Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Page 1 of 27 3.0 Printing and Publishing 3.1 Introduction EPA published a study of this industry in October 1983 ( EPA 440/ 1 83/ 400).

Printing and publishing operations include five main printing processes: lithographic printing, screen printing, flexographic printing, letterpress printing, and gravure printing.

The lithographic printing process involves a plate on which the image and non image areas are on the same plane, as opposed to being either raised or indented. Lithography dominates the printing of books, magazines, and newspapers in addition to advertising materials, envelopes, stationery, and greeting cards. Consequently, lithography accounts for almost 50 percent of the commercial printing market.

Screen printing involves stretching a porous mesh material over a frame to form a screen. Then a rubber type blade is swept across the screen surface, pressing the ink through a stencil and onto the print material. Examples of screen printed products include signs, electronics and dashboards, textiles, decals, graphic arts materials, and containers.

Flexography is a process used primarily for printing on paper, corrugated paperboard, and flexible plastic materials. Examples of items printed with flexography include newspapers, milk cartons, frozen food and bread bags, and shampoo bottle labels.

Letterpress is the oldest method of printing with equipment and images printed by the relief type printing plates, where the image or printing areas are raised above the non printing areas. Typical products printed with letterpress printing processes include business cards, letterhead, proofs, billheads, forms, posters, announcements, imprinting, and embossing. The importance of letterpress, which until the 1940s was the dominant printing process, is declining very rapidly and is being replaced by lithography and flexography.

Gravure is a printing process that uses intaglio or engraved metal plates or cylinders. The three main gravure segments are: publishing ( e. g. magazines), packaging ( e. g. folding cartons such as soda cases) and products ( e. g. shower curtains and vinyl flooring).

3.2 Industry Profile Printing and publishing includes facilities in SIC codes 2732, 2752, 2754, 2759, 2761, 2771, 2782, 2789, 2791, 2796, and 7334. The 1987 SIC Code Manual defines these SIC codes as follows: Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Page 2 of 27

2732: Establishments primarily engaged in printing, or in printing and binding, books and pamphlets, but not engaged in publishing.

2752: Establishments primarily engaged in printing by the lithographic process. The greater part of the work in this industry is performed on a job or custom basis; but in some cases lithographed calendars, maps, posters, decalcomanias, or other products are made for sale. Offset printing, photo offset printing, and photolithographing are also included in this industry.

2754: Establishments primarily engaged in gravure printing.

2759: Establishments primarily engaged in commercial or job printing, not elsewhere classified. This industry includes general printing shops, not elsewhere classified, as well as shops specializing in printing newspapers and periodicals for others.

2761: Establishments primarily engaged in designing and printing, by any process, special forms for use in the operation of a business, in single and multiple sets, including carbonized or interleaved with carbon or otherwise processed for multiple reproduction.

2771: Establishments primarily engaged in publishing, printing by any process, or both, of greeting cards for all occasions.

2782: Establishments primarily engaged in manufacturing blankbooks, looseleaf devices, and library binders; and in ruling paper.

2789: Establishments primarily engaged in edition, trade, job, and library bookbinding. Also included in this industry are establishments primarily engaged in book or paper bronzing, gilding, and edging; in map and sample mounting; and in other services related to bookbinding. Establishments primarily binding books printed elsewhere are classified in this industry.

2791: Establishments primarily engaged in typesetting for the trade, including advertisement typesetting.

2796: Establishments primarily engaged in making plates for printing purposes and in related services. Also included are establishments primarily engaged in making positives or negatives from which offset lithographic plates are made. These establishments do not print from the plates which they make, but prepare them for use by others. Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Page 3 of 27

7334: Establishments primarily engaged in reproducing text, drawings, plans, maps, or other copy by blueprinting, photocopying, mimeographing, or other methods of duplication other than printing or microfilming.

Table 3 1 presents Census data for the Printing and Publishing Category.

Table 3 1. Census Data SIC Code NAICS Code Number of Facilities in 1997a Number of Facilities in 2002a 2732: Book printing 323117: Book printing 745 596 2752: Commercial printing, lithographic 323110: Commercial Lithographic Printing 18,623 15,606 323114: Quick Printing 8,261 7,694 2754: Commercial printing, gravure 323111: Commercial Gravure Printing 453 360 2759: Commercial printing, not elsewhere classified 323112: Commercial Flexographic Printing 909 895 323113: Commercial Screen Printing 4,133 4,417 323114: Quick printing See SIC Code 2752 for totals 323115: Digital Printing 387 1,133 323119: Other Commercial printing 3,434 2,435 2761: Manifold business forms 323116: Manifold business form printing 1,040 770 2771: Greeting cards 323110: Commercial lithographic printing See SIC Code 2752 for totals 323111: Commercial gravure printing See SIC Code 2754 for totals 323112: Commercial flexographic printing See SIC Code 2759 for totals 323113: Commercial screen printing See SIC Code 2759 for totals 323119: Other commercial printing See SIC Code 2759 for totals 511191: Greeting Card Publishers 111 2002 data not available 2782: Blankbooks & looseleaf binders 323116: Manifold business form printing See SIC Code 2761 for totals 323118: Blankbook, looseleaf binder, & device mfg 301 240 2789: Bookbinding & related work 323121: Tradebinding & related work 1,285 1,236 2791: Typesetting 323122: Prepress services 3,345 2,150 Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Table 3 1. Census Data SIC Code NAICS Code Number of Facilities in 1997a Number of Facilities in 2002a Page 4 of 27 2796: Platemaking services 323122: Prepress services See SIC Code 2791 for totals 7334: Photocopying & duplicating services 561439: Other business service centers ( including copy shops) 5,780 5,852 Total 48,807 43,384 ( a) The census bureau lists the number of establishments as a total number for each NAICS Code.

Table 3 1 shows that the number of printing and publishing facilities generally decreased between 1997 and 2002. However, digital printing increased significantly, and commercial screen printing and photocopying services increased slightly.

Table 3 2 presents the facility data available in the 2000 TRI and PCS. Of the approximately 48,000 printing and publishing facilities in the U. S. ( 1997 U. S. Census), 202 reported to TRI and 21 to PCS. Of the 21 that reported to PCS, 2 were major dischargers. Based on the 21 PCS reporters and 48,000 facilities, the majority of printers discharge indirectly.

Table 3 2. Facility Counts SIC Code Number of Facilities Reporting to 2000 TRI Number of Facilities Reporting to PCS 2000 Direct Only Indirect Only Both No Reported Discharge Direct Minor Major 2732 0 4 0 1 3 0 2752 0 28 0 41 4 0 2754 2 16 2 48 4 1 2759 0 1 0 18 5 0 2761 0 0 0 0 1 0 2771 0 2 0 2 1 0 2782 0 2 0 0 0 0 2789 0 0 0 1 0 1 2791 0 0 0 0 0 0 2796 0 21 0 14 0 0 7334 0 0 0 1 1 0 Total 2 74 2 126 19 2 Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Page 5 of 27 Table 3 2 shows that the majority of discharging facilities send their wastewater to POTWs. Of the 200 facilities reporting to the 2000 TRI, 63 percent reported no wastewater discharges, 36 percent reported only indirect discharges, and 1 percent reported both direct and indirect discharges.

3.3 Wastewater Characteristics 3.3.1 Wastewater Quantity The EPA's October 1983 Summary of Available Data on the Levels and Control of Toxic Pollutant Discharges in the Printing and Publishing Point Source Category ( 1983 Data Summary) contains information on wastewater generation. According to the 1983 Data Summary, wastewater flows in the industry generally range from 26 to 50 gallons per day and are often not continuous. EPA's 1977 Second Preliminary Technical Assessment of the Best Available Technology, Best Demonstrated Technology and Pretreatment Technology for the Printing and Publishing Point Source Category ( 1977 PTA) found that 31 percent of the plants generate less than 25 gallons per day, 54 percent of the plants generate less than 500 gallons per day, and 3.7 percent of the plants generate more than 5,000 gallons per day.

No establishments reported wastewater flow data to TRI in 2000. Table 3 3 presents the wastewater flow data from the PCSLoads2000 database.

Table 3 3. Wastewater Flow Data from PCSLoads 2000 SIC Code Annual Flow Data Source Range, MGY Median, MGY 2732 Min: 13.94 Max: 50.86 32.40 PCS 2752 Min: 0.088 Max: 16.07 2.16 PCS 2754 Min: 0.77 Max: 921.54 113.76 PCS 2759 Min: 0.60 Max: 49.43 9.50 PCS 2761 24.93 PCS 2771 577.70 PCS 2782 No facilities reporting to PCS in 2000. PCS 2789 186.96 PCS 2791 No facilities reporting to PCS in 2000. PCS 2796 No facilities reporting to PCS in 2000. PCS 7334 0.045 PCS Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Table 3 3. Wastewater Flow Data from PCSLoads 2000 Page 6 of 27 All SIC Codes 0.045  921.54 8.64 PCS The 1983 PDS also found that the facilities with the largest flows are direct dischargers and only 3.7 percent of printers discharge more than 5,000 gpd of wastewater. In the 2000 PCS database, 21 facilities report direct discharges, and their flows range from 241 to 2.5 million gpd.

While PCS data is limited for this industry, these more recent data indicate that wastewater discharge volumes may have decreased from those presented in the 1983 Data Summary and 1977 PTA. This finding is consistent with case studies documenting water reduction practices ( Massachusetts Office of Technical Assistance, Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, and the Enviro$ en$ e Web Page).

3.3.2 Raw Wastewater Quality EPA obtained raw wastewater discharge data from the 2000 TRI and the 1983 Data Summary. Table 3 4 presents the TRI data for wastewater discharged from printing and publishing facilities to POTWs ( e. g., does not account for POTW removals). Table 3 5 summarizes the 1983 Data Summary analytical results.

Table 3 4. TRIReleases2000 Data for Wastewater Discharges to POTWs ( All Indirect)

SIC Code Number of Facilities Total Discharged to POTW Pounds TWPE 2732 4 9,572 3 2752 28 93,369 201 2754 18 13,742 626 2759 1 5 0.00053 2761 No facilities reporting to 2000 TRI.

2771 2 22,260 162 2782 2 18,275 37 2789 No facilities reporting to 2000 TRI.

2791 No facilities reporting to 2000 TRI.

2796 21 1,098,026 878 7334 No facilities reporting to 2000 TRI.

Total 8076 1,255,249 1,907 Draft, 4/ 12/ 05;

subject to change Page 7 of 27 Table 3 5. Summary of Wastewater Data from 1983 U. S. Data Summary Process Type Photo Combo Photo/ Non metal Plate Pressroom ( Non Water Based Inks) Pressroom ( Water Based Inks)

Range Median # Facilitie s Range Median # Facilitie s Range Median # Facilities Range Median # Facilities Flow ( GPD) 3,230

6,000 4,615 2 3,000

27,000 20,000 7 100  200 150 2 164  500 300 3 Metals Antimony No sampling data available ND  10 ND 9 ND  < 10 < 10 3 ND  5 < 10 3 Arsenic 77 77 1 ND  12 ND 9 No sampling data available ND  120 33 3 Beryllium No sampling data available No sampling data available No sampling data available ND  2 ND 3 Cadmium 10  600 305 2 < 10  545 20 9 < 10  10 < 10 3 < 10  6 6 3 Chromium 30 NA1 11 11  1,190 65 9 24  79 24 3 Data Not Representative2 Copper 60  260 160 2 30  5,775 102 9 57  1,800 73 3 1,800  8,700 4610 3 Lead 14 14 1 ND  199 2 9 40  3,740 60 3 Data Not Representative2 Mercury No sampling data available ND  11 1 9 1  4 2 3 ND  1 < 0.3 3 Nickel 50  3,600 1,825 2 ND  48 < 10 9 ND  17 < 10 3 < 46  92 74 3 Selenium No sampling data available No sampling data available ND  < 10 < 10 3 ND  < 12 ND 3 Silver 390  560 475 2 < 10  1,285 < 10 9 < 10 < 10 3 < 10  28 9 3 Thallium No sampling data available No sampling data available No sampling data available ND  < 10 ND 3 Zinc 560  9,300 4,930 2 ND  2,450 197 9 ND  90 86 3 2,700  17,500 10,700 3 Organic Pollutants 1,1,1 Trichloroethane No sampling data available ND  250 ND 7 ND  180 10 3 140  1,200 760 3 1,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethane No sampling data available No sampling data available ND  20 ND 3 No sampling data available 1,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethene No sampling data available No sampling data available No sampling data available ND  790 ND 3 1,1 Dichloroethane No sampling data available No sampling data available ND  30 ND 3 No sampling data available 1,1 Dichloroethylene No sampling data available ND  < 10 ND 7 No sampling data available No sampling data available 1,2 Dichloroethane No sampling data available No sampling data available ND  10 ND 3 No sampling data available 1,2 trans Dichloroethylene No sampling data available ND  10 ND 7 No sampling data available No sampling data available Benzene No sampling data available ND  10 < 10 7 ND  60 < 10 3 ND  190 ND 3 Draft, 4/ 12/ 05;

subject to change Table 3 5. Summary of Wastewater Data from 1983 U. S. Data Summary Process Type Photo Combo Photo/ Non metal Plate Pressroom ( Non Water Based Inks) Pressroom ( Water Based Inks)

Range Median # Facilitie s Range Median # Facilitie s Range Median # Facilities Range Median # Facilities Flow ( GPD) 3,230

6,000 4,615 2 3,000

27,000 20,000 7 100  200 150 2 164  500 300 3 Page 8 of 27 Bis( 2 chloroethyl) ether No sampling data available No sampling data available ND  2,600 ND 3 No sampling data available Bis ( 2 ethylhexyl)

phthalate No sampling data available ND  400 < 10 7 ND  16 < 10 3 ND  41 29 3 Butyl benzyl phthalate No sampling data available No sampling data available No sampling data available ND  16 ND 3 Carbon tetrachloride No sampling data available No sampling data available ND  10 ND 3 No sampling data available Chlordibromomethane No sampling data available ND  10 ND 7 No sampling data available No sampling data available Chloroform 11 11 1 ND  140 70 7 < 10  70 20 3 ND  900 ND 3 Dichlorobromomethane No sampling data available ND  30 ND 7 No sampling data available No sampling data available Diethyl phthalate No sampling data available ND  < 10 ND 7 No sampling data available ND  15 ND 3 Di n butyl phthalate No sampling data available ND  < 10 ND 7 ND  < 10 < 10 3 ND  21 ND 3 Ethylbenzene No sampling data available ND  130 10 7 10  2,500 260 3 120  1,780 290 3 Methylene chloride 2 2 1 ND  130 130 7 < 10  130 130 3 ND  130 ND 3 Naphthalene No sampling data available No sampling data available ND  2,600 ND 3 No sampling data available p chloro m cresol 12 12 1 No sampling data available No sampling data available No sampling data available Pentachlorophenol No sampling data available No sampling data available No sampling data available ND  5,900 ND 3 Phenol 18 18 1 ND  290 ND 7 No sampling data available ND  800 41 3 Pyrene No sampling data available No sampling data available No sampling data available ND  39 ND 3 Trichloroethylene 13 13 1 ND  70 ND 7 ND  < 10 ND 3 No sampling data available Toluene 5 5 1 ND  890 20 7 < 10  370 190 3 120  420 370 3 Conventional and Bulk Parameters Ammonia as Nitrogen 43 43 1 No sampling data available No sampling data available Biochemical Oxygen Demand 24 24 1 No sampling data available No sampling data available 3,000  3,500 3,250 2 Chemical Oxygen Demand 264 264 1 No sampling data available No sampling data available 7,700  113,000 60,350 2 Total Cyanide 840 840 1 ND  560 40 9 40  200 110 3 ND  430 ND 3 Oil and Grease 18 18 1 No sampling data available No sampling data available 33  1,700 867 2 Draft, 4/ 12/ 05;

subject to change Table 3 5. Summary of Wastewater Data from 1983 U. S. Data Summary Process Type Photo Combo Photo/ Non metal Plate Pressroom ( Non Water Based Inks) Pressroom ( Water Based Inks)

Range Median # Facilitie s Range Median # Facilitie s Range Median # Facilities Range Median # Facilities Flow ( GPD) 3,230

6,000 4,615 2 3,000

27,000 20,000 7 100  200 150 2 164  500 300 3 Page 9 of 27 Total Dissolved Solids 758 758 1 No sampling data available No sampling data available 4,200  66,000 35,100 2 Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen 52 52 1 No sampling data available No sampling data available No sampling data available Total Phenols 36 36 1 No sampling data available No sampling data available 510  18,000 9,255 2 Total Phosphorus 3 3 1 No sampling data available No sampling data available No sampling data available Total Organic Carbon No sampling data available No sampling data available No sampling data available 7,300  26,000 16,650 2 Total Suspended Solids 7 7 1 No sampling data available No sampling data available 920  2,200 1,560 2 Total Volatile Solids 141 141 1 No sampling data available No sampling data available 3,000 3,000 1 Total Solids 764 764 1 No sampling data available No sampling data available 5,100  68,000 36,550 2 Pesticides 4,4 DDT No sampling data available ND  < 10 ND 9 No sampling data available No sampling data available B endosulfan beta No sampling data available ND  < 10 ND 9 ND  1 ND 3 ND  1 ND 3 Dieldrin No sampling data available ND  < 10 ND 9 No sampling data available No sampling data available R BHC Lindane Gamma No sampling data available ND  30 ND 9 No sampling data available No sampling data available Source: U. S. EPA Summary of Available Data on the Levels and Control of Toxic Pollutant Discharges in the Printing and Publishing Point Source Category,

October 1983.

Notes:

ND indicates that pollutants were not detected in the wastewater sample.

< indicates that trace amounts of the pollutant were detected in the wastewater sample.

1Sampling data are available for a second facility and show 36,000 µ g/ L for chromium; however, the chromium is a cooling tower additive and not related to the photographic printing process.

2Verification sampling of same wastewater found chromium and lead at substantially lower levels. Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Page 10 of 27 3.3.3 Treated Wastewater Quality Tables 3 6 and 3 7 present the TRI and PCS data for wastewater discharged to surface water ( e. g., after POTW treatment), respectively.

Table 3 6. Discharges Reported to TRIReleases2000 Discharge Type Total Discharged to Stream ( After POTW Treatment)

Pounds TWPE Indirect 124,358 700 Direct 370 15 Total 124,728 715 Table 3 7. Discharges Reported to PCSLoads2000 SIC Pounds TWPE 2754 6,676,564 1,435 2789 791,554 812 Tables 3 8 and 3 9 show the top pollutants reported to the 2000 TRI and PCS, based on TWPE and total pounds reported.

Table 3 8. Top Pollutants from TRIReleases2000 Data ( Discharges after POTW Treatment)

SIC Code Top Pollutants by TWPE Top Pollutants by Pounds Chemical TWPE % of Total SIC TWPE Chemical Pounds % of Total SIC Lbs 2732 Ethylene glycol 0.170 72% Glycol ethers 633 83%

2732 Glycol ethers 0.068 28% Ethylene glycol 127 17%

2732 Total 0.238 Total 760 2752 Copper 45.390 92% Nitrate compounds 4,300 51%

2752 Copper compounds 0.690 1% Glycol ethers 2,501 30%

2752 Ethylene glycol 1.961 4% Ethylene glycol 1,468 18%

2752 Total 49 Total 8,361 2754 Copper 57 32% Toluene 416 26%

2754 Copper compounds 109 61% Xylene ( mixed isomers) 263 17%

2754 Zinc compounds 9 5% Zinc compounds 186 12%

2754 Toluene 2 1% Copper compounds 173 11%

2754 Xylene ( mixed isomers) 1.11 1% Methanol 143 9%

2754 Nickel compounds 0.34 0% Glycol ethers 125 8% Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Table 3 8. Top Pollutants from TRIReleases2000 Data ( Discharges after POTW Treatment)

SIC Code Top Pollutants by TWPE Top Pollutants by Pounds Chemical TWPE % of Total SIC TWPE Chemical Pounds % of Total SIC Lbs Page 11 of 27 2754 Barium compounds 0.17 0% Copper 91 6%

2754 Total 178 Total 1,571 2759 Glycol ethers 0.00004 100% Glycol ethers 0.397 100%

2759 Total 0.00004 Total 0.397 2771 Copper compounds 44.009 99% Nitrate compounds 2,200 97%

2771 Nickel compounds 0.336 1% Copper compounds 70 3%

2771 Nitrate compounds 0.136 0% Nickel compounds 3 0%

2771 Total 44.482 Total 2,273 2782 Trichloroethylene 7.078 100% Trichloroethylene 1,099 100%

2782 Total 7.078 Total 1,099 2796 Sodium nitrite 274.79 63% Nitrate compounds 109,521 99%

2796 Copper compounds 136.516 31% Xylene ( mixed isomers) 29 0%

2796 Total 436.227 Total 110,664 Table 3 9. Top Pollutants from PCSLoads2000 ( Direct Dischargers)

SIC Code Top Pollutants by TWPE Top Pollutants by Pounds Chemical TWPE % of Total SIC TWPE Chemical Lbs % of Total SIC Lbs 2754 Silver total recoverable 1,020.8 71% Solids, total dissolved 5,607,453 84%

2754 Copper total recoverable 139.09 10% Chloride ( as Cl) 1,044,352 16%

2754 Lead total recoverable 138.83 10% Oil & grease freon extrgrav meth 15,805 0%

Total 1,435 Total 6,676,564 2789 Chlorine, total residual 713.30 88% Oxygen demand, chem. ( High level) ( COD) 615,345 78%

2789 Lead, total ( as Pb) 72.95 9% Solids, total suspended 121,465 15%

2789 Copper, total ( as Cu) 21.50 3% Bod, 5 day ( 20 deg. C) 51,111 6%

Total 812.38 Total 791,554 Table 3 8 and 3 9 demonstrate that the pollutants contributing the greatest to the overall TWPE estimate for the printing and publishing industry are copper and sodium nitrite. Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Page 12 of 27 Table 3 9 demonstrates that, on a per facility basis, TWPE estimates for indirect discharges are low. The average annual TWPE per facility for indirect dischargers reporting to TRI in 2000 is approximately 9.

Table 3 10 shows the Printing and Publishing facilities that reported to TRI in 2000. It also contains TWPE estimates per facility. Note that for indirect discharging facilities the TWPE values also account for POTW removals. Also, some facilities reported their discharges as a range, resulting in many facilities with roughly 44 TWPE discharged per year. In these cases, EPA estimated the TWPE using the median of the range reported.

Table 3 10. List of Facilities in TRIReleases2000 SIC Code Facility Name City State Discharge Status Total Facility TWPE 2796 Citiplate Inc. Jackson TN Indirect 275 2754 Quebecor World Atglen Div. Atglen PA Indirect 44 2754 Quebecor World Buffalo Inc. Depew NY Indirect 44 2752 Quad/ graphics Inc. Lomira WI Indirect 44 2754 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. Gallatin TN Indirect 44 2771 American Greetings Corp. Osceola AR Indirect 44 2796 S & M Rotogravure Service Inc. New Berlin WI Indirect 44 2796 Southern Graphic Sys. Inc. Louisville KY Indirect 44 2796 Southern Graphic Sys. Inc. Richmond VA Indirect 44 2796 Fashion Techs. Inc. Gaffney SC Indirect 17 2754 R. R. Donnelley Printing Co. Lynchburg VA Indirect 14 2754 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. Warsaw IN Direct 10 2782 U. s. Ringbinder L. p. Saint Louis MO Indirect 7.1 2754 Quebecor World Atglen Div. Atglen PA Direct 4.8 2754 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. Lancaster East Lancaster PA Indirect 4.8 2796 Western Lithotech Jacksonville TX Indirect 4.4 2754 Quebecor World ( Usa) Inc. Evans GA Indirect 4.0 2754 Qp Memphis Corp. Memphis TN Indirect 1.9 2754 Quebecor World Corinth Corinth MS Indirect 1.8 2752 Fry Communications Inc. Mechanicsburg PA Indirect 1.5 2796 Precision Lithograining Corp. South Hadley MA Indirect 1.2 2752 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. Mattoon IL Indirect 0.96 2754 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. Spartanburg SC Indirect 0.94 Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Table 3 10. List of Facilities in TRIReleases2000 SIC Code Facility Name City State Discharge Status Total Facility TWPE Page 13 of 27 2752 Quebecor World Salem Div. Salem Gravure Salem IL Indirect 0.86 2754 Ipc & L Co. Inc. Rogersville TN Indirect 0.86 2754 Quad/ graphics Inc. Martinsburg WV Indirect 0.86 2754 Quebecor World Dallas Inc. Farmers Branch TX Indirect 0.86 2796 Mackay Inc. Florence KY Indirect 0.86 2796 Southern Graphic Sys. Inc. Atlanta GA Indirect 0.86 2796 Southern Graphic Sys. Inc. Battle Creek MI Indirect 0.86 2796 Southern Graphic Sys. Inc. Exton PA Indirect 0.86 2796 Southern Graphic Sys. Inc. Phoenix NY Indirect 0.86 2796 Southern Graphic Sys. Inc. Wilmington NC Indirect 0.86 2754 Quebecor Printing Franklin Franklin KY Indirect 0.76 2752 Quebecor World Dyersburg Div. Dyersburg TN Indirect 0.72 2771 Hallmark Cards Inc. Kansas City MO Indirect 0.47 2754 Quebecor World Nevada Inc. Fernley NV Indirect 0.44 2752 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. 130130 Reno NV Indirect 0.35 2754 U. s. Bureau of Engraving & Printing Fort Worth TX Indirect 0.34 2796 East Texas Engraving Tyler TX Indirect 0.28 2752 Amsterdam Printing & Litho Amsterdam NY Indirect 0.27 2796 Graphic Engravers Inc. Bensenville IL Indirect 0.22 2796 Concord Photo Engraving Co. Inc. Concord NH Indirect 0.19 2732 R. r. Donnelley Crawfordsville Div. Crawfordsville IN Indirect 0.19 2752 Quebecor World Mt. Morris Inc. Mount Morris IL Indirect 0.19 2796 Advance Printing Prods. Inc. Mc Bee SC Indirect 0.18 2752 R. R. Donnelley Printing Co. L. p. Des Moines IA Indirect 0.17 2796 Consolidated Engravers Charlotte NC Indirect 0.17 2796 Augustine Co. Inc. Marshalltown IA Indirect 0.17 2796 Flexographic Printing Plate Co. Worcester MA Indirect 0.17 2752 Quebecor World Tennessee Inc. Covington TN Indirect 0.059 2752 Nahan Printing Inc. Saint Cloud MN Indirect 0.047 2752 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. Glasgow Mfg. Div. Glasgow KY Indirect 0.031 2752 American Color Graphics Inc. Marengo IA Indirect 0.031 2754 Graphic Packaging Corp. Of Virginia Richmond VA Direct 0.028 2752 Spencer Press Inc. Wells ME Indirect 0.027 Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Table 3 10. List of Facilities in TRIReleases2000 SIC Code Facility Name City State Discharge Status Total Facility TWPE Page 14 of 27 2732 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. Willard OH Indirect 0.024 2732 R. r. Donnelley & Sons Co. Harrisonburg VA Indirect 0.023 2752 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. Pontiac Div. Pontiac IL Indirect 0.019 2752 Perry Judd's Waterloo Div. Waterloo WI Indirect 0.015 2752 Hennegan Co. Florence KY Indirect 0.010 2752 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. Lancaster West Lancaster PA Indirect 0.0085 2752 Concord Litho Group Inc. Concord NH Indirect 0.0084 2752 Hammer Lithograph Corp. West Henrietta NY Indirect 0.0061 2752 Perry Judd's Baraboo Div. Baraboo WI Indirect 0.0053 2752 American Color Graphics Inc. York PA Indirect 0.0036 2752 American Color Graphics Inc. Sylacauga AL Indirect 0.0023 2752 Brown Printing Co. Waseca MN Indirect 0.0022 2752 Formula Corp. Seattle WA Indirect 0.0022 2752 Quad/ graphics Inc. Sussex WI Indirect 0.0022 2752 Quad/ graphics Inc. The Rock GA Indirect 0.0022 2752 Quebecor World Chicago Div. Elk Grove Village IL Indirect 0.0022 2754 Toppan Interamerica Inc. Mc Donough GA Indirect 0.0022 2754 Graphic Packaging Corp. Of Virginia Richmond VA Indirect 0.0014 2732 Von Hoffmann Press Inc. Jefferson City MO Indirect 0.00093 2754 International Paper Shorewood Packaging Div. Englewood NJ Indirect 0.00083 2754 Omnova Solutions Inc. Printworld Monroe NC Direct 0.00039 2759 Electrocal Inc. South Windsor CT Indirect 0.00004 2796 Napp Sys. Inc. San Marcos CA Indirect 0.00004 2782 Vitronic Doniphan MO Indirect 0 2732 Webcrafter's Inc. Westport Plant Madison WI No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Agi Klearfold Melrose Park IL No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Alpha Omega Laser Inc. Shreveport LA No Water Discharge Reported 2752 American Decal & Mfg. Co. Chicago IL No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Anderson Lithograph Co. Los Angeles CA No Water Discharge Reported Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Table 3 10. List of Facilities in TRIReleases2000 SIC Code Facility Name City State Discharge Status Total Facility TWPE Page 15 of 27 2752 Arandell Corp. Menomonee Falls WI No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Arcade Marketing Inc. Chattanooga TN No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Associated Printing Inc. Bossier City LA No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Brown Printing Co. East Greenville PA No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Cardpak Inc. Solon OH No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Colwell General Inc. Kendallville IN No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Communisis Mccorquodale Whiteford MD No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Cunningham Graphics Intl. Inc. Jersey City NJ No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Dingley Press Lisbon ME No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Dorn Color Inc. Cleveland OH No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Dot Packaging Group Inc. Batavia IL No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Dot Packaging Group Inc. Printpak Div. Spartanburg SC No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Empire Screen Printing Onalaska WI No Water Discharge Reported 2752 F. C. L. Graphics Inc. Harwood Heights IL No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Graphic Arts Center Portland OR No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Great Eastern Color Lithogrpahic Corp. Poughkeepsie NY No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Kion Printing Inc. City of Industry CA No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Lithographic Ind. Inc. Broadview IL No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Lithographix Inc. Los Angeles CA No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Pbm Graphics Inc. Durham NC No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Perry Judd's Inc. Strasburg Div. Strasburg VA No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Polymark Corp. Cincinnati OH No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Promotional Printing Corp. Houston TX No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Quad/ graphics Inc. Hartford WI No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Quebecor World  Stillwater Stillwater OK No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Quebecor World D petty Printing Effingham IL No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Quebecor World Eagle Inc. Kansas City MO No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Quebecor World Effingham Div. ( Crossroads Press) Effingham IL No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Quebecor World Inc. Jonesboro AR No Water Discharge Reported 2752 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. Torrance CA No Water Discharge Reported 2752 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. Danville Div. Danville KY No Water Discharge Reported 2752 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. Old Saybrood Div. Old Saybrook CT No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Shorewood Packaging Corp. Indianapolis IN No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Shorewood Packaging Corp. Of Ga Lagrange GA No Water Discharge Reported Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Table 3 10. List of Facilities in TRIReleases2000 SIC Code Facility Name City State Discharge Status Total Facility TWPE Page 16 of 27 2752 Treasure Chest Advertising Co. Inc. Columbus OH No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Vertis & Tc Advertising Saugerties NY No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Vertis Inc. Elk Grove Village IL No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Vertis Inc. Greenville MI No Water Discharge Reported 2752 Vertis Inc. Manassas VA No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Alcoa Flexible Packaging Downingtown PA No Water Discharge Reported 2754 American Packaging Corp. Columbus WI No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Avery Dennison Schererville IN No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Avery Dennison Corp. Security Printing Div. Clinton SC No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Butler Printing & Laminating Inc. Butler NJ No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Cello foil Prods. Inc. Battle Creek MI No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Chiyoda America Inc. Morgantown PA No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Constant Services Inc. Fairfield NJ No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Decor Gravure Corp. Bensenville IL No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Decorative Surfaces Intl. Dupo IL No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Decorative Surfaces Intl. Saint Louis MO No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Dennison Mfg. Co. Framingham MA No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Fres co System Usa Inc. Telford PA No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Hallmark Cards Inc. Leavenworth KS No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Ipc & L Co. Inc. Surgoinsville TN No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Itw Decorating Resources Pitman NJ No Water Discharge Reported 2754 J. Josephson Inc. South Hackensack NJ No Water Discharge Reported 2754 J. W. Fergusson & Sons Inc. Richmond VA No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Jefferson Smurfit Corp. Di na cal Label Group Jack Jacksonville FL No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Jefferson Smurfit Corp. Di na cal Label Group Norw Norwood OH No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Kurz Transfer Prods. Lexington NC No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Kurz Transfer Prods. L. p. Charlotte NC No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Mcc uniflex L. l. c. Las Vegas NV No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Multi color Corp. Scottsburg IN No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Newco Inc. Newton NJ No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Nordenia Usa Inc. Jackson MO No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Northstar Print Group Norway MI No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Precision Printing & Packaging Inc. Clarksville TN No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Quality Wallcovering Inc. Edison NJ No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Quebecor World Dickson TN No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Quebecor World D Dittler Div. Atlanta Atlanta GA No Water Discharge Reported Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Table 3 10. List of Facilities in TRIReleases2000 SIC Code Facility Name City State Discharge Status Total Facility TWPE Page 17 of 27 Facilit 2754 Quebecor World Richmond Inc. Richmond VA No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Quick Roll Leaf Mfg. Co. Middletown NY No Water Discharge Reported 2754 R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. Plant 200 Winston salem NC No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Reflexite Corp. Avon CT No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Reynolds Metals Co. Bellwood Printing Plant Richmond VA No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Reynolds Metals Co. Louisville Laminating Plant Louisville KY No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Roslyn Converters Inc. Colonial Heights VA No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Roysons Corp. Rockaway NJ No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Scientific Games Intl. Alpharetta GA No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Scientific Games Intl. Gilroy CA No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Shamrock Corp. Greensboro NC No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Shorewood Packaging Newport News VA No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Sonoco Flexible Packaging Franklin OH No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Sonoco Flexible Packaging Morristown TN No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Transformer Materials Co. O Fallon MO No Water Discharge Reported 2754 U. S. Dept. Of The Treasury Bureau of Printing & En Washington DC No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Westvaco cpd Plant 1 Richmond VA No Water Discharge Reported 2754 Westvaco cpd Plant 4 Richmond VA No Water Discharge Reported 2759 3m Stillwater Stillwater MN No Water Discharge Reported 2759 Albert Screenprint Inc. Norton OH No Water Discharge Reported 2759 Bemis Co. Inc. West Hazleton PA No Water Discharge Reported 2759 Dalb Inc. Kearneysville WV No Water Discharge Reported 2759 Fp Spiralkote Inc. Orlando FL No Water Discharge Reported 2759 IC Group  IC Security Printers Inc. Salt Lake City UT No Water Discharge Reported 2759 IDL Inc. Pittsburgh PA No Water Discharge Reported 2759 Independent Packaging Bloomington IN No Water Discharge Reported 2759 ITW Graphics Plymouth WI No Water Discharge Reported 2759 Kay Automotive Graphics Lake Orion MI No Water Discharge Reported 2759 Kdm Signs Inc. Cincinnati OH No Water Discharge Reported 2759 Metromedia Techs. Inc. Los Angeles CA No Water Discharge Reported Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Table 3 10. List of Facilities in TRIReleases2000 SIC Code Facility Name City State Discharge Status Total Facility TWPE Page 18 of 27 2759 Metromedia Techs. Inc. Wooster OH No Water Discharge Reported 2759 Sonoco Flexible Packaging Fulton NY No Water Discharge Reported 2759 Sonoco Prods. Carton Div. Charlotte NC No Water Discharge Reported 2759 Transprint Usa Inc. Harrisonburg VA No Water Discharge Reported 2759 Vertis  Tc Advertising Riverside CA No Water Discharge Reported 2759 Webtech Inc. Robbinsville NJ No Water Discharge Reported 2761 Wallace Saint Charles IL No Water Discharge Reported 2761 Wallace Wilson NC No Water Discharge Reported 2771 American Greetings Bardstown KY No Water Discharge Reported 2771 Plus Mark Inc. Afton TN No Water Discharge Reported 2789 Quebecor World Chicago Div. Bensenville IL No Water Discharge Reported 2796 Hughes Engraving  Plainwell Plainwell MI No Water Discharge Reported 2796 K. C. Photoengraving Co. Pasadena CA No Water Discharge Reported 2796 Kodak Polychrome Graphics Windsor CO No Water Discharge Reported 2796 Kodak Polychrome Graphics L. l. c. Columbus GA No Water Discharge Reported 2796 Lsi/ kala Kalamazoo MI No Water Discharge Reported 2796 Mga Graphics Mankato MN No Water Discharge Reported 2796 Neagle's Flexo Inc. Ashland VA No Water Discharge Reported 2796 Pamarco Inc. Roselle NJ No Water Discharge Reported 2796 Photoengraving Inc. Tampa FL No Water Discharge Reported 2796 THE Corp. Terre Haute IN No Water Discharge Reported 2796 Universal Engraving Inc. Lenexa KS No Water Discharge Reported 2796 Universal Engraving Inc. Overland Park KS No Water Discharge Reported 2796 Wescor Graphics Corp. Seattle WA No Water Discharge Reported 2796 Western Roto Engravers Inc. Greensboro NC No Water Discharge Reported 7334 Brownies Blue Print Co. Inc. Sacramento CA No Water Discharge Reported Table 3 11 shows the Printing and Publishing facilities with data in the 2000 PCS database.

Table 3 11. List of Facilities in PCSLoads2000 SIC Code Facility Name City State Total Facility TWPE 2754 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company Warsaw IN 1,435.11 2789 Holliston Mills Kingsport Church Hill TN 812.38 2732 Quebecor Printing/ hawkins New Canton TN 81.1518 Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Table 3 11. List of Facilities in PCSLoads2000 SIC Code Facility Name City State Total Facility TWPE Page 19 of 27 2759 Inteplast Group Ltd Lolita TX 43.0446 2732 Arcata Graphics Kingsport Kingsport TN 16.4893 2759 Schlumberger Malco Inc Owings Owings Mills MD 2.98732 2752 Donnelly R R & Sons Co Mattoon IL 2.12637 2759 R. R. Donnelley & Sons South Crawfordsville IN 0.35109 2752 The Cyril Scott Company Lancaster OH 0.10255 2754 Quebecor World Mt. Morris Mt. Morris IL 1.61e 02 2754 Quebecor Printing Memphis Inc Glen Burnie MD 3.47e 03 2759 Skeeter Hole LLC North Little Rock AR 1.48e 03 2771 American Greetings Corp Corbin KY 1.78e 05 7334 Xerox Corp Elk Grove Village Elk Grove Village IL 1.67e 06 2754 R R Donnelley and Sons Co Spartanburg SC 0 2759 Colwell Systems Inc. Champaign IL 0 2761 Green Reality Cincinnati OH 0 2732 Danner Press Corporation Canton OH 0 2752 R R D Direct Hebron OH 0 2752 Rr Donnelley & Sons Co Danville KY 0 2754 American National Can Co. Mt. Vernon OH 0 Table 3 11 demonstrates that the majority of direct discharging printing and publishing facilities reporting to PCS similarly discharge low quantities of toxic pollutants ( measured as TWPE). Two facilities account for over 94% of the total TWPE reported to PCS.

EPA's Enforcement and Compliance Assurance Office published its " Profile of the Printing Industry" ( EPA 31 R 95 014) in 1995. This profile included TRI release information for this industry as reported in 1993. These data show that 99 percent of reported TRI pounds of pollutants for printers are released to air. The remaining 1 percent of releases are equally split between water and land.

3.3.4 Analysis of Top Discharging TRI Facilities EPA examined wastewater characteristics for the facilities with highest TWPE reported to TRI in 2000, all of which are indirect dischargers. Table 3 12 lists these facilities and their pollutants reported to TRI in 2000. These facilities collectively contribute approximately 90% of the total TWPE for the industry using TRI data. With the exception of sodium nitrite discharges reported by a single facility, copper is the pollutant driving the industry TWPE. EPA contacted four of these companies ( five facilities) to determine the source of copper. These facilities explained that copper is generated by the gravure printing process. The process involves copper and chrome plating of the printing cylinders. The cylinders are de chromed and de coppered after Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Page 20 of 27 every print job, and then re plated with chrome and copper for the next image imprinting. Etching, polishing and rinsing of the copper plated cylinders releases copper into the wastewater. Copper is also found in blue and green inks, which are discarded as sludge.

Of the five facilities that EPA contacted, all perform gravure printing in addition to other types of printing. Also, four facilities use analytical data to estimate the range of copper transferred to the POTW. The fifth facility back calculates the amount transferred based on copper in filter cake from pretreatment, and the efficiency of the pretreatment system.

Table 3 12. Top TRI Discharging Facilities SIC Facility City State Chemical TRI Range Reported Pounds Discharged to POTW1 Pounds Discharged to Stream2 Chemical TWPE Facility TWPE 2796 Citiplate Inc. Jackson TN Sodium nitrite 500 999 750 736 274.79 274.79 2754 Quebecor World Atglen Div. Atglen PA Zinc compounds NA 63 63 2.95 44.27 Copper compounds NA 3 3 1.88 44.27 Toluene 11  499 255 13 0.072336 44.27 Copper compounds 11  499 255 70 44.01 44.27 Xylene ( mixed isomers) 1 10 5 0.20 0.000832 44.27 Zinc compounds NA 12 4 0.19 44.27 2771 American Greetings Corp. Osceola AR Copper compounds 11  499 255 70 44.01 44.01 2752 Quad/ Graphi cs Inc. Lomira WI Glycol ethers 11  499 255 20 0.002160 44.01 2752 Copper 11  499 255 70 44.01 44.01 2754 Quebecor World Buffalo Inc. Depew NY Copper 11  499 255 70 44.01 44.01 Xylene ( mixed isomers) 1 10 5 0.20 0.000832 44.01 Toluene 1 10 5 0.25 0.001418 44.01 2754 R. R. Donnelley & Sons Co. Gallatin TN Toluene 1 10 5 0.25 0.001418 44.01 2754 Copper compounds 11  499 255 70 44.01 44.01 2796 S & M Rotogravure Service Inc. New Berlin WI Copper compounds 11  499 255 70 44.01 44.01 2796 Southern Graphic Sys. Inc. Louisville KY Copper compounds 11  499 255 70 44.01 44.01 2796 Southern Richmond VA Copper 11  499 255 70 44.01 44.01 Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change SIC Facility City State Chemical TRI Range Reported Pounds Discharged to POTW1 Pounds Discharged to Stream2 Chemical TWPE Facility TWPE Page 21 of 27 Graphic Sys. Inc. compounds 3.4 On Site Wastewater Treatment/ Pretreatment and Pollution Prevention The 1983 Data Summary and 1977 PTA discuss wastewater sources and treatment technologies used in the printing and publishing industry. Table 3 13 summarizes the different sources of wastewater discharge in the printing process.

Table 3 13. Sources of Wastewater Discharge in the Printing Process Source Process Description Wastewater Contents Transparency Preparation Photographic processing operations The film is contacted with a developing solution and then washed with water to remove excess solution. A fixing solution is then used and the excess washed off. Water usage ranges from 1 to 4 gal per min per film processor. Developer solution ( mainly hydroquinone), fixing solution ( mainly sodium/ potassium thiosulphate) and soluble silver and zinc salts.

Image Carrier Preparation Lithographic Platemaking Gravure cylinder preparation Screen preparation Methods, raw materials and chemicals used in image conversion vary with the type of printing and within different printing processes. In general, image conversion produces less wastewater volume than photographic operations. Many plants haul or pretreat part or all of their waste in order to meet local effluent standards. Due to etching and washing of metal and plastic or photopolymer surfaces with various acids, salts or solvent based solutions, the wastewater tends to contain heavy metals and other potential harmful contaminants.

Printing Operations Press operation and clean up of inks, solvents and dampening systems The process of transferring ink from an image carrier to paper does not in itself generate wastewater; however, wastes may be generated during press cleaning and disposal of fountain solutions ( containing chemicals such as phosphoric acid, magnesium nitrate, phenol, isopropanol alchohol or zinc complex) used in lithographic printing. Presses are usually cleaned with rags and a solvent. Some waste ink and solvent may enter a wastestream and be discharged. In most cases, however, the wastewater of small volumes ( 1 10 gal/ day/ press) and are usually drummed and hauled from the premises.

Material Recovery Screen printing Screens may be recovered by washing with caustic solution to remove stencils. Excess ink which may contain precipitated chalk, ink pigment and dry oil varnishes. Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Page 22 of 27 Air Pollution Control Devices Gravure printing Fumes produced by highly volatile inks are vented to activated carbon beds for air pollution control. These beds are steam cleaned and the condensate is decanted and may be discharged Dissolved VOCs.

The 1983 Data Summary and 1977 PTA assessed wastewater treatment and pretreatment technologies at printing and publishing facilities. Only 8 percent of roughly 5,000 surveyed plants reported any type of treatment in both 1983 and 1977. In most cases, the treatment was silver recovery done for economic purposes, although most facilities have contractors haul their pressroom effluents ( 1983 Data Summary). Table 3 14 presents the different wastewater treatment technologies used in the printing and publishing industry.

Table 3 14. Wastewater Treatment Technologies Used in the Printing and Publishing Industry Wastewater Treatment Technology Description Batch neutralization Caustic is added ( to segregated wastewater) and agitated with air until pH = 7; or wastewater is filtered through phosphate rock. Effluent is dumped into the sewer.

Metals Precipitation The process involves chrome reduction, metals precipitation, neutralization and sludge removal.

Silver Recovery Silver is recovered from photographic film processing. Methods include: electrolysis, metallic replacement, chemical precipitation, ion exchange and reverse osmosis.

Clarification/ Settling Chemical precipitants, coagulants, and flocculants are used to increase particle size through aggregation.

Centrifugation/ Filtration Sludge is concentrated to solid cake. The cake is landfilled and the concentrate discharged into a sewer.

Sources: 1983 U. S. EPA Summary of Available Data on the Levels and Control of Toxic Pollutant Discharges in the Printing and Publishing Point Source Category and 1977 U. S. EPA Second Preliminary Technical Assessment of the Best Available Technology, Best Demonstrated Technology and Pretreatment Technology for the Printing and Publishing Point Source Category.

This industry's pollution prevention efforts have focused mainly on reducing air pollution. Substitution of certain solvents with others can reduce air emissions. However, on the water use and wastewater side, pollution prevention practices used by this industry include:

° Segregation of waste streams ( spent fix baths should be segregated from rinsewaters and developer solution);

° Reuse and recycle of baths; Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Page 23 of 27 ° Reduction of the number of re shoots and re prints by proofing jobs before printing;

° Substitution: change to silverless film; and ° Process modifications: add ammonium thiosulfate; counter current rinsing; install electronic or laser platemaking; install wastewater recycling.

In addition, moving to electronic pre press and " direct to plate" technologies eliminate the image processing step entirely as does use of a waterless press.

3.5 Multimedia Environmental Releases Based on releases as reported to TRI, the printing and publishing industry releases 99% of its total TRI poundage to the air, while the remaining 1% of releases are split between water and land disposal. In general, the presence of volatile chemicals explains the air intensive toxic chemical loadings of this industry.

This section summarizes air releases ( Section 3.6.1) and solid and hazardous waste generation ( Section 3.6.2) at printing operations.

3.5.1 Volatilization Prior to Reaching POTW Gravure Printing Packaging and product gravure printers are particularly concerned about solvent losses from ink during press operations. A preliminary study indicated that printers might be able to reduce solvent consumption, improve print quality, and achieve cost savings by implementing ink temperature controls. Other key pollution prevention activities opportunities include reduction in volatile organic compound ( VOC) emissions from floor cleaning and press operations, reduction in hazardous waste generation and cleaner and safer shop towel management.

Lithographic Printing Blanket washes, consisting of varying types of solvents, are employed in removing ink, paper dust, and other debris. Blanket washes are a major source of VOC emissions, and are therefore the primary concern of lithographic printers. Switching to blanket washes that contain fewer VOCs, lower vapor pressure, and fewer hazardous chemicals could aid in pollution prevention. New, potentially less harmful blanket washes are appearing on the market, giving printers the opportunity to reduce impacts on the environment and minimize risks to workers. Testing new blanket washes, however, can be a time consuming and expensive process. Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Page 24 of 27 Flexographic Printing For solvent based and water based systems, printers often make use of press side additions. These materials can add to the VOC content of the ink. Many inks and press side additions ( especially in solvent based and water based inks) contain VOCs and HAPs as a percentage of volume. VOC content is highest, on average, for the solvent based ink systems. Water based inks have substantially lower levels of VOCs than solvent based systems, and the UV cured inks have almost no VOCs. Therefore, despite the fact that solvent based systems tend to use oxidizers, they can generate considerable uncaptured emissions, leading to much higher ink related air emissions.

Screen Printing The most common screen printing inks are solvent based. They dry through solvent evaporation, which produces VOC emissions. Solvents used in screen reclamation activities may also generate VOC emissions. In addition, chemical overspray not directed at the screen during the reclamation process results in significant VOC releases. A " catch frame" place around the screen can be used to capture the chemical overspray, which is then recycled or reused.

3.5.2 Solid and Hazardous Waste Generation In a general printing environment, solid waste could consist of empty containers, used film packages, damaged plates, developed film, test production, bad printing or spoilage, damaged products and scrap paper. Printing operations may generate hazardous waste from solventcontaining shop towels, wastewater treatment residuals ( sludge), and spent solvent/ ink cartridges. Copper and chrome treatment systems consisting of gravity oil separation, pH adjustment, flocculation and chrome reduction release sludge, which is pumped to a sludge thickener and/ or concentrated via centrifugation or pressure filtration. The resulting solid cake or filtered solids, which may be hazardous waste, are then hauled to an appropriate landfill.

3.6 Industry Trends The growth of the Internet is a major trend facing this industry. Availability of publications on the Internet may reduce the need for printing. The advent of E books and electronic magazines, in particular, is a trend the printing and publishing industry is tracking.

The use of digital printing is also increasing. As of 2000, digital printing was up 48% and expected to continue to increase. Digital printing should decrease the discharge of silver laden wastewater. Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Page 25 of 27 Design for the Environment EPA's Design for the Environment ( DfE) Program was created to build on the current industry trends to incorporate environmental factors into design decisions. The DfE maintains partnership projects with the following industries: adhesives, automotive refinishing, computer display, printing ( gravure, flexographic, lithographic and screen), formulator, garment and textile care, industrial and institutional laundry, integrated environmental management systems, lead free solder partnership, nail salons and printed wiring board. The DfE work is on going; the most recent printing information obtained from the EPA website was last updated in September, 2004. The EPA contact for the printing partnership is the project manager, Clive Davies.

3.7 Case Studies The following case studies are available on printing and publishing operations:

The Illinois Waste Management and Resource Center's 1997 Printing Industry Pollution Prevention Notebook ( Sector Notebook) gives a statistical overview of the industry, general pollution prevention options and different printing processes highlighted by case studies.

U. S. EPA's Risk Reduction Engineering Laboratory ( RREL) studied a flexographic printing firm in Cincinnati, Ohio in 1993, indicating that 95 percent of the firm's liquid waste from waste ink and cleaning solvents was reduced as a result of operational practice changes and employee training.

The Massachusetts Office of Technical Assistance ( OTA) studied the F. C. Meyer Company in 1993, indicating that employee training and improved washing practices reduced wastes from 10 to two drums of non hazardous waste per week. This reduction was achieved by draining and scraping as much ink as possible before washing, and minimizing the amount of water used. In addition, wastewater was recycled by adding it to blank ink with a reduced water content.

In 1993, the Vermont Agency of Natural Resources studied Stinehour Press, Inc. who significantly reduced the volume of wastewater generated from their printing and photo processing activities. No POTW was available to Stinehour Press, Inc, and discharge to the Connecticut River was technically and economically infeasible; therefore, the company had to consider wastewater and toxic use reduction at the facility. Through a combination of closed loop recycling and evaporation, Stinehour Press reduced the film processing wastewater from 10,000 gallons per day to 100 gallons per week. In addition, hazardous wastewater streams were reduced from 5,456 to approximately 924 gallons per year. Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Page 26 of 27

The Massachusetts OTA studied reduced use of toxic chemicals at Hampden Papers Specialty Operations. Despite earlier reductions, wastewater discharges from Hampden continued to contain zinc and copper levels above the discharge limits set by the local wastewater treatment authority. To control zinc discharges, Hampden installed an emerging production method that used dispersion rather than solution technology for 20 percent of the production, and plans to increase this to 70 percent. No substitute could be found for the copper containing pigments; therefore, segregated wastewater treatment was considered as a possible temporary solution. Water conservation activities such as fixing leaks, installing automatic shut offs and re directing air conditioning, machinery and non contact cooling water discharges from the sewer to a nearby river resulted in a reduction of wastewater discharge from 130,000 to 12,000 gallons per day. On non production days, the wastewater flow was zero. The POTW removed Hampden from the significant industrial user list, provided the company continued to seek substitute chemicals and implement improved cleanup practices.

3.8 References Business Week Web Page Article: http:// europe. businessweek. com/ investor/ content/ jan2005/ pi2005017_ 1178_ pi044. htm as accessed on January 25, 2004.

Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection Web Page.

Enviro$ en$ e Web Page.

Illinois Waste Management and Resource Center. Printing Industry Pollution Prevention Notebook. 1977. Available at http:// www. wmrc. uiuc. edu/ main_ sections/ info_ services/ library_ docs/ manuals/ printing/ toc. htm accessed on October 27, 2004.

Massachusetts Office of Technical Assistance Web Page.

Market Research Web Page Article: http:// www. marketresearch. com/ map/ prod/ 826065. html as accessed on January 25, 2004.

Photo Reporter Web Page Article: http:// www. photoreporter. com/ 2003/ 11 17/ features/ digital_ 2003. html as accessed on January 25, 2004.

R& E Council. Notes from 50th Annual Critical Trends Conference. Available at http:// www. recouncil. org/ notes/ 2000criticaltrends. html accessed on March 22, 2005. Draft, 4/ 12/ 05; subject to change Page 27 of 27 Telephone conversation with Ms. Diane Potts, Quebecor World Atglen Division, November 9, 2004.

Telephone conversation with Ms. Janet Schmidt, Quebecor World Buffalo Inc., November 9, 2004.

Telephone conversation with Mr. Tom Estock, Quad/ Graphics Inc., November 9, 2004.

U. S. EPA Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. Profile of the Printing Industry. Setpember 1995. EPA 310 R 95 014.

U. S. EPA Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxic Substances Design for the Environment web page. Available at http:// www. epa. gov/ dfe/ projects/ index. htm, accessed on October 21, 2004.

U. S. EPA Office of Water. Second Preliminary Technical Assessment of the Best Available Technology, Best Demonstrated Technology and Pretreatment Technology for the Printing and Publishing Point Source Category. December 1977.

U. S. EPA Office of Water. Summary of Available Data on the Levels and Control of Toxic Pollutant Discharges in the Printing and Publishing Point Source Category. October 1983. EPA 440/ 1 83/ 400.


[Federal Register Volume 76, Number 203 (Thursday, October 20, 2011)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 65120-65121]
[FR Doc No: 2011-27129]

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DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY

Coast Guard

33 CFR Part 117

[Docket No. USCG-2011-0962]

Drawbridge Operation Regulation; Islais Creek, San Francisco, CA

AGENCY: Coast Guard, DHS.

ACTION: Notice of temporary deviation from regulations.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: The Commander, Eleventh Coast Guard District, has issued a
temporary deviation from the regulation governing the operation of the
Third Street Drawbridge across Islais Creek, mile 0.4, at San
Francisco, CA. The deviation is necessary to allow the City of San
Francisco to make emergency electrical repairs on the bridge. This
deviation allows the bridge to be secured in the closed-to-navigation
position during the deviation period.

DATES: This deviation is effective from 8 a.m. on October 3, 2011 to 6
p.m. on November 18, 2011.

ADDRESSES: Documents mentioned in this preamble as being available in
the docket are part of the docket USCG-2011-0962 and are available
online by going to http://www.regulations.gov, inserting USCG-2011-0962
in the ``Keyword'' box and then clicking ``Search''. They are also
available for inspection or copying at the Docket Management Facility
(M-30), U.S. Department of Transportation, West Building Ground Floor,
Room W12-140, 1200 New Jersey Avenue, SE., Washington, DC 20590,
between 9 a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal
holidays.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: If you have questions on this rule,
call or e-mail David H. Sulouff, Chief, Bridge Section, Eleventh Coast
Guard District; telephone<PHONE_NUMBER>, e-mail
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>If you have questions on viewing the docket,
call Renee V. Wright, Program Manager, Docket Operations, telephone
202-366-9826.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The City of San Francisco requested a
temporary change to the operation of the Third Street Drawbridge, mile
0.4, over Islais Creek, at San Francisco, CA. The drawbridge navigation
span provides a vertical clearance of 4 feet above Mean High Water in
the closed-to-navigation position. As required by 33 CFR 117.163(b),
the draw shall open on signal if at least 72 hours advance notice is
given to the San Francisco

Department of Public Works. Navigation on the waterway is commercial
and recreational.
    The Third Street Drawbridge will be secured in the closed-to-
navigation position from 8 a.m. on October 3, 2011 to 6 p.m. on
November 18, 2011, to allow the City of San Francisco to complete
emergency electrical repairs. This temporary deviation has been
coordinated with the waterway users. No objections to the proposed
temporary deviation were received.
    Vessels that can transit the bridge, while in the closed-to-
navigation position, may continue to do so at any time.
    In accordance with 33 CFR 117.35(e), the drawbridge must return to
its regular operating schedule immediately at the end of the designated
time period. This deviation from the operating regulations is
authorized under 33 CFR 117.35.

    Dated: October 7, 2011.
D.H. Sulouff,
Bridge Section Chief, Eleventh Coast Guard District.
[FR Doc. 2011-27129 Filed 10-19-11; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-15-P


[Federal Register Volume 78, Number 148 (Thursday, August 1, 2013)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Page 46552]
[FR Doc No: 2013-18436]

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 52

[EPA-R08-OAR-2011-0659; FRL-9840-6]

Approval and Promulgation of Air Quality Implementation Plans;
State of Colorado; Second Ten-Year Carbon Monoxide Maintenance Plan for
Colorado Springs

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: EPA is proposing to approve a State Implementation Plan (SIP)
revision submitted by the State of Colorado. On March 31, 2010, the
Governor of Colorado's designee submitted to EPA a Clean Air Act (CAA)
section 175A(b) second 10-year maintenance plan for the Colorado
Springs area for the carbon monoxide (CO) National Ambient Air Quality
Standard (NAAQS). This limited maintenance plan (LMP) addresses
maintenance of the CO NAAQS for a second 10-year period beyond the
original redesignation. This action is being taken under sections 110
and 175A of the CAA.

DATES: Written comments must be received on or before September 3,
2013.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, identified by Docket ID No. EPA-R08-
OAR-2011-0659, by one of the following methods:
     http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the on-line
instructions for submitting comments.
     Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>     Fax:<PHONE_NUMBER> (please alert the individual listed in
the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT if you are faxing comments).
     Mail: Carl Daly, Director, Air Program, EPA, Region 8,
Mailcode 8P-AR, 1595 Wynkoop Street Denver, Colorado 80202-1129.
     Hand Delivery: Carl Daly, Director, Air Program, EPA,
Region 8, Mailcode 8P-AR, 1595 Wynkoop, Denver, Colorado 80202-1129.
Such deliveries are only accepted Monday through Friday, 8:00 a.m. to
4:30 p.m., excluding federal holidays. Special arrangements should be
made for deliveries of boxed information.
    Please see the direct final rule which is located in the Rules and
Regulations section of this Federal Register for detailed instruction
on how to submit comments.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Adam Clark, Air Program, EPA, Region
8, Mailcode 8P-AR, 1595 Wynkoop, Denver, Colorado 80202-1129, (303)
312-7104<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: In the ``Rules and Regulations'' section of
this Federal Register, EPA is approving Colorado's SIP revision as a
direct final rule without prior proposal because the Agency views this
as a noncontroversial SIP revision and anticipates no adverse comments.
A detailed rationale for the approval is set forth in the preamble to
the direct final rule. If EPA receives no adverse comments, EPA will
not take further action on this proposed rule. If EPA receives adverse
comments, EPA will withdraw the direct final rule and it will not take
effect. EPA will address all public comments in a subsequent final rule
based on this proposed rule. EPA will not institute a second comment
period on this action. Any parties interested in commenting must do so
at this time. Please note that if EPA receives adverse comment on an
amendment, paragraph, or section of this rule and if that provision may
be severed from the remainder of the rule, EPA may adopt as final those
provisions of the rule that are not the subject of an adverse comment.
See the information provided in the Direct Final action of the same
title which is located in the Rules and Regulations section of this
Federal Register.

    Authority: 42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

    Dated: July 16, 2013.
Judith Wong,
Acting Regional Administrator, Region 8.
[FR Doc. 2013-18436 Filed 7-31-13; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6560-50-P


[Federal Register Volume 80, Number 204 (Thursday, October 22, 2015)]
[Notices]
[Pages 63991-63992]
[FR Doc No: 2015-26835]

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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

Combined Notice of Filings #1

    Take notice that the Commission received the following electric
corporate filings:

    Docket Numbers: EC16-14-000.
    Applicants: Eden Solar, LLC.
    Description: Application for Authorization Under Section 203 of the
Federal Power Act, Request for Expedited Consideration and Confidential
Treatment of Eden Solar, LLC.
    Filed Date: 10/16/15.
    Accession Number: 20151016-5305.
    Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/6/15.

    Take notice that the Commission received the following electric
rate filings:

    Docket Numbers: ER16-89-000.
    Applicants: Jether Energy Research, LTD.
    Description: Baseline eTariff Filing: Application for MBR Authority
to be effective 12/14/2015.
    Filed Date: 10/15/15.
    Accession Number: 20151015-5284.
    Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/5/15.

    Docket Numbers: ER16-90-000.
    Applicants: Golden Hills Interconnection, LLC.
    Description: Baseline eTariff Filing: Golden Hills Interconnection,
LLC MBR Application to be effective 11/18/2015.
    Filed Date: 10/15/15.
    Accession Number: 20151015-5312.
    Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/5/15.

    Docket Numbers: ER16-91-000.
    Applicants: Blythe Solar 110, LLC.
    Description: Baseline eTariff Filing: Blythe Solar 110, LLC
Application for MBR Authority to be effective 12/1/2015.
    Filed Date: 10/15/15.
    Accession Number: 20151015-5314.
    Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/5/15.

    Docket Numbers: ER16-92-000.
    Applicants: ISO New England Inc.
    Description: Sec.  205(d) Rate Filing: 2016 Capital Budget and
Revised Tariff Sheets for Recovery of 2016 Admin. Costs to be effective
1/1/2016.
    Filed Date: 10/16/15.
    Accession Number: 20151016-5158.
    Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/6/15.

    Docket Numbers: ER16-93-000.
    Applicants: ISO New England Inc.
    Description: Sec.  205(d) Rate Filing: Revised Tariff Sheets for
Recovery of Costs for 2016 Operation of NESCOE to be effective 1/1/
2016.
    Filed Date: 10/16/15.
    Accession Number: 20151016-5173.
    Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/6/15.

    Docket Numbers: ER16-94-000.
    Applicants: ISO New England Inc.
    Description: ISO New England Inc. submits Third Quarter 2015
Capital Budget Report under ER16-94.
    Filed Date: 10/16/15.
    Accession Number: 20151016-5183.
    Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/6/15.

    Docket Numbers: ER16-95-000.
    Applicants: Midcontinent Independent System Operator, Inc.
    Description: Sec.  205(d) Rate Filing: 2015-10-16_SA 2834 ATC-NSPW
Design and Construction Agreement to be effective 12/15/2015.
    Filed Date: 10/16/15.
    Accession Number: 20151016-5289.
    Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/6/15.

    Docket Numbers: ER16-96-000.
    Applicants: Midcontinent Independent System Operator, Inc.
    Description: Sec.  205(d) Rate Filing: 2015-10-16_SA 2835 ATC-NPS
Pole Removal and Replacement Agreement to be effective 12/15/2015.
    Filed Date: 10/16/15.
    Accession Number: 20151016-5291.
    Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/6/15.

    Docket Numbers: ER16-97-000.
    Applicants: Entergy Arkansas, Inc.
    Description: Sec.  205(d) Rate Filing: EAI-SWPA Amendatory
Agreement to be effective 1/1/2017.
    Filed Date: 10/16/15.
    Accession Number: 20151016-5297.
    Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/6/15.

    Docket Numbers: ER16-98-000.
    Applicants: Windom Transmission, LLC.
    Description: Baseline eTariff Filing: Windom Transmission and ALP
Wind Transmission and Interconnection Agreement to be effective 12/15/
2015.
    Filed Date: 10/16/15.
    Accession Number: 20151016-5328.
    Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/6/15.

    Take notice that the Commission received the following electric
securities filings:

    Docket Numbers: ES16-1-000.
    Applicants: Allegheny Generating Company.
    Description: Application of Allegheny Generating Company for
Authorization under Section 204(a) of the Federal Power Act to Issue
Short-Term Debt Securities.
    Filed Date: 10/15/15.
    Accession Number: 20151015-5348.
    Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/5/15.

    Docket Numbers: ES16-2-000.
    Applicants: Mississippi Power Company.
    Description: Application of Mississippi Power Company for
Authorization to Issue Securities Under Section 204 of the Federal
Power Act and Request tor Exemption from Competitive Bidding
Requirements.
    Filed Date: 10/16/15.
    Accession Number: 20151016-5304.
    Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/6/15.

    Docket Numbers: ES16-3-000.
    Applicants: PacifiCorp.
    Description: Application for Authorization to issue and sell up to
$1.5 billion of promissory notes or other evidences of unsecured short-
term indebtedness of PacifiCorp.
    Filed Date: 10/16/15.
    Accession Number: 20151016-5346.
    Comments Due: 5 p.m. ET 11/6/15.

    The filings are accessible in the Commission's eLibrary system by

clicking on the links or querying the docket number.
    Any person desiring to intervene or protest in any of the above
proceedings must file in accordance with Rules 211 and 214 of the
Commission's Regulations (18 CFR 385.211 and 385.214) on or before 5:00
p.m. Eastern time on the specified comment date. Protests may be
considered, but intervention is necessary to become a party to the
proceeding.
    eFiling is encouraged. More detailed information relating to filing
requirements, interventions, protests, service, and qualifying
facilities filings can be found at: http://www.ferc.gov/docs-filing/efiling/filing-req.pdf. For other information, call<PHONE_NUMBER>
(toll free). For TTY, call<PHONE_NUMBER>.

    Dated: October 16, 2015.
Nathaniel J. Davis, Sr.,
Deputy Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2015-26835 Filed 10-21-15; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6717-01-P


[Federal Register: November 8, 2006 (Volume 71, Number 216)]
[Notices]
[Page 65550-65551]
[DOCID:fr08no06-122]

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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Upon written request, copies available from: Securities and Exchange
Commission, Office of Filings and Information Services, Washington, DC
20549.

Extension:
    Rule 17i-5; SEC File No. 270-531; OMB Control No. 3235-0590.

    Notice is hereby given that pursuant to the Paperwork Reduction Act
of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501 et seq.) the Securities

and Exchange Commission (``Commission'') has submitted to the Office of
Management and Budget a request for extension of the previously
approved collection of information discussed below.
    Section 231 of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 \1\ (the
``GLBA'') amended Section 17 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (15
U.S.C. 78a et seq.) (the ``Exchange Act'' or the ``Act'') to create a
regulatory framework under which a holding company of a broker-dealer
(``investment bank holding company'' or ``IBHC'') may voluntarily be
supervised by the Commission as a supervised investment bank holding
company (or ``SIBHC'').\2\ In 2004, the Commission promulgated rules,
including Rule 17i-5, (17 CFR 240.17i-5) to create a framework for the
Commission to supervise SIBHCs.\3\ This framework includes
qualification criteria for SIBHCs, as well as recordkeeping and
reporting requirements. Among other things, this regulatory framework
for SIBHCs is intended to provide a basis for non-U.S. financial
regulators to treat the Commission as the principal U.S. consolidated,
home-country supervisor for SIBHCs and their affiliated broker-
dealers.\4\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ Pub. L. No. 106-102, 113 Stat. 1338 (1999).
    \2\ See 15 U.S.C. 78q(i).
    \3\ See Exchange Act Release No. 49831 (Jun. 8, 2004), 69 FR
34472 (Jun. 21, 2004).
    \4\ See H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 106-434, 165 (1999). See also
Exchange Act Release No. 49831, at 6 (Jun. 8, 2004), 69 FR 34472, at
34473 (Jun. 21, 2004).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Pursuant to Section 17(i)(3)(A) of the Exchange Act, an SIBHC would
be required to make and keep records, furnish copies thereof, and make
such reports as the Commission may require by rule.\5\ Rule 17i-5
requires that an SIBHC make and keep current certain records relating
to its business. In addition, it requires that an SIBHC preserve those
and other records for at least three years.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ 15 U.S.C. 78q(i)(3)(A).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The collections of information required pursuant to Rule 17i-5 are
necessary so that the Commission can adequately supervise the
activities of these SIBHCs. In addition, these collections of
information are needed to allow the Commission to effectively determine
whether supervision of an IBHC as an SIBHC is necessary or appropriate
in furtherance of the purposes of section 17 of the Act. Rule 17i-5
also enhances the Commission's supervision of the SIBHCs' subsidiary
broker-dealers through collection of additional information and
inspections of affiliates of those broker-dealers. Without this
information and documentation, the Commission would be unable to
adequately supervise an SIBHC, nor would it be able to determine
whether continued supervision of an IBHC as an SIBHC were necessary and
appropriate in furtherance of the purposes of section 17 of the Act.
    We estimate that three IBHCs will file Notices of Intention with
the Commission to be supervised by the Commission as SIBHCs. An SIBHC
will require, on average, approximately 64 hours each quarter to create
a record regarding stress tests, or approximately 256 hours each year.
In addition, an SIBHC will generally require about 40 hours to create
and document a contingency plan regarding funding and liquidity of the
affiliate group. Further, an SIBHC will establish approximately 20 new
counterparty arrangements each year, and will take, on average, about
30 minutes to create a record regarding the basis for credit risk
weights for each such counterparty.\6\ Finally, an SIBHC will generally
require about 24 hours per year to maintain the specified records.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ On average, each firm presently maintains relationships with
approximately 1,000 counterparties. Further, firms generally already
maintain documentation regarding their credit decisions, including
their determination of credit risk weights, for those
counterparties.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    We believe that an IBHC likely will upgrade its information
technology (``IT'') systems in order to more efficiently comply with
certain of the SIBHC framework rules (including Rules 17i-4, 17i-5,
17i-6 and 17i-7), and that this would be a one-time cost. Depending on
the state of development of the IBHC's IT systems, it would cost an
IBHC between $1 million and $10 million to upgrade its IT systems to
comply with the SIBHC framework of rules. Thus, on average, it would
cost each of the three IBHCs about $5.5 million to upgrade their IT
systems, or approximately $16.5 million in total. It is impossible to
determine what percentage of the IT systems costs would be attributable
to each Rule, so we allocated the total estimated upgrade costs equally
(at 25% for each of the above-mentioned Rules), with $4,125,000
attributable to Rule 17i-5.
    The collection of information is mandatory and the information
required to be provided to the Commission pursuant to this Rule is
deemed confidential pursuant to section 17(j) of the Exchange Act and
Section 552(b)(3)(B) of the Freedom of Information Act,\7\
notwithstanding any other provision of law.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ 5 U.S.C. 552(b)(3)(B).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required
to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a
currently valid control number.
    Comments should be directed to: (i) Desk Officer for the Securities
and Exchange Commission, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs,
Office of Management and Budget, Room 10102, New Executive Office
Building, Washington, DC 20503 or by sending an e-mail to:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and (ii) R. Corey Booth, Director/Chief

Information Officer, Securities and Exchange Commission, c/o Shirley
Martinson, 6432 General Green Way, Alexandria, VA 22312 or send an e-
mail to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Comments must be submitted to OMB within
30 days of this notice.

    Dated: October 23, 2006.
Nancy M. Morris,
Secretary.
[FR Doc. E6-18803 Filed 11-7-06; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 8011-01-P


[Federal Register: July 8, 2008 (Volume 73, Number 131)]
[Notices]
[Page 39062-39063]
[DOCID:fr08jy08-116]

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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Proposed Collection; Comment Request

Upon Written Request, Copies Available From: Securities and Exchange
Commission, Office of Investor Education and Advocacy, Washington, DC
20549-0213.

Extension:
    Rule 19b-1, SEC File No. 270-312, OMB Control No. 3235-0354.

    Notice is hereby given that, pursuant to the Paperwork Reduction
Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520), the Securities and Exchange
Commission (``Commission'') is soliciting comments on the collection of
information summarized below. The Commission plans to submit the
existing collection of information to the Office of Management and
Budget (``OMB'') for extension and approval.
    Section 19(b) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 (the ``Act'')
(15 U.S.C. 80a-19(b)) authorizes the Commission to regulate registered
investment company (``fund'') distributions of long-term capital gains
made more frequently than once every twelve months. Rule 19b-1 under
the Act \1\ prohibits funds from distributing long-term capital gains
more than once every twelve months unless certain conditions are met.
Rule 19b-1(c) (17 CFR 270.19b-1(c)) permits unit investment trusts
(``UITs'') engaged exclusively in the business of investing in certain
eligible fixed-income securities to distribute long-term capital gains
more than once every twelve months, if: (i) The capital gains
distribution falls within one of several categories specified in the
rule \2\ and (ii) the distribution is accompanied by a report to the
unit holder that clearly describes the distribution as a capital gains
distribution (the ``notice requirement'').\3\ Rule 19b-1(e) (17 CFR
270.19b-1(e)) permits a fund to apply to the Commission for permission
to distribute long-term capital gains more than once a year if the fund
did not foresee the circumstances that created the need for the
distribution. The application must set forth the pertinent facts and
explain the circumstances that justify the distribution.\4\ An
application that meets those requirements is deemed to be granted
unless the Commission denies the request within 15 days after the
Commission receives the application.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ 17 CFR 270.19b-1.
    \2\ 17 CFR 270.19b-1(c)(1).
    \3\ The notice requirement in rule 19b-1(c)(2) (17 CFR 270.19b-
1(c)(2)) supplements the notice requirement of section 19(a) [15
U.S.C. 80a-19(a)] and rule 19a-1 [17 CFR 270.19a-1], which requires
any distribution in the nature of a dividend payment made by a fund
to its investors to be accompanied by a notice disclosing the source
of the distribution.
    \4\ Rule 19b-1(e) also requires that the application comply with
rule 0-2 [17 CFR 270.02], which sets forth the general requirements
for papers and applications filed with the Commission.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Commission staff estimates that, on average, each year five funds
file an application under rule 19b-1(e). The staff understands that
funds that file an application generally use outside counsel to prepare
the application. The cost burden of using outside counsel is discussed
below. The staff estimates that, on average, the fund's investment
adviser spends approximately four hours to review an application,
including 3.5 hours by an assistant general counsel, at a cost of $371
per hour, and 0.5 hours by an administrative assistant, at a cost of
$65 per hour.\5\ Thus, the Commission staff estimates that the annual
hour burden of the collection of information imposed by rule 19b-1 is
approximately four hours per fund, at a cost of $1331, for a total
burden of 20 hours at a cost of $6655.\6\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ These hourly rate estimates are derived from annual salaries
reported in: Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association,
Management and Professional Earnings in the Securities Industry
(2007) and Securities Industry and Financial Markets Association,
Office Salaries in the Securities Industry (2007).
    \6\ This estimate is based on the following calculations:
$1298.50 (3.5 hours x $371 = $1298.5) plus $32.50 (0.5 hours x $65 =
$32.50) equals $1331.00 (cost of one application); $1331 x 5
applications = $6655 total cost.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission staff estimates that there is no hour burden
associated with complying with the collection of information component
of rule 19b-1(c).
    As noted above, the Commission staff understands that funds that
file an application under rule 19b-1(e) generally use outside counsel
to prepare the application.\7\ The staff estimates that, on average,
outside counsel spends 10 hours preparing a rule 19b-1(e) application,
including eight hours by an associate and two hours by a partner.
Outside counsel billing arrangements and rates vary based on numerous
factors. Based on conversations with outside counsel and average
billing rates of outside counsel the staff estimates that the average
cost of outside counsel preparation of the 19b-(e) exemptive
application is $5,000. Thus, the staff estimates that the total annual
cost burden imposed by the exemptive application requirements of rule
19b-1(e) is $25,000.\8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ This understanding is based on conversations with
representatives from the fund industry.
    \8\ This estimate is based on the following calculation: $5,000
multiplied by 5 (funds) equals $25,000.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Commission staff estimates that there are approximately 6030
UITs,\9\ which may rely on rule 19b-1(c) to make capital gains
distributions. The staff estimates that, on average, these UITs rely on
rule 19b-1(c) once a year to make a capital gains distribution.\10\ In
most cases, the trustee of the UIT is responsible for preparing and
sending the notices that must accompany a capital gains distribution
under rule 19b-1(c)(2). These notices require limited preparation, the
cost of which accounts for only a small, indiscrete portion of the
comprehensive fee charged by the trustee for its services to the UIT.
The staff believes that as a matter of good business practices, and for
tax preparation reasons, UITs would collect and distribute the capital
gains information required to be sent to unit holders under rule 19b-
1(c) even in the absence of the rule. The staff estimates that the cost
of preparing a notice for a capital gains distribution under rule 19b-
1(c)(2) is approximately $50. There is no separate cost to mail the
notices because they are mailed with the capital gains distribution.
Thus, the staff estimates that the capital gains distribution notice
requirement imposes an annual cost on UITs of approximately
$301,500.\11\ The staff therefore estimates that the total cost

imposed by rule 19b-1 is $326,500 ($301,500 plus $25,000 equals
$326,500).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \9\ The Investment Company Institute, Unit Investment Trust Data
(April, 2008).
    \10\ The number of times UITs rely on the rule to make capital
gains distributions depends on a wide range of factors and, thus,
can vary greatly across years. A number of UITs are organized as
grantor trusts, and therefore do not generally make capital gains
distributions under rule 19b-1(c), or may not rely on rule 19b-1(c)
as they do not meet the rule's requirements. Other UITs may
distribute capital gains biannually, annually, quarterly, or at
other intervals.
    \11\ This estimate is based on the following calculation: 6030
UITs multiplied by $50 equals $301,500.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Based on these calculations, the total number of respondents for
rule 19b-1 is estimated to be 6035 (6030 UIT portfolios + 5 funds
filing an application under rule 19b-1(e)), the total annual hour
burden is estimated to be 20 hours, and the total annual cost burden is
estimated to be $326,500. These estimates of average annual burden
hours and costs are made solely for purposes of the Paperwork Reduction
Act. The collections of information required by 19b-1(c) and 19b-1(e)
are necessary to obtain the benefits described above. Responses will
not be kept confidential. An agency may not conduct or sponsor, and a
person is not required to respond to, a collection of information
unless it displays a currently valid control number.
    Written comments are invited on: (a) Whether the collection of
information is necessary for the proper performance of the functions of
the Commission, including whether the information has practical
utility; (b) the accuracy of the Commission's estimate of the burden of
the collection of information; (c) ways to enhance the quality,
utility, and clarity of the information collected; and (d) ways to
minimize the burden of the collection of information on respondents,
including through the use of automated collection techniques or other
forms of information technology. Consideration will be given to
comments and suggestions submitted in writing within 60 days of this
publication.
    Please direct your written comments to R. Corey Booth, Director/
Chief Information Officer, Securities and Exchange Commission, C/O
Shirley Martinson, 6432 General Green Way, Alexandria, VA 22312; or
send an e-mail to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
    Dated: June 30, 2008.
Florence E. Harmon,
Acting Secretary.
 [FR Doc. E8-15356 Filed 7-7-08; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 8010-01-P


[Federal Register Volume 83, Number 155 (Friday, August 10, 2018)]
[Notices]
[Pages 39744-39745]
[FR Doc No: 2018-17189]

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

[EPA-HQ-OLEM-2018-0082, FRL-9981-78-OLEM]

Agency Information Collection Activities; Proposed Collection;
Comment Request; National Minimum Criteria for Disposal of Coal
Combustion Residuals From Electric Utilities

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Notice.

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SUMMARY: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is planning to
submit the information collection request (ICR), National Minimum
Criteria for Disposal of Coal Combustion Residuals from Electric
Utilities (EPA ICR No. 2571.01, OMB Control No. 2050-NEW) to the Office
of Management and Budget (OMB) for review and approval in accordance
with the Paperwork Reduction Act (PRA). Before doing so, the EPA is
soliciting public comments on specific aspects of the proposed
information collection as described below. The burden associated with
this ICR was previously covered by the Identification, Listing and
Rulemaking Petitions ICR (EPA ICR No. 1189.26, OMB Control No. 2050-
0053) and is currently approved through November 30, 2018. An Agency
may not conduct or sponsor and a person is not required to respond to a
collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB
control number.

DATES: Comments must be submitted on or before October 9, 2018.

ADDRESSES: Submit your comments, referencing by Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-
OLEM-2018-0082, online using www.regulations.gov (our preferred
method), by email to [email protected], or by mail to: EPA Docket
Center, Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Code 28221T, 1200
Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460.
    EPA's policy is that all comments received will be included in the
public docket without change including any personal information
provided, unless the comment includes profanity, threats, information
claimed to be Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other

information whose disclosure is restricted by statute.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kirsten Hillyer, Office of Resource
Conservation and Recovery (mail code 5304P), Environmental Protection
Agency, 1200 Pennsylvania Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20460; telephone
number:<PHONE_NUMBER>; fax number:<PHONE_NUMBER>; email address:
[email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Supporting documents which explain in detail
the information the EPA will be collecting are available in the public
docket for this ICR. The docket can be viewed online at
www.regulations.gov or in person at the EPA Docket Center, WJC West,
Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Ave. NW, Washington, DC. The telephone
number for the Docket Center is<PHONE_NUMBER>. For additional
information about EPA's public docket, visit http://www.epa.gov/dockets.
    Pursuant to section 3506(c)(2)(A) of the PRA, the EPA is soliciting
comments and information to enable it to: (i) Evaluate whether the
proposed collection of information is necessary for the proper
performance of the functions of the Agency, including whether the
information will have practical utility; (ii) evaluate the accuracy of
the Agency's estimate of the burden of the proposed collection of
information, including the validity of the methodology and assumptions
used; (iii) enhance the quality, utility, and clarity of the
information to be collected; and (iv) minimize the burden of the
collection of information on those who are to respond, including
through the use of appropriate automated electronic, mechanical, or
other technological collection techniques or other forms of information
technology, e.g., permitting electronic submission of responses. The
EPA will consider the comments received and amend the ICR as
appropriate. The final ICR package will then be submitted to OMB for
review and approval. At that time, the EPA will issue another Federal
Register notice to announce the submission of the ICR to OMB and the
opportunity to submit additional comments to OMB.
    Abstract: On April 17, 2015, the EPA published a final rule to
regulate the disposal of coal combustion residuals (CCR) from electric
utilities as solid waste under Subtitle D of the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA) (80 FR 21302). EPA established national minimum
criteria for existing and new CCR landfills and CCR surface
impoundments and all lateral expansions to include location
restrictions, design and operating criteria, groundwater monitoring and
corrective action, closure requirements and post-closure care, and
recordkeeping, notification, and internet posting requirements.
    In December 2016, the President signed the Water Infrastructure
Improvements for the Nation (WIIN) Act. The WIIN Act amended RCRA
Subtitle D and established new statutory provisions applicable to CCR
landfills and CCR surface impoundments. In particular, the WIIN Act
provides that states may, but are not required to, develop and submit a
permit (or other system of prior approval) program for CCR disposal to
EPA for approval. Such a program does not have to be identical to the
requirements in the CCR rule (40 CFR part 257, subpart D), but must be
at least as protective as the CCR rule. EPA developed an interim final
guidance document that provides information about the provisions of the
2016 WIIN Act related to CCR as well as the process and procedures EPA
will generally use to review and make determinations on state CCR
permit programs. The release of this interim final guidance was
announced on August 15, 2017 (82 FR 38685), and EPA accepted public
comment for thirty days.
    On June 14, 2016, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of
Columbia (D.C. Circuit) ordered a partial vacatur. As a consequence of
the vacatur, EPA published a direct final rule on August 5, 2016 (81 FR
51802), to remove 40 CFR 257.100(b), (c), and (d), which provided
``early closure'' provisions for certain inactive CCR surface
impoundments. It also extended compliance deadlines for those units.
    On July 17, 2018, EPA signed a rule to finalize certain revisions
to the 2015 CCR regulations to: provide states with approved CCR permit
programs under the WIIN Act, or EPA where EPA is the permitting
authority, the ability to use alternate performance standards; to
revise the groundwater protection standard for constituents which do
not have an established drinking water standard (known as a maximum
contaminant level or MCL); and to provide facilities triggered into
closure additional time to cease receiving waste and initiate closure.
    Form Numbers: None.
    Respondents/affected entities: Business and other for-profit.
    Respondent's obligation to respond: mandatory 42 U.S.C. 6907(a)(3),
6912(a)(1), 6944(a); 33 U.S.C. 1345(d) and (e).
    Estimated number of respondents: 534.
    Frequency of response: On occasion.
    Total estimated burden: 358,957 hours. Burden is defined at 5 CFR
1320.03(b).
    Total estimated cost: $63,858,128, which includes $41,112,513 in
annualized O&M costs and $22,745,615 in annualized labor costs.
    Changes in Estimates: The existing burden hours have been revised
to reflect changes in the regulatory program realized as a result of
the August 2016 direct final action, the Interim Final Guidance for
state CCR programs, and the July 2018 final amendments to the 2015 CCR
rule. The burden hours are likely to change additionally in the future
due to ongoing litigation and EPA's stated intention to reconsider
additional portions of the 2015 rule. Any future burden changes will be
evaluated once those changes are known.

    Dated: July 25, 2018.
Barnes Johnson,
Director, Office of Resource Conservation and Recovery.
[FR Doc. 2018-17189 Filed 8-9-18; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 6560-50-P