Since MSRAM counts serious, severe and critical injuries equally, as 10% of a "value of a statistical life" (VSL), when determining consequence scores, it can be argued that the value of a MSRAM injury may be undervalued, based on the AIS scale, which counts severe injuries as 26.6% of a VSL and Critical Injuries as 59.3% of a VSL.  For example, if there was an explosion that left 1 person critically injured and another person severely injured, the MSRAM will equate the cost to be $1.82 million ($9.1 million VSL * 10% * 2 people) however, using the AIS scale, the cost will be $7.82 million ($9.1 million VSL * 0.266 for the severely injured person + $9.1 million * 0.593 for the critically injured person).

For the purposes of this RA, we focus on equivalent fatalities for our valuation of consequences (for example 50 injuries are considered to be 5 "equivalent fatalities").  We do not consider primary economic loss or environmental loss in our estimate of consequences for the break-even analysis, since MSRAM includes potential individual business losses in its estimates of primary economic loss, which may not represent the overall net loss to the economy.   The valuation of environmental loss is quantified in barrels, and not monetized or distinguished for damages associated with petroleum spills or releases of other substances, such as CDC, which is only considered in Risk Group A.  MSRAM consequence data are initially collected at the local level with input from Coast Guard resources and stakeholders such as owners/operators, first responders, and local, State and other law enforcement.  Coast Guard staff at the District, Area, and Headquarters level then review the data to ensure consistency between ports and across Districts to allow for a national aggregation of data.  The Coast Guard updates the data periodically to reflect changes over time.

Data on equivalent fatalities provided by the Office of Port and Facility Activities, Cargo and Facilities Division cover 362 facilities, 17 vessels, and 4 other targets (for a total of 383 targets) that might come under attack in such a way that TWIC readers could prove to be effective in interdiction have been analyzed by MSRAM.  We then look at these targets by attack type to provide an overview of the different threats associated with each target as well as the potential consequences of the three attack scenarios presented.  MSRAM assesses attack scenarios for specific targets, and as such, not all scenarios are estimated for each target, as specific targets may not be vulnerable to a particular attack type.  Table 5.4 shows the number of targets analyzed and the average maximum consequence by attack type.

Table 5.4 Average Maximum Consequence by Attack Type
                              Attack Scenarios
                           Count of Target Scenarios
                          Average Maximum Consequence
                                 ($ Millions)
                       Attack by Terrorist Assault Team
                                      139
                                   $5,082.5
                       Passenger/Passerby Explosives/IED
                                      360
                                   $1,403.5
                                  Truck Bomb
                                      366
                                   $2,275.8

To develop scenarios for further use, we extract consequences from the list of 383 targets.  To obtain the maximum average consequence across the three attack types analyzed, we use the maximum consequence scenario for each of the 383 targets.  We then calculated the average of the maximum consequence scenarios to estimate the average maximum consequence of the three attack modes across the full affected population.  We present the average maximum consequence for several target classes and combinations.  Table 5.5 presents the average potential equivalent fatalities for three target combinations.

Table 5.5 Equivalent Fatalities At Risk, by Target Group

                               Number of Targets
                Average Maximum Number of Equivalent Fatalities
                                 Risk Group A
                                      383
                                      551
                                 Risk Group B
                                     1,162
                                      88
                                  Containers
                                      90
                                      58
                          Risk Group A and Containers
                                      474
                                      457
Risk Group A plus Petroleum Refineries, Non-CDC Bulk Hazardous Materials Facilities, and Petroleum Storage Facilities
                                     1,025
                                      243
                              Risk Groups A and B
                                     1,546
                                      181

5.5 Monetization of TSI Consequences Derived from MSRAM
Valuation of Lives Lost
To monetize the value of fatalities and fatalities prevented, we use the concept of the "value of a statistical life" (VSL), which is commonly used in safety and security analyses.  The VSL does not represent the dollar value of a person's life, but the amount society would be willing to pay to reduce the probability of death.  We currently use a value of $9.1 million as an estimate of the VSL.

Table 5.6 presents the monetized value of the consequences faced across several target groups based on the data from the MSRAM consequence data in Table 5.5.  These target groupings are used in Chapter 6 of this RA as part of our alternatives analysis.

Table 5.6 Monetary Value of Consequences at Risk, by Target Group ($ Millions)

                                 Target Group
                               Number of Targets
                    Average Number of Equivalent Fatalities
                     Average Max Consequence ($ millions)
                                 Risk Group A
                                      383
                                      551
                                   $5,014.1
                                 Risk Group B
                                     1,162
                                      88
                                    $800.8
                                  Containers
                                      90
                                      58
                                    $527.8
                          Risk Group A and Containers
                                      474
                                      457
                                   $4,158.7
Risk Group A plus Petroleum Refineries, Non-CDC Bulk Hazardous Materials Facilities, and Petroleum Storage Facilities
                                     1,025
                                      243
                                   $2,211.3
                              Risk Groups A and B
                                     1,546
                                      181
                                   $1,647.1

The facilities and vessel represented in Risk Group A include fuel storage facilities (which have high potential infrastructure consequences), facilities and vessels that handle CDCs (which have high potential environmental consequences), and passenger ships and terminals (which have high potential fatalities).  Facilities that handle CDCs present a high risk based on the cargo that they handle and the potential impacts of an incident occurring on that facility.  These CDCs include items such as ammonium nitrate or liquefied chlorine gas, and other items that could be weaponized or used to cause severe casualties in the case of a TSI.  Large passenger facilities present a high risk because of the number of persons that would be vulnerable to a TSI.  In 2011, the average number of passengers on cruises embarking at U.S. ports was 2,301 passengers per cruise.  This volume of persons vulnerable to an attack makes cruise terminals attractive and high-risk.  The targets represented in Risk Groups A and B includes all the high-risk targets in Risk Group A, along with the medium risk population.  Each group's monetized consequence is the average of all scenarios for that group.  The average for all scenarios is the consequence shown for the overall group.  These consequences are taken as representing potential benefit, as there have been no TSIs at MTSA-regulated entities to evaluate and we do not have publicly releasable information on expected TSIs in the future.  We use this average maximum consequence data to evaluate the target groups and scenarios with actual, verified consequence data in a break-even analysis.

5.6 Break-even or Threshold Analysis
The primary impetus of this rule is the security benefit afforded by the implementation of electronic TWIC inspection requirements.  The quantification and monetization of the beneficial security effects of this regulation will involve two steps.  Estimating the initial probability and reduction in the probability of a successful terrorist attack resulting from implementation of the regulation and the consequences of the avoided event (the risk associated with a potential terrorist attack).  We do not have data available to estimate the initial and reduction in probability of a successful terrorist attack and can therefore not directly quantify benefits, thus we use break-even analysis.

Break-even analysis is useful when it is not possible to quantify the benefits of a regulatory action.  OMB Circular A-4 recommends a "threshold" or "break-even" analysis when non-quantified benefits are important to evaluating the benefits of a regulation.  Threshold or break-even analysis answers the question, "How small could the value of the non-quantified benefits be (or how large would the value of the non-quantified costs need to be) before the rule would yield zero net benefits?"  For this rulemaking, we calculate a potential range of break-even results using attack scenarios representing casualties and terrorist events that result in loss of life.

One of the benefits of this regulation is to avoid the likelihood of future terrorist attacks.  As such, the effectiveness of the regulation can be measured by the change (reduction) from the current state of risk/loss (Lb) to the new resulting state of risk/loss after the regulation has become effective (Ln).  The point where the risk reduction is equal to the cost of the regulation (Cr) is the break-even point, which can be defined as:

(1)	Lb  -  Ln = Cr

Since the percent change in risk reduction is defined as (Lb  -  Ln) / Lb, the first equation can be rewritten as follows to determine the percentage of risk reduction required for the regulation to be cost effective:

(2)	% Risk Reduction = (Lb  -  Ln) = Cr

                                                  Lb            Lb

For this analysis, the reduction in risk is measured by the expected number of equivalent fatalities saved and uses an estimate of $9.1 million as the VSL.  By only using the number of equivalent fatalities saved and not including any savings from avoided property damage, temporary shortages in trade goods, and/or environmental damage, we may be overstating the probability reductions required for benefits to equal the costs.

In addition, annualized costs were used because we assume that the final rule will result in a constant probability reduction in every year following the rule's implementation.  In other words, we assume that the risk reduction resulting from this regulation is constant each year.  It is important to note that measuring benefits by focusing on specific scenarios avoided will not account for the possibility that the risk has been transferred but not reduced.  For this analysis, we use costs annualized at 7 percent over 10 years, since annualized costs do not differ greatly between 7 and 3 percent.

Table 5.7 presents the results of this methodology.  From the results, an avoided terrorist attack at an average target is equivalent to $5,014.1 million in avoided consequences.  Using the estimated annualized cost of this regulation, the annual reduction in the probability of attack to a Risk Group A facility that would just equate avoided consequences with cost is less than 1 percent.  To state this another way, if implementing this regulation would lower the likelihood of a successful terrorist attack by 1 percent or more each year, then this would be a socially efficient use of resources.  In other words, this final rule is estimated to cost approximately $22.5 million annualized at 7%, and it will be cost effective if it prevented one terrorist attack with consequence equal to the average every 228.8 years ($5,014.1/$22.5).  These small changes in risk reduction suggest the potential benefits of the final rule justify the costs.  We include the calculations for the potential regulatory alternatives in Table 5.7 to demonstrate the differences in cost, consequence, risk reduction, and frequency of attacks averted for each alternative.  The affected populations for the regulatory alternatives are derived from the multiple target groups as shown in Tables 5.4 and 5.5.  The regulatory alternatives below include the estimated costs for facilities and vessels and the effected populations are different from those in Tables 5.5 and 5.6, which show the consequences only, which are based on MSRAM assets or targets, and which include a combination of facilities, vessels, and other targets.  These alternatives are discussed fully in Section 6.1 of this RA.

Table 5.7 Annual Risk Reduction Required for Costs to Equal Benefits,
by Regulatory Alternative

                           TWIC Reader Requirement
                       Annualize Cost,
7% Discount Rate
                              Average Consequence
                          Required Reduction in Risk
                                   Required
                         Frequency of Attacks Averted
                            Final Rule Alternative
                                     $21.9
                                   $5,014.1
                                     0.4%
                             One every 229.0 years
                               NPRM Alternative
                                     $21.9
                                   $5,014.1
                                     0.4%
                             One every 229.0 years
             Risk Group A facilities and all Risk Group A vessels
                                     $22.5
                                   $5,014.1
                                     0.4%
                             One every 222.8 years
Risk Group A and container facilities and Risk Group A vessels with more than 14 Crewmembers
                                     $26.0
                                   $4,158.7
                                     0.6%
                             One every 160.0 years
All Risk Group A facilities, plus additional high-consequence facilities including petroleum refineries, non-CDC bulk hazardous materials facilities, and petroleum storage facilities, and Risk Group A vessels with more than 14 crewmembers
                                     $44.1
                                   $2,211.30
                                     2.0%
                             One every 50.1 years
                              ANPRM Alternative:
Risk Groups A and B facilities and Risk Group A vessels with more than 14 Crewmembers
                                     $78.1
                                   $1,647.1
                                     4.7%
                             One every 21.1 years
.

6) Alternatives
When creating this final rule, the Coast Guard considered several alternatives.  These included several iterations of different populations for facilities and vessels that could require an electronic TWIC inspection program.  In the following sections, we examine these alternatives by looking at how the cost of the proposal would change based on different population assumptions.

The Final Rule Alternative evaluated all Risk Group A facilities with the exception of barge fleeting facilities as listed in Figure 2.2 . As for vessels, the evaluation included all Risk Group A vessels with a crew size greater than 20 TWIC-holding crewmembers.

For the NPRM alternative, we assess that all Risk Group A facilities will be required to install and use TWIC readers.  On the vessel side, we assess that all Risk Group A vessels with a crew size greater than 14 TWIC-holding crewmembers will be required to carry 2 portable readers.  For this alternatives analysis, we look at three other alternatives.

In calculating the alternatives for electronic TWIC inspection requirements for container facilities, we also included an estimated annual cost for delays due to congestion caused by the longer processing time required for a biometric read of a TWIC, as compared to a visual TWIC inspection.  The time difference for a biometric read as opposed to a visual TWIC inspection is estimated from the TWIC pilot to be about 2 seconds a transaction.  In the Draft Programmatic Environmental Assessment for this rulemaking, we estimate the delay, in hours, for electronic TWIC inspections versus visual TWIC inspections.  Using the average of these delay calculations and the mean wage for an employee in the labor category Deep Sea, Costal and Great lakes Water Transportation ($39.98), we are able to estimate the cost of delays for all 122 container facilities.  Table 6.1 shows this result.

Table 6.1 Annual Cost of Delay for Container Facilities
Number of Container Facilities
                                                                            122
Average Delay, in Hours
                                                                          1,531
Wage
                                                                        $39.98
Annual Cost of Delays
                                                                    $7,467,544

We anticipate that container facilities would present the greatest threat of congestion delays leading to opportunity costs.  Because we are not requiring electronic TWIC inspections at the majority of the container facilities, we assume that this final rule will not lead to increased costs due to congestion delays.  We only account for congestion delays at container facilities, as containers account for the majority of TWIC-holder vehicle traffic.  We anticipate that because vehicle traffic will not be unexpected, other facilities will be able to adjust their business practices so that the additional 2 seconds will not result in additional processing time or congestion delays.    Therefore, we do not account for congestion costs other than at container facilities.  Table 6.2 summarizes the alternatives considered.  The costs displayed in Table 6.2 are for both ten-year total and annualized at a 7% discount rate.

Table 6.2 Regulatory Alternatives

                                  Description
                              Facility Population
                               Vessel Population
                 Total Cost ($ millions, at 7% Discount Rate)
               Annualized Cost ($ millions, at 7% Discount Rate)
                            Final Rule Alternative
All Risk Group A facilities and Risk Group A vessels with more than 20 crewmembers
                                      525
                                       1
                                    $153.8
                                     $21.9
                               NPRM Alternative
All Risk Group A facilities and Risk Group A vessels with more than 14 crewmembers
                                      532
                                      38
                                    $153.5
                                     $21.9
                                 Alternative 2
     All Risk Group A facilities and Risk Group A vessels (except barges)
                                      532
                                      138
                                    $158.2
                                     $22.5
                                 Alternative 3
Risk Group A and all Container Facilities and Risk Group A vessels with more than 14 crewmembers
                                      651
                                      38
                                    $182.6
                                     $26.0
                                 Alternative 4
All Risk Group A facilities, plus additional high consequence facilities including petroleum refineries, non-CDC bulk hazardous materials facilities, and petroleum storage facilities, and Risk Group A vessels with more than 14 crewmembers
                                     1,174
                                      38
                                    $309.5
                                     $44.1
                                 Alternative 5
                              (ANPRM Alternative)
Risk Group A and B facilities and Risk Group A vessels with more than 14 crewmembers
                                     2,173
                                      38
                                    $548.9
                                     $78.1

When comparing alternatives, we also looked at the results of the break-even analysis for several different facility combinations.  Because the vessel population and cost are small compared to the population and cost for facilities, we focus our comparisons on the break-even results for the different facility type combinations.  We show the break-even comparison for the overall range of scenarios.  There exists a strong positive correlation between risk and consequence.  As such, the targets that would lead to the greatest consequence of a TSI should be considered in our analysis, as they are the most desirable targets.  In Table 6.3, we compare the costs, required risk reduction, and averted attack frequencies for the four regulatory alternatives.  This table shows that by focusing on the highest risk population, we have effectively reduced costs and maximized our required probability reduction and frequency of attacks averted.

6.1 Alternatives
Final Rule Alternative  -  Risk Group A Facilities Except Barge Fleeting Facilities and Vessels with More than 20 TWIC-holding Crewmembers

The analysis for this alternative is discussed in detail previously in the final rule RA, as it is the preferred alternative for this final rule.

NPRM Alternative  -  Risk Group A Facilities and Vessels with More than 14 TWIC-holding Crewmembers

The analysis for this alternative is discussed in detail in the NPRM RA, as it was the alternative proposed in the NPRM.  The difference in assessed costs and benefits are in the affected population with the NPRM alternative affecting 38 vessels (versus 1) and 532 facilities (versus 525).

Alternative 2  -  Risk Group A Facilities and all Risk Group A Vessels, Except Barges

This alternative would require readers to be used at all Risk Group A facilities and for all Risk Group A vessels, except barges.  This alternative would increase the burden on industry by increasing the affected population from 1 vessel to 138 vessels.  The number of facilities will be the same (532) as in the NPRM Alternative.  Under this alternative, annualized cost of this rulemaking would stay at $22.5 million, at a 7% discount rate.  The discounted 10-year costs will go from $153.8 million to $158.2 million.  While this alternative would not lead to a significant increase in costs, we rejected it because requiring electronic TWIC inspections on vessels with 20 or fewer TWIC-holding crewmembers is unnecessary, as crews with that few members are known to all on the vessel and identity verification at the vessel would not add significant benefit.

Alternative 3  -  Risk Group A and all Container Facilities and Risk Group A Vessels with More than 14 TWIC-holding Crewmembers

For this alternative, we assumed that only those facilities in Risk Group A, as previously defined, and all container facilities will be required to perform electronic TWIC inspections.  This alternative will increase the burden on industry by increasing the affected population from 525 facilities to 651 facilities, and from 1 vessel to 38 vessels.  Under this scenario, the annualized cost of this rulemaking will increase from $21.9 million to $26.0 million, at a 7% discount rate.  The discounted 10-year costs will go from $153.8 million to $182.6 million.  The inclusion of container facilities will also potentially have adverse environmental impacts, due to increased air emissions from longer queuing times and congestion at facilities.

We considered this alternative because container facilities are perceived to pose a unique threat to the maritime environment due to the large number of people accessing container terminals from the shore side, and as such, they may benefit from the enhanced access control provided by electronic TWIC inspection.  As discussed in the preamble of the NPRM, many of the high-risk threat scenarios at container facilities would not be mitigated by electronic TWIC inspection.  The costs for TWIC readers at container facilities would not be justified by the amount of potential risk reduction at these facilities.  While container facilities pose an increased transfer risk  -  that is, there is a greater risk of a threat coming through a container facility and inflicting harm or damage elsewhere than with any other facility type  -  such threats are not mitigated by the use of TWIC readers.  Furthermore, the use of TWIC readers, or other access control features, would not mitigate the threat associated with the contents of a container.  Electronic TWIC inspection serves as an additional access control measure, but would not improve screening of cargoes for dangerous substances or devices.

Alternative 4  -  Adding Certain High-consequence Facilities to Risk Group A,  including Petroleum Refineries, Non-CDC Bulk Hazardous Materials Facilities, and Petroleum Storage Facilities

For this alternative, we moved three facility categories  -  petroleum refineries, non-CDC bulk hazardous materials facilities, and petroleum storage facilities  -  into Risk Group A from Risk Group B, based on the average maximum consequence for these facility types.  This alternative would increase the burden on industry by increasing the affected population from 525 facilities to 1,174 facilities and from 1 vessel to 38 vessels.  Under this scenario, the annualized cost of this rulemaking would increase from $21.9 million to $44.1 million, at a 7% discount rate.  The discounted 10-year costs would rise from $153.8 million to $309.5 million.

We considered this alternative based on the high MSRAM consequence scores associated with these three facility types, as well as due to the perception that petroleum facilities pose a greater security risk than other facility types.  Despite the high MSRAM consequence scores for these facility types, the overall risk score as determined in the AHP were not as high as those in the current Risk Group A, and therefore, we rejected this alternative and maintained the AHP-based risk groupings.

Alternative 5  -  Risk Group A and Risk Group B Facilities and Risk Group A Vessels with More than 14 TWIC-holding Crewmembers

Alternative 5 represents the facility requirements that were presented in the Advanced Notice of Proposed Rulemaking.  This alternative would require readers to be used at all Risk Group A and Risk Group B facilities.  This alternative would increase the burden on industry by increasing the affected population from 525 facilities to 2,173 facilities and from 1 vessel to 38 vessels.  This increase in facilities would extend the affected population to facilities that fall under the second risk tier.  Under this alternative, annualized cost of this rulemaking would increase from $21.9 million to $78.1 million, at a 7% discount rate.  The discounted 10-year costs would rise from $153.8 million to $548.9 million.  Based on a recent study by the HSI, as discussed in the preamble of the NPRM, the difference in risk between Risk Group A and B facilities is great, indicating that the two risk groups do not require the same level of scrutiny for TWIC cards.  Further, as discussed in the Benefits section of this analysis, the break-even point for this alternative is much higher than that of the preferred alternative.  Moreover, many of the comments opposing electronic TWIC inspection requirements represented the interests of owners and operators of vessels or facilities assigned to Risk Group B.  For these reasons, we rejected this alternative.  For an example of what an impact of an incident at a Risk Group B petroleum facility could be, see Appendix F.

Table 6. 3 Summary of Required Risk Reduction by Regulatory Alternative Overall ($ Millions)
                            TWIC Reader Requirement
                       Annualize Cost, 7% Discount Rate
                              Average Consequence
                          Required Reduction in Risk
                                   Required
                         Frequency of Attacks Averted
                            Final Rule Alternative
                                     $21.9
                                   $5,014.1
                                     0.45%
                             One every 229.0 years
                               NPRM Alternative
                                     $21.9
                                   $5,014.1
                                     0.44%
                             One every 229.0 years
             Risk Group A facilities and all Risk Group A vessels
                                     $22.5
                                   $5,014.1
                                     0.45%
                             One every 222.8 years
Risk Group A and container facilities and Risk Group A vessels with more than 14 crewmembers
                                     $26.0
                                   $4,158.7
                                     0.63%
                             One every 160.0 years
All Risk Group A facilities, plus additional high-consequence facilities including petroleum refineries, non-CDC bulk hazardous materials facilities, and petroleum storage facilities, and Risk Group A vessels with more than 14 crewmembers
                                     $44.1
                                   $2,211.3
                                     1.99%
                             One every 50.1 years
                              ANPRM Alternative:
Risk Groups A and B facilities and Risk Group A vessels with more than 14 crewmembers
                                     $78.1
                                   $1,647.1
                                     4.74%
                             One every 21.1 years

7) Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
7.1 Overview of the Final Regulatory Flexibility Act Analysis
The RFA (Public Law 96-354) establishes "as a principle of regulatory issuance that agencies shall endeavor, consistent with the objectives of the rule and of applicable statutes, to fit regulatory and informational requirements to the scale of the businesses, organizations, and governmental jurisdictions subject to regulation.  To achieve this principle, agencies are required to solicit and consider flexible regulatory proposals and to explain the rationale for their actions to assure that such proposals are given serious consideration."

When an agency promulgates a final rule under section 553 of the RFA, after being required by that section or any other law to publish a general notice of proposed rulemaking, or promulgates a final interpretative rule involving the internal revenue laws of the United States as described in section 603(a), the agency must prepare a FRFA or have the head of the agency certify pursuant to RFA section 605(b) that the rule will not, if promulgated, have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities.  The RFA prescribes the content of the FRFA in section 604(a), which we discuss below.

In accordance with the RFA (5 U.S.C. 601-612), the Coast Guard prepared this FRFA that examines the impacts of the final rule on small entities (5 U.S.C. 601, et seq.).  A small entity may be:

   * A small independent business, defined as any independently owned and operated business not dominant in its field that qualifies as a small business per the Small Business Act (5 U.S.C. 632);
   * A small not-for-profit organization; and;
   * A small governmental jurisdiction (locality with fewer than 50,000 people).

This FRFA addresses the following:

(1) a statement of the need for, and objectives of, the rule;
(2) a statement of the significant issues raised by the public comments in response to the initial regulatory flexibility analysis, a statement of the assessment of the agency of such issues, and a statement of any changes made in the proposed rule as a result of such comments;
(3) the response of the agency to any comments filed by the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the SBA in response to the proposed rule, and a detailed statement of any change made to the proposed rule in the final rule as a result of the comments;
(4) a description of and an estimate of the number of small entities to which the rule will apply or an explanation of why no such estimate is available;
(5) a description of the projected reporting, recordkeeping and other compliance requirements of the rule, including an estimate of the classes of small entities which will be subject to the requirement and the type of professional skills necessary for preparation of the report or record;
(6) a description of the steps the agency has taken to minimize the significant economic impact on small entities consistent with the stated objectives of applicable statutes, including a statement of the factual, policy, and legal reasons for selecting the alternative adopted in the final rule and why each one of the other significant alternatives to the rule considered by the agency which affect the impact on small entities was rejected.

Below is a discussion of FRFA analysis by each of these six elements:

7.1.1 A statement of the need for, and objectives of, the rule

The need for Federal regulatory action is due to port security risks related to not having consistent access control, identification, and security background checks for transportation workers accessing or interfacing with high-risk U.S. port facilities and vessels (e.g., higher consequence targets of terrorist acts).  To this end, the MTSA transportation security card requirement, as well as the SAFE Port Act electronic TWIC reader requirements, call for the installation and use of electronic readers to verify and validate the information presented on a TWIC upon requesting unescorted access to a secure area of a vessel or facility.

Owners and operators of these facilities and vessels are not likely to develop, acquire, and install a universal technology to provide an access control systems on a national scale that will perform and update background checks and provide worker identification for access to all high-risk facilities and vessels due to the costs associated with acquiring and installing readers.  Facility and vessel owners want to protect their facilities, but may focus on systems that do not provide the nationwide interoperability needed to avoid multiple proprietary cards/interfaces for cardholders and increased compliance challenges.  Therefore, the implementation of electronic TWIC inspection requirements will create a more standardized access control system that will potentially reduce confusion for workers accessing multiple facilities.

The objective of this regulatory action is to enhance the security of ports, facilities, and vessels by providing an effective means to ensure that only persons who hold valid TWICs are granted unescorted access to secure areas on high consequence vessels and port facilities.  This rule will provide enhancements over the current level of security and access control currently required at certain types of MTSA-regulated facilities.  It will also complete the implementation of the MTSA transportation security card requirement, as well as the requirements of the SAFE Port Act for regulations on electronic readers for use with TWICs.

7.1.2 A statement of the significant issues raised by the public comments in response to the initial regulatory flexibility analysis, a statement of the assessment of the agency of such issues, and a statement of any changes made in the proposed rule as a result of such comments

On March 22, 2013, the Coast Guard published an NPRM (78 FR 17782) and received approximately 88 individual submissions.  We summarized these comments in the Discussion of Comments and Changes to the Final Rule section of the final rule.  The commenters raised issues related to the economic impact of the NPRM, such as the revenue impacts to small entities, the costs of electronic TWIC inspections, and the cumulative impact of security regulations on small businesses.  The significant issues raised by the public comments on the Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis were the following:

Revenue Impacts  -  One commenter expressed concern that its small profit margin will be negatively affected by new expenses on security due to changes to technology and additional regulations.  Cognizant of regulatory impacts on small businesses, the Coast Guard sought to minimize these impacts by allowing businesses to integrate electronic TWIC inspection requirements into their existing PACS, to choose from a variety of biometric scanners that may be less expensive than those approved by the TSA and listed on the TSA's QTL and to have the option of designate a DRAA, a limited form of RUA, that could minimize the burden on business operations due to cumbersome and redundant electronic TWIC inspections.

Costs of TWIC readers  -  Several commenters believe that the Coast Guard did not appropriately address the overall costs of TWIC readers, specifically the relatively high costs to set up a TWIC Reader system for small vessels and facilities.  Some commenters felt that they will be incurring significant expenses to outfit their vessels and facilities with them.  Some others stated that the NPRM RA overestimated the cost of TWIC readers.  We note that, in the final rule, small vessels were excluded from the electronic TWIC inspection requirement, so many of these concerns are mooted.  The Coast Guard believes that the increased flexibility of this final rule is the most cost-effective way to meet the goals of the TWIC program and serve the needs of small businesses.  Also, the Coast Guard updated cost estimates for the readers to reflect the current market costs of the readers, which are significantly less than those reported in the NPRM RA.

Cumulative Impact of Regulations on Small Businesses  -  Some commenters warned of the cumulative economic impacts of this rulemaking with several other finalized rules across the Federal agencies.  However, these comments did not provide specific data or information on these cumulative economic impacts.  Also, several of the comments were beyond the scope of this rulemaking when discussing the TWIC program generally and the costs of acquiring, using and maintaining TWIC cards.

We made two changes to the Final Rule requirements as a result of public comments that will reduce the impact on small entities:

   1. We are  allowing additional flexibility with regard to electronic readers; instead of requiring the use of a TWIC reader on the TSA's QTL, small businesses can choose to fully integrate electronic TWIC inspection and biometric matching into their existing PACS, and
   2. We are increasing the exemption from electronic TWIC inspection requirements to vessels with 20 or fewer TWIC-holding crewmembers that will effectively remove all small entities that own and operate MTSA-regulated vessels.

As explained in the final rule, we used a risk-based approach to apply these regulatory requirements to less than 5 percent of the MTSA-regulated population, which represents approximately 80 percent of the potential consequences of a TSI.  The provisions in this final rule target the highest risk entities while minimizing the overall burden of the rule. We conducted a robust alternatives analysis that considered the "break-even" point of several different alternatives and we chose the alternative that shows the final rule will be cost effective if it prevents 1 TSI with every 222.8 years.

Therefore, the Coast Guard already sought to minimize the cumulative impacts on industry by applying the final rule to as small of a population of MTSA-regulated entities as reasonably possible, and by increasing the flexibility of integrating other readers to their existing access control systems.

Please see Appendix F (Cumulative TWIC Programmatic Costs) of this RA for the final rule for a discussion of the cumulative impacts of two TWIC rulemakings (which are both Congressional mandates): TWIC Final Rule issued in 2007 and TWIC Reader Final Rule.  We estimate the cumulative annualized costs of TWIC regulations to be about $319.03 million in 2016.  This includes $296.53 million from the 2007 TWIC Final Rule and $22.5 million from the TWIC Reader final rule (estimates discounted at 7 percent).  As previously discussed, these estimates may overestimate costs due to unquantified cost savings from flexibility to affected entities that the final rule allows.

7.1.3 The response of the agency to any comments filed by the Chief Counsel for Advocacy of the Small Business Administration in response to the proposed rule, and a detailed statement of any change made to the proposed rule in the final rule as a results of the comments

The Coast Guard did not receive any comments from the SBA's Office of Advocacy regarding the impact that the proposed rule would have on small entities.

7.1.4 A description of and an estimate of the number of small entities to which the rule will apply or an explanation of why no such estimate is available

The final rule will affect the owners and operators of certain MTSA-regulated facilities and vessels.  Based on the Coast Guard's MISLE database, we identified 525 facilities and 1 vessel affected by this rule that are owned by 307 unique owners and operators.

We used available operator name and address information to research public and proprietary databases for entity type (subsidiary or parent company), primary line of business, employee size, revenue, and other information.  We matched this information to the SBA's "Table of Small Business Size Standards" (January 2013 version) to determine if an entity is small in its primary line of business as classified in the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS).

For each of the 60 NAICS-coded industries in the final rule's affected population, we show below the 10 industries that appeared most frequently in the affected population of facilities.

Table 7.1 Ten Most Frequent Industries Affected by the Proposed Rule - Facilities
                                  NAICS Code
                                  Description
                          Count of Facility Companies
                                    486110
                    Pipeline Transportation of Crude Oil
                                       9
                                    493190
                        Other Warehousing and Storage
                                       9
                                    324110
                            Petroleum Refineries4
                                       7
                                    561510
                              Travel Agencies10
                                       6
                                    325110
                         Petrochemical Manufacturing
                                       5
                                    325199
               All Other Basic Organic Chemical Manufacturing
                                       5
                                    325998
   All Other Miscellaneous Chemical Product and Preparation Manufacturing
                                       5
                                    483212
                    Inland Water Passenger Transportation
                                       5
                                    336611
                         Ship Building and Repairing
                                       4
                                    488320
                            Marine Cargo Handling
                                       4

Of the 1 vessel that will require an electronic TWIC inspection program, we identified 1 unique owner.  Based on current data provided by the Coast Guard's MISLE database, we estimate that there are potentially 3,647 distinct owners and operators of 13,825 active U.S.-flagged, MTSA-regulated vessels; 2,046 distinct owners and operators of 3,270 MTSA-regulated facilities; and 19 unique owners and operators of 56 OCS facilities that could be affected by this final rule.  For this final rule, we estimated mandatory card reader requirement costs for 1 vessel and 525 facilities based on the risk assessment hierarchy.  OCS facilities are not considered high-risk for this final rule, and as such they are out of scope of this analysis, and therefore, we did not analyze the impact of the electronic TWIC inspection requirements on this population.  Of these 525 facilities that will be affected by the electronic TWIC inspection requirements, we found 306 unique owners.  Among these 306 entities, there were 31 government-owned entities, 275 businesses, and 0 not-for-profit entities.  Of the 275 businesses, there were 114 companies that exceeded SBA small business size standards, 88 companies considered small by the SBA, and 73 companies for which no information was available.  For the purposes of this analysis, we consider all entities for which information was not available to be small We also assume that each entity owns 2 facilities on average.

We were able to find revenue information for 64 of the 88 businesses deemed small by SBA standards.  We then determined the impacts of the final rule on these companies by dividing the total costs of the regulation by the number of regulated entities to determine a cost per entity for the regulation.  We estimate these costs to be on average $195,715 per entity per year during the implementation period and $12,612 per entity in annual cost.  We base our impact analysis on average cost to regulated entities due to the increased flexibility afforded by this final rule to owners and operators of individual facilities so they can determine how best to implement electronic TWIC inspection requirements.  We then found what percent impact on revenue the proposed regulation will have based on implementation costs and annual costs.  Table 7.2 presents the impacts on small businesses that own and operate facilities during implementation and annually.

Table 7.2 Revenue Impacts on Affected Small Businesses - Facilities

                       Impacts from Implementation Costs
                           Impacts from Annual Costs
                            Revenue Impact Range
                              Number of Entities
                              Percent of Entities
                              Number of Entities
                              Percent of Entities
                             0% < Impact <= 1%
                                      33
                                      52%
                                      57
                                      89%
                             1% < Impact <= 3%
                                       4
                                      6%
                                       6
                                      9%
                             3% < Impact <= 5%
                                       5
                                      8%
                                       0
                                      0%
                            5% < Impact <= 10%
                                       8
                                      13%
                                       1
                                      2%
                                   Above 10%
                                      14
                                      22%
                                       0
                                      0%
                                     Total
                                      64
                                     100%
                                      64
                                     100%
Note: Values may not total due to rounding.

The greatest impact will occur during the implementation phase when 48 percent of small businesses that we were able to find revenue data on will experience an impact of greater than 1 percent, and 22 percent of small businesses that we were able to find revenue data on will experience an impact greater than 10 percent.  After implementation, the impacts decrease and 89 percent of affected small businesses will see an impact of less than 1 percent.  We expect the revenue impacts for years with equipment replacement to be between those for implementation and annual impacts.  During those years with equipment replacement, we estimate that approximately 42% of businesses will encounter an impact greater than 1 percent, and 11% will see an impact greater than 10 percent.

Of the 31 government jurisdictions that will be impacted by this final rule, 24 exceed the 50,000 population threshold to be considered small, and the other 7 have revenue levels such that there will not be an impact greater than 1% of revenue.

We found that for the 1 vessel that will be affected by this rule, the owner is not a small business.  Therefore, we do not provide a revenue impact analysis for affected small businesses-owned vessels as we provided above for affected facilities.

7.1.5 A description of the projected reporting, recordkeeping and other compliance requirements of the rule, including an estimate of the classes of small entities which will be subject to the requirement and the type of professional skills necessary for preparation of the report or record

Under the provisions of the final rule, 525 affected facilities and 1 vessel will be required to update their FSPs and VSPs, and to create and maintain a system of recordkeeping within 2 years of the final rule's promulgation.  This requirement will be added to an existing collection of information with the OMB control number 1625-0077.  Please see Paperwork Reduction Act (Chapter 8) of this RA for a detailed description and discussion of reporting and recordkeeping requirements of the rule.

7.1.6 A description of the steps the agency has taken to minimize the significant economic impact on small entities consistent with the stated objectives of applicable statutes, including a statement of the factual, policy, and legal reasons for selecting the alternative adopted in the final rule and why each one of the other significant alternatives to the rule considered by the agency which affect the impact on small entities was rejected

The Coast Guard has made two changes from the rule proposed by the NPRM after consideration of public comments. A full discussion of comments and Coast Guard responses is found in the Discussion of Comments and Changes to the Final Rule section of the final rule.  The Coast Guard took the following steps to minimize the economic impact on small entities: 1. allowing additional flexibility with regard to electronic readers; instead of requiring the use of a TWIC reader on the TSA's QTL, small businesses can choose to fully integrate electronic TWIC inspection and biometric matching into their existing PACS, and 2. increasing the exemption from electronic TWIC inspection requirements to vessels with 20 or fewer TWIC-holding crewmembers that will effectively remove all small entities that own and operate MTSA-regulated vessels.

We used managing owner and operator contact information from Coast Guard data to research public and proprietary business databases for entity ownership status (subsidiary, parent company, government entity, etc.), employee size, and revenue, among other information.  By using the SBA's size standards and the NAICS code classifications, we are able to determine whether a business is small or not.  The SBA provides business size standards for all sectors of the NAICS.

The Coast Guard will not retaliate against small entities that question or complain about this rule or any policy or action of the Coast Guard.

Small businesses may send comments on the actions of Federal employees who enforce, or otherwise determine compliance with, Federal regulations to the Small Business and Agriculture Regulatory Enforcement Ombudsman and the Regional Small Business Regulatory Fairness Boards.  The Ombudsman evaluates these actions annually and rates each agency's responsiveness to small business.  If you wish to comment on actions by employees of the Coast Guard, call 1-888-REG-FAIR (1-888-734-3247).

8) Collection of Information
This proposed rule calls for a collection of information under the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520).  As defined in 5 CFR 1320.3(c), a "collection of information" comprises reporting, recordkeeping, monitoring, posting, labeling, and other similar actions.  The title and description of the information collection, a description of those who must collect the information, and an estimate of the total annual burden follow.  The estimate covers the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing sources of data, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection.

Under the provisions of the final rule, the affected facilities and vessels will be required to update their Facility and Vessel Security Plans (FSPs and VSPs), and to create and maintain a system of recordkeeping within 2 years of promulgation.  This requirement will be added to an existing collection with OMB control number 1625-0077.

TITLE:  Security Plans for Ports, Vessels, Facilities, Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Facilities and Other Security-Related Requirements

OMB Control Number:  1625-0077

SUMMARY OF THE COLLECTION OF INFORMATION:  This information collection is associated with the maritime security requirements mandated by the MTSA.  Security assessments, security plans and other security-related requirements are found in 33 CFR Chapter I, subchapter H.  The final rule requires certain vessels and facilities to use electronic readers designed to work with the TWIC as an access control measure.  Affected owners and operators will also face requirements associated with electronic TWIC inspection programs, including recordkeeping requirements for those owners and operators required to implement an electronic TWIC inspection program, and security plan amendments to incorporate TWIC requirements.

PROPOSED USE OF INFORMATION:  The Coast Guard will use this information to ensure that facilities and vessels are properly implementing and utilizing TWIC readers.

DESCRIPTION OF THE RESPONDENTS:  The respondents are owners and operators of certain vessels and facilities regulated by the Coast Guard under 33 CFR Chapter I, subchapter H.

NUMBER OF RESPONDENTS:  The number of respondents as a result of this final rule is 525 facilities that are considered high risk will be required to modify their existing FSPs, and 1 vessel will be required to modify their VSPs to account for the electronic TWIC inspection requirements.  These same populations will be required to create and maintain recordkeeping systems as well.

FREQUENCY OF RESPONSE:  The FSP and VSP will need to be amended once within 2 years of promulgation to include electronic TWIC inspection-related procedures.  Recordkeeping requirements will need to be met along a similar timeline.

BURDEN OF RESPONSE:  The estimated burden for facilities will be 17,063 in the first year, 18,638 hours in the second year, and 3,150 hours in the third year and all subsequent years.  The burden for vessels will be 65 burden hours in year 1, and 6 burden hours for all subsequent years.  This includes an estimated 25-hour burden to amend the FSP or VSP, along with an implementation period burden of 40 hours and an annual burden of 6 hours for recordkeeping for each facility or vessel, which includes recordkeeping costs associated with the TSA's CCL.

ESTIMATE OF TOTAL ANNUAL BURDEN:

Facilities:  The estimated burden over the 2-year implementation period for facilities is 25 hours per FSP amendment.  Since there are currently 525 facilities that will need to amend their FSPs, the total burden on facilities will be 13,125 hours (525 FSPs x 25 hours per amendment) during the 2-year implementation period, or 6,563 hours each year of the first 2 years.  Facilities will also face a recordkeeping burden of 21,000 hours during the 2-year implementation period (525 facilities x 40 hours per recordkeeping system), or 10,500 hours each year over the first 2 years.  There will also be an annual recordkeeping burden of 3,150 hours (525 facilities x 6 hours per year), starting in the third year.  In the second year, the 262 facilities that implemented in the first year will incur the 6 hours of annual recordkeeping, at a burden of 1,572 (262 facilities x 6 hours).  The total burden for facilities is estimated at 17,063 (6,563 + 10,500) in Year 1, 18,638 in Year 2 (6,563 + 10,500 + 1,575), and 3,150 in Year 3.

Vessels:  For the 1vessel, the burden in the first year will be 25 hours (1 VSP x 25 hour per amendment).  The vessel will also face a recordkeeping burden of 40 hours during the 1-year implementation period (1 vessel x 40 hours per recordkeeping system).  There will also be an annual recordkeeping burden of 6 hours starting in year 2 (1 vessel x 6 hours per year).  The total burden for vessels is estimated at 65 (25 + 40) in Year 1 and 6 hours in Years 2 and 3.

Total:  The total additional burden from the final rule is estimated at 17,128 (65 for vessels + 17,063 for facilities) in Year 1, 18,644 (6 for vessels + 18,638 for facilities) in Year 2, and 3,156 (6 for vessels + 3,150 for facilities) in Year 3.  The current annual burden listed in this collection of information is 1,108,043.  The new burden, as a result of this final rule, in Year 1 is 1,125,171 (1,108,043 + 17,128).  In Year 2 the new burden is 1,126,687 (1,108,043 + 18,644) and in Year 3 it is 1,111,199 (1,108,043 + 3,156).  The average annual additional burden across the 3 years is 12,976.

As required by the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3507(d)), we have submitted a copy of this proposed rule to the OMB for its review of the collection of information.

You need not respond to a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid control number from OMB.  Before the requirements for this collection of information becomes effective, we will publish a notice in the Federal Register of OMB's decision to approve, modify, or disapprove the proposed collection.
Appendix A: Baseline Matrix

                                    Section
                                     Topic
                              Regulatory Language
                                    Impact
                                    101.105
                                  Definitions
                                Add Definitions
                   No cost. Administrative: new definitions.
                                  101.112(a)
                                  Federalism
(a)  The regulations in 33 CFR parts 101, 103, 104, and 106 have preemptive effect over State or local regulation within the same field.
                    No cost. Administrative: clarification.
                                  101.112(b)
                                  Federalism
(b)  The regulations in 33 CFR part 105 have preemptive effect over State or local regulations insofar as a State or local law or regulation applicable to the facilities covered by part 105 would conflict with the regulations in part 105, either by actually conflicting or frustrating an overriding Federal need for uniformity.
                    No cost. Administrative: clarification.
                                    101.514
                                  Requirement
                             Remove § 101.514(e)
                No cost. Administrative: editorial realignment.
                                 101.515(d)(2)
                         TWIC/Personal Identification
Each person who has been issued or who possesses a TWIC must pass an electronic TWIC inspection and must submit his or her reference biometric, such as a fingerprint, and any other required information, such as a Personal Identification Number (PIN), upon a request from TSA, the Coast Guard, any other authorized DHS representative, or a Federal, State, or local law enforcement officer.
                      Text Modified, but no cost impact.
                                   101.520
                          Electronic TWIC inspection
To conduct an electronic TWIC inspection, the owner or operator of a vessel or facility must ensure the following actions are performed. (a) Card Authentication: The TWIC must be authenticated by performing a change/response protocol using the Card Authentication Certificate (CAC) and the associated card authentication private key stored in the TWIC. (b) Card Validity Check: the TWIC must be checked against TSA's Canceled Card List (CCL), and no match on the CCL may be found; (c) Identity Verification: (1) one of the fingerprint templates stored in the TWIC must be matched to the TWIC-holder's live sample biometric; or (2) the TWIC-holder must enter the Personal Identification Number with the TWIC, and pass a visual TWIC inspection.
Costs associated with the acquisition and installation and integration of TWIC readers to current access control systems for facilities and vessels detailed in RA.
                                  101.525(a)

                           Canceled Card List (CCL)
                                MARSEC Level 1
At Maritime Security (MARSEC) Level 1, the card validity check must be conducted using CCL information that is no more than 7 days old.
Costs associated with obtaining, installing, and operating TWIC Readers, as well as recordkeeping, training, and amendments to security plans, as detailed in RA.
                              101.525(b) and (c)

                           Canceled Card List (CCL)
                             MARSEC Level 2 and 3
At these MARSEC Levels, the same procedures outlined in paragraph (a) of this section must be used, except that the card validity check must use CCL information that is no more than 1 day old.
    No estimated cost impact due to infrequency of changes in MARSEC level.
                                  101.525(d)

The CCL information used to conduct the card validity check must be updated within 12 hours of any increase in MARSEC level, no matter when the information was last updated.
No estimated cost impact due to infrequency and localized nature of changes in MARSEC level.
                                  101.525(e)

Only the most recently obtained CCL information must be used to conduct card validity checks.
        Costs associated with updating the CCL, as detailed in the RA..
                                    101.530
                      PACS Requirements for Risk Group A
This section lays out the requirements for PACS that may be used to meet the electronic TWIC inspection requirements of § 101.520.
Since this section will supersede the guidance in PAC 08-09, there will be no new costs.
                                    101.535
           Electronic TWIC inspection requirements for Risk Group A
Owners or operators of any vessel or facility subject to part 104 or 105 of this subchapter, that are assigned to Risk Group A in §§ 104.263 or 105.253 of this subchapter, must ensure that a Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) program is implemented as follows:

                                  101.535(a)
                     Requirements for Risk Group A Vessels
Prior to each boarding of the vessel, all persons who require access to a secure area of the vessel must pass an electronic TWIC inspection before being granted unescorted access to the vessel.

No new cost since electronic TWIC inspection costs are already covered in 101.525 above for vessels.
                                  101.535(b)
                  Requirements for Risk Group A Facilities

Prior to each entry into a secure area of the facility, all persons must pass an electronic TWIC inspection before being granted unescorted access to secure areas of the facility.
No new cost since electronic TWIC inspection costs are already covered in 101.525 above for facilities.
                                  101.535(c)

(c)  A Physical Access Control System that meets the requirements of § 101.530 of this subpart may be used to meet the requirements of this section.
Potential cost savings if vessels or facilities could comply with electronic TWIC inspection requirements by using their existing PACS.
                                  101.535(d)

(d)  The requirements of this section do not apply under certain situations described in §§ 101.550 or 101.555 of this subpart.
                   No cost. Administrative: clarifications.
                                  101.535(e)

(e)  Emergency access to secure areas, including access by law enforcement and emergency responders, does not require electronic TWIC inspection.
                             Current requirement.
                                    101.540
Electronic TWIC inspection requirements for vessels, facilities, and OCS facilities not in Risk Group A
A vessel or facility not in Risk Group A may use the electronic TWIC inspection requirements of § 101.535 of this subpart in lieu of visual TWIC inspection. If electronic TWIC inspection is used, the recordkeeping requirements of §§ 104.235(b)(9) and (c) of this subchapter, or 105.225(b)(9) and (c) of this subchapter, as appropriate, apply.
No cost as no non-Risk Group A vessel or facility is expected to choose this alternative.
                                    101.550
             TWIC inspection requirements in special circumstances
Owners or operators of any vessel, facility, or Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) facility subject to part 104, 105 or 106 of this subchapter must ensure a Transportation Worker Identification Credential (TWIC) program is implemented as follows:

                                  101.550 (a)

(a) Lost, Damaged or Stolen TWIC. If an individual cannot present a TWIC because it has been lost, damaged or stolen, and the individual previously has been granted unescorted access to secure areas and is known to have had a TWIC, the individual may be granted unescorted access to secure areas for a period of no longer than 30 consecutive calendar days if
(1) The individual has reported the TWIC as lost, damaged, or stolen to the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) as required in 49 CFR 1572.19(f);
(2) The individual can present another identification credential .that meets the requirements of § 101.515 of this subpart; and
(3) There are no other suspicious circumstances associated with the individual's claim that the TWIC was lost, damaged, or stolen.

                               Current practice.
                                  101.550 (b)

(b) TWIC on the Canceled Card List. In the event an individual reports his or her TWIC as lost, damaged or stolen, and that TWIC is then placed on the CCL, the individual may be granted unescorted access by a Physical Access Control System (PACS) that meets the requirements of § 101.530 of this subpart for a period of no longer than 30 days. The individual must be known to have had a TWIC, and known to have reported the TWIC as lost, damaged, or stolen to TSA
                    No cost. Administrative: Clarification.
                                  101.550 (c)

(c) Special Requirements for Risk Group A Vessels and Facilities. If a TWIC reader or PACS cannot read an individual's fingerprints due to poor fingerprint quality or no fingerprint minutiae, the owner or operator may grant the individual unescorted access to secure areas based on secondary authentication procedures:
(1) The owner or operator must conduct a visual TWIC inspection and require the individual to provide his or her Personal Identification Number.
(2) The owner or operator may require the person to present an alternative biometric that has been incorporated into the PACS.
                    No cost. Administrative: Clarification.
                                  101.550 (d)

(d) If an individual cannot present a TWIC for any reason other than those outlined in paragraphs (a) or (b) of this section, the vessel or facility operator may not grant unescorted access to secure areas. The individual must be under escort at all times within the secure area.
                   No cost. Administrative: Clarification.
                                  101.550 (e)

(e) With the exception of individuals granted access according to paragraph (a) or (b) of this section, all individuals granted unescorted access to secure areas of a vessel, facility, or OCS facility must be able to produce their TWICs upon request from the TSA, the Coast Guard or another authorized DHS representative, or a Federal, State or local law enforcement officer.
                    No cost. Administrative: Clarification.
                                  101.550 (f)

 (f) There must be disciplinary measures in place to prevent fraud and abuse.
                    No cost. Administrative: Clarification.
                                  101.550 (g)

(g) Owners or operators must establish the frequency of the application of any security measures for access control in their approved security plans, particularly if these security measures are applied on a random or occasional basis.
                   No cost. Administrative: Clarification.
                                  101.550 (h)

(h) The vessel, facility or OCS facility operator should coordinate the TWIC Program, when practical, with identification and TWIC access control measures of other entities that interface with vessel, facility or OCS facility.
                    No cost. Administrative: Clarification.
                                    101.555
      Recurring Unescorted Access for Risk Group A vessels and facilities
This section describes how designated TWIC-holders may access certain secure areas on Risk Group A vessels and facilities on a continual and repeated basis without undergoing repeated electronic TWIC inspections.

                                  101.555 (a)

Definition of a Designated Recurring Access Area (DRAA) according to approved security plan, whether there are security personnel at the access points, whether those requesting Recurring Unescorted Access possess TWICs, and whether the personnel have passed an electronic TWIC inspection in the presence of the on-scene security personnel.
                  No cost. Administrative: Editorial change.
                                  101.555 (b)

(b) The following requirements apply to DRAA:  (1) It must consist of an unsecured area where personnel will be moving into an adjacent secure area repeatedly. (2) The entire DRAA must be visible to security personnel. (3) During operation as a DRAA, there must be security personnel present at all times.

                   No cost. Administrative: Clarification.
                                  101.555 (c)

(c) An area may operate as a DRAA during certain times, and during other times, access to secure areas may be obtained through the procedures in § 101.535 of this subpart.
                   No cost. Administrative: Clarification.
                                  101.555 (d)

(d) Personnel may enter the secure areas adjacent to a DRAA at any time using the procedures in § 101.535 of this subpart.
                   No cost. Administrative: Clarification.
                                  103.505 (f)
              Elements of the Area Maritime Security (AMS) Plan
              Remove extraneous parenthetical reference to TWIC.
                          No cost. Editorial change.
                                    104.105
                                 Applicability

                   No cost. Administrative: Clarification.
                                    104.110
                                  Exemptions
(c) Vessels with a minimum manning requirement of 20 or fewer TWIC-holding crewmembers are exempt from the requirements in 33 CFR 101.535(a)(1).
No new cost since electronic TWIC inspection costs are already covered in 101.525 above for vessels.
                                    104.115
                                  Compliance

                                  104.115 (c)

(c)  By (2 YEARS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE), owners and operators of vessels subject to this part must amend their vessel security plans to indicate how they will implement the TWIC requirements in this subchapter.  By (2 YEARS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE), owners and operators of vessels subject to this part must operate in accordance with the TWIC provisions found within this subchapter.
           Costs analyzed in RA are based on 2 year implementation.
                                  104.115 (d)

        Remove text describing a deadline which passed April 16, 2009.
                          No cost. Editorial change.
                                    104.120
                                 Amended text
                                 Definitional
                          No cost. Editorial change.
                                   104.125
                                 Amended text
                                 Definitional
                          No cost. Editorial change.
                                    104.235
                       Vessel recordkeeping requirements

                                 104.235(b)(9)
                            Electronic Reader/PACS
For each individual granted unescorted access to a secure area, the: FASC-N; date and time that unescorted access was granted; and, if captured, the individual's name. Additionally, documentation to demonstrate that the owner or operator has updated the CCL with the frequency required in § 101.525 of this subchapter.
            Costs associated with recordkeeping assessed in the RA.
                                    104.263
                    Risk Group classifications for vessels

                                  104.263 (a)

(a) For purposes of the TWIC requirements of this subchapter, the following vessels subject to this part are in Risk Group A:

(1) Vessels that carry Certain Dangerous Cargoes (CDC) in bulk.

(2) Vessels certificated to carry more than 1,000 passengers.

(3) Any vessel engaged in towing a vessel subject to paragraph (a)(1) or paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
                    No cost associated with classification.
                                  104.263 (b)

(b) Vessels may move from one Risk Group classification to another, based on the cargo they are carrying or handling at any given time. An owner or operator expecting a vessel to move between Risk Groups must explain, in the Vessel Security Plan, the timing of such movements, as well as how the vessel will move between the requirements of the higher and lower Risk Groups, with particular attention to the security measures to be taken moving from a lower risk group to a higher Risk Group.
           No cost associated with classification. Optional action.
                                    104.267
                  Security measures for newly hired employees
Remove final sentence of paragraph (a), which promises Coast Guard guidance on the issue.
                          No cost. Editorial change.
                                  104.405 (b)
                   Format of the vessel security plan (VSP)
                Removes a deadline that passed March 27, 2007.
                          No cost. Editorial change.
                                    104.410
                                    Amended
                Removes deadlines that passed January 1, 2004.
                          No cost. Editorial change.
                                  105.110(b)
                                  Exemptions
A public access area designated under §105.106 of this subpart is exempt from the requirements for screening of persons, baggage, and personal effects and identification of persons in subpart E of part 101 of this subchapter, as applicable, in § 105.255 of this part, and in § 105.285(a)(1) of this part.
                    No cost. Administrative: Clarification.
                                  105.110(e)
                                  Exemptions
Barge fleeting facilities without shore side access are exempt from the requirements in 33 CFR 101.535(b)(1).
                    No cost affiliated with classification.
                                    105.115
                                  Compliance

                                  105.115 (d)

By (2 YEARS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE), owners and operators of facilities subject to this part must amend their facility security plans to indicate how they will implement the TWIC requirements in this subchapter.  By (2 YEARS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE), owners and operators of facilities subject to this part must be operating in accordance with the TWIC provisions found within this subchapter.
                 Costs analyzed based on 2 year implementation
                                    105.120
                                    Amended
                 Removes a deadline that passed July 2, 2004.
                          No cost. Editorial change.
                                    105.225
                      Facility recordkeeping requirements

                                105.225 (b)(9)

Electronic Reader/PACS. For each individual granted unescorted access to a secure area, the: FASC-N; date and time that unescorted access was granted; and, if captured, the individual's name. Additionally, documentation to demonstrate that the owner or operator has updated the CCL with the frequency required in § 101.520 of this subchapter.
            Costs associated with recordkeeping assessed in the RA.
                                    105.253
                   Risk Group classifications for facilities

                                  105.253 (a)

For purposes of the TWIC requirements of this subchapter, the following facilities subject to this part are in Risk Group A:

(1)  Facilities, that handle Certain Dangerous Cargoes (CDC) in bulk or receive vessels carrying CDC in bulk.

(2)  Facilities that receive vessels certificated to carry more than 1,000 passengers.

                    No cost associated with classification.
                                  105.253 (b)

Facilities may move from one Risk Group classification to another, based on the material they handle or the types of vessels they receive at any given time. An owner or operator of a facility expected to move between Risk Groups must explain, in the Facility Security Plan, the timing of such movements, as well as how the facility will move between the requirements of the higher and lower Risk Groups, with particular attention to the security measures to be taken when moving from a lower Risk Group to a higher Risk Group.
          No cost associated with classification. Optional practice.
                                    105.257
                                    Amended
                                 Definitional
                          No cost. Editorial change.
                                    105.290
                                    Amended
                                 Definitional
                          No cost. Editorial change.
                                105.296 (a)(4)
                                    Amended
                                 Definitional
                          No cost. Editorial change.
                                    105.405
            Format and content of the Facility Security Plan (FSP)

                                105.405 (a)(10)

Security measures for access control, including the facility's TWIC program and designated public access areas;
                    Cost associated with the update of FSP.
                                      106
         Maritime Security - Outer Continental Shelf (OCS) Facilities

                   No cost.  No reader requirements for OCS.
                                  106.110 (c)
                               Compliance dates
By (2 YEARS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE), owners and operators of OCS facilities subject to this part must amend their facility security plans to indicate how they will implement the TWIC requirements in this subchapter.  By (2 YEARS AFTER DATE OF PUBLICATION OF FINAL RULE), owners and operators of OCS facilities subject to this part must be operating in accordance with the TWIC provisions in this subchapter.
    No cost. No electronic TWIC inspection requirements for OCS facilities.
                                    106.200
                               Owner or operator
                       Introduction to 106.200 sections
                          No cost. Editorial changes.
                                    106.258
                 Risk Group classifications for OCS facilities
For purposes of this subchapter, no OCS facilities are considered Risk Group A.
              No cost. No reader requirements for OCS facilities.
                                    106.262
                  Security measures for newly-hired employees
  Removes statement that the Coast Guard will issue guidance on the subject.
                          No cost. Editorial change.
                                106.405 (a)(10)
                     Format of the Facility Security Plan
Security measures for access control, including the OCS facility's TWIC program;
    No cost. No electronic TWIC inspection requirements for OCS facilities.

Appendix B: TWIC Pilot Participants

                                  Location
                               Participant Name
                                Industry Group
                    Port Authority of New York/New Jersey
                             Staten Island Ferry
                            Small Passenger Vessel/
                                Towboat/Other
                    Port Authority of New York/New Jersey
                                 APM Terminal
                              Container Terminal
                    Port Authority of New York/New Jersey
                                Maher Terminal
                              Container Terminal
                    Port Authority of New York/New Jersey
                           Brooklyn Marine Terminal
                              Container Terminal
                                Annapolis, MD
                              Watermark Cruises
                            Small Passenger Vessel/
                                Towboat/Other
                                Vicksburg, MS
                          Magnolia Marine Transport
                             Small Passenger Vessel
                                Towboat/Other
                                  Norco, LA
                              Shell Chemical LP
                             Petroleum Facilities
                               Brownsville, TX
                             Port of Brownsville
                              Container Terminal
                              Port of Long Beach
                                      BP
                             Petroleum Facilities
                              Port of Long Beach
                        Metropolitan Stevedore Company
                                  Break-Bulk
                              Port of Long Beach
                        Total Terminals International
                              Container Terminal
                              Port of Long Beach
                                  Sea Launch
                            Small Passenger Vessel/
                                Towboat/Other
                              Port of Long Beach
                                  SSAMarine
                              Container Terminal
                             Port of Los Angeles
                                NuStar Energy
                             Petroleum Facilities
                             Port of Los Angeles
                             World Cruise Center
                               Large Passenger
                             Port of Los Angeles
                                     APL
                              Container Terminal
                                 Seattle, WA
                              Clipper Navigation
                            Small Passenger Vessel/
                                Towboat/Other

Appendix C: Reader Cost Information

To estimate the average cost of TWIC reader hardware and software, we used the GSA schedule to find the current market prices for TWIC reader hardware and software for models listed on the QTL List.  Although price information was not available for all models on the QTL List, we were able to obtain a sample of reader hardware and software prices to use in our analysis.

The current QTL List is available at https://universalenroll.dhs.gov/permalinks/static/twic-reader-qtl.

Prices for items on the GSA schedule can be found at: https://www.gsaadvantage.gov (with a search term of "TWIC" for TWIC readers or "Transparent Reader with Biometric" for other readers).  These prices were researched January 2, 2014, however, these prices may have changed since our research.

For purposes of comparison, we provide a sample of equipment costs that were provided on TSA's ICE List in 2013 when we estimated reader costs for the NPRM RA.  However, TSA discontinued the publication of ICE List.

Figure C1: ICE List Approved TWIC Readers  -  Hardware Price
                                    Company
                                 Reader Model
                                Fixed/
Portable
                             Contact/
Contactless
                                Hardware Price
                                  Innometriks
                            RHINO-XSI-TWIC-OUTDOOR
                                     Fixed
                                  Contactless
                                    $3,086
                                  Morpho Trak
                                    MA120w
                                     Fixed
                                  Contactless
                                    $1,186

                                     MA521
                                     Fixed
                                  Contactless
                                    $1,729

                                OMA521 Outdoor
                                     Fixed
                                  Contactless
                                    $2,265

                                   Datastrip
                  DSV2+turbo-Hybrid,TWICcheck + Mobile/Audit
                                   Portable
                                     Both
                                    $10,049

                  DSV2+turbo-Hybrid,TWICcheck + Mobile/Audit
                                   Portable
                                     Both
                                    $6,402

                                   DSV II SC
                                   Portable
                                     Both
                                    $1,969

                                   DSV II SC
                                   Portable
                                     Both
                                    $3,467
                                   Mobilisa
                                    IM2700
                                   Portable

                                    $7,999
                                PSION Teklogix
                                 Workabout Pro
                                   Portable
                                  Contactless
                                    $2,837
                                  CrossMatch
                                  Be.U Mobile
                                   Portable

                                    $2,134

Figure C2: ICE List Approved TWIC Readers  -  Software Price
                                    Company

                             Codebench CoreStreet

                                  Price Point
                                   OMNICheck
                                   PIVCheck
                                   TWICCheck
                                   Portable
                                      Low
                                    $2,438
                                    $5,600
                                    $3,244

                                    Middle

                                   $6,746
                                    $5,869

                                     High
                                    $3,314
                                    $7,830
                                    $8,055

                                     Fixed
                                      Low

                                    $4,450

                                     High

                                   $7,830

Figure C3: Sample of Other Biometric Readers from GSA Schedule
                                    Company
                                 Reader Model
                                Fixed/
Portable
                         Hardware & Software Price
                                     XTec
                    Basic Enrollment Station (X040000-BES)
                                     Fixed
                                    $7,501
                               Quintron Systems
                             2 Reader HSPD12 PACS
                                     Fixed
                                    $5,283
                                     Telos
                    Biometrics Indoor Hand Geometry Reader
                                     Fixed
                                    $4,450
                                     TAPCO
                     Turnstile, Waist Catrax Master Model
                                     Fixed
                                    $4,259

                                     Telos
                    Biometric Outdoor Hand Geometry Reader
                                   Portable
                                    $6,250
                                      MDI
                        Biometric Hand Geometry Reader
                                   Portable
                                    $3,840
                                Amag Technology
                           4 Reader Biometric M2000
                                   Portable
                                    $2,453

Figure C4: Qualified Technology List (QTL) TSA Approved TWIC Readers
                                    Company
                                 Reader Model
                                Fixed/
Portable
                                   Hardware
                                     Price
                                Software Price
                             Intellicheck Mobilisa
                            Fugitive Finder IM2610
                                   Portable
                                    $5,200*
                                       -
                             Intellicheck Mobilisa
                            Fugitive Finder IM2610
                                   Portable
                                    $5,470*
                                       -
                                  Morpho Trak
                               Morpho Check 200
                                   Portable
                                    $4,353
                                    $3,805

                               Morpho Check 250
                                   Portable
                                    $5,507
                                    $3,805

                              Schneider Electric
                                    PC3-TBR
                                     Fixed
                                    $6,600*
                                       -
* Includes software price.

Appendix D: Capital Costs Per Reader

This appendix shows the inputs and calculations used to determine the cost per reader for installation, infrastructure and PACS costs, as specified in the TWIC Pilot Program Final Report.  For our analysis, participant category `Small Passenger Vessel/Towboat/Other' has been broken down into two categories; Small Passenger and Mixed Use.  Participants 1 and 3 comprise the Small Passenger group and participants 2 and 4 comprise the Mixed Use group.

                   Figure D1: Installation Costs per Reader
                                  Participant
                                   Category
                               TWIC Readers (A)
                      Installation/ Integration Costs (B)
                           Cost Per Reader = (B)/(A)
                                       1
                                   Petroleum
                                      15
                                    $80,133
                                    $5,342
                                       2

                                      15
                                   $142,500
                                    $9,500
                                       3

                                       1
                                    $4,000
                                    $4,000
                              Average Bulk Liquid
                                      10
                                    $75,544
                                    $6,281
                                       1
                                  Break-Bulk
                                      15
                                    $50,000
                                    $3,333
                                       2

                                       4
                                    $12,000
                                    $3,000
                                       3

                                       6
                                    $81,661
                                    $13,610
                              Average Break-Bulk
                                       8
                                    $47,887
                                    $6,648
                                       1
                                   Container
                                      21
                                   $467,099
                                    $22,243
                                       2

                                       6
                                    $50,000
                                    $8,333
                                       3

                                      11
                                    $50,000
                                    $4,545
                                       4

                                      13
                                   $645,500
                                    $49,654
                                       5

                                      39
                                   $724,925
                                    $18,588
                               Average Container
                                      18
                                   $387,505
                                    $20,673
                                       1
                            Large Passenger Vessel
                                       5
                                    $9,933
                                    $1,987
                                       2

                                      27
                                   $106,836
                                    $3,957
                            Average Large Passenger
                                      16
                                    $58,385
                                    $2,972
                                      1*
                    Small Passenger Vessel/ Towboat/ Other
                                       2
                                      $0
                                      $0
                                       2

                                       2
                                      $0
                                      $0
                                      3*

                                       2
                                      $0
                                      $0
                                       4

                                       7
                                   $455,060
                                    $65,009
                            Average Small Passenger
                                       2
                                      $0
                                      $0
                               Average Mixed Use
                                       4
                                   $227,530
                                    $32,504

Figure D2: Infrastructure Costs per Reader
                                  Participant
                                   Category
                               TWIC Readers (A)
                           Infrastructure Costs
(B)
                           Cost Per Reader = (B)/(A)
                                       1
                                   Petroleum
                                      15
                                   $162,440
                                    $10,829
                                       2

                                      15
                                   $301,000
                                    $20,067
                                       3

                                       1
                                    $2,000
                                    $2,000
                              Average Bulk Liquid
                                      10
                                   $155,147
                                    $10,965
                                       1
                                  Break-Bulk
                                      15
                                   $711,583
                                    $47,439
                                       2

                                       4
                                    $8,000
                                    $2,000
                                       3

                                       6
                                   $196,376
                                    $32,729
                              Average Break-Bulk
                                       8
                                   $305,320
                                    $27,389
                                       1
                                   Container
                                      21
                                   $216,494
                                    $10,309
                                       2

                                       6
                                    $15,463
                                    $2,577
                                       3

                                      11
                                    $90,000
                                    $8,182
                                       4

                                      13
                                   $400,000
                                    $30,769
                                       5

                                      39
                                   $592,893
                                    $15,202
                               Average Container
                                      18
                                   $262,970
                                    $13,408
                                       1
                            Large Passenger Vessel
                                       5
                                      $0
                                      $0
                                       2

                                      27
                                   $391,396
                                    $14,496
                            Average Large Passenger
                                      16
                                   $195,698
                                    $7,248
                                      1*
                    Small Passenger Vessel/ Towboat/ Other
                                       2
                                      $0
                                      $0
                                       2

                                       2
                                      $0
                                      $0
                                      3*

                                       2
                                      $0
                                      $0
                                       4

                                       7
                                   $350,000
                                    $50,000
                            Average Small Passenger
                                       2
                                      $0
                                      $0
                               Average Mixed Use
                                       4
                                   $175,000
                                    $25,000

Figure D3: PACS Costs per Reader
                                  Participant
                                   Category
                               TWIC Readers (A)
                                PACS Costs (B)
                           Cost Per Reader = (B)/(A)
                                       1
                                   Petroleum
                                      15
                                   $272,836
                                    $18,189
                                       2

                                      15
                                   $103,500
                                    $6,900
                                       3

                                       1
                                      $0
                                      $0
                              Average Bulk Liquid
                                      10
                                   $125,445
                                    $8,363
                                       1
                                  Break-Bulk
                                      15
                                   $150,000
                                    $10,000
                                       2

                                       4
                                   $138,625
                                    $34,656
                                       3

                                       6
                                   $120,983
                                    $20,164
                              Average Break-Bulk
                                       8
                                   $136,536
                                    $21,607
                                       1
                                   Container
                                      21
                                   $184,342
                                    $8,778
                                       2

                                       6
                                   $138,625
                                    $23,104
                                       3

                                      11
                                   $138,625
                                    $12,602
                                       4

                                      13
                                   $713,190
                                    $54,861
                                       5

                                      39
                                   $646,707
                                    $16,582
                               Average Container
                                      18
                                   $364,298
                                    $23,186
                                       1
                            Large Passenger Vessel
                                       5
                                      $0
                                      $0
                                       2

                                      27
                                    $80,283
                                    $2,973
                            Average Large Passenger
                                      16
                                    $40,142
                                    $1,487
                                      1*
                    Small Passenger Vessel/ Towboat/ Other
                                       2
                                      $0
                                      $0
                                       2

                                       2
                                      $0
                                      $0
                                      3*

                                       2
                                      $0
                                      $0
                                       4

                                       7
                                    $69,000
                                    $9,857
                            Average Small Passenger
                                       2
                                      $0
                                      $0
                               Average Mixed Use
                                       4
                                    $34,500
                                    $4,929

Appendix E: BLS Wages for NAICS 483000, May 2012

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
Occupational Employment Statistics http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/naics3_483000.htm
May 2012 National Industry-Specific Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates NAICS 483000 - Water Transportation
These national industry-specific occupational employment and wage estimates are calculated with data collected from employers of all sizes, in metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas in every State and the District of Columbia, in NAICS 483000 - Water Transportation.
Additional information, including the hourly and annual 10th, 25th, 75th, and 90th percentile wages, percent of establishments reporting the occupation, and the employment percent relative standard error, is available in the downloadable XLS files.
SOC Major Groups in NAICS 483000 - Water Transportation:
   * 00-0000 All Occupations
   * 11-0000 Management Occupations
   * 13-0000 Business and Financial Operations Occupations
   * 15-0000 Computer and Mathematical Occupations
   * 17-0000 Architecture and Engineering Occupations
   * 23-0000 Legal Occupations
   * 27-0000 Arts, Design, Entertainment, Sports, and Media Occupations
   * 29-0000 Healthcare Practitioners and Technical Occupations
   * 33-0000 Protective Service Occupations
   * 35-0000 Food Preparation and Serving Related Occupations
   * 37-0000 Building and Grounds Cleaning and Maintenance Occupations
   * 39-0000 Personal Care and Service Occupations
   * 41-0000 Sales and Related Occupations
   * 43-0000 Office and Administrative Support Occupations
   * 47-0000 Construction and Extraction Occupations
   * 49-0000 Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Occupations
   * 51-0000 Production Occupations
   * 53-0000 Transportation and Material Moving Occupations

Table E1: NAICS 483000 - Water Transportation

                                Occupation code
                               Occupation title
                                  Employment
                               % of total empl.
                              Median hourly wage
                               Mean hourly wage
                               Annual mean wage
                                 Mean wage RSE
00-0000
All Occupations
                                                                      5,081,510
                                                                        100.00%
                                                                        $19.29
                                                                        $21.72
                                                                       $45,170
                                                                          0.40%
11-0000
Management Occupations
                                                                        166,190
                                                                          3.27%
                                                                        $41.27
                                                                        $47.96
                                                                       $99,750
                                                                          0.50%
11-1000
Top Executives
                                                                         67,120
                                                                          1.32%
                                                                        $45.08
                                                                        $53.36
                                                                      $110,990
                                                                          0.70%
11-1011
Chief Executives
                                                                          4,370
                                                                          0.09%
                                                                        $76.16
                                                                        $81.22
                                                                      $168,940
                                                                          1.50%
11-1021
General and Operations Managers
                                                                         62,740
                                                                          1.23%
                                                                        $43.91
                                                                        $51.42
                                                                      $106,950
                                                                          0.70%
11-2020
Advertising, Marketing, Promotions, Public Relations, and Sales Managers
                                                                          9,770
                                                                          0.19%
                                                                        $47.90
                                                                        $53.05
                                                                      $110,350
                                                                          1.00%
11-2021
Advertising and Promotions Managers
                                                                             70
                                                                             -7
                                                                        $42.40
                                                                        $47.14
                                                                       $98,060
                                                                          6.50%
11-2022
Marketing and Sales Managers
                                                                          9,400
                                                                          0.18%
                                                                        $47.74
                                                                        $52.94
                                                                      $110,120
                                                                          1.10%
11-2031
Marketing Managers
                                                                          1,980
                                                                          0.04%
                                                                        $51.34
                                                                        $55.16
                                                                      $114,740
                                                                          2.30%
11-3000
Sales Managers
                                                                          7,420
                                                                          0.15%
                                                                        $46.70
                                                                        $52.35
                                                                      $108,890
                                                                          1.10%
11-3011
Public Relations and Fundraising Managers
                                                                            300
                                                                          0.01%
                                                                        $54.59
                                                                        $57.99
                                                                      $120,630
                                                                          3.80%
11-3021
Operations Specialties Managers
                                                                         61,400
                                                                          1.21%
                                                                        $41.66
                                                                        $45.64
                                                                       $94,930
                                                                          0.90%
11-3031
Administrative Services Managers
                                                                          8,090
                                                                          0.16%
                                                                        $38.15
                                                                        $40.95
                                                                       $85,170
                                                                          1.10%
11-3051
Computer and Information Systems Managers
                                                                          4,030
                                                                          0.08%
                                                                        $52.47
                                                                        $55.13
                                                                      $114,680
                                                                          2.40%
11-3061
Financial Managers
                                                                          5,650
                                                                          0.11%
                                                                        $51.21
                                                                        $55.95
                                                                      $116,370
                                                                          1.30%
11-3071
Industrial Production Managers
                                                                            860
                                                                          0.02%
                                                                        $43.00
                                                                        $47.21
                                                                       $98,190
                                                                          3.70%
11-3111
Purchasing Managers
                                                                          1,080
                                                                          0.02%
                                                                        $48.61
                                                                        $52.05
                                                                      $108,250
                                                                          2.70%
11-3121
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers
                                                                         38,090
                                                                          0.75%
                                                                        $40.00
                                                                        $43.49
                                                                       $90,460
                                                                          0.80%
11-3131
Compensation and Benefits Managers
                                                                            260
                                                                          0.01%
                                                                        $48.70
                                                                        $56.17
                                                                      $116,820
                                                                          4.30%
11-9000
Human Resources Managers
                                                                          2,500
                                                                          0.05%
                                                                        $46.98
                                                                        $50.39
                                                                      $104,820
                                                                          1.40%
11-9021
Training and Development Managers
                                                                            840
                                                                          0.02%
                                                                        $42.70
                                                                        $46.20
                                                                       $96,100
                                                                          2.50%
11-9041
Other Management Occupations
                                                                         27,890
                                                                          0.55%
                                                                        $34.58
                                                                        $38.27
                                                                       $79,600
                                                                          1.00%
11-9051
Construction Managers
                                                                          1,230
                                                                          0.02%
                                                                        $42.58
                                                                        $44.05
                                                                       $91,620
                                                                          1.40%
11-9111
Architectural and Engineering Managers
                                                                          1,260
                                                                          0.02%
                                                                        $59.46
                                                                        $65.41
                                                                      $136,060
                                                                          3.50%
11-9131
Food Service Managers
                                                                            180
                                                                             -7
                                                                        $27.62
                                                                        $31.02
                                                                       $64,510
                                                                          5.60%
11-9141
Medical and Health Services Managers
                                                                             40
                                                                             -7
                                                                        $42.33
                                                                        $42.83
                                                                       $89,080
                                                                          3.60%
11-9161
Postmasters and Mail Superintendents
                                                                         17,930
                                                                          0.35%
                                                                        $31.32
                                                                        $31.89
                                                                       $66,340
                                                                          0.10%
11-9171
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers
                                                                            280
                                                                          0.01%
                                                                        $41.62
                                                                        $42.97
                                                                       $89,370
                                                                          3.50%
11-9199
Emergency Management Directors