Program In current dollars 1980 1985 1990 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2 20013 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total ................................................................................... $ 14,102,165 $ 18,818,201 $ 25,214,923 $ 31,453,000 $ 35,830,000 $ 35,663,000 $ 33,506,000 $ 40,048,000 $ 48,360,000 Elementary and secondary education ................................... 4,239,022 4,732,864 7,169,693 9,124,000 10,387,000 11,009,000 8,578,000 12,582,000 16,371,000 Grants for the disadvantaged ........................................... 3,204,664 3,745,855 5,383,960 7,200,000 7,831,000 7,801,000 3,723,000 8,680,000 9,020,000 School improvement programs ......................................... 788,918 748,000 1,524,001 1,343,000 1,428,000 1,538,000 3,085,000 1,628,000 4,928,000 Bilingual education ............................................................ 169,540 171,605 188,152 206,000 261,000 354,000 379,000 406,000 460,000 Indian education ............................................................... 75,900 67,404 73,580 81,000 61,000 63,000 66,000 77,000 116,000 Education Reform  Goals 2000 .......................................       294,000 806,000 1,253,000 1,325,000 1,791,000 1,847,000 School assistance in federally affected areas ....................... 812,873 695,746 815,573 783,000 737,000 843,000 912,000 910,000 1,001,000 Maintenance and operations ............................................ 690,000 665,000 717,354 715,000 680,000 738,000 782,000 825,000 983,000 Construction ...................................................................... 110,873 23,037 22,929 2,000 12,000 16,000 24,000 11,000 13,000 Disaster assistance ........................................................... 12,000 7,709 75,290 66,000 45,000 89,000 106,000 74,000 5,000 Education for the handicapped ............................................. 1,555,253 2,666,056 3,480,122 5,767,000 6,552,000 7,489,000 7,993,000 4,872,000 9,177,000 State grant programs ........................................................ 815,805 1,245,219 1,258,871 2,467,000 3,066,000 3,841,000 4,346,000 1,204,000 5,198,000 Early childhood education 4 .............................................. 38,745 27,625 280,341 661,000 723,000 798,000 747,000 711,000 894,000 Special centers, projects, and research ........................... 55,075 53,430 72,966 132,000 124,000 123,000 129,000 130,000 157,000 Captioned films and media services ................................ 17,778 35,670 15,191 19,000 46,000 52,000 35,000 36,000 39,000 Personnel training ............................................................. 55,375 68,025 70,838 91,000 81,000 81,000 81,000 82,000 81,000 Handicapped rehabilitation service and research ............ 572,475 1,236,087 1,781,915 2,397,000 2,512,000 2,594,000 2,655,000 2,709,000 2,808,000 Vocational education and adult programs ............................. 1,153,743 856,271 1,138,674 1,461,000 1,484,000 1,506,000 1,524,000 866,000 1,819,000 Basic programs 5 ............................................................... 744,653 725,624 858,716 1,004,000 1,015,000 1,027,000 1,023,000 284,000 1,132,000 Consumer and homemaking ............................................ 63,169 33,138 34,517 1,000           Program improvement and supportive services ............... 162,512 5,202     100,000 106,000 105,000 103,000 106,000 State planning and advisory councils ............................... 13,423 7,584 7,923 9,000           Adult education, grants to states ...................................... 153,724 84,723 188,280 299,000 354,000 360,000 379,000 463,000 558,000 Other 6 ............................................................................... 16,262   49,238 148,000 15,000 13,000 17,000 16,000 23,000 Postsecondary student financial assistance ......................... 5,108,534 8,534,205 11,112,068 11,976,000 14,416,000 12,635,000 11,685,000 17,918,000 16,512,000 Educational opportunity grants 7 ....................................... 2,534,378 3,558,440 4,919,264 6,484,000 8,158,000 7,327,000 6,688,000 11,406,000 9,406,000 Work study ........................................................................ 596,065 599,467 615,269 620,000 825,000 838,000 876,000 944,000 1,014,000 Perkins loan program ....................................................... 322,749 219,850 157,415 187,000 182,000 169,000 132,000 134,000 160,000 Federal Family Education Loan program 8 ....................... 1,597,877 4,130,920 5,341,039 3,481,000 4,278,000 3,320,000 3,379,000 4,587,000 3,900,000 Other student assistance programs 9 ............................... 57,465 25,528 79,081 1,204,000 973,000 981,000 610,000 847,000 2,032,000 Direct aid to postsecondary institutions ................................ 277,068 329,714 341,634 780,000 887,000 946,000 1,304,000 1,418,000 1,822,000 Aid to minority and developing institutions ....................... 114,680 140,374 99,812 231,000 321,000 326,000 407,000 459,000 655,000 Special programs for the disadvantaged .......................... 147,389 174,940 241,822 549,000 566,000 620,000 897,000 959,000 1,167,000 Cooperative education ...................................................... 14,999 14,400               Postsecondary facilities ......................................................... 268,493 194,556 84,305 46,000 24,000 26,000 24,000 22,000 17,000 Construction loans and insurance .................................... 35,362 33,188 30,000 15,000 1,000 1,000 2,000 2,000 3,000 Interest subsidy grants ..................................................... 24,626 24,968 38,741 21,000           College housing loans ...................................................... 208,505 136,400 15,564 10,000 23,000 25,000 22,000 20,000 14,000 Other postsecondary education programs ............................ 34,927 74,340 188,999 120,000           International education and foreign languages 10 ............ 19,977 32,050 86,337             Funds for Improvement of Postsecondary Education 11 .. 12,000 12,710 99,450 116,000 ( 12) ( 12) ( 12) ( 12) ( 12) Other ................................................................................. 2,950 29,580 3,212 4,000           Public library services ............................................................ 101,218 116,027 132,583 150,000 ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13)

Public library services ....................................................... 66,451 75,000 82,505 83,000 ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) Interlibrary cooperation .....................................................   18,000 19,551 24,000 ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) Public library construction .................................................   16,027 14,837 24,000 ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) Research libraries ............................................................. 5,992 6,000 6,593   ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) Other ................................................................................. 28,775 1,000 9,097 19,000 ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13)

Payments to special institutions ............................................ 273,860 253,622 292,736 340,000 324,000 343,000 349,000 367,000 386,000 American Printing House for the Blind ............................. 4,349 5,500 5,663 7,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 10,000 12,000 National Technical Institute for the Deaf .......................... 19,799 31,400 35,594 43,000 43,000 44,000 46,000 48,000 53,000 Gallaudet College ............................................................. 49,409 59,092 67,643 80,000 79,000 81,000 83,000 86,000 89,000 Howard University ............................................................. 200,303 157,630 183,836 210,000 195,000 210,000 211,000 223,000 232,000 Departmental accounts .......................................................... 277,174 364,800 458,536 906,000 1,019,000 866,000 1,137,000 1,093,000 1,255,000 Educational research and improvement ........................... 51,415 60,556 87,074 327,000 598,000 425,000 675,000 595,000 730,000 Departmental management account ................................ 223,857 300,885 370,844 579,000 416,000 434,000 462,000 498,000 525,000 Other ................................................................................. 1,875 3,349     5,000 7,000       Trust funds ........................................................................ 27 10 618             431 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 366.   Federal on budget funds obligated for programs administered by the U. S. Department of Education: Fiscal years 1980 to 2001   Continued [ In thousands of dollars]

Program In constant 2001 dollars 1 1980 1985 1990 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2 2001 3 1 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Total ................................................................................... $ 28,840,479 $ 28,696,849 $ 33,020,892 $ 35,612,394 $ 38,831,337 $ 38,164,275 $ 35,259,073 $ 41,099,450 $ 48,360,000 Elementary and secondary education ................................... 8,669,266 7,217,389 9,389,268 10,330,572 11,257,078 11,781,132 9,026,811 12,912,337 16,371,000 Grants for the disadvantaged ............................................ 6,553,890 5,712,248 7,050,712 8,152,139 8,486,972 8,348,134 3,917,792 8,907,891 9,020,000 School improvement programs .......................................... 1,613,424 1,140,664 1,995,797 1,520,600 1,547,618 1,645,870 3,246,411 1,670,743 4,928,000 Bilingual education ............................................................. 346,728 261,689 246,400 233,242 282,863 378,828 398,830 416,659 460,000 Indian education ................................................................. 155,224 102,788 96,359 91,712 66,110 67,419 69,453 79,022 116,000 Education Reform  Goals 2000 ........................................       332,879 873,515 1,340,881 1,394,326 1,838,022 1,847,000 School assistance in federally affected areas ....................... 1,662,415 1,060,979 1,068,056 886,545 798,736 902,125 959,717 933,892 1,001,000 Maintenance and operations ............................................. 1,411,126 1,014,093 939,431 809,553 736,961 789,761 822,915 846,660 983,000 Construction ....................................................................... 226,747 35,130 30,027 2,264 13,005 17,122 25,256 11,289 13,000 Disaster assistance ............................................................ 24,541 11,756 98,598 74,728 48,769 95,242 111,546 75,943 5,000 Education for the handicapped ............................................. 3,180,663 4,065,607 4,557,489 6,529,637 7,100,835 8,014,252 8,411,203 4,999,913 9,177,000 State grant programs ......................................................... 1,668,411 1,898,899 1,648,589 2,793,240 3,322,827 4,110,394 4,573,388 1,235,611 5,198,000 Early childhood education 4 ............................................... 79,238 42,127 367,128 748,412 783,563 853,969 786,084 729,667 894,000 Special centers, projects, and research ............................ 112,634 81,478 95,555 149,456 134,387 131,627 135,749 133,413 157,000 Captioned films and media services .................................. 36,358 54,395 19,894 21,513 49,853 55,647 36,831 36,945 39,000 Personnel training .............................................................. 113,248 103,735 92,768 103,034 87,785 86,681 85,238 84,153 81,000 Handicapped rehabilitation service and research ............. 1,170,774 1,884,973 2,333,556 2,713,983 2,722,420 2,775,934 2,793,913 2,780,124 2,808,000 Vocational education and adult programs ............................. 2,359,531 1,305,772 1,491,182 1,654,205 1,608,309 1,611,625 1,603,737 888,737 1,819,000 Basic programs 5 ................................................................ 1,522,897 1,106,542 1,124,555 1,136,771 1,100,023 1,099,030 1,076,525 291,456 1,132,000 Consumer and homemaking .............................................. 129,188 50,534 45,203 1,132           Program improvement and supportive services ................ 332,355 7,933     108,377 113,434 110,494 105,704 106,000 State planning and advisory councils ................................ 27,452 11,565 10,376 10,190           Adult education, grants to states ....................................... 314,382 129,198 246,567 338,540 383,653 385,249 398,830 475,156 558,000 Other 6 ................................................................................ 33,258   64,481 167,572 16,256 13,912 17,889 16,420 23,000 Postsecondary student financial assistance ......................... 10,447,514 13,014,251 14,552,113 13,559,725 15,623,571 13,521,173 12,296,373 18,388,433 16,512,000 Educational opportunity grants 7 ........................................ 5,183,082 5,426,449 6,442,157 7,341,454 8,841,363 7,840,889 7,037,924 11,705,462 9,406,000 Work study ......................................................................... 1,219,018 914,158 805,742 701,990 894,107 896,774 921,833 968,784 1,014,000 Perkins loan program ......................................................... 660,057 335,261 206,147 211,729 197,245 180,853 138,906 137,518 160,000 Federal Family Education Loan program 8 ........................ 3,267,834 6,299,454 6,994,504 3,941,333 4,636,351 3,552,853 3,555,793 4,707,431 3,900,000 Other student assistance programs 9 ................................ 117,522 38,929 103,563 1,363,219 1,054,504 1,049,804 641,916 869,238 2,032,000 Direct aid to postsecondary institutions ................................ 566,635 502,798 447,396 883,148 961,300 1,012,349 1,372,227 1,455,229 1,822,000 Aid to minority and developing institutions ........................ 234,533 214,064 130,712 261,548 347,889 348,864 428,295 471,051 655,000 Special programs for the disadvantaged ........................... 301,427 266,775 316,685 621,601 613,412 663,485 943,932 984,178 1,167,000 Cooperative education ....................................................... 30,675 21,959               Postsecondary facilities ......................................................... 549,098 296,689 110,404 52,083 26,010 27,824 25,256 22,578 17,000 Construction loans and insurance ..................................... 72,319 50,610 39,287 16,984 1,084 1,070 2,105 2,053 3,000 Interest subsidy grants ....................................................... 50,363 38,075 50,734 23,777           College housing loans ....................................................... 426,416 208,003 20,382 11,322 24,927 26,753 23,151 20,525 14,000 Other postsecondary education programs ............................ 71,430 113,365 247,509 135,869           International education and foreign languages 10 .............. 40,855 48,875 113,065             Funds for Improvement of Postsecondary Education 11 ... 24,541 19,382 130,237 131,340 ( 12) ( 12) ( 12) ( 12) ( 12) Other .................................................................................. 6,033 45,108 4,206 4,529           Public library services ............................................................ 207,002 176,936 173,628 169,836 ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13)

Public library services ........................................................ 135,900 114,371 108,047 93,976 ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) Interlibrary cooperation ......................................................   27,449 25,604 27,174 ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) Public library construction ..................................................   24,440 19,430 27,174 ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) Research libraries .............................................................. 12,254 9,150 8,634   ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) Other .................................................................................. 58,848 1,525 11,913 21,513 ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13) ( 13)

Payments to special institutions ............................................ 560,074 386,761 383,360 384,962 351,140 367,057 367,260 376,635 386,000 American Printing House for the Blind .............................. 8,894 8,387 7,416 7,926 7,586 8,561 9,471 10,263 12,000 National Technical Institute for the Deaf ........................... 40,491 47,883 46,613 48,686 46,602 47,086 48,407 49,260 53,000 Gallaudet College .............................................................. 101,047 90,112 88,584 90,579 85,618 86,681 87,343 88,258 89,000 Howard University .............................................................. 409,642 240,378 240,747 237,771 211,334 224,729 222,040 228,855 232,000 Departmental accounts .......................................................... 566,851 556,302 600,488 1,025,811 1,104,358 926,738 1,196,489 1,121,696 1,255,000 Educational research and improvement ............................ 105,149 92,345 114,030 370,243 648,092 454,808 710,317 610,622 730,000 Departmental management account .................................. 457,812 458,835 485,649 655,568 450,847 464,439 486,172 511,075 525,000 Other .................................................................................. 3,835 5,107     5,419 7,491       Trust funds ......................................................................... 55 15 809               Not available or applicable. 1 Data adjusted by the federal funds composite deflator prepared by the U. S. Office of Management and Budget. 2 Revised from previously published data. 3 Estimated. 4 Includes preschool incentive grants. 5 Includes programs of national significance and special programs for the disadvantaged 6 Includes national programs for research, demonstrations, evaluation and technical assistance, literacy training for homeless adults, and some other small programs. 7 Includes Pell Grants; Supplemental Education Opportunity Grants; Leveraging Educational Assistance Partnership Program, formerly the State Student Incentive Grants; and Income Contingent Loans. 8 Formerly the Guaranteed Student Loan program. 9 Includes Federal Direct Student Loan program starting in fiscal year 1994. Other programs include teacher quality enhancement and community scholarship mobilization. 10 Starting in fiscal year 1994, this program is included under the program, `` Funds for Improvement of Postsecondary Education.''

11 International education and foreign languages are included under this program starting in fiscal year 1994.

12 This program is included under the `` Special programs for the disadvantaged'' program

13 This program was transferred to the Institute of Museum and Library Services in fiscal year 1997.

NOTE: Data presented in this tabulation are obligations, which differ from outlay figures reported in other tables in this chapter. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding

SOURCE: U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government fiscal years 1982 to 2002. ( This table was prepared May 2001.) 432 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 367.   U. S. Department of Education outlays, by level of education and type of recipient: Fiscal years 1980 to 2001 [ In millions of current dollars]

Year and area of education Total Local education agencies State education agencies College students Postsecondary institutions Federal Multiple types of recipients Other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1980 total $ 13,137.8 $ 5,313.7 $ 1,103.2 $ 2,137.4 $ 2,267.2 $ 249.8 $ 693.8 $ 1,372.7 Elementary/ secondary .............................. 6,629.1 5,309.4 662.2 34.2 22.0 62.5 513.4 25.5 Postsecondary education ......................... 5,682.2   99.5 2,103.2 2,166.5     1,313.0 Other programs ........................................ 747.7 4.3 341.5     187.3 180.4 34.2 Education research and statistics ............ 78.7       78.7       1984 total 15,534.7 5,256.5 1,879.0 2,193.4 2,167.4 330.2 516.7 3,191.4 Elementary/ secondary .............................. 6,220.8 5,252.4 536.0 55.5 35.3 22.9 259.9 58.8 Postsecondary education ......................... 7,341.2   211.5 2,137.9 1,972.5     3,019.3 Other programs ........................................ 1,813.1 4.1 1,131.5     307.3 256.8 113.3 Education research and statistics ............ 159.6       159.6       1986 total 17,740.1 6,435.1 1,823.3 2,685.9 2,637.2 265.4 625.8 3,267.5 Elementary/ secondary .............................. 7,552.0 6,432.1 558.5 68.3 45.2 2.2 372.0 73.8 Postsecondary education ......................... 8,444.9   215.6 2,617.6 2,523.0     3,088.7 Other programs ........................................ 1,674.2 3.0 1,049.2     263.2 253.8 105.0 Education research and statistics ............ 69.0       69.0       1988 total 18,326.9 6,614.8 2,234.6 3,103.4 2,519.5 319.4 838.8 2,696.3 Elementary/ secondary .............................. 8,098.4 6,606.3 717.9 66.2 39.5 23.8 616.7 28.0 Postsecondary education ......................... 8,247.1   184.6 3,037.2 2,437.6     2,587.7 Other programs ........................................ 1,939.0 8.5 1,332.1     295.6 222.1 80.6 Education research and statistics ............ 42.4       42.4       1990 total 23,198.6 8,000.7 2,490.3 3,859.6 3,649.8 441.4 912.2 3,844.4 Elementary/ secondary .............................. 9,681.3 7,995.0 700.3 80.5 85.4 113.1 650.7 56.3 Postsecondary education ......................... 11,176.0   261.6 3,779.1 3,475.0     3,660.4 Other programs ........................................ 2,251.8 5.7 1,528.5     328.3 261.5 127.8 Education research and statistics ............ 89.5       89.5       1996 total 29,977.8 11,077.8 3,669.6 5,129.8 5,053.4 562.1 1,682.3 2,802.9 Elementary/ secondary .............................. 14,323.8 11,073.1 1,650.7 161.1 141.5 59.2 1,201.4 36.8 Postsecondary education ......................... 12,257.6   90.7 4,968.7 4,601.0     2,597.2 Other programs ........................................ 3,085.6 4.7 1,928.2     502.9 480.9 168.9 Education research and statistics ............ 310.9       310.9       1998 total 31,559.0 12,094.5 3,978.2 5,362.0 5,910.2 465.8 1,769.0 1,979.3 Elementary/ secondary .............................. 16,001.8 12,086.7 1,920.5 265.5 162.4 52.7 1,454.7 59.3 Postsecondary education ......................... 12,122.3   57.8 5,096.5 5,206.6     1,761.4 Other programs ........................................ 2,893.7 7.8 1,999.9     413.1 314.3 158.6 Education research and statistics ............ 541.2       541.2       1999 total 34,344.1 13,145.3 4,156.3 6,076.1 6,474.8 502.0 1,750.4 2,239.1 Elementary/ secondary .............................. 17,026.7 13,137.6 1,901.5 285.6 175.2 62.1 1,395.2 69.4 Postsecondary education ......................... 13,715.6   79.5 5,790.5 5,821.1     2,024.5 Other programs ........................................ 3,123.3 7.7 2,175.2     439.9 355.2 145.2 Education research and statistics ............ 478.5       478.5       2000 total 34,106.7 16,016.0 4,316.5 4,711.7 5,005.7 506.6 1,820.2 1,730.1 Elementary/ secondary .............................. 20,039.6 16,003.5 1,989.6 260.5 198.9 48.5 1,461.8 76.8 Postsecondary education ......................... 10,727.3   55.2 4,451.2 4,690.3     1,530.6 Other programs ........................................ 3,223.4 12.5 2,271.7     458.1 358.4 122.7 Education research and statistics ............ 116.5       116.5       2001 total 36,754.1 17,635.0 4,919.4 6,187.3 6,104.1 614.3 2,332.8   1,039.1 Elementary/ secondary .............................. 22,931.4 17,619.8 2,523.8 380.5 280.2 58.5 1,969.5 99.0 Postsecondary education ......................... 10,026.8   51.0 5,806.8 5,458.5       1,289.5 Other programs ........................................ 3,430.4 15.2 2,344.6     555.8 363.3 151.4 Education research and statistics ............ 365.4       365.4         Not available or applicable.

NOTE: Negative amounts occur when program receipts exceed outlays. Other recipients include American Indian tribes, private nonprofit agencies, and banks. Outlays by type of recipient are estimated based on obligation data. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. SOURCE: U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U. S. Government, Fiscal Years 1982 to 2002, and Catalog of Federal Domestic Assistance; National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development, Fiscal Years 1980 to 2001; and unpublished data obtained from various federal agencies. ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 433 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 368.   U. S. Department of Education appropriations for major programs, by state or other area: Fiscal year 2000 [ In thousands]

State or other area Total Grants for the disadvantaged 1 Block grants to states for school improvement 2 School assistance in federally affected areas 3 Vocational and adult education 4 Education for the handicapped 5 Bilingual education 6 Indian education Higher and continuing education 7 Student financial assistance 8 Rehabilitation services 9 Goals 2000 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total ............................................ $ 33,317,494 $ 8,720,086 $ 2,468,800 $ 797,252 $ 1,625,650 $ 5,754,685 $ 400,336 $ 62,000 $ 1,496,901 $ 8,668,857 $ 2,439,927 $ 883,000 Alabama .......................................... 560,928 140,529 38,444 2,279 30,179 90,546 823 1,056 50,167 142,453 50,507 13,944 Alaska .............................................. 183,006 27,461 11,809 86,997 5,292 17,491 1,832 6,772 6,203 6,350 8,803 3,995 Arizona ............................................ 642,204 137,811 38,390 123,391 27,336 84,540 16,387 7,388 15,228 137,900 40,416 13,416 Arkansas ......................................... 309,420 88,797 23,384 483 18,129 55,705 418 136 18,049 65,031 30,680 8,608 California ......................................... 3,817,718 1,146,489 278,400 44,807 181,684 591,409 107,368 4,395 110,155 1,013,210 235,975 103,827 Colorado .......................................... 369,229 82,336 28,706 6,011 19,136 71,288 9,205 483 16,938 96,151 29,870 9,105 Connecticut ..................................... 294,560 78,685 24,401 6,263 14,747 69,624 4,234 16 9,320 60,613 18,291 8,367 Delaware ......................................... 89,081 23,304 11,809 24 5,923 16,286 160 0 4,774 14,136 8,845 3,821 District of Columbia ......................... 406,171 28,293 11,810 774 6,008 8,708 3,480 0 295,124 36,053 11,941 3,978 Florida .............................................. 1,602,261 411,790 111,473 7,796 81,062 310,874 29,208 51 36,922 454,756 117,857 40,473 Georgia ............................................ 793,071 232,414 63,820 6,707 46,044 147,275 3,884 0 43,970 156,986 68,948 23,023 Hawaii .............................................. 141,887 22,788 11,809 29,818 7,556 19,472 2,329 0 13,012 21,365 9,882 3,856 Idaho ............................................... 137,379 29,651 11,809 4,872 8,529 26,409 2,392 256 4,095 32,011 13,332 4,023 Illinois .............................................. 1,251,873 351,095 103,257 9,658 63,185 257,164 16,983 56 46,238 278,992 88,493 36,752 Indiana ............................................. 614,929 128,995 43,285 98 35,603 132,528 556 8 20,421 181,781 57,284 14,371 Iowa ................................................. 294,331 58,323 20,389 142 17,035 63,504 2,055 133 15,107 82,905 28,074 6,665 Kansas ............................................ 290,373 71,403 20,410 11,188 15,185 54,665 3,621 401 16,164 66,335 23,990 7,012 Kentucky .......................................... 473,509 146,282 37,741 288 28,284 85,232 848 0 20,906 94,553 45,481 13,894 Louisiana ......................................... 620,131 206,779 54,055 4,831 32,660 89,743 1,829 532 32,482 136,519 40,864 19,838 Maine ............................................... 160,957 38,495 11,821 2,005 7,632 29,529 1,880 72 7,192 43,747 14,352 4,232 Maryland .......................................... 449,923 111,558 37,613 5,215 24,475 101,790 2,611 137 25,967 92,118 36,015 12,424 Massachusetts ................................. 731,823 166,944 47,038 996 27,763 147,718 9,978 99 25,716 244,424 44,317 16,830 Michigan .......................................... 1,072,981 365,274 98,019 2,073 55,435 193,507 4,625 2,484 27,613 203,475 85,039 35,437 Minnesota ........................................ 489,513 96,754 35,744 7,833 24,194 99,098 3,355 2,427 18,834 150,104 39,857 11,315 Mississippi ....................................... 450,504 133,656 34,936 2,724 20,933 58,086 250 228 24,249 125,964 36,741 12,736 Missouri ........................................... 605,672 146,046 43,550 8,959 33,087 116,832 1,679 20 20,055 167,146 53,047 15,252 Montana .......................................... 161,892 29,030 11,809 34,772 6,783 18,292 4,903 2,137 11,012 28,545 10,578 4,029 Nebraska ......................................... 183,278 39,439 12,530 10,503 9,747 38,714 2,498 465 7,437 41,139 16,182 4,622 Nevada ............................................ 124,192 25,655 12,361 3,427 8,517 31,979 1,723 519 2,779 21,157 12,005 4,072 New Hampshire ............................... 114,716 21,716 11,809 6 7,281 25,219 600 0 3,028 31,266 9,999 3,791 New Jersey ...................................... 742,337 192,633 58,911 12,010 37,677 187,560 7,938 55 16,762 160,034 48,564 20,194 New Mexico ..................................... 339,892 71,822 18,918 68,844 11,842 46,939 11,017 4,976 14,408 64,179 20,004 6,942 New York ......................................... 2,742,061 788,665 196,075 10,401 91,096 399,007 49,571 1,106 58,737 947,674 126,578 73,151 North Carolina ................................. 740,448 167,593 53,930 7,991 45,672 154,116 2,770 2,158 47,310 167,267 73,908 17,734 North Dakota ................................... 120,139 21,724 11,809 17,868 5,716 13,363 1,994 1,005 5,862 28,163 8,829 3,804 Ohio ................................................. 1,253,437 325,709 94,757 1,315 65,537 213,123 1,471 0 30,856 380,623 106,084 33,961 Oklahoma ........................................ 449,009 104,671 28,622 21,442 22,984 72,632 10,785 12,702 30,425 97,273 37,007 10,465 Oregon ............................................ 337,792 86,601 24,523 2,260 18,082 64,268 5,236 1,524 8,783 88,913 29,030 8,572 Pennsylvania ................................... 1,303,844 367,086 102,298 1,019 65,572 210,747 3,320 0 33,396 375,100 108,253 37,054 Rhode Island ................................... 136,848 27,035 11,809 2,207 7,814 23,624 1,828 0 4,311 44,520 9,687 4,012 South Carolina ................................ 460,646 108,708 30,640 2,802 26,310 90,283 631 40 30,165 117,282 42,762 11,026 South Dakota .................................. 179,554 22,458 11,809 26,434 5,833 16,064 2,313 1,898 3,665 76,241 8,983 3,855 Tennessee ....................................... 559,590 143,936 42,120 1,225 34,579 115,548 1,199 0 27,215 123,339 55,474 14,955 Texas ............................................... 2,487,610 761,842 196,647 34,588 123,329 447,709 34,834 166 86,574 556,314 173,698 71,910 Utah ................................................. 246,698 39,773 16,940 6,058 15,240 52,370 3,812 690 7,734 76,778 22,023 5,279 Vermont ........................................... 103,645 20,118 11,809 3 5,497 13,033 325 90 5,769 34,348 8,850 3,802 Virginia ............................................ 931,946 128,079 45,696 26,640 37,012 139,696 3,616 16 32,543 449,013 55,079 14,557 Washington ..................................... 566,031 131,009 42,116 31,333 28,432 107,819 6,692 3,146 25,216 134,306 42,063 13,898 West Virginia ................................... 247,791 78,314 20,273 10 13,445 40,267 152 0 16,066 47,984 23,846 7,435 Wisconsin ........................................ 560,242 135,901 42,422 9,021 30,337 108,416 3,076 1,852 27,379 137,714 49,350 14,773 Wyoming ......................................... 88,031 19,715 11,809 7,819 5,236 13,737 761 287 3,798 13,403 7,708 3,759 Indian Tribe ( Set Aside) .................. 172,002 54,926 9,632 0 13,196 65,803 0 0 0 0 23,445 5,000 Other ............................................... 146,244 26,450 2,529 79,788 12,011 20,243 460 19 0 0 969 3,775 Outlying areas American Samoa ............................. 15,927 5,757 1,923 0 388 5,546 177 0 259 33 1,098 746 Guam ............................................... 31,826 5,277 4,476 0 792 13,281 995 0 1,283 2,694 2,281 746 Marshall Islands .............................. 908 0 0 0 81 0 211 0 449 33 0 134 Micronesia ....................................... 7,463 0 0 0 81 0 587 0 1,675 4,724 0 395 Northern Mariana Islands ................ 11,059 3,064 1,095 0 538 3,449 341 0 1,025 72 1,074 402 Palau ............................................... 803 0 0 0 81 0 488 0 0 234 0 0 Puerto Rico ..................................... 864,794 283,611 69,083 1,056 30,946 52,966 1,689 0 24,407 311,911 63,525 25,600 Virgin Islands ................................... 31,365 9,814 3,694 179 872 9,848 338 0 1,672 1,503 2,088 1,357 1 Title I, formerly called Chapter 1, Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of 1981, includes Grants to Local Education Agencies, Title 1 Accountability grants, Migrant Education   Basic State Grants, Program for Neglected and Delinquent Children, Capital Expenses for Private School Children, Demonstrations of Comprehensive School Reform and Even Start   State Educational Agencies.

2 Title VI, formerly called Chapter 2, Education Consolidation and Improvement Act of 1981, includes Eisenhower Professional Development Grants, Safe and Drug Free Schools and Communities   State Grants, Education for Homeless Children and Youth, Class Size Reduction, School Renovation, and Innovative Education Program Strategies.

3 Impact Aid   Basic Support Payments and Impact Aid   Payments for Children with Disabilities.

4 Includes Vocational Education State Grants, State Grants for Incarcerated Youth Offenders English Literacy and Civics Education State Grants, Tech Prep Education, and Adult Education State Grant Program.

5 Includes Special Education   Grants to States, Preschool Grants, and Grants for Infants and Families with Disabilities.

6 Includes Immigrant Education Grants, Foreign Language Assistance Grants, and Bilingual Education State Grants.

7 Includes Institutional Aid to Strengthen Higher Education Institutions serving significant numbers of low income students, Other Special Programs for the Disadvantaged, Cooperative Education, Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education, Fellowships and Scholarships, and annual interest subsidy grants for facilities construction. 8 Includes Pell Grants, Leveraging Educational Assistance Partnership, formerly the State Student Incentive Grants, Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants, Federal Work Study, and Federal Perkins Loans Capital Contributions, and Guaranteed Student Loan interest subsidies. 9 Includes Rehabilitation Services   Vocational Rehabilitation Grants to States, Supported Employment State Grants, Client Assistance State Grants, and Independent Living State Grants, Services for Older Blind Individuals, Protection and Advocacy for Assistive Technology, and Protection and Advocacy of Individual Rights. 10 Includes State and Local Education Systemic Improvement Grants and Technology Literacy Challenge Fund Grants.

NOTE: Data reflect revisions to figures in the Budget of the United States Government Fiscal Year 2002. To the extent possible, data represent appropriations rather than outlays. Because of the exclusion of certain programs, totals in this table are lower than those reported in other tables. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, based on unpublished tabulations from the Office of Management and Budget; and U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Federal Expenditures by State for Fiscal Year 2000. ( This table was prepared July 2001.) 434 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 369.   Appropriations for Title I and Title VI, Elementary and Secondary Education Act ( ESEA) of 1994, by state or other area and type of appropriation: 1999   2000 and 2000   01 [ In thousands]

State or other area Title I total, school year 1999   2000 1 Title I, 2 school year 2000   01 3 Title VI 4 Total Local education grants Neglected and delinquent children Migrant children Other 5 1999 appropriations for 1999   2000 2000 appropriations for 2000   01 Total 6 Basic grants Concentration grants 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total 7 ........................................................................ $ 8,289,582 $ 8,500,086 $ 7,807,397 $ 6,578,695 $ 1,146,813 $ 42,000 $ 354,689 $ 296,000 $ 375,000 $ 365,750 Alabama ........................................................................ 133,972 137,037 129,133 108,479 20,655 506 2,921 4,477 5,520 5,266 Alaska ............................................................................ 27,672 26,916 19,089 16,079 3,011 170 6,628 1,029 1,862 1,816 Arizona .......................................................................... 130,818 134,330 121,897 101,967 19,930 1,715 6,343 4,375 6,408 6,443 Arkansas ........................................................................ 85,004 86,627 79,071 67,442 11,629 274 4,485 2,797 3,443 3,278 California ....................................................................... 1,065,523 1,119,928 972,870 833,272 139,598 3,522 107,211 36,325 44,575 43,634 Colorado ........................................................................ 78,218 80,052 71,304 60,668 10,636 315 6,052 2,381 5,258 5,280 Connecticut .................................................................... 74,468 76,604 70,351 59,917 10,434 883 2,804 2,566 4,078 4,144 Delaware ....................................................................... 22,269 22,764 21,268 16,447 4,822 109 319 1,066 1,862 1,816 District of Columbia ....................................................... 26,910 27,684 25,547 21,837 3,710 356 443 1,338 1,862 1,816 Florida ............................................................................ 391,594 401,481 363,366 309,157 54,209 1,266 23,565 13,284 17,857 17,779 Georgia .......................................................................... 218,637 226,462 210,268 180,821 29,447 2,337 6,253 7,604 10,131 10,030 Hawaii ............................................................................ 21,021 22,149 20,158 17,291 2,867 102 834 1,055 1,862 1,816 Idaho .............................................................................. 28,500 28,904 23,516 19,861 3,655 108 4,164 1,115 1,862 1,816 Illinois ............................................................................. 337,019 341,790 326,711 278,814 47,897 1,747 1,621 11,712 16,090 15,647 Indiana ........................................................................... 122,821 125,342 116,422 101,953 14,469 750 4,051 4,120 7,726 7,575 Iowa ............................................................................... 55,659 56,614 53,287 47,051 6,236 343 1,121 1,862 3,838 3,647 Kansas ........................................................................... 67,096 69,683 56,306 48,828 7,478 359 10,995 2,023 3,604 3,495 Kentucky ........................................................................ 141,131 142,853 127,790 108,142 19,649 646 9,934 4,484 4,992 4,798 Louisiana ....................................................................... 198,517 201,813 191,236 161,738 29,498 909 2,842 6,826 6,216 5,949 Maine ............................................................................. 36,798 37,596 31,963 27,453 4,511 133 4,238 1,262 1,862 1,816 Maryland ........................................................................ 105,879 108,414 102,604 87,769 14,834 1,678 472 3,660 6,531 6,538 Massachusetts ............................................................... 159,039 162,717 153,374 126,656 26,718 935 2,703 5,706 7,456 7,311 Michigan ........................................................................ 351,442 356,370 334,366 278,187 56,179 732 9,612 11,660 13,123 12,948 Minnesota ...................................................................... 92,688 93,893 87,986 76,903 11,083 224 2,538 3,145 6,625 6,454 Mississippi ..................................................................... 128,450 130,421 124,796 106,154 18,642 316 1,005 4,304 3,907 3,739 Missouri ......................................................................... 138,513 142,176 134,785 114,383 20,403 866 1,581 4,944 7,367 7,040 Montana ......................................................................... 27,542 28,302 26,320 22,393 3,927 62 744 1,176 1,862 1,816 Nebraska ....................................................................... 37,699 38,392 32,207 28,851 3,356 224 4,621 1,340 2,342 2,235 Nevada .......................................................................... 23,883 24,814 23,322 20,455 2,867 154 232 1,107 2,217 2,367 New Hampshire ............................................................. 20,503 21,100 19,698 15,856 3,842 256 100 1,047 1,862 1,816 New Jersey .................................................................... 182,896 187,507 177,216 148,612 28,604 2,245 1,589 6,456 10,135 9,916 New Mexico ................................................................... 68,112 70,054 66,240 56,467 9,773 297 1,070 2,447 2,590 2,474 New York ....................................................................... 751,931 769,871 731,360 621,037 110,323 2,574 7,977 27,959 23,004 21,917 North Carolina ............................................................... 155,311 163,038 150,973 131,039 19,934 948 5,690 5,427 9,598 9,555 North Dakota ................................................................. 20,736 21,194 19,821 16,447 3,374 44 263 1,067 1,862 1,816 Ohio ............................................................................... 312,305 317,133 302,372 257,785 44,587 2,239 2,034 10,488 14,810 14,290 Oklahoma ...................................................................... 99,005 101,976 96,338 82,527 13,811 208 2,014 3,417 4,622 4,411 Oregon ........................................................................... 83,282 84,506 68,819 59,765 9,054 1,230 12,070 2,388 4,237 4,129 Pennsylvania ................................................................. 352,608 357,840 335,858 283,187 52,671 679 8,470 12,833 15,064 14,538 Rhode Island ................................................................. 25,943 26,323 24,654 21,229 3,425 345 108 1,215 1,862 1,816 South Carolina ............................................................... 101,870 105,883 100,734 86,321 14,413 1,089 459 3,601 4,972 4,771 South Dakota ................................................................. 21,417 21,892 19,734 16,677 3,057 253 846 1,058 1,862 1,816 Tennessee ..................................................................... 137,269 140,149 134,693 112,564 22,129 520 365 4,570 6,822 6,616 Texas ............................................................................. 727,313 743,579 665,787 567,427 98,360 2,764 50,946 24,082 28,121 27,710 Utah ............................................................................... 38,152 38,550 35,293 29,501 5,792 461 1,479 1,317 3,489 3,375 Vermont ......................................................................... 19,294 19,630 17,739 15,146 2,593 193 678 1,021 1,862 1,816 Virginia ........................................................................... 119,224 124,366 118,413 102,850 15,563 1,055 656 4,241 8,445 8,247 Washington .................................................................... 125,513 127,592 108,940 93,186 15,753 733 14,218 3,702 7,571 7,447 West Virginia ................................................................. 75,111 76,445 73,480 61,854 11,626 307 124 2,535 2,184 2,056 Wisconsin ...................................................................... 129,977 132,030 125,862 113,863 11,999 1,032 630 4,506 7,165 6,904 Wyoming ........................................................................ 18,553 19,251 17,754 14,887 2,867 317 167 1,013 1,862 1,816 Other activities Bureau of Indian Affairs ................................................ 50,205 51,343 51,343 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Migrant coordination activities ....................................... 8,500 8,500 0 0 0 0 8,500 0 0 0 Even Start Migrant, Indian, and Territory ( Set Aside) .. 6,200 7,500 0 0 0 0 0 7,500 0 0 Even Start Evaluation/ Technical Assistance ................. 3,720 3,000 0 0 0 0 0 3,000 0 0 Even Start/ State Literacy Initiative ................................ 1,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Competitive grants ........................................................ 9,054 5,000 5,000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Other non state allocations ........................................... 0 2,500 2,500 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Outlying areas American Samoa ........................................................... 5,355 5,572 5,572 0 0 0 0 0 451 440 Guam ............................................................................. 5,023 5,023 5,023 0 0 0 0 0 1,051 250 Northern Marianas ......................................................... 2,848 2,964 2,964 0 0 0 0 0 257 1,025 Puerto Rico .................................................................... 273,453 277,159 262,416 221,502 40,914 472 3,903 10,369 6,040 5,629 Virgin Islands ................................................................. 9,118 9,487 9,487 0 0 0 0 0 866 845 1 Data are based on fiscal year 2000 budget authorizations. Excludes $ 6,977,000 for Title I evaluation. 2 Formerly Chapter 1. 3 Data are based on fiscal year 2001 budget authorizations. Excludes $ 8,900,000 for Title I evaluation. 4 Formerly Chapter 2. 5 Includes Capital Expenses, Even Start grants, and Accountability grants. 6 Includes other programs not shown separately. 7 Total includes other activities and outlying areas.

NOTE: Elementary and Secondary Education Act was most recently revised through the Improving America's Schools Act ( IASA) of 1994. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, Budget Service, Elementary, Secondary, and Vocational Education Analysis Division, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 435 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 370.   Federal obligations for research and development and R& D plant, by state and selected agency: Fiscal year 1999 [ In thousands of dollars]

State or other area Total Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce Department of Defense Department of Energy Department of Health and Human Services Department of the Interior Department of Transportation Environmental Protection Agency National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Science Foundation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Total .............................................. $ 75,840,468 $ 1,741,439 $ 1,008,826 $ 35,668,310 $ 6,873,603 $ 16,118,704 $ 640,999 $ 680,858 $ 667,543 $ 9,773,986 $ 2,666,200 Alabama ............................................ 1,873,532 25,844 1,171 1,030,863 25,678 181,635 6,338 4,877 5,100 577,269 14,757 Alaska ................................................ 115,015 9,901 26,346 18,043 3,264 3,904 26,214 3,416 789 9,504 13,634 Arizona .............................................. 1,118,044 25,317 3,267 790,936 5,149 107,304 14,725 3,492 5,620 70,804 91,430 Arkansas ............................................ 109,449 33,563 0 1,548 100 56,018 5,467 2,695 639 1,400 8,019 California ........................................... 16,067,865 100,699 83,792 9,258,919 1,512,958 1,732,105 40,721 37,903 33,478 2,874,774 392,516 Colorado ............................................ 1,481,920 30,514 96,520 577,014 156,683 220,110 56,598 26,055 11,982 147,327 159,117 Connecticut ........................................ 657,480 7,589 9,302 184,209 51,170 282,829 1,406 16,175 934 76,266 27,600 Delaware ........................................... 53,341 5,415 2,304 13,541 2,046 9,029 504 1,465 874 4,256 13,907 District of Columbia ........................... 2,505,293 175,034 16,630 1,087,274 422,778 235,552 2,678 168,268 83,029 209,229 104,821 Florida ................................................ 2,340,593 44,946 38,426 1,493,366 13,064 185,551 23,259 9,765 13,948 445,276 72,992 Georgia .............................................. 2,031,780 57,267 3,794 1,503,844 12,347 354,329 10,189 6,479 17,732 21,149 44,650 Hawaii ................................................ 208,112 21,579 15,068 93,367 2,984 28,991 6,605 835 0 18,860 19,823 Idaho .................................................. 208,899 20,664 1,403 11,679 150,207 3,718 11,862 1,724 594 1,552 5,496 Illinois ................................................. 1,467,563 54,509 4,953 131,538 622,468 461,206 7,257 13,249 6,146 17,336 148,901 Indiana ............................................... 420,611 18,057 1,902 190,939 16,858 117,659 5,138 5,854 645 13,344 50,215 Iowa ................................................... 270,289 50,281 226 20,870 31,547 129,573 6,280 3,660 896 10,624 16,332 Kansas ............................................... 195,563 18,659 524 55,646 4,700 81,015 8,587 2,647 2,542 5,111 16,132 Kentucky ............................................ 146,976 9,136 364 12,060 3,715 97,365 4,220 4,906 451 1,573 13,186 Louisiana ........................................... 248,021 49,304 6,004 34,860 6,464 79,490 18,905 3,166 6,420 29,031 14,377 Maine ................................................. 152,084 4,615 2,158 89,409 1,394 37,097 4,896 1,306 224 2,883 8,102 Maryland ............................................ 8,396,532 165,703 367,279 2,577,875 51,119 3,722,186 16,506 37,969 12,138 1,370,616 75,141 Massachusetts ................................... 3,149,654 28,359 41,887 1,280,130 100,902 1,309,072 5,935 44,697 9,985 142,013 186,674 Michigan ............................................ 845,619 24,644 25,046 252,328 20,064 350,421 13,480 12,039 28,364 22,259 96,974 Minnesota .......................................... 892,384 26,896 7,493 516,905 8,056 242,895 10,299 17,914 19,228 7,657 35,041 Mississippi ......................................... 378,351 75,668 10,297 156,322 1,731 15,848 8,010 3,088 640 94,729 12,018 Missouri ............................................. 930,514 24,721 237 522,212 4,601 309,316 18,557 3,896 8,049 12,266 26,659 Montana ............................................. 96,867 22,539 365 5,863 1,120 26,044 17,493 2,455 2,422 5,620 12,946 Nebraska ........................................... 94,967 30,628 650 5,130 939 34,480 7,556 1,238 300 2,148 11,898 Nevada .............................................. 293,832 3,229 282 16,211 210,501 15,502 11,592 6,893 18,767 2,703 8,152 New Hampshire ................................. 292,251 5,237 8,998 192,622 620 48,007 2,045 3,237 1,000 16,032 14,453 New Jersey ........................................ 2,691,966 6,938 30,325 2,253,555 74,708 149,077 5,839 67,372 4,443 44,530 55,179 New Mexico ....................................... 2,168,105 8,950 971 629,531 1,381,734 56,807 12,496 7,923 4,042 50,328 15,323 New York ........................................... 2,778,009 40,687 20,689 549,377 635,098 1,220,363 9,801 12,482 12,437 64,242 212,833 North Carolina ................................... 1,045,471 40,434 12,707 136,847 16,501 607,636 8,740 6,524 154,013 13,048 49,021 North Dakota ..................................... 62,258 29,943 508 3,820 6,027 6,199 8,525 1,138 292 1,794 4,012 Ohio ................................................... 3,795,905 17,173 6,617 2,683,279 18,047 418,995 6,551 19,283 80,009 499,730 46,221 Oklahoma .......................................... 173,585 22,066 7,153 29,737 18,156 42,089 7,208 14,269 15,638 2,683 14,586 Oregon ............................................... 417,043 39,379 16,365 28,149 37,184 209,202 16,731 2,796 23,605 9,494 34,138 Pennsylvania ..................................... 1,935,185 55,757 4,803 516,972 336,332 848,167 8,188 10,114 5,718 40,124 109,010 Rhode Island ..................................... 407,142 2,598 5,762 287,981 2,716 61,896 2,991 992 14,885 3,818 23,503 South Carolina ................................... 234,487 33,368 9,159 63,174 40,176 57,180 4,907 1,165 1,960 3,156 20,242 South Dakota ..................................... 39,107 7,357 608 1,387 50 3,893 14,501 952 432 6,561 3,366 Tennessee ......................................... 820,140 9,831 1,509 80,299 471,795 190,482 7,024 6,732 916 31,913 19,639 Texas ................................................. 3,897,469 76,878 9,309 949,892 24,562 631,292 32,860 15,838 24,166 2,052,648 80,024 Utah ................................................... 306,191 16,272 1,931 126,497 7,806 96,460 10,918 3,215 808 15,846 26,438 Vermont ............................................. 62,215 6,743 423 10,017 917 37,376 1,507 578 561 625 3,468 Virginia ............................................... 5,811,710 10,374 25,272 4,703,638 89,937 206,489 52,033 40,177 21,295 602,865 59,630 Washington ........................................ 1,321,618 41,234 73,046 384,888 177,931 481,242 13,524 6,735 7,475 76,276 59,267 West Virginia ..................................... 252,030 38,124 395 19,191 63,056 56,376 8,065 2,593 0 18,639 45,591 Wisconsin .......................................... 380,985 39,300 3,127 14,219 20,468 219,342 15,862 3,886 1,912 17,862 45,007 Wyoming ............................................ 35,541 8,727 25 729 4,190 1,646 9,905 3,737 0 438 6,144 Outlying areas .............................. 140,605 14,624 1,434 53,473 985 38,244 9,501 994 0 3,755 17,595 Puerto Rico ........................................ 74,019 10,385 966 1,363 985 37,087 1,847 74 0 3,755 17,557 Other areas ....................................... 66,586 4,239 468 52,110 0 1,157 7,654 920 0 0 38 Offices abroad ................................... 20,300 4,165 0 16,135 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 NOTE: Only the following 10 agencies are required to report to this section of the survey the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Defense, Energy, Interior, Transportation and Health and Human Services; the Environmental Protection Agency; the National Aeronautics and Space Administration; and the National Science Foundation. The obligations of the 10 major R& D supporting agencies included in this table represent approximately 98 percent of total Federal R& D obligations in fiscal year 1999. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development Fiscal Years 1998, 1999, and 2000. ( This table was prepared March 2001.) 436 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 371.   Federal science and engineering obligations to colleges and universities, by agency and state: Fiscal year 1999 [ In thousands of dollars]

State or other area Total Department of Agriculture Department of Defense Department of Education Department of Energy Environmental Protection Agency Department of Health and Human Services National Aeronautics and Space Administration National Science Foundation Other 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 United States 2 .................... $ 17,974,786 $ 924,637 $ 1,800,511 $ 323,031 $ 650,028 $ 178,767 $ 9,805,548 $ 1,034,500 $ 2,684,786 $ 572,978 Alabama ................................... 297,999 25,903 11,865 6,310 4,639 4,352 175,271 46,474 20,352 2,833 Alaska ...................................... 54,316 6,740 660 816 2,982 589 1,831 9,078 12,543 19,077 Arizona ..................................... 233,332 12,277 18,048 5,289 5,565 5,721 87,121 30,981 64,601 3,729 Arkansas .................................. 72,055 25,359 1,993 3,327 100 111 28,324 1,420 9,078 2,343 California .................................. 2,500,871 39,851 239,899 37,586 89,477 24,694 1,394,386 214,341 421,271 39,366 Colorado .................................. 504,673 12,554 22,423 8,578 13,945 8,628 170,677 73,265 142,144 52,459 Connecticut .............................. 334,784 7,127 10,296 2,614 10,743 527 269,728 4,797 28,114 838 Delaware .................................. 50,166 6,919 9,629 1,197 1,962 950 6,951 3,508 16,178 2,872 District of Columbia ................. 184,265 1,639 28,873 6,398 1,813 2,063 110,721 9,474 9,501 13,783 Florida ...................................... 394,086 22,944 31,460 11,164 21,851 2,826 178,350 26,199 79,555 19,737 Georgia .................................... 386,797 32,324 55,447 7,667 11,501 4,047 200,350 17,784 48,751 8,926 Hawaii ...................................... 95,456 11,988 11,228 2,982 2,846 64 20,065 10,281 19,814 16,188 Idaho ........................................ 30,008 8,894 1,243 1,787 1,760 724 2,698 713 6,176 6,013 Illinois ....................................... 676,939 25,935 48,093 11,699 24,852 2,759 378,219 13,601 161,012 10,769 Indiana ..................................... 245,967 23,438 14,376 1,341 17,018 1,092 122,647 4,208 57,311 4,536 Iowa ......................................... 214,975 30,762 5,120 3,599 5,101 2,915 136,574 6,365 20,294 4,245 Kansas ..................................... 109,403 15,309 4,681 12,685 4,580 2,558 45,225 5,352 18,196 817 Kentucky .................................. 117,801 25,784 3,146 4,030 3,715 815 62,742 2,896 13,635 1,038 Louisiana .................................. 193,566 20,640 29,679 4,189 8,428 6,760 75,877 6,104 16,988 24,901 Maine ....................................... 26,306 8,005 3,611 1,557 88 0 3,741 354 6,968 1,982 Maryland .................................. 1,120,503 13,755 365,458 8,024 10,498 6,376 470,790 162,288 56,027 27,287 Massachusetts ......................... 1,047,036 11,058 126,097 8,769 85,968 8,968 554,182 42,779 187,417 21,798 Michigan ................................... 562,483 27,930 30,378 10,634 20,850 8,896 323,459 10,770 118,243 11,323 Minnesota ................................ 267,724 21,864 19,243 4,258 8,053 1,699 163,141 5,995 38,686 4,785 Mississippi ................................ 136,787 35,074 22,367 4,078 6,195 180 21,330 15,185 18,373 14,005 Missouri .................................... 399,909 27,379 10,302 6,871 4,578 8,868 298,238 8,223 32,343 3,107 Montana ................................... 62,880 12,639 2,762 3,673 259 2,095 9,659 10,715 15,372 5,706 Nebraska .................................. 79,037 16,631 3,209 2,050 939 270 30,998 2,812 18,576 3,552 Nevada ..................................... 47,780 4,648 2,638 899 13,378 702 10,147 1,214 8,442 5,712 New Hampshire ....................... 104,233 5,080 3,299 1,125 617 1,464 49,404 10,621 13,432 19,191 New Jersey .............................. 272,009 11,144 22,963 4,683 18,482 4,130 124,295 10,048 66,487 9,777 New Mexico ............................. 139,445 9,240 37,398 2,310 6,460 274 40,520 23,816 16,433 2,994 New York ................................. 1,450,921 30,585 74,600 16,751 64,990 8,857 939,187 36,005 226,336 53,610 North Carolina .......................... 662,013 38,178 41,936 13,893 12,668 11,484 456,301 9,632 57,412 20,509 North Dakota ............................ 43,901 11,971 2,684 1,106 6,781 222 6,100 4,487 8,589 1,961 Ohio ......................................... 492,676 22,893 48,275 10,515 10,851 4,477 316,948 18,748 51,384 8,585 Oklahoma ................................. 99,634 20,170 6,133 2,253 6,053 3,087 30,124 7,908 16,372 7,534 Oregon ..................................... 227,420 18,062 13,190 12,484 3,642 2,495 120,249 7,103 37,654 12,541 Pennsylvania ............................ 1,098,534 24,011 156,814 12,414 21,016 4,093 708,384 24,475 138,644 8,683 Rhode Island ............................ 80,778 4,544 8,836 787 2,598 282 30,844 4,179 22,300 6,408 South Carolina ......................... 140,886 18,844 13,950 2,736 10,504 140 56,567 3,936 21,707 12,502 South Dakota ........................... 19,955 8,633 966 998 50 0 2,059 950 4,840 1,459 Tennessee ............................... 258,662 24,811 12,561 7,059 8,013 3,020 166,504 7,074 24,830 4,790 Texas ....................................... 972,851 41,540 102,943 12,862 23,510 12,404 601,468 48,165 110,797 19,162 Utah ......................................... 182,410 10,616 32,325 5,142 7,191 1,012 90,658 6,620 26,985 1,861 Vermont ................................... 54,024 8,266 1,063 2,309 621 140 36,343 718 3,714 850 Virginia ..................................... 311,110 21,756 33,646 9,486 13,958 1,825 144,118 26,516 48,470 11,335 Washington .............................. 498,367 20,196 38,571 7,640 25,474 7,637 306,509 9,531 63,291 19,518 West Virginia ............................ 46,444 10,486 1,690 945 868 5 11,941 13,282 961 6,266 Wisconsin ................................. 354,820 23,627 11,532 10,935 20,813 1,445 212,375 12,847 52,279 8,967 Wyoming .................................. 15,789 4,614 912 527 1,184 25 1,208 663 5,908 748 Outlying areas ..................... 83,141 21,409 1,489 2,909 1,010 0 35,785 4,083 14,439 2,017 American Samoa ..................... 1,734 1,709 0 0 25 0 0 0 0 0 Guam ....................................... 3,081 2,148 64 196 0 0 468 0 0 205 Puerto Rico .............................. 72,419 13,036 1,425 2,247 985 0 35,235 4,083 13,794 1,614 Trust Territory of the Pacific .... 4,006 3,500 0 466 0 0 0 0 0 40 Virgin Islands ........................... 1,901 1,016 0 0 0 0 82 0 645 158 1 Includes U. S. Department of Commerce, U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development U. S. Department of the Interior, Agency for International Development, U. S. Department of Labor, U. S. Department of State, U. S. Department of Transportation, Bureau of Engraving and Printing, General Services Administration, Office of Justice programs Social Security Administration, and Nuclear Regulatory Commission. 2 Dollars reflect actual obligations during the fiscal year regardless of when the funds were actually spent by a recipient institution. NOTE: Data are not comparable with previous years because starting in fiscal year 1999, data no longer include obligations to federally funded research and development centers administered by colleges and universities. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Federal Support to Universities, Colleges, and Nonprofit Institutions, Fiscal Year 1999. ( This table was prepared February 2001.) 437 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 372.   Summary of federal funds for research, development, and R& D plant: Fiscal years 1993 to 2001 [ In millions of current dollars]

Item Actual Estimate 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Percent change, 2000 to 2001 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Total outlays for research, development, and R & D plant ............................................................................. $ 68,385.8 $ 68,335.9 $ 68,410.0 $ 67,756.1 $ 70,892.0 $ 72,295.6 $ 72,613.9 $ 75,864.5 $ 79,400.0 4.7 Research and development ................................................ 65,241.3 66,158.8 66,374.6 65,909.9 68,897.2 70,434.5 70,585.2 73,774.2 77,254.7 4.7 R & D plant ......................................................................... 3,144.5 2,177.1 2,035.4 1,846.2 1,994.8 1,861.1 2,028.7 2,090.3 2,145.3 2.6 Total obligations for research, development, and R & D plant ............................................................................. 70,414.7 69,427.0 71,011.8 69,408.7 71,744.7 73,743.5 77,386.6 81,772.8 83,609.3 2.2 Research and development obligations ................................. 67,314.0 67,255.8 68,754.9 67,662.6 69,829.9 71,903.3 75,340.8 79,470.4 81,526.1 2.6 Performers Federal intramural 1 ................................................................ 16,556.2 16,139.1 17,342.7 16,596.4 16,720.0 17,114.0 18,084.7 19,072.8 19,352.4 1.5 Industrial firms ........................................................................ 30,326.1 30,454.4 30,468.7 30,361.4 31,418.0 31,839.7 31,901.6 32,815.2 33,026.4 0.6 FFRDCs2 administered by industrial firms ............................ 1,451.3 1,293.5 1,203.9 1,137.0 1,128.2 1,188.8 1,328.1 1,335.5 1,385.6 3.7 Universities and colleges ........................................................ 11,156.1 11,828.7 11,933.0 11,944.7 12,561.1 13,365.9 14,959.1 16,612.2 17,723.7 6.7 FFRDCs2 administered by universities and colleges ............ 3,666.5 3,292.9 3,574.3 3,447.7 3,701.1 3,890.2 3,896.5 3,992.6 4,189.1 4.9 Other nonprofit institutions ..................................................... 2,811.9 2,929.6 2,806.5 2,886.9 2,962.1 3,155.1 3,608.8 4,047.1 4,175.6 3.2 FFRDCs2 administered by nonprofit institutions ................... 753.4 735.5 831.4 754.5 821.0 603.0 913.3 898.1 978.0 8.9 State and local governments .................................................. 320.3 325.4 316.5 246.7 261.1 447.5 357.5 389.6 410.7 5.4 Foreign .................................................................................... 272.2 256.6 277.8 287.4 257.5 299.1 291.3 307.5 284.8   7.3 Research obligations .......................................................... 26,890.5 27,440.4 28,573.4 28,265.1 29,365.6 30,922.3 33,527.5 36,329.5 38,688.1 6.5 Performers Federal intramural 1 ..................................................... 7,360.1 7,488.2 7,787.8 7,528.2 7,667.2 7,964.7 8,685.8 9,203.5 9,792.8 6.4 Industrial firms ............................................................. 4,018.9 4,063.5 4,727.9 4,291.3 4,392.1 4,635.1 4,579.8 4,888.1 5,118.0 4.7 FFRDCs2 administered by industrial firms .................. 795.8 737.2 818.0 696.2 759.6 844.1 879.3 850.1 911.3 7.2 Universities and colleges ............................................. 9,844.1 10,323.5 10,371.6 10,673.7 11,173.2 11,741.0 13,203.8 14,699.1 15,696.1 6.8 FFRDCs2 administered by universities and colleges 2,347.6 2,181.1 2,235.6 2,386.0 2,598.9 2,743.0 2,554.1 2,673.6 2,948.4 10.3 Other nonprofit institutions ........................................... 2,041.3 2,094.9 2,056.1 2,179.5 2,294.9 2,425.2 2,806.7 3,178.3 3,340.6 5.1 FFRDCs2 administered by nonprofit institutions ......... 173.4 178.0 210.1 195.8 217.5 214.5 469.5 450.6 470.4 4.4 State and local governments ....................................... 211.8 230.8 221.4 187.4 144.0 240.1 232.4 267.9 287.8 7.4 Foreign ......................................................................... 97.4 143.3 144.8 126.8 118.1 114.5 116.1 118.3 122.7 3.8 Fields of science Life sciences ................................................................ 10,772.1 11,078.8 11,979.0 12,099.7 12,661.3 13,557.6 15,422.5 17,422.5 18,249.2 4.7 Psychology ................................................................... 550.7 550.2 653.6 513.0 545.4 591.0 632.6 719.9 751.8 4.4 Physical sciences ........................................................ 4,427.0 6,792.7 4,851.2 3,964.4 4,148.7 4,209.7 4,066.2 4,183.1 4,430.2 5.9 Environmental sciences ............................................... 2,608.5 2,032.0 2,722.9 2,997.0 3,045.7 3,062.0 3,095.3 3,102.4 3,243.2 4.5 Mathematics and computer sciences .......................... 1,225.4 1,242.3 1,667.9 1,554.1 1,671.8 1,836.8 1,980.6 2,178.5 2,517.3 15.6 Engineering .................................................................. 5,499.4 4,023.3 4,952.7 5,679.6 5,690.3 5,895.4 6,263.4 6,548.3 7,088.7 8.3 Social sciences ............................................................ 674.9 655.0 682.9 674.2 696.3 806.1 854.9 901.8 995.9 10.4 Other sciences ............................................................. 1,132.5 1,066.1 1,063.2 783.0 906.1 963.7 1,212.1 1,273.0 1,411.8 10.9 Basic research obligations .............................................. 13,399.1 13,552.9 13,895.5 14,462.4 14,942.2 15,613.0 17,443.7 18,981.7 20,274.4 6.8 Performers Federal intramural 1 .................................................. 2,605.1 2,505.0 2,712.9 2,689.2 2,688.6 2,917.8 3,255.2 3,482.5 3,650.5 4.8 Industrial firms .......................................................... 959.2 1,109.1 1,221.2 1,131.0 1,166.7 1,119.7 1,082.8 1,192.0 1,192.8 0.1 FFRDCs2 administered by industrial firms ............... 237.3 237.6 239.1 272.8 294.7 326.4 313.4 308.2 325.1 5.5 Universities and colleges ......................................... 6,798.5 7,024.2 6,951.3 7,406.1 7,695.8 7,952.2 9,107.1 10,043.7 10,906.4 8.6 FFRDCs2 administered by universities and colleges ...................................................................... 1,437.8 1,336.0 1,438.3 1,522.0 1,600.0 1,642.3 1,565.5 1,621.1 1,747.2 7.8 Other nonprofit institutions ....................................... 1,164.9 1,125.7 1,134.2 1,235.2 1,289.6 1,397.6 1,650.0 1,871.2 1,980.3 5.8 FFRDCs2 administered by nonprofit institutions ..... 71.3 73.9 75.2 76.5 88.4 121.8 354.9 338.1 340.2 0.6 State and local governments ................................... 71.7 75.2 78.7 80.2 68.4 84.9 61.4 66.8 68.7 2.9 Foreign ..................................................................... 53.3 66.1 44.5 49.5 49.9 50.4 53.4 58.1 63.3 8.9 Fields of science Life sciences ............................................................ 6,288.8 6,429.8 6,746.7 6,911.0 7,203.8 7,853.4 9,197.1 10,374.4 10,964.6 5.7 Psychology ............................................................... 246.8 247.4 279.8 281.5 293.9 312.0 347.3 408.7 425.6 4.1 Physical sciences ..................................................... 2,907.1 3,649.2 2,709.3 2,901.7 2,976.4 2,941.4 3,089.8 3,217.6 3,401.0 5.7 Environmental sciences ........................................... 1,533.5 997.2 1,410.7 1,531.2 1,543.5 1,528.7 1,615.7 1,630.6 1,722.3 5.6 Mathematics and computer sciences ...................... 511.3 503.6 626.1 622.0 661.4 705.5 734.9 760.8 920.1 20.9 Engineering .............................................................. 1,207.4 1,061.7 1,432.2 1,606.6 1,583.0 1,594.4 1,639.7 1,716.9 1,870.3 8.9 Social sciences ........................................................ 194.1 191.7 210.8 230.0 221.0 224.8 246.5 273.4 299.8 9.7 Other sciences ......................................................... 510.1 472.4 479.9 378.3 459.3 452.7 572.5 599.3 670.6 11.9 Applied research obligations ........................................... 13,491.4 13,887.5 14,677.9 13,802.7 14,423.4 15,309.3 16,083.7 17,347.9 18,413.7 6.1 Performers Federal intramural 1 .................................................. 4,755.0 4,983.2 5,074.9 4,839.0 4,978.7 5,046.9 5,430.6 5,721.0 6,142.3 7.4 Industrial firms .......................................................... 3,059.7 2,954.4 3,506.7 3,160.3 3,225.5 3,515.4 3,497.0 3,696.1 3,925.1 6.2 FFRDCs2 administered by industrial firms .............. 558.6 499.6 578.9 423.4 464.9 517.7 565.8 541.9 586.2 8.2 Universities and colleges ......................................... 3,045.5 3,299.3 3,420.3 3,267.6 3,477.4 3,788.9 4,096.7 4,655.3 4,789.8 2.9 FFRDCs2 administered by universities and colleges ...................................................................... 909.8 845.1 797.3 864.0 998.8 1,100.7 988.6 1,052.5 1,201.2 14.1 Other nonprofit institutions ....................................... 876.4 969.2 921.9 944.3 1,005.3 1,027.7 1,156.7 1,307.1 1,360.4 4.1 FFRDCs2 administered by nonprofit institutions ...... 102.2 104.0 134.9 119.4 129.2 92.6 114.6 112.6 130.1 15.6 State and local governments ................................... 140.1 155.5 142.7 107.3 75.5 155.2 171.0 201.2 219.2 8.9 Foreign ..................................................................... 44.1 77.2 100.3 77.4 68.2 64.1 62.8 60.2 59.4   1.3 Fields of science Life sciences ............................................................ 4,483.3 4,649.0 5,232.3 5,188.7 5,457.6 5,704.1 6,225.3 7,048.1 7,284.6 3.4 Psychology ............................................................... 303.9 302.9 373.9 231.5 251.5 279.0 285.3 311.2 326.2 4.8 Physical sciences ..................................................... 1,519.8 3,143.5 2,141.9 1,062.7 1,172.4 1,268.3 976.4 965.5 1,029.1 6.6 Environmental sciences ........................................... 1,075.0 1,034.8 1,312.3 1,465.8 1,502.2 1,533.2 1,479.5 1,471.8 1,521.0 3.3 Mathematics and computer sciences ...................... 714.1 738.7 1,041.7 932.1 1,010.5 1,131.4 1,245.7 1,417.7 1,597.2 12.7 Engineering .............................................................. 4,292.0 2,961.6 3,520.5 4,073.0 4,107.3 4,301.0 4,623.7 4,831.4 5,218.3 8.0 438 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 372.   Summary of federal funds for research, development, and R& D plant: Fiscal years 1993 to 2001   Continued [ In millions of current dollars]

Item Actual Estimate 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Percent change, 2000 to 2001 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Social sciences ........................................................ 480.8 463.3 472.0 444.2 475.3 581.3 608.3 628.4 696.0 10.8 Other sciences ......................................................... 622.4 593.8 583.3 404.7 446.8 510.9 639.6 673.7 741.2 10.0 Development obligations ..................................................... 40,423.5 39,815.4 40,181.4 39,397.5 40,464.3 40,981.0 41,813.1 43,140.7 42,838.1   0.7 Performers Federal intramural 1 ..................................................... 9,196.2 8,650.9 9,554.9 9,068.1 9,052.7 9,149.3 9,398.9 9,869.3 9,559.6   3.1 Industrial firms ............................................................. 26,307.2 26,390.9 25,740.7 26,070.1 27,025.8 27,204.6 27,321.8 27,927.0 27,908.3   0.1 FFRDCs2 administered by industrial firms .................. 655.5 556.3 385.9 440.7 368.6 344.7 448.8 485.4 474.3   2.3 Universities and colleges ............................................. 1,312.0 1,505.2 1,561.4 1,271.0 1,387.9 1,624.8 1,755.3 1,913.0 2,027.5 6.0 FFRDCs2 administered by universities and colleges 1,318.9 1,111.8 1,338.7 1,061.6 1,102.1 1,147.2 1,342.3 1,319.0 1,240.7   5.9 Other nonprofit institutions ........................................... 770.6 834.8 750.4 707.4 667.2 729.9 802.0 868.8 835.0   3.9 FFRDCs2 administered by nonprofit institutions ......... 580.0 557.6 621.3 558.7 603.4 388.5 443.7 447.6 507.7 13.4 State and local governments ....................................... 108.5 94.7 95.1 59.3 117.1 207.4 125.1 121.6 122.8 1.0 Foreign ......................................................................... 174.8 113.3 133.0 160.5 139.3 184.6 175.2 189.2 162.1   14.3 R & D plant obligations .......................................................... 3,100.7 2,171.2 2,256.9 1,746.1 1,914.8 1,840.2 2,045.8 2,302.3 2,083.1   9.5 Performers Federal intramural 1 ......................................................... 432.0 392.6 482.6 405.1 608.3 475.3 483.3 787.8 441.9   43.9 Industrial firms ................................................................. 1,048.2 746.8 696.6 465.4 389.8 487.7 544.7 526.7 561.7 6.6 FFRDCs2 administered by industrial firms ..................... 124.4 119.4 95.1 43.9 60.5 45.6 172.8 154.5 321.6 108.2 Universities and colleges ................................................ 361.4 209.0 323.8 243.1 238.6 139.5 141.2 192.8 194.4 0.8 FFRDCs2 administered by universities and colleges ..... 619.5 608.8 543.9 497.8 548.8 663.6 615.5 552.8 469.5   15.1 Other nonprofit institutions .............................................. 415.6 20.9 25.6 23.4 16.7 10.9 12.2 24.6 14.3   41.9 FFRDCs2 administered by nonprofit institutions ............ 65.5 72.9 62.6 66.1 52.0 12.1 70.7 61.9 79.8 28.9 State and local governments .......................................... 0.5 0.8 0.5 1.0     5.3 1.3     Foreign ............................................................................ 33.4 0.2 26.1 0.5 0.1 5.5           Not available.

1 Includes costs associated with the administration of intramural and extramural programs by federal personnel as well as actual intramural performance.

2 Federally funded research and development centers. NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: National Science Foundation, Federal Funds for Research and Development various years. ( This table was prepared February 2001.) 439 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 373.   U. S. Department of Agriculture obligations for child nutrition programs, by state or other area: Fiscal years 1999 and 2000 [ In thousands]

State or other area Total, fiscal year 1999 Fiscal year 2000 Total Special milk School lunch 1 School breakfast State administrative expenses Commodities and cash in lieu of commodities 2 Child and adult care Summer food service 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total ..................................................... $ 9,657,184 $ 9,938,238 $ 16,160 $ 5,564,283 $ 1,422,941 $ 120,201 $ 840,491 $ 1,690,472 $ 283,690 Alabama ................................................... 182,533 185,074 60 108,242 25,546 2,269 15,276 29,351 4,330 Alaska ...................................................... 25,911 26,414 3 15,425 2,441 460 1,546 6,129 410 Arizona ..................................................... 174,352 185,889 162 100,783 24,878 2,331 15,052 38,380 4,304 Arkansas .................................................. 109,232 109,910 24 60,559 19,334 1,444 9,315 17,666 1,568 California .................................................. 1,217,247 1,260,209 762 748,258 191,980 14,314 89,419 195,053 20,422 Colorado .................................................. 94,179 95,795 146 50,053 9,203 1,370 9,009 24,605 1,409 Connecticut .............................................. 74,144 75,715 438 44,497 9,586 944 7,198 10,077 2,976 Delaware .................................................. 25,358 25,958 51 11,613 2,955 476 1,991 7,643 1,229 District of Columbia ................................. 25,589 25,385 7 14,200 3,719 376 1,055 2,899 3,128 Florida ...................................................... 505,293 536,404 149 311,291 81,157 5,706 40,291 71,443 26,366 Georgia .................................................... 352,749 370,395 36 203,661 64,539 4,102 32,443 55,477 10,138 Hawaii ...................................................... 42,466 43,731 3 27,515 6,101 595 4,532 4,498 486 Idaho ........................................................ 36,724 38,549 182 23,994 4,088 527 4,390 4,152 1,216 Illinois ....................................................... 357,753 370,241 2,592 214,952 34,528 4,493 27,568 72,817 13,292 Indiana ..................................................... 138,998 148,865 319 84,817 17,473 1,821 17,985 24,450 2,000 Iowa ......................................................... 79,493 82,817 113 46,304 9,194 1,123 10,872 14,520 691 Kansas ..................................................... 88,752 90,013 128 43,585 10,145 1,344 7,808 25,897 1,105 Kentucky .................................................. 157,832 165,048 75 93,074 30,725 1,883 13,883 22,074 3,335 Louisiana .................................................. 250,673 254,036 56 139,989 43,598 3,226 17,472 42,920 6,776 Maine ....................................................... 35,376 35,445 114 17,395 3,830 629 3,144 9,476 856 Maryland .................................................. 136,724 137,232 441 72,475 18,281 1,838 10,362 28,110 5,725 Massachusetts ......................................... 161,468 161,398 498 79,428 19,119 2,167 14,187 40,991 5,009 Michigan ................................................... 234,470 248,731 898 140,361 32,139 3,131 23,880 44,817 3,505 Minnesota ................................................ 150,878 159,721 982 70,076 16,552 2,400 13,817 52,770 3,125 Mississippi ................................................ 165,147 168,374 7 97,922 32,855 1,974 11,228 21,089 3,299 Missouri .................................................... 170,455 179,792 385 96,262 26,692 2,147 18,588 30,476 5,244 Montana ................................................... 28,797 29,111 38 14,366 2,845 531 2,080 8,735 517 Nebraska .................................................. 62,317 64,770 133 28,828 5,498 1,077 7,289 21,398 547 Nevada ..................................................... 37,468 41,715 184 25,241 6,781 513 3,775 2,910 2,311 New Hampshire ....................................... 20,094 20,090 191 11,254 2,178 351 3,149 2,608 359 New Jersey .............................................. 181,924 190,932 898 115,798 16,610 2,167 18,570 30,022 6,866 New Mexico ............................................. 106,626 108,729 2 48,368 14,328 1,588 6,057 32,598 5,787 New York ................................................. 702,193 719,465 1,063 406,606 92,999 8,077 56,059 114,614 40,048 North Carolina .......................................... 281,564 292,429 134 156,987 47,330 3,533 24,578 55,468 4,399 North Dakota ............................................ 24,105 24,460 73 10,634 1,843 512 2,417 8,633 348 Ohio ......................................................... 261,230 274,468 753 156,800 35,127 3,317 27,955 45,796 4,719 Oklahoma ................................................. 139,802 149,872 58 75,579 24,423 1,913 13,581 31,733 2,585 Oregon ..................................................... 99,415 101,363 135 48,346 16,055 1,487 7,702 25,280 2,359 Pennsylvania ............................................ 280,500 281,855 783 164,731 34,696 3,190 28,579 35,270 14,606 Rhode Island ............................................ 25,768 28,822 114 16,480 3,152 408 2,604 4,850 1,216 South Carolina ......................................... 168,181 173,766 9 100,157 31,660 1,909 14,001 18,991 7,039 South Dakota ........................................... 27,874 30,097 41 16,063 3,380 498 3,618 5,598 900 Tennessee ............................................... 187,436 197,077 26 109,507 30,179 2,359 18,148 30,690 6,167 Texas ....................................................... 895,210 949,971 101 552,207 170,470 10,165 77,356 119,315 20,357 Utah ......................................................... 77,659 80,119 80 38,822 5,795 1,292 8,613 23,557 1,960 Vermont ................................................... 16,119 16,293 70 7,599 2,093 350 1,727 4,078 377 Virginia ..................................................... 172,156 176,117 225 104,585 26,040 1,418 16,405 24,156 3,288 Washington .............................................. 152,229 158,922 277 86,047 20,363 2,054 14,568 32,386 3,228 West Virginia ............................................ 69,318 71,324 29 37,205 13,105 958 6,241 12,105 1,681 Wisconsin ................................................. 121,645 124,872 1,403 68,912 8,771 1,693 14,027 27,887 2,180 Wyoming .................................................. 15,878 15,265 17 7,721 1,455 353 1,309 4,334 76 Administrative costs ................................. 5,573 6,936         6,936     Department of Defense dependents schools ................................................. 6,779 7,287   6,227 31   1,028     Outlying areas American Samoa .....................................   9,096 0 9,096 0 0 0 0 0 Guam ....................................................... 4,271 4,944 0 3,231 1,039 220 363 91 0 Northern Marianas ...................................   4,022 0 4,022 0 0 0 0 0 Puerto Rico .............................................. 175,189 167,880 0 109,439 24,615 1,874 11,392 15,406 5,155 Virgin Islands ........................................... 6,979 6,537 2 3,784 318 244 1,001 658 530 Undistributed 3 .......................................... 309,090 228,490 690 102,913 39,105 3,064 17,053 53,527 12,138   Not available. 1 Special Meal Assistance program is combined with `` School Lunch'' program. 2 Commodities are based on preliminary food orders for fiscal year 2000. 3 Undistributed amount reflects the difference between preliminary state earnings reports and federal obligations as of September 30, 2000. Undistributed amount under school lunch includes obligations for American Samoa and the Northern Mariana Islands. NOTE: Data are based on obligations as reported September 30, 2000. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Budget Division unpublished data. ( This table was prepared January 2001.) 440 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 374.   U. S. Department of Health and Human Services allocations for Head Start and enrollment in Head Start, by state or other area: Fiscal years 1997 to 2000 State or other area 1997 1998 1999 2000 Head Start allocations ( in thousands) Head Start enrollment 1 Head Start allocations ( in thousands) Head Start enrollment 2 Head Start allocations ( in thousands) Head Start enrollment 3 Head Start allocations ( in thousands) Head Start enrollment 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total .............................................. $ 3,876,707 793,809 $ 4,232,433 822,316 $ 4,502,423 829,958 $ 5,102,907 857,657 Alabama ............................................ 65,970 14,979 67,517 15,118 71,983 15,263 82,414 15,823 Alaska ................................................ 7,581 1,212 8,209 1,261 8,786 1,281 9,738 1,297 Arizona .............................................. 53,478 10,561 59,017 11,055 62,444 11,127 73,697 11,882 Arkansas ............................................ 36,396 9,637 39,367 9,893 43,449 10,097 48,379 10,316 California ........................................... 458,841 79,929 528,339 86,368 554,366 86,459 642,512 95,280 Colorado ............................................ 40,902 8,952 42,368 8,863 46,602 9,135 52,226 9,333 Connecticut ........................................ 32,985 6,190 35,244 6,476 37,906 6,825 41,674 6,857 Delaware ........................................... 8,314 2,077 8,446 2,114 8,873 2,126 9,820 2,119 District of Columbia ........................... 17,361 3,273 18,276 3,295 19,201 3,279 20,926 3,345 Florida ................................................ 144,663 29,523 159,055 30,285 169,996 30,792 195,696 32,389 Georgia .............................................. 96,295 20,505 105,423 21,195 112,040 21,121 126,281 21,580 Hawaii ................................................ 12,632 2,539 13,983 2,769 15,786 2,799 18,199 2,916 Idaho .................................................. 12,529 2,213 13,058 2,231 14,121 2,266 16,098 2,387 Illinois ................................................. 170,193 33,924 182,050 34,871 192,580 35,211 214,965 37,767 Indiana ............................................... 55,293 12,415 61,337 12,930 65,226 13,057 72,467 13,323 Iowa ................................................... 28,458 6,341 33,451 6,922 36,038 7,003 40,714 7,235 Kansas ............................................... 28,815 6,355 31,299 7,175 32,958 7,000 37,061 7,447 Kentucky ............................................ 65,587 14,828 71,283 15,163 76,409 15,281 85,198 15,701 Louisiana ........................................... 87,261 19,998 94,565 20,402 100,196 20,703 110,318 20,975 Maine ................................................. 15,536 3,392 17,233 3,537 18,695 3,618 20,378 3,631 Maryland ............................................ 47,688 9,514 51,664 9,507 54,966 9,626 61,920 9,968 Massachusetts ................................... 68,913 11,499 73,664 11,877 78,544 12,094 85,917 12,250 Michigan ............................................ 150,074 32,440 162,316 33,316 171,121 33,422 186,842 33,769 Minnesota .......................................... 43,536 9,117 48,909 9,545 51,740 9,630 56,401 9,715 Mississippi ......................................... 103,523 24,693 110,564 24,953 117,375 25,091 129,843 25,455 Missouri ............................................. 66,763 14,899 73,482 15,415 78,622 16,191 93,475 16,574 Montana ............................................. 11,500 2,510 12,292 2,555 13,839 2,678 15,267 2,703 Nebraska ........................................... 19,037 4,088 21,318 4,335 23,890 4,518 26,660 4,571 Nevada .............................................. 9,942 2,019 11,280 2,035 11,484 2,035 12,369 2,035 New Hampshire ................................. 7,430 1,267 8,512 1,382 9,114 1,425 9,838 1,425 New Jersey ........................................ 82,650 13,746 89,319 14,201 94,945 14,443 104,743 14,567 New Mexico ....................................... 33,971 7,187 32,470 7,012 35,363 7,108 38,374 7,135 New York ........................................... 261,541 43,716 286,961 45,608 304,283 45,040 342,136 46,805 North Carolina ................................... 80,559 16,825 87,978 17,221 93,979 17,394 104,684 17,808 North Dakota ..................................... 8,733 2,121 9,721 1,966 10,561 2,002 11,973 2,042 Ohio ................................................... 155,354 35,441 168,724 36,300 178,271 36,454 196,684 38,261 Oklahoma .......................................... 45,865 11,631 50,997 12,142 54,422 12,217 61,555 12,655 Oregon ............................................... 34,466 5,222 37,909 5,400 40,118 5,480 46,071 5,771 Pennsylvania ..................................... 142,973 27,515 154,046 28,902 165,674 29,124 181,844 29,650 Rhode Island ..................................... 13,135 2,676 13,901 2,778 15,330 2,817 17,378 2,952 South Carolina ................................... 51,714 10,822 52,826 11,110 56,280 11,207 64,060 11,604 South Dakota ..................................... 10,139 2,374 11,088 2,355 12,708 2,485 14,045 2,587 Tennessee ......................................... 69,365 14,553 76,803 14,748 81,387 14,753 92,040 15,747 Texas ................................................. 253,186 54,624 279,640 57,281 299,891 58,173 361,846 63,171 Utah ................................................... 20,132 4,419 21,728 4,654 23,185 4,679 27,840 5,079 Vermont ............................................. 8,433 1,379 8,900 1,404 9,691 1,438 10,514 1,438 Virginia ............................................... 54,571 11,480 61,960 12,053 66,246 12,243 74,487 12,652 Washington ........................................ 59,644 9,387 64,841 9,682 69,601 9,831 78,359 10,287 West Virginia ..................................... 31,064 6,858 33,349 6,876 36,062 7,043 39,842 7,144 Wisconsin .......................................... 58,550 12,556 63,218 12,905 67,582 13,113 72,177 12,953 Wyoming ............................................ 5,814 1,395 6,421 1,452 7,546 1,500 8,187 1,468 Migrant programs .............................. 153,788 36,458 162,206 37,116 178,122 38,132 206,391 31,607 American Indian/ Alaskan Native programs ............................ 113,920 21,019 121,272 21,612 130,191 21,237 144,768 22,391 Special projects .................................                 Outlying areas Puerto Rico ........................................ 143,121 32,221 155,526 33,273 155,526 33,470 185,563 34,393 Pacific Territories ............................... 9,963 5,849 10,297 5,989 10,297 5,989 12,356 5,989 Virgin Islands ..................................... 6,560 1,446 6,811 1,430 6,811 1,430 7,697 1,430   Not available. 1 The distribution of enrollment by age was: 6 percent were 5 years old and over; 60 percent were 4 year olds; 30 percent were 3 year olds; and 4 percent were under 3 years of age. Handicapped children accounted for 13 percent in Head Start programs. The racial/ ethnic composition was: American Indian/ Alaskan Native, 4 percent; Hispanic, 26 percent; black, 36 percent; white, 31 percent; and Asian, 3 percent. 2 The distribution of enrollment by age was: 6 percent were 5 years old and over; 59 percent were 4 year olds; 31 percent were 3 year olds; and 4 percent were under 3 years of age. Handicapped children accounted for 13 percent in Head Start programs. The racial/ ethnic composition was: American Indian/ Alaskan Native, 3 percent; Hispanic, 26 percent; black, 36 percent; white, 32 percent; and Asian, 3 percent. 3 The distribution of enrollment by age was: 6 percent were 5 years old and over; 59 percent were 4 year olds; 31 percent were 3 year olds; and 4 percent were under 3 years of age. Handicapped children accounted for 13 percent in Head Start programs. The racial/ ethnic composition was: American Indian/ Alaskan Native, 3 percent; Hispanic, 27 percent; black, 35 percent; white, 31 percent; and Asian, 3 percent. 4 The distribution of enrollment by age was: 5 percent were 5 years old and over; 56 percent were 4 year olds; 33 percent were 3 year olds; and 6 percent were under 3 years of age. Handicapped children accounted for 13 percent in Head Start programs. The racial/ ethnic composition was: American Indian/ Alaskan Native, 3 percent; Hispanic, 29 percent; black, 35 percent; white, 30 percent; Asian, 2 percent, and Hawaiian/ Pacific Islander, 1 percent.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Human Development Services. ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 441 FEDERAL PROGRAMS Table 375.   Public school students receiving federally funded free or reduced price lunches, by selected school characteristics: School year 1993   94 School characteristics Percent of students participating in program Total Elementary Secondary Combined 1 2 3 4 5 Total .................................................................................................................................................. 33.2 ( 0.5) 38.8 ( 0.7) 22.0 ( 0.4) 39.1 ( 1.7)

Community type Central city .......................................................................................................................................... 44.9 ( 1.0) 52.1 ( 1.3) 28.9 ( 0.9) 52.2 ( 3.0) Urban fringe/ large town ....................................................................................................................... 23.5 ( 0.9) 28.3 ( 1.4) 14.6 ( 0.6) 23.9 ( 3.8) Rural/ small town .................................................................................................................................. 32.2 ( 0.6) 36.3 ( 0.8) 23.0 ( 0.4) 39.9 ( 1.9)

School size ( students) Less than 150 ...................................................................................................................................... 38.6 ( 1.3) 38.4 ( 1.9) 35.8 ( 1.5) 50.2 ( 2.4) 150   299 ............................................................................................................................................... 38.1 ( 0.9) 39.5 ( 1.2) 28.4 ( 1.1) 51.8 ( 4.9) 300   499 ............................................................................................................................................... 37.0 ( 0.9) 38.8 ( 1.0) 26.2 ( 1.1) 37.3 ( 2.6) 500   749 ............................................................................................................................................... 33.5 ( 0.9) 36.0 ( 1.0) 22.3 ( 0.7) 34.7 ( 2.2) 750 or more ......................................................................................................................................... 29.7 ( 0.9) 42.5 ( 1.8) 20.6 ( 0.5) 34.3 ( 3.2)

Minority students Less than 5% ...................................................................................................................................... 22.0 ( 0.5) 24.4 ( 0.7) 17.0 ( 0.6) 28.6 ( 1.6) 5 to 19% .............................................................................................................................................. 18.9 ( 0.5) 22.2 ( 0.8) 11.7 ( 0.4) 30.6 ( 2.3) 20 to 49% ............................................................................................................................................ 32.0 ( 0.7) 38.1 ( 1.0) 20.1 ( 0.4) 38.6 ( 5.0) 50% or more ........................................................................................................................................ 57.3 ( 1.1) 65.5 ( 1.2) 38.9 ( 1.0) 60.6 ( 3.2)

NOTE: Combined includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and ending with grade 9 or above. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94.'' ( This table was prepared June 1998.)

Table 376.   Public and private school students receiving federally funded Chapter 1 1 services, by selected school characteristics: School year 1993   94 School characteristics Percent of students participating in program All schools Public Private Total Elementary Secondary Combined 2 Total Elementary Secondary Combined 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Total .......................... 13.1 ( 0.4) 14.3 ( 0.4) 18.5 ( 0.6) 6.1 ( 0.3) 13.6 ( 0.7) 3.3 ( 0.2) 4.6 ( 0.3) 1.9 ( 0.4) 1.4 ( 0.2)

Community type Central city ................... 17.0 ( 0.7) 19.4 ( 0.8) 24.2 ( 1.2) 9.2 ( 1.0) 14.4 ( 2.3) 4.4 ( 0.4) 6.7 ( 0.6) 2.5 ( 0.7) 0.8 ( 0.2) Urban fringe/ large town 9.1 ( 0.7) 10.1 ( 0.8) 13.0 ( 1.2) 4.6 ( 0.6) 8.3 ( 1.3) 2.0 ( 0.2) 2.4 ( 0.3) 0.9 ( 0.3) 1.9 ( 0.6) Rural/ small town .......... 13.2 ( 0.5) 13.7 ( 0.5) 18.2 ( 0.7) 5.2 ( 0.2) 14.9 ( 1.0) 3.0 ( 0.5) 4.0 ( 0.6) 2.3 ( 0.6) 1.8 ( 0.7)

School size ( students) Less than 150 .............. 9.8 ( 0.6) 16.7 ( 0.9) 20.0 ( 1.3) 11.1 ( 0.9) 15.6 ( 1.4) 3.8 ( 0.5) 3.3 ( 0.5) 8.1 ( 3.0) 3.8 ( 0.9) 150   299 ....................... 13.1 ( 0.6) 16.7 ( 0.8) 19.2 ( 1.0) 7.6 ( 0.8) 11.6 ( 1.7) 5.1 ( 0.4) 6.2 ( 0.5) 4.1 ( 1.9) 1.4 ( 0.5) 300   499 ....................... 14.7 ( 0.6) 16.3 ( 0.6) 18.0 ( 0.7) 7.0 ( 0.9) 13.1 ( 1.0) 2.6 ( 0.4) 3.7 ( 0.7) 0.9 ( 0.2) 0.8 ( 0.2) 500   749 ....................... 14.7 ( 0.6) 15.5 ( 0.7) 17.6 ( 0.9) 6.0 ( 0.7) 18.3 ( 2.4) 2.0 ( 0.6) 3.8 ( 1.3) 1.1 ( 0.3) 0.3 ( 0.2) 750 or more ................. 11.3 ( 0.7) 11.7 ( 0.7) 20.1 ( 1.7) 5.8 ( 0.4) 11.4 ( 1.0) 1.3 ( 0.3) 4.5 ( 1.6) 0.8 ( 0.2) 0.4 ( 0.2)

Minority students Less than 5% ............... 7.8 ( 0.2) 8.8 ( 0.2) 11.6 ( 0.3) 3.7 ( 0.3) 9.7 ( 0.6) 1.7 ( 0.1) 2.4 ( 0.2) 0.6 ( 0.2) 0.8 ( 0.3) 5 to 19% ....................... 6.0 ( 0.2) 6.6 ( 0.3) 8.6 ( 0.4) 2.3 ( 0.2) 14.2 ( 1.7) 2.1 ( 0.2) 3.0 ( 0.3) 1.6 ( 0.5) 0.9 ( 0.4) 20 to 49% ..................... 10.2 ( 0.7) 10.8 ( 0.7) 14.6 ( 1.1) 3.3 ( 0.2) 13.7 ( 1.5) 2.7 ( 0.4) 2.7 ( 0.6) 3.7 ( 1.2) 1.7 ( 0.5) 50% or more ................ 27.8 ( 1.0) 29.0 ( 1.1) 35.8 ( 1.6) 14.9 ( 1.2) 18.2 ( 2.1) 10.0 ( 1.1) 12.4 ( 1.3) 2.5 ( 0.7) 5.2 ( 1.6)

1 Chapter 1 was reauthorized under the Improving America's Schools Act ( IASA) of 1994 and is now called Title I. 2 Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and ending with grade 9 or above.

NOTE: Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94.'' ( This table was prepared June 1998.) 443 CHAPTER 5 Outcomes of Education This chapter contains tables comparing educational attainment and workforce characteristics. The data show labor force participation and income levels of high school dropouts and high school and college graduates. Population characteristics are provided for many of the measures to help provide comparisons among various demographic groups. Tables 379 to 385 contain data from the Bureau of the Census on educational attainment and income of the labor force, and data from the Bureau of Labor Statistics on employment and unemployment. These tables provide information on the educational attainment of the labor force, by occupation, sex, and race/ ethnicity; income, by level of education attained; and unemployment rates, by level of education attained sex, and race/ ethnicity. Tables 384 and 385 were compiled from Bureau of Labor Statistics data on high school dropouts and graduates. These data show the labor force participation and college enrollment of high school students within the year after they leave school. The tabulations also provide comparative labor force participation and unemployment rates for graduates and dropouts Additional information on college enrollment rates by race/ ethnicity and sex have been included to help form a more complete picture of high school outcomes. Tables 382, 383, and 387 to 390 were prepared from a Bureau of the Census survey on earnings and education and from the Recent College Graduates and Baccalaureate and Beyond surveys by the National Center for Education Statistics. These tables provide data on employment outcomes for college graduates. Table 382 provides a salary comparison by education level and sex for the entire population. Trends in salaries received by all college graduates also are featured in this section. The last two tables in this chapter deal with community service and literacy skills. Statistics related to outcomes of education appear in other sections of the Digest. For example, statistics on educational attainment of the entire population are in Chapter 1. More detailed data on the numbers of high school and college graduates are contained in Chapters 2 and 3. Chapter 3 contains trend data on the proportion of high school graduates going to college. Additional data on the income of persons by educational attainment may be obtained from the Bureau of the Census in the Current Population Reports, Series P   60. The Bureau of Labor Statistics has a series of publications dealing with the educational characteristics of the labor force. Further information on survey methodologies is in the `` Guide to Sources'' in the appendix and in the publications cited in the source notes.

Labor Force Adults with higher levels of education were more likely to participate in the labor force ( including those who were employed and those actively seeking employment than those with less education. About 80 percent of adults, 25 years old and over with a bachelor's or higher degree, participated in the labor force in 2000 compared with 65 percent of persons who were high school graduates. In contrast, 43 percent of those 25 and older, who were not high school graduates, were in the labor force. The labor force participation rates for blacks and Hispanics age 25 and older with high school diplomas were higher than the average for all people with similar levels of education ( table 379). The labor force participation rate for blacks age 25 and over with a bachelor's degree was also higher than the average for whites. Persons with lower levels of educational attainment were more likely to be unemployed than those who had higher levels of educational attainment. The 2000 unemployment rate for adults ( 25 years old and over) who had not completed high school was 6.4 percent compared with 3.5 percent for those with 4 years of high school and 1.7 percent for those with a bachelor's degree or higher. Younger people with high school diplomas tended to have higher unemployment rates than persons 25 and over with similar levels of education ( table 381). Four years after graduating from college in 1992   93, 89 percent of those receiving bachelor's degrees were employed ( 81 percent full time and 8 percent part time), 2.7 percent were unemployed, and 8.1 percent were not in the labor force ( table 388).

Income Between 1996 and 1999, the median annual income of male full time year round workers, when adjusted for inflation, increased by 7 percent and the in 444 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION come for females rose by 5 percent. Women's incomes remain lower than men's incomes, even after adjusting for level of education. The average 1999 incomes for full time year round workers with a bachelor's degree were $ 52,985 for men and $ 37,993 for women ( table 382).

Dropouts and Graduates The difficulties in entering the job market for dropouts and youth in general, are highlighted by examining their labor force and unemployment status. About 68 percent of 1999   2000 dropouts were in the labor force ( employed or looking for work), and 28 percent of those were unemployed. Of the 2000 high school graduates who were not in college, 80 percent were in the labor force, and 13 percent of those in the labor force were unemployed ( tables 384 and 385).

84 80 85 78 82 65 70 43 20 to 24 25 and over 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Percent Less than high school graduate High school graduate Associate degree Bachelor's degree or higher SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2000. Figure 23.   Labor force participation of persons 20 years old and over, by age and highest level of education: 2000 Age 445 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Dropouts High school graduates 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percent Not in labor force Unemployed Employed Figure 25.   Labor force status of 1999   2000 high school dropouts and graduates not enrolled in college: October 2000 6.4 3.5 2.9 2.3 1.7 0 5 10 Percent unemployed Figure 24.   Unemployment rates of persons 25 years old and over, by highest level of education: 2000 Less than high school graduate High school graduate, no college Some college, no degree Associate degree Bachelor's or higher degree SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Current Population Survey, 2000. All education levels 3.0 NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, " Employment Status of School Age Youth, High School Graduates and Dropouts, 2000." 19.2 48.9 19.7 32.0 69.7 10.5 Highest level of education High school completion status 446 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION All fields Biological sciences Business Education Engineering Health Mathematics Social sciences Field 0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 35,000 Salary 1985 86 graduates 1989 90 graduates 1992 93 graduates Figure 27.   Salaries of recent bachelor's degree recipients 1 year after graduation, by field: 1987, 1991, and 1994 [ In constant 1994 dollars] 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000 Income Figure 26.   Median annual income of persons with income 25 years old and over, by highest level of education and sex: 1999 SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P 60, " Money Income in the United States: 1999."

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, " Recent College Graduates" surveys, 1987 and 1991, and " Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study, First Follow up" survey. Some high school, no diploma High school graduate Associate degree Bachelor's degree Master's degree $ Men Women Highest level of education $ 447 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 377.   Percent of 18 to 25 year olds reporting drug use during the past 30 days and the past year: 1982 to 1999 Drug 1982 1985 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Percent reporting drug use during past 30 days Any illicit use .............................   25.3 17.9 15.0 15.4 13.1 13.6 13.3 14.2 15.6 14.7 16.1 17.1 Marijuana .............................. 27.2 21.7 15.3 12.7 12.9 10.9 11.1 12.1 12.0 13.2 12.8 13.8 14.8 Cocaine ................................ 7.0 8.1 4.8 2.3 2.2 2.0 1.6 1.2 1.3 2.0 1.2 2.0 1.7 Alcohol ....................................... 66.6 70.1 64.7 62.8 63.1 58.6 58.7 63.1 61.3 60.0 58.4 60.0 58.0 Cigarettes ..................................   47.4 45.6 40.9 41.7 41.5 37.9 34.6 35.3 38.3 40.6 41.6 39.7 Percent reporting drug use during past year Any illicit use .............................   37.4 29.1 26.1 26.6 24.1 24.2 24.6 25.5 26.8 25.3 27.4 29.6 Marijuana .............................. 37.4 34.0 26.1 23.0 22.9 21.2 21.4 21.8 21.8 23.8 22.3 24.1 24.8 Cocaine ................................ 15.9 13.6 10.5 6.5 6.7 5.5 4.4 3.6 4.3 4.7 3.9 4.7 5.3 Alcohol ....................................... 80.6 84.2 79.6 78.1 80.7 75.6 76.9 78.5 76.5 75.3 75.1 74.2 75.0 Cigarettes ..................................   49.9 50.9 45.1 46.9 46.8 43.7 41.1 42.5 44.7 45.9 47.1 47.5   Not available.

NOTE: Marijuana includes hashish usage for 1996 and later years. Some estimates from 1982 have been revised and may differ from previously published figures. Data for 1999 gathered using Computer Assisted Interviewing ( CAI) and may not be directly comparable to previous years. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, `` National Household Survey on Drug Abuse: Main Findings,'' various years. ( This table was prepared April 2001.)

Table 378.   Percent of 1972, 1982, and 1992 high school seniors who felt that certain life values were `` very important,'' by sex: 1972 to 1994 Value Percent of 1972 seniors Percent of 1982 seniors Percent of 1992 seniors 1972 1974 ( 2 years after high school) 1976 ( 4 years after high school) 1982 1984 ( 2 years after high school) 1986 ( 4 years after high school) 1992 1994 ( 2 years after high school)

Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Total Male Female 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Being successful in work ........................................... 86.5 83.0 81.2 74.9 80.3 69.7 88.2 85.5 88.7 84.2 84.0 77.2 89.0 89.6 90.1 89.9 90.3 Finding steady work .................................................. 82.3 73.7 74.7 59.9 79.3 62.1 88.0 84.4 87.4 83.3 84.2 76.3 87.1 88.6 89.7 88.7 90.7 Having lots of money ................................................. 26.0 9.8 17.8 9.1 17.7 9.4 41.3 24.1 35.8 20.9 27.8 16.9 45.3 29.4 35.2 39.5 30.9 Being a leader in the community .............................. 14.9 8.0 8.5 4.4 9.2 4.2 11.3 5.9 13.7 6.4 9.5 4.5           Correcting inequalities ............................................... 22.5 31.1 16.6 18.2 16.2 17.1 11.8 11.7 13.3 13.9 10.7 10.9 17.0 23.6       Having children ..........................................................             37.0 47.0 42.7 56.3 41.4 56.2 39.0 49.2       Having a happy family life ......................................... 78.6 85.7 83.1 86.7 84.2 86.4 81.6 86.3 86.1 90.2 86.8 87.8           Providing better opportunities for my children .......... 66.6 66.2 59.5 61.6 59.8 58.8 71.0 68.7 72.1 69.9 68.4 67.4 74.5 76.5 90.5 90.3 90.8 Living closer to parents or relatives .......................... 6.8 8.2 8.3 12.4 7.7 11.9 15.0 15.7 15.6 20.1 12.9 19.8 15.2 18.7       Moving from area ...................................................... 14.3 14.6 8.3 7.4 6.7 6.4 14.4 12.8 10.5 9.1 9.0 7.4 20.7 20.1       Having strong friendships .......................................... 81.2 78.7 76.5 74.7 76.1 72.1 80.4 79.1 80.1 79.7 76.5 75.0 79.8 80.0 87.6 88.1 87.0 Having leisure time ....................................................     60.9 55.1 65.4 60.1 70.2 68.8 74.5 72.0 70.1 68.9 65.3 62.0         Question not asked. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` National Longitudinal Study,'' `` High School and Beyond'' surveys, and `` National Education Longitudinal Study,'' second and third followup surveys. ( This table was prepared June 1995.) 448 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 379.   Labor force participation of persons 16 years old and over, by age, sex, race/ ethnicity, and highest level of education: 2000 Age, sex, and race/ ethnicity Labor force participation rate 1 Employment/ population ratio 2 Total Less than high school graduate 3 High school graduate College Total Less than high school graduate 3 High school graduate College Some college no degree Associate degree Bachelor's degree or higher Some college no degree Associate degree Bachelor's degree or higher 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 16 to 19 years old 4 .............. 52.2 45.1 69.6 61.9 68.9   45.4 38.0 61.6 57.8 65.7   Men ........................................... 53.0 46.3 73.1 60.3 76.8   45.6 38.6 64.6 56.0 70.1   Women ...................................... 51.3 43.7 66.2 63.1 64.2   45.2 37.3 58.6 59.1 63.1   White 5 ....................................... 55.7 48.7 72.5 65.1 72.0   49.3 41.9 65.6 61.1 68.6   Black 5 ........................................ 39.2 32.5 58.4 49.0 43.9   29.5 23.3 44.4 43.5 40.7   Hispanic 6 ................................... 46.3 38.6 67.9 65.8 72.9   38.5 30.9 59.4 58.9 72.9   20 to 24 years old 4 .............. 77.9 69.5 82.3 74.2 84.9 84.4 72.4 59.5 75.5 70.4 82.2 80.8 Men ........................................... 82.6 83.0 88.2 75.0 88.3 86.5 76.6 72.8 80.9 71.0 85.6 82.7 Women ...................................... 73.3 52.4 75.7 73.4 82.1 83.0 68.2 42.7 69.2 69.8 79.3 79.4 White 5 ....................................... 79.9 72.0 84.4 75.9 86.1 86.6 75.3 63.8 78.8 72.6 83.7 83.1 Black 5 ........................................ 71.8 59.7 75.6 71.1 80.9 80.7 61.0 41.6 63.2 64.4 75.9 75.7 Hispanic 6 ................................... 77.7 72.8 82.1 77.6 80.0 86.3 71.8 65.8 75.6 73.7 78.4 82.6 25 and older ......................... 67.4 43.1 64.6 72.2 78.1 79.5 65.4 40.4 62.3 70.1 76.3 78.2 Men ........................................... 76.0 55.1 75.0 79.4 84.6 84.4 73.8 52.1 72.5 77.3 82.7 83.1 Women ...................................... 59.7 32.4 55.8 65.7 73.2 74.2 57.8 29.8 53.8 63.7 71.4 72.9 White 5 ....................................... 67.2 43.8 63.8 71.1 77.8 79.1 65.4 41.3 61.9 69.2 76.2 77.9 Black 5 ........................................ 68.3 39.1 69.9 78.4 81.8 84.4 64.6 34.9 65.4 75.2 78.9 82.3 Hispanic 6 ................................... 70.2 60.3 74.0 79.4 81.6 82.9 67.1 56.5 71.1 76.9 79.3 81.1   Too few sample cases for a reliable estimate. 1 Percent of the civilian population who are employed or seeking employment. 2 Number of persons employed as a percent of civilian population. 3 Includes persons reporting no school years completed. 4 Excludes persons enrolled in school. 5 Includes persons of Hispanic origin. 6 Hispanics may be of any race.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, unpublished tabulations of annual averages from the Current Population Survey. ( This table was prepared April 2001.)

Table 380.   Occupation of employed persons 25 to 64 years old, by educational attainment and sex: 2000 Sex and occupation Total employed, in thousands Percentage distribution, by years of school completed Total Less than one year of high school High school College 1   4 years of high school, no diploma High school graduate Some college no degree Associate degree Bachelor's degree More than a bachelor's degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 All persons All occupational groups ......................................................... 110,542 100.0 3.4 6.2 31.3 18.7 9.4 20.6 10.5 Managerial and professional specialty ............................. 37,204 100.0 0.3 1.2 11.9 13.5 8.9 37.5 26.8 Executive, administrative, and managerial ................... 18,162 100.0 0.5 1.8 19.0 19.2 9.0 35.2 15.2 Professional specialty occupations ............................... 19,041 100.0 0.2 0.5 5.1 8.0 8.8 39.7 37.8 Teachers, except college and university ................... 4,772 100.0 0.1 0.5 4.8 6.3 3.5 47.5 37.3 Teachers, college and university ............................... 824 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 1.6 1.8 13.8 82.2 Technical, sales, and administrative support ................ 30,698 100.0 0.9 3.3 34.4 25.6 12.1 20.0 3.8 Technicians and related support ............................... 3,761 100.0 0.2 1.2 19.7 23.4 23.6 26.2 5.6 Sales occupations ..................................................... 12,051 100.0 1.4 4.3 31.3 22.3 8.6 26.8 5.4 Administrative support, including clerical .................. 14,887 100.0 0.6 3.0 40.6 28.8 12.0 13.0 2.0 Service occupations ...................................................... 12,885 100.0 7.4 12.3 42.6 20.0 8.5 7.8 1.4 Precision production, craft, and repair .......................... 12,915 100.0 5.3 11.0 46.0 20.1 10.3 6.2 1.1 Operators, fabricators, and laborers ............................. 14,363 100.0 8.6 14.5 50.3 15.9 5.2 4.6 0.8 Farming, forestry, and fishing ....................................... 2,477 100.0 18.0 11.6 37.2 14.7 6.6 9.8 2.1 Men All occupational groups ......................................................... 59,215 100.0 4.1 6.8 31.1 18.2 8.2 20.6 11.1 Managerial and professional specialty ............................. 18,709 100.0 0.4 1.2 11.2 13.3 6.7 37.7 29.4 Executive, administrative, and managerial ................... 9,950 100.0 0.6 1.9 16.9 17.5 7.4 38.3 17.4 Professional specialty occupations ............................... 8,759 100.0 0.1 0.4 4.8 8.6 5.9 37.0 43.1 Teachers, except college and university ................... 1,173 100.0 0.0 0.4 3.8 6.4 2.7 44.2 42.5 Teachers, college and university ............................... 462 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.1 1.5 10.8 85.7 Technical, sales, and administrative support ................ 11,180 100.0 1.2 2.8 26.6 23.8 10.6 28.7 6.3 Technicians and related support ............................... 1,807 100.0 0.3 1.1 17.9 22.9 19.0 31.3 7.5 Sales occupations ..................................................... 6,426 100.0 1.4 2.9 25.8 22.0 8.4 32.4 7.2 Administrative support, including clerical .................. 2,947 100.0 1.4 3.5 33.8 28.4 10.1 19.2 3.6 Service occupations ...................................................... 4,908 100.0 7.5 9.5 37.7 23.2 9.5 10.7 2.0 Precision production, craft, and repair .......................... 11,731 100.0 5.2 11.0 45.9 20.3 10.6 5.9 1.0 Operators, fabricators, and laborers ............................. 10,753 100.0 7.8 14.0 50.1 16.8 5.5 4.9 0.9 Farming, forestry, and fishing ....................................... 1,934 100.0 19.4 12.4 37.1 14.0 5.8 9.2 2.1 Women All occupational groups ......................................................... 51,328 100.0 2.6 5.4 31.4 19.3 10.7 20.7 9.8 Managerial and professional specialty ............................. 18,495 100.0 0.3 1.1 12.6 13.6 11.1 37.3 24.0 Executive, administrative, and managerial ................... 8,212 100.0 0.5 1.7 21.5 21.3 10.9 31.4 12.6 Professional specialty occupations ............................... 10,282 100.0 0.2 0.6 5.5 7.4 11.3 41.9 33.2 Teachers, except college and university ................... 3,598 100.0 0.1 0.6 5.1 6.3 3.7 48.6 35.6 Teachers, college and university ............................... 362 100.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 2.2 2.2 17.7 77.3 Technical, sales, and administrative support ................ 19,518 100.0 0.7 3.6 38.8 26.6 12.9 15.0 2.3 Technicians and related support ............................... 1,954 100.0 0.2 1.3 21.4 24.0 27.8 21.5 3.8 Sales occupations ..................................................... 5,625 100.0 1.3 6.0 37.6 22.7 8.8 20.3 3.3 Administrative support, including clerical .................. 11,940 100.0 0.4 2.9 42.3 28.9 12.5 11.4 1.6 Service occupations ...................................................... 7,978 100.0 7.4 14.0 45.6 18.0 7.9 6.1 1.1 Precision production, craft, and repair .......................... 1,184 100.0 6.3 10.7 46.7 18.3 7.3 8.9 1.8 Operators, fabricators, and laborers ............................. 3,611 100.0 11.1 16.2 50.8 13.2 4.4 3.8 0.5 Farming, forestry, and fishing ....................................... 542 100.0 13.1 9.0 37.3 17.3 9.4 12.0 2.0 NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, unpublished tabulations from the Current Population Survey ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 449 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 381.   Unemployment rate of persons 16 years old and over, by age, sex, race/ ethnicity, and highest degree attained: 1998, 1999, and 2000 Sex, race/ ethnicity, and highest degree attained Percent unemployed, 1998 1 Percent unemployed, 1999 1 Percent unemployed, 2000 1 16 to 24 year olds 2 25 years old and over 16 to 24 year olds 2 25 years old and over 16 to 24 year olds 2 25 years old and over Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years Total 16 to 19 years 20 to 24 years 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 All persons All education levels .............................. 10.4 14.6 7.9 3.4 9.9 13.9 7.5 3.1 9.3 13.1 7.1 3.0 Less than a high school graduate .. 14.0 13.2 16.1 7.1 16.0 16.5 14.6 6.7 15.3 15.6 14.4 6.4 High school graduate, no college ... 10.1 12.5 9.1 4.0 9.7 12.3 8.6 3.5 9.3 11.6 8.3 3.5 Some college, no degree ............... 6.3 7.7 5.9 3.2 5.9 7.3 5.4 3.0 5.5 6.7 5.1 2.9 Associate degree ............................ 4.3   4.1 2.5 4.7 6.7 4.6 2.5 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.3 Bachelor's degree or higher ........... 4.0   4.1 1.8 4.7   4.8 1.8 4.2   4.2 1.7 Men All education levels .............................. 11.1 16.2 8.1 3.2 10.3 14.7 7.7 3.0 9.7 14.0 7.3 2.8 Less than a high school graduate .. 17.4 18.7 14.2 6.1 15.6 17.0 12.2 5.8 15.2 16.5 12.2 5.5 High school graduate, no college ... 10.0 13.6 8.5 3.9 9.7 12.3 8.6 3.3 9.2 11.7 8.2 3.4 Some college, no degree ............... 6.7 8.7 6.2 3.0 6.2 8.2 5.7 2.8 5.7 7.2 5.4 2.7 Associate degree ............................ 4.2     2.3 5.3 9.1 5.2 2.5 3.2 7.7 3.0 2.3 Bachelor's degree or higher ........... 4.3   4.3 1.6 5.6   5.7 1.8 4.2   4.2 1.5 Women All education levels .............................. 9.8 12.9 7.8 3.6 9.5 13.2 7.2 3.3 8.9 12.1 7.0 3.2 Less than a high school graduate .. 16.6 15.8 20.0 8.6 16.6 15.9 19.1 8.2 15.4 14.5 18.6 7.8 High school graduate, no college ... 10.3 11.4 9.8 4.1 9.8 12.3 8.6 3.7 9.5 11.5 8.5 3.5 Some college, no degree ............... 5.9 7.0 5.6 3.4 5.6 6.8 5.2 3.2 5.2 6.3 4.9 3.0 Associate degree ............................ 4.5   4.2 2.7 4.2 5.3 4.2 2.5 3.2   3.3 2.4 Bachelor's degree or higher ........... 3.8   3.9 2.0 4.1   4.1 1.8 4.2   4.3 1.8 White 3 All education levels .............................. 8.8 12.6 6.5 3.0 8.5 12.0 6.3 2.8 7.9 11.4 5.8 2.6 Less than a high school graduate .. 14.3 14.9 12.6 6.3 13.7 14.3 12.1 5.9 13.2 13.8 11.4 5.6 High school graduate, no college ... 8.4 10.8 7.2 3.4 8.0 10.3 7.0 3.0 7.5 9.5 6.6 3.0 Some college, no degree ............... 5.5 6.9 5.1 2.8 5.0 6.4 4.6 2.7 4.7 6.1 4.3 2.6 Associate degree ............................ 3.9   3.7 2.2 4.4 8.0 4.2 2.3 2.9 3.7 2.8 2.1 Bachelor's degree or higher ........... 3.9   3.9 1.7 4.6   4.6 1.7 4.0   4.0 1.6 Black 3 All education levels .............................. 20.7 27.6 16.8 6.4 19.2 27.9 14.6 5.7 18.2 24.7 15.0 5.4 Less than a high school graduate .. 33.1 33.1 33.2 11.6 31.2 32.3 28.7 11.6 29.1 28.4 30.3 10.7 High school graduate, no college ... 19.5 22.8 18.2 7.4 18.6 24.6 16.4 6.3 18.3 23.9 16.4 6.5 Some college, no degree ............... 11.2 14.0 10.6 5.5 10.8 15.4 10.0 4.7 9.7 11.1 9.4 4.2 Associate degree ............................ 8.1     4.0 8.0 20.0 7.4 3.8 6.3   6.4 3.5 Bachelor's degree or higher ........... 4.6   4.6 2.9 5.7   5.7 2.7 5.6   5.7 2.5 Hispanic origin 4 All education levels .............................. 13.2 21.3 9.3 5.5 11.8 18.7 8.3 5.0 10.6 16.7 7.5 4.4 Less than a high school graduate .. 17.9 24.3 11.9 7.2 16.1 21.3 11.1 7.1 14.4 19.9 9.6 6.3 High school graduate, no college ... 11.6 17.3 9.6 5.5 10.2 15.4 8.3 4.7 9.1 12.6 7.9 3.9 Some college, no degree ............... 7.9 12.4 7.0 4.0 7.2 11.4 6.1 3.4 6.4 10.4 5.1 3.2 Associate degree ............................       3.4 4.3   4.4 3.1 2.4   2.5 2.9 Bachelor's degree or higher ...........       3.2 4.1   4.1 2.5 4.6   4.7 2.2   Not available. 1 The unemployment rate is the percent of individuals in the labor force who are not working and who made specific efforts to find employment sometime during the prior 4 weeks. The labor force includes both employed and unemployed persons. 2 Excludes persons enrolled in school. 3 Includes persons of Hispanic origin. 4 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.