2 Estimated. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Women and Minority Groups Make Up Largest Segment of Adult Basic and Secondary Education Programs;'' Office of Vocational and Adult Education, Division of Adult Education and Literacy, `` Adult Education Program Facts, Program Year 1990   1991,'' and unpublished data. ( This table was prepared August 2001.) 407 VOCATIONAL EDUCATION: INSTITUTIONS Table 361.   Nondegree granting institutions offering postsecondary education, by control and state: 1998   99, 1999   2000, and 2000   01 State or other area 1998   99 1999   2000 2000   01 Total Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private Total Notforprofit Forprofit Total Notforprofit Forprofit Total Notforprofit Forprofit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 United States ............................. 5,437 564 4,873 1,082 3,791 5,165 501 4,664 1,042 3,622 5,076 532 4,544 995 3,549 Alabama .......................................... 52 6 46 9 37 53 6 47 9 38 53 5 48 9 39 Alaska ............................................. 24 4 20 5 15 26 6 20 4 16 25 5 20 4 16 Arizona ............................................ 87 0 87 13 74 84 1 83 11 72 79 1 78 10 68 Arkansas ......................................... 62 8 54 9 45 62 8 54 9 45 60 9 51 8 43 California ......................................... 854 32 822 195 627 814 30 784 183 601 811 30 781 178 603 Colorado ......................................... 104 7 97 19 78 102 7 95 19 76 96 6 90 18 72 Connecticut ..................................... 91 14 77 15 62 73 2 71 15 56 82 14 68 15 53 Delaware ......................................... 11 1 10 2 8 11 1 10 2 8 12 1 11 3 8 District of Columbia ........................ 20 2 18 10 8 19 2 17 10 7 18 2 16 9 7 Florida ............................................. 288 44 244 51 193 280 43 237 48 189 276 44 232 46 186 Georgia ........................................... 107 22 85 19 66 103 21 82 17 65 86 3 83 16 67 Hawaii ............................................. 20 1 19 2 17 21 1 20 2 18 20 1 19 2 17 Idaho ............................................... 19 0 19 1 18 19 0 19 1 18 19 0 19 1 18 Illinois .............................................. 220 11 209 51 158 213 7 206 51 155 208 5 203 50 153 Indiana ............................................ 83 8 75 13 62 76 8 68 11 57 75 7 68 11 57 Iowa ................................................ 52 0 52 10 42 44 0 44 8 36 43 0 43 7 36 Kansas ............................................ 42 8 34 6 28 42 8 34 6 28 41 8 33 5 28 Kentucky ......................................... 122 41 81 9 72 105 24 81 9 72 100 21 79 9 70 Louisiana ......................................... 86 6 80 13 67 86 7 79 13 66 86 7 79 13 66 Maine .............................................. 24 0 24 8 16 26 0 26 7 19 26 0 26 7 19 Maryland ......................................... 97 2 95 17 78 93 2 91 16 75 90 3 87 15 72 Massachusetts ................................ 156 13 143 30 113 142 9 133 29 104 150 16 134 30 104 Michigan .......................................... 211 5 206 33 173 197 5 192 32 160 194 7 187 31 156 Minnesota ....................................... 62 4 58 17 41 60 4 56 17 39 56 3 53 16 37 Mississippi ....................................... 31 0 31 4 27 26 0 26 4 22 25 0 25 2 23 Missouri ........................................... 143 41 102 20 82 123 29 94 19 75 137 47 90 17 73 Montana .......................................... 31 0 31 8 23 29 0 29 8 21 29 0 29 8 21 Nebraska ......................................... 41 0 41 7 34 39 0 39 9 30 29 0 29 7 22 Nevada ............................................ 68 2 66 1 65 63 2 61 1 60 61 2 59 1 58 New Hampshire .............................. 17 0 17 5 12 19 0 19 7 12 17 0 17 6 11 New Jersey ..................................... 162 16 146 27 119 150 12 138 24 114 152 14 138 23 115 New Mexico .................................... 24 0 24 4 20 19 0 19 2 17 16 0 16 1 15 New York ........................................ 315 39 276 110 166 304 38 266 111 155 300 41 259 109 150 North Carolina ................................. 71 4 67 8 59 70 4 66 9 57 67 3 64 8 56 North Dakota ................................... 9 0 9 3 6 8 0 8 3 5 9 0 9 3 6 Ohio ................................................ 231 57 174 50 124 219 55 164 47 117 215 61 154 43 111 Oklahoma ........................................ 108 44 64 3 61 105 44 61 3 58 109 46 63 3 60 Oregon ............................................ 74 0 74 6 68 69 0 69 7 62 68 0 68 6 62 Pennsylvania ................................... 313 43 270 97 173 298 40 258 93 165 283 43 240 88 152 Rhode Island ................................... 29 0 29 7 22 26 0 26 8 18 24 0 24 8 16 South Carolina ................................ 37 2 35 8 27 38 2 36 9 27 35 2 33 8 25 South Dakota .................................. 10 0 10 6 4 8 0 8 5 3 8 0 8 5 3 Tennessee ...................................... 112 27 85 15 70 107 27 80 14 66 101 27 74 11 63 Texas .............................................. 297 5 292 40 252 294 5 289 40 249 295 5 290 36 254 Utah ................................................ 41 6 35 3 32 37 5 32 2 30 36 5 31 2 29 Vermont .......................................... 7 0 7 4 3 7 0 7 4 3 6 0 6 4 2 Virginia ............................................ 136 12 124 34 90 135 12 123 32 91 126 10 116 31 85 Washington ..................................... 91 3 88 14 74 87 4 83 13 70 85 4 81 11 70 West Virginia ................................... 69 21 48 17 31 61 17 44 16 28 67 22 45 18 27 Wisconsin ........................................ 68 2 66 24 42 66 2 64 23 41 62 1 61 23 38 Wyoming ......................................... 8 1 7 0 7 7 1 6 0 6 8 1 7 0 7 Outlying areas ............................ 91 8 83 16 67 90 8 82 17 65 89 5 84 15 69 American Samoa ............................ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Guam .............................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Northern Marianas .......................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Palau ............................................... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Puerto Rico ..................................... 91 8 83 16 67 90 8 82 17 65 89 5 84 15 69 Virgin Islands .................................. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NOTE: Includes all institutions that did not grant degrees at the associate or higher level, or were not eligible for Title IV federal financial aid. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS), `` Institutional Characteristics'' surveys. ( This table was prepared August 2001.) 409 CHAPTER 4 Federal Programs for Education and Related Activities This chapter provides a summary of federal funds for education to help describe the magnitude of the federal fiscal effort and give some indication of the scope and variety of the education programs. Data in this chapter reflect outlays and obligations of federal agencies. These tabulations differ from federal receipts reported in other chapters because of numerous variations in the data collection systems. Federal dollars are not necessarily spent by recipient institutions in the same year they are appropriated. In some cases, institutions cannot identify the source of federal revenues because they flow through state agencies. Some types of revenues, such as tuition and fees, are reported as revenues from students even though they may be supported by federal student aid programs. Some institutions that receive federal education funds are not included in regular surveys conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics. Thus, the revenue data tabulated in this chapter are not comparable with figures reported in other chapters. Readers should be careful about comparing data on obligations shown in some tables with data on outlays and appropriations appearing in others. Federal on budget funding for education showed sizable growth between fiscal years ( FYs) 1965 and 2001, after adjustment for inflation. Particularly large increases occurred between 1965 and 1975. After a slight increase from 1975 to 1980, there was a substantial decrease from 1980 to 1985 ( 16 percent). Thereafter, federal on budget funding for education generally increased, showing a rise of 56 percent from 1985 to 2001, after adjustment for inflation ( table 362). During the 1965 to 1975 period, after adjustment for inflation, federal funds for elementary and secondary education rose by 207 percent, postsecondary education by 259 percent, other education by 141 percent, and research at educational institutions by 6 percent. Between 1975 and 1980, federal funding for elementary and secondary education increased by 2 percent and research by 15 percent, but postsecondary education decreased slightly by 2 percent and other education decreased by 35 percent After declining 21 percent between 1980 and 1985, federal funding for elementary and secondary education programs rose by 89 percent between 1985 and 2001. Postsecondary education decreased by 25 percent between 1980 and 1985 and then declined 10 percent between 1985 and 2001. Between 1985 and 2001, other education rose by 86 percent, and research by 69 percent, after adjustment for inflation ( table 362). Off budget support and nonfederal funds generated by federal legislation showed an increase in real dollars between FY 1980 and FY 2001 ( 256 percent but there were significant fluctuations throughout the period. These amounts tend to fluctuate because of changes in interest rates and program legislation which affect the number and volume of student loans. Between FY 1990 and FY 2001, these same funds showed an increase of 141 percent ( table 362). According to FY 2001 estimates, $ 36.8 billion or about 40 percent of the $ 92.8 billion spent by the federal government on education came from the U. S. Department of Education. Large amounts of money also came from the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services ($ 19.5 billion), the U. S. Department of Agriculture ($ 11.0 billion), the U. S. Department of Labor ($ 5.6 billion), the U. S. Department of Defense ($ 4.5 billion), and the U. S. Department of Energy ($ 3.5 billion) ( table 363). Fiscal year 2001 estimates call for federal program funds for elementary and secondary education to be $ 48.7 billion; for postsecondary education, $ 15.3 billion for research at universities and related institutions $ 22.8 billion; and for other programs, $ 6.0 billion ( table 364). Almost 60 percent of total federal education support excluding estimated federal tax expenditures, went to educational institutions in FY 2001. Another 20 percent was used for student support. Banks and other lending agencies received 6 percent, and all other recipients, including libraries, museums, and federal institutions, received almost 15 percent ( table 365). Between FYs 1990 and 2001, U. S. Department of Education obligations rose 46 percent, after adjustment for inflation. Funds for student financial assistance increased by $ 2.0 billion in 2001, a rise of 13 percent since 1990. Funds for elementary and secondary education were an estimated $ 16.4 billion in 2001, an increase of 74 percent since 1990, after ad 410 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES * The U. S. Department of Education as established in 1867 was later known as the Office of Education. In 1980, under Public Law 96   88, it became a cabinet level department. Therefore, for purposes of consistency, it is referred to as the `` U. S. Department of Education'' even in those tables covering years when it was officially the Office of Education. justment for inflation. Funds for the handicapped increased by 101 percent, to $ 9.2 billion, and funds for vocational and adult education increased 22 percent, after adjustment for inflation ( table 37 in chapter 1 and table 366). Of the $ 36.8 billion spent by the U. S. Department of Education in FY 2001, about $ 17.6 billion went to school districts, $ 6.1 billion to institutions of higher education, $ 6.2 billion to college students, and $ 4.9 billion to state education agencies. A portion of the remaining $ 1.9 billion went to banks to subsidize student loans ( table 367). Thirty three percent of public elementary and secondary school students received publicly funded free or reduced price lunches in 1993   94. At public elementary schools, the participation rate was 39 percent compared with 22 percent for public secondary schools ( table 375). About 13 percent of all elementary and secondary school children received Title I services in 1993   94. Federally sponsored Title I programs are designed to improve student achievement, particularly for children in schools with high concentrations of poverty. Children in rural areas ( 13 percent) and central cities ( 17 percent) were more likely to receive services than those in suburban areas ( 9 percent) ( table 376).

Federal Education Legislation A capsule view of the history of federal education activities is provided in the following list of selected legislation:

1787 Northwest Ordinance authorized land grants for the establishment of educational institutions.

1802 An Act Fixing the Military Peace Establishment of the United States established the U. S. Military Academy. ( The U. S. Naval Academy was established in 1845 by the Secretary of the Navy.)

1862 First Morrill Act authorized public land grants to the states for the establishment and maintenance of agricultural and mechanical colleges

1867 Department of Education Act authorized the establishment of the U. S. Department of Education

1876 Appropriation Act, U. S. Department of the Treasury, established the U. S. Coast Guard Academy. 1890 Second Morrill Act provided for money grants for support of instruction in the agricultural and mechanical colleges.

1911 State Marine School Act authorized federal funds to be used for the benefit of any nautical school in any of 11 specified state seaport cities.

1917 Smith Hughes Act provided for grants to states for support of vocational education.

1918 Vocational Rehabilitation Act provided for grants for rehabilitation through training of World War I veterans.

1919 An Act to Provide for Further Educational Facilities authorized the sale by the federal government of surplus machine tools to educational institutions at 15 percent of acquisition cost.

1920 Smith Bankhead Act authorized grants to states for vocational rehabilitation programs.

1935 Bankhead Jones Act ( Public Law 74   182) authorized grants to states for agricultural experiment stations.

Agricultural Adjustment Act ( Public Law 74   320) authorized 30 percent of the annual customs receipts to be used to encourage the exportation and domestic consumption of agricultural commodities. Commodities purchased under this authorization began to be used in school lunch programs in 1936. The National School Lunch Act of 1946 continued and expanded this assistance.

1936 An Act to Further the Development and Maintenance of an Adequate and Well Balanced American Merchant Marine ( Public Law 74   415) established the U. S. Merchant Marine Academy.

1937 National Cancer Institute Act established the Public Health Service fellowship program.

1941 Amendment to Lanham Act of 1940 authorized federal aid for construction, maintenance, and operation of schools in federally impacted areas. Such assistance was continued under Public Law 815 and Public Law 874, 81st Congress, in 1950.

1943 Vocational Rehabilitation Act ( Public Law 78   16) provided assistance to disabled veterans.

School Lunch Indemnity Plan ( Public Law 78   129) provided funds for local lunch food purchases 411 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES 1944 Servicemen's Readjustment Act ( Public Law 78   346) known as the GI Bill, provided assistance for the education of veterans.

Surplus Property Act ( Public Law 78   457) authorized transfer of surplus property to educational institutions.

1946 National School Lunch Act ( Public Law 79   396) authorized assistance through grants inaid and other means to states to assist in providing adequate foods and facilities for the establishment, maintenance, operation, and expansion of nonprofit school lunch programs

George Barden Act ( Public Law 80   402) expanded federal support of vocational education

1948 United States Information and Educational Exchange Act ( Public Law 80   402) provided for the interchange of persons, knowledge, and skills between the United States and other countries.

1949 Federal Property and Administrative Services Act ( Public Law 81   152) provided for donation of surplus property to educational institutions and for other public purposes.

1950 Financial Assistance for Local Educational Agencies Affected by Federal Activities ( Public Law 81   815 and Public Law 81   874) provided assistance for construction ( Public Law 815) and operation ( Public Law 874) of schools in federally affected areas.

Housing Act ( Public Law 81   475) authorized loans for construction of college housing facilities

1954 An Act for the Establishment of the United States Air Force Academy and Other Purposes ( Public Law 83   325) established the U. S. Air Force Academy.

Educational Research Act ( Public Law 83   531) authorized cooperative arrangements with universities, colleges, and state educational agencies for educational research.

School Milk Program Act ( Public Law 83   597) provided funds for purchase of milk for school lunch programs.

1956 Library Services Act ( Public Law 84   597) provided grants to states for extension and improvement of rural public library services.

1957 Practical Nurse Training Act ( Public Law 84   911) provided grants to states for practical nurse training. 1958 National Defense Education Act ( Public Law 85   864) provided assistance to state and local school systems for strengthening instruction in science, mathematics, modern foreign languages, and other critical subjects; improvement of state statistical services; guidance, counseling, and testing services and training institutes; higher education student loans and fellowships; foreign language study and training provided by colleges and universities; experimentation and dissemination of information on more effective utilization of television, motion pictures, and related media for educational purposes; and vocational education for technical occupations necessary to the national defense.

Education of Mentally Retarded Children Act ( Public Law 85   926) authorized federal assistance for training teachers of the handicapped

Captioned Films for the Deaf Act ( Public Law 85   905) authorized a loan service of captioned films for the deaf.

1961 Area Redevelopment Act ( Public Law 87   27) included provisions for training or retraining of persons in redevelopment areas.

1962 Manpower Development and Training Act ( Public Law 87   415) provided training in new and improved skills for the unemployed and underemployed

Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962 ( Public Law 87   510) authorized loans, advances and grants for education and training of refugees.

1963 Health Professions Educational Assistance Act of 1963 ( Public Law 88   129) provided funds to expand teaching facilities and for loans to students in the health professions.

Vocational Education Act of 1963 ( Part of Public Law 88   210) increased federal support of vocational education schools; vocational work study programs; and research, training, and demonstrations in vocational education.

Higher Education Facilities Act of 1963 ( Public Law 88   204) authorized grants and loans for classrooms, libraries, and laboratories in public community colleges and technical institutes as well as undergraduate and graduate facilities in other institutions of higher education

1964 Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( Public Law 88   352) authorized the Commissioner of Education to arrange for support for institutions of higher 412 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES education and school districts to provide inservice programs for assisting instructional staff in dealing with problems caused by desegregation

Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 ( Public Law 88   452) authorized grants for college workstudy programs for students from low income families; established a Job Corps program and authorized support for work training programs to provide education and vocational training and work experience opportunities in welfare programs; authorized support of education and training activities and of community action programs, including Head Start, Follow Through, and Upward Bound; and authorized the establishment of Volunteers in Service to America ( VISTA).

1965 Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( Public Law 89   10) authorized grants for elementary and secondary school programs for children of low income families; school library resources, textbooks, and other instructional materials for school children; supplementary educational centers and services strengthening state education agencies; and educational research and research training

Health Professions Educational Assistance Amendments of 1965 ( Public Law 89   290) authorized scholarships to aid needy students in the health professions.

Higher Education Act of 1965 ( Public Law 89   329) provided grants for university community service programs, college library assistance, library training and research, strengthening developing institutions, teacher training programs and undergraduate instructional equipment. Authorized insured student loans, established a National Teacher Corps, and provided for graduate teacher training fellowships

National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities Act ( Public Law 89   209) authorized grants and loans for projects in the creative and performing arts and for research, training and scholarly publications in the humanities

National Technical Institute for the Deaf Act ( Public Law 89   36) provided for the establishment construction, equipping, and operation of a residential school for postsecondary education and technical training of the deaf. School Assistance in Disaster Areas Act ( Public Law 89   313) provided for assistance to local education agencies to help meet exceptional costs resulting from a major disaster.

1966 International Education Act ( Public Law 89   698) provided grants to institutions of higher education for the establishment, strengthening and operation of centers for research and training in international studies and the international aspects of other fields of study.

National Sea Grant College and Program Act ( Public Law 89   688) authorized the establishment and operation of Sea Grant Colleges and programs by initiating and supporting programs of education and research in the various fields relating to the development of marine resources.

Adult Education Act ( Public Law 89   750) authorized grants to states for the encouragement and expansion of educational programs for adults, including training of teachers of adults and demonstrations in adult education ( previously part of Economic Opportunity Act of 1964).

Model Secondary School for the Deaf Act ( Public Law 89   694) authorized the establishment and operation, by Gallaudet College, of a model secondary school for the deaf.

1967 Education Professions Development Act ( Public Law 90   35) amended the Higher Education Act of 1965 for the purpose of improving the quality of teaching and to help meet critical shortages of adequately trained educational personnel.

Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 ( Public Law 90   129) established a Corporation for Public Broadcasting to assume major responsibility in channeling federal funds to noncommercial radio and television stations, program production groups, and ETV networks; conduct research demonstration, or training in matters related to noncommercial broadcasting; and award grants for construction of educational radio and television facilities.

1968 Elementary and Secondary Education Amendments of 1968 ( Public Law 90   247) modified existing programs, authorized support of regional centers for education of handicapped children, model centers and services for deafblind children, recruitment of personnel and dissemination of information on education of the handicapped; technical assistance in education to rural areas; support of dropout pre 413 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES vention projects; and support of bilingual education programs.

Handicapped Children's Early Education Assistance Act ( Public Law 90   538) authorized preschool and early education programs for handicapped children.

Vocational Education Amendments of 1968 ( Public Law 90   576) modified existing programs and provided for a National Advisory Council on Vocational Education and collection and dissemination of information for programs administered by the Commissioner of Education.

1970 Elementary and Secondary Education Assistance Programs, Extension ( Public Law 91   230) authorized comprehensive planning and evaluation grants to state and local education agencies; provided for the establishment of a National Commission on School Finance.

National Commission on Libraries and Information Services Act ( Public Law 91   345) established a National Commission on Libraries and Information Science to effectively utilize the nation's educational resources.

Office of Education Appropriation Act ( Public Law 91   380) provided emergency school assistance to desegregating local education agencies.

Environmental Education Act ( Public Law 91   516) established an Office of Environmental Education to develop curriculum and initiate and maintain environmental education programs at the elementary secondary levels; disseminate information; provide training programs for teachers and other educational, public, community, labor, and industrial leaders and employees; provide community education programs; and distribute material dealing with the environment and ecology.

Drug Abuse Education Act of 1970 ( Public Law 91   527) provided for development, demonstration and evaluation of curricula on the problems of drug abuse.

1971 Comprehensive Health Manpower Training Act of 1971 ( Public Law 92   257) amended Title VII of the Public Health Service Act, increasing and expanding provisions for health manpower training and training facilities.

1972 Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act of 1972 ( Public Law 92   255) established a Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention to provide overall planning and policy for all federal drug abuse prevention functions; a National Advisory Council for Drug Abuse Prevention community assistance grants for community mental health centers for treatment and rehabilitation of persons with drugabuse problems, and, in December 1974, a National Institute on Drug Abuse.

Education Amendments of 1972 ( Public Law 92   318) established the Education Division in the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare and the National Institute of Education general aid for institutions of higher education; federal matching grants for state Student Incentive Grants; a National Commission on Financing Postsecondary Education; State Advisory Councils on Community Colleges a Bureau of Occupational and Adult Education and State Grants for the design, establishment, and conduct of postsecondary occupational education; and a bureau level Office of Indian Education. Amended current U. S. Department of Education programs to increase their effectiveness and better meet special needs. Prohibited sex bias in admission to vocational, professional, and graduate schools, and public institutions of undergraduate higher education.

1973 Older Americans Comprehensive Services Amendment of 1973 ( Public Law 93   29) made available to older citizens comprehensive programs of health, education, and social services.

Comprehensive Employment and Training Act of 1973 ( Public Law 93   203) provided for opportunities for employment and training to unemployed and underemployed persons. Extended and expanded provisions in the Manpower Development and Training Act of 1962, Title I of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1962, Title I of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, and the Emergency Employment Act of 1971 as in effect prior to June 30, 1973.

1974 Education Amendments of 1974 ( Public Law 93   380) provided for the consolidation of certain programs; and established a National Center for Education Statistics.

Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 ( Public Law 93   415) provided for technical assistance, staff training, centralized research, and resources to develop and implement programs to keep students in elementary and secondary schools; and established in the U. S. Department of Justice, a 414 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES National Institute for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

1975 Indian Self Determination and Education Assistance Act ( Public Law 93   638) provided for increased participation of Indians in the establishment and conduct of their education programs and services.

Harry S Truman Memorial Scholarship Act ( Public Law 93   642) established the Harry S Truman Scholarship Foundation and created a perpetual education scholarship fund for young Americans to prepare and pursue careers in public service.

Indochina Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1975 ( Public Law 94   23) authorized funds to be used for education and training of aliens who have fled from Cambodia or Vietnam

Education for All Handicapped Children Act ( Public Law 94   142) provided that all handicapped children have available to them a free appropriate education designed to meet their unique needs.

1976 Educational Broadcasting Facilities and Telecommunications Demonstration Act of 1976 ( Public Law 94   309) established a telecommunications demonstration program to promote the development of nonbroadcast telecommunications facilities and services for the transmission, distribution, and delivery of health, education, and public or social service information.

1977 Youth Employment and Demonstration Projects Act of 1977 ( Public Law 95   93) established a youth employment training program that includes among other activities, promoting education to work transition, literacy training and bilingual training, and attainment of certificates of high school equivalency.

Career Education Incentive Act ( Public Law 95   207) authorized the establishment of a career education program for elementary and secondary schools.

1978 Tribally Controlled Community College Assistance Act of 1978 ( Public Law 95   471) provided federal funds for the operation and improvement of tribally controlled community colleges for Indian students.

Education Amendments of 1978 ( Public Law 95   561) established a comprehensive basic skills program aimed at improving pupil achievement ( replaced the existing National Reading Improvement program); and established a community schools program to provide for the use of public buildings.

Middle Income Student Assistance Act ( Public Law 95   566) modified the provisions for student financial assistance programs to allow middle income as well as low income students attending college or other postsecondary institutions to qualify for federal education assistance.

1979 Department of Education Organization Act ( Public Law 96   88) established a U. S. Department of Education containing functions from the Education Division of the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare along with other selected education programs from HEW, the U. S. Department of Justice, U. S. Department of Labor, and the National Science Foundation.

1980 Asbestos School Hazard Detection and Control Act of 1980 ( Public Law 96   270) established a program for inspection of schools for detection of hazardous asbestos materials and provided loans to assist educational agencies to contain or remove and replace such materials

1981 Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of 1981 ( Part of Public Law 97   35) consolidated 42 programs into 7 programs to be funded under the elementary and secondary block grant authority.

1983 Student Loan Consolidation and Technical Amendments Act of 1983 ( Public Law 98   79) established an 8 percent interest rate for Guaranteed Student Loans and extended Family Contribution Schedule.

Challenge Grant Amendments of 1983 ( Public Law 98   95) amended Title III, Higher Education Act, and added authorization of Challenge Grant program. The Challenge Grant program provides funds to eligible institutions on a matching basis as an incentive to seek alternative sources of funding.

Education of the Handicapped Act Amendments of 1983 ( Public Law 98   199) added the Architectural Barrier amendment and clarified participation of handicapped children in private schools.

1984 Education for Economic Security Act ( Public Law 98   377) added new science and mathematics programs for elementary, secondary, and postsecondary education. The new programs included magnet schools, excellence in education, and equal access. 415 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Carl D. Perkins Vocational Education Act ( Public Law 98   524) continued federal assistance for vocational education through FY 1989. The act replaced the Vocational Education Act of 1963. It provided aid to the states to make vocational education programs accessible to all persons, including handicapped and disadvantaged, single parents and homemakers and the incarcerated.

Human Services Reauthorization Act ( Public Law 98   558) created a Carl D. Perkins scholarship program, a National Talented Teachers Fellowship program, a Federal Merit Scholarships program, and a Leadership in Educational Administration program.

1985 Montgomery GI Bill   Active Duty ( Public Law 98   525), brought about a new GI Bill for individuals who initially entered active military duty on or after July 1, 1985.

Montgomery GI Bill   Selected Reserve ( Public Law 98   525), is an education program for members of the Selected Reserve ( which includes the National Guard) who enlist, reenlist or extend an enlistment after June 30, 1985, for a 6 year period.

1986 Handicapped Children's Protection Act of 1986 ( Public Law 99   372) allowed parents of handicapped children to collect attorneys' fees in cases brought under the Education of the Handicapped Act and provided that the Education of the Handicapped Act does not preempt other laws, such as Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act.

Drug Free Schools and Communities Act of 1986 ( Part of Public Law 99   570), part of the Anti Drug Abuse Act of 1986, authorized funding for FYs 1987   89. Established programs for drug abuse education and prevention coordinated with related community efforts and resources, through the use of federal financial assistance.

1987 Higher Education Act Amendments of 1987 ( Public Law 100   50) made technical corrections clarifications, or conforming amendments related to the enactment of the Higher Education Amendments of 1986.

1988 Augustus F. Hawkins Robert T. Stafford Elementary and Secondary School Improvement Amendments of 1988 ( Public Law 100   297) reauthorized through 1993 major elementary and secondary education programs including: Chapter 1, Chapter 2, Bilingual Education, Math Science Education, Magnet Schools, Impact Aid, Indian Education, Adult Education and other smaller education programs.

Technology Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988 ( Public Law 100   407) provided financial assistance to states to develop and implement consumer responsive statewide programs of technology related assistance for persons of all ages with disabilities

Stewart B. McKinney Homeless Assistance Amendments Act of 1988 ( Public Law 100   628) extended for two additional years programs providing assistance to the homeless, including literacy training for homeless adults and education for homeless youths.

Tax Reform Technical Amendments ( Public Law 100   647) authorized an Education Savings Bond for the purpose of postsecondary educational expenses. The bill grants tax exclusion for interest earned on regular series EE savings bonds.

1989 Children with Disabilities Temporary Care Reauthorization Act of 1989 ( Public Law 101   127) revised and extended the programs established in the Temporary Child Care for Handicapped Children and Crises Nurseries Act of 1986.

Childhood Education and Development Act of 1989 ( Part of Public Law 101   239) authorized the appropriations to expand Head Start Programs and programs carried out under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 to include child care services.

1990 Excellence in Mathematics, Science and Engineering Education Act of 1990 ( Public Law 101   589) was intended to promote excellence in American mathematics, science, and engineering education by creating a national mathematics and science clearinghouse, and creating several other mathematics, science, and engineering education programs.

Student Right To Know and Campus Security Act ( Public Law 101   542) requires institutions of higher education receiving federal financial assistance to provide certain information with respect to the graduation rates of student athletes at such institutions. The act also requires the institution to certify that it has a campus security policy and will annually submit a uniform crime report to the Federal Bureau of Investigation ( FBI). 416 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ( Public Law 101   336) prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities.

National and Community Service Act of 1990 ( Public Law 101   610) increased school and college based community service opportunities and authorized the President's Points of Light Foundation.

School Dropout Prevention and Basic Skills Improvement Act of 1990 ( Public Law 101   600) was intended to improve secondary school programs for basic skills improvements and dropout reduction.

Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Reauthorization Act of 1990 ( Public Law 101   637) reauthorized the Asbestos School Hazard Abatement Act of 1984, which provided financial support to elementary and secondary schools to inspect for asbestos and to develop and implement an asbestos management plan.

Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Act of 1990 ( Public Law 101   454) provided a permanent endowment for the Eisenhower Exchange Fellowship Program.

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1990 ( Public Law 101   508) included a set of student aid provisions that were estimated to yield a savings of $ 2 billion over 5 years. These provisions included delayed Guaranteed Student Loan disbursements, tightened ability to benefit eligibility, and expanded pro rata refund policy and the elimination of student aid eligibility at high default schools.

1991 National Literacy Act of 1991 ( Public Law 102   73) established the National Institute for Literacy the National Institute Board, and the Interagency Task Force on Literacy. Amended various federal laws to establish and extend various literacy programs.

High Performance Computing Act of 1991 ( Public Law 102   194) directed the President to implement a National High Performance Computing Program. Provided for: ( 1) establishment of a National Research and Education Network; ( 2) standards and guidelines for high performance networks; and ( 3) the responsibility of certain federal departments and agencies with regard to the Network.

Veterans' Educational Assistance Amendments of 1991 ( Public Law 102   127) restored certain educational benefits available to reserve and active duty personnel under the Montgomery GI Bill to students whose course studies were interrupted by the Persian Gulf War.

Civil Rights Act of 1991 ( Public Law 102   166) amended the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, with regard to employment discrimination Established the Technical Assistance Training Institute.

1992 Higher Education Amendments of 1992 ( Public Law 102   325) amended the Higher Education Act of 1965 to revise and reauthorize funding for its various programs.

Ready To Learn Act ( Public Law 102   545) amended the General Education Provisions Act to establish Ready To Learn Television programs to support educational programming and support materials for preschool and elementary school children and their parents, child care providers, and educators.

National Commission on Time and Learning, Extension ( Public Law 102   359) amended the National Education Commission on Time and Learning Act to extend the authorization of appropriations for such Commission, amended the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 to revise provisions for ( 1) a specified civic education program; and ( 2) schoolwide projects for educationally disadvantaged children, and provided for additional Assistant Secretaries of Education.

1993 Student Loan Reform Act ( Public Law 103   66) reformed the student aid process by phasing in a system of direct lending designed to provide savings for taxpayers and students. Allows students to choose among a variety of repayment options, including income contingency

National Service Trust Act ( Public Law 103   82) amended the National and Community Service Act of 1990 to establish a Corporation for National Service and enhance opportunities for national service. In addition, the Act provided education grants up to $ 4,725 per year for 2 years to people age 17 years or older who perform community service before, during or after postsecondary education.

NAEP Assessment Authorization ( Public Law 103   33) authorizes the use of NAEP for state by state comparisons.

1994 Goals 2000: Educate America Act ( Public Law 103   227) established a new federal partner 417 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES ship through a system of grants to states and local communities to reform the nation's education system. The Act formalized the national education goals and established the National Education Goals Panel. It also created a National Education Standards and Improvement Council ( NESIC) to provide voluntary national certification of state and local education standards and assessments and established the National Skill Standards Board to develop voluntary national skill standards.

School To Work Opportunities Act of 1994 ( Public Law 103   239) established a national framework within which states and communities can develop School To Work Opportunities systems to prepare young people for first jobs and continuing education. The Act also provided money to states and communities to develop a system of programs that include work based learning, school based learning, and connecting activities components School To Work programs will provide students with a high school diploma ( or its equivalent), a nationally recognized skill certificate or an associate degree ( if appropriate and may lead to a first job or further education.

Safe Schools Act of 1994 ( Part of Public Law 103   227) authorized the award of competitive grants to local educational agencies with serious crime to implement violence prevention activities such as conflict resolution and peer mediation.

Educational Research, Development, Dissemination and Improvement Act of 1994 ( Part of Public Law 103   227) authorized the educational research and dissemination activities of the Office of Educational Research and Improvement The regional educational laboratories and university based research and development centers are authorized under this act.

Student Loan Default Exemption Extension ( Public Law 103   235) amended the Higher Education Act of 1965 to extend until July 1, 1998, the effective date for cohort default rate extension for Historically Black Colleges and Universities, tribally controlled community colleges and Navajo community colleges.

Improving America's Schools Act ( Public Law 103   382) reauthorized and revamped the Elementary and Secondary Education Act. The legislation includes Title I, the federal government's largest program providing educational assistance to disadvantaged children; professional development and technical assistance programs; a safe and drug free schools and communities provision; and provisions promoting school equity.

1995 Amendment to the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 ( Public Law 104   5) amended a provision of Part A of Title IX of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 relating to Indian education, to provide a technical amendment and for other purposes.

1996 Contract With America: Unfunded Mandates ( Public Law 104   4) a bill to curb the practice of imposing unfunded federal mandates on states and local governments; to strengthen the partnership between the federal government and state, local, and tribal governments; to end the imposition, in the absence of full consideration by Congress, of federal mandates on state, local, and tribal governments without adequate funding, in a manner that may displace other essential governmental priorities and to ensure that the federal government pays the costs incurred by those governments in complying with certain requirements under federal statutes and regulations and for other purposes.

Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act Amendments of 1996 ( Public Law 104   1834) amended the Developmental Disabilities Assistance and Bill of Rights Act to extend the act, and for other purposes.

Remove Grant Limits on Historically Black Colleges ( Public Law 104   141) amended section 326 of the Higher Education Act of 1965 to permit continued participation by historically black graduate and professional schools in the grant program authorized by that section.

Correct Impact Aid Payments ( Public Law 104   195) amends the Impact Aid Program to provide for a hold harmless with respect to amounts for payments relating to the federal acquisition of real property, and for other purposes

Human Rights, Refugee, and Other Foreign Relations Provisions Act of 1996 ( Public Law 104   319) made certain provisions with respect to internationally recognized human rights, refugees, and foreign relations to revise U. S. human rights policy.

1997 Need Based Educational Aid Antitrust Protection Act of 1997 ( Public Law 105   43) amends 418 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994 to clarify the financial information exchanged between institutions of higher education.

The Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997 ( Public Law 105   34) enacted the Hope Scholarship and Life Long Learning Tax Credit provisions into law.

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997 ( Public Law 105   17) amended the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act ( IDEA) to revise its provisions and extend through fiscal year 2002 the authorization of appropriations for IDEA programs.

Emergency Student Loan Consolidation Act of 1997 ( Public Law 105   78) amends the Higher Education Act to provide for improved student loan consolidation services.

1998 Workforce Investment Act of 1998 ( Public Law 105   220) enacted the Adult Education and Family Literacy Act, and substantially revised and extended, through fiscal year 2003, the Rehabilitation Act of 1973.

Higher Education Amendments of 1998 ( Public Law 105   244) substantially amended, and reauthorized through fiscal year 2003, the Higher Education Act of 1965.

Omnibus Consolidated and Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act, 1999 ( Public Law 105   277) enacted the Reading Excellence Act, to promote the ability of children to read independently by the 3rd grade; earmarked funds to help states and school districts reduce class sizes in the early grades.

Charter School Expansion Act ( Public Law 105   278) amended the charter school program enacted in 1994 as Title X, Part C of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965.

Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Education Amendments of 1998 ( Public Law 105   332) revised, in its entirety, the Carl D. Perkins Vocational and Applied Technology Eduation Act, and reauthorized the Act through fiscal year 2003.

Assistive Technology Act of 1998 ( Public Law 105   394) replaced the Technology Related Assistance for Individuals with Disabilities Act of 1988 with a new Act, authorized through fiscal year 2004, to address the assistivetechnology needs of individuals with disabilities

1999 Education Flexibility Partnership Act of 1999 ( Public Law 106   25) authorizes the Secretary of Education to allow all states to participate in the Education Flexibility Partnership program

District of Columbia College Access Act of 1999 ( Public Law 106   98) establishes a program to afford high school graduates from the District of Columbia the benefits of in state tuition at state colleges and universities outside the District of Columbia.

Ticket to Work and Work Incentives Improvement Act of 1999 ( Public Law 106   170) amends the Social Security Act to expand the availability of health care coverage for working individuals with disabilities and establishes a Ticket to Work and Self Sufficiency Program in the Social Security Administration to provide such individuals with meaningful opportunities to work.

2000 The National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 ( Public Law 106   398) includes as Title XVIII, the Impact Aid Reauthorization Act of 2000, which extends the Impact Aid programs through fiscal year 2003.

College Scholarship Fraud Prevention Act of 2000 ( Public Law 106   420) enhanced federal penalties for offenses involving scholarship fraud, requires an annual scholarship fraud report by the Attorney General, the Secretary of Education, and the Federal Trade Commission ( FTC), and requires the Secretary of Education, in conjunction with the FTC, to maintain a scholarship fraud awareness Web site.

Consolidated Appropriations Act 2001 ( Public Law 106   554) created a new program of assistance for school repair and renovation, and amended the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 to authorize credit enhancement initiatives to help charter schools obtain, construct, or repair facilities; to reauthorize the Even Start program; and enacted the `` Children's Internet Protection Act.'' 419 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES Department of Interior, 1.2% Department of Agriculture, 11.9% Department of Education, 39.6%

Department of Defense, 4.8%

Department of Energy, 3.8%

Department of Health and Human Services, 21.0% Department of Labor, 6.1% Department of Veterans Affairs, 2.3% National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2.3% National Science Foundation, 3.8% Other, 3.3%

Total = $ 92.8 billion SOURCE: U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U. S. Government, Fiscal Year 2002; and National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, Fiscal Years 1999, 2000, and 2001. Figure 20.   Federal on budget funds for education, by agency: Fiscal year 2001 420 FEDERAL PROGRAMS FOR EDUCATION AND RELATED ACTIVITIES 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Fiscal year 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 In billions of constant FY 2001dollars Figure 21.   Federal on budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose: 1965 to 2001 48 13.4 16.8 16.6 1.7 3.5 Figure 22.   Department of Education outlays, by type of recipient: Fiscal year 2001 Elementary and secondary Other education Postsecondary Research at educational institutions State education agencies, 13.4% Local education agencies, 48.0%

Other and multiple types of recipients, 3.5%

Federal, 1.7%

Postsecondary institutions, 16.6%

Postsecondary students, 16.8%

SOURCE: U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U. S. Government, Fiscal Year 2002; Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance; National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development , Fiscal Years 1999, 2000, and 2001; and unpublished data obtained from various federal agencies. SOURCE: U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U. S. Government, fiscal years 1967 to 2002; National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, fiscal years 1967 to 2001; and unpublished data. $

Total outlays = $ 36.8 billion 421 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 362.   Federal support and estimated federal tax expenditures for education, by category: Fiscal years 1965 to 2001 [ In millions of dollars]

Fiscal year Total on budget support,

offbudget support, and nonfederal funds generated by federal legislation On budget support 1 Off budget support and nonfederal funds generated by federal legislation Estimated federal tax expenditures for education 9 Total Elementary and secondary Postsecondary Other education Research at educational institutions Total Off budget support Nonfederal funds Federal Direct Student Loans 2 Federal Family Education Loans 3 Perkins Loans 4 Income Contingent Loans 5 Leveraging Educational Assistance Partnerships Programs 6 Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants 7 Work

Study aid 8 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Current dollars 1965 .................. $ 5,354.7 $ 5,331.0 $ 1,942.6 $ 1,197.5 $ 374.7 $ 1,816.3 $ 23.7     $ 16.1       $ 7.6   1970 .................. 13,359.1 12,526.5 5,830.4 3,447.7 964.7 2,283.6 832.6   $ 770.0 21.0       41.6   1975 .................. 24,691.5 23,288.1 10,617.2 7,644.0 1,608.5 3,418.4 1,403.4   1,233.0 35.7   $ 20.0   114.7 $ 8,605.0 1980 .................. 39,349.5 34,493.5 16,027.7 11,115.9 1,548.7 5,801.2 4,856.0   4,598.0 31.8   76.8   149.4 13,320.0 1985 .................. 47,753.4 39,027.9 16,901.3 11,174.4 2,107.6 8,844.6 8,725.5   8,467.0 21.4   76.0   161.1 19,105.0 1986 .................. 48,357.3 39,962.9 17,049.9 11,283.6 2,620.0 9,009.4 8,394.4   8,142.0 20.2   72.7   159.5 20,425.0 1987 .................. 50,724.6 41,194.7 17,535.7 10,300.0 2,820.4 10,538.6 9,529.8   9,272.0 20.9 $ 0.6 76.0   160.4 20,830.0 1988 .................. 54,078.7 43,454.4 18,564.9 10,657.5 2,981.6 11,250.5 10,624.3   10,380.0 20.6 0.5 72.8   150.4 17,025.0 1989 .................. 59,537.4 48,269.6 19,809.5 13,269.9 3,180.3 12,009.8 11,267.8   10,938.0 20.4 0.5 71.9 $ 22.0 215.0 17,755.0 1990 .................. 62,811.5 51,624.3 21,984.4 13,650.9 3,383.0 12,606.0 11,187.2   10,826.0 15.0 0.5 59.2 48.8 237.7 19,040.0 1991 .................. 70,375.6 57,599.5 25,418.0 14,707.4 3,698.6 13,775.4 12,776.1   12,372.0 17.3 0.5 63.5 87.7 235.0 18,995.0 1992 .................. 74,481.1 60,483.1 27,926.9 14,387.4 3,992.0 14,176.9 13,998.0   13,568.0 17.3 0.5 72.0 97.2 242.9 19,950.0 1993 .................. 84,741.5 67,740.6 30,834.3 17,844.0 4,107.2 14,955.1 17,000.8   16,524.0 29.3   72.4 184.6 190.5 21,010.0 1994 .................. 92,781.5 68,254.2 32,304.4 16,177.1 4,483.7 15,289.1 24,527.3 $ 813.0 23,214.0 52.7   72.4 184.6 190.5 22,630.0 1995 .................. 95,810.8 71,639.5 33,623.8 17,618.1 4,719.7 15,677.9 24,171.2 5,161.0 18,519.0 52.7   63.4 184.6 190.5 24,600.0 1996 .................. 96,833.0 71,327.4 34,391.5 15,775.5 4,828.0 16,332.3 25,505.6 8,357.0 16,711.0 31.1   31.4 184.6 190.5 26,340.0 1997 .................. 103,259.8 73,731.8 35,478.9 15,959.4 5,021.2 17,272.4 29,528.0 9,838.0 19,163.0 52.7   50.0 184.6 239.7 28,125.0 1998 .................. 107,810.5 76,909.2 37,486.2 15,799.6 5,148.5 18,475.0 30,901.3 10,400.1 20,002.5 45.0   25.0 194.3 234.4 29,540.0 1999 .................. 113,417.2 82,863.6 39,937.9 17,651.2 5,318.0 19,956.5 30,553.6 9,953.0 20,107.0 33.3   25.0 195.9 239.4 37,360.0 2000 .................. 119,100.0 85,502.6 43,809.0 15,010.4 5,485.1 21,198.0 33,597.4 10,347.0 22,711.0 33.3   50.0 199.7 256.4 39,475.0 2001 10 ............... 128,149.7 92,774.5 48,707.0 15,310.1 5,976.4 22,781.1 35,375.2 10,860.0 23,903.0 33.3   80.0 218.7 280.2 41,460.0 Constant fiscal year 2001 dollars 11 1965 .................. $ 28,838.4 $ 28,710.7 $ 10,461.9 $ 6,449.3 $ 2,017.7 $ 9,781.7 $ 127.7     $ 86.8       $ 40.9   1970 .................. 57,523.6 53,938.5 25,105.6 14,845.6 4,154.0 9,833.3 3,585.0   $ 3,315.6 90.3       179.1   1975 .................. 74,729.7 70,482.4 32,133.4 23,135.0 4,868.1 10,346.0 4,247.3   3,731.7 107.9   $ 60.5   347.1 $ 26,043.4 1980 .................. 80,474.0 70,543.0 32,778.4 22,733.2 3,167.3 11,864.1 9,931.0   9,403.4 65.0   157.1   305.5 27,240.9 1985 .................. 72,821.6 59,515.6 25,773.7 17,040.4 3,214.0 13,487.6 13,305.9   12,911.8 32.6   115.9   245.7 29,134.2 1986 .................. 71,966.7 59,473.9 25,374.2 16,792.6 3,899.2 13,408.0 12,492.8   12,117.2 30.1   108.2   237.4 30,397.1 1987 .................. 73,473.2 59,669.5 25,400.0 14,919.3 4,085.3 15,264.9 13,803.7   13,430.3 30.3 $ 0.8 110.1   232.3 30,171.7 1988 .................. 75,925.8 61,009.4 26,064.8 14,963.0 4,186.1 15,795.5 14,916.4   14,573.4 29.0 0.7 102.2   211.2 23,902.8 1989 .................. 80,602.5 65,347.9 26,818.4 17,964.9 4,305.6 16,259.0 15,254.5   14,808.0 27.6 0.7 97.3 $ 29.8 291.1 24,036.9 1990 .................. 82,256.6 67,606.1 28,790.2 17,876.9 4,430.3 16,508.6 14,650.5   14,177.5 19.7 0.7 77.5 63.9 311.3 24,934.4 1991 .................. 88,264.7 72,241.0 31,879.2 18,446.0 4,638.8 17,277.1 16,023.7   15,516.9 21.8 0.6 79.7 110.0 294.7 23,823.4 1992 .................. 90,351.0 73,370.3 33,877.3 17,452.9 4,842.5 17,197.6 16,980.6   16,459.0 21.0 0.7 87.3 118.0 294.7 24,200.8 1993 .................. 100,268.5 80,152.6 36,484.0 21,113.5 4,859.7 17,695.3 20,115.9   19,551.7 34.6   85.7 218.4 225.5 24,859.6 1994 .................. 107,549.9 79,118.5 37,446.4 18,752.0 5,197.4 17,722.7 28,431.4 $ 942.4 26,909.1 61.1   84.0 214.0 220.9 26,232.1 1995 .................. 108,480.9 81,113.2 38,070.3 19,948.0 5,343.8 17,751.2 27,367.7 5,843.5 20,968.0 59.6   71.8 209.0 215.7 27,853.1 1996 .................. 107,116.6 78,902.3 38,043.9 17,450.9 5,340.8 18,066.8 28,214.3 9,244.5 18,485.7 34.4   34.7 204.2 210.7 29,137.3 1997 .................. 111,909.5 79,908.1 38,450.8 17,296.3 5,441.8 18,719.2 32,001.4 10,662.1 20,768.2 57.1   54.2 200.1 259.8 30,480.9 1998 .................. 115,372.0 82,303.4 40,115.3 16,907.7 5,509.6 19,770.8 33,068.6 11,129.5 21,405.4 48.2   26.8 207.9 250.8 31,611.8 1999 .................. 119,351.3 87,199.1 42,027.5 18,574.7 5,596.3 21,000.6 32,152.2 10,473.8 21,159.0 35.0   26.3 206.1 251.9 39,314.7 2000 .................. 122,227.0 87,747.5 44,959.2 15,404.5 5,629.1 21,754.6 34,479.5 10,618.7 23,307.3 34.2   51.3 204.9 263.1 40,511.4 2001 10 ............... 128,149.7 92,774.5 48,707.0 15,310.1 5,976.4 22,781.1 35,375.2 10,860.0 23,903.0 33.3   80.0 218.7 280.2 41,460.0   Not available or applicable.

1 On budget support includes federal funds for education programs tied to appropriations.

2 The Federal Direct Student Loan ( FDSL) program, renamed the William D. Ford Direct Loan program, provides students with the same benefits they are currently eligible to receive under the Federal Family Education Loan ( FFEL)

program but provides loans to students through federal capital rather than through private lenders. This program is an off budget support program.

3 Formerly the Guaranteed Student Loan program. New student loans guaranteed by the federal government and disbursed to borrowers.

4 Student loans created from institutional matching funds ( since 1993 1/ 3 of federal capital contributions). Excludes repayments of outstanding loans.

5 Student loans created from institutional matching funds ( 1/ 9 of the federal contribution). This was a demonstration project that involved only 10 institutions and had unsubsidized interest rates. Program repealed in FY 1992.

6 Formerly the State Student Incentive Grant program. Provides dollar for dollar required state matching contributions.

Starting in fiscal year 2000, under $ 30.0 million was also dollar for dollar required state matching contributions, and over $ 30.0 million, the state matching is two to one. 7 Institutions award grants to undergraduate students, and the federal share of such grants may not exceed 75 percent of the total grant.

8 Employer contributions to student earnings is generally 1/ 3 of federal allocation.

9 Losses of tax revenue attributable to provisions of the federal income tax laws that allow a special exclusion,

exemption or deduction from gross income or provide a special credit, preferential rate of tax, or a deferral of tax liability affecting individual or corporate income tax liabilities.

10 Estimated.

11 Data adjusted by the federal funds composite deflator prepared by the U. S. Office of Management and Budget.

NOTE: To the extent possible, federal education funds data represent outlays rather than obligations. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, compiled from data appearing in U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U. S. Government, Appendix, fiscal years 1967 to 2002; National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, fiscal years 1965 to 2001; and unpublished data obtained from various federal agencies. ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 422 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 363.   Federal on budget funds for education, by agency: Fiscal years 1965 to 2001 [ In thousands of current dollars]

Agency 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total ........................................................ $ 5,331,016 $ 12,526,499 $ 23,288,120 $ 34,493,502 $ 39,027,876 $ 51,624,342 $ 71,639,520 $ 82,863,596 $ 85,502,629 $ 92,774,545 Department of Education ................................ 1,000,567 4,625,224 7,350,355 13,137,785 16,701,065 23,198,575 31,403,000 34,344,076 34,106,697 36,754,063 Department of Agriculture ............................... 768,927 960,910 2,219,352 4,562,467 4,782,274 6,260,843 9,092,089 10,318,294 11,107,826 11,029,503 Department of Commerce .............................. 9,347 13,990 38,967 135,561 55,114 53,835 88,929 105,802 108,400 130,500 Department of Defense .................................. 587,412 821,388 1,009,229 1,560,301 3,119,213 3,605,509 3,879,002 4,112,225 4,432,981 4,476,157 Department of Energy .................................... 442,434 551,527 764,676 1,605,558 2,247,822 2,561,950 2,692,314 3,354,514 3,373,918 3,535,161 Department of Health and Human Services .. 1,027,537 1,796,854 3,675,225 5,613,930 5,322,356 7,956,011 12,469,563 15,535,462 17,601,780 19,467,381 Department of Housing and Urban Development ................................. 221,256 114,709   52,768 5,314 438 118 1,613 1,000 1,000 1,100 Department of the Interior .............................. 170,088 190,975 300,191 440,547 549,479 630,537 702,796 773,313 959,402 1,095,128 Department of Justice ..................................... 10,252 15,728 61,542 60,721 66,802 99,775 172,350 261,459 277,627 286,842 Department of Labor ....................................... 230,041 424,494 1,103,935 1,862,738 1,948,685 2,511,380 3,967,914 5,407,300 4,688,600 5,633,600 Department of State ....................................... 64,200 59,742 89,433 25,188 23,820 51,225 54,671 346,921 388,349 394,268 Department of Transportation .........................   27,534 52,290 54,712 82,035 76,186 135,816 115,030 120,254 138,990 Department of the Treasury ........................... 8,240 18 1,118,840 1,247,463 290,276 41,715 49,496 65,000 83,000 92,000 Department of Veterans Affairs ...................... 97,237 1,032,918 4,402,212 2,351,233 1,289,849 757,476 1,324,382 1,552,813 1,577,374 2,105,952 Other agencies and programs ACTION ..........................................................     7,081 2,833 1,761 8,472         Agency for International Development ........... 63,329 88,034 78,896 176,770 198,807 249,786 290,580 326,047 313,000 409,700 Appalachian Regional Commission ................   37,838 45,786 19,032 4,745 93 10,623 10,031 7,243 7,300 Barry Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in Education Foundation ........................           1,033 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 Corporation for National and Community Service .................................             214,600 372,000 386,000 498,000 Environmental Protection Agency ..................   19,446 33,875 41,083 60,521 87,481 125,721 127,800 153,500 151,600 Estimated education share of federal aid to the District of Columbia .......................... 11,350 33,019 55,487 81,847 107,340 104,940 78,796 117,710 147,643 158,127 Federal Emergency Management Agency .....   290 290 1,946 1,828 215 170,400 14,356 14,894 12,500 General Services Administration .................... 4,013 14,775 22,532 34,800             Harry S Truman Scholarship fund ..................         1,895 1,332 2,883 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 Institute of American Indian and Alaskan Native Culture and Arts Development ...           4,305 13,000 4,000 2,000 4,000 Institute of Museum and Library Services ......               142,000 166,000 165,000 James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation ...............................................           191 2,000 2,000 7,000 2,000 Japanese United States Friendship Commission .............................................       2,294 2,236 2,299 2,000 2,000 3,000 3,000 Library of Congress ........................................ 15,111 29,478 63,766 151,871 169,310 189,827 241,000 350,000 299,000 305,000 National Aeronautics and Space Administration .......................................... 208,788 258,366 197,901 255,511 487,624 1,093,303 1,757,900 2,094,349 2,096,538 2,097,920 National Archives and Records Administration ..........................................         52,118 77,397 105,172 131,707 121,879 142,713 National Commission on Libraries and Information Science ................................     449 2,090 723 3,281 1,000 1,000 2,000 1,000 National Endowment for the Arts ...................   340 4,754 5,220 5,536 5,577 9,421 11,136 10,048 10,081 National Endowment for the Humanities ........   8,459 63,955 142,586 125,671 141,048 151,727 92,100 100,014 100,315 National Science Foundation .......................... 181,216 295,628 535,294 808,392 1,147,115 1,588,891 2,086,195 2,729,717 2,785,298 3,495,505 Nuclear Regulatory Commission ....................     7,093 32,590 30,261 42,328 22,188 8,900 9,100 10,800 Office of Economic Opportunity ...................... 189,871 1,092,410 16,619               Smithsonian Institution .................................... 2,233 2,461 5,509 5,153 7,886 5,779 9,961       United States Arms Control Agency ...............   100   661 395 25   10,135 25,764 31,794 United States Information Agency .................. 7,512 8,423 9,405 66,210 143,007 201,547 294,800       United States Institute of Peace .....................           7,621 12,000 12,000 13,000 15,000 Other agencies ............................................... 10,055 1,421 5,949 990 432 885 500 5,400 6,500 6,545   Not available or applicable.

NOTE: Data for fiscal year 2001 are estimated. Negative amounts occur when program receipts exceed outlays. To the extent possible, amounts reported represent outlays rather than obligations. Some data have been revised from previously published data. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, compiled from data appearing in U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U. S. Government, Appendix, fiscal years 1967 to 2002; National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, fiscal years 1965 to 2001; and unpublished data obtained from various federal agencies. ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 423 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 364.   Federal on budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose, by agency and program: Fiscal years 1965 to 2001 [ In thousands of current dollars]

Level or educational purpose, by agency and program 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1 1995 2 1999 3 2000 4 2001 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total, all programs ......................... $ 5,331,016 $ 12,526,499 $ 23,288,120 $ 34,493,502 $ 39,027,876 $ 51,624,342 $ 71,639,520 $ 82,863,596 $ 85,502,629 $ 92,774,545 Elementary/ secondary education programs .......................................................... $ 1,942,577 $ 5,830,442 $ 10,617,195 $ 16,027,686 $ 16,901,334 $ 21,984,361 $ 33,623,809 $ 39,937,910 $ 43,809,043 $ 48,706,995 Department of Education6 .............................. 567,343 2,719,204 4,132,742 6,629,095 7,296,702 9,681,313 14,029,000 17,026,662 20,039,563 22,931,418 Grants for the disadvantaged .................   1,339,014 1,874,353 3,204,664 4,206,754 4,494,111 6,808,000 7,554,155 8,529,111 8,470,199 Impact aid program7 ............................... 349,671 656,372 618,711 690,170 647,402 816,366 808,000 1,081,063 877,101 1,140,483 School improvement programs .............. 72,298 288,304 700,470 788,918 526,401 1,189,158 1,397,000 1,328,021 2,549,971 3,287,617 Indian education .....................................     40,036 93,365 82,328 69,451 71,000 56,845 65,285 84,473 Bilingual education .................................   21,250 92,693 169,540 157,539 188,919 225,000 311,331 362,662 448,110 Special education ................................... 13,849 79,090 151,244 821,777 1,017,964 1,616,623 3,177,000 4,444,100 4,948,977 5,814,825 Vocational and adult education .............. 131,525 335,174 655,235 860,661 658,314 1,306,685 1,482,000 1,364,029 1,462,977 1,722,985 Education Reform  Goals 20008 ...........             61,000 887,118 1,243,479 1,962,726 Department of Agriculture ............................... 623,014 760,477 1,884,345 4,064,497 4,134,906 5,528,950 8,201,294 9,367,933 10,051,278 10,041,539 Child nutrition programs9 ....................... 178,580 299,131 1,452,267 3,377,056 3,664,561 4,977,075 7,644,789 8,877,933 9,554,028 9,541,539 Agricultural Marketing Service   commodities10 .................................. 340,073 341,597 248,839 388,000 336,502 350,441 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000 Special milk program9 ............................ 86,609 83,800 122,858 159,293 15,993 18,707 ( 9) ( 9) ( 9) ( 9) Estimated education share of Forest Service permanent appropriations ....... 17,752 35,949 60,381 140,148 117,850 182,727 156,505 90,000 97,250 100,000 Department of Commerce ..............................       54,816             Local public works program   school facilities11 ..........................................       54,816             Department of Defense .................................. 73,000 143,100 264,500 370,846 831,625 1,097,876 1,295,547 1,378,974 1,485,611 1,489,147 Junior ROTC ..........................................   12,100 12,500 32,000 55,600 39,300 155,600 167,636 210,432 218,418 Overseas dependents schools ............... 73,000 131,000 252,000 338,846 613,437 864,958 855,772 882,261 904,829 895,935 Section VI schools7 ................................         162,588 193,618 284,175 329,077 370,350 374,794 Department of Energy12 ................................. 100 200 300 77,633 23,031 15,563 12,646       Energy conservation for school buildings13 ........................................       77,240 22,731 15,213 10,746       Pre engineering program ....................... 100 200 300 393 300 350 1,900       Department of Health and Human Services14 79,999 167,333 683,885 1,077,000 1,531,059 2,396,793 5,116,559 5,429,850 6,011,036 6,979,608 Head Start15 ...........................................     403,900 735,000 1,075,059 1,447,758 3,534,000 4,658,000 5,267,000 6,200,000 Payments to states for AFDC work programs16 .......................................           459,221 953,000 62,000 15,000 9,000 Social Security student benefits17 .......... 79,999 167,333 279,985 342,000 456,000 489,814 629,559 709,850 729,036 770,608 Department of the Interior ....................... 130,096 140,705 220,392 318,170 389,810 445,267 493,124 593,306 725,423 812,627 Mineral Leasing Act and other funds: Payments to states   estimated education share ............................ 11,075 12,294 27,389 62,636 127,369 123,811 18,750 13,840 24,610 4,370 Payments to counties   estimated education share ............................ 10,731 16,359 29,494 48,953 59,016 102,522 37,490 23,900 53,500 9,500 Indian Education: Bureau of Indian Affairs schools ..... 92,603 95,850 141,056 178,112 177,265 192,841 411,524 476,086 466,905 488,418 Johnson O'Malley assistance18 ...... 15,534 16,080 22,251 28,081 25,675 25,556 24,359 18,080 17,387 16,998 Education construction ....................               60,400 161,021 292,341 Education expenses for children of employees, Yellowstone National Park .............. 153 122 202 388 485 538 1,000 1,000 2,000 1,000 Department of Justice ..................................... 6,402 8,237 9,822 23,890 36,117 65,997 128,850 204,800 224,800 244,400 Vocational training expenses for prisoners in federal prisons ........ 1,466 2,720 3,039 4,966 8,292 2,066 3,000 3,000 1,000 1,000 Inmate programs19 ................................. 4,936 5,517 6,783 18,924 27,825 63,931 125,850 201,800 223,800 243,400 Department of Labor ....................................... 230,041 420,927 1,097,811 1,849,800 1,945,268 2,505,487 3,957,800 5,402,000 4,683,200 5,628,000 Job Corps20 ............................................     175,000 469,800 604,748 739,376 1,029,000 1,253,000 1,256,000 1,412,000 Training programs   estimated funds for education programs21 ..................... 230,041 420,927 922,811 1,380,000 1,340,520 1,766,111 2,928,800 4,149,000 3,427,200 4,216,000 Department of Transportation22 .....................   45 50 60 60 46 62 150 188 218 Tuition assistance for educational accreditation   Coast Guard personnel23 ................   45 50 60 60 46 62 150 188 218 Department of the Treasury ........................... 32   847,139 935,903 273,728           Estimated education share of general revenue sharing: 24 State25 .............................................     475,224 525,019             Local ................................................     371,915 410,884 273,728           Tuition assistance for educational accreditation   Coast Guard personnel23 ................ 32                   Department of Veterans Affairs26 ................... 41,250 338,910 1,371,500 545,786 344,758 155,351 311,768 417,903 445,052 427,177 Noncollegiate and job training programs27 ....................................... 14,550 281,640 1,249,410 439,993 224,035 12,848         Vocational rehabilitation for disabled veterans28 ......................... 17,400 41,700 73,100 87,980 107,480 136,780 298,132 411,592 438,635 419,200 Dependents' education29 ....................... 9,300 15,570 48,990 17,813 13,243 5,723 5,961 6,311 6,417 7,977 Service members occupational conversion and training act of 199230 ...........................................             7,675       Other agencies: Appalachian Regional Commission31 ....   33,161 41,667 9,157 4,632 93 2,173 3,254 2,588 2,600 National Endowment for the Arts32 ........     3,686 4,989 4,399 4,641 7,117 4,862 6,002 4,816 Arts in education .............................     3,686 4,989 4,399 4,641 7,117 4,862 6,002 4,816 National Endowment for the Humanities33 ....................................   20 149 330 321 404 997 360 812 815 Office of Economic Opportunity34 .......... 182,793 1,072,375 16,619               Head Start35 .................................... 96,400 325,700                 Other elementary and secondary programs36 .................................... 20,000 42,809 16,612               Job Corps37 ..................................... 34,000 144,000                 Youth Corps and other training programs38 ................................ 31,000 553,368 7               424 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 364.   Federal on budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose, by agency and program: Fiscal years 1965 to 2001   Continued [ In thousands of current dollars]

Level or educational purpose, by agency and program 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1 1995 2 1999 3 2000 4 2001 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Volunteers in Service to America ( VISTA) 39 ...................................... 1,393 6,498                 Other programs: Estimated education share of federal aid to the District of Columbia ................ 8,507 25,748 42,588 65,714 84,918 86,579 66,871 107,857 133,490 144,630 Postsecondary education programs .......... $ 1,197,511 $ 3,447,697 $ 7,644,037 $ 11,115,882 $ 11,174,379 $ 13,650,915 $ 17,618,137 $ 17,651,199 $ 15,010,421 $ 15,310,069 Department of Education6 .............................. 237,955 1,187,962 2,089,184 5,682,242 8,202,499 11,175,978 14,234,000 13,715,591 10,727,315 10,026,839 Student financial assistance40 ...............       3,682,789 4,162,695 5,920,328 7,047,000 9,124,741 9,060,317 10,006,502 Federal Direct Student Loan Program 41,42 ....................................             840,000 626,794   2,862,240   442,485 Federal Family Education Loan Program 42,43 ....................................   2,323 111,087 1,407,977 3,534,795 4,372,446 5,190,000 2,805,488 2,707,473   1,788,059 Higher education .................................... 218,264 1,029,131 1,838,066 399,787 404,511 659,492 871,000 854,632 1,530,779 1,911,710 Facilities   loans and insurance42 .......... 3,588 114,199 16,292   19,031 5,307 19,219   6,000   8,207   2,174   4,538 College housing loans 42,44 ....................       14,082   164,061   57,167   46,000   34,959   41,886   29,757 Educational activities overseas .............. 129 774 1,881 3,561 1,838 82         Historically Black Colleges and Universities Capital Financing, Program Account45 ..........................               103 150 204 Gallaudet College and Howard University ............................ 15,974 38,559 111,971 176,829 229,938 230,327 292,000 301,542 291,060 324,391 National Technical Institute for the Deaf46 ..................................................   2,976 9,887 16,248 27,476 31,251 46,000 45,457 43,836 48,871 Department of Agriculture ...............................     6,450 10,453 17,741 31,273 33,373 29,676 30,676 32,676 Agriculture Extension Service, Second Morrill Act payments to agricultural and mechanical colleges and Tuskegee Institute47 .........................     6,450 10,453 17,741 31,273 33,373 29,676 30,676 32,676 Department of Commerce .............................. 5,081 8,277 14,973 29,971 2,163 3,312 3,487 3,602 3,800 3,600 Sea Grant Program48 .............................     1,886 3,123 2,163 3,312 3,487 3,602 3,800 3,600 Merchant Marine Academy49 ................. 3,570 6,160 10,152 14,809             State marine schools49 .......................... 1,511 2,117 2,935 12,039             Department of Defense50 ............................... 77,500 322,100 379,800 545,000 1,041,700 635,769 729,500 983,183 1,147,759 1,198,099 Tuition assistance for military personnel   57,500 86,800 ( 51) 77,100 95,300 127,000 280,500 263,303 284,500 Service academies52 .............................. 77,500 78,700 86,200 106,100 196,400 120,613 163,300 115,116 212,678 236,958 Senior ROTC ..........................................   108,100 116,500 ( 51) 354,000 193,056 219,400 321,820 363,461 361,355 Professional development education53 ..   77,800 90,300 ( 51) 414,200 226,800 219,800 265,747 308,317 315,286 Department of Energy12 ................................. 3,000 3,000 3,000 57,701 19,475 25,502 28,027       University laboratory cooperative program ............................................ 3,000 3,000 3,000 2,800 6,500 9,402 8,552       Teacher development projects54 ............       1,400             Graduate traineeship programs55 ..........                     Energy conservation for buildings   higher education13 ...............................       53,501 12,705 7,459 7,381       Minority honors vocational training56 .....         150           Honors research program56 ...................         120 6,472 2,221       Students and teachers57 ........................           2,169 9,873       Department of Health and Human Services14 469,223 981,483 1,686,650 2,412,058 516,088 578,542 796,035 880,210 954,190 1,204,340 Health professions training programs58 139,795 353,029 599,350 460,736 212,200 230,600 298,302 301,656 340,361 587,919 Indian health manpower59 ......................       7,187 5,577 9,508 27,000 29,000 16,000 31,000 National Health Service Corps scholarships ......................................     1,206 70,667 2,268 4,759 78,206 28,523 33,300 32,332 National Institutes of Health training grants60 ................................................     154,875 176,388 217,927 241,356 380,502 509,185 550,220 539,000 National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health training grants ................ 4,327 8,088 7,182 12,899 8,760 10,461 11,660 11,709 14,198 14,000 Alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health training programs61 ......................... 85,101 118,366 83,727 122,103 43,617 81,353         Health teaching facilities ........................     353 3,078 739 505 365 137 110 89 Social Security postsecondary students' benefits62 ............................................. 240,000 502,000 839,957 1,559,000 25,000           Department of Housing and Urban Development42 ........................................ 220,744 114,199   55,418               College housing loans 42,44 .................... 220,744 114,199   55,418               Department of the Interior .............................. 30,153 31,749 50,844 80,202 125,247 135,480 159,054 132,207 187,179 234,501 Shared revenues, Mineral Leasing Act and other receipts   estimated education share ................................ 6,260 6,949 15,480 35,403 71,991 69,980 82,810 47,800 98,740 143,690 Indian programs: Continuing education63 ................... 8,993 9,380 13,311 16,909 24,338 34,911 43,907 54,898 57,576 60,604 Higher education scholarships ........ 14,900 15,420 22,053 27,890 28,918 30,589 32,337 29,509 30,863 30,206 Department of State ....................................... 53,420 30,850 50,347     2,167 3,000 290,000 319,000 321,000 Educational exchange64 ......................... 53,420 30,850 50,347         290,000 319,000 321,000 Mutual educational and cultural exchange activities ................... 47,025 30,454 50,300         276,000 303,000 305,000 International educational exchange activities ........................................ 6,395 396 47         14,000 16,000 16,000 Russian, Eurasian, and East European Research and Training65 ..................           2,167 3,000       Department of Transportation22 .....................   11,197 11,885 12,530 55,569 46,025 59,257 60,300 60,300 76,900 Merchant Marine Academy49 .................         19,898 20,926 30,850 32,000 34,000 47,000 State marine schools66 ..........................         19,777 8,269 8,980 7,000 7,000 8,000 Coast Guard Academy23 ........................   9,342 9,780 10,000 11,857 12,074 13,500 14,500 15,500 15,200 Postgraduate training for Coast Guard officers67 ..............................................   1,655 1,855 2,230 3,499 4,173 5,513 5,800 2,500 3,100 Tuition assistance to Coast Guard military personnel23 .........................   200 250 300 538 582 414 1,000 1,300 3,600 Department of the Treasury ........................... 8,208   268,605 296,750             425 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 364.   Federal on budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose, by agency and program: Fiscal years 1965 to 2001   Continued [ In thousands of current dollars]

Level or educational purpose, by agency and program 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1 1995 2 1999 3 2000 4 2001 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 General revenue sharing   estimated state share to higher education 24,25 ......................     268,605 296,750             Coast Guard Academy23 ........................ 6,815                   Postgraduate training for Coast Guard officers67 .............................................. 1,293                   Tuition assistance to Coast Guard military personnel23 ......................... 100                   Department of Veterans Affairs26 ................... 55,650 693,490 3,029,600 1,803,847 944,091 599,825 1,010,114 1,134,910 1,132,322 1,678,775 Vietnam era veterans: 68 ......................... 33,950 638,260 2,840,600 1,579,974 694,217 46,998         College student support ..................       1,560,081 679,953 39,458         Work study ......................................       19,893 14,264 7,540         Service persons college support69 .........   18,900 74,690 46,617 35,630 8,911         Post Vietnam veterans70 ........................       922 82,554 161,475 33,596 3,710 3,958 4,300 All volunteer force educational assistance: 71 ....................................         196 269,947 868,394 988,724 984,068 1,494,844 Veterans72 .......................................           183,765 760,390 886,059 876,434 1,378,994 Reservists73 ....................................         196 86,182 108,004 102,665 107,634 115,850 Veteran dependents' education74 .......... 21,700 36,330 114,310 176,334 131,494 100,494 95,124 129,476 131,296 165,631 Payments to state education agencies75           12,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 14,000 Other agencies: Appalachian Regional Commission31 ....   4,105 2,545 1,751     2,741 3,366 2,286 2,300 National Endowment for the Humanities33 ....................................   3,349 25,320 56,451 49,098 50,938 56,481 28,518 28,395 28,500 National Science Foundation ................. 27,170 42,000 60,283 64,583 60,069 161,884 211,800 369,000 389,000 478,000 Science and engineering education programs ....................................... 27,170 37,000 60,283 64,583 60,069 161,884 211,800 369,000 389,000 478,000 Sea Grant Program48 ......................   5,000                 United States Information Agency76 ...... 7,512 8,423 9,405 51,095 124,041 181,172 260,800       Educational and cultural affairs64 ...       49,546 21,079 35,862 13,600       Educational and cultural exchange programs77 ....................................         101,529 145,307 247,200       Educational exchange activities, international ..................................       1,549 1,433 3         Information center and library activities78 ................................. 7,512 8,423 9,405               Other programs: Barry Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in Education Foundation79 ....................................           1,033 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 Estimated education share of federal aid to the District of Columbia ................ 1,895 5,513 10,564 13,143 15,266 14,637 9,468 8,636 13,199 12,539 Harry S Truman Scholarship fund 42,80 ..         1,895 1,332 2,883 3,000 3,000 3,000 3,000 Institute of American Indian and Alaskan Native Culture and Arts Development81 .................................           4,305 13,000 4,000 2,000 4,000 James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation82 ........................................           191 2,000 2,000 7,000 2,000 Other education programs .......................... $ 374,652 $ 964,719 $ 1,608,478 $ 1,548,730 $ 2,107,588 $ 3,383,031 $ 4,719,655 $ 5,318,020 $ 5,485,121 $ 5,976,416 Department of Education6 .............................. 182,021 630,235 1,045,659 747,706 1,173,055 2,251,801 2,861,000 3,123,291 3,223,355 3,430,388 Administration ......................................... 17,732 47,456 108,372 187,317 284,900 328,293 404,000 439,941 458,054 555,819 Libraries83 ............................................... 26,111 108,284 225,810 129,127 85,650 137,264 117,000       Rehabilitative services and disability research ............................................ 137,313 473,091 709,483 426,886 798,298 1,780,360 2,333,000 2,675,165 2,755,468 2,858,738 American Printing House for the Blind ... 865 1,404 1,994 4,349 4,230 5,736 7,000 7,725 9,368 15,203 Trust funds and contributions42 .............       27   23 148   460 465 628 Department of Agriculture ............................... 87,551 135,637 220,395 271,112 336,375 352,511 422,878 428,311 444,477 453,788 Extension Service ................................... 85,924 131,734 215,523 263,584 325,986 337,907 405,371 408,311 424,174 433,429 National Agricultural Library ................... 1,627 3,903 4,872 7,528 10,389 14,604 17,507 20,000 20,303 20,359 Department of Commerce .............................. 251 1,226 2,317 2,479             Maritime Administration: Training for private sector employees49 .............................. 251 1,226 2,317 2,479             Department of Health and Human Services14 3,953 24,273 31,653 37,819 47,195 77,962 138,000 181,000 214,000 246,000 National Library of Medicine .................. 3,953 24,273 31,653 37,819 47,195 77,962 138,000 181,000 214,000 246,000 Department of Housing and Urban Development ............................................ 512                   Urban mass transportation   managerial training grants84 .............................. 512                   Department of Justice ..................................... 3,850 5,546 42,818 27,642 25,517 26,920 36,296 33,759 34,727 24,442 FBI National Academy ........................... 1,850 2,066 5,100 7,234 4,189 6,028 12,831 18,815 22,479 14,776 FBI Field Police Academy ...................... 1,450 2,500 5,254 7,715 10,220 10,548 11,140 14,410 11,962 9,280 Narcotics and dangerous drug training .. 550 980 1,152 2,416 83 850 325 534 286 386 National Institute of Corrections85 ..........     31,312 10,277 11,025 9,494 12,000       Department of State ....................................... 10,780 20,672 28,113 25,000 23,791 47,539 51,648 56,921 69,349 73,268 Foreign Service Institute ........................ 6,395 15,857 20,750 25,000 23,791 47,539 51,648 56,921 69,349 73,268 Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange64 ................................... 4,385 4,815 7,363               Department of Transportation22 .....................   3,964 11,877 10,212 3,785 1,507 650 720 700 700 Highways training and education grants86 ................................................   2,418 3,250 3,412 1,500           Maritime Administration: Training for private sector employees49 ..............................         1,135 1,507 650 720 700 700 Urban mass transportation   managerial training grants84 ..............................   1,546 2,627 500 1,150           Federal Aviation Administration87 Air traffic controllers second career program88 .....................................     6,000 6,300             426 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 364.   Federal on budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose, by agency and program: Fiscal years 1965 to 2001   Continued [ In thousands of current dollars]

Level or educational purpose, by agency and program 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1 1995 2 1999 3 2000 4 2001 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Department of the Treasury ...........................   18 3,096 14,584 16,160 41,488 48,000 65,000 83,000 92,000 Federal Law Enforcement Training Center89 ............................................   18 3,096 14,584 16,160 41,488 48,000 65,000 83,000 92,000 Other agencies: ACTION90 ...............................................     7,045 2,833 1,761 8,472         Estimated education funds91 ..........     7,045 2,833 1,761 8,472         Agency for International Development ... 63,329 88,034 78,896 99,707 141,847 170,371 260,408 313,047 299,000 396,000 Education and human resources .... 53,968 61,570 58,349 80,518 115,104 142,801 248,408 313,047 299,000 396,000 American schools and hospitals abroad ........................................... 9,361 26,464 20,547 19,189 26,743 27,570 12,000       Appalachian Regional Commission30 ....   572 1,574 8,124 113   5,709 3,411 2,369 2,400 Corporation for National and Community Service90 ..............................................             214,600 372,000 386,000 498,000 Estimated education funds91 ..........             214,600 372,000 386,000 498,000 Federal Emergency Management Agency92 ..........................................   290 290 281 405 215 170,400 14,356 14,894 12,500 Estimated architect/ engineer student development program93 ..................   40 40 31 155 200         Estimated other training programs94   250 250 250 250 15         Estimated disaster relief95 ..............             170,400 14,356 14,894 12,500 General Services Administration Libraries and other archival activities 96 ................................. 4,013 14,775 22,532 34,800             Institute of Museum and Library Services83 .........................................               142,000 166,000 165,000 Japanese United States Friendship Commission97 ......................................       2,294 2,236 2,299 2,000 2,000 3,000 3,000 Library of Congress ................................ 15,111 29,478 63,766 151,871 169,310 189,827 241,000 350,000 299,000 305,000 Salaries and expenses .................... 11,421 20,700 48,798 102,364 130,354 148,985 198,000 301,000 247,000 253,000 Books for the blind and the physically handicapped ............. 2,317 6,195 11,908 31,436 32,954 37,473 39,000 45,000 46,000 47,000 Special foreign currency program ... 1,187 2,273 2,333 3,492 4,621 10         Furniture and furnishings ................ 186 310 727 14,579 1,381 3,359 4,000 4,000 6,000 5,000 National Aeronautics and Space Administration Aerospace education services project ........................................... 100 350 600 882 1,800 3,300 5,923 6,649 6,800 6,200 National Archives and Records Administration98 Libraries and other archival activities .....................................         52,118 77,397 105,172 131,707 121,879 142,713 National Commission on Libraries and Information Science99 .....................     449 2,090 723 3,281 1,000 1,000 2,000 1,000 National Endowment for the Arts32 ........   340 1,068 231 1,137 936 2,304 6,275 4,046 5,265 National Endowment for the Humanities33 ....................................   5,090 38,486 85,805 76,252 89,706 94,249 63,221 70,807 71,000 Smithsonian Institution ........................... 2,233 2,461 5,509 5,153 7,886 5,779 9,961 10,135 25,764 31,794 Museum programs and related research .................................... 2,133 2,261 4,203 3,254 4,665 690 3,190 3,400 18,000 19,000 National Gallery of Art extension service ........................................... 100 200 300 426 675 474 771 735 764 794 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars ...................     1,006 1,473 2,546 4,615 6,000 6,000 7,000 12,000 U. S. Information Agency   Center for Cultural and Technical Interchange64 .......................................       15,115 18,966 20,375 34,000       U. S. Institute of Peace100 .......................           7,621 12,000 12,000 13,000 15,000 Other programs: Estimated education share of federal aid for the District of Columbia .............. 948 1,758 2,335 2,990 7,156 3,724 2,457 1,217 954 958 Research programs at universities and related institutions101 ............................ $ 1,816,276 $ 2,283,641 $ 3,418,410 $ 5,801,204 $ 8,844,575 $ 12,606,035 $ 15,677,919 $ 19,956,467 $ 21,198,044 $ 22,781,065 Department of Education102 ................... 13,248 87,823 82,770 78,742 28,809 89,483 279,000 478,532 116,464 365,418 Department of Agriculture ...................... 58,362 64,796 108,162 216,405 293,252 348,109 434,544 492,374 581,395 501,500 Department of Commerce ...................... 4,015 4,487 21,677 48,295 52,951 50,523 85,442 102,200 104,600 126,900 Department of Defense .......................... 436,912 356,188 364,929 644,455 1,245,888 1,871,864 1,853,955 1,750,068 1,799,611 1,788,911 Department of Energy ............................ 439,334 548,327 761,376 1,470,224 2,205,316 2,520,885 2,651,641 3,354,514 3,373,918 3,535,161 Department of Health and Human Services ............................................ 474,362 623,765 1,273,037 2,087,053 3,228,014 4,902,714 6,418,969 9,044,402 10,422,554 11,037,433 Department of Housing and Urban Development ....................................   510 2,650 5,314 438 118 1,613 1,000 1,000 1,100 Department of the Interior ...................... 9,839 18,521 28,955 42,175 34,422 49,790 50,618 47,800 46,800 48,000 Department of Justice ............................   1,945 8,902 9,189 5,168 6,858 7,204 22,900 18,100 18,000 Department of Labor ..............................   3,567 6,124 12,938 3,417 5,893 10,114 5,300 5,400 5,600 Department of State ...............................   8,220 10,973 188 29 1,519 23       Department of Transportation ................   12,328 28,478 31,910 22,621 28,608 75,847 53,860 59,066 61,172 Department of the Treasury ...................       226 388 227 1,496       Department of Veterans Affairs .............. 337 518 1,112 1,600 1,000 2,300 2,500       ACTION ..................................................     36               Agency for International Development ...       77,063 56,960 79,415 30,172 13,000 14,000 13,700 Corporation for National and Community Service .................................................                     Environmental Protection Agency ..........   19,446 33,875 41,083 60,521 87,481 125,721 127,800 153,500 151,600 Federal Emergency Management Agency ..............................................       1,665 1,423           National Aeronautics and Space Administration ................................... 208,688 258,016 197,301 254,629 485,824 1,090,003 1,751,977 2,087,700 2,089,738 2,091,720 National Science Foundation ................. 154,046 253,628 475,011 743,809 1,087,046 1,427,007 1,874,395 2,360,717 2,396,298 3,017,505 427 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 364.   Federal on budget funds for education, by level or other educational purpose, by agency and program: Fiscal years 1965 to 2001   Continued [ In thousands of current dollars]

Level or educational purpose, by agency and program 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1 1995 2 1999 3 2000 4 2001 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Nuclear Regulatory Commission ............     7,093 32,590 30,261 42,328 22,188 8,900 9,100 10,800 Office of Economic Opportunity ............. 7,078 20,035                 U. S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency .................................................   100   661 395 25         U. S. Information Agency ........................                     Other agencies ....................................... 10,055 1,421 5,949 990 432 885 500 5,400 6,500 6,545   Not available or applicable. 1 Excludes $ 4,440,000,000 for federal support for medical education benefits under Medicare in the U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. Is not included in the total because data before fiscal year 1990 are not available. This program has existed since Medicare began, but was not available as a separate budget item until FY 90. 2 Excludes $ 7,510,000,000 for federal support for medical education benefits under Medicare. See footnote 1. 3 Excludes $ 10,290,000,000 for federal support for medical education benefits under Medicare. See footnote 1. 4 Excludes $ 8,020,000,000 for federal support for medical education benefits under Medicare. See footnote 1. 5 Estimated. Excludes $ 8,030,000,000 for federal support for medical education benefits under Medicare. See footnote 1. 6 The U. S. Department of Education was created in May 1980. It formerly was the Office of Education in the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 7 Section 6 of public law 81   874 ( the former Impact Aid statute) was funded and administered by the U. S. Department of Education during 1951   1981. This program allowed the Secretary to make arrangements for the education of children who reside on federal property when no suitable local school district could or would provide for the education of these children. Since 1981, the provision was funded by the Department of Defense and in 1994, when public law 81   874 was repealed, the Department of Defense was authorized to fund and administer similar provisions. 8 This program creates a national framework for education reform and meeting the National Education Goals. This program includes the School To Work Opportunities program administered jointly by the U. S. Departments of Education and Labor. This program helps states create statewide systems to help youth acquire the knowledge, skills, abilities, and labor market information they need to make an effective transition from school to work or to further their education or training. 9 Starting in FY 94, the Special Milk program was included in the Child Nutrition program 10 These commodities are purchased under Section 32 of the Act of August 24, 1935, for use in the child nutrition programs. 11 This program assisted in the construction of public facilities, such as vocational schools, through grants or loans. No funds have been appropriated for this account since FY 77, and it was completely phased out in FY 84. 12 The U. S. Department of Energy was created in 1977. It formerly was the Energy Research and Development Administration and before that the Atomic Energy Commission No funds were designated for any of the education programs listed on this table in FYs 96 and 97. 13 This program was established in 1979. Funds were first appropriated for this program in FY 80. 14 The U. S. Department of Health and Human Services was part of the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare until May 1980. 15 The Head Start program was formerly in the Office of Economic Opportunity, and funds were appropriated to the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Child Development, beginning in 1972. 16 This program was created by the Family Support Act of 1988. It provides funds for the Job Opportunities and Basic Skills Training program. This activity is being replaced by Temporary Assistance for Needy Families program. 17 After age 18, benefits terminate at the end of the school term or in 3 months, whichever is less. 18 This program provides funding for supplemental programs for eligible American Indian students in public schools. 19 This program finances the cost of academic, social, and occupational education courses for inmates in federal prisons. 20 The Job Corps program was formerly in the Office of Economic Opportunity, and funds were appropriated to the U. S. Department of Labor beginning in 1971 and 1972. 21 Some of the work and training programs included in this program were in the Office of Economic Opportunity and were transferred to the U. S. Department of Labor in 1971 and 1972. Beginning in FY 94, the School to Work Opportunities program is included. This program is administered jointly by the U. S. Departments of Education and Labor. 22 The U. S. Department of Transportation was created in 1967. 23 This program was transferred from the U. S. Department of the Treasury to the U. S. Department of Transportation in 1967. 24 This program was established in FY 72 and closed in FY 86. 25 The states' share of revenue sharing funds could not be spent on education in FYs 81   86. 26 The U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs, formerly the Veterans Administration, was created in March 1989. 27 This program provides educational assistance allowances in order to restore lost educational opportunities to those individuals whose careers were interrupted or impeded by reason of active military service between January 31, 1955, and January 1, 1977. Includes `` Readjustment Benefits,'' Chapter 34, for education other than college and also includes the Veterans Job Training program for service persons and veterans. The Chapter 34 program closed December 31, 1989. The Veterans Job Training Program was put in the program Payments to State Education Agencies. Veterans who were still eligible to receive benefits under Chapter 34 were covered by Chapter 30 ( The All Volunteer Force Educational Assistance program). 28 This program is in `` Readjustment Benefits'' program, Chapter 31, and covers the costs of subsistence, tuition, books, supplies, and equipment for disabled veterans requiring vocational rehabilitation. 29 This program is in the `` Readjustment Benefits'' program, Chapter 35, and provides benefits to children and spouses of veterans. 30 The purpose of this program is to provide stable and permanent employment to those men and women who have served on active duty on or after August 2, 1990, and are unemployed. Program expired in 1997. 31 This agency was established March 9, 1965. Its first year of appropriations was 1966. The outlays were larger in the years 1970 and 1975 for elementary and secondary education because of the construction of facilities for vocational schools. 32 This agency was established in 1965. In 1970, $ 900,000 was appropriated through the Office of Education, U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, for the National Endowment for the Arts, Arts in Education program. 33 This agency was established in 1965. First year of appropriations was 1966. 34 The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 authorized 10 major action programs, including Job Corps, Neighborhood Youth Corps, Adult Literacy, Work Experience, College Work Study, and Community Action programs, including Head Start, Follow Through, and Upward Bound, and authorized the establishment of Volunteers in Service to America ( VISTA). These programs were transferred to the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, U. S. Department of Labor, and the Action Agency in the 1970s. An act on January 4, 1975 established the Community Services Administration as the successor agency to the Office of Economic Opportunity. 35 Head Start program funds were transferred to the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of Child Development, in 1972. 36 Most of these programs were transferred to the U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Office of Education, in 1972. 37 The Job Corps programs were transferred to the U. S. Department of Labor in 1971 and 1972. 38 These programs were transferred to the U. S. Department of Labor in 1971 and 1972. 39 These programs were transferred to the Action Agency in 1972. 40 Similar programs were included in the `` higher education'' program in 1965 through 1975. 41 The Student Loan Reform Act of 1993 authorized a new Federal Direct Student Loan ( FDSL) program, renamed the William D. Ford Direct Loan program. This program is a new streamlined lending system that simplifies the process of obtaining and repaying loans for student and parent borrowers and provides borrowers with greater choice in repayment plans. 42 Negative amounts occur when program receipts exceed outlays. 43 Similar programs were included in the `` higher education'' program in 1965 through 1975, formerly called the `` Guaranteed Student Loan'' program. 44 This program was transferred from the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development to the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Education in FY 79. 45 The Historically Black Colleges and Universities ( HBCUs) Capital Financing program was authorized by the Higher Education Act Amendments of 1992 to provide HBCUs with private funds for repair, renovation, and construction projects. 46 First year of appropriations for this program was 1967. 47 Program funds were first appropriated for Tuskegee Institute in 1972. 48 The Sea Grant College Program Act of 1966 established a matching fund grant program that provides for the establishment of a network of programs in fields related to development and preservation of the nation's coastal and marine resources. This program was transferred from the National Science Foundation to the U. S. Department of Commerce, October 1970. 49 This program was transferred to the U. S. Department of Transportation in FY 81 by Public Law 97   31, from the U. S. Department of Commerce. 50 The U. S. Department of Defense funds for FYs 90 to 96 exclude military pay and reserve accounts which were included in previous years. FY 65 data are not available except for service academies. 51 Included in total above. 52Instructional costs only are included. These include academics, audiovisual, academic computing center, faculty training, military training, physical education, and libraries 53 Includes special education programs ( military and civilian); legal education program; flight training; advanced degree program; college degree program ( officers); and `` Armed Forces Health Professions Scholarship'' program. 54 No funds have been appropriated since FY 82. 55 This program receives funds periodically. 56 Appropriations began in FY 84. 57 Appropriations began in FY 89. 58 Does not include higher education assistance loans. 59 Appropriations began in FY 78. 60 Alcohol, drug abuse, and mental health training programs are included starting in fiscal year 1992. 61 Beginning in fiscal year 1992, data were included in the National Institutes of Health training grants program. 62 Postsecondary student benefits were ended by the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 ( Public Law 97   35) and were completely phased out by August 1985. 63 Includes adult education, tribally controlled community colleges, postsecondary instruction and other education. 64 This program was transferred from the U. S. Department of State to the International Communication Agency ( I. C. A.) in 1977, which consolidated the functions of the U. S. Information Agency and the U. S. Department of State's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. In FY 82 the I. C. A. became the U. S. I. A. In FY 98 pursuant to the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998, this program from the United States Information Agency was transferred to the U. S. Department of State. 428 FEDERAL PROGRAMS 65 This program provides funds for advanced study and research projects of the Russian Eurasian, and Eastern European countries by American institutions of higher education and private research firms. Appropriations began in FY 88. 66 This program was transferred to the U. S. Department of Transportation in FY 81 by Public Law 97   31 from the U. S. Department of Commerce. 67 Includes flight training. This program was in the U. S. Department of the Treasury in 1965 and was transferred to the U. S. Department of Transportation in 1967. 68 Includes benefits for Vietnam era veterans under Chapter 34 ( GI Bill) of the `` Readjustment Benefits'' education and training program. This program provides educational assistance allowances, primarily on a monthly basis, in order to restore lost educational opportunities to those individuals whose careers were interrupted or impeded by reason of active military service between January 31, 1955, and January 1, 1977. This program closed December 31, 1989. Some veterans who were still eligible were put in Chapter 30 ( the All Volunteer Force Educational Assistance program). 69 Includes service persons under Chapter 34 ( GI Bill) of the `` Readjustment Benefits'' education and training program. Service persons with over 180 days of active duty, any part of which was before January 1, 1977, are eligible to participate in this program. 70 Includes post Vietnam era veterans, under Chapter 32, of the post Vietnam era `` Veterans Education Account.'' Provides education and training assistance payments to veterans and service persons with no active duty time before January 1, 1977. Funding is provided through participants' contributions while on active duty and through transfers from the U. S. Department of Defense ( DOD). The U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs funds are not appropriated for this program, so these data represent obligations, which are funded through other agencies' appropriations. 71 Public Law 98   525, enacted October 19, 1984 ( New GI Bill), established two new peacetime educational programs: an assistance program for veterans who entered active duty during the period beginning July 1, 1985, to June 30, 1988, and an assistance program for certain members of the Selected Reserve. 72 Chapter 30, also called the Montgomery Bill, and the new GI Bill are for eligible veterans who have agreed to have their military pay reduced $ 100 per month for their first 12 months of active duty. The `` Readjustment Benefits'' account under the U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs pays only the basic allowance, up to a maximum of $ 536 per month, for full time training. `` Supplemental Benefits'' are paid by the U. S. Department of Defense ( DOD). 73 Chapter 106 is for members of the Selected Reserve. The reserve components include the Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps Reserve, Army National Guard and Air National Guard under the U. S. Department of Defense ( DOD), and the Coast Guard Reserve which is under the U. S. Department of Transportation ( DOT) when it is not operating as a service in the Navy. Eligible persons can receive up to $ 255 per month for full time training. The DOD and DOT pay for this program, and the U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs administers it. 74 Includes dependents of veterans under Chapter 35, the `` Readjustment Benefits'' education and training program. Provides education and training benefits to dependents of veterans who died of a service connected disability or whose service connected disability is rated permanent and total. 75 Payments have been made to state education agencies for a number of years but were not listed separately until FY 88. 76 The U. S. I. A. was called the `` International Communication Agency'' in FYs 80 and 81. This program was transferred from the U. S. Department of State to the International Communication Agency ( I. C. A.) in 1977, which consolidated the functions of the U. S. Information Agency and the U. S. Department of State's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs. In FY 82 the I. C. A. became the U. S. I. A. In FY 98 pursuant to the Foreign Affairs Reform and Restructuring Act of 1998, this program from the United States Information Agency was transferred to the U. S. Department of State and the newly created Broadcasting Board of Governors. 77 This program was in the `` Educational and Cultural Affairs'' program in FYs 80   83, and became an independent program in FY 84. 78 This program was combined with the `` Educational and Cultural Affairs'' program in FY 77. 79 Public Law 99   661 established this program to operate the Foundation which awards scholarships and fellowships to outstanding graduate and undergraduate students who intend to pursue careers or advanced degrees in science or mathematics. It may also award honoraria to outstanding individuals who have made significant contributions to improve the instruction of science and mathematics in secondary schools. 80 Appropriations for this program began in FY 76. 81 Public Law 99   498 established this Institute as an independent non profit corporation to provide Native Americans with an opportunity to obtain a postsecondary education in various fields of Indian art and culture. 82 Public Laws 99   500 and 99   591 established the James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation to operate a fellowship program to encourage graduate study of the American Constitution. First year of appropriations was FY 88. 83 This program was transferred to the Institute of Museum and Library Services in fiscal year 1997. Program was formerly in the U. S. Department of Education. 84 This program was transferred to the U. S. Department of Transportation in FY 68 from the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. 85 This program was established by the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 to provide education and training and to provide leadership in improving correctional programs and practices in prisons. This program was transferred in 1997 to the Federal Prison System, Salaries and Expenses, budget in the Contract Confinement program 86 Appropriations for this program began in FY 70. 87 The Federal Aviation Administration, an independent agency, was transferred to the U. S. Department of Transportation in FY 67. 88 Appropriations began in FY 72. 89 First year of appropriations was FY 70. 90 The National Service Trust Act of 1993 established the Corporation for National and Community Service. In 1993, ACTION became part of this agency. 91 These programs included the Service Learning programs, University Year for ACTION Volunteers in Service to America, Youth Challenge program, and the National Student Volunteer program in FY 1975. In FY 80, programs included were the University Year for ACTION, Young Volunteers for ACTION, and National Service Learning programs In fiscal year 1985, the program included was the Service Learning programs, and in FYs 89 to 94, programs included were the Literacy Corps and the Student Community Services program. In FYs 94 through 98 the AmeriCorps program was included. This program provides education grants to help pay for college or to repay student loans for people who perform community service before, during or after postsecondary education 92 The Federal Emergency Management Agency was created in 1979, representing a combination of five existing agencies. The two largest were the Defense Civil Preparedness Agency in the U. S. Department of Defense and the Federal Preparedness Agency in the General Services Administration. The funds for the Federal Emergency Management Agency in FY 70 to FY 75 were in the other agencies. 93 First year of appropriations was FY 68. 94 First appropriations for the `` other training programs'' were in the late 1960s. These programs include the Fall Out Shelter Analysis, Blast Protection Design through 1992. Starting in FY 1993, earthquake training and safety for teachers and administrators for grades 1 through 12 are included. 95 The disaster relief program repairs and replaces damaged and destroyed school buildings. In FY 94 and FY 95 funds were for repairs due to the Northridge Earthquake in California. In FY 94, $ 37.2 million was spent on school districts; $ 4.2 million was spent on community colleges and $ 43.8 million spent on universities. In FY 95, $ 74.4 million was spent on school districts; $ 8.4 million on community colleges and $ 87.6 million on colleges and universities. 96 This program was transferred from the General Services Administration to the National Archives and Records Administration in April 1985. 97 This program makes grants for the promotion of scholarly, cultural, and artistic exchanges between Japan and the United States. Appropriations began in FY 76. 98 The National Archives and Records Administration became an independent agency in April 1985. 99 This program was established by the act of July 20, 1970, Public Law 91   345. 100 This program was established by Congress to conduct and support research and scholarships in the fields of peace, arms control, and conflict resolution. 101 Includes federal obligations for research and development centers administered by colleges and universities. FY 2000 and FY 2001 are estimated. 102 Total outlays for FYs 65 and 70 include the `` Research and Training'' program. FY 75 includes the `` National Institute of Education'' program. FYs 80 to FY 2001 include outlays for the Office of Educational Research and Improvement.

NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. To the extent possible, amounts reported represent outlays rather than obligations. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, compiled from data appearing in U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U. S. Government, Appendix fiscal years 1967 to 2002; National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, fiscal years 1965 to 2001; and unpublished data obtained from various federal agencies. ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 429 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 365.   Estimated federal support for education, by agency and type of ultimate recipient: Fiscal year 2001 [ In millions of dollars]

Agency Total Local education agencies State education agencies College students Institutions of higher education Federal Multiple types of recipients Other 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total 2 ......................................................................................... $ 128,149.7 $ 28,184.7 $ 7,309.5 $ 25,082.9 $ 41,866.2 $ 3,821.6 $ 14,783.7 $ 7,100.9 Total program funds  on budget ........................................ $ 92,774.5 $ 28,184.7 $ 6,259.0 $ 10,190.5 $ 29,735.4 $ 3,821.6 $ 14,783.7   $ 200.6 Department of Education ............................................................ 36,754.1 17,635.0 4,919.4 6,187.3 6,104.1 614.3 2,332.8   1,039.1 Department of Agriculture .......................................................... 11,029.5 9,564.5 477.1   534.2 20.4   433.4 Department of Commerce .......................................................... 130.5       130.5       Department of Defense .............................................................. 4,476.2 218.4   368.1 2,066.6 1,507.7 315.3   Department of Energy ................................................................ 3,535.2       3,535.2       Department of Health and Human Services .............................. 19,467.4 584.2   1,236.4 11,572.1 246.0 5,828.7   Department of Housing and Urban Development ...................... 1.1       1.1       Department of the Interior .......................................................... 1,095.1 27.5 4.4 30.2 191.7 488.4 352.9   Department of Justice ................................................................ 286.8       18.0 268.8     Department of Labor .................................................................. 5,633.6   844.2   5.6   4,783.8   Department of State ................................................................... 394.3         73.3 321.0   Department of Transportation .................................................... 139.0     4.0 64.1 62.2 0.7 8.0 Department of the Treasury ....................................................... 92.0         92.0     Department of Veterans Affairs .................................................. 2,106.0   14.0 2,092.0         Other agencies and programs Agency for International Development ....................................... 409.7       13.7     396.0 Appalachian Regional Commission ............................................ 7.3       2.3   5.0   Barry Goldwater Scholarship and Excellence in Education Foundation ............................................................ 3.0           3.0   Corporation for National and Community Service ..................... 498.0           498.0   Environmental Protection Agency .............................................. 151.6       151.6       Estimated education share of federal aid to the District of Columbia ............................................................... 158.1 144.6     12.5   1.0   Federal Emergency Management Agency ................................. 12.5 10.5         2.0   General Services Administration ................................................                 Harry S Truman scholarship fund .............................................. 3.0           3.0   Institute of American Indian and Alaskan Native Culture and Arts Development .............................................. 4.0           4.0   Institute of Library and Museum Services .................................. 165.0           165.0   James Madison Memorial Fellowship Foundation ..................... 2.0           2.0   Japanese United States Friendship Commission ...................... 3.0           3.0   Library of Congress .................................................................... 305.0         305.0     National Aeronautics and Space Administration ........................ 2,097.9       2,091.7   6.2   National Archives and Records Administration .......................... 142.7         142.7     National Commission on Libraries and Information Science ............................................................... 1.0             1.0 National Endowment for the Arts ............................................... 10.1           10.1   National Endowment for the Humanities .................................... 100.3           100.3   National Science Foundation ..................................................... 3,495.5     272.5 3,223.0       Nuclear Regulatory Commission ................................................ 10.8       10.8       Smithsonian Institution ............................................................... 31.8         0.8 31.0   U. S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency ...........................                 U. S. Information Agency3 ...........................................................                 U. S. Institute of Peace ............................................................... 15.0           15.0   Other agencies ........................................................................... 6.5       6.5       Off budget support and nonfederal funds generated by federal legislation ......................................... 35,375.2   1,050.5 14,892.4 12,130.8     7,301.5   Not available or applicable. 1 Other recipients include Indian tribes, private nonprofit agencies, and banks. 2 Includes on budget support, off budget support, and nonfederal funds generated by federal legislation. Excludes federal tax expenditures. 3 This agency's education funds were transferred to the U. S. Department of State.

NOTE: Outlays by type of recipient are estimated based on obligation data. Negative amounts occur when program receipts exceed outlays. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, Office of the Under Secretary, unpublished tabulations; U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U. S. Government, Fiscal Year 2002; National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development Fiscal Years 1999, 2000, and 2001; and unpublished data obtained from various federal agencies. ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 430 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 366.   Federal on budget funds obligated for programs administered by the U. S. Department of Education: Fiscal years 1980 to 2001 [ In thousands of dollars]