SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS), `` Finance, 1995   96'' survey. ( This table was prepared November 1998.) 379 POSTSECONDARY: ADULT EDUCATION Table 355.   Participation of employed persons, 17 years old and over, in adult education during the previous 12 months, by selected characteristics of participants: 1995 Characteristics of employed persons Employed persons, in thousands Adult education participants in thousands 1 Percent of adults participating Number of career or job related courses taken, in thousands Number of career or job related courses taken, per employee Percent of career or job related courses provided by businesses 2 Percent of career or job related courses paid for by businesses 2 Percent of parttime higher education courses provided by businesses 3 Percent of parttime higher education courses paid for by businesses 3 Percent of employees receiving workrelated computeraided instruction In any program In parttime higher education In career or job related courses In apprentice programs Other personal courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total ................................................... 117,826 59,734 50.7 8.2 31.1 1.5 22.0 91,408 0.78 49.0 86.5 11.2 43.4 17.0 Sex Men ....................................................... 63,127 29,346 46.5 7.0 29.0 2.1 17.9 44,151 0.70 46.7 88.1 13.0 49.4 16.0 Women .................................................. 54,699 30,387 55.6 9.7 33.4 0.8 26.8 47,257 0.86 50.9 85.1 9.6 38.3 18.1 Age 17 to 24 years ....................................... 15,104 7,653 50.7 14.2 18.6 4.1 21.8 5,924 0.39 53.8 75.7 8.8 18.7 14.7 25 to 29 years ....................................... 14,207 7,746 54.5 12.5 31.2 2.8 22.2 10,855 0.76 51.3 89.9 10.1 40.6 17.4 30 to 34 years ....................................... 16,291 8,323 51.1 8.9 31.6 1.4 22.8 12,765 0.78 49.7 89.7 11.3 49.2 18.3 35 to 39 years ....................................... 17,595 9,361 53.2 8.4 35.1 1.3 21.8 15,927 0.91 51.8 89.1 11.6 53.6 18.3 40 to 44 years ....................................... 16,049 8,906 55.5 8.0 36.6 1.0 26.0 14,957 0.93 44.9 85.9 13.4 59.7 18.6 45 to 49 years ....................................... 13,743 7,586 55.2 6.3 39.6 0.6 23.0 14,127 1.03 44.8 85.3 9.3 47.8 19.2 50 to 54 years ....................................... 10,408 5,222 50.2 4.9 34.4 0.3 20.9 9,041 0.87 49.2 84.5 19.5 49.3 20.2 55 to 59 years ....................................... 6,698 2,667 39.8 2.3 26.7 0.3 18.0 4,432 0.66 46.8 84.8     10.3 60 to 64 years ....................................... 4,435 1,394 31.4 0.6 21.1 0.2 15.3 2,175 0.49 58.6 85.5     10.3 65 and over ........................................... 3,297 876 26.6 0.3 13.7 0.0 16.3 1,203 0.37 39.7 87.3     6.7 Racial/ ethnic group White, non Hispanic .............................. 92,333 47,967 51.9 8.0 33.2 1.2 22.7 77,096 0.83 47.9 86.8 11.9 45.1 17.5 Black, non Hispanic .............................. 11,577 5,800 50.1 10.5 26.2 2.6 23.1 7,785 0.67 58.4 86.0 9.4 42.6 14.3 Hispanic ................................................. 8,980 3,627 40.4 6.7 18.1 2.3 15.1 3,361 0.37 46.8 82.9 5.8 26.7 14.3 Asian American/ Pacific Islander ........... 2,825 1,246 44.1 8.0 25.5 2.8 15.1 1,636 0.58 48.6 87.3 15.2   18.1 American Indian/ Alaskan Native ........... 663 329 49.6 13.9 34.0 0.5 25.2 570 0.86 54.6 81.8     24.4 Highest level of education completed Less than high school diploma ............. 9,635 2,444 25.4 0.8 8.8 1.7 9.4 1,412 0.15 56.6 76.3     4.9 High school diploma .............................. 38,071 14,639 38.5 4.9 20.9 1.9 16.5 17,072 0.45 56.7 91.0 13.9 48.9 11.8 Some vocational/ technical .................... 3,997 2,078 52.0 7.2 32.3 1.7 23.5 3,258 0.82 45.3 85.9 7.6   15.6 Some college ........................................ 23,006 12,868 55.9 14.3 29.9 2.2 25.4 17,039 0.74 53.5 86.3 9.6 31.8 19.8 Associate degree .................................. 7,591 4,746 62.5 13.3 39.2 1.4 27.7 7,718 1.02 49.7 87.9 13.2 45.2 20.3 Bachelor's degree ................................. 20,602 12,948 62.8 8.3 44.6 0.6 26.5 24,024 1.17 47.2 86.5 8.3 48.8 22.9 Some graduate work ( or study) ............ 14,924 10,010 67.1 9.9 50.2 0.4 29.6 20,885 1.40 40.3 82.9 11.8 52.6 24.1 No degree .......................................... 2,770 1,987 71.8 19.7 44.3 0.2 34.8 3,333 1.20 45.6 83.7 11.5 50.0 23.3 Master's ............................................. 8,149 5,456 67.0 9.6 50.5 0.4 30.4 11,704 1.44 41.7 83.9 9.4 55.3 24.7 Doctor's .............................................. 2,060 1,133 55.0 5.0 40.4 0.6 22.4 2,008 0.98 35.5 79.5     24.4 Professional ....................................... 1,946 1,434 73.7 2.6 67.6 0.8 26.4 3,840 1.97 31.4 79.7     22.9 Metropolitan area Inside metropolitan area 89,192 46,911 52.6 8.7 32.4 1.5 22.6 72,388 0.81 48.6 86.3 11.6 41.9 17.7 Inside central city ............................... 74,367 39,519 53.1 8.8 33.3 1.5 22.5 62,033 0.83 48.3 86.4 11.1 41.6 18.5 Outside central city ............................ 14,825 7,392 49.9 8.0 27.9 1.5 23.1 10,355 0.70 50.9 86.0 14.3 43.7 13.8 Outside metropolitan area ..................... 28,634 12,823 44.8 6.9 26.9 1.4 20.2 19,020 0.66 50.2 87.2 9.4 49.1 14.7 Occupation Executive, administrative, or managerial ....................................................... 12,500 7,070 56.6 7.4 42.9 0.4 23.4 15,041 1.20 37.7 90.2 8.7 54.1 27.8 Engineers, surveyors, and architects .... 1,702 1,116 65.6 14.5 44.2 1.1 23.7 1,828 1.07 59.0 94.6 6.1 82.0 25.0 Natural scientists and mathematicians 1,648 1,211 73.5 10.4 59.7 0.0 25.6 2,875 1.75 44.0 94.6     30.7 Social scientists and workers, lawyers 2,438 1,873 76.8 11.7 59.5 1.5 32.4 4,307 1.77 35.6 83.1 7.1 31.3 17.5 Teachers, elementary/ secondary .......... 5,207 4,046 77.7 16.9 53.9 0.2 36.9 7,619 1.46 50.5 76.3 8.3 31.6 18.3 Teachers, postsecondary ...................... 1,175 657 55.9 4.4 41.6 0.0 26.1 1,213 1.03 53.5 79.8     26.6 Physicians, dentists, veterinarians ........ 828 590 71.3 1.3 68.6 0.9 18.3 1,656 2.00 32.4 64.7     20.0 Registered nurses, pharmacists ........... 2,143 1,896 88.5 11.2 72.8 0.2 34.6 4,791 2.24 45.6 74.0 9.9 43.8 13.1 Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes .................................................... 1,675 829 49.5 8.1 23.4 1.7 28.7 776 0.46 33.3 73.6     20.2 Health technologists and technicians ... 1,528 1,147 75.1 12.9 50.0 0.0 32.1 2,130 1.39 45.0 76.5 5.2 49.6 15.9 Technologists, except health ................ 3,283 2,153 65.6 12.9 43.8 0.8 28.3 3,685 1.12 55.8 91.2 9.2 58.0 31.6 Marketing and sales occupations ......... 15,666 7,131 45.5 6.6 25.2 1.1 20.2 8,619 0.55 51.2 86.5 10.2 21.6 19.6 Administrative support, including clerical ....................................................... 20,460 10,727 52.4 9.3 30.8 0.7 24.1 14,064 0.69 52.4 91.5 10.5 46.6 24.0 Service occupations .............................. 17,355 8,238 47.5 9.0 22.6 1.7 22.7 10,404 0.60 57.0 85.4 12.3 28.8 7.3 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ........... 1,908 500 26.2 1.8 12.4 0.4 14.8 493 0.26         6.6 Mechanics and repairers ....................... 4,266 2,129 49.9 7.6 29.1 3.9 16.6 3,109 0.73 57.2 90.7 19.5 60.0 9.8 Construction and extractive occupations .................................................... 5,490 2,093 38.1 4.6 18.6 5.5 18.4 1,832 0.33 48.8 83.8     5.9 Precision production occupations ......... 1,685 754 44.8 5.9 25.6 4.9 16.2 982 0.58 40.8 84.2     12.0 Production workers ............................... 8,309 2,515 30.3 5.9 14.8 2.9 10.1 2,203 0.27 58.5 97.9 16.2 57.2 8.1 Transportation, material moving ........... 4,488 1,295 28.8 3.8 15.8 1.0 12.1 1,274 0.28 60.6 82.0     6.0 Handler, equipment, cleaners, helpers, and laborers ........................................ 1,989 519 26.1 3.1 11.7 2.9 10.3 422 0.21 46.9 70.6     7.5 Miscellaneous occupations ................... 2,022 1,194 59.0 8.5 38.8 4.0 22.1 2,088 1.03 51.8 90.4     20.9 380 POSTSECONDARY: ADULT EDUCATION Table 355.   Participation of employed persons, 17 years old and over, in adult education during the previous 12 months, by selected characteristics of participants: 1995   Continued Characteristics of employed persons Employed persons, in thousands Adult education participants in thousands 1 Percent of adults participating Number of career or job related courses taken, in thousands Number of career or job related courses taken, per employee Percent of career or job related courses provided by businesses 2 Percent of career or job related courses paid for by businesses 2 Percent of parttime higher education courses provided by businesses 3 Percent of parttime higher education courses paid for by businesses 3 Percent of employees receiving workrelated computeraided instruction In any program In parttime higher education In career or job related courses In apprentice programs Other personal courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Annual family income $ 10,000 or less ..................................... 9,776 3,224 33.0 6.1 12.6 1.7 15.6 2,441 0.25 50.9 75.2 19.0 18.7 9.2 $ 10,001 to $ 15,000 ............................... 6,183 2,389 38.6 7.2 15.1 1.6 19.5 2,257 0.37 59.1 82.0 10.0 11.2 10.7 $ 15,001 to $ 20,000 ............................... 7,321 3,040 41.5 8.0 20.1 2.4 18.2 3,110 0.42 52.8 83.0 7.5 26.0 14.6 $ 20,001 to $ 25,000 ............................... 7,832 3,164 40.4 7.4 20.4 1.5 19.3 3,785 0.48 53.1 82.9 12.1 28.5 12.6 $ 25,001 to $ 30,000 ............................... 10,133 4,803 47.4 8.8 24.7 2.1 21.4 5,461 0.54 55.8 86.9 8.4 40.7 14.4 $ 30,001 to $ 40,000 ............................... 19,617 9,734 49.6 8.9 30.2 1.8 21.9 14,903 0.76 50.2 89.2 12.1 42.9 17.0 $ 40,001 to $ 50,000 ............................... 15,115 8,127 53.8 8.0 34.7 1.3 22.9 12,430 0.82 48.3 85.3 14.0 55.3 16.8 $ 50,001 to $ 75,000 ............................... 23,006 13,288 57.8 8.9 40.0 1.1 23.7 23,430 1.02 48.3 86.9 10.2 55.9 20.8 More than $ 75,000 ................................ 18,843 11,964 63.5 8.6 45.2 0.9 26.5 23,592 1.25 45.0 87.6 9.2 49.2 22.7 1 Adult education is defined as all education activities, except full time enrollment in higher education credential programs. Examples of adult education activities include part time college attendance, classes or seminars given by employers, and classes taken for adult literacy purposes, or for recreation and enjoyment. Includes adult basic education and English as a second language classes. 2 Percentages based on the respondent's reports of the first six work related courses taken. 3 Percentages based on the respondent's reports of the first three part time higher education courses taken. NOTE.   Data are based upon a sample survey of the civilian noninstitutional population Because of rounding and survey item nonresponse, details may not add to totals.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Survey, `` Participation in Adult Education,'' unpublished data. ( This table was prepared October 1997.) 381 POSTSECONDARY: ADULT EDUCATION Table 356.   Participation in adult education during the previous 12 months by adults 17 years old and older, by selected characteristics of participants: 1991 and 1995 Characteristics of participants 1991 1995 Population in thousands Adult education participants in thousands 1 Percent of adults participating Population in thousands Adult education participants in thousands 1 Percent of adults participating In any program In basic education In English as a second language In parttime higher education In any program In basic education In English as a second language In parttime higher education In career or job related courses In apprentice programs Other personal courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Total ............................................ 181,800 59,924 33.0 2.8 0.8 3.9 189,543 76,261 40.2 1.2 0.7 6.1 20.9 1.1 19.9 Sex Men ............................................ 82,154 26,817 32.6 2.6 0.8 3.5 90,256 34,450 38.2 1.2 0.7 5.6 21.8 1.7 15.8 Women ....................................... 99,646 33,108 33.2 2.9 0.9 4.2 99,287 41,811 42.1 1.2 0.6 6.5 20.2 0.6 23.5 Age 17 to 24 years ............................ 21,688 8,197 37.8 7.4 1.9 7.9 22,407 10,539 47.0 4.6 1.4 12.6 14.7 3.2 21.5 25 to 29 years ............................ 22,603 9,049 40.0 4.1 1.7 6.7 18,988 9,420 49.6 1.4 1.4 10.9 25.5 2.5 21.0 30 to 34 years ............................ 24,641 9,275 37.6 2.9 1.0 5.0 21,338 10,088 47.3 1.1 0.8 8.0 26.1 1.3 23.3 35 to 39 years ............................ 21,000 8,839 42.1 2.8 0.9 5.5 22,494 10,737 47.7 1.2 1.0 7.5 29.1 1.3 20.9 40 to 44 years ............................ 17,565 8,650 49.2 2.7 0.6 4.4 19,810 10,078 50.9 0.9 0.8 7.1 31.2 0.9 24.9 45 to 49 years ............................ 11,303 4,523 40.0 2.0 0.3 3.2 17,463 8,499 48.7 0.6 0.4 5.7 32.5 0.5 21.1 50 to 54 years ............................ 14,072 3,767 26.8 1.7 0.6 1.3 14,344 6,093 42.5 0.5 0.1 3.9 26.3 0.3 19.7 55 to 59 years ............................ 9,564 2,770 29.0 1.7 0.1 1.0 11,096 3,577 32.2 0.4 0.2 1.7 17.8 0.3 17.3 60 to 64 years ............................ 10,403 1,808 17.4 0.6 0.1 0.5 10,728 2,540 23.7 0.1 0.3 0.6 10.6 0.3 15.2 65 to 69 years ............................ 9,920 1,409 14.2 0.5 0.0 0.3 10,215 1,850 18.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 4.0 0.0 15.3 70 years and over ...................... 19,040 1,638 8.6 0.2 0.0 0.1 20,661 2,841 13.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.4 0.0 12.6 Racial/ ethnic group White, non Hispanic ................... 143,144 48,843 34.1 2.2 0.2 4.0 144,587 59,982 41.5 0.7 0.1 6.0 22.8 0.9 20.8 Black, non Hispanic ................... 20,141 5,207 25.9 4.5 0.6 3.2 20,806 7,704 37.0 2.3 0.1 7.3 16.2 1.6 18.9 Hispanic ..................................... 13,804 4,339 31.4 6.0 6.6 3.6 15,689 5,281 33.7 3.6 5.7 4.8 11.8 1.8 13.8 Asian American/ Pacific Islander 2,738 984 35.9 4.1 4.9 6.4 4,377 1,739 39.7 1.9 4.0 6.5 18.1 2.6 15.9 American Indian/ Alaskan Native 997 293 29.3 2.3 4.2 12.5 1,155 448 38.8 3.6 0.0 9.3 20.6 0.9 21.6 Highest level of education completed Eighth grade or less .................. 10,163 784 7.7 1.9 1.2 0.0 12,808 1,283 10.0 1.8 2.4 0.1 1.9 0.5 4.9 9th to 12th grade, no diploma ... 17,581 2,781 15.8 2.9 1.1 0.7 16,511 3,332 20.2 6.7 0.4 0.8 4.9 1.1 9.2 High school diploma .................. 67,129 16,194 24.1 2.5 0.6 2.1 62,956 19,341 30.7 1.0 0.7 3.6 13.9 1.3 15.4 Some vocational/ technical ......... 6,994 2,392 34.2 1.8 0.9 1.3 6,327 2,648 41.9 0.6 0.6 5.4 21.9 1.5 21.1 Some college ............................. 36,823 15,260 41.4 4.4 1.3 7.7 34,433 16,978 49.3 0.5 0.5 12.1 22.3 1.8 25.3 Associate degree ....................... 5,034 2,479 49.2 3.7 1.3 7.0 9,975 5,601 56.1 0.4 0.2 10.9 32.1 1.4 27.4 Bachelor's degree ...................... 23,545 12,025 51.1 1.8 0.6 6.0 26,858 15,286 56.9 0.0 0.4 7.1 36.1 0.5 27.0 Some graduate work ( or study) 14,531 8,009 55.1 2.2 0.6 5.9 19,677 11,792 59.9 0.0 0.8 8.5 40.4 0.4 29.1 No degree ..............................             4,123 2,563 62.2 0.0 0.7 15.2 32.5 0.5 33.5 Master's ..................................             10,522 6,219 59.1 0.0 0.9 8.1 41.0 0.4 29.0 Doctor's ..................................             2,564 1,384 54.0 0.0 0.4 4.7 35.0 0.5 25.1 Professional ............................             2,467 1,626 65.9 0.0 0.9 3.0 56.6 0.6 26.0 Metropolitan area Inside metropolitan area ............ 137,472 47,387 34.5 3.0 0.9 4.3 142,522 59,627 41.8 1.2 0.9 6.5 22.0 1.2 20.3 Inside central city ...................             118,170 49,996 42.3 1.3 1.0 6.7 22.7 1.2 20.2 Outside central city ................             24,352 9,630 39.5 1.1 0.5 5.6 18.4 1.0 21.1 Outside metropolitan area ......... 44,328 12,537 28.3 2.2 0.5 2.7 47,021 16,634 35.4 1.0 0.1 4.9 17.9 1.0 18.5 Labor force status In labor force .............................. 125,439 51,068 40.7 3.4 0.9 5.1 125,982 62,717 49.8 1.3 0.6 8.1 29.8 1.5 21.7 Employed ............................... 115,620 48,512 42.0 3.3 0.8 5.2 117,826 59,734 50.7 1.1 0.5 8.2 31.1 1.5 22.0 Unemployed ........................... 9,820 2,556 26.0 4.7 2.3 3.9 8,155 2,983 36.6 5.0 2.3 5.5 11.1 2.3 17.4 Not in labor force ....................... 56,361 8,856 15.7 1.4 0.6 1.2 63,562 13,544 21.3 0.9 0.8 2.2 3.4 0.3 16.2 Occupation Executive, administrative, or managerial ............................... 14,092 6,949 49.3 2.5 0.2 5.8 13,098 7,313 55.8 0.0 0.0 7.3 42.1 0.4 23.1 Engineers, surveyors, and architects ................................. 2,820 1,765 62.6 3.2 0.4 6.2 1,756 1,150 65.5 0.0 1.0 14.1 44.6 1.0 23.3 Natural scientists and mathematicians ....................... 1,009 487 48.2 0.3 0.3 5.7 1,743 1,261 72.3 0.0 0.2 9.9 58.6 0.0 24.8 Social scientists and workers, lawyers .................................... 3,206 1,781 55.6 1.2 0.1 4.4 2,530 1,938 76.6 0.0 0.2 11.5 59.4 1.5 32.3 Teachers, elementary and secondary ................................ 7,824 4,305 55.0 5.0 1.0 11.1 5,414 4,155 76.7 0.0 0.0 16.6 52.4 0.2 36.9 Teachers, postsecondary .......... 1,247 568 45.5 1.5 0.5 9.4 1,254 687 54.8 0.0 0.3 4.1 40.8 0.0 26.0 Physicians, dentists, veterinarians .......................................... 1,045 701 67.1 0.8 1.1 1.3 859 611 71.1 0.0 0.0 1.2 67.1 0.8 19.0 Registered nurses, pharmacists 4,692 2,798 59.6 2.5 0.9 6.9 2,337 2,026 86.7 0.1 0.1 10.6 71.3 0.2 33.6 Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes .................................... 3,459 1,485 42.9 1.5 0.2 4.0 1,874 934 49.9 0.1 0.6 7.7 23.1 1.5 30.0 Health technologists and technicians ........................................ 1,233 846 68.6 5.9 2.9 6.6 1,697 1,270 74.8 0.0 0.5 12.8 47.5 0.0 33.0 Technologists, except health ..... 2,225 1,232 55.4 4.5 0.7 6.4 3,543 2,279 64.3 0.3 0.1 13.5 41.3 0.8 28.7 Marketing and sales occupations ......................................... 18,787 6,470 34.4 2.3 0.6 3.1 18,174 8,038 44.2 1.1 0.4 6.8 23.2 1.0 20.4 Administrative support, including clerical ..................................... 32,321 9,662 29.9 2.5 0.4 4.6 22,968 11,867 51.7 1.0 0.3 9.5 28.9 0.7 24.7 Service occupations ................... 25,386 6,409 25.2 3.8 1.1 3.4 20,072 9,342 46.5 2.4 0.9 9.0 20.9 1.6 22.8 Agriculture, forestry, and fishing 4,800 686 14.3 0.6 0.4 0.7 2,336 616 26.4 0.4 0.5 1.6 11.5 0.3 15.6 Mechanics and repairers ........... 6,744 2,165 32.1 3.1 0.4 2.5 4,692 2,231 47.6 2.1 0.6 7.1 27.7 4.5 15.6 Construction and extractive occupations ................................. 6,201 1,360 21.9 3.2 1.0 1.6 6,100 2,319 38.0 1.2 0.8 4.3 17.6 5.8 18.0 Precision production occupations ......................................... 3,690 1,152 31.2 3.3 1.8 4.3 1,875 807 43.0 1.5 2.2 5.5 23.2 4.8 16.1 382 POSTSECONDARY: ADULT EDUCATION Table 356.   Participation in adult education during the previous 12 months by adults 17 years old and older, by selected characteristics of participants: 1991 and 1995   Continued Characteristics of participants 1991 1995 Population in thousands Adult education participants in thousands 1 Percent of adults participating Population in thousands Adult education participants in thousands 1 Percent of adults participating In any program In basic education In English as a second language In parttime higher education In any program In basic education In English as a second language In parttime higher education In career or job related courses In apprentice programs Other personal courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Production workers .................... 14,368 3,029 21.1 2.9 1.2 1.6 9,483 2,908 30.7 2.5 1.1 5.8 14.7 2.8 10.7 Transportation, material moving 5,655 1,173 20.7 1.6 0.2 1.0 5,311 1,507 28.4 1.9 0.1 3.5 15.5 0.9 11.9 Handler, equipment, cleaners, helpers, and laborers .............. 5,069 1,056 20.8 3.7 2.0 2.2 2,456 617 25.1 2.7 0.7 3.1 11.1 3.3 9.7 Miscellaneous occupations ........             2,311 1,308 56.6 0.5 1.5 7.9 35.4 4.0 22.6 Annual family income $ 5,000 or less ............................ 10,227 1,394 13.6 3.8 2.0 1.2 12,638 2,689 21.3 3.1 1.7 3.3 4.1 1.1 11.8 $ 5,001 to $ 10,000 ..................... 17,277 3,024 17.5 2.3 0.8 2.2 17,560 4,194 23.9 2.5 1.5 4.0 6.7 1.0 13.2 $ 10,001 to $ 15,000 .................... 15,465 3,521 22.8 2.4 1.1 2.7 13,523 3,610 26.7 2.0 0.8 4.0 8.7 1.1 14.8 $ 15,001 to $ 20,000 .................... 16,117 3,525 21.9 2.7 1.2 3.1 13,116 4,176 31.8 1.3 1.1 5.4 13.0 1.5 15.8 $ 20,001 to $ 25,000 .................... 16,092 4,294 26.7 2.5 1.2 3.3 13,812 4,339 31.4 1.1 0.8 4.8 13.3 1.1 17.0 $ 25,001 to $ 30,000 .................... 17,973 5,772 32.1 3.4 1.1 4.5 16,386 6,208 37.9 1.2 0.4 6.5 17.1 1.3 19.2 $ 30,001 to $ 40,000 .................... 26,110 9,288 35.6 3.0 0.6 4.4 28,628 12,220 42.7 0.8 0.4 6.9 22.1 1.4 22.0 $ 40,001 to $ 50,000 .................... 21,303 9,550 44.8 3.0 0.7 5.4 20,446 9,567 46.8 0.7 0.4 6.8 27.0 1.0 22.4 $ 50,001 to $ 75,000 .................... 24,540 11,425 46.6 3.0 0.3 5.6 29,161 15,169 52.0 0.4 0.3 7.6 32.8 1.0 23.6 More than $ 75,000 .................... 16,695 8,130 48.7 1.9 0.3 4.0 24,274 14,089 58.0 0.5 0.3 7.7 37.3 0.8 26.8 1 Adult education is defined as all education activities, except full time enrollment in higher education credential programs. Examples of adult education activities include part time college attendance, classes or seminars given by employers, and classes taken for adult literacy purposes, or for recreation and enjoyment. NOTE.   Data are based upon a sample survey of the civilian noninstitutional population Because of rounding and survey item nonresponse, details may not add to totals.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Participation in Adult Education,'' unpublished data. ( This table was prepared February 1997.) 383 POSTSECONDARY: ADULT EDUCATION Table 357.   Participants in adult basic and secondary education programs, by level of enrollment and state: Fiscal years 1980, 1990, and 1995 State or other area 1980 1990 1995 Total Level of enrollment Total Level of enrollment Total Level of enrollment Adult basic education Adult secondary education Ungraded Adult basic education 1 Adult secondary education Adult basic education 1 Adult secondary education 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 United States ............................ 2,018,906 915,936 531,663 571,307 3,535,970 2,435,649 1,100,321 3,875,452 2,948,302 927,150 Alabama ......................................... 51,599 36,726 12,372 2,501 40,177 32,984 7,193 56,488 45,193 11,295 Alaska ............................................ 5,667 2,200 2,188 1,279 5,067 4,267 800 7,906 6,203 1,703 Arizona ........................................... 9,996 9,968 22 6 33,805 24,915 8,890 52,656 40,002 12,654 Arkansas ........................................ 8,583 7,308 1,275   29,065 17,103 11,962 42,457 24,344 18,113 California ........................................ 267,625 60,385   207,240 1,021,227 753,282 267,945 1,088,044 1,057,257 30,787 Colorado ........................................ 9,381 4,295 2,644 2,442 12,183 9,877 2,306 14,851 11,020 3,831 Connecticut .................................... 21,889 8,882 4,805 8,202 46,434 25,560 20,874 26,170 15,766 10,404 Delaware ........................................ 1,797 1,110 503 184 2,662 2,348 314 3,884 3,391 493 District of Columbia ....................... 25,214 4,928 6,502 13,784 19,586 12,631 6,955 9,138 6,656 2,482 Florida ............................................ 467,162 100,958 184,568 181,636 419,429 249,339 170,090 474,651 302,990 171,661 Georgia .......................................... 50,820 26,734 17,008 7,078 69,580 49,622 19,958 92,022 64,079 27,943 Hawaii ............................................ 16,457 16,457     52,012 31,766 20,246 61,664 36,988 24,676 Idaho .............................................. 12,851 8,915 3,010 926 11,171 9,180 1,991 9,828 7,467 2,361 Illinois ............................................. 76,456 59,314 17,142   87,121 69,770 17,351 94,808 80,122 14,686 Indiana ........................................... 20,882 18,127 2,660 95 44,166 27,138 17,028 38,102 26,170 11,932 Iowa ............................................... 25,851 16,928 5,153 3,770 41,507 30,470 11,037 40,510 28,961 11,549 Kansas ........................................... 14,405 3,687 7,436 3,282 10,274 9,191 1,083 13,762 10,679 3,083 Kentucky ........................................ 27,800 6,147 4,735 16,918 28,090 20,406 7,684 30,352 23,207 7,145 Louisiana ....................................... 16,046 12,608 2,485 953 40,039 20,941 19,098 46,087 24,663 21,424 Maine ............................................. 5,327 3,029 942 1,356 14,964 6,620 8,344 15,687 7,050 8,637 Maryland ........................................ 34,572 23,421 6,043 5,108 41,230 36,244 4,986 30,677 21,692 8,985 Massachusetts ............................... 20,420 10,241 5,044 5,135 34,220 28,140 6,080 15,014 11,828 3,186 Michigan ........................................ 40,973 29,945   11,028 194,178 80,206 113,972 164,075 69,014 95,061 Minnesota ...................................... 10,826 8,627 877 1,322 45,648 33,190 12,458 36,350 26,556 9,794 Mississippi ..................................... 14,317 10,340 2,918 1,059 18,957 15,834 3,123 22,857 17,660 5,197 Missouri ......................................... 33,292 27,206 3,732 2,354 31,815 27,274 4,541 34,804 29,882 4,922 Montana ......................................... 3,525 1,795 978 752 6,071 3,962 2,109 6,545 4,044 2,501 Nebraska ....................................... 7,514 5,152 2,362   6,158 5,349 809 7,616 6,974 642 Nevada .......................................... 3,063 845 82 2,136 17,262 7,270 9,992 16,359 4,556 11,803 New Hampshire ............................. 4,844 2,657 1,625 562 7,198 5,073 2,125 6,223 3,309 2,914 New Jersey .................................... 35,770 17,152 6,790 11,828 64,080 46,526 17,554 37,500 29,410 8,090 New Mexico ................................... 13,102 3,590 5,147 4,365 30,236 18,069 12,167 35,080 20,628 14,452 New York ....................................... 94,574 57,217 20,002 17,355 156,611 125,893 30,718 209,390 165,892 43,498 North Carolina ............................... 84,252 33,854 46,679 3,719 109,740 71,698 38,042 120,945 83,673 37,272 North Dakota ................................. 2,810 1,963 538 309 3,587 2,500 1,087 3,270 2,329 941 Ohio ............................................... 50,056 42,421 7,635   95,476 79,527 15,949 110,305 91,221 19,084 Oklahoma ...................................... 14,701 6,983 5,697 2,021 24,307 19,131 5,176 32,778 26,621 6,157 Oregon ........................................... 27,645 10,690 12,594 4,361 37,075 24,915 12,160 40,800 22,875 17,925 Pennsylvania ................................. 29,477 19,246 6,436 3,795 52,444 40,108 12,336 52,176 37,497 14,679 Rhode Island ................................. 5,844 2,266 1,357 2,221 7,347 5,874 1,473 6,182 4,829 1,353 South Carolina ............................... 69,659 27,959 35,165 6,535 81,200 37,117 44,083 108,041 46,644 61,397 South Dakota ................................. 4,067 2,080 1,109 878 3,184 2,458 726 4,518 3,624 894 Tennessee ..................................... 26,268 17,079 3,244 5,945 41,721 39,604 2,117 51,054 39,019 12,035 Texas ............................................. 157,349 94,245 51,126 11,978 218,747 145,067 73,680 207,921 159,983 47,938 Utah ............................................... 18,541 3,756 14,785   24,841 6,003 18,838 30,302 11,147 19,155 Vermont ......................................... 4,583 3,990   593 4,808 4,452 356 4,800 4,434 366 Virginia ........................................... 21,525 10,480 3,804 7,241 31,649 30,005 1,644 33,786 24,920 8,866 Washington .................................... 16,286 7,245 3,894 5,147 31,776 25,336 6,440 44,728 39,061 5,667 West Virginia ................................. 14,628 9,743 3,672 1,213 21,186 14,227 2 6,959 26,232 18,912 7,320 Wisconsin ...................................... 16,158 14,185 1,973   61,081 45,116 15,965 78,544 60,162 18,382 Wyoming ........................................ 2,457 857 905 695 3,578 2,071 2 1,507 4,370 2,912 1,458 Outlying areas American Samoa ........................... 313 252 61               Northern Marianas .........................               430 246 184 Guam ............................................. 1,346 612 471 263 1,311 414 2 897 2,034 632 1,402 Puerto Rico .................................... 30,164 17,844 9,010 3,310 28,436 28,436   68,394 32,943 35,451 Trust Territory of the Pacific .......... 3,753 2,138 699 916             Virgin Islands ................................. 3,500 1,002 859 1,639 1,653 1,215 438 2,285 965 1,320 1 Includes English as a second language.

2 Estimated.   Data not available or not applicable.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Women and Minority Groups Make Up Largest Segment of Adult Basic and Secondary Education Programs;'' Office of Vocational and Adult Education, `` Adult Education Program Facts, Program Year 1990   1991'' and Division of Adult Education and Literacy, `` Adult Education Program Facts, Program Year 1995   96.'' ( This table was prepared April 1997). 384 POSTSECONDARY: INSTITUTIONS Table 358.   Number of noncollegiate institutions offering postsecondary education, by control and state: 1993   94, 1994   95, and 1995   96 State or other area 1993   94 1994   95 1995   96 Total Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total Nonprofit Proprietary Total Nonprofit Proprietary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 United States ..................... 6,737 527 6,210 6,558 538 6,020 1,214 4,806 6,256 534 5,722 1,171 4,551 Alabama ................................. 76 10 66 71 8 63 8 55 63 7 56 7 49 Alaska ..................................... 32 3 29 31 3 28 5 23 31 3 28 5 23 Arizona ................................... 125 4 121 124 4 120 16 104 113 4 109 16 93 Arkansas ................................. 82 20 62 76 19 57 9 48 69 16 53 8 45 California ................................ 1,126 32 1,094 1,041 35 1,006 230 776 997 35 962 225 737 Colorado ................................. 138 8 130 146 8 138 21 117 143 6 137 22 115 Connecticut ............................. 100 1 99 105 1 104 21 83 97 2 95 20 75 Delaware ................................ 15 1 14 14 1 13 2 11 12 1 11 2 9 District of Columbia ................ 24 1 23 21 1 20 9 11 19 1 18 8 10 Florida ..................................... 341 40 301 339 40 299 56 243 333 39 294 54 240 Georgia ................................... 102 4 98 104 4 100 15 85 101 5 96 16 80 Hawaii ..................................... 29 1 28 26 1 25 4 21 22 1 21 3 18 Idaho ....................................... 26 1 25 25 1 24 1 23 24 1 23 1 22 Illinois ...................................... 304 12 292 285 11 274 56 218 264 10 254 56 198 Indiana .................................... 117 8 109 114 7 107 13 94 108 8 100 14 86 Iowa ........................................ 72 0 72 66 0 66 17 49 62 0 62 16 46 Kansas .................................... 62 14 48 62 13 49 11 38 53 10 43 7 36 Kentucky ................................. 112 21 91 113 22 91 7 84 105 23 82 6 76 Louisiana ................................ 165 49 116 150 49 101 9 92 141 51 90 9 81 Maine ...................................... 21 0 21 23 0 23 8 15 24 1 23 8 15 Maryland ................................. 135 0 135 122 0 122 21 101 112 0 112 20 92 Massachusetts ........................ 159 13 146 162 12 150 44 106 160 12 148 42 106 Michigan ................................. 247 6 241 282 6 276 44 232 264 6 258 43 215 Minnesota ............................... 89 14 75 88 5 83 18 65 79 4 75 16 59 Mississippi .............................. 52 0 52 49 0 49 4 45 38 0 38 3 35 Missouri .................................. 168 30 138 170 31 139 25 114 159 31 128 24 104 Montana .................................. 45 5 40 43 4 39 9 30 36 0 36 8 28 Nebraska ................................ 50 0 50 51 0 51 8 43 50 0 50 8 42 Nevada ................................... 46 0 46 47 0 47 1 46 57 0 57 1 56 New Hampshire ...................... 25 0 25 22 0 22 2 20 18 0 18 2 16 New Jersey ............................. 176 10 166 166 10 156 37 119 161 12 149 33 116 New Mexico ............................ 46 3 43 45 4 41 6 35 38 3 35 6 29 New York ................................ 353 15 338 337 26 311 118 193 343 31 312 115 197 North Carolina ........................ 81 4 77 81 4 77 8 69 74 4 70 7 63 North Dakota .......................... 19 0 19 19 0 19 6 13 17 0 17 5 12 Ohio ........................................ 312 52 260 303 54 249 60 189 290 55 235 56 179 Oklahoma ............................... 95 34 61 111 33 78 5 73 108 33 75 4 71 Oregon .................................... 109 0 109 99 0 99 9 90 94 1 93 11 82 Pennsylvania .......................... 347 19 328 352 30 322 100 222 345 31 314 103 211 Rhode Island .......................... 28 0 28 28 0 28 9 19 29 0 29 9 20 South Carolina ........................ 60 2 58 56 2 54 11 43 57 1 56 11 45 South Dakota .......................... 17 5 12 17 5 12 5 7 16 5 11 4 7 Tennessee .............................. 143 30 113 139 29 110 20 90 135 29 106 17 89 Texas ...................................... 382 6 376 360 7 353 37 316 350 6 344 38 306 Utah ........................................ 43 6 37 42 6 36 2 34 39 5 34 2 32 Vermont .................................. 13 3 10 13 3 10 4 6 10 0 10 4 6 Virginia .................................... 148 11 137 144 11 133 32 101 139 12 127 31 96 Washington ............................. 111 5 106 107 5 102 13 89 104 5 99 12 87 West Virginia .......................... 70 19 51 73 18 55 14 41 71 19 52 13 39 Wisconsin ............................... 90 4 86 86 5 81 24 57 74 5 69 20 49 Wyoming ................................. 9 1 8 8 0 8 0 8 8 0 8 0 8 Outlying areas .................... 95 5 90 84 6 78 16 62 84 6 78 14 64 American Samoa .................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guam ...................................... 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Northern Marianas .................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palau ...................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Puerto Rico ............................. 94 5 89 84 6 78 16 62 84 6 78 14 64 Virgin Islands .......................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS), `` Institutional Characteristics'' surveys. ( This table was prepared September 1996.) 385 CHAPTER 4 Federal Programs for Education and Related Activities This chapter provides a summary of federal funds for education to help describe the magnitude of the federal fiscal effort and give some indication of the scope and variety of the education programs. Data in this chapter reflect outlays and obligations of federal agencies. These tabulations differ from federal receipts reported in other chapters because of numerous variations in the data collection systems. Federal dollars are not necessarily spent by recipient institutions in the same year they are appropriated. In some cases, institutions cannot identify the source of federal revenues because they flow through state agencies. Some types of revenues, such as tuition and fees, are reported as revenues from students even though they may be supported by federal student aid programs. Some institutions that receive federal education funds are not included in regular surveys conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics. Thus, the revenue data tabulated in this chapter are not comparable with figures reported in other chapters. Readers should be careful about comparing data on obligations shown in some tables with data on outlays and appropriations appearing in others. Federal on budget funding for education showed sizable growth between fiscal years ( FYs) 1965 and 1998, after adjustment for inflation. Particularly large increases occurred between 1965 and 1975. After a period of small increases between 1975 and 1980, federal funding for education, excluding estimated federal tax expenditures for education, declined approximately 16 percent between 1980 and 1985 after adjustment for inflation. From 1985 to 1998, federal on budget funding for education increased by 30 percent ( table 359). During the 1965 to 1975 period, after adjustment for inflation, federal funds for elementary and secondary education rose by 210 percent, postsecondary education by 262 percent, other education by 144 percent, and by 7 percent for research at educational institutions. Between 1975 and 1980, federal funding for elementary and secondary education rose by 2 percent and research by 14 percent, but postsecondary education fell slightly by 2 percent and other education fell by 35 percent. After declining 22 percent between 1980 and 1985, federal funding for elementary and secondary education programs rose by 47 percent between 1985 and 1998. Postsecondary education fell by 25 percent between 1980 and 1985 then fell 3 percent between 1985 and 1998. Between 1985 and 1998, other education rose by 66 percent, and research by 31 percent, after adjustment for inflation ( table 359). According to FY 1998 estimates, $ 30.7 billion or about 41 percent of the $ 75.1 billion spent by the federal government on education came from the U. S. Department of Education. Large amounts of money also came from the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services ($ 13.6 billion), the U. S. Department of Agriculture ($ 10.2 billion), the U. S. Department of Labor ($ 5.0 billion), the U. S. Department of Defense ($ 3.6 billion), and the U. S. Department of Energy ($ 3.2 billion) ( table 360). Fiscal year 1998 estimates call for federal program funds for elementary and secondary education to be $ 36.8 billion; for postsecondary education, $ 16.0 billion for research at universities and related institutions $ 17.1 billion; and for other programs, $ 5.2 billion ( table 361). Almost 58 percent of total federal education support excluding estimated federal tax expenditures, went to educational institutions in FY 1998. Another 20 percent was used for student support. Banks and other lending agencies received 9 percent, and all other recipients, including libraries, museums, and federal institutions, received 14 percent ( table 362). Between FYs 1990 and 1998, U. S. Department of Education obligations rose 73 percent, after adjustment for inflation. Funds for student financial assistance increased by $ 19.9 billion in 1998, a rise of 123 percent since 1990. Funds for elementary and secondary education were an estimated $ 11.3 billion in 1998, an increase of 26 percent since 1990, after adjustment for inflation. Funds for the handicapped increased by 75 percent, to $ 7.6 billion, and funds for vocational and adult education increased 9 percent, after adjustment for inflation ( tables 38 and 363). Of the $ 30.7 billion spent by the U. S. Department of Education in FY 1998, about $ 11.5 billion went to school districts, $ 6.0 billion to institutions of higher education, $ 5.5 billion to college students, and $ 3.7 billion to state education agencies. A portion of the remaining $ 4.0 billion went to banks to subsidize student loans ( table 364). 386 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES * The U. S. Department of Education as established in 1867 was later known as the Office of Education. In 1980, under Public Law 96   88, it became a cabinet level department. Therefore, for purposes of consistency, it is referred to as the `` U. S. Department of Education'' even in those tables covering years when it was officially the Office of Education. Thirty three percent of public elementary and secondary school students in the United States received publicly funded free or reduced price lunches in 1993   94. At public elementary schools, the participation rate was 39 percent compared with 22 percent for public secondary schools ( table 373). About 13 percent of all elementary and secondary school children received Title I services in 1993   94. Federally sponsored Title I programs are designed to compensate for the linkage between family poverty and low student achievement, particularly for children in schools with high concentrations of poverty. Children in rural areas ( 13 percent) and central cities ( 17 percent) were more likely to receive services than those in suburban areas ( 9 percent) ( table 374).

Federal Education Legislation A capsule view of the history of federal education activities is provided in the following list of selected legislation:

1787 Northwest Ordinance authorized land grants for the establishment of educational institutions.

1802 An Act Fixing the Military Peace Establishment of the United States established the U. S. Military Academy. ( The U. S. Naval Academy was established in 1845 by the Secretary of the Navy.)

1862 First Morrill Act authorized public land grants to the states for the establishment and maintenance of agricultural and mechanical colleges

1867 Department of Education Act authorized the establishment of the U. S. Department of Education

1876 Appropriation Act, U. S. Department of the Treasury, established the U. S. Coast Guard Academy.

1890 Second Morrill Act provided for money grants for support of instruction in the agricultural and mechanical colleges.

1911 State Marine School Act authorized federal funds to be used for the benefit of any nautical school in any of 11 specified state seaport cities.

1917 Smith Hughes Act provided for grants to states for support of vocational education. 1918 Vocational Rehabilitation Act provided for grants for rehabilitation through training of World War I veterans.

1919 An Act to Provide for Further Educational Facilities authorized the sale by the federal government of surplus machine tools to educational institutions at 15 percent of acquisition cost.

1920 Smith Bankhead Act authorized grants to states for vocational rehabilitation programs.

1935 Bankhead Jones Act ( Public Law 74   182) authorized grants to states for agricultural experiment stations.

Agricultural Adjustment Act ( Public Law 74   320) authorized 30 percent of the annual customs receipts to be used to encourage the exportation and domestic consumption of agricultural commodities. Commodities purchased under this authorization began to be used in school lunch programs in 1936. The National School Lunch Act of 1946 continued and expanded this assistance.

1936 An Act to Further the Development and Maintenance of an Adequate and Well Balanced American Merchant Marine ( Public Law 74   415) established the U. S. Merchant Marine Academy.

1937 National Cancer Institute Act established the Public Health Service fellowship program.

1941 Amendment to Lanham Act of 1940 authorized federal aid for construction, maintenance, and operation of schools in federally impacted areas. Such assistance was continued under Public Law 815 and Public Law 874, 81st Congress, in 1950.

1943 Vocational Rehabilitation Act ( Public Law 78   16) provided assistance to disabled veterans.

School Lunch Indemnity Plan ( Public Law 78   129) provided funds for local lunch food purchases

1944 Servicemen's Readjustment Act ( Public Law 78   346) known as the GI Bill, provided assistance for the education of veterans.

Surplus Property Act ( Public Law 78   457) authorized transfer of surplus property to educational institutions.

1946 National School Lunch Act ( Public Law 79   396) authorized assistance through grants inaid and other means to states to assist in providing adequate foods and facilities for the establishment, maintenance, operation, and 387 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES expansion of nonprofit school lunch programs

George Barden Act ( Public Law 80   402) expanded federal support of vocational education

1948 United States Information and Educational Exchange Act ( Public Law 80   402) provided for the interchange of persons, knowledge, and skills between the United States and other countries.

1949 Federal Property and Administrative Services Act ( Public Law 81   152) provided for donation of surplus property to educational institutions and for other public purposes.

1950 Financial Assistance for Local Educational Agencies Affected by Federal Activities ( Public Law 81   815 and Public Law 81   874) provided assistance for construction ( Public Law 815) and operation ( Public Law 874) of schools in federally affected areas.

Housing Act ( Public Law 81   475) authorized loans for construction of college housing facilities

1954 An Act for the Establishment of the United States Air Force Academy and Other Purposes ( Public Law 83   325) established the U. S. Air Force Academy.

Educational Research Act ( Public Law 83   531) authorized cooperative arrangements with universities, colleges, and state educational agencies for educational research.

School Milk Program Act ( Public Law 83   597) provided funds for purchase of milk for school lunch programs.

1956 Library Services Act ( Public Law 84   597) provided grants to states for extension and improvement of rural public library services.

1957 Practical Nurse Training Act ( Public Law 84   911) provided grants to states for practical nurse training.

1958 National Defense Education Act ( Public Law 85   864) provided assistance to state and local school systems for strengthening instruction in science, mathematics, modern foreign languages, and other critical subjects; improvement of state statistical services; guidance, counseling, and testing services and training institutes; higher education student loans and fellowships; foreign language study and training provided by colleges and universities; experimentation and dissemination of information on more effective utilization of television, motion pictures, and related media for educational purposes; and vocational education for technical occupations necessary to the national defense.

Education of Mentally Retarded Children Act ( Public Law 85   926) authorized federal assistance for training teachers of the handicapped

Captioned Films for the Deaf Act ( Public Law 85   905) authorized a loan service of captioned films for the deaf.

1961 Area Redevelopment Act ( Public Law 87   27) included provisions for training or retraining of persons in redevelopment areas.

1962 Manpower Development and Training Act ( Public Law 87   415) provided training in new and improved skills for the unemployed and underemployed

Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962 ( Public Law 87   510) authorized loans, advances and grants for education and training of refugees.

1963 Health Professions Educational Assistance Act of 1963 ( Public Law 88   129) provided funds to expand teaching facilities and for loans to students in the health professions.

Vocational Education Act of 1963 ( Part of Public Law 88   210) increased federal support of vocational education schools; vocational work study programs; and research, training, and demonstrations in vocational education.

Higher Education Facilities Act of 1963 ( Public Law 88   204) authorized grants and loans for classrooms, libraries, and laboratories in public community colleges and technical institutes as well as undergraduate and graduate facilities in other institutions of higher education

1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( Public Law 88   352) authorized the Commissioner of Education to arrange for support for institutions of higher education and school districts to provide inservice programs for assisting instructional staff in dealing with problems caused by desegregation

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 ( Public Law 88   452) authorized grants for college workstudy programs for students from low income families; established a Job Corps program and authorized support for work training programs to provide education and vocational training and work experience opportunities in 388 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES welfare programs; authorized support of education and training activities and of community action programs, including Head Start, Follow Through, and Upward Bound; and authorized the establishment of Volunteers in Service to America ( VISTA).

1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( Public Law 89   10) authorized grants for elementary and secondary school programs for children of low income families; school library resources, textbooks, and other instructional materials for school children; supplementary educational centers and services strengthening state education agencies; and educational research and research training

Health Professions Educational Assistance Amendments of 1965 ( Public Law 89   290) authorized scholarships to aid needy students in the health professions.

Higher Education Act of 1965 ( Public Law 89   329) provided grants for university community service programs, college library assistance, library training and research, strengthening developing institutions, teacher training programs and undergraduate instructional equipment. Authorized insured student loans, established a National Teacher Corps, and provided for graduate teacher training fellowships

National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act ( Public Law 89   209) authorized grants and loans for projects in the creative and performing arts and for research, training and scholarly publications in the humanities

National Technical Institute for the Deaf Act ( Public Law 89   36) provided for the establishment construction, equipping, and operation of a residential school for postsecondary education and technical training of the deaf.

School Assistance in Disaster Areas Act ( Public Law 89   313) provided for assistance to local education agencies to help meet exceptional costs resulting from a major disaster.

1966 International Education Act ( Public Law 89   698) provided grants to institutions of higher education for the establishment, strengthening and operation of centers for research and training in international studies and the international aspects of other fields of study. National Sea Grant College and Program Act ( Public Law 89   688) authorized the establishment and operation of Sea Grant Colleges and programs by initiating and supporting programs of education and research in the various fields relating to the development of marine resources.

Adult Education Act ( Public Law 89   750) authorized grants to states for the encouragement and expansion of educational programs for adults, including training of teachers of adults and demonstrations in adult education ( previously part of Economic Opportunity Act of 1964).

Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act ( Public Law 89   694) authorized the establishment and operation, by Gallaudet College, of a model secondary school for the deaf.

1967 Education Professions Development Act ( Public Law 90   35) amended the Higher Education Act of 1965 for the purpose of improving the quality of teaching and to help meet critical shortages of adequately trained educational personnel.

Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 ( Public Law 90   129) established a Corporation for Public Broadcasting to assume major responsibility in channeling federal funds to noncommercial radio and television stations, program production groups, and ETV networks; conduct research demonstration, or training in matters related to noncommercial broadcasting; and award grants for construction of educational radio and television facilities.

1968 Elementary and Secondary Education Amendments of 1968 ( Public Law 90   247) modified existing programs, authorized support of regional centers for education of handicapped children, model centers and services for deafblind children, recruitment of personnel and dissemination of information on education of the handicapped; technical assistance in education to rural areas; support of dropout prevention projects; and support of bilingual education programs.

Handicapped Children's Early Education Assistance Act ( Public Law 90   538) authorized preschool and early education programs for handicapped children.

Vocational Education Amendments of 1968 ( Public Law 90   576) modified existing programs and provided for a National Advisory Council on Vocational Education and collection and dissemination of information for pro 389 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES grams administered by the Commissioner of Education.

1970 Elementary and Secondary Education Assistance Programs, Extension ( Public Law 91   230) authorized comprehensive planning and evaluation grants to state and local education agencies; provided for the establishment of a National Commission on School Finance.

National Commission on Libraries and Information Services Act ( Public Law 91   345) established a National Commission on Libraries and Information Science to effectively utilize the nation's educational resources.

Office of Education Appropriation Act ( Public Law 91   380) provided emergency school assistance to desegregating local education agencies.

Environmental Education Act ( Public Law 91   516) established an Office of Environmental Education to develop curriculum and initiate and maintain environmental education programs at the elementary secondary levels; disseminate information; provide training programs for teachers and other educational, public, community, labor, and industrial leaders and employees; provide community education programs; and distribute material dealing with the environment and ecology.

Drug Abuse Education Act of 1970 ( Public Law 91   527) provided for development, demonstration and evaluation of curricula on the problems of drug abuse.

1971 Comprehensive Health Manpower Training Act of 1971 ( Public Law 92   257) amended Title VII of the Public Health Service Act, increasing and expanding provisions for health manpower training and training facilities.

1972 Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act of 1972 ( Public Law 92   255) established a Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention to provide overall planning and policy for all federal drug abuse prevention functions; a National Advisory Council for Drug Abuse Prevention community assistance grants for community mental health centers for treatment and rehabilitation of persons with drugabuse problems, and, in December 1974, a National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Education Amendments of 1972 ( Public Law 92   318) established the Education Division in the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the National Institute of Education general aid for institutions of higher education; federal matching grants for state Student Incentive Grants; a National Commission on Financing Postsecondary Education; State Advisory Councils on Community Colleges a Bureau of Occupational and Adult Education and State Grants for the design, establishment, and conduct of postsecondary occupational education; and a bureau level Office of Indian Education. Amended current U. S. Department of Education programs to increase their effectiveness and better meet special needs. Prohibited sex bias in admission to vocational, professional, and graduate schools, and public institutions of undergraduate higher education.

1973 Older Americans Comprehensive Services Amendment of 1973 ( Public Law 93   29) made available to older citizens comprehensive programs of health, education, and social services.

Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973 ( Public Law 93   203) provided for opportunities for employment and training to unemployed and underemployed persons. Extended and expanded provisions in the Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962, Title I of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1962, Title I of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, and the Emergency Employment Act of 1971 as in effect prior to June 30, 1973.

1974 Education Amendments of 1974 ( Public Law 93   380) provided for the consolidation of certain programs; and established a National Center for Education Statistics.

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 ( Public Law 93   415) provided for technical assistance, staff training, centralized research, and resources to develop and implement programs to keep students in elementary and secondary schools; and established in the U. S. Department of Justice, a National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

1975 Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act ( Public Law 93   638) provided for increased participation of Indians in the establishment and conduct of their education programs and services.

Harry S Truman Memorial Scholarship Act ( Public Law 93   642) established the Harry S Truman Scholarship Foundation and created a perpetual education scholarship fund for 390 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES young Americans to prepare and pursue careers in public service.

Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1975 ( Public Law 94   23) authorized funds to be used for education and training of aliens who have fled from Cambodia or Vietnam

Education for All Handicapped Children Act ( Public Law 94   142) provided that all handicapped children have available to them a free appropriate education designed to meet their unique needs.

1976 Educational Broadcasting Facilities and Telecommunications Demonstration Act of 1976 ( Public Law 94   309) established a telecommunications demonstration program to promote the development of nonbroadcast telecommunications facilities and services for the transmission, distribution, and delivery of health, education, and public or social service information.

Education Amendments of 1976 ( Public Law 94   482) extended and revised federal programs for education assistance for higher education, vocational education, and a variety of other programs.

1977 Youth Employment and Demonstration Projects Act of 1977 ( Public Law 95   93) established a youth employment training program that includes among other activities, promoting education to work transition, literacy training and bilingual training, and attainment of certificates of high school equivalency.

Career Education Incentive Act ( Public Law 95   207) authorized the establishment of a career education program for elementary and secondary schools.

1978 Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act of 1978 ( Public Law 95   471) provided federal funds for the operation and improvement of tribally controlled community colleges for Indian students.

Education Amendments of 1978 ( Public Law 95   561) established a comprehensive basic skills program aimed at improving pupil achievement ( replaced the existing National Reading Improvement program); and established a community schools program to provide for the use of public buildings.

Middle Income Student Assistance Act ( Public Law 95   566) modified the provisions for student financial assistance programs to allow middle income as well as low income students attending college or other postsecondary institutions to qualify for federal education assistance.

1979 Department of Education Organization Act ( Public Law 96   88) established a U. S. Department of Education containing functions from the Education Division of the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare along with other selected education programs from HEW, the U. S. Department of Justice, U. S. Department of Labor, and the National Science Foundation.

1980 Asbestos School Hazard Detection and Control Act of 1980 ( Public Law 96   270) established a program for inspection of schools for detection of hazardous asbestos materials and provided loans to assist educational agencies to contain or remove and replace such materials

1981 Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of 1981 ( Part of Public Law 97   35) consolidated 42 programs into 7 programs to be funded under the elementary and secondary block grant authority.

1983 Student Loan Consolidation and Technical Amendments Act of 1983 ( Public Law 98   79) established an 8 percent interest rate for Guaranteed Student Loans and extended Family Contribution Schedule.

Challenge Grant Amendments of 1983 ( Public Law 98   95) amended Title III, Higher Education Act, and added authorization of Challenge Grant program. The Challenge Grant program provides funds to eligible institutions on a matching basis as an incentive to seek alternative sources of funding.

Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1983 ( Public Law 98   199) added the Architectural Barrier amendment and clarified participation of handicapped children in private schools.

1984 Education for Economic Security Act ( Public Law 98   377) added new science and mathematics programs for elementary, secondary, and postsecondary education. The new programs included magnet schools, excellence in education, and equal access.

Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act ( Public Law 98   524) continued federal assistance for vocational education through FY 1989. The act replaced the Vocational Education Act of 1963. It provided aid to the states to make vocational education programs acces 391 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES sible to all persons, including handicapped and disadvantaged, single parents and homemakers and the incarcerated.

Human Services Reauthorization Act ( Public Law 98   558) reauthorized the Head Start and Follow Through programs through FY 1986. It also created a Carl D. Perkins scholarship program, a National Talented Teachers Fellowship program, a Federal Merit Scholarships program, and a Leadership in Educational Administration program.

1985 Montgomery GI Bill   Active Duty ( Public Law 98   525), brought about a new GI Bill for individuals who initially entered active military duty on or after July 1, 1985.

Montgomery GI Bill   Selected Reserve ( Public Law 98   525), is an education program for members of the Selected Reserve ( which includes the National Guard) who enlist, reenlist or extend an enlistment after June 30, 1985, for a 6 year period.

1986 Handicapped Children's Protection Act of 1986 ( Public Law 99   372) allowed parents of handicapped children to collect attorneys' fees in cases brought under the Education of the Handicapped Act and provided that the Education of the Handicapped Act does not preempt other laws, such as Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.

Drug Free Schools and Communities Act of 1986 ( Part of Public Law 99   570), part of the Anti Drug Abuse Act of 1986, authorized funding for FYs 1987   89. Established programs for drug abuse education and prevention coordinated with related community efforts and resources, through the use of federal financial assistance.

1987 Higher Education Act Amendments of 1987 ( Public Law 100   50) made technical corrections clarifications, or conforming amendments related to the enactment of the Higher Education Amendments of 1986.

1988 Augustus F. Hawkins Robert T. Stafford Elementary and Secondary School Improvement Amendments of 1988 ( Public Law 100   297) reauthorized through 1993 major elementary and secondary education programs including: Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Bilingual Education, Math Science Education, Magnet Schools, Impact Aid, Indian Education, Adult Education and other smaller education programs.

Technology Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988 ( Public Law 100   407) provided financial assistance to states to develop and implement consumer responsive statewide programs of technology related assistance for persons of all ages with disabilities

Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Amendments Act of 1988 ( Public Law 100   628) extended for 2 additional years programs providing assistance to the homeless, including literacy training for homeless adults and education for homeless youths.

Tax Reform Technical Amendments ( Public Law 100   647) authorized an Education Savings Bond for the purpose of postsecondary educational expenses. The bill grants tax exclusion for interest earned on regular series EE savings bonds.

1989 Children with Disabilities Temporary Care Reauthorization Act of 1989 ( Public Law 101   127) revised and extended the programs established in the Temporary Child Care for Handicapped Children and Crises Nurseries Act of 1986.

Drug Free Schools and Communities Act Amendments of 1989 ( Public Law 101   226) amended the Drug Free Schools and Communities Act of 1986 to revise certain requirements relating to the provision of drug abuse education and prevention programs in elementary and secondary schools.

Childhood Education and Development Act of 1989 ( Part of Public Law 101   239) authorized the appropriations to expand Head Start Programs and programs carried out under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 to include child care services.

1990 Excellence in Mathematics, Science and Engineering Education Act of 1990 ( Public Law 101   589) promotes excellence in American mathematics, science, and engineering education by creating a national mathematics and science clearinghouse, and creating several other mathematics, science, and engineering education programs.

Student Right To Know and Campus Security Act ( Public Law 101   542) requires institutions of higher education receiving federal financial assistance to provide certain information with respect to the graduation rates of student athletes at such institutions. The act also requires the institution to certify that it has a campus security policy and will annually submit a uniform crime report to the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI). 392 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( Public Law 101   336) prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities.

National and Community Service Act of 1990 ( Public Law 101   610) increased school and college based community service opportunities and authorized the President's Points of Light Foundation.

School Dropout Prevention and Basic Skills Improvement Act of 1990 ( Public Law 101   600) improves secondary school programs for basic skills improvements and dropout reduction

Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Reauthorization Act of 1990 ( Public Law 101   637) reauthorized the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act of 1984, which provided financial support to elementary and secondary schools to inspect for asbestos and to develop and implement an asbestos management plan.

Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Act of 1990 ( Public Law 101   454) provided a permanent endowment for the Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Program.

Public Service Assistance Education Act ( Enacted as part of Department of Defense Authorization Act, Public Law 101   510) gave federal agencies authority to provide new educational benefits to employees by paying for an employee to obtain an academic degree for which there is an agency shortage of qualified personnel, and by repaying up to $ 6,000 per year of the student loan of a qualified employee in exchange for a 3 year commitment.

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 ( Public Law 101   508) included a set of student aid provisions that were estimated to yield a savings of $ 2 billion over 5 years. These provisions included delayed Guaranteed Student Loan disbursements, tightened ability to benefit eligibility, and expanded pro rata refund policy and the elimination of student aid eligibility at high default schools.

1991 National Literacy Act of 1991 ( Public Law 102   73) established the National Institute for Literacy the National Institute Board, and the Interagency Task Force on Literacy. Amended various federal laws to establish and extend various literacy programs.

National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993 ( Public Law 102   190) authorized appropriations for education functions of the U. S. Department of Defense. Included Defense Manufacturing Education Program and planning for science, mathematics and engineering education.

National Commission on Time and Learning Act ( Public Law 102   62) established the National Education Commission on Time and Learning. Directed the Secretary of Education to: ( 1) make grants for research in the teaching of writing; and ( 2) carry out a program to educate students about the history and principles of the Constitution, including the Bill of Rights. Established the National Council on Education Standards and Testing.

High Performance Computing Act of 1991 ( Public Law 102   194) directed the President to implement a National High Performance Computing Program. Provided for: ( 1) establishment of a National Research and Education Network; ( 2) standards and guidelines for high performance networks; and ( 3) the responsibility of certain federal departments and agencies with regard to the Network.

Veterans' Educational Assistance Amendments of 1991 ( Public Law 102   127) restored certain educational benefits available to reserve and active duty personnel under the Montgomery GI Bill to students whose course studies were interrupted by the Persian Gulf War.

Civil Rights Act of 1991 ( Public Law 102   166) amended the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, with regard to employment discrimination Established the Technical Assistance Training Institute.

1992 Higher Education Amendments of 1992 ( Public Law 102   325) amended the Higher Education Act of 1965 to revise and reauthorize funding for its various programs.

Ready To Learn Act ( Public Law 102   545) amended the General Education Provisions Act to establish Ready To Learn Television programs to support educational programming and support materials for preschool and elementary school children and their parents, child care providers, and educators.

National Commission on Time and Learning, Extension ( Public Law 102   359) amended the National Education Commission on Time and Learning Act to extend the authorization of appropriations for such Commission, 393 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES amended the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 to revise provisions for ( 1) a specified civic education program; and ( 2) schoolwide projects for educationally disadvantaged children, and provided for additional Assistant Secretaries of Education.

1993 Student Loan Reform Act ( Public Law 103   66) reformed the student aid process by phasing in a system of direct lending designed to provide savings for taxpayers and students. Allows students to choose among a variety of repayment options, including income contingency

National Service Trust Act ( Public Law 103   82) amended the National and Community Service Act of 1990 to establish a Corporation for National Service and enhance opportunities for national service. In addition, the Act provided education grants up to $ 4,725 per year for 2 years to people age 17 years or older who perform community service before, during or after postsecondary education.

NAEP Assessment Authorization ( Public Law 103   33) authorizes the use of NAEP for state by state comparisons.

Migrant Student Record Transfer System Extension ( Public Law 103   59) extends the operation of the migrant student record transfer system.

1994 Goals 2000: Educate America Act ( Public Law 103   227) established a new federal partnership through a system of grants to states and local communities to reform the nation's education system. The Act formalized the national education goals and established the National Education Goals Panel. It also created a National Education Standards and Improvement Council ( NESIC) to provide voluntary national certification of state and local education standards and assessments and established the National Skill Standards Board to develop voluntary national skill standards.

School To Work Opportunities Act of 1994 ( Public Law 103   239) established a national framework within which states and communities can develop School To Work Opportunities systems to prepare young people for first jobs and continuing education. The Act also provided money to states and communities to develop a system of programs that include work based learning, school based learning, and connecting activities components School To Work programs will provide students with a high school diploma ( or its equivalent), a nationally recognized skill certificate or an associate degree ( if appropriate and may lead to a first job or further education.

Safe Schools Act of 1994 ( Part of Public Law 103   227) authorized the award of competitive grants to local educational agencies with serious crime to implement violence prevention activities such as conflict resolution and peer mediation.

Educational Research, Development, Dissemination and Improvement Act of 1994 ( Part of Public Law 103   227) authorized the educational research and dissemination activities of the Office of Educational Research and Improvement The regional educational laboratories and university based research and development centers are authorized under this act.

Student Loan Default Exemption Extension ( Public Law 103   235) amended the Higher Education Act of 1965 to extend until July 1, 1998, the effective date for cohort default rate extension for Historically Black Colleges and Universities, tribally controlled community colleges and Navajo community colleges.

Improving America's Schools Act ( Public Law 103   382) reauthorized and revamps the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. The legislation includes Title I, the federal government's largest program providing educational assistance to disadvantaged children; professional development and technical assistance programs; a safe and drug free schools and communities provision; and provisions promoting school equity.

1995 Amendment to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( Public Law 104   5) amended a provision of Part A of Title IX of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 relating to Indian education, to provide a technical amendment and for other purposes.

1996 Contract With America: Unfunded Mandates ( Public Law 104   4) a bill to curb the practice of imposing unfunded federal mandates on states and local governments; to strengthen the partnership between the federal government and state, local, and tribal governments; to end the imposition, in the absence of full consideration by Congress, of federal mandates on state, local, and tribal governments without adequate funding, in a manner that 394 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES may displace other essential governmental priorities and to ensure that the federal government pays the costs incurred by those governments in complying with certain requirements under federal statutes and regulations and for other purposes.

Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act Amendments of 1996 ( Public Law 104   1834) amended the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act to extend the act, and for other purposes.

Remove Grant Limits on Historically Black Colleges ( Public Law 104   141) amended section 326 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 to permit continued participation by historically black graduate and professional schools in the grant program authorized by that section.

Correct Impact Aid Payments ( Public Law 104   195) amends the Impact Aid Program to provide for a hold harmless with respect to amounts for payments relating to the federal acquisition of real property, and for other purposes

Human Rights, Refugee, and Other Foreign Relations Provisions Act of 1996 ( Public Law 104   319) made certain provisions with respect to internationally recognized human rights, refugees, and foreign relations to revise U. S. human rights policy.

1997 Need Based Educational Aid Antitrust Protection Act of 1997 ( Public Law 105 43) amends the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 to clarify the financial information exchanged between institutions of higher education.

The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 ( Public Law 105   34) enacted the Hope Scholarship and Life Long Learning Tax Credit provisions into law.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997 ( Public Law 105   17) amends the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA) to revise its provisions and extend through fiscal year 2002 the authorization of appropriations for IDEA programs.

Emergency Student Loan Consolidation Act of 1997 ( Public Law 105   78) amends the Higher Education Act to provide for improved student loan consolidation services. 395 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Department of Interior, 1.0% Department of Agriculture, 13.6% Department of Education, 40.9%

Department of Defense, 4.8%

Department of Energy, 4.2%

Department of Health and Human Services, 18.1% Department of Labor, 6.6% Department of Veterans Affairs, 1.8% National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2.3% National Science Foundation, 3.3% Other, 3.4%

Total = $ 75.1 billion SOURCE: U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U. S. Government, Fiscal Year 1999; and National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, Fiscal Years 1996, 1997, and 1998. Figure 20. Federal on budget funds for education, by agency: Fiscal year 1998 396 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Elementary and secondary Other education Postsecondary Research at educational institutions State education agencies, 12.2% Local education agencies, 37.4%

Other, 6.6%

Multiple types of recipients, 4.8%

Federal, 1.6%

Institutions of higher education, 19.6% College students, 17.9%

SOURCE: U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U. S. Government, Fiscal Year 1999; Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance; National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development , Fiscal Years 1996, 1997, and 1998; and unpublished data obtained from various federal agencies. SOURCE: U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U. S. Government, fiscal years 1967 to 1999; National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, fiscal years 1967 to 1998; and unpublished data. $

37.4 12.2 17.9 19.6 1.6 4.8 6.6 Total outlays=$ 30.7 billion Figure 22. Department of Education outlays, by type of recipient: Fiscal year 1998 Figure 21. Federal on budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose: 1965 to 1998 [ In constant FY 1998 dollars]

1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1998 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Fiscal year In billions of dollars 397 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 359.   Federal support and estimated federal tax expenditures for education, by category: Fiscal years 1965 to 1998 [ In millions of dollars]

Fiscal year Total on budget support, off budget support, and nonfederal funds generated by federal legislation On budget support 1 Off budget support and nonfederal funds generated by federal legislation Estimated federal tax expenditures for education 9 Total Elementary and secondary Postsecondary Other education Research at educational institutions Total Off budget support Nonfederal funds Federal Direct Student Loan 2 Federal Family Education Loan Program 3 Perkins Loans 4 Income Contingent Loans 5 State Student Incentive Grants 6 Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants 7 Work Study aid 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Current dollars 1965 .......................... $ 5,354.7 $ 5,331.0 $ 1,942.6 $ 1,197.5 $ 374.7 $ 1,816.3 $ 23.7     $ 16.1       $ 7.6   1970 .......................... 13,359.1 12,526.5 5,830.4 3,447.7 964.7 2,283.6 832.6   $ 770.0 21.0       41.6   1975 .......................... 24,691.5 23,288.1 10,617.2 7,644.0 1,608.5 3,418.4 1,403.4   1,233.0 35.7   $ 20.0   114.7 $ 8,605.0 1980 .......................... 39,349.2 34,493.5 16,027.7 11,115.9 1,548.7 5,801.2 4,855.7   4,598.0 31.8   76.5   149.4 13,320.0 1981 .......................... 44,296.7 36,621.3 15,903.7 12,260.0 2,182.2 6,275.5 7,675.4   7,433.0 20.7   76.5   145.2 16,380.0 1982 .......................... 40,292.7 34,455.1 14,839.2 11,023.3 1,995.1 6,597.4 5,837.5   5,597.0 19.8   72.0   148.7 16,180.0 1983 .......................... 41,709.4 34,883.9 14,527.8 10,918.1 2,204.1 7,233.8 6,825.5   6,582.0 19.8   60.0   163.7 16,725.0 1984 .......................... 44,042.4 36,271.0 15,292.4 10,329.7 2,710.4 7,938.6 7,771.4   7,520.0 17.9   76.0   157.5 17,090.0 1985 .......................... 47,753.4 39,027.9 16,901.3 11,174.4 2,107.6 8,844.6 8,725.5   8,467.0 21.4   76.0   161.1 19,105.0 1986 .......................... 48,357.3 39,962.9 17,049.9 11,283.6 2,620.0 9,009.4 8,394.4   8,142.0 20.2   72.7   159.5 20,425.0 1987 .......................... 50,724.6 41,194.7 17,535.7 10,300.0 2,820.4 10,538.6 9,529.8   9,272.0 20.9 $ 0.6 76.0   160.4 20,830.0 1988 .......................... 54,078.9 43,454.4 18,564.9 10,657.5 2,981.6 11,250.5 10,624.5   10,380.0 20.6 0.5 73.0   150.4 17,025.0 1989 .......................... 59,537.4 48,269.6 19,809.5 13,269.9 3,180.3 12,009.8 11,267.8   10,938.0 20.4 0.5 71.9 $ 22.0 215.0 17,755.0 1990 .......................... 62,811.5 51,624.3 21,984.4 13,650.9 3,383.0 12,606.0 11,187.2   10,826.0 15.0 0.5 59.2 48.8 237.7 19,040.0 1991 .......................... 70,375.6 57,599.5 25,418.0 14,707.4 3,698.6 13,775.4 12,776.1   12,372.0 17.3 0.5 63.5 87.7 235.0 18,995.0 1992 .......................... 74,481.1 60,483.1 27,926.9 14,387.4 3,992.0 14,176.9 13,998.0   13,568.0 17.3 0.5 72.0 97.2 242.9 19,950.0 1993 .......................... 84,741.5 67,740.6 30,834.3 17,844.0 4,107.2 14,955.1 17,000.8   16,524.0 29.3   72.4 184.6 190.5 21,010.0 1994 .......................... 92,781.5 68,254.2 32,304.4 16,177.1 4,483.7 15,289.1 24,527.3 $ 813.0 23,214.0 52.7   72.4 184.6 190.5 22,630.0 1995 .......................... 95,810.8 71,639.5 33,623.8 17,618.1 4,719.7 15,677.9 24,171.2 5,161.0 18,519.0 52.7   63.4 184.6 190.5 24,600.0 1996 .......................... 96,832.9 71,327.4 34,391.5 15,775.5 4,828.0 16,332.3 25,505.5 8,357.0 16,711.0 31.1   31.3 184.6 190.5 26,340.0 1997 .......................... 102,664.8 73,136.8 35,478.9 15,959.4 5,021.2 16,677.3 29,528.0 9,838.0 19,163.0 52.7   50.0 184.6 239.7 28,125.0 1998 10 ....................... 107,242.3 75,077.5 36,818.8 15,990.0 5,171.4 17,097.3 32,164.8 11,204.0 20,461.0 45.0   25.0 194.3 235.5 29,540.0 Constant fiscal year 1998 dollars 11 1965 .......................... $ 27,866.7 $ 27,743.3 $ 10,109.4 $ 6,232.0 $ 1,949.7 $ 9,452.1 $ 123.4     $ 83.8       $ 39.6   1970 .......................... 56,163.4 52,663.2 24,512.0 14,494.6 4,055.8 9,600.7 3,500.3   $ 3,237.2 88.2       174.9   1975 .......................... 72,921.5 68,776.9 31,355.8 22,575.2 4,750.3 10,095.6 4,144.6   3,641.4 105.3   $ 59.1   338.7 $ 25,413.2 1980 .......................... 78,292.5 68,631.2 31,890.1 22,117.1 3,081.5 11,542.6 9,661.3   9,148.6 63.2   152.2   297.3 26,502.6 1981 .......................... 79,845.8 66,010.8 28,666.8 22,099.0 3,933.4 11,311.7 13,835.0   13,398.2 37.3   137.9   261.7 29,525.3 1982 .......................... 67,911.4 58,072.5 25,010.8 18,579.3 3,362.7 11,119.6 9,838.9   9,433.5 33.4   121.4   250.6 27,270.6 1983 .......................... 67,066.6 56,091.5 23,360.0 17,555.7 3,544.2 11,631.6 10,975.1   10,583.5 31.9   96.5   263.2 26,892.9 1984 .......................... 67,569.8 55,647.0 23,461.6 15,847.7 4,158.3 12,179.3 11,922.9   11,537.2 27.5   116.6   241.6 26,219.5 1985 .......................... 70,605.2 57,704.2 24,989.3 16,521.8 3,116.2 13,077.0 12,901.0   12,518.8 31.6   112.4   238.2 28,247.5 1986 .......................... 69,535.0 57,464.4 24,516.8 16,225.2 3,767.4 12,954.9 12,070.7   11,707.7 29.1   104.5   229.4 29,370.0 1987 .......................... 70,981.3 57,645.7 24,538.5 14,413.3 3,946.7 14,747.2 13,335.6   12,974.7 29.2 $ 0.8 106.4   224.5 29,148.4 1988 .......................... 73,257.2 58,864.9 25,148.6 14,437.1 4,038.9 15,240.3 14,392.3   14,061.1 28.0 0.6 98.9   203.7 23,062.7 1989 .......................... 77,416.7 62,765.1 25,758.4 17,254.9 4,135.4 15,616.4 14,651.6   14,222.7 26.5 0.7 93.5 $ 28.6 279.6 23,086.9 1990 .......................... 78,533.1 64,545.8 27,487.0 17,067.7 4,229.8 15,761.3 13,987.3   13,535.7 18.8 0.6 74.0 61.0 297.2 23,805.7 1991 .......................... 84,015.1 68,762.9 30,344.3 17,557.9 4,415.5 16,445.3 15,252.2   14,769.8 20.7 0.6 75.8 104.7 280.5 22,676.4 1992 .......................... 86,204.5 70,003.1 32,322.6 16,652.0 4,620.3 16,408.3 16,201.3   15,703.6 20.1 0.6 83.3 112.6 281.2 23,090.1 1993 .......................... 95,668.9 76,475.8 34,810.4 20,145.0 4,636.8 16,883.5 19,193.1   18,654.8 33.0   81.8 208.4 215.1 23,719.2 1994 .......................... 102,320.4 75,271.5 35,625.6 17,840.2 4,944.7 16,861.0 27,048.9 $ 896.6 25,600.7 58.1   79.9 203.6 210.1 24,956.6 1995 .......................... 102,991.9 77,009.0 36,144.0 18,938.6 5,073.4 16,853.0 25,982.9 5,547.8 19,907.0 56.6   68.2 198.5 204.8 26,443.8 1996 .......................... 101,406.4 74,696.2 36,015.9 16,520.6 5,056.1 17,103.7 26,710.2 8,751.7 17,500.3 32.6   32.8 193.3 199.5 27,584.1 1997 .......................... 104,931.3 74,751.4 36,262.2 16,311.8 5,132.0 17,045.5 30,179.9 10,055.2 19,586.1 53.9   51.1 188.7 245.0 28,745.9 1998 10 ....................... 107,242.3 75,077.5 36,818.8 15,990.0 5,171.4 17,097.3 32,164.8 11,204.0 20,461.0 45.0   25.0 194.3 235.5 29,540.0 1 On budget support includes federal funds for education programs tied to appropriations.

2 The Federal Direct Student Loan ( FDSL) program, recently renamed the William D. Ford Direct Loan program,

provides students with the same benefits they are currently eligible to receive under the Federal Family Education Loan ( FFEL) program but provides loans to students through federal capital rather than through private lenders. This program is an off budget support program.

3 Formerly the Guaranteed Student Loan program. New student loans guaranteed by the federal government and disbursed to borrowers.

4 Student loans created from institutional matching funds ( 1/ 3 of the federal contribution). Excludes repayments of outstanding loans.

5 Student loans created from institutional matching funds ( 1/ 9 of the federal contribution). This was a demonstration project that involved only 10 institutions and had unsubsidized interest rates.

6 Required state matching contributions.

7 Institutions award grants to undergraduate students, and the federal share of such grants may not exceed 75 percent of the total grant.

8 Employer contributions to student earnings. 9 Losses of tax revenue attributable to provisions of the federal income tax laws that allow a special exclusion,

exemption or deduction from gross income or provide a special credit, preferential rate of tax, or a deferral of tax liability affecting individual or corporate income tax liabilities.

10 Estimated.

11 Data adjusted by the federal funds composite deflator prepared by the U. S. Office of Management and Budget.

  Data not available or not applicable.

NOTE.   To the extent possible, federal education funds data represent outlays rather than obligations. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, compiled from data appearing in U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U. S. Government, Appendix, fiscal years 1967 to 1999; National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, fiscal years 1965 to 1998; `` Estimates of Federal Tax Expenditures for Education, Selected Fiscal Years, FY 1975 to FY 1990,'' by Stephen M. Barro; and `` Federal Tax Expenditures, FY 1975 to FY 2001,'' by Richard Phelps, both prepared for the National Center for Education Statistics;

and unpublished data obtained from various federal agencies. ( This table was prepared July 1998.) 398 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 360.   Federal on budget funds for education, by agency: Fiscal years 1965 to 1998 [ In thousands of current dollars]

Agency 1965 1970 1975 1980 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total ........................................................ $ 5,331,016 $ 12,526,499 $ 23,288,120 $ 34,493,502 $ 34,883,900 $ 36,271,011 $ 39,027,876 $ 39,962,901 $ 41,194,718 $ 43,454,423 Department of Education ................................ 1,000,567 4,625,224 7,350,355 13,137,785 14,585,825 15,534,737 16,701,065 17,740,051 16,879,827 18,326,916 Department of Agriculture ............................... 768,927 960,910 2,219,352 4,562,467 4,340,869 4,616,372 4,782,274 5,041,317 5,189,779 5,481,976 Department of Commerce .............................. 9,347 13,990 38,967 135,561 55,090 55,160 55,114 64,613 38,896 38,553 Department of Defense .................................. 587,412 821,388 1,009,229 1,560,301 2,487,597 2,625,146 3,119,213 3,354,588 3,695,617 3,461,345 Department of Energy .................................... 442,434 551,527 764,676 1,605,558 1,933,068 2,042,881 2,247,822 2,181,391 2,256,799 2,385,966 Department of Health and Human Services .. 1,027,537 1,796,854 3,675,225 5,613,930 4,968,658 4,902,016 5,322,356 5,316,853 6,104,812 6,505,428 Department of Housing and Urban Development ............................................ 221,256 114,709   52,768 5,314 2,158 2,000 438 342 463 51 Department of the Interior .............................. 170,088 190,975 300,191 440,547 484,314 576,779 549,479 454,273 485,922 528,409 Department of Justice ..................................... 10,252 15,728 61,542 60,721 68,700 62,282 66,802 72,191 79,815 83,405 Department of Labor ....................................... 230,041 424,494 1,103,935 1,862,738 1,833,392 1,755,839 1,948,685 1,976,960 2,258,631 2,272,228 Department of State ....................................... 64,200 59,742 89,433 25,188 23,813 23,086 23,820 23,401 24,288 38,671 Department of Transportation .........................   27,534 52,290 54,712 82,139 83,931 82,035 66,214 75,360 65,134 Department of the Treasury ........................... 8,240 18 1,118,840 1,247,463 287,300 287,905 290,276 41,257 19,279 32,768 Department of Veterans Affairs ...................... 97,237 1,032,918 4,402,212 2,351,233 1,672,348 1,445,049 1,289,849 1,055,948 1,002,109 966,549 Other agencies and programs ACTION ..........................................................     7,081 2,833 1,830 4,975 1,761 1,368 3,368 4,110 Agency for International Development ........... 63,329 88,034 78,896 176,770 173,629 236,983 198,807 198,929 240,827 242,650 Appalachian Regional Commission ................   37,838 45,786 19,032 2,899 4,919 4,745 6,582 5,445 6,377 Barry Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in Education Foundation ........................                     Corporation for National and Community Service .....................................................                     Environmental Protection Agency ..................   19,446 33,875 41,083 43,557 43,700 60,521 69,718 67,465 58,053 Estimated education share of federal aid to the District of Columbia .......................... 11,350 33,019 55,487 81,847 97,516 97,385 107,340 101,844 126,942 122,366 Federal Emergency Management Agency .....   290 290 1,946 1,195 351 1,828 290 290 290 General Services Administration .................... 4,013 14,775 22,532 34,800 44,200 50,894         Harry S Truman Scholarship fund ..................         1,895 1,795 1,929 1,332 2,441 2,717 2,815 Institute of American Indian and Alaskan Native Culture and Arts Development ...                     Institute of Museum and Library Services ......                     James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation ..............................................                   13,200 Japanese United States Friendship Commission .............................................       2,294 2,364 1,611 2,236 235 3,225 2,274 Library of Congress ........................................ 15,111 29,478 63,766 151,871 154,198 164,080 169,310 166,130 160,835 160,505 National Aeronautics and Space Administration .......................................... 208,788 258,366 197,901 255,511 367,763 354,528 487,624 490,948 787,391 899,897 National Archives and Records Administration ..........................................             52,118 55,252 59,521 65,153 National Commission on Libraries and Information Science ................................     449 2,090 681 733 723 781 512 522 National Endowment for the Arts ...................   340 4,754 5,220 4,701 5,197 5,536 5,188 5,394 5,550 National Endowment for the Humanities ........   8,459 63,955 142,586 123,315 127,571 125,671 121,125 124,407 125,230 National Science Foundation .......................... 181,216 295,628 535,294 808,392 907,917 1,035,746 1,147,115 1,147,273 1,270,415 1,329,520 Nuclear Regulatory Commission ....................     7,093 32,590 37,987 36,400 30,261 27,472 29,176 25,676 Office of Economic Opportunity ...................... 189,871 1,092,410 16,619               Smithsonian Institution .................................... 2,233 2,461 5,509 5,153 6,073 5,758 7,886 6,191 6,545 5,393 United States Arms Control Agency ...............   100   661 157   395 276 3,244 2,633 United States Information Agency .................. 7,512 8,423 9,405 66,210 86,556 83,768 143,007 170,514 179,653 189,464 United States Institute of Peace .....................               230 4,083 3,476 Other agencies ............................................... 10,055 1,421 5,949 990 296 1,300 432 715 1,666 1,870 399 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 360.   Federal on budget funds for education, by agency: Fiscal years 1965 to 1998   Continued [ In thousands of current dollars]

Agency 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Total ....................................................... $ 48,269,575 $ 51,624,342 $ 57,599,476 $ 60,483,092 $ 67,740,618 $ 68,254,206 $ 71,639,520 $ 71,327,361 $ 73,136,767 $ 75,077,477 Department of Education ................................ 21,671,232 23,198,575 25,391,310 26,116,013 30,478,215 29,713,408 31,403,000 29,977,805 30,110,555 30,735,581 Department of Agriculture ............................... 5,793,616 6,260,843 6,875,216 7,586,729 8,067,050 8,494,772 9,092,089 9,281,044 9,793,122 10,179,474 Department of Commerce .............................. 47,586 53,835 67,204 80,510 74,354 85,423 88,929 88,667 82,671 75,198 Department of Defense .................................. 3,746,031 3,605,509 3,707,276 3,948,471 3,958,746 3,899,582 3,879,002 3,841,697 3,718,148 3,604,849 Department of Energy .................................... 2,563,978 2,561,950 2,738,862 2,917,137 2,787,423 2,671,660 2,692,314 3,035,169 3,150,530 3,170,735 Department of Health and Human Services .. 6,952,995 7,956,011 9,470,027 9,362,010 10,885,245 11,921,727 12,469,563 12,886,323 13,266,326 13,565,579 Department of Housing and Urban Development ............................................ 186 118 48 203 401 856 1,613 1,771 1,325 1,398 Department of the Interior .............................. 542,466 630,537 844,830 715,382 723,448 696,649 702,796 665,251 774,715 754,914 Department of Justice ..................................... 88,129 99,775 114,653 134,235 148,381 150,398 172,350 220,487 245,942 282,821 Department of Labor ....................................... 2,277,556 2,511,380 3,214,695 3,709,531 4,241,590 4,015,434 3,967,914 4,089,862 4,432,267 4,990,139 Department of State ....................................... 45,848 51,225 49,086 53,343 69,051 54,414 54,671 55,330 49,393 55,443 Department of Transportation ......................... 90,840 76,186 73,699 94,733 115,925 123,106 135,816 106,214 119,190 114,974 Department of the Treasury ........................... 39,511 41,715 60,356 51,779 56,912 63,301 49,496 59,145 51,085 75,496 Department of Veterans Affairs ...................... 896,435 757,476 783,789 1,047,579 1,145,108 1,381,925 1,324,382 1,420,731 1,396,746 1,374,221 Other agencies and programs ACTION .......................................................... 4,800 8,472 11,321 8,600             Agency for International Development ........... 227,864 249,786 209,018 245,199 242,907 266,582 290,580 324,900 367,120 363,430 Appalachian Regional Commission ................ 6,145 93 3,907 7,608 7,974 10,242 10,623 8,322 6,347 6,750 Barry Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in Education Foundation ........................ 753 1,033 1,941 2,900 3,023 2,789 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 Corporation for National and Community Service .....................................................         8,500 93,250 214,600 279,000 361,000 374,000 Environmental Protection Agency .................. 64,517 87,481 62,753 152,012 124,500 98,241 125,721 75,744 82,220 90,360 Estimated education share of federal aid to the District of Columbia .......................... 103,764 104,940 125,835 130,371 139,755 97,752 78,796 70,427 97,146 109,900 Federal Emergency Management Agency ..... 77 215 33 261 76,467 85,200 170,400 7,500 95,661 50,000 General Services Administration ....................                     Harry S Truman Scholarship fund .................. 2,851 2,883 2,968 2,401 2,894 2,323 3,000 3,000 3,000 4,000 Institute of American Indian and Alaskan Native Culture and Arts Development ... 3,094 4,305 5,447 6,612 7,462 12,213 13,000 6,000 6,000 4,000 Institute of Museum and Library Services ......                 135,000 192,000 James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation ............................................... 10,005 191 531 885 1,298 1,464 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 Japanese United States Friendship Commission ............................................. 3,004 2,299 1,377 1,610 1,503 1,585 2,000 2,000 1,000 2,000 Library of Congress ........................................ 177,954 189,827 279,745 296,044 311,453 312,724 241,000 252,000 261,000 277,000 National Aeronautics and Space Administration .......................................... 978,778 1,093,303 1,275,970 1,383,422 1,374,042 1,418,765 1,757,900 1,760,492 1,658,142 1,705,086 National Archives and Records Administration .......................................... 86,266 77,397 81,462 99,412 106,975 110,411 105,172 104,536 110,541 114,864 National Commission on Libraries and Information Science ................................ 839 3,281 3,447 1,437 867 724 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 National Endowment for the Arts ................... 5,655 5,577 6,498 8,286 7,784 7,221 9,421 4,548 7,222 7,703 National Endowment for the Humanities ........ 137,076 141,048 149,832 159,103 160,275 157,468 151,727 93,359 94,770 93,175 National Science Foundation .......................... 1,472,835 1,588,891 1,738,471 1,875,072 2,080,154 2,031,024 2,086,195 2,303,485 2,395,037 2,473,321 Nuclear Regulatory Commission .................... 25,690 42,328 23,860 27,418 22,934 20,227 22,188 16,828 16,141 13,432 Office of Economic Opportunity ......................                     Smithsonian Institution .................................... 5,880 5,779 5,906 6,578 7,828 10,059 9,961 9,908 7,669 7,684 United States Arms Control Agency ............... 1,619 25 69 100 25           United States Information Agency .................. 185,521 201,547 208,181 237,226 288,059 230,493 294,800 257,400 219,800 187,000 United States Institute of Peace ..................... 7,232 7,621 8,238 11,350 10,468 10,794 12,000 11,000 11,000 12,000 Other agencies ............................................... 947 885 1,616 1,532 1,622   500 1,418 2,935 2,950 1 Estimated.   Data not available or not applicable.

NOTE.   To the extent possible, amounts reported represent outlays, rather than obligations Some data have been revised from previously published data. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, compiled from data appearing in U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U. S. Government, Appendix, fiscal years 1982 to 1999; National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, fiscal years 1965 to 1998; and unpublished data obtained from various federal agencies. ( This table was prepared May 1998.) 400 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 361.   Federal on budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose, by agency and program: Fiscal years 1965 to 1998 [ In thousands of current dollars]

Level or educational purpose, by agency and program 1965 1970 1975 1980 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total, all programs ......................... $ 5,331,016 $ 12,526,499 $ 23,288,120 $ 34,493,502 $ 34,883,900 $ 36,271,011 $ 39,027,876 $ 39,962,901 $ 41,194,718 $ 43,454,423 Elementary/ secondary education programs ................................................ $ 1,942,577 $ 5,830,442 $ 10,617,195 $ 16,027,686 $ 14,527,848 $ 15,292,409 $ 16,901,334 $ 17,049,940 $ 17,535,707 $ 18,564,859 Department of Education10 ............................. 567,343 2,719,204 4,132,742 6,629,095 5,986,633 6,220,820 7,296,702 7,551,973 7,554,487 8,098,436 Grants for the disadvantaged .................   1,339,014 1,874,353 3,204,664 2,645,688 3,077,304 4,206,754 3,404,687 3,209,923 4,027,559 Impact aid program11 ............................. 349,671 656,372 618,711 690,170 548,205 577,676 647,402 684,311 704,197 707,539 School improvement programs .............. 72,298 288,304 700,470 788,918 552,590 631,537 526,401 618,850 889,478 443,468 Indian education .....................................     40,036 93,365 69,603 71,588 82,328 62,067 39,638 18,339 Bilingual education .................................   21,250 92,693 169,540 163,268 167,400 157,539 119,601 141,483 159,746 Special education ................................... 13,849 79,090 151,244 821,777 1,289,710 952,778 1,017,964 1,627,894 1,339,241 1,465,985 Vocational and adult education .............. 131,525 335,174 655,235 860,661 717,569 742,537 658,314 1,034,563 1,230,527 1,275,800 Education Reform  Goals 200012 .........                     Department of Agriculture ............................... 623,014 760,477 1,884,345 4,064,497 3,727,171 3,992,808 4,134,906 4,428,143 4,562,093 4,806,766 Child nutrition programs13 ...................... 178,580 299,131 1,452,267 3,377,056 3,278,133 3,536,378 3,664,561 3,819,734 4,044,830 4,286,242 Agricultural Marketing Service   commodities14 ................................. 340,073 341,597 248,839 388,000 362,297 338,764 336,502 344,350 350,118 349,670 Special milk program13 .......................... 86,609 83,800 122,858 159,293 14,912 16,000 15,993 15,267 15,446 18,342 Estimated education share of Forest Service permanent appropriations .. 17,752 35,949 60,381 140,148 71,829 101,666 117,850 248,792 151,699 152,512 Department of Commerce ..............................       54,816 1,348 337         Local public works program   school facilities15 .............................       54,816 1,348 337         Department of Defense .................................. 73,000 143,100 264,500 370,846 564,885 694,946 831,625 903,493 861,393 988,265 Junior R. O. T. C. ......................................   12,100 12,500 32,000 50,400 44,300 55,600 58,600 57,440 45,300 Overseas dependents schools ............... 73,000 131,000 252,000 338,846 414,485 546,072 613,437 691,437 664,941 773,810 Section VI schools11 ..............................         100,000 104,574 162,588 153,456 139,012 169,155 Department of Energy16 ................................. 100 200 300 77,633 40,798 22,469 23,031 21,385 12,061 12,931 Energy conservation for school buildings17 .......................................       77,240 40,634 22,269 22,731 21,000 11,761 12,611 Pre engineering program ....................... 100 200 300 393 164 200 300 385 300 320 Department of Health and Human Services18 79,999 167,333 683,885 1,077,000 1,265,000 1,472,750 1,531,059 1,455,315 1,555,542 1,651,324 Head Start19 ...........................................     403,900 735,000 912,000 995,750 1,075,059 1,040,315 1,130,542 1,206,324 Payments to states for AFDC work programs20 ......................................                     Social Security student benefits21 .......... 79,999 167,333 279,985 342,000 353,000 477,000 456,000 415,000 425,000 445,000 Department of the Interior .............................. 130,096 140,705 220,392 318,170 346,242 393,529 389,810 308,089 344,183 379,645 Mineral Leasing Act and other funds: Payments to states   estimated education share ....................... 11,075 12,294 27,389 62,636 123,670 170,645 127,369 98,606 87,437 92,227 Payments to counties   estimated education share ....................... 10,731 16,359 29,494 48,953 20,220 24,221 59,016 5,615 36,455 34,922 Indian Education: Bureau of Indian Affairs schools ..... 92,603 95,850 141,056 178,112 176,878 173,141 177,265 181,235 195,994 231,512 Johnson O'Malley assistance22 ...... 15,534 16,080 22,251 28,081 25,077 25,029 25,675 22,053 22,824 20,400 Education expenses for children of employees, Yellowstone National Park .............. 153 122 202 388 397 493 485 580 1,473 584 Department of Justice ..................................... 6,402 8,237 9,822 23,890 30,462 31,759 36,117 39,684 44,531 50,679 Vocational training expenses for prisoners in federal prisons23 ......... 1,466 2,720 3,039 4,966 8,230 7,377 8,292 8,744 8,744 8,679 Inmate programs24 ................................. 4,936 5,517 6,783 18,924 22,232 24,382 27,825 30,940 35,787 42,000 Department of Labor ....................................... 230,041 420,927 1,097,811 1,849,800 1,827,000 1,751,039 1,945,268 1,976,619 2,258,199 2,266,700 Job Corps25 ............................................     175,000 469,800 563,000 595,772 604,748 632,619 678,599 712,218 Training programs   estimated funds for education programs26 ..................... 230,041 420,927 922,811 1,380,000 1,264,000 1,155,267 1,340,520 1,344,000 1,579,600 1,554,482 Department of Transportation27 .....................   45 50 60 65 105 60 60 55 50 Tuition assistance for educational accreditation   Coast Guard personnel28 ................   45 50 60 65 105 60 60 55 50 Department of the Treasury ........................... 32   847,139 935,903 273,728 273,278 273,728 25,085     Estimated education share of general revenue sharing: 29 State30 .............................................     475,224 525,019             Local ................................................     371,915 410,884 273,728 273,278 273,728 25,085     Tuition assistance for educational accreditation   Coast Guard personnel28 ................ 32                   Department of Veterans Affairs31 ................... 41,250 338,910 1,371,500 545,786 378,663 351,940 344,758 251,782 235,297 196,159 Noncollegiate and job training programs32 ...................................... 14,550 281,640 1,249,410 439,993 244,060 227,991 224,035 137,805 119,702 76,367 Vocational rehabilitation for disabled veterans33 ......................... 17,400 41,700 73,100 87,980 117,598 110,187 107,480 103,159 105,947 112,058 Dependents' education34 ....................... 9,300 15,570 48,990 17,813 17,005 13,762 13,243 10,818 9,648 7,734 Service members occupational conversion and training act of 1992 23,35 ...............................                     Other agencies Appalachian Regional Commission36 ....   33,161 41,667 9,157 2,801 4,589 4,632 4,632 5,323 5,327 National Endowment for the Arts37 ........     3,686 4,989 4,069 4,378 4,399 4,060 4,099 4,350 Arts in education .............................     3,686 4,989 4,069 4,378 4,399 4,060 4,099 4,350 National Endowment for the Humanities38 ...................................   20 149 330 510 462 321 460 352 826 401 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 361.   Federal on budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose, by agency and program: Fiscal years 1965 to 1998   Continued [ In thousands of current dollars]

Level or educational purpose, by agency and program 1989 1990 1 1991 2 1992 3 1993 4 1994 5 1995 6 1996 7 1997 8 1998 9 1 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Total, all programs ......................... $ 48,269,575 $ 51,624,342 $ 57,599,476 $ 60,483,092 $ 67,740,618 $ 68,254,206 $ 71,639,520 $ 71,327,361 $ 73,136,767 $ 75,077,477 Elementary/ secondary education programs ................................................ $ 19,809,528 $ 21,984,361 $ 25,418,031 $ 27,926,888 $ 30,834,326 $ 32,304,357 $ 33,623,809 $ 34,391,501 $ 35,478,905 $ 36,818,774 Department of Education10 ............................. 8,869,300 9,681,313 10,865,336 12,057,746 13,058,974 13,769,196 14,029,000 14,323,770 14,511,199 14,787,265 Grants for the disadvantaged ................. 4,185,357 4,494,111 5,218,749 6,158,813 6,615,047 6,845,651 6,808,000 7,020,460 7,201,565 6,235,944 Impact aid program11 ............................. 755,477 816,366 753,530 794,794 432,153 829,952 808,000 952,277 656,474 1,007,323 School improvement programs .............. 975,237 1,189,158 1,375,910 1,514,892 2,032,552 1,469,964 1,397,000 1,247,360 1,276,599 1,391,141 Indian education ..................................... 65,683 69,451 65,639 68,523 99,925 79,095 71,000 77,402 55,989 55,016 Bilingual education ................................. 164,759 188,919 186,748 198,332 124,778 221,681 225,000 184,529 181,257 279,504 Special education ................................... 1,880,751 1,616,623 2,174,358 2,243,338 2,564,070 2,980,328 3,177,000 3,222,180 3,305,477 3,812,384 Vocational and adult education .............. 842,036 1,306,685 1,090,402 1,079,054 1,190,449 1,340,762 1,482,000 1,348,064 1,402,369 1,337,861 Education Reform  Goals 200012 .........           1,763 61,000 271,498 431,469 668,092 Department of Agriculture ............................... 5,104,502 5,528,950 6,074,735 6,714,082 7,154,483 7,604,447 8,201,294 8,408,072 8,830,229 9,320,189 Child nutrition programs13 ...................... 4,555,581 4,977,075 5,536,966 6,126,983 6,596,588 7,043,699 7,644,789 7,875,000 8,300,000 8,800,000 Agricultural Marketing Service   commodities14 ................................. 342,071 350,441 350,859 400,000 389,900 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 Special milk program13 .......................... 18,544 18,707 19,900 19,178 15,535 ( 12) ( 12) ( 12) ( 12) ( 12) Estimated education share of Forest Service permanent appropriations .. 188,306 182,727 167,010 167,921 152,460 160,748 156,505 133,072 130,229 120,189 Department of Commerce ..............................                     Local public works program   school facilities15 .............................                     Department of Defense .................................. 1,059,259 1,097,876 1,253,105 1,197,318 1,259,374 1,210,168 1,295,547 1,313,126 1,351,788 1,316,587 Junior R. O. T. C. ...................................... 53,930 39,300 53,174 54,746 84,100 95,500 155,600 163,800 164,226 162,265 Overseas dependents schools ............... 821,365 864,958 960,293 912,916 895,674 849,649 855,772 813,270 832,577 852,142 Section VI schools11 .............................. 183,964 193,618 239,638 229,656 279,600 265,019 284,175 336,056 354,985 302,180 Department of Energy16 ................................. 12,851 15,563 15,676 15,236 6,254 11,615 12,646       Energy conservation for school buildings17 ....................................... 12,442 15,213 14,206 12,586 5,054 10,535 10,746       Pre engineering program ....................... 409 350 1,470 2,650 1,200 1,080 1,900       Department of Health and Human Services18 1,789,026 2,396,793 2,997,194 3,310,200 4,114,498 4,669,181 5,116,559 5,185,871 5,110,233 5,195,442 Head Start19 ........................................... 1,234,869 1,447,758 1,951,775 2,201,800 2,776,286 3,215,946 3,534,000 3,570,000 3,980,546 4,355,000 Payments to states for AFDC work programs20 ...................................... 85,511 459,221 545,700 594,184 736,474 838,981 953,000 931,000 453,000 160,000 Social Security student benefits21 .......... 468,646 489,814 499,719 514,216 601,738 614,254 629,559 684,871 676,687 680,442 Department of the Interior .............................. 379,381 445,267 644,770 517,666 536,483 485,758 493,124 486,463 558,395 535,603 Mineral Leasing Act and other funds: Payments to states   estimated education share ....................... 114,414 123,811 131,683 122,045 108,924 21,693 18,750 17,940 28,000 18,000 Payments to counties   estimated education share ....................... 54,804 102,522 35,038 45,805 34,903 39,819 37,490 39,000 61,000 39,000 Indian Education: Bureau of Indian Affairs schools ..... 186,643 192,841 452,521 325,582 368,817 399,234 411,524 408,889 450,218 460,387 Johnson O'Malley assistance22 ...... 23,000 25,556 24,931 23,590 22,980 24,326 24,359 19,634 18,177 17,216 Education expenses for children of employees, Yellowstone National Park .............. 520 538 597 644 859 686 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 Department of Justice ..................................... 58,523 65,997 78,050 94,724 107,857 112,447 128,850 175,900 191,400 222,200 Vocational training expenses for prisoners in federal prisons23 ......... 6,933 2,066 1,748 1,944 1,725 1,240 3,000   3,500 1,000 1,000 Inmate programs24 ................................. 51,590 63,931 76,302 92,780 106,132 111,207 125,850 179,400 190,400 221,200 Department of Labor ....................................... 2,271,966 2,505,487 3,209,147 3,708,362 4,240,990 4,011,184 3,957,800 4,084,000 4,432,000 4,990,000 Job Corps25 ............................................ 771,966 739,376 805,270 925,826 949,287 964,234 1,029,000 1,114,000 1,185,000 1,203,000 Training programs   estimated funds for education programs26 ..................... 1,500,000 1,766,111 2,403,877 2,782,536 3,291,703 3,046,950 2,928,800 2,970,000 3,247,000 3,787,000 Department of Transportation27 ..................... 40 46 31 60 60 60 62 40 40 40 Tuition assistance for educational accreditation   Coast Guard personnel28 ................ 40 46 31 60 60 60 62 40 40 40 Department of the Treasury ...........................                     Estimated education share of general revenue sharing: 29 State30 .............................................                     Local ................................................                     Tuition assistance for educational accreditation   Coast Guard personnel28 ................                     Department of Veterans Affairs31 ................... 168,865 155,351 167,040 190,608 222,567 335,866 311,768 344,298 402,229 347,831 Noncollegiate and job training programs32 ...................................... 43,696 12,848                 Vocational rehabilitation for disabled veterans33 ......................... 118,749 136,780 161,096 184,500 216,276 265,597 298,132 349,637 386,000 338,000 Dependents' education34 ....................... 6,420 5,723 5,944 6,108 5,840 5,740 5,961 4,493 5,236 5,331 Service members occupational conversion and training act of 1992 23,35 ...............................         451 64,529 7,675   9,832 10,993 4,500 Other agencies Appalachian Regional Commission36 .... 5,145 93 3,790 5,182 5,382 2,529 2,173 2,862 1,700 1,900 National Endowment for the Arts37 ........ 4,462 4,641 4,870 5,000 5,000 5,000 7,117 4,030 4,382 5,398 Arts in education ............................. 4,462 4,641 4,870 5,000 5,000 5,000 7,117 4,030 4,382 5,398 National Endowment for the Humanities38 ................................... 698 404 590 809 1,645 278 997 101 310 320 402 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 361.   Federal on budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose, by agency and program: Fiscal years 1965 to 1998   Continued [ In thousands of current dollars]

Level or educational purpose, by agency and program 1965 1970 1975 1980 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Office of Economic Opportunity39 .......... 182,793 1,072,375 16,619               Head Start40 .................................... 96,400 325,700                 Other elementary and secondary programs41 ............................... 20,000 42,809 16,612               Job Corps42 ..................................... 34,000 144,000                 Youth Corps and other training programs43 ............................... 31,000 553,368 7               Volunteers in Service to America ( VISTA) 44 ................................. 1,393 6,498                 Other programs Estimated education share of federal aid to the District of Columbia .............. 8,507 25,748 42,588 65,714 78,473 77,200 84,918 79,160 98,092 103,400 Postsecondary education programs .......... $ 1,197,511 $ 3,447,697 $ 7,644,037 $ 11,115,882 $ 10,918,099 $ 10,329,650 $ 11,174,379 $ 11,283,589 $ 10,299,998 $ 10,657,530 Department of Education10 ............................. 237,955 1,187,962 2,089,184 5,682,242 7,213,341 7,341,239 8,202,499 8,444,924 7,438,674 8,247,103 Student financial assistance45 ...............       3,682,789 4,043,597 3,743,262 4,162,695 4,585,210 4,779,817 5,219,916 Federal Direct Student Loan Program46                     Federal Family Education Loan Program47 .......................................   2,323 111,087 1,407,977 2,555,539 3,245,226 3,534,795 3,322,734 2,548,179 2,779,304 Higher education .................................... 218,264 1,029,131 1,838,066 399,787 364,422 419,200 404,511 402,035 419,105 411,775 Facilities   loans and insurance23 .......... 3,588 114,199 16,292   19,031 21,148   945 5,307 1,920   84,866   43,282 College housing loans 23,48 ....................       14,082   16,510   238,818   164,061   73,992   558,178   372,778 Educational activities overseas23 ........... 129 774 1,881 3,561 1,243 1,259 1,838   1,413   8 233 Historically Black Colleges and Universities Capital Financing, Program Account49 .........................                     Gallaudet College and Howard University .......................................... 15,974 38,559 111,971 176,829 216,782 148,600 229,938 171,729 299,085 224,781 National Technical Institute for the Deaf50 .......................................   2,976 9,887 16,248 27,120 23,455 27,476 36,701 35,540 27,154 Department of Agriculture ...............................     6,450 10,453 16,241 17,241 17,741 16,877 16,877 27,799 Agriculture Extension Service, Second Morrill Act payments to agricultural and mechanical colleges and Tuskegee Institute51 ........................     6,450 10,453 16,241 17,241 17,741 16,877 16,877 27,799 Department of Commerce .............................. 5,081 8,277 14,973 29,971 2,282 2,223 2,163 2,207 2,061 2,420 Sea Grant Program52 .............................     1,886 3,123 2,282 2,223 2,163 2,207 2,061 2,420 Merchant Marine Academy53 ................. 3,570 6,160 10,152 14,809             State marine schools53 .......................... 1,511 2,117 2,935 12,039             Department of Defense54 ............................... 77,500 322,100 379,800 545,000 810,500 857,700 1,041,700 1,068,300 1,079,768 573,400 Tuition assistance for military personnel   57,500 86,800 ( 55) 61,300 68,900 77,100 89,700 111,368 134,500 Service academies56 .............................. 77,500 78,700 86,200 106,100 151,900 160,700 196,400 214,500 223,700 109,100 Senior R. O. T. C. ......................................   108,100 116,500 ( 55) 345,700 395,100 354,000 362,000 382,440 179,200 Professional development education57 ..   77,800 90,300 ( 55) 251,600 233,000 414,200 402,100 362,260 150,600 Department of Energy16 ................................. 3,000 3,000 3,000 57,701 31,158 19,012 19,475 18,051 19,225 22,609 University laboratory cooperative program ........................................... 3,000 3,000 3,000 2,800 4,284 3,467 6,500 5,714 9,859 13,571 Teacher development projects58 ............       1,400             Graduate traineeship programs 23,59 ......               52   4   26 Energy conservation for buildings   higher education17 ..........................       53,501 26,874 15,395 12,705 11,815 8,500 7,746 Minority honors vocational training60 .....           150 150 230 390 598 Honors research program60 ...................             120 240 480 720 Students and teachers61 ........................                     Department of Health and Human Services18 469,223 981,483 1,686,650 2,412,058 1,209,860 629,690 516,088 492,524 506,093 509,927 Health professions training programs62 139,795 353,029 599,350 460,736 172,004 180,715 212,200 198,004 202,710 210,404 Indian health manpower63 ......................       7,187 5,692 5,471 5,577 4,750 7,018 5,998 National Health Service Corps scholarships ....................................     1,206 70,667 32,016 14,526 2,268 2,130 2,277 4,100 National Institutes of Health training grants64 ...........................................     154,875 176,388 164,654 166,462 217,927 217,943 222,542 238,430 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health training grants ............... 4,327 8,088 7,182 12,899 5,760 8,760 8,760 8,383 9,900 9,718 Alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health training programs65 ......................... 85,101 118,366 83,727 122,103 59,380 27,607 43,617 46,216 61,075 40,726 Health teaching facilities ........................     353 3,078 40,354 6,149 739 15,098 571 551 Social Security postsecondary students' benefits66 ......................................... 240,000 502,000 839,957 1,559,000 730,000 220,000 25,000       Department of Housing and Urban Development23 ....................................... 220,744 114,199   55,418               College housing loans 23,48 .................... 220,744 114,199   55,418               Department of the Interior .............................. 30,153 31,749 50,844 80,202 109,456 146,750 125,247 109,744 108,386 113,661 Shared revenues, Mineral Leasing Act and other receipts   estimated education share ............................... 6,260 6,949 15,480 35,403 69,900 96,451 71,991 55,733 49,421 52,117 Indian programs: Continuing education67 ................... 8,993 9,380 13,311 16,909 14,951 25,299 24,338 24,167 25,986 30,822 Higher education scholarships ........ 14,900 15,420 22,053 27,890 24,605 25,000 28,918 29,844 32,979 30,722 Department of State ....................................... 53,420 30,850 50,347             4,120 Educational exchange68 ......................... 53,420 30,850 50,347               Mutual educational and cultural exchange activities ................... 47,025 30,454 50,300               International educational exchange activities ................... 6,395 396 47               Russian, Eurasian, and East European Research and Training69 ................                   4,120 403 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 361.   Federal on budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose, by agency and program: Fiscal years 1965 to 1998   Continued [ In thousands of current dollars]