping and
other compliance requirements of the rule, including an estimate of the
classes of small entities which will be subject to the requirement and
the type of professional skills necessary for preparation of the report
or record.
1. Impact of the Final Rule on Small Entities
    OSHA has analyzed the potential impact of the final standard on
small entities. The total annual cost of compliance with the final for
small entities is estimated to be $101 million, as shown by industry in
Table B-13. The costs per establishment in the table are identical in
several sectors because the cost model assumed that, on average, the
number of cranes, operators, and crane jobs were the same for each
affected establishment. In the crane-rental sectors, the Agency had
rental income data for each sector and estimated the number of cranes
owned per establishment for each sector. Different sizes of firms with
different numbers of cranes in the rental sectors resulted in per
establishment (average) costs varying by industry NAICS.

            Table B-13--Annualized Compliance Costs for SBA Defined Small Entities by Major Category
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                Annualized
                                       Industry               Firms        Estabs.     compliance     Cost per
                                                                                costs        estab.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                           Crane Rental With Operators
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
238990......................  All Other Specialty Trade          1,231         1,286    $1,991,485        $1,618
                               Cont.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                  Crane Rental Without Operators (Bare Rentals)
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
532412......................  Const./Min./For. Machine &         1,782         3,018       309,609           103
                               Equip.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                       Own and Rent Cranes With Operators
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115......................  New Single-Family Housing            178           178        72,322           406
                               Const.
236118......................  Residential Remodelers....            25            25        20,467           819
236210......................  Industrial Building                    9            12       270,766        22,564
                               Construction.
236220......................  Commercial and                        23            31       238,109         7,681
                               Institutional Building.
237110......................  Water and Sewer Line and              52            69       523,496         7,587
                               Related Struct.
237120......................  Oil and Gas Pipeline and              20            26       264,693        10,180
                               Related Struct.
237130......................  Power and Communication               34            34       180,887         5,320
                               Line and Rel.
237310......................  Highway, Street, and                  80           107     1,279,134        11,955
                               Bridge Construction.
237990......................  Other Heavy and Civil                 76           101     1,903,569        18,847
                               Engineering Const.
238110......................  Poured Concrete Foundation           261           261     1,096,002         4,199
                               and Struct.
238120......................  Structural Steel and                 200           266     1,690,217         6,354
                               Precast Concrete.
238130......................  Framing Contractors.......            26            26         7,372           284
238150......................  Glass and Glazing                     42            42        47,819         1,139
                               Contractors.
238170......................  Siding Contractors........             5             5         4,584           917
238190......................  Other Foundation,                     49            65       181,212         2,788
                               Structure, and Building.
238210......................  Electrical Contractors....            15            15        19,828         1,322
238220......................  Plumbing, Heating, and Air-            2             3        32,343        10,781
                               Conditioning.
238290......................  Other Building Equipment             113           151       969,116         6,418
                               Contractors.
238320......................  Painting and Wall Covering            21            21        35,552         1,693
                               Contract.
238910......................  Site Preparation                     400           400     1,232,974         3,082
                               Contractors.
                                                         -------------------------------------------------------
                              Subtotal..................         1,630         1,838    10,070,461  ............
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                               Own but Do Not Rent
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115......................  New Single family housing          2,905         2,905     2,151,333           741
                               construction.
236116......................  New Multifamily housing              213           213       157,700           741
                               construction.
236117......................  New housing operative              1,263         1,263       935,573           741
                               builders.
236118......................  Residential Remodelers....           825           825       610,894           741
236210......................  Industrial building                  223           262       194,098           741
                               construction.
236220......................  Commercial and                     3,614         3,614     2,676,568           741
                               Institutional Bldg. Const.
237110......................  Water and Sewer Line Const           917         1,223       905,470           741
237120......................  Oil and gas pipeline                  98           131        96,790           741
                               construction.
237130......................  Power and communication              219           291       114,664           393
                               line const.
237210......................  Land subdivision..........             0             0             0             0
237310......................  Highway, street and bridge            69            93        68,575           741
                               const.
237990......................  Other heavy and civil eng.           511           511       378,643           741
238110......................  Poured Concrete foundation           108           108        79,805           741
                               and struct.
238120......................  Structural steel and                 394           394       291,554           741
                               precast concrete.
238130......................  Framing Contractors.......         1,060         1,060       785,316           741

238140......................  Masonry Contractors.......           128           128        94,975           741
238150......................  Glass & Glazing                       48            48        35,872           741
                               Contractors.
238160......................  Roofing Contractors.......           230           230       170,275           741
238170......................  Siding Contractors........            33            33        24,105           741
238190......................  Other foundation,                      7             7         5,273           741
                               structure, building, ext.
238210......................  Electrical Contractors....            60            60        23,612           393
238220......................  Plumbing, Heating and Air-            86            86        63,721           741
                               conditioning Cont.
238290......................  Other building equipment              33            44        32,355           741
                               cont.
238310......................  Drywall and insulation                 0             0             0             0
                               contractors.
238320......................  Painting and wall covering            37            37        27,267           741
                               contractors.
238330......................  Flooring Contractors......             0             0             0             0
238340......................  Tile and Terrazzo                      0             0             0             0
                               contractors.
238350......................  Finish Carpentry                       0             0             0             0
                               contractors.
238390......................  Other building finishing               0             0             0             0
                               contractors.
238910......................  Site Preparation..........           262           262       194,105           741
221110......................  Electric Power Generation.           293           301        73,588           244
221120......................  Electric Power                       337           358       112,369           314
                               Transmission, Control,
                               and Distribution.
221210......................  Natural Gas Distribution..           442           591       255,619           433
321213......................  Engineered Wood Member               121           127        59,770           471
                               (except Truss)
                               Manufacturing.
321214......................  Truss Manufacturing.......           871           914       744,121           814
336611......................  Ship Building and                    575           635       410,878           647
                               Repairing.
339950......................  Sign Manufacturing........         6,261         6,339       245,747            39
423310......................  Lumber, Plywood, Millwork,         5,971         6,326             0             0
                               and Wood Panel Merchant
                               Wholesalers.
423330......................  Roofing, Siding, and               1,025         1,173             0             0
                               Insulation Material
                               Merchant Wholesalers.
423390......................  Other Construction                 2,181         2,296             0             0
                               Material Merchant
                               Wholesalers.
423730......................  Warm Air Heating and Air-          2,364         2,958     4,851,281         1,640
                               Cond. Equip. and Supplies.
444110......................  Home Centers..............         2,409         2,575             0             0
454312......................  Liquefied Petroleum Gas            2,044         2,317     2,460,790         1,062
                               (Bottled Gas) Dealers.
482110......................  Railroads.................            NA            NA            NA            NA
486210......................  Pipeline Transportation of            65            66        14,333           217
                               Natural Gas.
517110......................  Wired Telecommunications           2,517        27,159     1,907,788            70
                               Carriers.
                                                         -------------------------------------------------------
                              Subtotal..................        32,430        59,267    21,254,828  ............
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                   Crane Lessees in the Construction Industry
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115......................  New Single family housing         31,038        31,038    14,133,479           455
                               construction.
236116......................  New Multifamily housing            2,086         2,086       864,078           414
                               construction.
236117......................  New housing operative             16,562        16,562     7,541,453           455
                               builders.
236118......................  Residential Remodelers....         9,846         9,846     4,483,343           455
236210......................  Industrial building                3,000         3,000     1,242,682           414
                               construction.
236220......................  Commercial and                    40,530        40,530    16,788,629           414
                               Institutional Bldg.
                               Construction.
237110......................  Water and Sewer Line Const        13,715        13,715     5,681,126           414
237120......................  Oil and gas pipeline               1,667         1,667       690,517           414
                               construction.
237130......................  Power and communication            2,811         2,811       188,781            67
                               line const.
237210......................  Land subdivision..........             0             0             0            NA
237310......................  Highway, street and bridge         1,114         1,114       461,532           414
                               const.
237990......................  Other heavy and civil eng.         2,760         2,760     1,143,060           414
238110......................  Poured Concrete foundation        13,273        13,273     5,498,038           414
                               and struct.
238120......................  Structural steel and               3,487         3,487     1,444,410           414
                               precast concrete.
238130......................  Framing Contractors.......        13,779        13,779     5,707,637           414
238140......................  Masonry Contractors.......         1,368         1,368       566,539           414
238150......................  Glass & Glazing                      542           542       224,387           414
                               Contractors.
238160......................  Roofing Contractors.......         1,945         1,945       805,589           414
238170......................  Siding Contractors........           526           526       217,821           414
238190......................  Other foundation,                    256           256       106,104           414
                               structure, building, ext.
238210......................  Electrical Contractors....           765           765        51,356            67
238220......................  Plumbing, Heating and Air-           970           970       401,941           414
                               conditioning Cont.
238290......................  Other building equipment             644           644       266,845           414
                               cont.
238310......................  Drywall and insulation                 0             0             0            NA
                               contractors.
238320......................  Painting and wall covering           414           414       171,627           414
                               contractors.
238330......................  Flooring Contractors......             0             0             0            NA
238340......................  Tile and Terrazzo                      0             0             0            NA
                               contractors.
238350......................  Finish Carpentry                       0             0             0            NA
                               contractors.
238390......................  Other building finishing               0             0             0            NA
                               contractors.
238910......................  Site Preparation..........         3,889         3,889     1,610,805           414
                                                         -------------------------------------------------------
                              Subtotal..................       166,985       166,985    70,291,778
                                                         -------------------------------------------------------

                              Total.....................       204,058       232,394   103,918,161
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: ORA.
 U.S. Census Bureau data.
 Country Business Patters, 2006; Statistics of U.S. Businesses 2006.
 Statistics of U.S. Business (SUSB).

    To assess the potential economic impact of the proposal on small
entities, OSHA calculated the ratios of compliance costs to profits and
to revenues. These impacts are presented for each affected industry in
Table B-14. OSHA expects that, among small entities potentially
affected by the proposal, the average increase in prices necessary to
completely offset the compliance costs is 0.06 percent. The average
price increase necessary to completely offset compliance costs would
not exceed 0.18 percent among small entities in any industry. Only to
the extent that such price increases are not possible would there be
any effect on the average profits of small entities. Even in the
unlikely event that no costs could be passed through, the compliance
costs could be completely absorbed through an average reduction in
profits of 1.2 percent. In most affected industries, the compliance
costs, without any pass-through, could be completely absorbed through
an average reduction in profits of less than 1 percent; the reduction
would be no more than 5.0 percent in any of the affected industries.
    To further ensure that potential impacts on small entities were
fully analyzed and considered, OSHA also separately examined the
potential impacts of the final standard on very small entities, defined
as employers with fewer than 20 employees. To assess the potential
economic impact of the final standard on very small entities, OSHA
calculated the ratios of compliance costs to profits and to revenues.
These ratios are presented for each affected industry in Table B-15.
OSHA expects that among very small entities potentially affected by the
final standard, the average increase in prices necessary to completely
offset the compliance costs would be 0.08 percent (less than 1
percent). Only to the extent that such price increases are not
possible, would there be any effect on the average profits of very
small entities. Even in the unlikely event that no costs could be
passed through, the compliance costs could be completely absorbed
through an average reduction in profits of 1.68 percent among affected
very small entities.

                                     Table B-14--Economic Impacts for SBA Defined Small Entities by Major Categories
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                Avg.
                                                                                Avg. rev's  profits per    Cost per    Cost as a    Cost as a
               0                           Industry               Firms       Estabs.     per estab.     estab.       estab.     percent of   percent of
                                                                                ($1,000)     ($1,000)                  revenues     profits
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Crane Rental with Operators
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
238990........................  All Other Specialty Trade            1,231        1,286        1,550           71        1,618         0.10         2.29
                                 Cont.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                      Crane Rental without Operators (Bare Rentals)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
532412........................  Const./Min./For. Machine &           1,782        3,018          482           31          103         0.13         2.02
                                 Equip.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Own and Rent Cranes with Operators
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115........................  New Single-Family Housing              178          178          220           10          406         0.18         3.95
                                 Const.
236118........................  Residential Remodelers.......           25           25          443           21          819         0.18         3.95
236210........................  Industrial Building                      9           12       12,213          571       22,564         0.18         3.95
                                 Construction.
236220........................  Commercial and Institutional            23           31        4,157          194        7,681         0.18         3.95
                                 Building.
237110........................  Water and Sewer Line and                52           69        4,107          214        7,587         0.18         3.54
                                 Related Struct.
237120........................  Oil and Gas Pipeline and                20           26        5,510          288       10,180         0.18         3.54
                                 Related Struct.
237130........................  Power and Communication Line            34           34        2,880          150        5,320         0.18         3.54
                                 and Rel.
237310........................  Highway, Street, and Bridge             80          107       11,783          615       11,955         0.10         1.94
                                 Construction.
237990........................  Other Heavy and Civil                   76          101       10,201          533       18,847         0.18         3.54
                                 Engineering Const.
238110........................  Poured Concrete Foundation             261          261        2,273          101        4,199         0.18         4.18
                                 and Struct.
238120........................  Structural Steel and Precast           200          266        3,439          152        6,354         0.18         4.18
                                 Concrete.
238130........................  Framing Contractors..........           26           26          153            7          284         0.18         4.18

238150........................  Glass and Glazing Contractors           42           42          616           27        1,139         0.18         4.18
238170........................  Siding Contractors...........            5            5          496           22          917         0.18         4.18
238190........................  Other Foundation, Structure,            49           65        1,509           67        2,788         0.18         4.18
                                 and Building.
238210........................  Electrical Contractors.......           15           15        1,303           56        1,322         0.10         2.35
238220........................  Plumbing, Heating, and Air-              2            3        5,835          225       10,781         0.18         4.79
                                 Conditioning.
238290........................  Other Building Equipment               113          151        3,474          154        6,418         0.18         4.18
                                 Contractors.
238320........................  Painting and Wall Covering              21           21          916           41        1,693         0.18         4.18
                                 Contract.
238910........................  Site Preparation Contractors.          400          400        1,668           76        3,082         0.18         4.05
                                                              ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                Subtotal.....................        1,630        1,838  ...........  ...........  ...........  ...........  ...........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   Own but Do Not Rent
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115........................  New Single family housing            2,905        2,905        1,000           47          741         0.07         1.58
                                 construction.
236116........................  New Multifamily housing                213          213        3,400          159          741         0.02         0.47
                                 construction.
236117........................  New housing operative                1,263        1,263        5,104          239          741         0.01         0.31
                                 builders.
236118........................  Residential Remodelers.......          825          825          543           25          741         0.14         2.92
236210........................  Industrial building                    223          262        2,570          120          741         0.03         0.62
                                 construction.
236220........................  Commercial and Institutional         3,614        3,614        3,661          171          741         0.02         0.43
                                 Bldg. Const.
237110........................  Water and Sewer Line Const...          917        1,223        2,324          121          741         0.03         0.61
237120........................  Oil and gas pipeline                    98          131        3,743          195          741         0.02         0.38
                                 construction.
237130........................  Power and communication line           219          291        4,656          243          393         0.01         0.16
                                 const.
237210........................  Land subdivision.............            0            0            0            0            0         0.00         0.00
237310........................  Highway, street and bridge              69           93        3,225          168          741         0.02         0.44
                                 const.
237990........................  Other heavy and civil eng....          511          511        1,500           78          741         0.05         0.95
238110........................  Poured Concrete foundation             108          108        1,000           44          741         0.07         1.67
                                 and struct.
238120........................  Structural steel and precast           394          394        1,425           63          741         0.05         1.18
                                 concrete.
238130........................  Framing Contractors..........        1,060        1,060          798           35          741         0.09         2.10
238140........................  Masonry Contractors..........          128          128          675           30          741         0.11         2.48
238150........................  Glass & Glazing Contractors..           48           48          900           40          741         0.08         1.86
238160........................  Roofing Contractors..........          230          230          801           35          741         0.09         2.09
238170........................  Siding Contractors...........           33           33          600           27          741         0.12         2.79
238190........................  Other foundation, structure,             7            7          900           40          741         0.08         1.86
                                 building, ext.
238210........................  Electrical Contractors.......           60           60        1,100           48          393         0.04         0.83
238220........................  Plumbing, Heating and Air-              86           86        1,100           42          741         0.07         1.74
                                 conditioning Cont.
238290........................  Other building equipment cont           33           44        1,664           74          741         0.04         1.01
238310........................  Drywall and insulation                   0            0            0            0            0         0.00         0.00
                                 contractors.
238320........................  Painting and wall covering              37           37          419           19          741         0.18         4.00
                                 contractors.
238330........................  Flooring Contractors.........            0            0            0            0            0         0.00         0.00
238340........................  Tile and Terrazzo contractors            0            0            0            0            0         0.00         0.00
238350........................  Finish Carpentry contractors.            0            0            0            0            0         0.00         0.00
238390........................  Other building finishing                 0            0            0            0            0         0.00         0.00
                                 contractors.
238910........................  Site Preparation.............          262          262          962           44          741         0.08         1.69

221110........................  Electric Power Generation....          293          301        7,313          325          244         0.00         0.08
221120........................  Electric Power Trans,                  337          358        6,882          306          314         0.00         0.10
                                 Control, Dist.
221210........................  Natural Gas Distribution.....          442          591       28,428          847          433         0.00         0.05
321213........................  Engineered Wd Member (exct             121          127        4,720          183          471         0.01         0.26
                                 Truss) Mfg.
321214........................  Truss Manufacturing..........          871          914        4,706          182          814         0.02         0.45
336611........................  Ship Building and Repairing..          575          635       10,204          622          647         0.01         0.10
339950........................  Sign Manufacturing...........        6,261        6,339        1,532           89           39         0.00         0.04
423310........................  Lumber, Plywd, Millwork, Wood        5,971        6,326        7,084          204            0         0.00         0.00
                                 Panel Whle.
423330........................  Roofing, Siding, and                 1,025        1,173        7,159          207            0         0.00         0.00
                                 Insulation Merch Whle.
423390........................  Other Construction Material          2,181        2,296        3,260           94            0         0.00         0.00
                                 Merch Whle.
423730........................  Warm Air Heating and A-C             2,364        2,958        3,790          117        1,640         0.04         1.41
                                 Equip & Supplies.
444110........................  Home Centers.................        2,409        2,575        2,335          180            0         0.00         0.00
454312........................  Liquefied Petroleum Gas              2,044        2,317        2,415          102        1,062         0.04         1.04
                                 (Bottled Gas) Dlrs.
482110........................  Railroads....................           NA           NA           NA           NA           NA           NA           NA
486210........................  Pipeline Transportation of              65           66        8,345        1,105          217         0.00         0.02
                                 Natural Gas.
517110........................  Wired Telecommunications             2,517       27,159        7,294          518           70         0.00         0.01
                                 Carriers.
                                                              ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                Subtotal.....................       32,430       59,267  ...........  ...........  ...........  ...........  ...........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                       Crane Lessees in the Construction Industry
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115........................  New Single family housing           31,038       31,038        1,480           69          455         0.03         0.32
                                 construction.
236116........................  New Multifamily housing              2,086        2,086        3,085          144          414         0.01         0.08
                                 construction.
236117........................  New housing operative               16,562       16,562        2,860          134          455         0.02         0.08
                                 builders.
236118........................  Residential Remodelers.......        9,846        9,846          644           30          455         0.07         0.15
236210........................  Industrial building                  3,000        3,000        2,493          117          414         0.02         0.15
                                 construction.
236220........................  Commercial and Institutional        40,530       40,530        4,024          188          414         0.01         0.12
                                 Bldg. Construction.
237110........................  Water and Sewer Line Const...       13,715       13,715        2,863          149          414         0.01         0.24
237120........................  Oil and gas pipeline                 1,667        1,667        4,118          215          414         0.01         0.09
                                 construction.
237130........................  Power and communication line         2,811        2,811        2,289          120           67         0.00         0.01
                                 const.
237210........................  Land subdivision.............            0            0            0            0           NA         0.00         0.00
237310........................  Highway, street and bridge           1,114        1,114        3,606          188          414         0.01         0.01
                                 const.
237990........................  Other heavy and civil eng....        2,760        2,760        2,919          152          414         0.01         0.10
238110........................  Poured Concrete foundation          13,273       13,273        1,189           53          414         0.03         0.03
                                 and struct.
238120........................  Structural steel and precast         3,487        3,487        1,927           85          414         0.02         0.35
                                 concrete.
238130........................  Framing Contractors..........       13,779       13,779          559           25          414         0.07         0.75
238140........................  Masonry Contractors..........        1,368        1,368          814           36          414         0.05         0.05
238150........................  Glass & Glazing Contractors..          542          542        1,319           58          414         0.03         0.06
238160........................  Roofing Contractors..........        1,945        1,945        1,125           50          414         0.04         0.07
238170........................  Siding Contractors...........          526          526          529           23          414         0.08         0.08
238190........................  Other foundation, structure,           256          256          628           28          414         0.07         0.05
                                 building, ext.
238210........................  Electrical Contractors.......          765          765          874           38           67         0.01         0.00
238220........................  Plumbing, Heating and Air-             970          970        1,049           40          414         0.04         0.01
                                 conditioning Cont.

238290........................  Other building equipment cont          644          644        2,068           91          414         0.02         0.32
238310........................  Drywall and insulation                   0            0            0            0           NA         0.00         0.00
                                 contractors.
238320........................  Painting and wall covering             414          414          513           23          414         0.08         0.02
                                 contractors.
238330........................  Flooring Contractors.........            0            0            0            0           NA         0.00         0.00
238340........................  Tile and Terrazzo contractors            0            0            0            0           NA         0.00         0.00
238350........................  Finish Carpentry contractors.            0            0            0            0           NA         0.00         0.00
238390........................  Other building finishing                 0            0            0            0           NA         0.00         0.00
                                 contractors.
238910........................  Site Preparation.............        3,889        3,889        1,101           50          414         0.04         0.06
                                                              ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                Subtotal.....................      166,985      166,985  ...........  ...........  ...........  ...........  ...........
                                                              ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                Total........................      204,058      232,394  ...........  ...........  ...........  ...........  ...........
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                Simple Average of impacts:              0.06         1.25
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: ORA.
 U.S. Census Bureau data.
 Country Business Patters, 2006; Statistics of U.S. Businesses 2006.
 Internal Revenue Service, Source Book, profit rates over 2000-2006.
 Statistics of U.S. Business (SUSB).

                             Table B-15--Economic Impacts for Very Small Entities (Less Than 20 Employees) by Major Category
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                Cost as  Cost as
                                                                                Profit    Revenues    Profits    Cost       a        a
                                         Industry              Firms    Estabs.   Employees     rate    per estab.     per      per     percent  percent
                                                                                (percent)   ($1,000)    estab.    estab.     of        of
                                                                                ($1,000)           revenues  profits
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                               Crane Rental With Operators
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
238990.......................  All Other Specialty Trade        1,065     1,065       4,824       4.10        $614       $25     $614      0.10     2.44
                                Cont.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                      Crane Rental Without Operators (Bare Rentals)
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
532412.......................  Const./Min./For. Machine &       1,782     3,018      19,423       6.42         129         8      103      0.08     1.23
                                Equip.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                           Own and Rent Cranes With Operators
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115.......................  New Single-Family Housing          178       178         261       4.67         220        10      407      0.18     4.19
                                Const.
236118.......................  Residential Remodelers......        25        25          45       4.67         443        21      819      0.18     4.19
236210.......................  Industrial Building                  9        12       1,067       4.67      12,213       571   22,564      0.18     4.19
                                Construction.
236220.......................  Commercial and Institutional        23        31         757       4.67       4,157       194    7,681      0.18     4.19
                                Building.
237110.......................  Water and Sewer Line and            52        69       1,432       5.22       4,107       214    7,587      0.18     3.97
                                Related Struct.
237120.......................  Oil and Gas Pipeline and            20        26       1,457       5.22       5,510       288   10,180      0.18     3.97
                                Related Struct.
237130.......................  Power and Communication Line        34        34         666       5.22       2,880       150    5,320      0.18     3.97
                                and Rel.
237310.......................  Highway, Street, and Bridge         80       107       6,456       5.22      11,783       615   21,770      0.18     3.97
                                Construction.
237990.......................  Other Heavy and Civil               76       101       5,857       5.22      10,201       533   18,847      0.18     3.97
                                Engineering Const.
238110.......................  Poured Concrete Foundation         261       261       4,328       4.42       2,273       101    4,199      0.18     4.18
                                and Struct.
                                                            --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                               Subtotal....................  ........       758         844     22,326  ..........  ........  .......  ........  .......
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

                                                             Own Cranes but Do Not Rent Them
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
236115.......................  New Single family housing        2,763     2,763      12,155       4.67         823        38      628      0.08     1.63
                                construction.
236116.......................  New Multifamily housing            197       197       2,010       4.67       1,350        63      628      0.05     1.00
                                construction.
236117.......................  New housing operative            1,206     1,206       8,528       4.67       1,854        87      628      0.03     0.73
                                builders.
236118.......................  Residential Remodelers......       808       808       2,627       4.67         443        21      628      0.14     3.03
236210.......................  Industrial building                209       209       6,015       4.67       1,247        58      628      0.05     1.08
                                construction.
236220.......................  Commercial and Institutional     2,943     2,943      50,843       4.67       1,526        71      628      0.04     0.88
                                Bldg. Construc.
237110.......................  Water and Sewer Line Const..       900       900      13,335       5.22         702        37      628      0.09     1.71
237120.......................  Oil and gas pipeline                63        63       3,416       5.22         708        37      628      0.09     1.70
                                construction.
237130.......................  Power and communication line       207       207       9,177       5.22         655        34      281      0.04     0.82
                                const.
237210.......................  Land subdivision............         0         0           0      11.04           0         0        0        NA       NA
237310.......................  Highway, street and bridge          66        66       2,423       5.22         976        51      628      0.06     1.23
                                const.
237990.......................  Other heavy and civil eng...       378       378      10,483       5.22         589        31      628      0.11     2.04
238110.......................  Poured Concrete foundation          46        46         531       4.42         494        22      628      0.13     2.87
                                and struct.
238120.......................  Structural steel and precast        90        90       1,954       4.42         659        29      628      0.10     2.16
                                concrete.
238130.......................  Framing Contractors.........       981       981       8,322       4.42         374        17      628      0.17     3.80
238140.......................  Masonry Contractors.........       115       115       1,093       4.42         343        15      628      0.18     4.14
238150.......................  Glass & Glazing Contractors.        44        44         405       4.42         619        27      628      0.10     2.29
238160.......................  Roofing Contractors.........       207       207       2,378       4.42         447        20      628      0.14     3.18
238170.......................  Siding Contractors..........        31        31         127       4.42         408        18      628      0.15     3.48
238190.......................  Other foundation, structure,        10        10          62       4.42         394        17      628      0.16     3.60
                                building, ext.
238210.......................  Electrical Contractors......        54        54         541       4.32         444        19      281      0.06     1.47
238220.......................  Plumbing, Heating and Air-          77        77         768       3.86         509        20      628      0.12     3.20
                                conditioning Contractors.
238290.......................  Other building equipment            30        30         570       4.42         714        32      628      0.09     1.99
                                cont.
238310.......................  Drywall and insulation               0         0           0       4.42           0         0        0        NA       NA
                                contractors.
238320.......................  Painting and wall covering          37        37         208       4.42         265        12      628      0.24     5.36
                                contractors.
238330.......................  Flooring Contractors........         0         0           0       4.42           0         0        0        NA       NA
238340.......................  Tile and Terrazzo                    0         0           0       4.42           0         0        0        NA       NA
                                contractors.
238350.......................  Finish Carpentry contractors         0         0           0       4.42           0         0        0        NA       NA
238390.......................  Other building finishing             0         0           0       4.42           0         0        0        NA       NA
                                contractors.
238910.......................  Site Preparation............       271       271       1,970       4.56         497        23      628      0.13     2.77
221110.......................  Electric Power Generation...       293       301       1,288       4.44       7,513       334      234      0.00     0.07
221120.......................  Electric Power Trans,              337       358       2,272       4.44       7,311       325      303      0.00     0.09
                                Control, and Dist.
221210.......................  Natural Gas Distribution....       360       368       1,736       2.98       9,483       283      128      0.00     0.05
321213.......................  Engineered Wood Member              82        82         534       3.87       1,674        65      108      0.01     0.17
                                (except Truss) Mfg.
321214.......................  Truss Manufacturing.........       408       408       3,438       3.87       1,130        44      156      0.01     0.36
336611.......................  Ship Building and Repairing.       370       371       2,041       6.09         950        58       24      0.00     0.04
339950.......................  Sign Manufacturing..........     5,312     5,316      25,236       5.83       1,303        76       66      0.01     0.09
423310.......................  Lumber, Plywd, Millwork, &       4,774     4,844      24,410       2.89       3,970       115        0      0.00     0.00
                                Panel Merch Whl.

423330.......................  Roofing, Siding, and Insul         831       857       4,764       2.89       4,461       129        0      0.00     0.00
                                Merchant Wholes.
423390.......................  Other Construction Material      1,886     1,907       9,298       2.89       2,199        63        0      0.00     0.00
                                Merch Whleslrs.
423730.......................  Warm Air Heating and A-C         1,929     2,017      11,007       3.08       2,537        78      888      0.03     1.14
                                Equip. & Supplies.
444110.......................  Home Centers................     1,879     1,904      12,389       7.70       1,344       103        0      0.00     0.00