[Federal Register Volume 82, Number 139 (Friday, July 21, 2017)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 33809-33825]
[FR Doc No: 2017-15379]

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 82

[EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118; FRL-9964-73-OAR]
RIN 2060-AG12

Protection of Stratospheric Ozone: Determination 33 for
Significant New Alternatives Policy Program

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Determination of acceptability.

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SUMMARY: This determination of acceptability expands the list of
acceptable substitutes pursuant to the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency's (EPA) Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program. This
action lists as acceptable additional substitutes for use in the
refrigeration and air conditioning sector and the cleaning solvents
sector.

DATES: This determination is applicable on July 21, 2017.

ADDRESSES: EPA established a docket for this action under Docket ID No.
EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 (continuation of Air Docket A-91-42). All
electronic documents in the docket are listed in the index at
www.regulations.gov. Although listed in the index, some information is
not publicly available, i.e., Confidential Business Information (CBI)
or other information whose disclosure is restricted by statute.
Publicly available docket materials are available either electronically
at www.regulations.gov or in hard copy at the EPA Air Docket (Nos. A-
91-42 and EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118), EPA Docket Center (EPA/DC), William J.
Clinton West, Room 3334, 1301 Constitution Avenue NW., Washington, DC
20460. The Public Reading Room is open from 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m.,
Monday through Friday, excluding legal holidays. The telephone number
for the Public Reading Room is<PHONE_NUMBER>, and the telephone number
for the Air Docket is<PHONE_NUMBER>.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Gerald Wozniak by telephone at (202)
343-9624, by email at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or by mail at U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Mail Code 6205T, 1200 Pennsylvania
Avenue NW., Washington, DC 20460. Overnight or courier deliveries
should be sent to the office location at 1201 Constitution Avenue NW.,
Washington, DC 20004.
    For more information on the Agency's process for administering the
SNAP program or criteria for the evaluation of substitutes, refer to
the initial SNAP rulemaking published in the Federal Register on March
18, 1994 (59 FR 13044). Notices and rulemakings under the SNAP program,
as well as other EPA publications on protection of stratospheric ozone,
are available at EPA's Ozone Layer Protection Web site at www.epa.gov/ozone-layer-protection including the SNAP portion at www.epa.gov/snap/.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Table of Contents

I. Listing of New Acceptable Substitutes
    A. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
    B. Cleaning Solvents
II. Section 612 Program
    A. Statutory Requirements and Authority for the SNAP Program
    B. EPA's Regulations Implementing Section 612
    C. How the Regulations for the SNAP Program Work
    D. Additional Information About the SNAP Program
    Appendix A: Summary of Decisions for New Acceptable Substitutes

I. Listing of New Acceptable Substitutes

    This action presents EPA's most recent decision to list as
acceptable several substitutes in the refrigeration and air
conditioning sector and the cleaning solvents sector. New substitutes
are:
     Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)-134a in residential and light
commercial air conditioning and heat pumps (retrofit equipment);

     Hydrofluoroether (HFE)-7300 in non-mechanical heat
transfer systems (new and retrofit equipment);
     R-407H in retail food refrigeration--remote condensing
units (new and retrofit equipment);
     R-442A in retail food refrigeration--remote condensing
units (new and retrofit equipment);
     R-448A in multiple refrigeration and air conditioning end-
uses (new and retrofit equipment);
     R-449A in multiple refrigeration and air conditioning end-
uses (new and retrofit equipment);
     R-449B in multiple refrigeration and air conditioning end-
uses (new and retrofit equipment);
     R-452A in multiple refrigeration and air conditioning end-
uses (new and retrofit equipment);
     R-452C in multiple refrigeration and air conditioning end-
uses (new and retrofit equipment);
     R-453A in multiple refrigeration and air conditioning end-
uses (new and retrofit equipment);
     R-458A in multiple refrigeration and air-conditioning end-
uses (new and retrofit equipment);
     R-513A in residential dehumidifiers (new and retrofit
equipment); and
     HFE-7300 in electronics cleaning, metals cleaning, and
precision cleaning end-uses.
    EPA's review of certain substitutes listed in this document is
pending for other uses. Listing in the end-uses and applications in
this document does not prejudge EPA's listings of these substitutes for
other uses. For many of the substitutes being added through this
document to the acceptable lists for specific end-uses, there are other
listed substitutes for the end-use whose overall risk is comparable
except that they have a lower risk in one SNAP criterion, for example
toxicity or atmospheric effects. However, for the end-uses addressed in
this action, those alternatives have not yet proven feasible in those
specific end-uses. If alternatives that pose significantly less overall
risk--either those currently listed or new alternatives added to the
list--are demonstrated in the future as feasible for one or more of the
relevant end-uses, EPA may evaluate whether to change the listing
status of the substitutes addressed in this document.
    For copies of the full list of acceptable substitutes for ozone
depleting substances (ODS) in all industrial sectors, visit the SNAP
portion of EPA's Ozone Layer Protection Web site at www.epa.gov/snap/substitutes-sector. Substitutes listed as unacceptable; acceptable,
subject to narrowed use limits; or acceptable, subject to use
conditions are also listed in the appendices to 40 CFR part 82, subpart
G.
    The sections below discuss each substitute listing in detail.
Appendix A contains tables summarizing today's listing decisions for
these new substitutes. The statements in the ``Further Information''
column in the tables provide additional information but are not legally
binding under section 612 of the Clean Air Act (CAA). In addition, the
``Further Information'' column may not include a comprehensive list of
other legal obligations you may need to meet when using the substitute.
Although you are not required to follow recommendations in the
``Further Information'' column of the table to use a substitute
consistent with section 612 of the CAA, some of these statements may
refer to obligations that are enforceable or binding under federal or
state programs other than the SNAP program. In many instances, the
information simply refers to standard operating practices in existing
industry standards and/or building codes. When using these substitutes,
EPA strongly encourages you to apply the information in this column.
Many of these recommendations, if adopted, would not require
significant changes to existing operating practices.
    You can find submissions to EPA for the substitutes listed in this
document, as well as other materials supporting the decisions in this
action, in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 at www.regulations.gov.

A. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning

1. HFC-134a
    EPA's decision: EPA finds HFC-134a acceptable as a substitute for
use in:

 Residential and light commercial air conditioning and heat
pumps (retrofit equipment only)

    HFC-134a is also known as R-134a, or 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS
Reg. No. 811-97-2). EPA has previously listed HFC-134a as acceptable
for use in residential and light commercial air conditioning and heat
pumps in new equipment, as well as in a number of other end-uses and
sectors.
    You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of HFC-134a in Residential and Light Commercial Air
Conditioning and Heat Pumps. SNAP Submission Received February 3,
2014.'' EPA performed an assessment to examine the health and
environmental risks of this substitute. This assessment is available in
Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 under the following name:
 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Residential and Light
Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Substitute: HFC-134a''

    Environmental information: HFC-134a has an ozone depletion
potential (ODP) of approximately zero.\1\ Its global warming potential
(GWP) is 1,430, and it has an atmospheric lifetime \2\ of approximately
14 years.\3\ HFC-134a is excluded from the definition of volatile
organic compounds (VOC) under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the development of state implementation plans (SIPs) to
attain and maintain the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS).
Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant is limited by the
venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40
CFR 82.154(a)(1).
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    \1\ EPA assumes that compounds containing no chlorine, bromine,
or iodine have an ODP of zero.
    \2\ We provide information on the atmospheric lifetime of
individual chemicals where we have such information.
    \3\ Unless otherwise stated, all GWPs in this document are 100-
year values from: IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: The Physical
Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth
Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
[Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt,
K.B., Tignor M., and Miller, H.L. (eds.)]. Cambridge University
Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. This
document is accessible at www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/
en/contents.html.
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    Flammability information: HFC-134a is not flammable.
    Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat when
inhaled. The substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These potential health effects are common
to many refrigerants.
    The American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) has established
a workplace environmental exposure limit (WEEL) of 1,000 ppm as an
eight-hour time-weighted average (8-hr TWA) for HFC-134a. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to meet the AIHA WEEL and address
potential health risks by following requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer's Safety Data Sheet (SDS), in the American Society for
Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
Standard 15, and other safety precautions common to the refrigeration
and air conditioning industry.

    Comparison to other substitutes in this end-use: HFC-134a has an
ODP of zero, comparable \4\ to the other listed substitutes in this
end-use, all with an ODP of zero.
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    \4\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
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    HFC-134a has a GWP of 1,430. All other substitutes listed as
acceptable for residential and light commercial air conditioning and
heat pumps in retrofit equipment have higher GWPs than HFC-134a, such
as R-407C, R-438A, and R-507A with GWPs ranging from 1,770 to 3,990.
    Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-use. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry standards, recommendations
in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions common in the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    EPA finds HFC-134a acceptable in the end-use listed above, because
it does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk
than other available substitutes in the same end-use.
2. HFE-7300 (1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-3-methoxy-4-
(trifluoromethyl)pentane)
    EPA's decision: EPA finds HFE-7300 acceptable as a substitute for
use in:

 Non-mechanical heat transfer systems (new and retrofit
equipment) \5\
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    \5\ Acceptable substitutes for organic Rankine cycle have
typically been included through listings in the non-mechanical heat
transfer end-use. EPA may review organic Rankine cycle applications
separately in the future.

    HFE-7300 is also known as 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-3-methoxy-
4-(trifluoromethyl)pentane (CAS Reg. No. 132182-92-4) and goes by the
trade name of 3MTM NovecTM 7300 Engineered Fluid.
    You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of HFE-7300 in Solvent Cleaning and Non-Mechanical
Heat Transfer Systems. SNAP Submission Received October 13, 2016.'' EPA
performed an assessment to examine the health and environmental risks
of this substitute. This assessment is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-
2003-0118 under the following name:

 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Heat Transfer: HFE-7300''

    Environmental information: HFE-7300 has an ODP of zero. The GWP of
HFE-7300 is approximately 310, and it has an atmospheric lifetime of
approximately 3.8 years.\6\ HFE-7300 is excluded from the definition of
VOC under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the
development of SIPs to attain and maintain the NAAQS. This substitute
is subject to a Toxic Substance Control Act (TSCA) section 5(a)(2)
Significant New Use Rule (SNUR) (40 CFR 721.10061) which requires
notification to EPA before release of manufacturing, process, or use
streams containing the substitute into the waters of the United States.
Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant is limited by the
venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40
CFR 82.154(a)(1).
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    \6\ 3M (2016) as per IPCC 4th Assessment Report.
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    Flammability information: HFE-7300 is not flammable.
    Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include eye irritation, skin irritation, and
respiratory tract irritation. Ingestion of HFE-7300 may also be
harmful. The substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These potential health effects are common
to many refrigerants.
    EPA anticipates that HFE-7300 will be used in a manner consistent
with the recommendations specified in the SDS. The manufacturer
recommends an acceptable exposure limit (AEL) of 100 ppm on an 8-hour
TWA. EPA anticipates that users will be able to meet the manufacturer's
AEL and address potential health risks by following requirements and
recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS and in any other safety
precautions common to the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    Comparison to other substitutes in this end-use: HFE-7300 has an
ODP of zero, comparable \7\ to or lower than other acceptable
substitutes in this same end-use, with ODPs ranging from zero to
0.00034.\8\
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    \7\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-11,
CFC-12, CFC-113, CFC-114, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055
to 1.0.
    \8\ Unless otherwise stated, all ODPs in this document are from
EPA's regulations at appendix A to subpart A of 40 CFR part 82.
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    For non-mechanical heat transfer systems, HFE-7300's GWP of 310 is
lower than or comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as
HFE-7100, HFC-245fa, and HFC-236fa with GWPs ranging from about 300 to
9,810. HFE-7300's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes in non-mechanical heat transfer systems, including C7
Fluoroketone, HFO-1234ze(E), and HFE-7200 with GWPs ranging from one to
approximately 60.
    Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-use. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the manufacturer's AEL, recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, and
other safety precautions common in the refrigeration and air
conditioning industry.
    EPA finds HFE-7300 acceptable in the end-use listed above because
it does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk
than other available substitutes in the same end-use.
3. R-407H
    EPA's decision: EPA finds R-407H acceptable as a substitute for use
in:

 Retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units (new and
retrofit equipment)

    R-407H, marketed under the trade name D407, is a weighted blend of
52.5 percent HFC-134a, which is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane
(CAS Reg. No. 811-97-2); 32.5 percent HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75-10-5); and 15 percent HFC-125, which
is also known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6).
    You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-407H in Retail Food Refrigeration (Remote
Condensing Units). SNAP Submission Received January 26, 2017.'' EPA has
performed an assessment to examine the health and environmental risks
of this substitute. This assessment is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-
2003-0118 under the following name:

 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Retail Food
Refrigeration Substitute: R-407H''

    Environmental information: R-407H has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125, have GWPs of 1,430, 675, and
3,500, respectively. If these values are weighted by mass percentage,
then R-407H has a GWP of about 1,500. The components of R-407H are
excluded from the definition of VOC under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR
51.100(s)) addressing the development of SIPs to attain and maintain
the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant blend is
limited by the venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA,
codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).

    Flammability information: R-407H, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
    Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
    EPA anticipates that R-407H will be used in a manner consistent
with the recommendations specified in the SDS. The AIHA has established
WEELs of 1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-134a, HFC-32, and HFC-125,
the components of R-407H. The manufacturer recommends an AEL of 1,000
ppm on an 8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA anticipates that users will be
able to meet the manufacturer's AEL and the AIHA WEELs and to address
potential health risks by following requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other safety precautions
common to the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    Comparison to other substitutes in this end-use: R-407H has an ODP
of zero, comparable \9\ to or lower than the other listed substitutes
in this end-use, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
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    \9\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12,
HCFC-22, and R-502, with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
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    For retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units, R-407H's
GWP of about 1,500 is lower than that of acceptable substitutes, such
as R-407A, R-407C, R-407F, R-410B, and R-421A, with GWPs ranging from
1,770 to 2,630. R-407H's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other
acceptable substitutes in retail food refrigeration--remote condensing
units, including CO2, R-450A, and R-513A, with GWPs ranging
from one to about 630.
    Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-use. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, manufacturer's AEL, ASHRAE 15, and other industry
standards, recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety
precautions common in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    EPA finds R-407H acceptable in the end-use listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-use.
4. R-442A
    EPA's decision: EPA finds R-442A acceptable as a substitute for use
in:

 Retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units (new and
retrofit equipment)

    R-442A, marketed under the trade name RS-50, is a weighted blend of
31 percent HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No.
75-10-5); 31 percent HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); 30 percent HFC-134a, which
is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-2);
five percent HFC-227ea, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-
heptafluoropropane (CAS Reg. No. 431-89-0); and three percent HFC-152a,
which is also known as 1,1-difluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 75-37-6).
    EPA previously listed R-442A as an acceptable refrigerant in a
number of other refrigeration and air conditioning end-uses (May 17,
2013; 78 FR 29034).
    You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-442A (RS 50) in Retail Food Refrigeration
(Remote Condensing Units). SNAP Submission Received July 26, 2011.''
EPA has performed an assessment to examine the health and environmental
risks of this substitute. This assessment is available in Docket EPA-
HQ-OAR-2003-0118 under the following name:

 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Retail Food
Refrigeration Substitute: R-442A''

    Environmental information: R-442A has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, and HFC-152a, have
GWPs of 675; 3,500; 1,430; 3,220; and 124, respectively. If these
values are weighted by mass percentage, then R-442A has a GWP of about
1,890. The components of R-442A are excluded from the definition of VOC
under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development
of SIPs to attain and maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or
releasing this refrigerant blend is limited by the venting prohibition
under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
    Flammability information: R-442A, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
    Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
    The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-
32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, and HFC-152a, the components of R-
442A. The manufacturer of R-442A recommends an AEL of 1,000 ppm on an
8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA anticipates that users will be able to
meet the AIHA WEELs and address potential health risks by following
requirements and recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE
15, and other safety precautions common to the refrigeration and air
conditioning industry.
    Comparison to other substitutes in this end-use: R-442A has an ODP
of zero, comparable \10\ to or lower than the other listed substitutes
in this end-use, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
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    \10\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12,
HCFC-22, and R-502, with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
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    For retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units, R-442A's
GWP of about 1,890 is lower than or comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as R-407A, R-407F, R-410B, and R-421A with GWPs
ranging from 1,820 to 2,630. R-442A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of
other acceptable substitutes in retail food refrigeration--remote
condensing units, including CO2 with a GWP of one and HFC-
134a, R-407C, R-448A, R-449A, R-449B, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs of
about 600 to 1,770.
    Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-use. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15, and other industry standards,
recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions
common in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    EPA finds R-442A acceptable in the end-use listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-use.
5. R-448A
    EPA's decision: EPA finds R-448A acceptable as a substitute for use
in:

 Cold storage warehouses (new and retrofit equipment)
 Industrial process refrigeration (new and retrofit equipment)

    R-448A, marketed under the trade name Solstice[supreg] N-40, is a
weighted blend of 26 percent HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75-10-5); 26 percent HFC-125, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); 21
percent HFC-134a, which is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS
Reg. No. 811-97-2); 20 percent HFO-1234yf, which is also known as
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (CAS Reg. No 754-12-1); and seven percent
HFO-1234ze(E), which is also known as trans-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-
ene (CAS Reg. No. 29118-24-9).
    You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-448A (N-40) in Industrial Process Refrigeration
and Cold Storage Warehouses. SNAP Submission Received May 29, 2014.''
EPA performed assessments to examine the health and environmental risks
of this substitute. These assessments are available in Docket EPA-HQ-
OAR-2003-0118 under the following names:

 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Cold Storage Warehouses
Substitute: R-448A (Solstice[supreg] N-40)''
 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Industrial Process
Refrigeration Substitute: R-448A (Solstice[supreg] N-40)''

    EPA previously listed R-448A as an acceptable refrigerant in a
number of other refrigeration and air conditioning end-uses (e.g., July
16, 2015, 80 FR 42053; October 11, 2016, 81 FR 70029).
    Environmental information: R-448A has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFO-1234yf, and HFO-1234ze(E)
have GWPs of 675; 3,500; 1,430; one to four; 11 12 and one
to six; \13\ respectively. If these values are weighted by mass
percentage, then R-448A has a GWP of about 1,390. The components of R-
448A are excluded from the definition of VOC under CAA regulations (see
40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant
blend is limited by the venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of
the CAA, codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
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    \11\ Hodnebrog et al., 2013. Op. cit.
    \12\ Nielsen, O.J., Javadi, M.S., Sulbaek Andersen, M.P.,
Hurley, M.D., Wallington, T.J., Singh, R. Atmospheric chemistry of
CF3CF=CH2: Kinetics and mechanisms of gas-
phase reactions with Cl atoms, OH radicals, and O3.
Chemical Physics Letters 439, 18-22, 2007.
    \13\ Hodnebrog et al., 2013 and Javadi et al., 2008. Op. cit.
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    Flammability information: R-448A, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
    Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
    The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-
32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a; 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf; and 800 ppm for HFO-
1234ze(E), the components of R-448A. The manufacturer of R-448A
recommends an AEL of 890 ppm on an 8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA
anticipates that users will be able to meet the AIHA WEELs and
manufacturer's AEL and address potential health risks by following
requirements and recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE
15, and other safety precautions common to the refrigeration and air
conditioning industry.
    Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: R-448A has an
ODP of zero, comparable \14\ to or lower than other listed substitutes
in these end-uses, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \14\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For cold storage warehouses, R-448A's GWP of 1,390 is lower than or
comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as HFC-134a, R-407C,
and R-407F, with GWPs ranging from 1,430 to 1,820. R-448A's GWP is
higher than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes for cold storage
warehouses, including ammonia absorption, desiccant cooling,
evaporative cooling, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging from zero to
about 630.
    For industrial process refrigeration, R-448A's GWP of 1,390 is
lower than or comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as
HFC-134a, R-404A, R-407C, and HFC-23 with GWPs ranging from 1,430 to
14,800. R-448A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for industrial process refrigeration, including ammonia
absorption, ammonia vapor compression, Sterling cycle, CO2,
propane, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging from zero to about 630.
    Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry standards, recommendations
in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions common in the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    EPA finds R-448A acceptable in the end-uses listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-uses.
6. R-449A
    EPA's decision: EPA finds R-449A acceptable as a substitute for use
in:

 Cold storage warehouses (new and retrofit equipment)
 Industrial process refrigeration (new and retrofit equipment)

    R-449A, marketed under the trade name Opteon[supreg] XP 40, is a
weighted blend of 24.3 percent HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75-10-5); 24.7 percent HFC-125, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); 25.7
percent HFC-134a, which is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS
Reg. No. 811-97-2); and 25.3 percent HFO-1234yf, which is also known as
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754-12-1).
    You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-449A (XP40) in Industrial Process Refrigeration
and Cold Storage Warehouses. SNAP Submission Received August 26,
2014.'' EPA performed assessments to examine the health and
environmental risks of this substitute. These assessments are available
in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 under the following names:

 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Cold Storage Warehouses
Substitute: R-449A (Opteon[supreg] XP40)''
 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Industrial Process
Refrigeration Substitute: R-449A (Opteon[supreg] XP40)''

    EPA previously listed R-449A as an acceptable refrigerant in a
number of other refrigeration and air conditioning end-uses (e.g., July
16, 2015, 80 FR 42053; October 11, 2016, 81 FR 70029).
    Environmental information: R-449A has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFO-

1234yf, have GWPs of 675; 3,500; 1,430; and one to four,\15\
respectively. If these values are weighted by mass percentage, then R-
449A has a GWP of about 1,400. The components of R-449A are excluded
from the definition of VOC under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s))
addressing the development of SIPs to attain and maintain the NAAQS.
Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant blend is limited by the
venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40
CFR 82.154(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \15\ Hodnebrog et al., 2013 and Nielsen et al., 2007. Op. cit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Flammability information: R-449A, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
    Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
    The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-
32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a and 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf, the components of
R-449A. The manufacturer of R-449A recommends an AEL of 830 ppm on an
8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA anticipates that users will be able to
meet each of the AIHA WEELs and the manufacturer's AEL and address
potential health risks by following requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other safety precautions
common to the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: R-449A has an
ODP of zero, comparable \16\ to or lower than the other listed
substitutes in this end-use, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \16\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For cold storage warehouses, R-449A's GWP of 1,400 is lower than or
comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as HFC-134a, R-407C,
and R-407F with GWPs ranging from 1,430 to 1,820. R-449A's GWP is
higher than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes for cold storage
warehouses, including ammonia absorption, desiccant cooling,
evaporative cooling, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging from zero to
about 630.
    For industrial process refrigeration, R-449A's GWP of 1,400 is
lower than or comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as
HFC-134a, R-404A, R-407C, and HFC-23 with GWPs ranging from 1,430 to
14,800. R-449A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for industrial process refrigeration including ammonia
absorption, ammonia vapor compression, Sterling cycle, CO2,
propane, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging from zero to about 630.
    Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry standards, recommendations
in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions common in the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    EPA finds R-449A acceptable in the end-uses listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-uses.
7. R-449B
    EPA's decision: EPA finds R-449B acceptable as a substitute for use
in:

 Cold storage warehouses (new and retrofit equipment)
 Industrial process refrigeration (new and retrofit equipment)

    R-449B, marketed under the trade name Forane[supreg] 449B, is a
weighted blend of 25.2 percent HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75-10-5); 24.3 percent HFC-125, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); 27.3
percent HFC-134a, which is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS
Reg. No. 811-97-2); and 23.2 percent HFO-1234yf, which is also known as
2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754-12-1).
    You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-449B in Industrial Process Refrigeration and
Cold Storage Warehouses. SNAP Submission Received October 2, 2015.''
EPA performed assessments to examine the health and environmental risks
of this substitute. These assessments are available in Docket EPA-HQ-
OAR-2003-0118 under the following names:

 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Cold Storage Warehouses
Substitute: R-449B (Forane[supreg] 449B)''
 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Industrial Process
Refrigeration Substitute: R-449B (Forane[supreg] 449B)''

    EPA previously listed R-449B as an acceptable refrigerant in a
number of other refrigeration and air conditioning end-uses (i.e.,
October 11, 2016, 81 FR 70029).
    Environmental information: R-449B has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFO-1234yf, have GWPs of
675; 3,500; 1,430; and one to four,\17\ respectively. If these values
are weighted by mass percentage, then R-449B has a GWP of about 1,410.
The components of R-449B are excluded from the definition of VOC under
CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of
SIPs to attain and maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or releasing
this refrigerant blend is limited by the venting prohibition under
section 608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \17\ Hodnebrog et al., 2013 and Nielsen et al., 2007. Op. cit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Flammability information: R-449B, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
    Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
    The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-
32, HFC-125, and HFC-134a and 500 ppm for HFO-1234yf, the components of
R-449B. The manufacturer of R-449B recommends an AEL of 850 ppm on an
8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA anticipates that users will be able to
meet each of the AIHA WEELs and the manufacturer's AEL and address
potential health risks by following requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other safety precautions
common to the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: R-449B has an
ODP of zero, comparable \18\ to or lower than the other listed
substitutes in this end-use, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \18\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For cold storage warehouses, R-449B's GWP of 1,410 is lower than or

comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as HFC-134a, R-407C,
and R-407F with GWPs ranging from 1,430 to 1,820. R-449B's GWP is
higher than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes for cold storage
warehouses including ammonia absorption, desiccant cooling, evaporative
cooling, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging from zero to about 630.
    For industrial process refrigeration, many substitutes listed as
acceptable have comparable or higher GWPs than R-449B's GWP of about
1,410, such as HFC-134a, R-404A, R-407C, and HFC-23 with GWPs ranging
from 1,430 to 14,800; other substitutes listed as acceptable
substitutes for industrial process refrigeration have a lower GWP
including ammonia absorption, ammonia vapor compression, Sterling
cycle, CO2, propane, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging
from zero to about 630.
    Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry standards, recommendations
in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions common in the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    EPA finds R-449B acceptable in the end-uses listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-uses.
8. R-452A
    EPA's decision: EPA finds R-452A acceptable as a substitute for use
in:

 Refrigerated transport--refrigerated trucks and trailers \19\
(new and retrofit equipment)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \19\ This end-use category covers a subset of on-road vehicles,
i.e., refrigerated trucks and trailers with a separate refrigeration
unit with the condenser typically located either in the main engine
compartment or at the front of a refrigerated trailer. It does not
include refrigerated vans or other vehicles where a single system
also supplies passenger comfort cooling, refrigerated intermodal
shipping containers (e.g., containers designed to be moved between
ships, trucks, or other modes of transportation for uninterrupted
storage), railway refrigeration, or ship holds.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

 Retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units (new and
retrofit equipment)

    R-452A, marketed under the trade name Opteon[supreg] XP 44, is a
weighted blend of 11 percent HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75-10-5); 59 percent HFC-125, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); and
30 percent HFO-1234yf, which is also known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-prop-
1-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754-12-1).
    You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-452A (XP44) in Refrigerated Transport
(Refrigerated Trucks and Trailers) and Retail Food Refrigeration
(Remote Condensing Units). SNAP Submission Received August 8, 2014.''
EPA has performed assessments to examine the health and environmental
risks of this substitute. These assessments are available in Docket
EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 under the following names:

 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Refrigerated Transport
Substitute: R-452A''
 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Retail Food
Refrigeration Substitute: R-452A''

    Environmental information: R-452A has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFO-1234yf, have GWPs of 675; 3,500;
and one to four, respectively. If these values are weighted by mass
percentage, then R-452A has a GWP of about 2,140. The components of R-
452A are excluded from the definition of VOC under CAA regulations (see
40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant
blend is limited by the venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of
the CAA, codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
    Flammability information: R-452A, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
    Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of this
substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may also
irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
    The AIHA has established WEELs for the components of R-452A of
1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-32 and HFC-125, and of 500 ppm as an
8-hr TWA for HFO-1234yf. The manufacturer of R-452A recommends an AEL
of 786 ppm on an 8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA anticipates that users
will be able to meet each of the AIHA WEELs and address potential
health risks by following requirements and recommendations in the
manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other safety precautions common
to the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: R-452A has an
ODP of zero, comparable \20\ to or lower than the other listed
substitutes in these end-uses, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \20\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For refrigerated transport--refrigerated trucks and trailers, R-
452A's GWP of about 2,140 is lower than or comparable to that of
acceptable substitutes, such as R-404A, R-507A, and a number of HFC
refrigerant blends (with GWPs ranging from approximately 2,230 to
3,990). R-452A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for refrigerated transport, including CO2,
direct nitrogen expansion, HFC-134a, R-407A, R-407C, R-407F, R-410A, R-
448A, R-449A, R-450A, R-513A, and Stirling cycle, with GWPs ranging
from zero to about 2,110.
    For retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units, R-452A's
GWP of about 2,140 is lower than or comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as R-410B and R-421A, with GWPs ranging from 2,230 to
2,630. R-452A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes in retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units,
including CO2 with a GWP of one, and HFC-134a and a number
of HFC blends and HFC/HFO blends with GWPs of about 600 to 2,110.
    Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry standards, recommendations
in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions common in the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    EPA finds R-452A acceptable in the end-uses listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-uses.
9. R-452C
    EPA's decision: EPA finds R-452C acceptable as a substitute for use
in:

 Refrigerated transport--refrigerated trucks and trailers (new
and retrofit equipment)

 Retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units (new and
retrofit equipment)

    R-452C, marketed under the trade name Forane[supreg] 452C, is a
weighted blend of 12.5 percent HFC-32, which is also known as
difluoromethane (CAS Reg. No. 75-10-5); 61 percent HFC-125, which is
also known as 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); and
26.5 percent HFO-1234yf, which is also known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-
prop-1-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754-12-1).
    You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-452C in Refrigerated Transport (Refrigerated
Trucks and Trailers) and Retail Food Refrigeration (Remote Condensing
Units). SNAP Submission Received July 8, 2016.'' EPA has performed
assessments to examine the health and environmental risks of this
substitute. These assessments are available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-
0118 under the following names:

 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Refrigerated Transport
Substitute: R-452C''
 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Retail Food
Refrigeration Substitute: R-452C''

    Environmental information: R-452C has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, and HFO-1234yf, have GWPs of 675; 3,500;
and one to four,\21\ respectively. If these values are weighted by mass
percentage, then R-452C has a GWP of about 2,220. The components of R-
452C are excluded from the definition of VOC under CAA regulations (see
40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant
blend is limited by the venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of
the CAA, codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \21\ Hodnebrog et al., 2013 and Nielsen et al., 2007. Op. cit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Flammability information: R-452C, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
    Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of this
substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may irritate
the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
    The AIHA has established WEELs for the components of R-452C of
1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-32 and HFC-125 and 500 ppm for HFO-
1234yf. EPA anticipates that users will be able to meet each of the
AIHA WEELs and address potential health risks by following requirements
and recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other
safety precautions common to the refrigeration and air conditioning
industry.
    Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: R-452C has an
ODP of zero, comparable \22\ to or lower than the other listed
substitutes in these end-uses, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \22\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For refrigerated transport--refrigerated trucks and trailers, R-
452C's GWP of about 2,220 is lower than or comparable to that of
acceptable substitutes, such as R-404A, R-507A, and a number of HFC
refrigerant blends (with GWPs ranging from approximately 2,230 to
3,990). R-452C's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes for refrigerated transport, including CO2,
direct nitrogen expansion, HFC-134a, R-407A, R-407C, R-407F, R-410A, R-
448A, R-449A, R-450A, R-513A, and Stirling cycle, with GWPs ranging
from zero to about 2,110.
    For retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units, R-452C's
GWP of about 2,220 is lower than or comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as R-410B and R-421A, with GWPs ranging from 2,230 to
2,630. R-452C's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable
substitutes in retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units,
including CO2 with a GWP of one and HFC-134a and a number of
HFC blends and HFC/HFO blends of about 600 to 2,110.
    Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry standards, recommendations
in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions common in the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    EPA finds R-452C acceptable in the end-uses listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-uses.
10. R-453A
    EPA's decision: EPA finds R-453A acceptable as a substitute for use
in:

 Cold storage warehouses (new and retrofit equipment)
 Industrial process refrigeration (new and retrofit equipment)
 Retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units (new and
retrofit equipment)

    R-453A, marketed under the trade name RS-70, is a weighted blend of
20.0 percent HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane (CAS Reg.
No. 75-10-5); 20.0 percent HFC-125, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,2-
pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); 53.8 percent HFC-134a, which
is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-2);
five percent HFC-227ea, which is also known as 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-
heptafluoropropane (CAS Reg. No. 439-89-0); 0.6 percent R-600, which is
also known as butane (CAS Reg. No. 75-28-5); and 0.6 percent R-601a,
which is also known as isopentane (CAS Reg. 78-78-4).
    You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-453A (RS-70) in Industrial Process
Refrigeration, Cold Storage Warehouses, and Retail Food Refrigeration
(Remote Condensing Units). SNAP Submission Received March 12, 2015.''
EPA performed assessments to examine the health and environmental risks
of this substitute. These assessments are available in Docket EPA-HQ-
OAR-2003-0118 under the following names:

 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Cold Storage Warehouses
Substitute: R-453A (RS-70)''
 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Industrial Process
Refrigeration Substitute: R-453A (RS-70)''
 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Retail Food
Refrigeration Substitute: R-453A''

    Environmental information: R-453A has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, butane, and
isopentane, have GWPs of 675, 3,500, 1,430, 3,220, 4, and 5,
respectively. If these values are weighted by mass percentage, then R-
453A has a GWP of about 1,770. Except for butane and isopentane, which
together make up approximately 1.2 percent of the blend, the components
of R-453A are excluded from the definition of VOC under CAA regulations
(see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly

venting or releasing this refrigerant blend is limited by the venting
prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR
82.154(a)(1).
    Flammability information: R-453A, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
    Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
    For the components of R-453A, the AIHA has established WEELs of
1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, and HFC-227ea,
and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists
(ACGIH) has established a Threshold Limit Value (TLV) of 1,000 ppm for
R-600 and a TLV of 600 ppm for R-601a, both as an 8-hr TWA. The
manufacturer of R-453A recommends an AEL of 1,000 ppm on an 8-hour TWA
for the blend. EPA anticipates that users will be able to meet each of
the AIHA WEELs, the ACGIH's TLVs, and the manufacturer's AEL and
address potential health risks by following requirements and
recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other
safety precautions common to the refrigeration and air conditioning
industry.
    Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: R-453A has an
ODP of zero, comparable \23\ to or lower than the other listed
substitutes in these end-uses, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \23\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For cold storage warehouses, R-453A's GWP of about 1,770 is lower
than or comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as R-407C
and R-407F, with GWPs ranging from 1,770 to 1,820. R-453A's GWP is
higher than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes for cold storage
warehouses, including ammonia absorption, desiccant cooling,
evaporative cooling, HFC-134a, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging
from zero to 1,510.
    For industrial process refrigeration, R-453A's GWP of about 1,770
is lower than or comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as
R-404A, R-407C, and HFC-23 with GWPs ranging from 1,770 to 14,800. R-
453A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes for
industrial process refrigeration, including ammonia absorption, ammonia
vapor compression, Sterling cycle, CO2, HFC-134a, propane,
R-426A, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs ranging from zero to about 1,510.
    For retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units, R-453A's
GWP of about 1,770 is lower than or comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as R-407A, R-407C, R-410B, and R-421A, with GWPs
ranging from about 1,770 to 2,630. R-453A's GWP is higher than the GWPs
of other acceptable substitutes in remote condensing units, including
CO2 with a GWP of one and HFC-134a, R-426A, R-448A, R-449A,
R-449B, R-450A, and R-513A with GWPs of about 600 to 1,510.
    Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15 and other industry standards, recommendations
in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions common in the
refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    EPA finds R-453A acceptable in the end-uses listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-uses.
11. R-458A
    EPA's decision: EPA finds R-458A acceptable as a substitute for use
in:

 Industrial process refrigeration (new and retrofit equipment)
 Residential and light commercial air conditioning and heat
pumps (retrofit equipment only)
 Retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units (new and
retrofit equipment)

    R-458A, marketed under the trade name Bluon TdX 20, is a weighted
blend of 20.5 percent HFC-32, which is also known as difluoromethane
(CAS Reg. No. 75-10-5); 4.0 percent HFC-125, which is also known as
1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-6); 61.4 percent HFC-
134a, which is also known as 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No.
811-97-2); 13.5 percent HFC-227ea, which is also known as
1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane (CAS Reg. No. 431-89-0); and 0.6
percent HFC-236fa, which is also known as 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoropropane
(CAS Reg. No. 690-39-1).
    You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-458A (TdX20) in Industrial Process
Refrigeration, Retail Food Refrigeration (Remote Condensing Units), and
Residential and Light Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps. SNAP
Submission Received November 7, 2014.'' EPA performed assessments to
examine the health and environmental risks of this substitute. These
assessments are available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 under the
following names:

 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Industrial Process
Refrigeration Substitute: R-458A (TdX 20)''
 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Residential and Light
Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps Substitute: R-458A (TdX
20)''
 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Retail Food
Refrigeration Substitute: R-458A (TdX 20)''

    Environmental information: R-458A has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa, have
GWPs of 675, 3,500, 1,430, 3,220, and 9,810, respectively. If these
values are weighted by mass percentage, then R-458A has a GWP of about
1,650. The components of R-458A are excluded from the definition of VOC
under CAA regulations (see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development
of SIPs to attain and maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or
releasing this refrigerant blend is limited by the venting prohibition
under section 608(c)(2) of the CAA, codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
    Flammability information: R-458A, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
    Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat when
inhaled. The substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by
vapors in a confined space. These potential health effects are common
to many refrigerants.
    The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm as an 8-hr TWA for HFC-
32, HFC-125, HFC-134a, HFC-227ea, and HFC-236fa, the components of R-
458A. EPA anticipates that users will be able to meet the AIHA WEELs
and address potential health risks by following requirements and
recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15,

and other safety precautions common to the refrigeration and air
conditioning industry.
    Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: R-458A has an
ODP of zero, comparable \24\ to or lower than the other listed
substitutes in these end-uses, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \24\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For industrial process refrigeration, R-458A's GWP of about 1,650
is lower than or comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as
R-404A, R-407C, and HFC-23, with GWPs ranging from 1,770 to 14,800. R-
458A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes for
industrial process refrigeration, including ammonia absorption, ammonia
vapor compression, Sterling cycle, CO2, HFC-134a, propane,
R-426A, R-450A, and R-513A, with GWPs ranging from zero to about 1,510.
    For residential and light commercial air conditioning and heat
pumps in retrofit equipment, R-458A's GWP of about 1,650 is lower than
all other substitutes listed as acceptable, such as R-407C, R-438A, and
R-507A, with GWPs ranging from 1,770 to 3,990.
    For retail food refrigeration--remote condensing units, R-458A's
GWP of about 1,650 is lower than that of acceptable substitutes, such
as R-407A, R-407C, R-410B, and R-421A, with GWPs ranging from about
1,770 to 2,630. R-458A's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other
acceptable substitutes in remote condensing units, including
CO2 with a GWP of one and HFC-134a, R-426A, R-448A, R-449A,
R-449B, R-450A, and R-513A, with GWPs of about 600 to 1,510.
    Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15, and other industry standards,
recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions
common in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    EPA finds R-458A acceptable in the end-uses listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-uses.
12. R-513A
    EPA's decision: EPA finds R-513A acceptable as a substitute for use
in:

 Residential dehumidifiers (new and retrofit equipment)

    R-513A, marketed under the trade name Opteon[supreg] XP 10, is a
weighted blend of 44 percent HFC-134a, which is also known as 1,1,1,2
tetrafluoroethane (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-2), and 56 percent HFO-1234yf,
which is also known as 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoroprop-1-ene (CAS Reg. No. 754-
12-1).
    You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of R-513A (XP10) in Residential Dehumidifiers. SNAP
Submission Received July 24, 2014.'' EPA performed an assessment to
examine the health and environmental risks of this substitute. This
assessment is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 under the
following name:

 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes for Use in Residential
Dehumidifiers Substitute: R-513A''

    EPA previously listed R-513A as acceptable for use as a refrigerant
in several refrigeration and air conditioning end-uses (May 23, 2016,
81 FR 32241; July 16, 2015, 80 FR 42053).
    Environmental information: R-513A has an ODP of zero. Its
components, HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf, have GWPs of 1,430 and one to
four,\25\ respectively. If these values are weighted by mass
percentage, then R-513A has a GWP of about 630. The components of R-
513A are both excluded from the definition of VOC under CAA regulations
(see 40 CFR 51.100(s)) addressing the development of SIPs to attain and
maintain the NAAQS. Knowingly venting or releasing this refrigerant
blend is limited by the venting prohibition under section 608(c)(2) of
the CAA, codified at 40 CFR 82.154(a)(1).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \25\ Hodnebrog et al., 2013 and Nielsen et al., 2007. Op. cit.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Flammability information: R-513A, as formulated and even
considering the worst-case of fractionation for flammability, is not
flammable.
    Toxicity and exposure data: Potential health effects of exposure to
this substitute include drowsiness or dizziness. The substitute may
also irritate the skin or eyes or cause frostbite. At sufficiently high
concentrations, the substitute may cause irregular heartbeat. The
substitute could cause asphyxiation if air is displaced by vapors in a
confined space. These potential health effects are common to many
refrigerants.
    The AIHA has established WEELs of 1,000 ppm and 500 ppm as an 8-
hour TWA for HFC-134a and HFO-1234yf, respectively, the components of
R-513A. The manufacturer of R-513A recommends an AEL of 653 ppm on an
8-hour TWA for the blend. EPA anticipates that users will be able to
meet each of the manufacturer's AEL and AIHA WEELs and address
potential health risks by following requirements and recommendations in
the manufacturer's SDS, in ASHRAE 15, and other safety precautions
common to the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    Comparison to other substitutes in this end-use: R-513A has an ODP
of zero, comparable \26\ to other listed substitutes in this end-use,
with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.057.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \26\ This is in contrast to the historically used ODS CFC-12, R-
502, and HCFC-22 with ODPs ranging from 0.055 to 1.0.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For residential dehumidifiers, R-513A's GWP of 630 is lower than
that of other acceptable substitutes, such as HFC-134a, R-404A, R-407C,
R-410A, and R-507A with GWPs ranging from 1,430 to 3,990.
    Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-use. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the AIHA WEELs, ASHRAE 15, and other industry standards,
recommendations in the manufacturer's SDS, and other safety precautions
common in the refrigeration and air conditioning industry.
    EPA finds R-513A acceptable in the end-use listed above because it
does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk than
other available substitutes in the same end-use.

B. Cleaning Solvents

1. HFE-7300
    EPA's decision: EPA finds HFE-7300 acceptable as a substitute for
use in:

 Electronics cleaning
 Metals cleaning
 Precision cleaning

    HFE-7300 is also known as 1,1,1,2,2,3,4,5,5,5-decafluoro-3-methoxy-
4-(trifluoromethyl)pentane (CAS Reg. No. 132182-92-4) and goes by the
trade name of 3MTM NovecTM7300 Engineered Fluid.
    You may find the redacted submission in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118
at www.regulations.gov under the name, ``Supporting Documentation for
Notice 33 Listing of HFE-7300 in Solvent Cleaning and Non-Mechanical
Heat Transfer Systems. SNAP Submission Received October 13, 2016.'' EPA
performed an assessment to

examine the health and environmental risks of this substitute. This
assessment is available in Docket EPA-HQ-OAR-2003-0118 under the
following name:

 ``Risk Screen on Substitutes in Electronics Cleaning, Metals
Cleaning, and Precision Cleaning Substitute: HFE-7300.''

    Environmental information: The environmental information for this
substitute is set forth in the ``Environmental information'' section in
listing I.A.2.
    Flammability information: HFE-7300 is not flammable.
    Toxicity and exposure data: The toxicity information for this
substitute is set forth in the ``Toxicity and exposure data'' section
in listing I.A.2. The potential health effects of HFE-7300 are common
to many solvents. EPA anticipates that users will be able to meet the
manufacturer's AEL of 100 ppm on an 8-hr TWA and address potential
health risks by following requirements and recommendations in the
manufacturer's SDS and in any other safety precautions common to the
solvent cleaning industry.
    Comparison to other substitutes in these end-uses: HFE-7300 has an
ODP of zero, comparable \27\ to or lower than the ODP of other
substitutes in the same end-uses, with ODPs ranging from zero to 0.033.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \27\ In contrast, the historically used ODS CFC-113, methyl
chloroform, HCFC-225ca, and HCFC-225cb have ODPs ranging from 0.02
to 0.8.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    For both electronics cleaning and precision cleaning, HFE-7300's
GWP of 310 is lower than or comparable to that of acceptable
substitutes, such as HFE-7000, HFE-7100, HFC-365mfc, and HFC-43-10mee,
with GWPs ranging from about 300 to 1,640. HFE-7300's GWP is higher
than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes for these end-uses,
including acetone, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, and HFE-7200 with GWPs
ranging from less than 1 to 59. Its climate impacts cannot be compared
directly to those of aqueous cleaners, which have zero GWP.
    For metals cleaning, HFE-7300's GWP of 310 is lower than or
comparable to that of acceptable substitutes, such as HFE-7100, HFC-
365mfc and HFC-43-10mee, with GWPs ranging from about 300 to 1,640.
HFE-7300's GWP is higher than the GWPs of other acceptable substitutes
for this end-use including acetone, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, and
HFE-7200 with GWPs ranging from less than 1 to 59. Its climate impacts
cannot be compared directly to those of aqueous cleaners, which have
zero GWP.
    Flammability and toxicity risks are comparable to or lower than
flammability and toxicity risks of other available substitutes in the
same end-uses. Toxicity risks can be minimized by use consistent with
the manufacturer's AEL, recommendations in the SDS, and other safety
precautions common in the solvent cleaning industry.
    EPA finds HFE-7300 acceptable in the end-uses listed above because
it does not pose greater overall environmental and human health risk
than other available substitutes in the same end-uses.

II. Section 612 Program

A. Statutory Requirements and Authority for the SNAP Program

    Section 612 of the CAA requires EPA to develop a program for
evaluating alternatives to ozone-depleting substances. EPA refers to
this program as the Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) program.
The major provisions of section 612 are:
1. Rulemaking
    Section 612(c) requires EPA to promulgate rules making it unlawful
to replace any class I substance (CFC, halon, carbon tetrachloride,
methyl chloroform, methyl bromide, hydrobromofluorocarbon, and
chlorobromomethane) or class II substance (HCFC) with any substitute
that the Administrator determines may present adverse effects to human
health or the environment where the Administrator has identified an
alternative that (1) reduces the overall risk to human health and the
environment, and (2) is currently or potentially available.
2. Listing of Unacceptable/Acceptable Substitutes
    Section 612(c) requires EPA to publish a list of the substitutes
unacceptable for specific uses and to publish a corresponding list of
acceptable alternatives for specific uses. The list of ``acceptable''
substitutes is found at www.epa.gov/snap/substitutes-sector and the
lists of ``unacceptable,'' ``acceptable subject to use conditions,''
and ``acceptable subject to narrowed use limits'' substitutes are found
in the appendices to 40 CFR part 82 subpart G.
3. Petition Process
    Section 612(d) grants the right to any person to petition EPA to
add a substance to, or delete a substance from, the lists published in
accordance with section 612(c). The Agency has 90 days to grant or deny
a petition. Where the Agency grants the petition, EPA must publish the
revised lists within an additional six months.
4. 90-Day Notification
    Section 612(e) directs EPA to require any person who produces a
chemical substitute for a class I substance to notify the Agency not
less than 90 days before new or existing chemicals are introduced into
interstate commerce for significant new uses as substitutes for a class
I substance. The producer must also provide the Agency with the
producer's unpublished health and safety studies on such substitutes.
5. Outreach
    Section 612(b)(1) states that the Administrator shall seek to
maximize the use of federal research facilities and resources to assist
users of class I and II substances in identifying and developing
alternatives to the use of such substances in key commercial
applications.
6. Clearinghouse
    Section 612(b)(4) requires the Agency to set up a public
clearinghouse of alternative chemicals, product substitutes, and
alternative manufacturing processes that are available for products and
manufacturing processes which use class I and II substances.

B. EPA's Regulations Implementing Section 612

    On March 18, 1994, EPA published the initial SNAP rule (59 FR
13044) which established the process for administering the SNAP program
and issued EPA's first lists identifying acceptable and unacceptable
substitutes in the major industrial use sectors (subpart G of 40 CFR
part 82). These sectors are the following: Refrigeration and air
conditioning; foam blowing; solvents cleaning; fire suppression and
explosion protection; sterilants; aerosols; adhesives, coatings and
inks; and tobacco expansion. These sectors comprise the principal
industrial sectors that historically consumed the largest volumes of
ODS.
    Section 612 of the CAA requires EPA to list as acceptable those
substitutes that do not present a significantly greater risk to human
health and the environment as compared with other substitutes that are
currently or potentially available.

C. How the Regulations for the SNAP Program Work

    Under the SNAP regulations, anyone who plans to market or produce a
substitute to replace a class I substance or class II substance in one
of the eight

major industrial use sectors must provide the Agency with notice and
the required health and safety information on the substitute at least
90 days before introducing it into interstate commerce for significant
new use as an alternative (40 CFR 82.176(a)). While this requirement
typically applies to chemical manufacturers as the entity likely to be
planning to introduce the substitute into interstate commerce,\28\ it
may also apply to importers, formulators, equipment manufacturers, and
end users \29\ when they are responsible for introducing a substitute
into commerce. The 90-day SNAP review process begins once EPA receives
the submission and determines that the submission includes complete and
adequate data (40 CFR 82.180(a)). The CAA and the SNAP regulations, 40
CFR 82.174(a), prohibit use of a substitute earlier than 90 days after
notice has been provided to the Agency.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \28\ As defined at 40 CFR 82.104, ``interstate commerce'' means
the distribution or transportation of any product between one state,
territory, possession or the District of Columbia, and another
state, territory, possession or the District of Columbia, or the
sale, use or manufacture of any product in more than one state,
territory, possession or District of Columbia. The entry points for
which a product is introduced into interstate commerce are the
release of a product from the facility in which the product was
manufactured, the entry into a warehouse from which the domestic
manufacturer releases the product for sale or distribution, and at
the site of United States Customs clearance.
    \29\ As defined at 40 CFR 82.172, ``end-use'' means processes or
classes of specific applications within major industrial sectors
where a substitute is used to replace an ODS.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The Agency has identified four possible decision categories for
substitute submissions: Acceptable; acceptable subject to use
conditions; acceptable subject to narrowed use limits; and unacceptable
(40 CFR 82.180(b)).\30\ Use conditions and narrowed use limits are both
considered ``use restrictions'' and are explained below. Substitutes
that are deemed acceptable without use conditions may be used for all
applications within the relevant end-uses within the sector and without
limits under SNAP on how they may be used. Substitutes that are
acceptable subject to use restrictions may be used only in accordance
with those restrictions. Substitutes that are found to be unacceptable
may not be used after the date specified in the rulemaking adding such
substitute to the list of unacceptable substitutes.\31\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \30\ The SNAP regulations also include ``pending,'' referring to
submissions for which EPA has not reached a determination, under
this provision.
    \31\ As defined at 40 CFR 82.172, ``use'' means any use of a
substitute for a Class I or Class II ozone-depleting compound,
including but not limited to use in a manufacturing process or
product, in consumption by the end-user, or in intermediate uses,
such as formulation or packaging for other subsequent uses. This
definition of use encompasses manufacturing process of products both
for domestic use and for export. Substitutes manufactured within the
United States exclusively for export are subject to SNAP
requirements since the definition of use in the rule includes use in
the manufacturing process, which occurs within the United States.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    After reviewing a substitute, the Agency may make a determination
that a substitute is acceptable only if certain conditions in the way
that the substitute is used are met to minimize risks to human health
and the environment. EPA describes such substitutes as ``acceptable
subject to use conditions.'' Entities that use these substitutes
without meeting the associated use conditions are in violation of EPA's
SNAP regulations (40 CFR 82.174(c)).
    For some substitutes, the Agency may permit a narrowed range of use
within an end-use or sector. For example, the Agency may limit the use
of a substitute to certain end-uses or specific applications within an
industry sector. The Agency generally requires a user of a substitute
subject to narrowed use limits to demonstrate that no other acceptable
substitutes are available for their specific application.\32\ EPA
describes these substitutes as ``acceptable subject to narrowed use
limits.'' A person using a substitute that is acceptable subject to
narrowed use limits in applications and end-uses that are not
consistent with the narrowed use limit is using the substitute in
violation of section 612 of the CAA and EPA's SNAP regulations (40 CFR
82.174(c)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \32\ In the case of the July 20, 2015, final rule, EPA
established narrowed use limits for certain substitutes over a
limited period of time for specific MVAC and foam applications, on
the basis that other acceptable alternatives would not be available
for those specific applications within broader end-uses, but
acceptable alternatives were expected to become available over time,
e.g., after military qualification testing for foam blowing agents
in military applications or after development of improved servicing
infrastructure in a destination country for MVAC in vehicles
destined for export.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The section 612 mandate for EPA to prohibit the use of a substitute
that may present risk to human health or the environment where a lower
risk alternative is available or potentially available'' \33\ provides
EPA with the authority to change the listing status of a particular
substitute if such a change is justified by new information or changed
circumstance.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \33\ In addition to acceptable commercially available
substitutes, the SNAP program may consider potentially available
substitutes. The SNAP program's definition of ``potentially
available'' is ``any alternative for which adequate health, safety,
and environmental data, as required for the SNAP notification
process, exist to make a determination of acceptability, and which
the agency reasonably believes to be technically feasible, even if
not all testing has yet been completed and the alternative is not
yet produced or sold.'' (40 CFR 82.172)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    As described in this document and elsewhere, including the initial
SNAP rule published in the Federal Register at 59 FR 13044 on March 18,
1994, the SNAP program evaluates substitutes within a comparative risk
framework. The SNAP program compares new substitutes both to the ozone-
depleting substances being phased out under the Montreal Protocol on
Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer and the CAA, and to other
available or potentially available alternatives for the same end-uses.
The environmental and health risk factors that the SNAP program
considers include ozone depletion potential, flammability, toxicity,
occupational and consumer health and safety, as well as contributions
to global warming and other environmental factors. Environmental and
human health exposures can vary significantly depending on the
particular application of a substitute--and over time, information
applicable to a substitute can change. This approach does not imply
fundamental tradeoffs with respect to different types of risk, either
to the environment or to human health. Over the past twenty years, the
menu of substitutes has become much broader and a great deal of new
information has been developed on many substitutes. Because the overall
goal of the SNAP program is to ensure that substitutes listed as
acceptable do not pose significantly greater risk to human health and
the environment than other available substitutes, the SNAP criteria
should be informed by our current overall understanding of
environmental and human health impacts and our experience with and
current knowledge about available and potentially available
substitutes. Over time, the range of substitutes reviewed by SNAP has
changed, and, at the same time, scientific approaches have evolved to
more accurately assess the potential environmental and human health
impacts of these chemicals and alternative technologies. The Agency
publishes its SNAP program decisions in the Federal Register. EPA uses
notice-and-comment rulemaking to place any alternative on the list of
prohibited substitutes, to list a substitute as acceptable only subject
to use conditions or narrowed use limits, or to remove a substitute
from either the list of prohibited or acceptable substitutes.
    In contrast, EPA publishes ``notices of acceptability'' or
``determinations of acceptability,'' to notify the public of
substitutes that are deemed acceptable with no restrictions. As
described in the

preamble to the rule initially implementing the SNAP program (59 FR
13044; March 18, 1994), EPA does not believe that rulemaking procedures
are necessary to list alternatives that are acceptable without
restrictions because such listings neither impose any sanction nor
prevent anyone from using a substitute.
    Many SNAP listings include ``comments'' or ``further information''
to provide additional information on substitutes. Since this additional
information is not part of the regulatory decision, these statements
are not binding for use of the substitute under the SNAP program.
However, regulatory requirements so listed are binding under other
regulatory programs (e.g., worker protection regulations promulgated by
OSHA). The ``further information'' classification does not necessarily
include all other legal obligations pertaining to the use of the
substitute. While the items listed are not legally binding under the
SNAP program, EPA encourages users of substitutes to apply all
statements in the ``further information'' column in their use of these
substitutes. In many instances, the information simply refers to sound
operating practices that have already been identified in existing
industry and/or building codes or standards. Thus many of the
statements, if adopted, would not require the affected user to make
significant changes in existing operating practices.

D. Additional Information About the SNAP Program

    For copies of the comprehensive SNAP lists of substitutes or
additional information on SNAP, refer to EPA's Ozone Depletion Web site
at: www.epa.gov/snap. For more information on the Agency's process for
administering the SNAP program or criteria for evaluation of
substitutes, refer to the initial SNAP rulemaking published March 18,
1994 (59 FR 13044), codified at 40 CFR part 82, subpart G. SNAP
decisions and the appropriate Federal Register citations are found at:
www.epa.gov/snap/snap-regulations.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 82

    Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure,
Air pollution control, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.

    Dated: June 28, 2017.
Reid P. Harvey,
Acting Director, Office of Atmospheric Programs.

Appendix A: Summary of Decisions for New Acceptable Substitutes

                                       Refrigeration and Air Conditioning
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                                Further information
           End-use                     Substitute                     Decision                      \1\
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cold storage warehouses (new  R-448A......................  Acceptable..................  R-448A has a 100-yr
 and retrofit equipment).                                                                  global warming
                                                                                potential (GWP) of
                                                                                approximately 1,390.
                                                                                This substitute is a
                                                                                blend of HFC-32,
                                                                                which is also known
                                                                                as difluoromethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 75-10-
                                                                                5); HFC-125, which is
                                                                                also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2,2-
                                                                                pentafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
                                                                                6); HFC-134a, which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2-
                                                                                tetrafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
                                                                                2); HFO-1234yf, which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-
                                                                                prop-l-ene (CAS Reg.
                                                                                No. 754-12-1); and
                                                                                HFO-1234ze(E), which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                trans-1,3,3,3-
                                                                                tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 29118-
                                                                                24-9).
                                                                                The blend is
                                                                                nonflammable.
                                                                                The American
                                                                                Industrial Hygiene
                                                                                Association (AIHA)
                                                                                has established
                                                                                Workplace
                                                                                Environmental
                                                                                Exposure Limits
                                                                                (WEELs) of 1,000 ppm
                                                                                on an eight-hour time-
                                                                                weighted average (8-
                                                                                hr TWA) basis for HFC-
                                                                                32, HFC-125, and HFC-
                                                                                134a; 500 ppm for HFO-
                                                                                1234yf; and 800 ppm
                                                                                for HFO-1234ze(E).
                                                                                The manufacturer
                                                                                recommends an
                                                                                acceptable exposure
                                                                                limit (AEL) for the
                                                                                workplace for R-448A
                                                                                of 890 ppm (8-hr
                                                                                TWA).
Cold storage warehouses (new  R-449A......................  Acceptable..................  R-449A has a 100-year
 and retrofit equipment).                                                                  GWP of approximately
                                                                                1,400. This
                                                                                substitute is a blend
                                                                                of HFC-32, which is
                                                                                also known as
                                                                                difluoromethane (CAS
                                                                                Reg. No. 75-10-5);
                                                                                HFC-125, which is
                                                                                also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2,2-
                                                                                pentafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
                                                                                6); HFC-134a, which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2-
                                                                                tetrafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
                                                                                2); and HFO-1234yf,
                                                                                which is also known
                                                                                as 2,3,3,3-
                                                                                tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 754-12-
                                                                                1).
                                                                                The blend is
                                                                                nonflammable.
                                                                                The AIHA has
                                                                                established WEELs of
                                                                                1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
                                                                                for HFC-32, HFC-125,
                                                                                and HFC-134a; and 500
                                                                                ppm for HFO-1234yf.
                                                                                The manufacturer
                                                                                recommends an AEL for
                                                                                the workplace for R-
                                                                                449A of 830 ppm (8-hr
                                                                                TWA).
Cold storage warehouses (new  R-449B......................  Acceptable..................  R-449B has a 100-year
 and retrofit equipment).                                                                  GWP of approximately
                                                                                1,410. This
                                                                                substitute is a blend
                                                                                of HFC-32, which is
                                                                                also known as
                                                                                difluoromethane (CAS
                                                                                Reg. No. 75-10-5);
                                                                                HFC-125, which is
                                                                                also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2,2-
                                                                                pentafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
                                                                                6); HFC-134a, which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2-
                                                                                tetrafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
                                                                                2); and HFO-1234yf,
                                                                                which is also known
                                                                                as 2,3,3,3-
                                                                                tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 754-12-
                                                                                1).
                                                                                The blend is
                                                                                nonflammable.
                                                                                The AIHA has
                                                                                established WEELs of
                                                                                1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
                                                                                for HFC-32, HFC-125,
                                                                                and HFC-134a; and 500
                                                                                ppm for HFO-1234yf.
                                                                                The manufacturer
                                                                                recommends an AEL for
                                                                                the workplace for R-
                                                                                449B of 850 ppm (8-hr
                                                                                TWA).

Cold storage warehouses (new  R-453A......................  Acceptable..................  R-453A has a 100-year
 and retrofit equipment).                                                                  GWP of approximately
                                                                                1,770. This
                                                                                substitute is a blend
                                                                                of HFC-32, which is
                                                                                also known as
                                                                                difluoromethane (CAS
                                                                                Reg. No. 75-10-5);
                                                                                HFC-125, which is
                                                                                also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2,2-
                                                                                pentafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
                                                                                6); HFC-134a, which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2-
                                                                                tetrafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
                                                                                2); HFC-227ea, which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2,3,3,3-
                                                                                heptafluoropropane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 439-89-
                                                                                0); R-;600, which is
                                                                                also known as butane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 75-28-
                                                                                5); and R-601a, which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                isopentane (CAS Reg.
                                                                                No. 78-78-4).
                                                                                The blend is
                                                                                nonflammable.
                                                                                The AIHA has
                                                                                established WEELs of
                                                                                1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
                                                                                for HFC-32, HFC-125,
                                                                                HFC-134a, and HFC-
                                                                                227ea, and the
                                                                                American Conference
                                                                                of Governmental
                                                                                Industrial Hygienists
                                                                                has established a
                                                                                Threshold Limit Value
                                                                                (TLV) of 1,000 ppm
                                                                                for R-600 and a TLV
                                                                                of 600 ppm for R-
                                                                                601a, both as an 8-hr
                                                                                TWA. The manufacturer
                                                                                recommends an AEL for
                                                                                the workplace for R-
                                                                                453A of 1000 ppm (8-
                                                                                hour TWA).
Industrial process            R-448A......................  Acceptable..................  R-448A has a 100-yr
 refrigeration (new and                                                                    GWP of approximately
 retrofit equipment).                                                                      1,390. This
                                                                                substitute is a blend
                                                                                of HFC-32, which is
                                                                                also known as
                                                                                difluoromethane (CAS
                                                                                Reg. No. 75-10-5);
                                                                                HFC-125, which is
                                                                                also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2,2-
                                                                                pentafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
                                                                                6); HFC-134a, which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2-
                                                                                tetrafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
                                                                                2); HFO-1234yf, which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                2,3,3,3-tetrafluoro-
                                                                                prop-l-ene (CAS Reg.
                                                                                No. 754-12-1); and
                                                                                HFO-1234ze(E), which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                trans-1,3,3,3-
                                                                                tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 29118-
                                                                                24-9).
                                                                                The blend is
                                                                                nonflammable.
                                                                                The AIHA has
                                                                                established WEELs of
                                                                                1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
                                                                                for HFC-32, HFC-125,
                                                                                and HFC-134a; 500 ppm
                                                                                for HFO-1234yf; and
                                                                                800 ppm for HFO-
                                                                                1234ze(E). The
                                                                                manufacturer
                                                                                recommends an AEL for
                                                                                the workplace for R-
                                                                                448A of 890 ppm (8-hr
                                                                                TWA).
Industrial process            R-449A......................  Acceptable..................  R-449A has a 100-year
 refrigeration (new and                                                                    GWP of approximately
 retrofit equipment).                                                                      1,400. This
                                                                                substitute is a blend
                                                                                of HFC-32, which is
                                                                                also known as
                                                                                difluoromethane (CAS
                                                                                Reg. No. 75-10-5);
                                                                                HFC-125, which is
                                                                                also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2,2-
                                                                                pentafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
                                                                                6); HFC-134a, which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2-
                                                                                tetrafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
                                                                                2); and HFO-1234yf,
                                                                                which is also known
                                                                                as 2,3,3,3-
                                                                                tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 754-12-
                                                                                1).
                                                                                The blend is
                                                                                nonflammable.
                                                                                The AIHA has
                                                                                established WEELs of
                                                                                1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
                                                                                for HFC-32, HFC-125,
                                                                                and HFC-134a; and 500
                                                                                ppm for HFO-1234yf.
                                                                                The manufacturer
                                                                                recommends an AEL for
                                                                                the workplace for R-
                                                                                449A of 830 ppm (8-hr
                                                                                TWA).
Industrial process            R-449B......................  Acceptable..................  R-449B has a 100-year
 refrigeration (new and                                                                    GWP of approximately
 retrofit equipment).                                                                      1,410. This
                                                                                substitute is a blend
                                                                                of HFC-32, which is
                                                                                also known as
                                                                                difluoromethane (CAS
                                                                                Reg. No. 75-10-5);
                                                                                HFC-125, which is
                                                                                also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2,2-
                                                                                pentafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
                                                                                6); HFC-134a, which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2-
                                                                                tetrafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
                                                                                2); and HFO-1234yf,
                                                                                which is also known
                                                                                as 2,3,3,3-
                                                                                tetrafluoroprop-l-ene
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 754-12-
                                                                                1).
                                                                                The blend is
                                                                                nonflammable.
                                                                                The AIHA has
                                                                                established WEELs of
                                                                                1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
                                                                                for HFC-32, HFC-125,
                                                                                and HFC-134a; and 500
                                                                                ppm for HFO-1234yf.
                                                                                The manufacturer
                                                                                recommends an AEL for
                                                                                the workplace for R-
                                                                                449B of 850 ppm (8-hr
                                                                                TWA).
Industrial process            R-453A......................  Acceptable..................  R-453A has a 100-year
 refrigeration (new and                                                                    GWP of approximately
 retrofit equipment).                                                                      1,770. This
                                                                                substitute is a blend
                                                                                of HFC-32, which is
                                                                                also known as
                                                                                difluoromethane (CAS
                                                                                Reg. No. 75-10-5);
                                                                                HFC-125, which is
                                                                                also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2,2-
                                                                                pentafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 354-33-
                                                                                6); HFC-134a, which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2-
                                                                                tetrafluoroethane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 811-97-
                                                                                2); HFC227ea, which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                1,1,1,2,3,3,3-
                                                                                heptafluoropropane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 439-89-
                                                                                0); R-600, which is
                                                                                also known as butane
                                                                                (CAS Reg. No. 75-28-
                                                                                5); and R-601a, which
                                                                                is also known as
                                                                                isopentane (CAS Reg.
                                                                                No. 78-78-4).
                                                                                The blend is
                                                                                nonflammable.
                                                                                The AIHA has
                                                                                established WEELs of
                                                                                1,000 ppm (8-hr TWA)
                                                                                for HFC-32, HFC-125,
                                                                                HFC-134a, and HFC-
                                                                                227ea, and the
                                                                                American Conference
                                                                                of Governmental
                                                                                Industrial Hygienists
                                                                                has established a
                                                                                Threshold Limit Value