d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp of immature and mature fruit is consumed fresh.  Pulp is also dried and ground into flour, made into bread, prepared into juice and jam, or fermented into an alcoholic beverage.  A beverage known as `buriti wine' is prepared from the pulp by softening the fruit in warm water for a few hours, leaving the fruit under leaves for several days, extracting the pulp by hand, diluting the pulp with water, and straining the liquid.  The wine is consumed fresh, sweetened, or mixed with manioc flour.  Fresh pulp can be made into a confection called `doce de buriti'; pulp is used in ice cream.  Liquid from the fruit can be diluted, sweetened, and frozen into popsicles called dim-dim.   The endosperm of seed is consumed fresh.  Oil can be extracted from the fruit.  Starch is extracted from the trunk and consumed.  The inflorescence and buds can be consumed (PERENNIAL, JANICK, PACSOA).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit pulp is an important source of calories, proteins and vitamins (including vitamin A and C) for the Amazon people.  The mesocarp oil is high in vitamin A and contains one of the highest concentrations of carotene in the plant kingdom (JANICK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  The pulp can eliminate all symptoms of vitamin A deficiency in children.  Palm oil is used to treat burns (JANICK, PACSOA).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other production regions:  Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago), South America including Amazonia, Brazil, Venezuela, French Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.  An individual palm can yield 200 kilograms (441 pounds) of fruit per year.  From this quantity, 24 kilograms (53 pounds) of oil can be extracted.  In Peru, harvests have reached 19 tonnes (21 tons) of fruit per hectare per year from plantations of 100 palms per hectare, and a net of 190 kilograms (419 pounds) fruit / plant.  Large stands of this palm occupy at least 1,000 square kilometers (247,104 acres) in the Amazonas (GRIN, JANICK).
6. Use:  Fruit, starch, medicinal purposes, fiber for cordage; leaves, petioles and trunks are used in housing
(GRIN, ECOCROP, PACSOA).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:   Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, ECOCROP, PACSOA.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  MUAFL

1. Paho [(pahutan (GRIN))]
      Anacardiaceae
	Mangifera altissima Blanco
2. An erect, large, evergreen tree that grows to a height of 12 to 54 meters (39 to 177 feet).  Native to the Solomon Islands, New Britain, New Guinea (west and north), Moluccas, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, and the Philippines (Luzon to Mindoro).  The trunk contains small buttresses and is long (15 to 20 meters or 49 to 66 feet), straight, and 35 to 100 centimeters (14 to 39 inches) in diameter.  Sapwood is thick (8 to 10 centimeters or 3 to 4 inches), light colored with a yellowish tinge, and distinctly marked off from the heartwood.  Heartwood is dark brown in color with narrow, nearly black longitudinal bands.  Branches are thick, fleshy, angular and contain prominent leaf scars.  Bud scales are velvety.  Dark green leaves are leathery, smooth, narrow, wedge-shaped at the base, pointed or obtuse at the apex, entire at the margins, elliptic, obovate-oblong, or oblong-lanceolate in shape, and 5 to 43 centimeters (2 to 17 inches) long by 2 to 11 centimeters (0.8 to 4 inches) wide.  Petioles are 1.5 to 9 centimeters (0.6 to 3.5 inches) long.  Inflorescences are terminal or axillary panicles that are crowded at the apex of twigs on secondary branches and measure 3 to 25 centimeters (1.2 to 10 inches) long.  Pedicels are 0.1 to 0.5 centimeters (0.04 to 0.2 inch) long.  White or creamy white smooth flowers occur in clusters of 4 to 5, and are male or perfect (containing both male and female reproductive organs).  Individual flowers contain triangular bracts, a 4-lobed, 0.15 to 0.3 centimeter (0.06 to 1.2 inches) long, ovate-oblong calyx, 4 greenish, acute, smooth, overlapping, 0.15 to 0.2 centimeter (0.06 to 0.08 inch) long spoon-shaped sepals, 4 white, ovate-oblong, smooth, 0.3 to 0.5 centimeter (0.1 to 0.2 inch) long petals, a 4-lobed disk, 0.2 to 0.3 centimeter (0.08 to 0.1 inch) long stamens,  one 0.15 centimeter (0.06 inch) long filament, one smooth round ovary, and a 0.2 to 0.3 centimeter (0.08 to 0.1 inch) long style.  Yellowish fruit is a drupe that is ellipsoid to ovoid in shape, slightly compressed, 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) long by 3 to 6 centimeters (1.2 to 2.4 inches) wide, and 40 grams (1.4 ounces) in weight.  Immature fruit are green in color.  The peel is tender, smooth, glossy, and up to 0.17 millimeters (0.06 inch) thick.  Pulp is slightly fibrous, firm, resinous, and white, whitish yellow, or light yellow in color.  A small protuberance occurs below the apex.  The stone is sparsely fibrous and 4.2 to 4.8 centimeters (1.7 to 1.9 inches) by 2.3 to 2.7 centimeters (0.9 to 1.1 inch) by 0.8 to 1.5 centimeters (0.3 to 0.6 inch).  The flavor is acid to slightly sweet (AGROFORESTRY, KOSTERMANS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs in November to December in New Guinea and early in the dry season (October to November to January to February) in the Philippines.  Flowering and fruiting can occur year-round in the Philippines.  Fruit are harvested approximately 70 days from full bloom.  Ripening occurs within 6 days (AGROFORESTRY, KOSTERMANS).
      b. Cultivation: Thrives in primary, lowland, inland forest and sometimes in coastal forest.  The tree also grows in wet, evergreen forest at low and medium altitudes.  In the Philippines, trees grow in areas with a distinct wet and dry season.  Tolerates a variety of soil types, and a low to medium altitude of up to 400 meters (1,312 feet).  Propagation is by seed and cleft grafting.  Grafted trees are smaller and more compact compared to seedling trees.  Fruit is cultivated or gathered commercially (AGROFORESTRY, KOSTERMANS).
      c. Availability in the marketplace: Fruit and wood is found on local markets (AGROFORESTRY).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is consumed fresh or used to prepare marmalade in Indonesia.  Immature fruit is consumed fresh with rice, pickled, or mixed with vegetables in the Philippines.  Seeds are salted and pounded into an edible meal (AGROFORESTRY, KOSTERMANS).
      e. Nutritional aspects: Fruit contains vitamin C, vitamin A, calcium, phosphorus, and iron (AGROFORESTRY).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  No data.
5. Other commercial production regions:  Malesia, Indonesia, the Solomon Islands, New Britain, New Guinea (west and north), Moluccas, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands, and the Philippines (Luzon to Mindoro) (GRIN, AGROFORESTRY, KOSTERMANS).
6. Use:  Fruit, wood for construction work, backyard tree (GRIN, AGROFORESTRY).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  The pulp is the only part consumed.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, AGROFORESTRY, KOSTERMANS.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  No specific entry.

   1. Palmyra Palm [(boraço, boraso, borasse, broção, doub palm, Lontaro, palma palmira, palmira, toddy palm, Palmyrapalme, rônier, tala palm, wine palm (GRIN))]
      Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)
      Borassus flabellifer L.
2.  A large, slow-growing fan palm with a single trunk that grows to a height of 30 meters (98 feet).  Native to Southeast Asia, specifically India and Myanmar.  The trunk is hard, rough, dark in color, and may reach 1.7 meters (5.6 feet) at the base.  A skirt of dead leaves occurs underneath the crown.  The palm contains 25 to 40 large leaves.  Grey-green to blue-green leaves are leathery, fan-shaped, folded along the midrib, 1 to 3 meters (3 to 10 feet) wide, and divided to the center into 60 to 80 linear-lanceolate marginally spiny segments that are 0.6 to 1.2 meters (2 to 4 feet) long.  Petioles are grooved, black at the base, black-margined when young, edged with hard spines, and 1 to 1.2 meters (3 to 4 feet) long.  Male and female inflorescences differ in the order of branching.  Male inflorescences are branched twice and female inflorescences are unbranched or branched once.   Male and female flowers occur on separate trees.  Male flowers are borne on catkin-like rachillae and female flowers are borne on thicker branches.  Fruit are coconut-like and are three-sided when young and become rounded to oval, 12 to 15 centimeters (5 to 6 inches) wide, and capped at the base with overlapping sepals when older.  The mesocarp is a juicy mass of long, tough, coarse white fibers that are coated with yellow or orange pulp.  This has a sweet, fruity taste.  Each fruit contains 2 to 3 large seeds.  Each seed contains a kernel.  When young, the kernel is hollow, soft like jelly, translucent and contains a watery liquid.  When mature, the kernel is solid white and resembles coconut meat.  The sap of the tree is an important source of sugar.  The fruit and seeds have been consumed for centuries.  Plantings date back to more than 2,000 years before the present   (PERENNIAL, JANICK, OREGONSTATE, PACSOA, VAN WYK).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs at 12 to 15 years of age and continues for 50 years.  Flowering occurs March to April in India.  In other areas, flowers appear in November to December and anthesis occurs in March.  Fruit matures in July and August.  Maturation is approximately 120 days (PERENNIAL, JANICK).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot, sunny, tropical climate and well-drained sandy soils in coastal areas.  Grown from the Persian Gulf to the Cambodian-Vietnamese border.  Can be found in seasonally dry areas and drier open forests.  Adapted to dry, tropical climates, but prefers regular irrigation.  Tolerant of temperatures to -4 °C (25 °F) and drought.  Not tolerant of waterlogged soils.  Propagation is by seed.  Seeds germinate remotely and deeply.  Because a long cotyledonary petiole is produced that may grow 0.5 meters (1.6 feet) below ground, the seeds should be planted in a permanent location.  Germination occurs in 2 to 6 weeks.  Important food crop in India.  The fruits and young seedlings are raised on a large scale in Africa and are considered an important food (PERENNIAL, JANICK, OREGONSTATE, PACSOA).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Immature seeds are sold in Indian markets.  The soft-shelled seeds and the whole kernels are canned in clear, sweetened water and exported (JANICK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  The mesocarp of the fruit is consumed fresh, roasted and dried.  The pulp of mature fruit is sucked from the wiry fibers of roasted, peeled fruit.  In Sri Lanka, the pulp is extracted and prepared into a product called punatoo.  This product is consumed by itself or with the starch from the seedlings.  Fruit is made into a preserve in Sri Lanka.  Small fruit are pickled in vinegar.  The shell of the seed is punctured with a finger and the endosperm of the immature seed is consumed fresh.  This takes place during April and May in India.  Peeled seedlings are consumed fresh, cooked or sun-dried.  Starch from the seedlings is made into gruel and mixed with rice, herbs, chili peppers, or fish.  The kernels of the immature seeds are obtained by roasting the seeds and breaking them open.  The soft-shelled seeds are sliced longitudinally to form loops or rings and these and the whole kernels are canned in clear, sweetened water and exported.  Natives bury the seeds until the kernels sprout.  Kernels are then dug up, broken open and consumed.  The taste resembles coarse potatoes.  The main product of the palm is the sweet sap (toddy).  The sap is obtained by tapping the tip of the inflorescence.  Sap is allowed to flow for 5 to 6 months.  Sap from the cut inflorescences is made into sugar, molasses, palm candy, palm wine, sweets, pastries, confectionaries, and vinegar; Roots are consumed during times of famine in Africa (PERENNIAL, JANICK, OREGONSTATE, FAO, MORTON, VAN WYK).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Pulp is rich in vitamins A and C.  Palm jaggery is more nutritious than crude cane sugar.  The fresh sap is a good source of vitamin B complex (JANICK, FAO).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  There are many medicinal purposes for all part of the palm.  The young plant is used to relieve liver problems, intestinal issues, and sexually transmitted diseases.  Roots are used to cure intestinal worms and respiratory problems; also used as a diuretic.  The ash of the spadix is used to aid heartburn and an enlarged spleen and liver.  A decoction of the bark is used as a mouth wash and teeth cleaner.  Sap is used as a tonic, diuretic, stimulant and laxative.  Sugar from the sap is used to cure poisonings, coughs, pulmonary complaints, and liver disorders.  Fresh toddy is placed on ulcers.  Leaves and flowers are used as a diuretic.  Pulp of the fruit is used to cure dermatitis (FAO, MORTON).
      g. Crop photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Southern Florida, Hawaii; no yield data is available (JANICK).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Southeast Asia, India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Cambodia, tropical Africa, Indochina, Myanmar, Thailand, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea.  Each palm produces 6 to 12 bunches of approximately 50 fruit per year.  An average crop in Sri Lanka is 350 fruit.  Populations of palms cover thousands of hectares (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK).
6. Use: Fruit, beverage base, sugar, ornamental, fiber, wood, medicinal purposes; tender fruit that fall from the tree are fed to cattle;  planted as a windbreak in India; natural shelter for wildlife; palm leaves are used for construction of houses and materials including writing paper (GRIN, JANICK, FAO, VAN WYK).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp and seeds (JANICK).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, OREGONSTATE, PACSOA, FAO, MORTON, VAN WYK.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer Code:  BASFL

                                      437
1. Papaya [(Papayo, Mamao, pawpaw, papayer, Melonenbaum, Papajabaum, Papajapflanze, mamão, papaia, mamón, papayero (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Caricaceae
      Carica papaya L. [(syn: Carica peltata Hook. & Arn., Carica posoposa L., Papaya carica Gaertn. (GRIN))]
2. An upright, fast-growing, large, herbaceous perennial that grows to a height of 3 to 10 meters (10 to 33 feet).  Native to tropical America, particularly the lowlands of Central America between southern Mexico and Nicaragua.  The single trunk is erect, thick, semi- to non-woody, green, deep-purple, or brown in color, segmented, hollow and 20 to 40 centimeters (8 to 16 inches) in diameter.  Bark is smooth and marked by half-moon shaped leaf scars.  Most papayas have a single stem that grows without branching.  Some varieties produce lateral branching when trees reach 5 to 10 years old.  The main foliage on the plant occurs as a cluster of leaves at the tip and along the upper part of the stem.  Leaves occur singly and are large, thin, soft, smooth, spirally arranged, palmately lobed with prominent yellowish venation, deeply divided into 5 to 9 main segments, and 30 to 60 centimeters (12 to 24 inches) wide by 40 to 50 centimeters (16 to 20 inches) or more in diameter.  New leaves form at the apex, while old leaves fall.  There are approximately 15 mature leaves per plant.  Leaves exude milky latex.  Petioles are cylindrical, hollow, succulent, green to dark purple, and 30 to 105 centimeters (12 to 41 inches) long.  Flowering occurs on modified cymose inflorescences in the leaf axils.  The inflorescence type depends on the sex of the tree.  Plants can produce three primary groups of flowers:  pistillate, staminate, and hermaphrodite.  Female trees produce only pistillate flowers.  Pistillate flowers are small, plump, waxy, creamy white, occur in singles or clusters of two to three and contain a functional pistil devoid of stamens, five petals, and a short, 4 to 6 centimeter (1.6 to 2.4 inch) peduncle.  Staminate trees contain small, sessile flowers that are produced in clusters on long, thin pendulant racemes that are 1.5 to 1.8 meters (5 to 6 feet) long.  Individual staminate flowers are tubular, lack an ovary, and contain ten stamens that are attached to the corolla tube.  Hermaphrodite flowers are ivory-white and contain an elongated pistil with five stigmatic rays and five petals, ten stamens, a short peduncle, bright-yellow anthers, short stalks, and both male and female reproductive organs.  Five basic types of flowers exist.  Type I flowers are pistillate, lack stamens, and contain an ovoid ovary and a five-lobed stigma.  Type II flowers are hermaphrodite and contain five stamens and a globose five-furrowed ovary.  Type III flowers are hermaphrodite and contain six to nine stamens and an irregularly ridged ovary.  Type IV flowers are hermaphrodite, and contain 10 stamens and an elongate, smooth ovary.  Type IV+ flowers are hermaphrodite, contain ten stamens and lack a stigma.  Type V flowers are staminate, bunched in an inflorescence, contain 10 stamens and lack an ovary.  Environmental changes can alter floral types.  Wind and insects aid pollination.  Yellow to orange melon-like fruit is a berry that grows solitary or in small clusters on the tree.  Individual fruit is spherical, elongated club-shaped, ovoid, cylindrical, pyriform, or ellipsoid in shape, 10 to 50 centimeters (4 to 20 inches) long, 10 to 20 centimeters (4 to 8 inches) thick, and 400 to 2,500 grams (0.9 to 5.5 pounds) in weight.  Unripe fruit is green and contains latex.  The skin is thin, waxy, tough, and smooth.  Ripe pulp is yellow, orange, salmon pink or red in color, juicy and soft.  The flavor is sweet and reminiscent of cantaloupe.  Some varieties are musky.  Delicate aroma.  Each fruit contains a cavity of 800 to 1,000 small, hard, ovoid, corrugated, black seeds that are 0.5 centimeter (0.2 inch) long.  Seeds are attached to the fruit wall by soft, white, fibrous tissue.  Fruit vary in size and shape.  Smaller cultivars such as `Solo' and `Eksotika' are used for export (PERENNIAL, JANICK. LORENZI, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CULL, MORTON, DUKE).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering and fruiting occurs all year in the tropics.  In subtropical areas, flowering does not occur in the winter.  In Brazil, flowering occurs mainly during the summer.  Flowering and fruit set stops in the winter in Australia.  Although fruiting occurs during most months of the year, the two major fruiting periods are from spring to early summer and from autumn to early winter.  Fruit matures in four to nine months.  Fruit production occurs in 8 to 10 months from seed (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, CULL).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires warm tropical or subtropical climate, lowlands, full sun, fertile, well-drained loam, clay, or sandy loam soil with a pH of 5.5 to 6.5, well-distributed monthly precipitation of 10 centimeters (4 inches), a minimum relative humidity of 66%, temperatures of 21 to 33 °C (70 to 91 °F), and elevations below 900 meters (2,953 feet).  In Hawaii, plants are grown at sea level to 300 meters (984 feet) on rocky, volcanic soil.  Grows from warm temperate dry to moist through tropical very dry to wet forest life zones.  Trees are not found in the wild.  Tolerates a variety of well-drained soil types.  Does not tolerate frost, shade, waterlogging, very sandy or heavy clay soils, saline conditions, high temperatures, drought and wind.  Propagation is mainly by seed.  Seeds should be harvested when the fruit reaches `color-break' stage.  Seeds should not be directly planted after being removed from the fruit.  Instead, seeds should be dried, kept in cool temperature storage at 15 °C (59 °F) for 30 to 50 days, and soaked in acid to promote germination.  Germination occurs in 2 to 5 weeks.  Seedlings should be transplanted at the eight to twelve leaf stage (6 to 8 weeks).  Each row should be spaced 2.7 meters (9 feet) apart.  Within each row, plants should be grown 1.8 meters (6 feet) apart.  Cuttings from side shoots (30 centimeters (12 inches) in size), tissue culture, air-layering, and grafts can also be made.  Irrigation, proper temperatures and fertilizer (especially nitrogen, potassium, boron, phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium) aids growth.  For commercial purposes, fruit should be harvested with knives into buckets at the `color-break' stage, when the fruit begins to turn slightly yellow.  Harvesting occurs year round.  Fruit are consumed when there is (3/4) or more color on the skin.  Fruit should be stored at 7 to 13 °C (45 to 55 °F) with 90 to 95 percent relative humidity.  Fruit at color-break stage can be stored at 7 °C (45 °F) for 14 days.  Ripe fruit can be held for more than one week at 1 to 3 °C (34 to 37 °F).  Cultivated commercially in the tropics, primarily between 23 ° N and S latitudes.  Fruit have a rapid return on investment and high yield (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, CULL, MORTON, DUKE, ECOCROP).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit are sold in markets worldwide.  Some Asian and Indonesian markets sell male flowers and leaves for consumption.  Some health food stores sell dried leaves (JANICK, MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fully ripe pulp is consumed fresh after peeling, seeding and cutting into wedges.  Pulp can also be made into juice, preserves, jam, chutneys, and other desserts; added to fruit salads, savory salads, salad dressings, ice cream and pies; pureed into sauces.  Fruit are served with sugar, cream and rum.  Fruit can be crystallized and dried.  Fruit are consumed breakfast time with lemon or lime juice.  Mature fruit are canned or frozen commercially.  Due to the latex content, unripe fruit should be peeled, seeded, boiled, and chilled before consuming.  In some countries such as Thailand and Vietnam, fruit are consumed raw.  Green fruit are sliced into thin strips, and consumed as a vegetable or salad; processed into various products including candy, pickles or purée; added to curries.  Young leaves are cooked and consumed like spinach in the East Indies.  Mature leaves are bitter and must be boiled before consuming.  In some Asian and Indonesian countries and New Guinea, male flowers are consumed as a vegetable or are candied.  Young stems are consumed in Africa.  Latex from unripe fruit and leaves contains the proteolytic enzyme papain, which is used to tenderize meat, clear beer and make chewing gum (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CULL, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is a rich source of vitamins and minerals.  Pulp has a high content of potassium, calcium, vitamins A, B and C and low levels of fat and calories.  Fruit contains a fair source of iron and calcium (JANICK, VAN WYK, CULL, MORTON).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Fruit pulp can help with the digestion of proteins and stimulate the appetite.  In pharmaceutics, papain is used as a wound inflammation suppresser and laxative.  Extracts of ripe and unripe fruits can have antibiotic properties.  In folk remedies, juice is used against warts, cancers, tumors, corns, and skin problems.  Papain is used to treat ulcers, warts and freckles, dissolve membranes in diphtheria, reduce swelling and fever, and remove intestinal parasites.  Dried leaves are smoked to relieve asthma and aid stomach troubles.  Concoctions of the root are used to remove tumors (VAN WYK, MORTON, DUKE).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, US Virgin Islands; Florida produces fruits for the local market; Hawaii is the main producer for the U.S.  A domestic production of 985 hectares (2,435 acres) was produced in 1995.  Hawaii reported production of 14,288 tonnes (15,750 tons) in 2009.  Florida had 121 hectares (300 acres) in 1995.  Guam, US Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico reported production of 2.4 tonnes (5,220 lbs), 5.4 tonnes (11,825 lbs), and 1,151 tonnes (25,383 cwt), respectively in 1992 (MARKLE).  FAOSTAT reported that 15,200 tonnes (16,755 tons) of papayas were produced in the US in 2008.
5. Other commercial production regions:  The Caribbean including the Dominican Republic and Jamaica; Mexico, Central America including Nicaragua and Panama; northern/western/southern South America including Brazil; Asia including Thailand and Malaysia; Malacca, India, Sri Lanka, the Philippines; the South Pacific; Australia; tropical Africa; grown in all tropical countries and many subtropical regions of the world.  Annual yields can range from 60 to 100 tonnes (66 to 110 tons) per hectare.  Global production of papaya in 2002 was approximately 6 million tonnes (6,613,868 tons).  Approximately 25% was produced by Brazil.  Nigeria, India, and Mexico produced 11 to 12% of the world's production.  Mexico was the most important exporter in 2001, exporting 74,033 tonnes (81,607 tons) (37.4% of world export).  Other major exporters were Malaysia, Brazil, and Hawaii.  World production of papayas in 2008 was 9,095,875 tonnes (10,026,485 tons) (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, CULL).
6. Use:  Fruit; unripe fruits are used as a vegetable; production of enzyme; papain, from fruit and leaves is used as a food stabilizer, meat tenderizer, beer clarifier and fermentation retarder; latex can also be used to treat wool and silk before dying, tan leather and make chewing gum; in pharmaceutics, papain is used as a wound inflammation suppresser and laxative; papain is used in soaps, creams, toothpastes, and lotions; medicinal purposes, source of chymopapin; bark is used for making rope; home garden plant (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, MORTON, DUKE).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Pulp only
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0350 and FI 4139) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits-inedible peel and 013 (VL 0337) Leafy vegetables (including Brassica leafy vegetables)
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  Papaya = papaya, star apple, black sapote, mango, sapodilla, canistel, mamey sapote
10. References: GRIN, MARKLE, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK. LORENZI, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CULL, MORTON, DUKE, ECOCROP.
11. Production Map:   EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  CIAPA

1. Passionflower, Winged-stem [(maracujá-doce, maracujá-grande, maracutão, pasionaria (GRIN))]
      Passifloraceae
      Passiflora alata Curtis
2. A robust, herbaceous semi-perennial vine.  Climbs with well-developed tendrils.  Native to Brazil and Peru.  All parts of the plant are smooth except for the flower buds.  The main stem of the plant has winged angles and is stout and quadrangular.  Stipules are linear to linear-lanceolate and 1.0 to 1.5 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inch) long.  Leaves are leather-like, ovate to ovate-oblong in shape, entire or finely toothed, pinnately veined, 7 to 15 centimeters (3 to 6 inches) long by 7 to 10 centimeters (3 to 4 inches) wide.  Petioles are 2.0 to 4.5 centimeters (0.8 to 1.8 inches) long and contain 2 to 4 opposite, circular, flat, sessile glands.  Fragrant crimson or carmine flowers are solitary, occur in the axils of the leaves, and range in size from 10 to 12 centimeters (4 to 5 inches) in diameter.  The corona is 4-ranked.  Corona filaments are variegated with red, white and purple.  Sepals and petals are oblong.  Bracts are ovate and 1.5 centimeters (0.6 inch) long.  Flowers attract butterflies and insects.  Yellow to orange fruit is medium-sized, obovoid to pyriform in shape, and 8 to 15 centimeters (3 to 4 inches) long and 5 to 10 centimeters in diameter.  Pulp is light orange in color and juicy.  The flavor is sweet (JANICK, PIER, TRADE WINDS, LORENZI).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs from August to March and fruit mature from December to May in Brazil (LORENZI).
      b. Cultivation:  Plants prefer warm climates, full sun and slightly acidic to neutral soil.  Trees occur in the littoral levees and Atlantic Forest from Bahia to Rio Grande do Sul.  Trees occur in the wild.  Tolerates temperatures of 4.5 to -1.1 °C (40 to 30 °F) (light frost).  Propagation is by seed.   Fruit are widely cultivated in Brazil and are prized (LORENZI, TRADE WINDS).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  No specific entry.
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit are consumed fresh (LORENZI).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other commercial production regions:  The Amazon region including Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay; naturalized elsewhere (GRIN, TRADE WINDS).
6. Use:  Fruit, ornamental (GRIN).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, PIER, TRADE WINDS, LORENZI.
11. Production map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  PAQAA

                                      444
1. Passionfruit [(Granadilla, Parcha, Ceibey, Passion fruit, purple granadilla, grenadella, maracujá, maracujá-comum, maracujá-de-comer, maracujá-de-ponche, maracujá-do-mato, maracujá-doce, maracujá-mirim, maracujá-peroba, maracujá-preto, maracujá-redondo (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Passifloraceae
      Passiflora edulis Sims [(syn: Passiflora edulis var. verrucifera (Lindl.) Mast., Passiflora verrucifera Lindl. (GRIN))]
1. Yellow Passionfruit
Passiflora edulis Sims forma flavicarpa O. Deg. (Yellow Passionfruit)
1. Purple Passionfruit [Purple Granadilla]
      Passiflora edulis Sims forma edulis
2. Passiflora edulis (passionfruit) is a short-lived, shallow-rooted, vigorous, semi-woody to herbaceous perennial vine that grows up to 15 meters (49 feet) long.  Native to Southern Brazil.  Plants consists of a weak taproot and extensive ivory-colored lateral roots.  The plant is hairless and contains a solitary, cylindrical or sub-angular stem that is 7 centimeters (3 inches) in diameter.  Bark is thin, flaky and light brown in color.  The stem contains linear-subulate, entire stipules that are 0.1 to 0.13 centimeters (0.04 to 0.05 inch) long.  Twigs are yellow-green to brown.  Axillary tendrils are borne in the leaf axils and help the plant climb.  Deep green leaves contain three deep lobes.  Leaves are simple, ovate, leathery, glossy above, paler and dull beneath, evergreen, alternate, medium to large-toothed, smooth, and 5 to 20 centimeters (2 to 8 inches) long by 4 to 10 centimeters (1.6 to 4 inches) wide.  The petiole is 3 to 6 centimeters (1.2 to 2.4 inches) long, grooved, and contains 2 glands near the foliar base.  Flowers occur at each leaf axil on new growth and measure 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) in diameter.  Individual fragrant, colorful flowers are solitary, large, and contain 3 large, green leaf-like bracts, 5 greenish-white sepals, 5 white petals that form a tubular calyx, 5 stamens with large anthers, 3 horizontal styles (0.5 centimeter (0.2 inch) in diameter), a fringe-like corona of straight, white-tipped rays that are purple at the base, and an ovary.  Pollination is by insects.  Vine growth is needed for continued flowering.  Flower buds emerge sequentially on new shoots.  If pollination is adequate, fruit set occurs.  After 4 to 10 flowers set fruit, setting of the remaining flowers ceases.  Fruit set resumes when the initially set fruit begin to mature.  Purple, yellow or red (depending on the cultivar) fruit is a many-seeded berry that is spherical to oval in shape, solitary, and 4 to 9 centimeters (1.6 to 3.5 inch) long.  The rind is hard, tough, brittle, thick, smooth, waxy and wrinkled at maturity.  The endocarp is white and 0.3 to 0.6 centimeters (0.1 to 0.2 inch) thick.  Pulp consists of a mass of double-walled, yellow to orange membranous juicy sacs.  The flavor is strong, sweet, musky or subacid.  Reminiscent of guava and aromatic.  Each fruit contains approximately 250 dark-brown to black seeds.  Individual seeds have a hard testa that is surrounded by a juicy edible aril.  Seeds are attached by a funiculus to the endocarp.  Fruit should be consumed when fully ripe in color and wrinkled.  A popular fruit in most tropical and subtropical countries
      Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa (yellow passionfruit) origin is unknown, but may have originated in Australia as a mutant form of P. edulis or the hotter regions of South America such as the Amazon region of Brazil.  Flavicarpa may be a natural crossing between P. edulis and P. ligularis.  Tendrils are reddish to purplish in color.  Compared to purple passionfruit, vines are more vigorous, leaves are larger and are tinged with red or purple, and flowers are larger, showier, more colorful and more fragrant.  Flowers open during the afternoon.  Most vines are self-incompatible and require cross pollination.   Yellow fruit are larger, round to oval in shape and 6 to 8 centimeters (2.4 to 3 inches) in diameter by 7 centimeters (3 inches) long.  Compared to the purple passionfruit, the pulp is more acid and sour.  Each fruit contains approximately 350 brown seeds.
      Passiflora edulis Sims forma edulis (purple passionfruit) is native to Southern Brazil, Paraguay and Northern Argentina.  Tendrils are green.  Compared to yellow passionfruit, the vines are less vigorous, the leaves are smaller and the fragrant flowers are smaller.  Flowers open in the morning and are self-compatible.  Fruit are smaller, round to oval in shape and 3.5 to 7 centimeters (1.4 to 3 inches) in diameter by 4 to 9 centimeters (1.6 to 3.5 inches) long.  Pulp is yellow to orange.  The flavor is very desirable and less acid compared to the yellow passionfruit.  The aroma is richer.  Fruit contain a higher proportion of juice.  Seeds are black (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, VAN WYK, MORTON, FRANCIS, GILMAN).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  In Australia, there are two vegetative flush peaks, one in late spring and the other in late summer/early autumn.  Flowering occurs all year long in Brazil, and from March to September in Hawaii.  Depending on the climate, there are one to three harvest peaks.  In India, harvesting occurs August to December and March to May.  In Hawaii, harvesting occurs June through January, with the most crops in July, August, October, and November.  Trees will not set fruit if the mean temperature is too high.  Fruit matures in 60 to 90 days.  Fruit production occurs in 1 to 2 years from seed and less than 1 year from vegetative propagation.
      Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa flowers April to September in Puerto Rico, October to June in Australia and mid-April to mid-November in Florida.  In Puerto Rico, Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa are harvested from June to October.
      Passiflora edulis forma edulis flowers July to November and again in February to April in Australia and mid-March to April in Florida.  Passiflora edulis Sims forma edulis trees have a lifespan of 3 to 4 years in tropical areas and 6 to 8 years in cooler areas (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, MORTON, CRFG).
      b. Cultivation:  Trees require a cool tropical or subtropical climate, full sun, well-distributed medium rainfall of at least 90 centimeters (35 inches), medium to high elevations, moderate temperatures of 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F), a pH of 6.5 to 7.5, and well-drained, moist, light to heavy sandy loams of medium texture.  Rainfall should be higher 2 months before flowering and minimal during flowering.  Trees are established in the wild on the edges of forests, stream-bottom galleries, fencerows, and brushy areas.  Tolerates a wide range of soil types and a pH range of 5.5 to 6.8.  Not tolerant of frost, salt, shade, low temperatures of 10 to 15 °C (50 to 59 °F), high temperatures of 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F), extended dry periods, poor drainage, water-logging, and wind.  Moisture stress can lead to a decline in leaf area, vegetative growth, flowering, and yield.  Propagation is by seed, cuttings, air-layering, and grafting.  A trellis of at least 2 meters (7 feet) tall is required in commercial plots.  Minimum row spacing for the trellis should be 3 meters (10 feet).  Plant spacing within the trellis row depends upon the type of passionfruit being grown.  Planting holes should be made 0.6 to 1.0 meter (2 to 3 feet) away from the posts.  When seedlings reach 45 to 60 centimeters (18 to 24 inches) tall, seedlings should be topped during transplanting to force lateral shoots to develop.  Shoots should then be trained to grow in a certain direction and can be tied to stakes.  Additional pruning at the end of the annual cycle of production encourages new growth and permits air flow and light.  Fertilization, especially with nitrogen aids growth.  Fruit are harvested by hand when three-quarters or more of the skin is yellowing or purpling.  Fruit for juice processing is harvested when the skin turns fully ripe.  Fallen fruit are harvested once or twice per week.  Fruit can be waxed to increase shelf life.  This is a small commercially grown crop.  Yields vary with climate, species, cultivation practices, type of trellis, presence of diseases, and abundance of pollinating agents.
      Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa prefers warm tropical or near-tropical climates, lowlands, and elevations of sea level to 600 meters (1,969 feet) or more.  Plants grow well in Hawaii with a precipitation of 100 to 150 centimeters (39 to 59 inches) per year.  Compared to P. edulis forma edulis, plants grow at lower elevations and are more adaptable.  Does not tolerate frost well.  Propagated exclusively by seed.  Seeds should be washed to remove the pulp, dried in the shade, and sown 1.3 centimeters (0.5 inch) deep.  Seeds can be stored at 10 to 13 °C (50 to 55 °F) until use.  Germination occurs in 2 weeks to 3 months.  Cracking the seed coat can increase the germination rate.  Seedlings at the 2 to 4 leaf stage should be transplanted into individual plastic bags and grown in semi-shade for 1 to 2 months.  Plants should be transplanted into the field when a height of 25 to 50 centimeters (10 to 20 inches) is reached and the plants can tolerate full sun.  For commercial purposes, plants should be spaced at 3 meters (10 feet).  After the first harvest year, every other vine can be thinned to provide a permanent spacing of 4.8 meters (16 feet).  After being harvested, fruit can be stored for one week at 5 to 7.5 °C (41 to 46 °F).
      Passiflora edulis forma edulis plants prefer subtropical climates and highlands with cool periods.  Plants can produce fruit for 3 to 4 years at elevations of 800 meters (2,625 feet) and 8 years at elevations between 1,200 and 1,500 meters (3,937 to 4,921 feet).  Plants thrive and yield well at night temperatures of 4.5 to 13 °C (40 to 55 °F) and day temperatures of 18 to 30 °C (64 to 86 °F).  Mature vines tolerate light frost.  Plants can be injured at temperatures of 1 to 2 °C (28 to 30 °F) below freezing.  Propagated by grafting onto seedlings of the yellow passionfruit.  Grafting is done at a height of 50 to 55 centimeters (20 to 22 inches) above ground level.  The scion portion should have grown approximately 25 centimeters (10 inches) and hardened.  For commercial production, plants should be spaced 2.5 to 4.5 meters (8 to 15 feet) apart.  In-row spacing can be up to 5 meters (16 feet) for vigorous varieties.  For long distance transport, fruit are harvested when fruit are at the light-purple stage.  Fruit can be kept for up to 4 to 5 weeks at 5 °C (41 °F) and 80 to 90% relative humidity (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, VAN WYK, CRFG, GILMAN).
      c. Availability in the marketplace: Fresh fruit, juice, and other products enter world trade (JANICK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit are mostly processed into syrup and used as a flavoring in beverages.  Fruit can be used as pure juice or as a constituent in frozen and heat-processed punches. Juice can be pasteurized at 85 °C (185 °F) for 1 minute before freezing, however, heat treatments can destroy flavor.  Extracted juice can be quick frozen as purée and kept frozen for later processing of finished products.  Juice and concentrates are used as a mixer with alcoholic beverages including gin, vodka and rum.  Used as a flavoring in pies, cakes, sauces, salads, candies, and sherbets.  Arils (pulp) can be consumed fresh after cutting in half and scooping out the pulp.  Pulp is added to fruit salads, ice cream, yogurt, soft drinks, icings, fillings for cakes, jellies, jams, sorbets, and fruit juices.  In Australia and New Zealand, fruit is used in recipes for pavlova, a soft meringue shell filled with cream and fruit.  Passiflora edulis is used more for eating.  Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa is used more for juice for the beverage industry and for preserves.  Seeds are consumed in some countries (PERENNIAL, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, VAN WYK, MORTON, FAO).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit are a good source of vitamins A and C, carotenes, niacin, riboflavin, phosphorus, and potassium (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  The use of the glycoside, passiflorine is being tested in the pharmaceutical industry as a sedative or tranquilizer.  Juice of passionfruit is used as a digestive stimulant and treatment for gastric cancer.  Brazilians prepare a drink from the flower to treat asthma, bronchitis, and whooping cough.  The plant is used as a diuretic to treat urinary infections (MORTON, FRANCIS).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Hawaii, Florida, California, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, Guam, Western Samoa;  In 1992, Florida reported 15 hectares (37 acres), Hawaii reported 6 hectares (15 acres) and California reported 5 hectares (12 acres).  The U.S. harvested 117 tonnes (256,972 pounds) with about half from California.  Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa yields are between 44.8 tonnes (49.4 tons) per hectare per year in Hawaii.   Passiflora edulis forma edulis is widely grown in California as far north as San Jose, the Monterey Bay Area and the San Francisco Bay Area (1992 CENSUS, JANICK, CRFG).
5. Other commercial production regions:  South Africa, Kenya, Zimbabwe, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, Israel, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Fiji, the Philippines, Guam; South America including Brazil, Venezuela, Surinam, Colombia, Paraguay, Argentina, Peru and Ecuador; Mexico; the Caribbean; Asia including Thailand, Taiwan; Java, Sumatra, Malaya; widely cultivated, naturalized in Macaronesia, and Galapagos; Commercial production is about 45,000 hectares (111,197 acres).  Brazil grows 40,000 hectares (98,842 acres) and half of the production goes to pulp processing.  Most fruit is converted into juice and about half of which (equivalent to 25,000 tonnes (27,558 tons) fresh fruit) enters world trade.  About 1,000 tonnes (1,102 tons) of fresh fruit are exported.  Ecuador exported 3,000 tonnes (3,307 tons) of concentrate in 1995.  Sri Lanka produces 800 hectares (1,977 acres) and is the most important producer in Asia.  Australia in the Pacific region produces approximately 550 hectares (1,359 acres).  In 1998, Australia produced 2,900 tonnes (3,197 tons) of fruit and of this 900 tonnes (992 tons) was used for processing.  Papua New Guinea (80 hectares or 198 acres), Fiji (70 hectares or 173 acres), and the Philippines (200 hectares or 494 acres) also produce passionfruit.
	Passiflora edulis forma flavicarpa is mainly grown in South America including Brazil, Colombia, Peru and Ecuador; widely cultivated; fruit is grown mainly in South America with approximately 3,000 hectares (7,413 acres) and annual exports of 12,000 tonnes (13,228 tons).  41.8 to 61.9 tonnes (46 to 68.2 tons) per hectare per year was produced in Malaysia.  In most commercial orchards, yields are from 20 to 30 tonnes (22 to 33 tons) per hectare per year.  Yellow passionfruit has a yield of juice per fruit of 30 to 33 percent.
 	Passiflora edulis forma edulis is grown in Brazil and southern South America; widely cultivated and naturalized in the tropics and subtropics.  Yields are less vigorous compared to other types of passionfruit and range from 5 to 10 tonnes (5.5 to 11 tons) per hectare per year in Australia.  Hybrids have yields up to 25 tonnes (28 tons) per hectare per year.  Purple passionfruit has a yield of juice per fruit of 45 to 50 percent (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, VAN WYK, MORTON).
6. Use:  Beverages, desserts, jellies and some eating of fresh fruit; medicinal purposes, weed; rind and seed from fruit processing can be fed to swine and cattle; seed oil can be produced from the seeds for edible and industrial uses; ornamental (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Internal pulp only.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group: 006 (FI0351) Assorted and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  Guava = passionfruit
10. References: GRIN, MARKLE, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, VAN WYK, MORTON, FRANCIS, GILMAN, ECOCROP, CRFG.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Region 10 and 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code: PAQED (P. edulis), PAQEF (P. edulis f. flavicarpa), no specific entry for P. edulis f. edulis)

1. Passionfruit, Banana [curuba, banana passionflower, banana poka, bananadilla, piesangdilla, tacso, Bananen-Passionsblume, curuba de Castilla, tacso de Castilla, tumbo (GRIN))]
      Passifloraceae
      Passiflora tripartita (Juss.) Poir. var. mollissima (Kunth) Holm-Niels. & P. Jørg.  [(syn:  Passiflora mollissima (Kunth) L. H. Bailey, Tacsonia mollissima Kunth (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. A vigorously-climbing, semi-woody vine that grows 6 to 7 meters (20 to 23 feet).  Native to the Andean valleys from Venezuela and eastern Colombia to Bolivia and Peru.  Stems are nearly cylindrical and densely coated with yellow hairs.  Leaves are deeply 3-lobed, finely toothed, downy above, grayish to yellowish and velvety beneath, and 6 to 16 centimeters (2.4 to 6.3 inches) long by 7 to 20 centimeters (3 to 8 inches) wide.  Petioles contain 4 to 6 scattered, minute, subsessile nectaries.  Stipules are short, slender, obliquely ovate, curved, and bristly at the tip and 0.6 centimeters (0.2 inch) long.  Individual pink flowers are pendant and contain ovate bracts that form a gray-green tube that is blushed with red (7.6 to 10 centimeters or 3 to 4 inches long), a green tubular hypanthium (5 to 7 centimeters or 2 to 3 inches long), a corolla with 5 lanceolate to oblong pink sepals, lanceolate to oblong deep pink petals (4 to 5 centimeters or 1.6 to 2 inches long), and a rippled, tuberculate to dentate purple to white corona.  Flowers range from 6 to 9 centimeters (2.4 to 3.5 inches) in diameter.  Peduncles are solitary, and 3.8 to 10 centimeters (1.5 to 4 inches) long.  Self-compatible.  Can be pollinated by birds and insects.  Yellow-orange to whitish-yellow fruit is a berry that is ellipsoidal, oblong, obovate, or oblong-ovoid in shape (banana-shaped), and 5 to 12 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) long by 2.5 to 4 centimeters (1 to 1.6 inches) wide by 57 to 156 grams (2 to 5.5 ounces) in weight.  The rind is thick, leathery, and sometimes hairy.  One form of the fruit is dark green in color and downy.  Pulp (aril) is salmon-colored to orange.  The flavor is subacid to acid and rich.  Highly aromatic.  Each fruit contains 50 to 200 small, black, flat, elliptic, reticulated seeds.  Fruit is popular in Colombia.  Vines form a dense canopy and smother surrounding vegetation.  Considered a noxious weed in many areas (NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, STARR, ECOCROP).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering and fruiting occurs year round in Colombia and Hawaii.  Peak flowering occurs in the dry season in Hawaii and South America.  In New Zealand, fruiting occurs from late March or early April to September or October.  Fruiting occurs in 2 years from seed (MORTON, STARR).
      b. Cultivation:  Prefers elevations between 1,829 to 2,195 meters (6,000 and 7,200 feet) in the Andes, cool to warm, temperate, subtropical or tropical, moist to wet, foggy climate, rainfall of 50 to 200 centimeters (20 to 79 inches), and temperatures of 6 to 18 °C (43 to 64 °F).  Grows wild in the Andean upper montaine forest at elevations above 2,000 meters (6,562 feet), and scrub-land regions in Central Brazil.  Tolerates elevations of 1,219 to 1,829 meters (4,000 to 6,000 feet) in Hawaii and New Zealand, and brief drops in temperature to -5 °C (23 °F).  Propagation is by cuttings and seeds.  Plants are more commonly grown from seeds.  Germination occurs in 10 weeks.  Soaking in lukewarm water or using bottom heating (21 to 27 °C or 70 to 80 °F) can reduce germination time to 1 to 5 weeks.  Seedlings are transplanted at 3 months of age and are trained onto a horizontal 2 meter (6.5 foot) trellis with cross wires spaced 41 centimeters (16 inches) apart.  Vines should be spaced 2 to 3 meters (6.5 to 10 feet).  Crops should be weeded, pruned and fertilized properly for commercial production.  The plant is commonly cultivated (MORTON, STARR, TRADE WINDS).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit are highly favored and are regularly sold in local markets (MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is mostly eaten out-of-hand or strained for juice.  Juice is not consumed alone, but is mixed in cold beverages.  In Bolivia, juice, alcohol and sugar are mixed together into a cocktail.  In Colombia, the pulp is mixed with milk and sugar and consumed as dessert.  Pulp is also made into ice cream, gelatin dessert, pie filling, sauce, spiced relish, jelly, jam, pudding, ice cream topping, and preserves.  Added to fruit salad (MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Hawaii, California (GRIN, MORTON).
5. Other production regions:  The Andes of South America including Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela, Bolivia; Central America; widely cultivated; naturalized in tropical & south Africa, tropical Asia, the Pacific, Australia, New Zealand, and India.  200 to 300 fruit per vine and 500,000 to 750,000 fruit per hectare (200,000 to 303,000 fruit per acre) can be produced.  This is 14 to 21 tonnes (31,000 to 47,000 pounds) per acre (GRIN, MORTON, STARR).
6. Use:  Fruit, ornamental, beverage base, weed (GRIN).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp
8. Portion analyzed/sampled: Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:   Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  Guava = passionfruit
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, STARR, ECOCROP, TRADE WINDS.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 10 and 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  PAQMO (listed as Passiflora mollissima (H.B.K.) BAILEY)

                                      445
1. Pawpaw [(dog-banana, Indian-banana, pawpawtree, asiminier, Papau, asimina (GRIN))]
      Annonaceae
      Asimina triloba (L.) Dunal [(syn: Annona triloba L. (basionym) (GRIN))]
1. Pawpaw, Small-flower [(Dwarf pawpaw, small-fruit pawpaw (GRIN))]
      Asimina parviflora (Michx.) Dunal
2. A moderately small, slow-growing, deciduous tree or shrub that grows to a height and width of 5 to 10 meters (16 to 33 feet).  Pawpaw is a member of the mostly tropical custard apple family, Annonaceae.  Native to eastern North America.  The largest edible fruit native to North America.  Trees consist of a taproot and fibrous root system.  Dark green leaves are alternate, simple, oblong, obovate, or obovate-oblong in shape, smooth, wedge-shaped at the base, lush, long, large, drooping, and 15 to 30 centimeters (6 to 12 inches) long by 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches) wide.  Vegetative and flower buds occur at different nodes on the stem.  Vegetative buds are narrow and pointed.  Flower buds are round, covered with dark-brown hairs, and appear singly on the previous year's wood before leaves in spring.  Fowl-smelling flowers are dark maroon to purple in color and pendant to nodding.  Individual flowers contain an outer whorl of three, three-lobed petals (measuring 5 centimeters (2 inches) in diameter), an inner whorl of petals that are smaller and fleshier with a nectar band at the base, a globular group of stamens, a calyx with 3 sepals, and 3 to 7 carpels.  Peduncles are sturdy, hairy, and up to 4 centimeters (1.6 inches) long.  Flowers are self-incompatible.  Pollination is mostly by flies and beetles.  Green to yellowish brown fruit is a berry that is borne singly or in clusters (up to 9), is oblong to oblong-cylindrical in shape, custard apple-like, curved, plump, and 3 to 15 centimeters (1.2 to 6 inches) long by 3 to 10 centimeters (1.2 to 4 inches) wide by 20 to 1,000 grams (0.7 to 35 ounces) in weight.  The skin is smooth, soft, and thin.  Pulp is creamy white, orange, or yellow in color and mushy, custard-like or firm in texture.  The flavor is unique and resembles a combination of banana, mango and pineapple.  Flavor intensifies as fruit over-ripens and can vary by cultivar.  Poor quality cultivars can lack sweetness, have an overly rich flavor, and a turpentine to bittersweet aftertaste.  Each fruit contains 2 rows of seeds (12 to 20 total seeds) that are brown in color, bean shaped, large, flat and up to 3 centimeters (1.2 inches) long.
      Asimina parviflora is a miniature version of the common pawpaw that grows to a height of 2 to 2.5 meters (6 to 8 feet) and a width of 0.6 to 1.8 meters (2 to 6 feet).  This uncommon small to medium shrub or low tree contains smaller flowers, smaller leaves, smaller fruit, and a shorter stature.  The trunk is slender and up to 10 centimeters (4 inches) in diameter.  Bark is smooth, gray-brown and contains warty lenticels.  Stems and branches have soft rust-colored hairs and are spreading-ascending, dark brown, and slender.  Shoots are red-brown in color and covered with red hairs.  Dark green leaves contain a rusty pubescence underneath and are deciduous, simple, alternate, fragrant when crushed, large, leathery, membranous, obovate, oblong, or oblanceolate in shape, wedge-shaped at the base, pointed at the tip, and 6 to 20 centimeters (2.4 to 8 inches) long by 3.8 to 6.4 centimeters (1.5 to 2.5 inches) wide.  Leaves turn yellow in the fall.  The petioles are 0.5 to 1 centimeters (0.2 to 0.4 inch) long.  Fowl-smelling flowers are oddly shaped, small, solitary, and green to purplish-brown in color, bell-shaped and 1 to 1.7 centimeters (0.4 to 0.7 inch) in diameter.  Individual flowers contain 1 to 2 ovate-triangular hairy bracteoles (0.2 to 0.3 centimeters (0.08 to 0.1 inch)), triangular-deltate hairy sepals (0.4 to 0.7 centimeters (0.2 to 0.3 inch)), 6 oblong to ovate hairy outer petals (1 to 1.3 centimeters (0.4 to 0.5 inch)), ovate inner petals, and 5 to 7 pistils.  Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs.  The peduncle contains red-brown to tan hairs and measures 0.3 to 0.8 centimeters (0.1 to 0.3 inch) long.  Flowers emerge with leaves in the spring.  Yellow-green fruit is a berry that is nearly round in shape, short, fat, and 3 to 7 centimeters (1.2 to 3 inches) long.  When ripe, fruit turns black or dark brown in color.  Pulp is custard-like.  The flavor is sweet.  Each fruit contains chestnut brown colored seeds that are 1 to 2 centimeters (0.4 to 0.8 inches) long (JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CRFG, DUKE EDU, AGGIE-HORT, EFLORAS, VT).

3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Seedlings flower after reaching 1.8 meters (6 feet) tall.  Flowering begins in grafted trees after 3 years.  Flowering occurs during the spring (April in Kentucky, March to May in California).  Fruit ripen in late summer or early autumn.  In California, harvesting occurs from mid August to October.  Fruiting occurs in 5 to 8 years from seed and 5 to 6 years from grafts.
      Asimina parviflora flowering occurs in the spring (April in North Carolina) (JANICK, CRFG, DUKE EDU).
      b. Cultivation:  Prefers temperate humid zones, warm to hot summers, mild to cold winters, full sun, deep, rich fertile slightly acid (pH 5.5 to 7.0) well-drained soils of river-bottom lands, a minimum of 400 hours of annual chill units, 160 frost-free days, 2,600 growing degree-days to ripen fruit, and 80 centimeters (31 inches) of annual precipitation (most in the spring and summer).  Grown in the wild as an understory tree or thicket-shrub in mesic hardwood forests from northern Florida to southern Ontario, Canada and as far west as eastern Nebraska.  Thrives near rivers, streams, coasts, and woodlots.  Trees usually grow in patches due to root suckering.  Hardy from zone 5 (-25 °C or 13 °F) to 8.  Tolerates heavy soils and frost.  Does not tolerate wind, low humidity, cool maritime summers, alkaline soils, and waterlogged soils.  Propagation is by seeds, budding and grafting.  Seed should be collected from fruit when the flesh is soft to over-ripe, cleaned, and stratified by storing the seed in moist peat moss at 2 to 5 °C (36 to 41 °F) for 60 to 100 days to overcome embryo dormancy.  After stratification, seeds can be planted 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) deep in containers and placed in moderate shade.  Germination occurs in approximately 7 weeks.  After reaching 1 meter (3 feet) in height, seedlings can be transplanted into the field in fall or spring.  For grafting purposes, dormant budwood that has fulfilled the chilling requirement should be used.  The seedling rootstock should be 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inch) in diameter.  Trees should be planted 2.4 meters (8 feet) within rows and 3.7 to 4.6 meters (12 to 15 feet) between rows.  Supplemental irrigation, weeding, fertilization, and pruning in late winter to early spring aids growth.   Fruit ripening occurs when there is an increase in soluble solids, flesh softening, increased volatile production and a decline in the intensity of green color.  Since fruit in clusters ripen during different times, harvesting occurs over a period of 3 to 4 weeks.  Fruit are harvested by gently tugging the fruit from the tree.  Ripe fruit also falls to the ground.  Fruit is rapidly perishable and can soften rapidly at room temperature.  Ripe fruit have a shelf life of 2 to 3 days.  Fruit beginning to ripen have a shelf life of 5 to 7 days at room temperature or 1 month at 4 °C (39 °F).  Immature fruit do not ripen.  Good potential for commercial production, but orchard plantings are limited.  Across the U.S., small 1 hectare sized orchards exist.  Most fruit is collected from wild stands in the forest
      Asimina parviflora is a forest understory shrub of the Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions of North Carolina.  Plants also occur in the dry pine and oak woods of Texas.  Compared to the common pawpaw, trees prefer drier sites, open shade (partial sun), elevations of sea level to 700 meters (2,297 feet), and moist, acid, well-drained soils.  Thrives in USDA zone 7.  Tolerates full sun, and sands, sandy loams or sandy alluvium.  Does not tolerate dry, hard soils.  Cultivated for fruit
      (JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CALLAWAY, LAYNE, BORDELON, CRFG, GILMAN, AGGIE-HORT, EFLORAS).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit are mainly sold at farmer's markets, directly to restaurants, and over the Internet.  Fruit has fresh market and processing potential.  There is an increasing interest in pawpaw as a gourmet food (JANICK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is consumed fresh by cutting fruit in half and scooping out pulp with a spoon; fruit can be processed or frozen.  Pulp is used to prepare ice cream, sorbet, mousse, compote, jam, pies, cakes, quick breads, drinks, beer, custards, and wine.  Fruit is similar in taste to bananas and is used in recipes calling for banana.  Over-ripe fruit is used for cooking purposes.  Seeds and skin are not usually eaten (JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, BORDELON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit are highly nutritious, exceeding apple, peach and grape in most vitamins, minerals, amino acids, and food energy value.  Similar to banana in nutritive composition and dietary fiber content (JANICK, LAYNE).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Seeds can impair mammalian digestion.  Twigs, leaves and bark of the fruit contain annonaceous acetogenins which are being used in the development of anti-cancer drugs (JANICK, LAYNE).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Northeastern U.S. including Indiana, Michigan, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia; north-central U.S. including Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, Oklahoma; Southeastern U.S. including Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia; South-Central U.S including Texas; California (San Jose), the Pacific Northwest.  Yields are often low.  Mature grafted trees can produce 2 to 23 kilograms (4 to 51 pounds) per tree.
      Asimina parviflora is grown in southeastern U.S. including North Carolina, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia; South-Central U.S. including Texas (GRIN, CALLAWAY 1992, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CRFG, DUKE EDU, AGGIE-HORT, EFLORAS).
5. Other commercial production regions: Japan, Italy, China, Israel, Romania, Belgium, Portugal; Canada (GRIN, CALLAWAY 1992, JANICK).
6. Use:  Primarily consumed as fresh fruit, however it can be processed into desserts.  The pawpaw has been shown to have high nutritional quality, especially compared to typical temperate fruits.  Certain vegetative parts (bark) of pawpaw plant may contain compounds (asimicin) that exhibit highly effective pesticide and anti-cancer properties; ornamental, medicinal purposes, vertebrate poison (mammals); bark made into fishing nets; aromas from the fruit can be used in cosmetics and skin care products
      Asimina parviflora:  Fruit, ornamental (GRIN, ALKOFAHI, RUPPRECHT, PETERSON, JANICK, CALLAWAY, AGGIE-HORT).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None currently established.
10. References:  GRIN, BAYER, ALKOFAHI, CALLAWAY, RUPPRECHT, PETERSON, MARKLE, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, LAYNE, BORDELON, CRFG, GILMAN, VT, EFLORAS, AGGIE-HORT, DUKE EDU.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 4, and 5.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  ASITR (A. triloba), no specific entry for (A. parviflora)

1. Pelipisan [(kastooree (GRIN))]
      Anacardiaceae
	Mangifera casturi Kosterm.
2. A tree that grows to a height of 10 to 30 meters (33 to 98 feet).  The trunk can reach 15 meters (49 feet) long and 40 to 115 centimeters (16 to 45 inches) in diameter.  Bark is greyish white to light brown in color, thin, or sometimes thick, cracked and fissured, containing 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) of thick, dead bark.  Live bark is 0.6 centimeters (0.2 inch) thick, mustard yellow to pale brown in color; bark contains whitish or pale yellow sap that turns brown when dry.  Sapwood is pale yellow in color.  Twigs are angular, smooth and shiny.  Leaves are scattered among branches.  Individual leaves are papery, smooth, oblong to ellipitic in shape, acute to shortly pointed, acute at the base, and 5 by 28 centimeters (2 by 11 inches) in size.  Leaves near inflorescences are smaller and measure 2.5 by 6 centimeters (1 by 2.4 inches).  Petioles are flat above, somewhat thickened at the base and 1.5 to 8 centimeters (0.6 to 3 inches) long.  Inflorescences are pseudo-terminal panicles that measure over 30 centimeters (12 inches) long.  The rachis is greenish to yellowish white in color and slightly hairy.  Bracts are ovate-oblong in shape, acute, slightly hairy, and 0.3 centimeters (0.1 inch) long.  Individual fragrant flowers contain thick, pale green sepals, white to pale pink reflexed petals, one fertile stamen, a white filament, a dark purple or brown-purple anther, 3 staminodes, a cushion-like disc, a style, and a 4 to 5-lobed ovary.  In general, the fruit is shiny, green when immature, brown to purple-black when mature, and 50 to 84 grams (2 to 3 ounces) in weight.  Pulp is orange in color, stringy, and aromatic.  There are three varieties of the fruit.  The Kasturi is a green fruit with dark spots that resembles a small mango.  It is slightly compressed, contains a slight nose, and measures 6 by 4.5 to 5 by 3.5 to 4.2 centimeters (2.4 by 1.8 to 2 by 1.4 to 1.7 inches).  The skin is thin, smooth and glossy.  At maturity fruit turns completely or partly black in color.  Pulp is dark orange and juicy.  Each fruit contains a stone that measures 5 by 4.5 by 3 centimeters (2 by 1.8 by 1.2 inches).  Compared to Mangifera indica, fruit is less sweet, but has a stronger taste and softer aroma.  This is the most popular variety.  The Mangga Cuban fruit is rose red in color, ovoid to ellipsoid in shape and 6 to 6.3 by 5 to 5.2 by 4.2 to 4.4 centimeters (2.4 to 2.5 by 2 to 2.1 by 1.65 to 1.73 inches) in size.  The rind is 0.2 to 0.3 centimeters (0.08 to 0.1 inch) thick and easily removable from the pulp.  Pulp is orange yellow, watery, and fibrous.  The stone is 4.6 by 3 by 1.4 centimeters (1.8 by 1.2 by 0.6 inch) in size.  The Asem pelipisan fruit is pale green with brown dots, ellipsoid in shape, flattened, and 6 to 7.2 by 3 to 5 by 3 to 4.4 centimeters (2.4 to 2.8 by 1.2 to 2 by 1.2 to 1.7 inches) in size.  Pulp is deep orange yellow in color, and fibrous.  The stone is 5 to 7 by 2.5 to 3 by 1.5 to 3.4 centimeters (2 to 2.8 by 1 to 1.2 by 0.6 to 1.3 inches) in size.  Mangifera casturi fruit are generally smaller than other species of mangoes (KOSTERMANS, BOTANIX).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  No specific entry.
      b. Cultivation:  Trees prefer wet climates.  Fruit is only cultivated, since illegal logging activities have caused extinction of this tree in the wild.  Due to its slow growing process, trees are not planted in large plantations in Indonesia (Kalimantan).  Plantations are mainly found in the Mataraman area in the Banjar district.  Trees have to be climbed to harvest the fruit (KOSTERMANS, BOTANIX).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit is locally found abundantly, but it does not satisfy the demand.  Jams made from the fruit are rarely sold in markets (BOTANIX).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is consumed fresh or processed into jams, puree, juice, and cookies (dodol) (BOTANIX).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  No data.
5. Other commercial production regions:  Indonesia including Borneo (GRIN, BOTANIX).
6. Use:  Fruit, wood (GRIN, BOTANIX).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  The pulp is the only part consumed.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, KOSTERMANS, BOTANIX.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  No specific entry.

1. Pequi [(piquiá, almendra de Brasil (GRIN))]
      Caryocaraceae
      Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.
1. Pequiá [(pequi, almendro (GRIN))]
	Caryocar villosum (Aubl.) Pers. [(Saouari villosa Aubl. (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. Caryocar brasiliense  is a small, semi-deciduous, slow-growing tree or shrub that reaches a height of 6 to 10 meters (20 to 33 feet).  Native to the savannas of central Brazil.  The taproot is large and deep.  The trunk is twisted and up to 30 centimeters (12 inches) in diameter.  Bark is thick, gray, and contains longitudinal fissures and ridges.  The crown is large, wide, and up to 10 meters (33 feet) in diameter.  Leaves are alternate, compound trifoliate, large, tough, hairy, and up to 20 centimeters (8 inches) long.  Leaflets are elliptic-ovate in shape, rounded at the tip and base, pubescent, and lighter in color underneath.  Margins are rounded.  The terminal leaflet is 10 to 18 centimeters (4 to 7 inches) long and 8 to 12 centimeters (3 to 5 inches) wide.  Lateral leaflets are asymmetrical.  The petiole is 1 to 10 centimeters (0.4 to 4 inches) long and covered in hair when young.  The inflorescence is a terminal raceme that contains 6 to 20 white to yellow flowers.  Each flower contains both male and female flowers, a 5 to 6-round lobed broadly cup-shaped calyx (10 to 13 centimeters (4 to 5 inches) long), 5 petals, a white, yellow or orange-red 5 to 6-lobed oblong corolla (1.8 to 2.5 centimeters (0.7 to 1 inch) long), 270 to 330 stamens (1.5 to 50 centimeters (0.6 to 20 inches) long), a globose ovary, and styles.  Most flowers are up to 8 centimeters (3 inches) in diameter.  The peduncle is 4 to 10 centimeters (1.6 to 4 inches) long.  The pedicel is 1 to 5 centimeters (0.4 to 2 inches) long.  Pollinated by bats.  Green fruit are dehiscent, oblong to irregular ovoid-globose in shape, 1-locular, and 4 to 5 centimeters (1.6 to 2 inches) in diameter.  Skin is mostly smooth and fibrous.  Pulp is thick, oily, yellow, and fleshy.  The flavor is slightly sweet and rich and aromatic.  Pulp hides an ovoid stone (2.5 to 3 centimeters (1 to 1.2 inches) in diameter) that is covered in miniscule spines (2 to 3 centimeters (0.8 to 1.2 inches) long).  Spines can injure the mouth.  Individual fruit contain one or two woody seeds.  The kernel is white and oily.
Caryocar villosum is an evergreen that grows to a height of 20 to 50 meters (66 to 164 feet) under forest conditions.  In open areas, trees are smaller with lower branches and spreading crowns.  Native to the eastern Amazon.  The trunk is straight and 90 to 250 centimeters (35 to 98 feet) in diameter.  Wood is whitish beige.  Bark is gray-brown in color, rough, and fissured.  The crown is open and leafy.  Leaves are alternate and compound-trifoliate.  Leaflets are sub-sessile, pubescent on the upper surface, glandular on the lower surface, broadly elliptic, pointed at the tip, wedge-shaped at the base, wavy at the margins, and 8 to 22 centimeters (3 to 9 inches) long by 6 to 12 centimeters (2.4 to 5 inches) wide.  Petioles are 4 to 15 centimeters (1.6 to 6 inches) long.  Inflorescences consist of terminal clustered racemes of 24 flowers.  Pedicels are 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8 to 1.6 inches) long.  Individual flowers consist of a broadly cup-shaped calyx (1.5 centimeters (0.6 inch) long), a 5-lobed oblong pale yellow corolla (2.5 centimeters (1 inch) long), approximately 300 yellow stamens (1.5 to 7 centimeters (0.6 to 3 inches) long), a globose 4-locular ovary, and 4 filamentous styles.  Pollination is by bats.  Fruit is irregularly oblong-globose, globose or oblong in shape, 1 to 2 locular, and 6 to 8 centimeters (2.4 to 3 inches) long by 7 to 9 centimeters (3 to 3.5 inches) in diameter.  Skin is smooth to slightly hairy with small lenticels.  Pulp is thick, fleshy, yellow, and butter-textured.  The flavor is rich and sweet when cooked fresh.  The stone is hard, spiny, kidney-shaped, and 5 centimeters (2 inches) long.  Each fruit contains 1 to 2 seeds.  The kernel is large, white, oily, sweet in flavor, and 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) long by 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) wide (LORENZI, JANICK, FOOD AND FRUIT, CENTRAL SAVANNAH, PEQUI).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Caryocar brasiliense  flowering occurs from September to November in some areas and June to October in other areas.  Fruit ripen in December and January, November to March, or October to February, depending on the environment.  Trees produce fruit in 8 years from seed. Caryocar villosum leaves shed during the dry season.  Flowering occurs during the dry season from July to November in some areas and August to September in other areas.  Fruiting occurs March to May.  Fruiting occurs in 10 to 15 years from seed (LORENZI, FOOD AND FRUIT, CENTRAL SAVANNAH).
      b. Cultivation:  Caryocar brasiliense  requires a tropical climate, 4 or more months of a dry season, well-drained, fertile soil and full sun.  Trees occur in groves in savannas (cerrado) on both plateaus and valleys in the states of Goias, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, Sao Paulo, and Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.  Prefers dry areas, woodland savannahs, and dry forests.  Tolerates nutrient poor, heavy clays rich in aluminum and iron.  Propagation is by grafting, marcottage, and seeds.  Seeds may take more than a year to germinate.  Stratification can aid germination.  Fruit is ripe when it falls to the ground.  Fruit must be used soon after being harvested or rancidity will occur.  Important fruit in the diets of the local people in the Brazilian Cerrado.  Not currently cultivated, but plentiful in its natural habitat.
      Caryocar villosum prefers tropical climates, humid to dry rainforests on terra firma, poor, heavy, well-drained clay soil, 130 to 250 centimeters (51 to 98 inches) of rainfall, a 1 to 4 month dry season, uniform temperatures and elevations below 300 meters (984 feet).  Grows along the Atlantic coast from São Luis in Maranháo Province of Brazil, Cayene in French Guyana and westwards within the major river basins.  Thrives along the Amazon River.  Propagation is by seed, budding and grafting.  Germination occurs in 2 months to 1 year.  Freshly fallen fruit is collected from the tree.  Not currently cultivated.  Fruit and nuts are an important part of the diet in Brazilian Amazonia (JANICK, LORENZI, FOOD AND FRUIT, SAVANNAH, JARDINEIRO, FAO).
      c. Availability in the marketplace: Caryocar brasiliense  fruit is sold in local markets canned, as paste, liquor, ice cream or popsicles (SAVANNAH).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Caryocar brasiliense fruit are mostly consumed after cooking but can be eaten in their natural state; used in regional cuisine to flavor rice, beans, meat or stews; used to prepare `rice with piqui'.  Fruit is also made into liquor by grating the pulp, adding it to alcohol, letting it ferment, straining out the pulp, and adding sugar.  Pulp is used to make sweets and ice cream; used as a flavoring.  The nut is edible, but not usually consumed, since it is difficult to remove from the spiny pit.  Oil can be extracted for cooking.
      Caryocar villosum fruit is freshly collected from the tree and is usually cooked in slightly salted water for an hour.  Fruit can be eaten fresh.  Pulp becomes rancid several days after being removed from the tree.  The nut is edible fresh or cooked, but not usually consumed, since it is difficult to remove from the spiny pit (LORENZI, FOOD AND FRUIT, CENTRAL SAVANNAH, JARDINEIRO).
      e. Nutritional aspects: Caryocar brasiliense fruit contains fat, water, protein, oil, carbohydrates, carotene, and vitamins including vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin; good source of calories. Caryocar villosum:  Fruit is rich in tannins; pulp contains protein, fiber, and carbohydrates.  High in calories (FOOD AND FRUIT).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Caryocar brasiliense:  Fruit has been used to treat eye diseases.  Aphrodisiac; treatment of respiratory problems; leaves are astringent and stimulate liver function.  Nut oil can be used to treat asthma, bronchitis, colds, and whooping cough.  Leaves have an anti-fungal property (FOOD AND FRUIT, SAVANNAH).
      g. Crop photos
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other production regions:  Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Guyana.  Trees can produce up to 2,000 fruit.  Caryocar villosum:  French Guiana, Brazil (Brazilian Amazonia), Ecuador, Peru; Tropical Asia; trees produce 300 to 6,000 fruit per year (GRIN, JANICK, FOOD AND FRUIT).
6. Use:  Fruit, medicinal purposes; fruit and kernel are both eaten whole or pressed for oil for cooking or soap-making; bark is used to make yellow dye; fruit is also fermented into a liquor; wood is used for furniture making; ornamental; the shell can be used for fuel.  Caryocar villosum:  Wood for ship building and construction; fruit (GRIN, FOOD AND FRUIT, JARDINEIRO, FAO).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp, kernel.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Fruit and nutmeat.

9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tree Nuts and Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group:  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  GRIN, LORENZI, JANICK, FOOD AND FRUIT, CENTRAL SAVANNAH, PEQUI, JARDINEIRO, FAO, CENTRAL SAVANNAH.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer/EPPO Code:  CYOBR

                                         468
1. Persimmon, American [(Common persimmon; persimmon, plaqueminier d'Amérique, Persimone, caqui de Virginia, caqui silvestre (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Ebenaceae
      Diospyros virginiana L. [(syn: Diospyros mosieri S. F. Blake (GRIN))]
2. A deciduous, irregularly-shaped, slow-growing, upright to drooping, small to medium tree that can reach 9 to 24 meters (30 to 80 feet) in height and 6 to 11 meters (20 to 35 feet) in width.  Native to the eastern U.S.  Diospyros kaki (Japanese persimmon) has overtaken Diospyros virginiana (American persimmon) in popularity.  The trunk ascends up through the crown in a curved fashion and can reach 0.6 meter (2 feet) in diameter.  Young bark is gray-brown in color with orange to cinnamon-red cracks.  Older bark is dark brown to black in color, and consists of square scaly thick plates.  Wood is close grained, heavy, hard, and strong.  Branches are light brown, gray or reddish in color, slender, drooping, crooked to straight, tall, and scabrous to hairy.  Buds are dark red to black in color, broad, triangular to egg-shaped, imbricate, and appressed.  The crown is irregular, oval, round-topped, conical, or pyramidal in shape.  Leaves are alternate, deciduous, entire, simple, round, elliptic, oblong or oval in shape, pinnately-veined, pointed at the tip, glossy, leathery, dark green above, pale below, and 6.4 to 20 centimeters (2.5 to 8 inches) long by 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) wide.  Leaf margins are entire.  Leaves turn red to yellow in autumn.  White, greenish-white, or yellow flowers are inconspicuous, shaped like blueberry flowers, and approximately 1.3 centimeters (0.5 inch) long.  Greenish yellow male flowers occur in two or three-flowered cymes, are tubular and range in size from 0.8 to 1.3 centimeters (0.3 to 0.5 inch) long.  Female flowers are solitary, sessile or short-peduncled, urn-shaped, and about 1.9 centimeters (0.7 inch) long.  Female flowers contain a fragrant corolla with 4 or 5 greenish yellow thick recurved lobes.  Male and female flowers occur on separate plants and are required for proper fruiting.  Orange, orange-red, red, yellow or black fruit is a berry that is round in shape, plum-like, and 2 to 5 centimeters (0.75 to 2 inches) in diameter.  Immature fruit is green.  The skin is smooth and fleshy.  Leafy bracts occur on the top of the fruit.  Diospyros virginiana fruit are smaller in size compared to Diospyros kaki fruits.  Immature fruit are very astringent and mouth numbing.  Most fruit ripen after a hard frost and become sweet and edible.  Fruit must be allowed to sit until extremely soft and wrinkled.  The flavor is similar to dates.  Each fruit contains 1 to 8 flat brown seeds that measure 1.3 centimeters (0.5 inch) long.  Fruit can be seedless (JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, GILMAN, VT, HALLS, OHIO, KENTUCKY).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs in spring and early summer (March to June or April to May).  Fruit matures in mid to late fall (September to November) (GILMAN, VT, HALLS).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires full sun, humid climate, moist, well-drained, bottomland or light sandy soils, annual rainfall of 122 centimeters (48 inches), and temperatures of -12 to 35 °C (10 to 95 °F).  Thrives in zones 4B through 9.  Best growth occurs in the bottom lands of the Mississippi River Valley, in its tributaries and in coastal river valleys.  Tolerates many well-drained soil types including clay, loam, sand, acidic, and alkaline soils, extended flooding, drought, rocky conditions, shade, a variety of sites including urban areas and abandoned fields, high light, low water supply areas, and salt air.  Trees do not grow in the main range of the Appalachian Mountains or in much of the oak-hickory forest on the Allegheny Plateau.  Propagation is by root cuttings, grafting, and seed.  Seeds should be removed from the fruit, cleaned, spread out for drying for one to two days and stratified under moist conditions for 2 to 3 months at 1 to 4 °C (34 to 39 °F).  Before planting seeds 1.3 centimeters (0.5 inch) deep in light soils, seeds should be soaked 2 to 3 days.  Planting should occur during the spring or fall months.  Seeds remain dormant during the winter and germinate from April to May.  Germination occurs in one month when soil temperatures are above 16 °C (60 °F).  Root cuttings should be 15 to 20 centimeters (6 to 8 inches) long and 0.8 centimeters (0.3 inch) in diameter.  Pruning, thinning, and fertilizer aids growth.  Fruit ripens after frost.  Some varieties do not require frost to ripen.  Fruit fall from September to late winter.  Optimum fruit bearing occurs from 25 to 50 years.  Good crops occur every 2 years (GILMAN, HALLS).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  No specific entry.
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit must be allowed to sit until extremely soft (like the texture of jam).  Immature fruit is inedible.  Ripe pulp is consumed fresh; can be used in cakes, puddings, beverages, bread, and preserves.  Fruit is also used to make alcoholic beverages including beer and wine.  Fruit can be dried and placed into baked goods.  Dried, roasted ground seeds can be used as a coffee substitute.  Oil can be extracted from the seeds and used in cooking.  The taste is similar to peanut oil (NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, HALLS, KENTUCKY).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Seed and fruit are low in crude protein, crude fat, and calcium, but high in nitrogen-free extract and tannin (HALLS).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  The inner bark and unripe fruit have been used to treat fevers, sore throats, warts, cancers, heartburn, stomach aches, diarrhea, and hemorrhages (HALLS, KENTUCKY).
      g. Crop photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Northeastern U.S. including Connecticut, Indiana, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia; north central U.S. including Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Oklahoma; southeastern U.S. including Alabama, Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia; South-Central U.S. including Texas (GRIN, HALLS).
5. Other commercial production regions:  No specific entry.
6. Use:  Fruit, graft stock, flowers for honey, seeds, seed oil, ornamental, buffer, erosion control, bonsai, reclamation plant, wood, medicinal purposes; ink is make from the fruit (GRIN, GILMAN, HALLS).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit pulp.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0352) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition: None
10. References: GRIN, MARKLE, BAYER, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, GILMAN, VT, HALLS, OHIO, KENTUCKY.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Regions 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  DOSVI

                                      472
1. Pineapple [(ananas, Ananas, abacaxi, ananás, abacaxí-do-mato, ananás-selvagem, gravatá, ananá, piña, piña de América, piña tropical (GRIN))]
      Bromeliaceae
      Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. [(syn: Ananas ananas (L.) Voss, Ananas duckei hort., nom. inval., Ananas sativus Schult. & Schult. f., Ananas sativus var. duckei Camargo, nom. nud., Bromelia ananas L., Bromelia comosa L. (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. A monocotyledonous herbaceous perennial that grows to a height of 0.6 to 1.5 meters (2 to 5 feet) and a width of 0.9 to 1.5 meters (3 to 5 feet).  Native to South America, specifically the savannas of Southeastern Brazil, Paraguay and Northern Argentina.  Pineapple ranks third in production of tropical fruit behind bananas and citrus.  Roots are dense and 15 to 50 centimeters (6 to 20 inches) long.  Aerial roots occur in the leaf axils.  The stem is club-shaped, short, stout, 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) in diameter just below the apex, and 30 to 35 centimeters (12 to 14 inches) long.  Internodes are short (0.1 to 1 centimeters (0.04 to 0.4 inch) apart).  Adventitious roots and axillary buds grow from the stem.  Axillary buds can produce shoots (slips), which can serve as a second crop.  Leaves are borne in a rosette around the stem and surround a terminal bud.  Leaf number can total 40 to 80.  Individual leaves are simple, evergreen, gray-green, stiff, trough-shaped, evenly-spaced, waxy, smooth, silvery on the lower surface with many trichomes (that absorb water), strap-like, pointed and needle-like at the tip, succulent, and 50 to 200 centimeters (20 to 79 inches) in length.  Leaves of some varieties are striped with red, yellow or ivory down the middle or in the margins. Spines can occur in the margins (some varieties).  The leaf design allows for rain water to collect.  During flowering, the stem elongates and enlarges at the apex, forming an inflorescence.  The inflorescence is terminal or axillary, globose, short, stout, and can contain 100 to 200 individual trimerous flowers each accompanied by a single bract.  Red, yellowish, green, or yellow-green bracts open in a spiral from the base to the apex.  Individual pink, purple, lavender-blue or red flowers are hermaphroditic and contain three sepals, three petals, six stamens, a fleshy bract, a style, and a tricarpellate ovary.  As flowers are being produced, the stem continues to grow and a compact tuft of stiff short leaves (the crown) is produced.  Plants are self-sterile and fruit develops parthenocarpically.  Fruit can be pollinated by hummingbirds.  Individual fruitlets develop from flowers that do not abscise and join together to form a fruit.  Dark-green, yellow, orange-yellow or reddish fruit is a coenocarpium (multiple fruit derived from ovaries, floral parts, and receptacles of many coalesced flowers) that is solitary, pine cone to oval in shape, and 30 to 60 centimeters (12 to 24 inches) long.  A leafy stem (crown) occurs at the top of each fruit.  The rind contains hexagonal units based on the individual sepal and bract tissues and the tips of the ovaries.  The rind is tough, leathery, waxy, and yellow-red at maturity, and green when immature.  Pulp is white to yellow in color, succulent, and juicy.  The core is fibrous and edible.  The flavor is sweet and acidic.  Pollinated flowers produce fruit that contain hundreds of small, hard apple-like seeds.  `Smooth Cayenne' cultivar is the most important commercial variety for canning and fresh fruit.  `Queen', `Abacaxi' and `Red Spanish' are also important fresh cultivars.  One of the most important fruit crops in the world (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, CULL, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, GILMAN).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering can be induced during any time of the year in the tropics.  The normal flowering season of `Smooth Cayenne' is during the winter when there are cooler temperatures and a shortened photoperiod.  In other cultivars, flowering occurs naturally during mid-winter, late spring and early to mid-summer.  Flowers can be forced with acetylene and ethylene.  Depending on the variety, fruit is produced in late summer, early winter, and spring.  In subtropical climates, harvesting occurs during the summer.  Fruit production occurs in 15 to 24 months from vegetative propagation.  Crowns produce fruit in 18 to 24 months, slips produce fruit in 15 to 20 months, and suckers produce fruit in 12 to 17 months.  Fruit matures in approximately 180 days (PERENNIAL, JANICK, CULL).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires warm to hot tropical or near tropical climate, high humidity, coastal or island locations, low elevations, full sun, a day temperature of 25 to 32 °C (77 to 90 °F), a night temperature of 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F), medium rainfall of 100 to 150 centimeters (39 to 59 inches), light, deep, loose, fertile, well-drained acidic, sand, sandy loam, or well-aggregated-clay soil, and a pH of 4.5 to 6.5.  Grows from Warm Temperate Moist to Tropical Very Dry to Wet Forest Life Zones; USDA hardiness zones are 10 through 11.  Yields vary greatly and depend on technology, cultivar selection, and climate.  Elevation affects flavor.  Tolerates subtropical conditions, drought, a wide range of well-drained soil types, elevations of sea level and higher, a wide range of rainfall of 60 to 350 centimeters (24 to 138 inches), annual temperatures of 16.2 to 27.4 °C (61 to 81 °F), and a pH of 3.5 to 8.0.  Does not tolerate water-logging, night temperatures of 7 to 10 °C (45 to 50 °F), or frost.  Vegetative propagation is by crowns (fruit tops), slips (shoots borne on vestigial fruit at the base of the fruit), and suckers (shoots borne at any position on the stem).  Stem sectioning (for axillary buds) can be done by stripping the leaves from the stem, quartering the stem longitudinally, and dividing each quarter into sections 5 centimeters (2 inches) in length.  Sections should be air-cured for several days and immersed in fungicide before planting in nursery beds.  Tissue culture is also done.  Seed is only used in breeding programs.  Germination is slow and can occur within 10 days if seeds are treated with acid.  In preparation for a new pineapple field, old plants should be disked multiple times or chopped.  When dry, old plants should be ploughed under or burned.  The new field should be disked until the soil is fine.  The field should be laid out in a block-road-block arrangement to allow for spraying, irrigation, and harvesting.  Elevated beds (80 centimeters (3 feet) wide) should be made and polyethylene mulch should be added to help retain the moisture, temperature, fertilizer and control weeds.  Planting should be done with a 30 centimeter (12 inch) long trowel-shaped planting tool; planting can also be done mechanically.  Tops and crowns should be planted 5 centimeters (2 inches) deep, and slips should be planted 9 to 10 centimeters (3.5 to 4 inch) deep.  Crowns, slips and suckers should be planted separately in different fields.  Plants should be planted in a staggered fashion.  Spacing is dependent upon cultivar, but a general spacing rule is 30 to 45 centimeters (12 to 18 inch).  On small farms, a single-row system is used with wide spacing between plants and rows, giving a density of 15,000 to 25,000 plants per hectare.  In commercial plantings, a double-row system is used, with 60 centimeters (24 inches) between the two rows.  Three and four-row systems are also popular.  Up to 4 crops can be produced from a commercial plantation.  Fertilizer and irrigation aid growth.  Fruit is mature when the fruit `eye' is flat, the aroma increases, and the skin becomes light pale green to yellow.  Summer crops are picked when the eye turns light pale green.  Winter crops are picked when there is yellowing around the base.  Fruit does not continue to ripen or sweeten after harvest.  Therefore, immature fruit should not be shipped.  Slightly less mature fruit are selected for transport to distant markets.  Fruit is harvested in 2 to 4 passes.  In manual harvesting, fruit is cut or broken off from the plant.  Mechanical harvesting is also done.  Fruit are graded according to skin color, size, weight, absence of defects, uniformity, maturity, and crown to fruit size before packing.  Most fruit that is produced is sold to the fresh fruit market.  Fruit for canning is harvested when fruit is of highest quality, during the summer months.  Fruit at color-break stage should be stored at 7 to 12 °C (45 to 54 °F) and 85 to 95 percent relative humidity for 14 to 20 days.  Ripe fruit should be stored at 7.2 °C (45 °F) for 7 to 10 days (JANICK, PERENNIAL, CULL, MORTON, DUKE, GILMAN).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Whole or processed fruit is sold to markets around the world.  Fruit are sold processed by removing the shell and core just before purchase or canning slices, chunks, tidbits, crush or solid pack.  Fruit juice is produced from flesh remaining on the shell, cut ends, and core and is sold in markets.  Young shoots are sold in markets in Guatemala (JANICK, LORENZI, MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is consumed fresh by cutting both ends off, standing the fruit upright, and slicing away the spiky skin in strips.  The fruit is then quartered and the tough core is removed from each wedge.  Fruit is also canned, fermented, candied, powdered, frozen and dried.  Fruit can be made into juice, sauces, syrup, and preserves; added to fruit salads and compotes; cooked into pies, cakes, puddings and other desserts.  Pineapple is used in savory dishes including Thai salads and pizza.  Used as a garnish.  Half ripe pineapples are utilized in Asian cooking such as sour soups and curries.  Unripe fruit are inedible and poisonous.  In Africa, young shoots are consumed in salads.  The terminal bud and inflorescences can be eaten raw or cooked (PERENNIAL, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is a good source of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), vitamin A, vitamin B, calcium, phosphorus, iron, potassium and thiamine.  Fruit is low in sodium.  Excessive consumption of the pineapple core can cause the formation of fiber balls in the digestive tract.  Unripe pineapples are poisonous and can irritate and throat and induce vomiting (JANICK, LORENZI, MORTON).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme in the stem is used for medicinal applications including the treatment of edema, muscle relaxation, stimulation of muscle contractions, cancer prevention, burn debridement, ulcer prevention, appetite inhibition, enhanced fat excretion, sinusitis relief, inflammation relief, and relief from abscesses, contusions, hematomas, and sprains.  The fruit, peel and juice is used to treat corns, tumors, and warts.  Fruit is a folk remedy for bladder ailments, hypochondria, scarlet fever, scurvy, sores and sprains.  The rhizome has been shown to produce an anti-edemic substance.  Fruit juice is a diuretic.  The juice of the leaves is consumed to cure hiccups, rid intestinal parasites, and cleanse the body.  Buds are used to aid respiratory ailments (JANICK, DUKE).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Hawaii, Puerto Rico.  Domestic production in Hawaii (8,417 hectares (20,800 acres), 1995), Guam (45 tonnes (50 tons), Virgin Islands (0.65 tonnes (1,437 lbs), and Puerto Rico (53,310 tonnes (58,764 tons); U.S. production in 1995 was 312,979 tonnes (345,000 tons).  In 2008, U.S. production was  172,500 tonnes (190,149 tons).  Hawaii produces about 90 percent of the world's canned pineapple (USDA 1996a, MORTON, DUKE).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Central America including Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras; Mexico, South America including Brazil, Paraguay, and Argentina; the Caribbean including the Bahamas, Cuba, Trinidad, Martinique, the Dominican Republic; the Philippines, Guam, Taiwan, Thailand, Malaysia, China, Java, Africa including Guinea, Ghana, South Africa and the Ivory Coast; India, Australia; cultivated in 79 countries in the tropics and subtropics.  Yields vary and range from 37,143 tonnes (40,943 tons) in Sudan to 466,667 tonnes (514,412 tons) in Australia.  Thailand is the world's largest producer of pineapple followed by the Philippines, Brazil, China, and India.  World production of pineapple in 2008 was 19,166,560 tonnes (21,127,516 tons (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, FAOSTAT, DUKE).
6. Use:  Pulp mostly eaten fresh, canned frozen, dried, or made into juice; meat tenderizer (bromelane), fiber material (leaves are used in the textile industry to make cloth), medicinal purposes, source of bromelain, a proteolytic enzyme in the stem for industrial and medicinal applications including chill proofing beer, manufacturing pre-cooked cereals, and making cosmetics; bromelain has nematicidal properties; citric acid and alcohol can be extracted from the juice; residue from juice is processed into animal feed or other by-products; ornamental (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, DUKE, GILMAN).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Tender inner flesh, after removal of rough surface and tough fibrous central cylinder.  Residue from processing can be used as livestock feed.
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit after crown has been removed, processed residue and juice.  Pineapple process residue (also known as wet bran) is a wet waste byproduct from the fresh-cut product line that includes pineapple tops (minus crown), bottoms, peels, any trimmings with peel cut up, and the pulp (left after squeezing for juice); it can include culls.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0353) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel; 052 (AM 0353) Miscellaneous Fodder and Forage Crops and 070 (JF 0341) Derived edible products of plant origin
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None

10. References: GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, USDA 1996a, PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, CULL, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON, GILMAN, DUKE.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  ANHCO

1. Pitaya
      Cactaceae
      Hylocereus spp. [(syn:  Cactus pitajaya Jacq. (GRIN))]
1. Pitaya, Yellow
      Hylocereus megalanthus (K. Schum. Ex Vaupel) Ralf Bauer [(syn:  Cereus megalanthus K. Schum. Ex Vaupel (basionym), Selenicereus megalanthus (K. Schum. Ex Vaupel) Moran (GRIN))]
1. Pitahaya
      Hylocereus polyrhizus (F. A. C. Weber) Britton & Rose [(syn:  Cereus polyrhizus F. A. C. Weber (basionym) (GRIN))]
1. Pitaya Roja [(Pitahaya (GRIN))]
      Hylocereus ocamponis (Salm-Dyck) Britton & Rose [(syn:  Cereus ocamponis Salm-Dyck (basionym) (GRIN))]
1. Pitaya Amarilla [(queen-of-the-night, cierge liane, pitahaya, cardeiro-trepador (GRIN))]
      Hylocereus triangularis (L.) Britton & Rose [(Cactus triangularis L. (basionym), Cereus triangularis (L.) Haw. (GRIN))]
2. Hylocereus spp. is a fast-growing, climbing cacti.  Native to Central and South America.  Roots are shallow.  Stems are thin (0.3 to 0.5 centimeters (0.1 to 0.2 inch) thick) and contain 2 to 4 three-angled vertical ribs.  Stems develop aerial roots.  During the seedling stage, plants contain spines that are soft bristles.  As the plant matures, the spines are short or absent.  Flowers are large, white and yellow in color, fragrant, and night blooming.  Flowering occurs in waves.  Each wave lasts one week.  All species except Hylocereus megalanthus are self-incompatible and require cross pollination.    Fruit can weigh up to 800 grams (2 pounds).  Fruit ripening occurs in waves.  Pulp is red to white.  Seeds are small, black and edible.
      Hylocereus megalanthus is a shrub or vine, succulent and epiphyte.  Native to Ecuador.  Green photosynthesizing branches (phylloclades) are trialate, slightly branched with two thorns, short, rigid, fleshy, and 4 to 5 centimeters (1.6 to 2 inches) wide by 5 centimeters to 6 meters (2 inches to 20 feet) long.  Branches have a thick base on each areole (cushion-like area from which spines arise), and attach to supports (such as trees) with aerial roots.  Unlike other cacti, Hylocereus megalanthus does not contain a wax layer on the branches.  Flowers are solitary, nocturnal, open once, and contain both male and female reproductive organs.  Not self-incompatible; does not require cross pollination.  Yellow fruit is a berry that is knobby, similar in appearance to the dragon fruit, and weighs up to 350 grams (0.8 pounds).  The skin is yellow.  Areoles with tufts of thin spines occur on the surface of the fruit.  When fruit ripen, spines easily release.  Pulp is succulent and white and the flavor is sweet and tangy.  Fruit are smaller than other vine cacti fruits and smaller than the dragon fruit.
      Hylocereus polyrhizus is a sprawling, climbing, succulent, epiphytic or terrestrial plant that can grow several meters long.  Native to the arid regions of Mexico.  Plants are profusely branched.  Phylloclades are two, three or four angled, slender, and 0.5 to 2 meters (1.6 to 7 feet) long by 3 to 10 centimeters (1.2 to 4 inches) wide.  Stems have a wax cover and thick skin.  Younger stems are green or purplish in color.  Older stems turn whitish.  Branches contain aerial roots, and areoles that are spaced approximately 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) apart.  Areoles contain 2 to 7 spines that are bulbous basally, reddish, brownish or gray in color, needle-like, straight and 0.2 to 1 centimeter (0.08 to 0.4 inch) long.  Spines may be accompanied by hairs.  Ribs are smooth, straight and obtuse to wavy, thin, horny to non-horny, and contain concave faces.  Flower buds are globular and purple.  Flowers occur singly or in clusters and are large, white, fragrant, open during the day, contain both male and female reproductive parts and measure 25 to 31 centimeters (10 to 12 inches) long by 25 to 30 centimeters (10 to 12 inches) in diameter.  Floral tubes are straight to curved, outer perianth segments are linear-lanceolate and red, inner perianth segments are white, and stigma lobes are short, yellowish and entire.  Red fruit is a berry that is ellipsoidal to oblong in shape, 7 to 10 centimeters (3 to 4 inches) long and up to 1 kilogram (2.2 pounds) in weight.  The skin is red, thick and spine-free.  Pulp is dark red to white, and spongy to fleshy.  The flavor is sweet and refreshing.  Fruit contains small black seeds.

      Hylocereus ocamponis is a fast-growing climber.  Native to the tropical rainforests of Mexico.  Grayish or bluish green stems are three-angled, elongated, heavily waxed, and 3 meters (10 feet) long by 5 to 6 centimeters (2 to 2.4 inches) wide.  Between nodes, plants have shallowly indent stem margins.  Aerial roots occur at the joints and along the stems.  Compared to dragon fruit, wings are more deeply undulated and are bordered with longer spines.  Plants contain 5 to 8 yellow to brown spines that measure up to 1.5 centimeters (0.6 inch) long.  Flowers are white, nocturnal, fragrant, and 25 to 30 centimeters (10 to 12 inches) in diameter.  Inner petals are wide and pure white, while outer petals are pale yellowish-green with a green stigma.  Fruit is wine red.  The pulp is wine red and the flavor is sweet.
      Hylocereus triangularis is a strong climbing plant that attaches itself to a host plant.  Native to the coastal zones of Jamaica.  Branches are 5 centimeters (2 inches) wide.  Plants have three ribs.  20 centimeter (8 inch) long white flowers grow from the areoles.  Fruit are red (LORENZI, MIZRAHI, MIZRAHI 1999, DALEYSFRUIT, TRADE WINDS, JANICK, ANDERSON, BRITTON, DESERT TROPICALS, MORTON, CLOUD JUNGLE).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season: Hylocereus spp. flowering occurs from May to November in areas with moderate temperatures and May and October to November in areas with hotter temperatures.  Depending on variety, fruit can be available from June to December.  Flowering to ripening occurs in 30 days.
      Hylocereus megalanthus flowering occurs from September to December in areas with moderate temperatures and November to December in areas with hotter temperatures.  Flowering occurs during the spring and fruit ripens during the summer in South America.  Flowering to ripening occurs in 90 to 180 days.  Harvesting occurs in one to three years from cuttings.  Hylocereus polyrhizus flowering occurs during the spring and summer and ripening occurs during the summer.  Hylocereus ocamponis flowering occurs mid-summer (LORENZI, MIZRAHI 1999, CLOUD JUNGLE).
      b. Cultivation:  Hylocereus spp. prefers warm, shady habitats of subtropical and tropical America and dry areas; can grow in temperate climates.  Trees are native to forests with natural shading.  Tolerates temperatures of 4 to 0 °C (39 to 32 °F) (light frost) when mature, sunny areas away from strong wind, partial shade, and a range of well-drained soil types with high amounts of organic matter.  Does not tolerate excessive humidity, excessive soil moisture and excessive high temperatures of 45 to 48 °C (113 to 118 °F).   Compared to other cacti, Hylocereus spp. is the most sensitive to low temperatures.  High temperatures above 45 °C (113 °F) and excessive rainfall inhibit flower production.  Plants should be irrigated during fruit development.  Irrigation, pruning and fertilization aid growth.  A 4 meter (13 foot) trellis provides support.  Spacing is 3 meters (10 feet) between rows and 1.5 meters (5 feet) in the rows.  Fruit can be stored at room temperature for 10 days.  Hylocereus megalanthus prefers a desert, rather than tropical climate, and a minimum average temperature of 16 °C (60 °F).  Cultivated in Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil, and Israel.  Grown in USDA zones 10 to 11.  Tolerates high temperatures compared to other vine cacti.  Does not tolerate drought or frost well.  Propagation is by cuttings and seed.  For commercial production, a trellis system is required for support.  Net-houses that provide shade are used in Israel to grow the plant.  Spines are removed from fruit before entering food markets.  Hylocereus polyrhizus prefers arid regions, part shade, rainfall of 165 to 297 centimeters (65 to 117 inches) and temperatures of 23 to 27 °C (73 to 81 °F).  Cultivated in Israel, Brazil and Mexico.  Grown in USDA zones 10 to 12.  More tolerant of light and drought compared to other climbing cactus species.  Tolerant of frost to 1 °C (30 °F).  Propagated by cuttings.  Hylocereus ocamponis prefers part shade, tropical rainforests, high humidity, and temperatures of 15.6 to 48.9 °C (60 to 120 °F). Grown in USDA zones 10 to 12.  Tolerates temperatures to 1 ° C (30 °F).  Hylocereus triangularis prefers coastal zones in the Caribbean and a tropical climate.  Fruit are cultivated in the Caribbean (LORENZI, MIZRAHI, MIZRAHI 1999, DALEYSFRUIT, DESERT TROPICALS, JANICK, CLOUD JUNGLE).

      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Hylocereus spp. fruit are available on the markets in short waves from late May to early January.  Hylocereus megalanthus fruit are sold in world markets under the name yellow pitaya from January to mid-May.  Hylocereus polyrhizus is grown in Israel for export and is sold in markets (LORENZI, MIZRAHI, MIZRAHI 1999).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Hylocereus spp. fruit are consumed fresh and chilled.  Fruit is eaten with lemon or lime juice or ice cream.  Pulp can be used in jams or drinks; used as a garnish.  Flower buds can be cooked as a vegetable.   Hylocereus megalanthus fruit are consumed fresh or chilled; used to flavor drinks and pastries.  Hylocereus polyrhizus fruit are consumed fresh (LORENZI, DALEYSFRUIT, TRADE WINDS).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Hylocereus ocamponis:  Puerto Rico (MORTON).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Hylocereus megalanthus:  Western South America including Colombia, Ecuador, Bolivia, and Peru; Israel.  Hylocereus polyrhizus:  Central America including Costa Rica, Nicaragua, and Panama; South America including Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru; Mexico; Israel.  Hylocereus ocamponis:  Northern Mexico; Guatemala, Colombia, Bolivia.  Hylocereus triangularis:  the Caribbean including Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and Jamaica (GRIN, MIZRAHI, JANICK, LORENZI, MORTON).
6. Use:  Hylocereus megalanthus:  Fruit, ornamental; Hylocereus polyrhizus:  fruit; Hylocereus ocamponis: fruit; Hylocereus triangularis:  fruit (GRIN).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Interior pulp (flesh and seed)
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, LORENZI, MIZRAHI, MIZRAHI 1999, DALEYSFRUIT, TRADE WINDS, JANICK, ANDERSON, BRITTON, DESERT TROPICALS, MORTON, CLOUD JUNGLE.
11. Production map:  EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  HCRSS (Hylocereus spp.); no specific entry for Hylocereus megalanthus,
      Hylocereus polyrhizus, Hylocereus ocamponis, and Hylocereus triangularis
                                      486

1. Pomegranate  [(Granada, grenadier, Granatapfelbaum, Granatapfelstrauch, zakuro, romanzeiro, romã, romã-de-flor-dobrada, romeira, romeira-da-granada, granado, mangrano (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Lythraceae; also placed in Punicaceae
      Punica granatum L.
2. A semi-deciduous to evergreen, fast-growing, short, bushy rounded shrub or small croooked tree that grows to a height of 2 to 10 meters (7 to 33 feet).  Dwarf cultivars are less than 1 meter (3 feet) tall.  Native to the Middle East, specifically from Iran to the Himalayas in northern India.  Trees are long-lived.  The trunk can be single or multiple.  Basal water sprouts emerge from the trunk (especially the base of the trunk), that are usually pruned off.  Bark is smooth and red-brown when young and gray, irregularly ridged and furrowed when mature.  Trees are many-branched.  Gray-brown branches are stiff, angular, slender, arching, and spiny.  The canopy is vase-shaped.  Pale to bright green leaves are opposite to whorled, simple, leathery, glossy to waxy, smooth, short-petioled, slightly curled, obovate, oval, narrow, lance, narrowly elliptical, oblong-lanceolate or oblong in shape, and 1 to 10 centimeters (0.4 to 4 inches) long.  Margins are smooth.  Leaf axils contain small spines.  Fall leaf color is bronze.  Single or clusters (up to 5) of scarlet, orange-red, white or variegated trumpet-shaped flowers are borne on the shoot terminals and measure 5 centimeters (2 inches) in diameter.  Individual flowers are showy and contain both male and female reproductive organs, a thick tubular red calyx, 5 to 8 fleshy pointed sepals, 3 to 8 deep red, orange-red, pink, white or variegated crinkled petals, several whorls of individual stamens (of varying lengths) lining the inner surface of the floral tube, an ovary, a thick fleshy style (1 to 1.5 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inch) long), and a small disk-shaped stigma.  The central terminal flower is usually fertile, and the lateral flowers are usually sterile.  Self and cross pollinated by insects, bees, and hummingbirds.  Varieties that exhibit parethenocarpy have fruit with seeds that lack embryos.  Yellow and red, brownish, pink, white or red fruit is a pome-like berry that is globose to ovoid in shape, and 5 to 13 centimeters (2 to 5 inches) in diameter.  Dwarf pomegranates produce golf-ball-sized fruit.  The rind is smooth, thick, tough, and leathery and contains a thick, leathery calyx at the tip.  Cream colored, thin membranes and white, spongy, bitter tissues separate the locules (aggregates of small seeds).  Arils (which are single enlarged cells containing starch grains) are tear-drop shaped, transparent, white, yellow, red, or pink in color, juicy, fleshy, and contain one woody, white or red angular soft or hard seed.  The flavor is sweet, tart or subacid.  The number of seeds produced depends on the number of pollination events that occur.  Seed number governs final fruit size.  Fruit was domesticated in 2000 BC and is one of the earliest cultivated fruit. `Wonderful' is the most widely grown cultivar in California (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, BARWICK, LOVE, MORTON, CRFG, NM, ECOCROP, VT).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering usually occurs in the spring until June, but can occur throughout the year.  Fruiting usually occurs 6 to 7 months after flowering.  Fruit mainly ripen during the summer.  Fruit from the `Wonderful' cultivar matures in September and October.  Fruit production occurs in 2 to 5 years from cuttings (PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, CRFG).
      b. Cultivation:  Prefers hot and arid to semi-arid subtropical, mild-temperate, semi-temperate, and cool tropical climates, cool winters, hot dry summers, low humidity, full sun, and well-drained sandy loam to slightly acid soils.  Native to high, desert regions with hot days, chilly nights, dry infertile soil, dry woodlands and open ground.  Also grows at cool altitudes.  In California, pomegranates prefer moderate heat.  Grown in USDA zones 8 to 14.  Tolerates hot temperatures during the summer, low temperatures to -8 °C (18 °F), dry conditions, extreme drought, part shade, and a variety of soil types including heavy clay, calcareous soils, slightly alkaline soils, acidic loam, rock strewn gravel, saline soils and poorly drained soils, elevations up to 1,600 meters (5,249 feet), and saline water.  Does not tolerate high humidity, heavy frost (temperatures below -11 °C (12 °F)), or water-logging.  Propagation is by seed, hardwood or softwood cuttings and layering.  Cuttings should be from dormant 10 to 50 centimeter (4 to 20 inch) long suckers and water sprouts.  When rooted, cuttings should be placed in a nursery row, 16 to 20 centimeters (6 to 8 inches) apart.  Seeds germinate well, but are usually only used for breeding purposes.  Trees should be spaced 6 to 7 meters (20 to 23 feet) apart and planted 0.6 meter (2 feet) deep in the orchard.  For hedgerow plantings, trees should be spaced 4 to 5 meters (13 to 16 feet) apart within the row and 6 to 7 meters (20 to 23 feet) between rows.  Trees are pruned during the first three years early in the growing season to shorten branches, create a vase shaped canopy, shorten the tree to 4 to 7 meters (13 to 23 feet) tall, remove basal water sprouts, and remove crossing limbs.  Irrigation and fertilization (0.45 kilograms (1 pound) of nitrogen annually before the fall rains) are required to produce a good crop.  Fruit should be harvested just prior to full maturity, once fruit turn color, a metallic sound is heard when tapped, and before yellowing appears at the base.  Fruit does not continue to ripen once harvested.  Splitting of the fruit can occur on the tree at full maturity.  In California, fruit must meet minimum marketing standards of color, sugar content, sugar:acid ratio, and lack of blemishes.  The crop has a long storage life and should be stored at 5 to 7.5 °C (41 to 46 °F) in a relative humidity of 90 to 95% for 2 months.  Fruit can last more than 7 months when held at 0 to 5 °C (32 to 41 °F) and 80 to 85% relative humidity.  The crop area of pomegranates has increased since the discovery of the nutritious nature of the juice and rind (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, LOVE, MORTON, CRFG, NM, ECOCROP).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  The market for the fruit is limited since fruit must be cracked and individual seeds must be separated.  However, cultivation of the fruit has increased since it has been discovered that the juice and rind are nutritious.  Fruit and juice is sold in grocery stores, local markets and local restaurants.  Most of the crop grown in California is marketed on the eastern seaboard of the U.S. (JANICK, LOVE).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Arils are consumed fresh as dessert with or without other fruit.  Fruit is consumed by deeply scoring the fruit several times vertically and breaking the fruit apart.  Then clusters of juice sacs are lifted out of the rind and eaten.  Fruit can also be frozen for future use, placed in salads, or used as a garnish.  Juice can be extracted and served as a beverage or used in mixed beverages; juice can be made into jelly, sorbets, sauce, wine, or the fermented or unfermented liquor, grenadine.  Juice is used to flavor cakes and baked apples.  Seeds dried with the aril give the sour Indian condiment (spice) called Anadana (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON, CRFG, ECOCROP).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  The juice and leathery rind are rich sources of antioxidants including phenolics, ascorbic acid, and anthocyanins, as well as other nutrients; pharmacological and therapeutical properties.  The rind, bark and leaves are rich sources of polyphenolics or tannins, especially punicalagins.  Juice can help prevent hardening (arteriosclerosis) of the carotid arteries.  Seeds are high in fiber (JANICK, LOVE).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Pulverized bark is used to produce the drug Pelletierine tannate.  Fruit pulp yields oestrone and is used against HIV.  Fruit juice contains citric acid and sodium citrate that is used for pharmaceutical purposes; used as an ingredient in treating dyspepsia and leprosy.  The bark of the stem and root contains alkaloids that can be used to destroy tapeworms.  Tannin from the bark, leaves, immature fruit and fruit rind are used as astringents to stop diarrhea, dysentery, and hemorrhages.  Dried flower buds are used to cure bronchitis and throat inflammation.  Leaves, seeds, roots, and bark have hypotensive, antispasmodic and anthelmintic activity (BARWICK, MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos:
4. Production in U.S.:  Hawaii, California, Arizona, Florida.  In 1994, California reported 1,169 hectares (2,889 acres) with 11,428 tonnes (12,597 tons) (MELNICOE 1996e, JANICK, MORTON).

5. Other commercial production regions:  The Middle East including Iran, Israel, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, the Himalayas, and India; Indonesia; southeastern Europe; the Mediterranean region including northern Africa, Egypt, Greece, Spain, Portugal; Mexico; Brazil; western Asia, Southeast Asia including China, Malaya, Bangladesh, Burma and Japan; Caucasus, Soviet Middle Asia; the West Indies including Bermuda; tropical Africa; occasionally grown in the Bahamas, warm areas of Central (Honduras) and South America; cultivated and naturalized elsewhere.  A good crop produces approximately 10 tonnes per hectare or 100 to 200 fruit per tree (GRIN, MORTON, PERENNIAL, LORENZI, BARWICK, LOVE, MORTON, ECOCROP).
6. Use:  Mainly beverages with some fresh fruit consumption.  The aggregate of berry-like pulp is consumed raw in salads; boundary/barrier/support, ornamental, medicinal purposes, bonsai; fruit can be dried, shellaced, and set out as a decoration; the rind is used in tanning leather and the preparation of black ink; leaves are used to make ink; the rind and flowers are used to produce dyes for textiles; an insecticide is made from the bark; wood is used to make tools (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Interior pulp (flesh and seed)
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (F0I 355) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, MELNICOE 1996e, PERENNIAL, JANICK, LORENZI, BARWICK, LOVE, MORTON, CRFG, NM, ECOCROP, VT.
11. Production map:  EPA Crop Production Region 10 and 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  PUNGR

1. Poshte
      Annonaceae
      Annona liebmanniana Baill.  [(syn: Annona scleroderma Saff., Annona testudinea Saff. (GRIN))]
2. A tropical, vigorous, tall tree that reaches a height of 15 to 20 meters (49 to 66 feet).  Native to Mexico and Guatemala.  Trees grown in the sun have a lower, more compact habit.  Leaves are large, thick, tough, shiny on the upper side, slightly pubescent on the underside, lace-like, lanceolate to oblong in shape and 10 to 25 centimeters (4 to 10 inches) long by 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) wide.  Petioles are fragile and 3 centimeters (1.2 inches) long.  Greenish-yellow to cinnamon-brown flowers are small and contain outer petals with a longitudinal prominence which arise in the small branches or in groups in the old part of the thick branches.  Flowers occur on previous years' outgrowth.  Dull green fruit is solitary to clustered (in compact spherical groups), round to roundish oblate in shape, and 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) in diameter.  The leathery, thick, hard, tough skin (shell) surface varies.  Skin can contain areoles that are marked by raised edges which form a hexagon, areoles with reduced edges to a crisscross of brown lines on a smooth, green surface, a central prominence on each areole, well developed edges and prominences on the areoles, or an irregular, corrugated surface.  Fruit skin thickness is usually 0.3 centimeters (0.1 inch), but can vary.  Smooth-skinned varieties contain thicker, tougher skin.  Pacific varieties are green or green with brown spots, while Atlantic varieties have thicker reddish green skin.  Pulp is white, cream, or creamy grey in color, creamy and soft in texture.  The flavor is sweet to bittersweet and resembles that of Casimiroa edulis.  The flavor has been described as a combination of banana and pineapple.  Each fruit contains seeds within the pulp that are of the same size as those of cherimoya.  One of the least known fruit trees of the genus Annona (PERENNIAL, FAO, ECOCROP, POPENOE, FRUITANDNUT).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Trees produce fruit from late December to April, with a maximum yield around the beginning of February.  Harvesting occurs in four years from seed (when trees reach a height of 4 to 6 meters (13 to 20 feet)) (FAO).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires a tropical climate and low to medium elevations of 300 to 1,000 meters (984 to 3,281 feet).  Fruit is grown mainly in southwestern Guatemala on the Pacific slopes that contain fertile volcanic soils, a short dry season, and an annual rainfall of approximately 400 centimeters (157 inches).  Grows on both the Atlantic and Pacific slopes.  Does not tolerate wind.  Propagation is by seed and grafting.  Seeds that have been stored for approximately 2 weeks germinate in approximately one month.  Seeds that have been stored for two to three months germinate within 6 months.  No special treatment increases germination rate.  Young plants may require shade.  Pruning should be done to create a wide crown.  Fruit do not turn color, but fall from the tree when ripe.  Compared to other Annona species, the fruit skin is tough, allowing for more handling during harvesting and shipping.  Fruit are also less likely to be attacked by insects.  Fruit has the potential to become an export item and product for wide local consumption.  However, the height of the tree, defoliation by wind, and fruit damage caused by birds presents issues (PERENNIAL, FAO).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Sold in Guatemalan markets (FAO).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is consumed fresh; used in desserts.  To consume, fruit is cut in half and pulp is scooped out with a spoon (PERENNIAL, FAO).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit of the Annonaceae family is high in carbohydrates, proteins, calcium, phosphorus, iron, thiamine, niacin, and riboflavin.  Some fruit are rich in magnesium, ascorbic acid and carotene (BERMEJO).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Experimental species grown in Florida (FAO).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico; introduced into Australia; fruit are high-yielding (GRIN, FAO).
6. Use:  Fruit (GRIN).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Interior pulp
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, inedible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References: GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, FAO, ECOCROP, POPENOE, FRUITANDNUT, BERMEJO.
11. Production map:  No specific entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  No specific entry
                                      492