Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 Characterizing Exhaust Emissions from Light Duty Gasoline Vehicles in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA), the Coordinating Research Council ( CRC), the U. S. Department of Energy's ( DOE) National Renewable Energy Lab ( NREL), the U. S. Department of Transportation ( DOT) Federal Highway Administration ( FHWA), and the State and Territorial Air Pollution Program Administrators/ Association of Local Air Pollution Control Officials ( STAPPA/ ALAPCO) propose to conduct a program to evaluate exhaust emissions from light duty gasoline vehicles. The proposed program consists of measuring particulate matter ( PM) and other components in exhaust emissions of 480 randomly selected, light duty vehicles in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area. A sampling plan has been developed that will allow for the determination of the distribution of particulate matter ( PM) and other emissions in the sampled fleet as well as the identification of the percent of high emitters. Data obtained from this program will be used to evaluate and update existing and future mobile source emission models ( MOBILE6 and MOVES), evaluate existing emission inventories and assess the representativeness of previous PM emissions studies.

2.0 BACKGROUND Mobile sources significantly contribute to ambient concentrations of air contaminants, including particulate matter. Recent source apportionment studies for PM 10 and PM 2.5 indicate that mobile sources can be responsible for over half of the ambient PM measured in an urban area ( Motallebi, 1999; Magliano, 1998; Dzubay et al., 1988). Some of these source apportionment studies have attempted to differentiate between contributions from gasoline and diesel combustion. Studies conducted in Denver and Phoenix indicated that gasoline combustion from mobile sources contributed more to ambient PM than diesel combustion ( Lawson and Smith, 1998; Ramadan, 2000). However, studies conducted in Los Angeles and the San Joaquin Valley in California indicate that diesel combustion contributed more than gasoline combustion to ambient PM ( Schauer et al., 1996; Schauer and Cass, 2000). Existing emission inventories developed by the EPA also suggest diesel vehicles contribute more than gasoline vehicles to ambient PM concentrations. Exhaust emissions of particulate matter from gasoline powered motor vehicles have changed significantly over the past 25 years ( Cadle et al., 1999). These changes have resulted from reformulation of fuels, the wide application of exhaust gas treatment, and changes in engine design and operation. Because of these evolving tailpipe emissions, along with the wide variability of emissions between vehicles of the same class ( Hildemann et al., 1991; Cadle et al., 1997; Sagebiel et al., 1997; Yanowitz et al., 2000), well defined average emissions profiles for the major classes of motor vehicles have not been established. The majority of exhaust PM emitted by motor vehicles is in the PM 2.5 size range. Kleeman et al., ( 2000) have shown that gasoline and diesel fueled vehicles produce particles that are mostly less than 2.0 µ m in diameter. Cadle et al., ( 1999) found that 91% of PM emitted by in use gasoline vehicles in the Denver area was in the PM 2.5 size range, which increased to 97% for " smokers" ( i. e., light duty vehicles with visible smoke emitted from their tailpipes). Durbin et al.,( 1999) found that 92% of the PM was smaller than 2.5 µ m for smokers. The mass median diameter of the PM emitted by the gasoline vehicles sampled by Cadle et al., ( 1999) was about 0.12 µ m, which increased to 0.18 µ m for smokers. Corresponding average emissions rates of PM 2.5 were 38 mg/ mi for normal emitting gasoline vehicles and 222 mg/ mi for gasoline smokers. Emissions from smokers are comparable to those from diesel vehicles. Thus, older and poorly maintained gasoline vehicles could be significant sources of PM 2.5 ( Sagebiel et al., 1997; Lawson and Smith, 1998). Durbin et al. ( 1999) point out that although smokers constitute only 1.1 to 1.7% of the light duty fleet in the South Coast Air Quality Management District in California, they contribute roughly 20% of the total PM emissions from the light duty fleet. Motor vehicles that are high emitters of hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide can be high emitters of PM ( Sagebiel et al., 1997; Cadle et al., 1997). National distributions of smokers and high emitting vehicles for PM have not been evaluated. A major obstacle in previous emissions testing studies has been the recruitment of vehicles. Most studies have not incorporated random sampling in the study design due to the high non participation rate and the high incentive costs associated with random sampling of vehicles. Therefore, few studies, and no studies evaluating light duty PM emissions, can be used to represent the distribution of vehicle emissions in a large population. The EPA, CRC, NREL, DOT, and the STAPPA/ ALAPCO and EPA Emission Inventory Improvement Program ( EIIP), hereafter referred to as the Project " Sponsors", plan to conduct a program to characterize exhaust emissions from light duty gasoline vehicles. Data obtained from this program will be used to evaluate and update existing and future mobile source emission models ( MOBILE6 and MOVES) and evaluate existing emission inventories. For the purpose of this RFP, the term " Contractor" shall include the primary contractor and any subcontractors awarded the project task order. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 3.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The Sponsors propose to conduct exhaust emissions testing on 480 light duty, gasoline vehicles in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area ( KCMA). The goal of the project is to determine the distribution of PM emissions in a randomly selected fleet as well as identify the percent of high emitters in the fleet. The project will also characterize gaseous and PM toxics exhaust emissions from a portion of these light duty vehicles. Data obtained from this program will be used to evaluate and update emission models, evaluate existing emission inventories, and assess the representativeness of previous emissions studies. EPA through its Project Officer will represent the Sponsors during this test program. The contractor will address and forward all issues and technical assistance through EPA Project Officer. The Project Officer will disseminate this information to the Sponsors to get the best advice on how to proceed. The information from the contractor can be sent to the Sponsors and the EPA Project Officer at the same time but only the Project Officer can give technical guidance to the contractor. The EPA Project Officer will assume the responsibility that all Sponsors are provided the information in a timely fashion. The Sponsors will assure that they or their representative give timely advice back to the Project Officer in order to keep delays to a minimum.

The EPA Project Officer, or any representatives of the project sponsors, will conduct audits of all facets of the project. The contractor may be notified prior to an audit; however, the sponsors reserve the right to conduct audits without notification.

The project description has been divided into three main sections: Vehicle Recruitment and Pilot Studies, Vehicle Testing, and Sample Analysis. The contractor shall ensure integration of all three work areas. Specific tasks associated with each of these work areas are listed in Section 5.

3.1 Vehicle Recruitment Vehicle recruitment activities will be designed to identify the distribution of PM emissions from gasoline vehicles in order to better evaluate the contribution of gasoline high emitters to ambient PM concentrations. Vehicles will be recruited from the Kansas City Metropolitan Area ( KCMA) ( see Figure 1). The sample size estimation was derived from data based on a previous study ( CRC E 24) in which EPA estimated the initial sample size, estimated the effective sample size, and then allocated the effective sample among strata.( see Appendix B) For the purposes of this task order the KCMA consists, at a minimum, of the counties of Wyandotte and Johnson in Kansas; and Jackson, Cass, Clay, and Platte in Missouri. In order to increase the likelihood of obtaining a representative sample population and a high participation rate, the contractor will obtain a cohort, ( existing or newly developed), from which vehicles will be randomly recruited for emissions testing. The cohort shall include a socioeconomically diverse group of citizens that represent the demographics of the KCMA. Additionally, the contractor shall compare the characteristics of the vehicles owned by the cohort to those of the Kansas City and national fleets to assess the representativeness of the cohort population. The contractor shall include an assessment of the effect of non respondents to the cohort development program. In addition, the contractor shall document and evaluate non respondents to the emissions testing program to ensure non biased sample collection. The following information will be required for this assessment:

° Geo demographic data for the cohort including vehicle ownership, approximate residence location, and socioeconomic status. ° Vehicle characteristics for the cohort group including year, make, model, and mileage of all owned vehicles. ° Comparisons of select volunteer vehicle's oxides of nitrogen ( NO x), carbon monoxide ( CO), and hydrocarbon ( HC) emissions to other vehicle emissions in the Kansas City fleet. ° Detailed on road vehicle fleet characteristics for the KCMA. ° Vehicle registration database for the KCMA which includes both vehicle characteristics listed above and vehicle ownership ( name and address). Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 Figure 1. Map of the Kansas City Metropolitan Area.

Vehicles will be recruited from the KCMA for two rounds of emissions testing: Round 1 during the summer, 2003 and Round 2 during the winter, 2003/ 2004. Two sources will be considered as sample frames for test vehicles.

Cohort Sample: The contractor shall draw a random sample of 400 vehicles from the sociodemographically representative cohort chosen by the contractor for the purpose of this project. The contractor shall also draw a random sample of 80 vehicles from non respondents to the cohort ( described in Section 3.1.3). The sample shall be stratified by vehicle age and class with target recruitment numbers as shown in Table 1. EPA does not possess any cohort data for Kansas City or any other locality. However, EPA is aware of data being collected through a DOT Congestion, Mitigation Air Quality ( CMAQ) grant administered through the Mid America Regional Council ( MARC) in Kansas City. The mention of this data does not constitute a recommendation to use this data set. In addition, there might be other sources of data available in the region. ( Note: Specific guidelines have not been established on what constitutes a " diverse" population. In general, the contractor shall ensure that multiple ethnicities and socioeconomic classes are included in the project. The contractor shall also ensure the demographic data is obtained for all respondents.)

Registration Sample: The Sponsors recognize that a demographically representative cohort group may not possess a sufficient mix of vehicles, or the vehicles may not be representative of the general fleet. The contractor shall provide the EPA representative with the vehicle registration database for the KCMA. The EPA representative shall randomly select 400 vehicles from this database ( vehicles from the cohort) stratified by vehicle age and class with target recruitment numbers as shown in Table 1. The contractor shall also draw a random sample of 80 vehicles from non respondents to the cohort ( described in Section 3.1.3). The contractor shall obtain socio demographic data on all vehicle owners chosen in this sample Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 frame if this sample frame is used for recruitment. ( Note: EPA has not made prior arrangements with the States representing Kansas City for vehicle registration data. The contractor should contact MARC and the State's Department of Motor Vehicles to arrange for this data. EPA and Contractors shall consider all vehicle owner data acquired as confidential with proper safe guards to ensure its access is restricted. This personal data will be destroyed after the test program has ended).

3.1.1 Sample Representativeness Assessment. The contractor shall determine the representativeness of the cohort sample for use in vehicle recruitment. The contractor shall compare the characteristics of the cohort fleet, by make and model year, to the Kansas City area fleet and the national fleet. The contractor shall also compare vehicle exhaust emissions of NOx, HCs, and CO for select cohort vehicles and Kansas City fleet vehicles using new or previously collected remote sensing data ( RSD). Existing RSD could be used for assessing sample representativeness if applicable. ( Note: PM RSD measurements are not an acceptable method for comparing emissions from RSD response and non response vehicles. RSD data for gaseous compounds does not always correlate well with PM emissions. In addition, PM RSD techniques are not well proven.) Second by second chassis dynamometer emissions data from the Unified Cycle may be compared against remote sensing data collected from the Kansas City area fleet as one approach. Recommended standard remote sensing data collection protocols can be found at www. crcao. com ( see E 23 Interim Report). The selected approach must be justified in detail to ensure representativeness of Kansas City area fleet remote sensing data to the general vehicle population and subsequent comparison of this data to the study test fleet including appropriate weighting of the data used in this assessment. The contractor shall also conduct a double blind comparison between the proposed sample obtained using the cohort sample frame and the proposed sample using the registration sample frame to ensure representativeness of the vehicles recruited for the program.

3.1.2 Vehicle Selection. The contractor shall be responsible for documenting and contacting all owners of vehicles chosen for emissions testing. The contractor shall have the capability of multilingual recruitment ( English and Spanish at a minimum) to ensure that a majority of the KCMA population can participate in the program. If the cohort sample is deemed representative, this database will be used for vehicle recruitment. Otherwise, the registration sample will be used by the contractor for recruitment. All vehicles in the sample frame shall be binned into a sample stratum. Vehicles shall be randomly selected from each stratum, so that all vehicles in the stratum have an equal probability of selection. ( This means that all vehicles in the cohort sample will be assigned to a stratum based on year and type of vehicle and then vehicles within each stratum will be randomly selected.) The total number of tests to be performed for the program is shown in Table 2.

Table 1. Estimated Sample Sizes by Stratum to Achieve Data Precision Goals ( includes positive respondents and non respondents).

Stratum ( h) Vehicle Class Age Class Sample size ( nh) 1 1 Truck Pre 1980 50 2 Truck 1980   1990 100 3 Truck 1991 1995 70 4 Truck 1996 and newer 40 5 Car Pre 1980 40 6 Car 1980   1990 50 7 Car 1991 1995 80 8 Car 1996 and newer 50 Total 480 Table 2. Estimated Number of Vehicles Recruited and Test Performed Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 Different Vehicles Tests Round 1 Positive Respondents from Cohort 170 170 Replicate Vehicle Tests 0 15 Non respondent from Cohorta 80 80 Weekly calibration vehicle test b 0 12 Total 250 277 Round 2 Positive Respondents from Cohort 230 230 Non respondent from Cohorta 0 0 Replicate Vehicle Tests 0 10 Repeat Vehicles from Round 1b 25 25 Weekly calibration vehicle test b 0 12 Total 255 277 a see Section 3.1.3 for description of this activity. b see Section 3.2.3 for description of this activity. Total vehicles includes non response assessment.

3.1.3 Non Response Assessment. As part of the recruitment process, the contractor shall randomly select eighty ( 80) people who did not positively respond to the initial request to participate in the cohort. These owner's vehicles will be recruited to the program to assess any potential bias in results from the recruitment of volunteers to the study. A list of nonrespondent criteria will be developed with approval from the EPA Project Officer after consulting with the Sponsors. As shown in Table 3, the number of vehicles to target in each stratum for the non response analysis shall be proportional to the vehicles recruited for the total population. The contractor shall propose criteria to determining methods that achieve a high participation rate for non respondents which might include different incentive packages for different cohort stratum. The contractor can propose a different criteria for what constitutes a non respondent but shall provide documentation supporting its approach.

Table 3. Estimated Sample Sizes by Stratum for Non Respondent Testing Stratum ( h) Vehicle Class Age Class Sample size ( nh) 1 1 Truck Pre 1980 8 2 Truck 1980 1990 16 3 Truck 1991 1995 12 4 Truck 1996 and newer 7 5 Car Pre 1980 7 6 Car 1980   1990 8 7 Car 1991 1995 14 8 Car 1996 and newer 8 Total 80 1 Number of randomly selected vehicles tested for the non response assessment.

3.1.4 Participation Incentives Incentives will be required for study participants. At a minimum, participants will require the use of a rental vehicle during testing of their vehicle. Other likely incentives include cash, free gasoline, free repairs, and free cleanup of participant vehicles. Since the vehicles will likely be randomly chosen from the cohort, incentive Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 requirements may be less than for previous testing programs. However, incentives must be adequate to ensure the lowest possible rejection rate from study participants. Incentive packages will be reviewed and refined in a pilot study program as described in section 3.1.5 in order to assure a high participation rate and reduce both contractor time and cost. If a vehicle is rejected for some reason when the vehicle is inspected ( see section 3.2.1), the potential participant should be compensated for their time and trouble. The contractor shall propose a rejection participation package if this situation occurs. From previous studies, the Sponsors have developed an outline on the cost of incentives that might be used by the contractor to reduce rejection rates. The contractor can propose other incentives packages that they feel might improve the response rate for the program and/ or reduce contractor's time in managing the incentives program. A separate emission and activity program involving portable emission measurement system ( PEMS) or portable activity measurement system ( PAMS) will need additional incentives for selected participants whose vehicles would have this device. See Section 3.2.4 for details.

The contractor will propose a budget for achieving these goals outlined in this section. Monthly progress reports itemizing incentive expenditures and details on those expenditures shall be provided to the Contracting Officer and the Project Officer. The Contractor shall notify the Project Officer when 75% of the incentive funds have been expended.

Table 4. Incentives.

Type of Incentives Incentive Cost Cash $ 200 ( if using a rental vehicle) $ 275 ( for not using a rental vehicle) Full Tank of Gasoline $ 25 Rental Vehicle $ 75 ( for up to three days) Car Wash ( possible) $ 10 PEMS / PAMS Use $ 50 Total $ 360 3.1.5 Vehicle Recruitment Pilot Study The contractor shall conduct a pilot study to evaluate recruitment methods and incentive packages to identify the adequacy of the proposed recruitment process in achieving a high response rate from vehicle owners ( positive respondents and non respondents) and to assure proper flow of vehicles for emission testing. The contractor shall propose methods and evaluate methods from this pilot study. The contractor shall include in their proposal methods that will be used for contacting participants that include: mode of contact ( phone calling, letter) , number and frequency of contacts, and incentives. The pilot vehicle recruitment study should indicate cost savings in reduced contractor's time burden and savings for recruiting vehicles. Vehicles do not have to be recruited during this pilot study but focus groups could be used as one way to evaluate recruitment methods and incentive packages for different geodemographic groups.

3.1.6 Data Management. The contractor shall maintain all data records, and make all databases used in the assessment accessible to the EPA Project Officer and to the Sponsors. The contractor shall document all statistical methods used in determining the representativeness of the vehicles chosen for the sample frame. The contractor shall also maintain a list of all vehicle owners contacted for recruitment to the study. The contractor shall list the person contacted, socio demographic information associated with each person contacted, the response, and the incentives required, if the response is positive. To identify all people contacted for participation in the study, the contractor shall use a confidential, unique identification code to protect the privacy of all individuals.

3.2 Vehicle Testing All vehicle testing will occur outdoors under ambient conditions. The contractor shall select a suitable location that provides security and accessibility for all project participants. The general testing site area needed to conduct the program is approximately 100 ft x 200 ft for equipment ( transportable dynamometer and trailers) plus room for vehicles. The contractor shall provide cover to ensure that all equipment and vehicles are protected from the elements during participation in the study. The contractor shall be responsible for identifying Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 and procuring a suitable location for conducting the emissions tests and covering the costs of shipping the portable dynamometer to and from the testing location in Kansas City ( dynamometer is located in Research Triangle Park Area, NC). The contractor shall be responsible for providing the following electrical power at the site needed to power the sampling equipment, and the dynamometer:

  60 amp, 3 phase, 480 v.   200 amp., 1 phase, 240 v.

The contractor and subcontractor( s) are required to have insurance that covers vehicles procured from the public that might be damaged while in their possession. All vehicles whether they are insured or uninsured will be tested. ( None, if any, uninsured vehicle should occur since State's require vehicle insurance.)

The contractor may need to provide vehicles for the duration of the study: a full sized vehicle for moving heavy equipment and a vehicle for transporting people.

3.2.1 Vehicle Inspection, Maintenance, and Conditioning All vehicles shall be inspected upon arrival to the testing facility. To lessen the chance of an owner complaining that the car was scratched or damaged, a video recording is recommended. The major components of the inspection are engine condition ( engine noises, whether it " knocks" or other " noises"), tire condition, brake condition, and integrity of the exhaust system. All appropriately equipped vehicles shall have their OBD system scanned. The scan results shall be reported along with the type of OBD systems found on the vehicle, such as OBDI or OBDII. Any defects or deficiencies in the vehicle condition that pose a danger to testing personnel will be repaired by the contractor. Any defects or deficiencies in the vehicle condition that will not affect exhaust emissions will not be repaired by the contractor since the goal of the project is not to reject any vehicle due to operating condition. All repairs shall be documented. If a vehicle cannot be repaired to a condition that does not pose a safety risk to project participants, the vehicle must be rejected. Detailed information on all vehicles must be obtained and recorded for the overall vehicle study even if a vehicle is rejected. Portable Emission Measurement Systems ( PEMS) or Portable Activity Measurement Systems ( PAMS) devices might be used to further characterize these rejected vehicles. Initial vehicle data will be collected and recorded on a computerized vehicle information form. Recorded information is not limited to but will include date and time of vehicle procurement, date and time of vehicle testing, test number, vehicle license plate number, make, model, model year, odometer, engine family number, vehicle identification number ( VIN), evaporative emission number, engine displacement, number of cylinders, emission controls, catalyst type, vehicle registration status, and fuel and oil information. Condition of the motor oil ( e. g. clean or new vs. used/ dirty) will be reported. A visual and odor inspection of the exhaust will also be noted to determine in advance whether or not a vehicle might be a low or high PM emitter or smoker. All information will be documented for each vehicle brought to the testing facility, regardless of whether the vehicle is tested.

After the vehicle has passed inspection, it shall be conditioned for testing. Conditioning will occur by driving the vehicle on a route pre established by the contractor in the vicinity of the testing location. The conditioning route must contain multiple high speed accelerations, a minimum of ten minutes of continuous high speed operation, and low speed operation and idling just prior to the completion of the conditioning route. After conditioning, the vehicle shall soak overnight prior to emissions testing on the dynamometer. Portable activity measurement system ( PAMS) might be used to compare conditioning differences between vehicles. Vehicles will be observed for visible smoke during vehicle processing and after the initial dynamometer test. A test will be developed by the contractor for smoke observation as part of the vehicle conditioning process. Based on observations during this test, vehicles will be characterized in the smoker category ( measured by color), if appropriate. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 Recruit Vehicle and Brought to Test Site or Picked Up at Vehicle Owner's Home Check vehicle parameters and store into equip_ in. dbf software Visual Inspection ( video tape vehicle and sign waivers etc.) Exchange Loaner vehicle, if required.

Check vehicle safety ( e. g. tires, fluid levels, brakes, engine, and exhaust system)

Are the tires safe? No Replace tires Are the fluid levels proper? Yes No Yes Are the brakes okay?

Fill fluids to proper levels Yes No Fix Brakes Is the engine okay? ( major oil/ gasoline leaks, etc.) No Fix Leaks Inspect Vehicle Is the vehicle exhaust system okay?

Yes Fix Exhaust Leaks No Yes Prep Vehicle for Emission Testing Has the vehicle enough fuel for testing?

Yes Fill Gas Tank No Figure 1a  Vehicle Inspection Flow Diagram Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 3.2.2 Vehicle Testing Procedures and Equipment Vehicles will be brought to the testing facility randomly for testing by the contractor. No predetermined order for testing should be incorporated. However, if the vehicle pre inspection does indicate that a vehicle might be a high emitter ( due to smoke, smell, etc.), that vehicle shall be tested last in the day. A calibration ( or control) vehicle will be used weekly to test the dynamometer system. The contractor shall report the control vehicle weekly results before beginning the next week of vehicle tests. As part of the Quality Assurance Project Plan ( QAPP) and Quality Management Plan ( QMP), the contractor shall develop guidelines or standards for vehicle inspections and testing of vehicles.

<IP_ADDRESS> Dynamometer Testing Vehicle exhaust emissions testing will occur using the EPA Office of Research and Development ( ORD) transportable chassis dynamometer ( refer to Section 3.2).

The contractor shall provide a cost break down for both options listed below. EPA will decide during proposal review which option to select.

Scenario A  EPA's ORD provides the dynamometer testing equipment, the contractor operates and is responsible for all costs.

Scenario B  EPA's ORD provides the dynamometer testing equipment and the dynamometer's operation occurs under a separate contract and the contractor needs to coordinate with the contractor operating the dynamometer.

The information in this section is for the contractor's information only. However, the contractor awarded this task order must ensure that data collected through either option is integrated into the program.

The EPA dynamometer simulates driving on a Clayton Model CTE 50 0 chassis dynamometer. The dynamometer is capable of simulating a continuous spectrum of loads from three to 50 hp @ 50 mph and inertias from 1750 to 3000 pounds in 250 pound increments and 3000 to 5500 pounds in 500 pound increments. Cooling fluid for the dynamometer's water brake power absorption unit consists of a 50/ 50 mixture of water and glycol. The fluid is recirculated and cooled by a self contained pumping and cooling system. Test inertia and hp settings for the dynamometer will be determined from computerized EPA I/ M lookup tables and recorded on the vehicle test form. Vehicles will be operated over the LA92 Unified Driving Cycle ( shown in Figure 2). The LA92 cycle will consist of a cold start Phase 1 ( first 310 seconds), a stabilized Phase 2 ( 311   1427 seconds), a 600 second engine off soak, and a warm start Phase 3 ( repeat of Phase 1 of LA92), PM filter collection will occur separately for phase 1, phase 2, and phase 3. A positive displacement pump constant volume sampling ( PDP CVS) system will be used to quantitatively dilute exhaust gas from the vehicle operating on the dynamometer. The PDP CVS system is constructed of an 8 inch diameter stainless steel dilution tunnel and a SutorBilt Model GAELAPA ( 6 LP) PDP operating at 500 CFM. Dilution air is treated with a charcoal bed ( for HC stabilization) followed by a HEPA filter ( 99.97% DOP filter efficiency) to remove particles prior to mixing with vehicle exhaust. During transient testing, the dilution tunnel temperature shall be kept constant at 47 ± 5 ° C to prevent loss of volatile PM components from high temperature portions of the driving test cycle and because of the dominance of volatile PM components from low temperature portions of the driving test cycle. Maintenance of a constant temperature will also enable PM instrument sample temperature controls to operate more effectively. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 LA92 Drving Schedule 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 0 37 74 111 148 185 222 259 296 333 370 407 444 481 518 555 592 629 666 703 740 777 814 851 888 925 962 999 1036 1073 1110 1147 1184 Vehicl Figure 2. LA92 Driving Cycle.

As part of the tunnel conditioning process, the CVS and tunnel dilution air heater shall be turned on at least ten ( 10) hours prior to engine start and run to purge the exhaust transfer line and dilution tunnel. Pilot testing results may indicate that less than ten hours is sufficient. Pumps at the analytical bench shall be run at least one ( 1) hour prior to engine start to purge all sample lines. The CVS, tunnel heater and sample pumps shall be kept running throughout the day and will not be shut down until the conclusion of testing for that day. Testing shall not be started until the temperature in the dilution tunnel has reached a stable value ( no increase in temperature over a 3 minute period). Within two ( 2) minutes of the start of the initial test of the day, background THC, CO, NO x, and CO 2 concentrations in the dilution tunnel shall be recorded by the regulated emissions bench operator. These levels shall serve as reference background levels for the tests that immediately follow that day. If prior to the start ( within 2 minutes of start) of succeeding tests that day, the background levels measured for that test differ from the reference background by more than + 15%, testing shall be delayed until corrective measures are taken. If the greater than + 15% change in background is due to a change in the ambient background level ( not influenced by station exhaust or spillage) and cannot be corrected, the testing may resume with a new set of reference background levels. However, after each test, the ambient background levels shall be monitored by the bench operator so that the reference background levels can be adjusted if ambient levels continue to change. Background levels of THC from the tunnel filter shall also be monitored by the instrument bench operator for fifteen ( 15) minutes before the start of a test. If the background level of THC in the dilution tunnel differs by + 15% of the background level of THC after the tunnel filter, the test shall be delayed until tunnel levels are adjusted accordingly. PDP and ambient temperatures will be monitored with Type K thermocouples coupled to Omega readout meters. Relative humidity and atmospheric pressure are also measured electronically. Vehicle speed will be measured using a digital optical encoder as part of the driver's aid system. The emission measurement system has the capability to measure both continuous and bag emission measurement for the following pollutants ( THC, Nox, CO and CO 2). Emission measurements gathered in bags and processed through a GC can be used as a QC procedure to compare to emissions being measured on a continuous basis.

A pentium class computer will be provided by EPA to be used to log real time output signals from the regulated emissions instrumentation and meteorological and speed sensors. The computer is equipped with two A/ D boards ( Data Translation model numbers DT2801A and DT2821). Each A/ D board will provide eight ( 8) differential analog input channels for recording data and sixteen ( 16) digital output channels for control of sampling solenoids. The real time system is controlled by a commercial software package, Labtech Notebook. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 Labtech Notebook is a menu driven software package used to configure sampling rates, engineering conversion factors, data storage modes, etc., for each sampling and control channel.

<IP_ADDRESS> Vehicle Fluid Sampling Fuel and oil samples will be collected by the contractor from all feasible vehicles after completion of the dynamometer test( s). Fuel samples from different grades will also be collected from five local gasoline distributors to account for newer vehicles in which fuel samples cannot be collected. The fuel and oil samples will be analyzed for sulfur content, aromatic content, elements ( see Section <IP_ADDRESS>), and speciated HCs ( see Section <IP_ADDRESS>). Approximately 2 3 ounces of sample will be collected from each vehicle to allow excess sample to be retained by the contractor for a period of two ( 2) years after completion of the task order for potential future compositional analysis. If EPA requires any samples to be analyzed beyond what is specified in section <IP_ADDRESS>, EPA will pay for shipping cost through a different contract mechanism. Two years after testing has been completed, ownership of samples revert to the contractor. Disposal of samples may be accomplished by taking them to the local recycling station.

3.2.3 Quality Assurance for Vehicle Testing Dynamometer calibration checks will be performed on a daily basis through a combination of coastdowns and speed calibrations. PDP rpm will also be checked on a daily basis. The dynamometer's torque sensor is calibrated after field set up using dead weight techniques. PM mass and EC tunnel blanks will be collected to ensure no significant background problems for the measurement of regulated emissions.

Second by second data shall be aligned to vehicle tractive power and shall be done through the testing of a vehicle over the test cycle to be used in this test program, the LA92 ( Unified Cycle). This process is only necessary during the configuration or reconfiguration of the sampling system. This configuration also includes variations in the sampling pipe from the vehicle to the dilution tunnel. Conceivably, different sampling pipes will require different alignment values. Using parameters for light duty vehicles on a flat ( zero grade) roadway this equation can use the following form:

VSP ( kW/ metric Ton) = 1.04* v* a+ 0.132* v+ 00.00121* v^ 3;

where v is in units of m/ s and a in m/ s/ s. This assumes a value for rolling resistance, aerodynamic drag, vehicle mass, engine efficiency ( the 1.04 coefficient of the v* a term), etc., which will vary from vehicle to vehicle. However, this is sufficient because only timing is being considered. The contractor shall correlate all the gases to VSP; this is done any time that there is a change in the plumbing or instrumentation. The best correlation between each gas and VSP shall be determined by shifting the emission results in relation to VSP. The time shift for individual analyses shall be the offset used between vehicle's speed and its corresponding emissions. For the field testing, round robin comparisons will be made between the transportable dynamometer in Kansas City ( ORD's transportable dynamometer) and the EPA laboratory dynamometers in Ann Arbor, MI. Three vehicles will be tested at the Ann Arbor labs ( each vehicle tested in triplicate) and shipped to Kansas City for testing on the transportable dynamometer. The types of vehicles might include a new, low mileage vehicle; an intermediate mileage vehicle ( approximately 50,000 miles); and a high mileage, high emitting vehicle. The contractor shall be responsible for arranging for testing and conducting sample analyses in Kansas City and vehicle shipment to and from Ann Arbor, MI. The contractor will also be responsible for doing sample analyses for the Ann Arbor samples. EPA will provide the vehicles for the contractor to use during this test program. As another possible QA procedure, all vehicles shall pass by a remote sensing device multiple times. The contractor can choose to conduct this testing during the preconditioning route or after emissions testing on the dynamometer. The data will be used to compare with the other continuous emission monitoring devices ( PEMS units and the dilution tunnel measurements). The data may also be used to determine the representativeness of the vehicle in relation to the Kansas City regional fleet for HC, CO, and NO x emissions. Twenty five vehicles tested during Round 1 of the program will be re tested during Round 2 to determine comparability between testing Rounds. These vehicles will be randomly selected from each stratum as shown in Table 5. This data may also provide information on the effect of ambient temperature on PM emissions. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 Table 5. Estimated Sample Sizes by Stratum for Round 2 Re Testing Stratum ( h) Vehicle Class Age Class Sample size ( nh) 1 1 Truck Pre 1980 3 2 Truck 1980 1990 5 3 Truck 1991 1995 3 4 Truck 1996 and newer 2 5 Car Pre 1980 2 6 Car 1980   1990 3 7 Car 1991 1995 4 8 Car 1996 and newer 3 Total 25 1 Number of randomly selected vehicles tested during Round 1 re tested during Round 2.

3.2.4 PEMS and PAMS Vehicle Testing. To advance the Sponsors' understanding of " real world" vehicle operations and emissions and to create realistic airshed models of mobile sources, the contractors shall install PEMS and PAMS units on randomly selected vehicles. EPA will provide technical information on which vehicles will receive the PEMS and PAMS units ( see Appendix C as a reference users manual of a typical PEMS type unit). EPA will be looking for a mixture of vehicles as specified in Table 5 and will also target vehicles based on their emission rates and mileage. These devices can record measurements on a second by second basis in the following areas: environmental conditions ( e. g., ambient temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, etc), vehicle parameters ( engine rpm, vehicle speed, air conditioning on, OBD codes, etc), date/ time stamp, and emissions ( HC, NOx, CO and CO 2). PEMS has the capability to operate from battery only for 8 hours or for 16 hours with two batteries. For multiple day data gathering would require the recharging of batteries which can occur two ways: recharging by electrical outlet overnight or from the vehicle's electrical system during vehicle normal operating. Fuel to operate the FID analyzer lasts for 8 hours of continuous operation. The PEMS and PAMS devices will be installed into the owner's vehicle trunk either at the testing facility or at the owner's home. Installation and removal requires about one hour which includes calibration, quality assuring and quality controlling ( QA/ QC) the equipment. All calibrations and QA/ QC procedures shall be recorded and documented for each vehicle. EPA expects that 10   20% of the vehicle's might require an additional hour because of either installation or calibration issues. After installing the PEMS/ PAMS device, the vehicle owner operates the vehicle in a normal fashion that would be typical for that day( s). The owner will be required to record in a log a date and time that certain events occurred such as changes in the vehicle's load ( e. g., number of passengers in vehicle entered and left the vehicle or other items such as groceries or packages, etc). Installation and removal of the PEMS/ PAMS equipment can occur at either the vehicle emission test site or at the vehicle owner's home. The contractor shall provide a strategy for testing vehicles using PEMS/ PAMS devices.

Table 6. Use of PEMS and PAMS Devices.

Type of Device Number of Days Number of Vehicles Round 1 Round 2 PEMS 1 3 20 per device ( 16 vehicles per week) 20 per device ( 16 vehicles per week) PAMS 1 7 10   12 per device ( 1 vehicle per week) 10 12 per device ( 1 vehicle per week)

EPA plans on using up to eight PEMS/ PAMS devices ( depending on which device types are available at the time of testing) on the recruited vehicles to gather either activity or both activity and emissions data during the timeframe specified above. EPA will provide the equipment and training in Kansas City at no cost to the Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 contractor. PEMs devices will be on the vehicle for an average of three days with some vehicles being repeated to look at the difference between weekday and weekend driving habits. The maximum amount of data that would be gathered is between 6  20 hours with a typical data set consisting of about 2  6 hours. PEMS devices will only be used in vehicles that will be operated for at least an hour on that day. The contractor will be responsible for the installation, removal of instrumentation from the vehicle, equipment calibration and maintenance, data storage, maintaining Quality Assurance Project Plan ( QAPP) and Quality Management Plan ( QMP) procedures and data format conversion ( if needed). The contractor will perform a PEMS evaluation comparing second by second data between the dynamometer and " real world" for each vehicle. The contractor might need to provide additional incentives to owners who are selected to have one of these devices installed. PAMS devices will be used to gather " real world" activity of a vehicle so there will be no minimum amount of vehicle use required. The contractor shall also price the cost of operating PEMS on a per vehicle basis.

3.2.5 Data Management. The contractor shall maintain and provide the EPA's Project Officer and all Sponsors with all records associated with vehicle inspection, maintenance, and testing. All vehicle identifiers shall coincide with the identifiers used for vehicle recruitment. Data must be collected for all vehicles recruited to the project, even if the vehicle is not tested. Data shall be delivered in the input formats for EPA's relational database Mobile Source Observation Data Base ( MSOD). The formats are described and defined in Attachment A. 1. Delivered tables shall be accurate and complete before they are forwarded to the Sponsors. Any time a significant change or changes to the test program or its software are adopted, the contractor shall again perform a complete comparison of the data from the first affected test vehicle to the . dbf data tables generated for that vehicle ( See section 4.2 for further data management issues).

3.3. Sample Analysis. Chemical and physical analyses of the samples collected during vehicle testing will be required to support the study. Results from the chemical and physical characterization of the exhaust emissions will provide information for the SPECIATE emission factor database, profiles for source apportionment studies, and air toxics emission estimates for trends assessments. Table 7 lists the number of samples that need to be collected. The contractor shall assume that no compositing of samples will be required. However, results of the pilot study may indicate that sample compositing is required. The contractor shall develop as part of the QAPP, a methodology for regularly transferring and review of all data streams within this project. Not all samples will be analyzed, so the contractor shall propose one or more statistical approaches to choose samples to be analyzed to meet budget limitations. Compound analyses shall be conducted in a timely manner to ensure the integrity of the sample collected. The contractor shall specify the time between sample collection and analysis and the anticipated recovery rate for volatile species. EPA recognizes that results of the project may be used to develop source apportionment profiles. Contractors may compare these profiles with previous studies. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 Table 7. The number of samples to be collected for each testing Round.

Type of Sample # of vehicles LA92 Cycles # of samples per cycle # of bkgnd per cycle Total Integrated Samples PM Mass Filters 277 1 3 1 1108 Elements Filters 265 1 0 0 0 EC/ OC Filters 277 1 3(*) 1 1108 Ion Filters 265 1 1 0 265 SVOC PUF or denuder & filters 265 1 1 0 265 VOC summa canisters 265 1 1 0 265 Aldehyde DNPH cartridges 265 1 1 0 265 Continuous Sample Periods QCM 277 1 1 1 554 TEOM ( Continuous/ Integrated) 277 1 2 ( LA92 phase 1 & 3 only) 2 1108 EC 277 1 1 1 554 Nephelometer 277 1 1 1 554 a The contractor may use the PM mass filter for the elements analysis after weighing for mass. * EC/ OC testing requires two, back to back quartz filters for each sample. The backup filter is accounted for as a dynamic filter blank listed in Table 8.

Measurement methods to be used in this project include continuous air monitoring, integrated air sampling, and vehicle fluid grab sampling. Continuous methods for measurement of fine particle mass provide several useful data products as well as immediate feedback about the nature of the emissions from vehicles. These methods are ideally suited to identify the portions of a driving cycle where particulate emissions are greatest and least. Rapid time response is also useful for identifying potential high emitting vehicles and determining the conditioning status of the dilution tunnel. The integrated measurements allow for detailed analysis of chemical components present in the vehicle's exhaust for which no continuous methods exist. Grab samples will be used to identify the composition of the fuel and oil used in each vehicle during testing to assess potential mass balance relationships for specific compound emissions. PM continuous and integrated air measurements will be extracted from the dilution tunnel through a low particulate loss 2.5 um cut point pre classifier. The sample shall be isokinetically partitioned among the sample and direct measurement instruments using a sample distribution manifold. Throughout the sample extraction and partition process, the temperature of the sample air just before the PM filter shall be maintained at 47 ± 5 ° C to ensure that PM sample loss due to thermophoresis is kept to a minimum. Sample transport from the partitioning system to the individual instruments and sample collection fixtures shall be through straight, short transport lines. These lines shall be heated to maintain sample temperature. This will ensure that PM sample loss due to diffusion and thermophoresis is kept to a minimum. Sample transport lines shall also be of comparable length. EPA will be providing equipment for some of the testing to be performed ( see Appendix D). The contractor can also submit alternative equipment that they feel is as good or better than what is provided by EPA. The contractor shall justify the use, accuracy and cost of such equipment so that a proper evaluation can be conducted. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 3.3.1 Continuous Measurements. Continuous measurements will be collected for PM 2.5 ( mass and elemental carbon ( EC)) and gaseous compounds ( NOx, THC, CO 2, and CO). Each method provides useful information on the amount and composition of PM and gaseous emissions from motor vehicles. The contractor will be required to diligently monitor this equipment. Operating methods must be approved by the EPA's Project Officer through the Quality Assurance Project Plan ( QAPP) described in Task 1. Each of the continuous measurement instruments has its own sample environment control. These include control of sample temperature and, in the case of the TEOM, compensation for changes in sample air pressure. In addition, to ensure that sample water gain during the gravimetric analysis is compensated for in the continuous, real time measurements, sample dew point for the continuous instruments should be controlled to maintain equivalent partial pressures for water.

<IP_ADDRESS> PM2.5 Mass. For continuous PM 2.5 mass measurements, three methods will be deployed: a quartz crystal microbalance ( QCM), a tapered element oscillating microbalance ( TEOM), and a nephelometer. The QCM and TEOM records and reports total collected mass ( µ g) and average concentration ( µ g/ m3) measured during the specified collection period. The nephelometer reports a derived mass concentration ( µ g/ m3). Training for operating the QCM will be available to the contractor at no cost with the exception of travel. The training will occur in Kansas City, depending on the contractor's preference.

<IP_ADDRESS> " Elemental" Carbon ( EC). EC concentrations ( µ gC/ m3) will be continuously measured using an AethalometerTM, the Desert Research Institute ( DRI) Photoacoustic Sampler, or an equivalent method. The instrument chosen should have a minimum resolution of 1 second or less; although the contractor may suggest a higher setting to increase the sensitivity of the measurement. The contractor can submit alternative equipment to be used to measure particulates, however, the equipment needs to have the ability to perform high time resolution measurements so that we can understand the relationship between activity and emission characteristics.

<IP_ADDRESS> Continuous Gaseous Compound Measurements ( see section <IP_ADDRESS> scenarios) The measurements listed in this section will be provided under separate contract if Scenario B is chosen. The contractor for this RFP must ensure that the data described in this section are integrated into this program. In addition to PM collection, the EPA transportable dynamometer has a bench capability to measure total hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxide. Total hydrocarbons ( THC) will be analyzed with a Horiba model 236 Heated Flame Ionization Detector ( HFID). Background THC will be monitored with a second HFID, a Horiba model FIA 34A. Oxides of nitrogen ( NOx) will be analyzed with a Horiba Model CLA 220 Chemiluminescent instrument. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide will be analyzed with Horiba Model AIA 210/ 220 infrared ( IR) instruments. A third IR instrument, a Horiba model AIA23 AS, will be used for analysis of low (< 1000 ppm) carbon monoxide concentrations. All six instruments are rack mounted and plumbed for introduction of zero, span, and sample gases through the use of solenoid valves and pushbutton controls.

3.3.2 Integrated PM and Gaseous Compound Analyses. Integrated PM and gas samples will be collected to allow for detailed chemical characterization of exhaust components. Integrated samples for PM 2.5 mass, elements, EC/ OC, ions, SVOCs, and gaseous air toxics will be collected. All analysis extraction and measurement methods must be approved by the EPA's Project Officer through the QAPP. Filters will require treatment and representative chemical analyses before being used in the study. A minimum of two filters from each lot received from the manufacturers will be analyzed for species to verify that specifications established in the QAPP have been met. Lots will be rejected if they do not pass this acceptance test. All filters will be individually examined over a light table prior to use for discoloration, pinholes, creases, or other defects. In addition to laboratory blanks, 10% of all samples will be designated as field blanks that follow all handling procedures, but do not undergo actual sampling. Duplicate laboratory analysis will be conducted for every 10 samples. Study protocols call for 10% replicate analyses. These are an important part of the QA/ QC program since these are applied to determine replicate precision that allow for calculation of sample uncertainty. Table 8 lists the anticipated number of blanks to be evaluated for the project. The numbers in Table 8 assume that tunnel blanks are collected at the end of the test day, before the start of the test day, and between each test for PM mass and EC. Ten percent of all samples will have associated field and analytical blanks, while Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 three transportation blanks are evaluated for each shipment ( numbers assume one shipment of samples occurs each week). Not all samples will be analyzed, so the contractor shall propose one or more statistical approaches to choose samples to be analyzed to improve cost effectiveness. Compound analyses shall be conducted in a timely manner to insure the integrity of the sample collected. The contractor shall specify the time between sample collection and analysis and the anticipated recovery rate for volatile species.

Table 8. Estimated number of blanks to be analyzed during each testing Round.

Type of Sample Tunnel Blanks Sample/ Field Blanks Analytical Blanks Transport Blanks Total Integrated Sample PM Mass Filters 332 144 144 36 656 Elements Filters * 0 27 27 36 90 EC/ OC Filters * 332 1440 144 36 1952 Ion Filters 0 27 27 36 90 SVOC PUF or denuder & filters 0 27 27 36 90 VOC summa canisters 0 27 27 0 90 Aldehyde DNPH cartridges 0 27 27 36 90 Continuous Sample Periods QCM 332 332** * n/ a 664 TEOM ( Continuous/ Integrated) 332 332** * n/ a 664 EC 332 332** * n/ a 664 Nephelometer 332 332** * n/ a 664 THC 332 332** * n/ a 664 * The contractor may use the PM mass filter for the elements analysis after weighing for Mass. ** Using humidified Zero Air. * Field and analytical blanks are the same.

In addition to acceptance testing, some filters will require pre treatment before sampling. Quartz fiber filters may absorb organic vapors with time. Blank quartz fiber filters used for the assessment of EC/ OC will be heated in air for at least three hours at ~ 900 ° C prior to acceptance testing analysis. Sets of filters with levels exceeding 1.5 ug/ cm2 for organic carbon and 0.5 ug/ cm2 for elemental carbon will be re fired or rejected. Pre fired filters will be sealed and stored in a freezer at  20 ° C prior to preparation for field sampling. The results of the laboratory filter treatments, chemical analyses, and visual inspections will be recorded in a database with the lot numbers as described in the data management section. A set of filter IDs will be assigned to each lot so that a record of acceptance testing can be associated with each sample.

<IP_ADDRESS> PM2.5 Mass. PM 2.5 mass measurements will be determined gravimetrically by the collection of particulates on Teflon membrane filters. One filter will be used to collect LA92 Phase 1, cold start emissions, a second filter collecting emissions from LA92 Phase 2, and a third filter for Phase 3 for every vehicle tested. Phase 4 of the LA92 will not be run for this program. Unexposed and exposed Teflon membrane filters will be used for gravimetric analysis. The filters will be equilibrated at a temperature of 20 ± 5 ° C and a relative humidity of 30 ± 5% for a minimum of 24 hours prior to weighing. Weighing shall be performed on a microbalance with ± 0.0001 mg sensitivity. The charge on each filter shall be neutralized by exposure to a polonium source for 30 seconds prior to the filter being placed on the balance pan. The balance operator shall also be grounded during filter measurement. Pre and post weights, check weights, and re weights ( if required) will be recorded as described in the data management section. All Teflon filters will be analyzed for mass. If practical, PM mass measurements should be conducted on site. If on site measurements are not feasible, shipping and handling of the filters should be minimized to the extent possible. All filters should only be handled in a clean room Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 environment. The contractor shall minimize the amount of handling PM filters ( one method for minimizing the handling by the use of cassettes). The contractor might need to use TX40 filters for some high PM emitting vehicles in order to capture these emissions. A preferred standard for a clean room to measure PM filters is " Class 1000" standard and a balance that can record to a 0.1 microgram. The contractor can propose another system or equipment but will need to show justification for its use.

<IP_ADDRESS> Elements Analysis. Chemical analyses will be performed on select Teflon membrane filter samples that were collected for the PM 2.5 mass measurements. The contractor may also suggest collecting elements samples on separate filters. At a minimum, the following elements will be measured for these samples: S, Cl, Cr, Calcium, Silicon, Phosphorous, Boron, Na, Al, Copper, Iron, Mn, Ni, Zn, As, Hg and Pb. The contractor must demonstrate minimum detection limits using proposed analytical methods. The contractor may also recommend additional elements to be measured based on the objectives of the program and the measurement methods proposed. The additional elements listed above were important ones that came from the lube oil Comparative Toxicity Study. Not all samples will be analyzed, so the contractor shall propose one or more statistical approaches for choosing samples to be analyzed to improve cost effectiveness.

<IP_ADDRESS> Elemental/ Organic Carbon Analysis. The thermal/ optical reflectance ( TOR) or thermal/ optical transmittance ( TOT) methods may be used to measure organic ( OC) and elemental ( EC) carbon. EC and OC will be measured using the pre fired quartz fiber filters. The contractor shall conduct the EC/ OC measurements using one of the two temperature protocols: 1) the IMPROVE temperature/ oxygen cycle, or 2) the NIOSH 5040 temperature/ oxygen cycle. The contractor shall also provide a cost estimate of running both temperature protocols on a single instrument. Not all samples will be analyzed, so the contractor shall propose one or more statistical approaches for choosing samples to be analyzed to improve cost effectiveness.

<IP_ADDRESS> Ion Analysis. Ion chromatography ( IC) or an equivalent method will be used to measure water soluble chloride ( Cl), nitrate ( NO 3 ), and sulfate ( SO 4 =).

<IP_ADDRESS> Fine Particles/ Semi Volatile Organic Compounds. Organic compound samples will be analyzed by gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry ( GC/ MS). XAD coated teflon impregnated glass fiber filters and glass honeycomb denuders or polyurethane foam ( PUF) cartridges are recommended to collect samples for speciated SVOC measurements. The number of filters and denuders required to prevent sample loss will be determined by the contractor, and validated during the pilot study. At a minimum, the contractor shall measure the SVOC compounds listed in Table 12. The contractor should also recommend additional compounds, including methyl and nitro substituted PAHs, to be measured based on the objectives of the program and the measurement methods proposed. Compound analyses shall be conducted in a timely manner to ensure the integrity of the sample collected. The contractor shall specify the time between sample collection and analysis and the anticipated recovery rate for volatile species.

<IP_ADDRESS> Gaseous Air Toxics. Gaseous air toxic compounds will be collected by Summa canisters ( for VOCs) or DNPH cartridges ( for aldehydes and ketones). At a minimum, the contractor shall measure benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 1,3 butadiene, acrolein, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes ( p, o, and m), styrene, n hexane, napthalene, and MTBE. Compound analyses shall be conducted in a timely manner to ensure the integrity of the sample collected. The contractor shall specify the time between sample collection and analysis and the anticipated recovery rate for volatile species.

<IP_ADDRESS> Fuel and Oil Analysis. Fuel and oil samples will be collected from each vehicle and will be retained by the contractor for a period of two ( 2) year after completion of the task order for potential future compositional analysis. If EPA requires any samples to be analyzed beyond what is specified here, EPA will pay for shipping cost through a different contract mechanism. Two years after testing has been completed, ownership of samples revert to the contractor. At a minimum, the following elements will be measured for these samples: S, Cl, Cr, Ca, Si, K, B, Na, Al, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Zn, As, Hg and Pb. The contractor must demonstrate minimum detection limits using proposed analytical methods. The contractor may also recommend additional elements to be measured based on the objectives of the program and the measurement methods proposed. The additional elements listed above were important ones that came from our Comparative Toxicity Study in lube oil. One hundred ( 100) fuel and oil Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 samples will be selected by the Project Officer to be analyzed. Tables 9 and 10 show analyses to be performed for fuel and oil samples, respectively. Disposal of samples may be accomplished by taking them to the local recycling station. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 Table 9. Fuel Sample Analyses.

Test Method Gravity, API ASTM D4052 Density, kg/ l ASTM D4052 Reid Vapor Pressure, psi ASTM D323 Sulfur, Wt % ASTM D4294 Recovery, vol %

Benzene, vol %

Oxygenate, vol % ( identify compound( s)) T50 T90 Residue, vol %

Loss, vol %

Oxygen, wt % ASTM D4615 Composition, Aromatics, vol % ASTM D1319 Composition, Oelfins, vol % ASTM D1319 Composition, Saturates, vol % ASTM D1319 Carbon, wt fraction ASTM E191 Hydrogen, wt fraction ASTM E191 Hydrogen/ Carbon ratio ASTM E191 Research Octane Number ASTM D2699 Iron, ppm Elemental Analysis Copper, ppm Elemental Analysis Tin, ppm Elemental Analysis Aluminum, ppm Elemental Analysis Boron, ppm Elemental Analysis Calcium, ppm Elemental Analysis Chloride, ppm Elemental Analysis Sulfur, ppm Elemental Analysis As, ppm Elemental Analysis Cr, ppm Elemental Analysis Phosphorous, ppm Elemental Analysis Silicon, ppm Elemental Analysis Nickel, ppm Elemental Analysis Lead, ppm Elemental Analysis Magnesium, ppm Elemental Analysis Sodium, ppm Elemental Analysis Zinc, ppm Elemental Analysis Water, % ( Karl Fisher) ASTM D4926 Motor Octane Number ASTM D2700 Fuel Economy Number/ C Density ASTM E191 C Factor ASTM E191 Net heating Value, btu/ lb ASTM D3338 or D240 Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 Table 10. Oil Sample Analyses Test Method Sulfur Content ASTM D4294 90 Viscosity, cST 40 ° C, kinematic ASTM D445 Wear Particles, Total Ferrous Particles ISO 4405 Iron, ppm Elemental Analysis Copper, ppm Elemental Analysis Tin, ppm Elemental Analysis Aluminum, ppm Elemental Analysis Boron, ppm Elemental Analysis Calcium, ppm Elemental Analysis Chloride, ppm Elemental Analysis Sulfur, ppm Elemental Analysis As, ppm Elemental Analysis Cr, ppm Elemental Analysis Phosphorous, ppm Elemental Analysis Silicon, ppm Elemental Analysis Nickel, ppm Elemental Analysis Lead, ppm Elemental Analysis Magnesium, ppm Elemental Analysis Sodium, ppm Elemental Analysis Zinc, ppm Elemental Analysis Water, % ( Karl Fisher) ASTM D4926 Glycol Infrared Analysis FT IR Total Acid Number, mg KOH/ g ASTM D664 Chromium, ppm Elemental Analysis 3.3.3 Quality Assurance and Quality Control Procedures for Equipment. The contractor will follow and ensure quality assurance and quality control procedures described below and throughout this statement of work are performed.

° Daily instrument blank. An appropriate blank will be run daily for each instrument. Generally this is run after the calibration check and before any samples are analyzed. This confirms that there is no carryover from the calibration check as well as confirming the blank or zero level of the instrument. ° Daily calibration. All instruments to be used in this study will have calibration checks run a minimum of once each day. These checks will confirm both response factors and retention times for both GC/ MS analyses. ° Duplicate laboratory analysis for every 10 samples. Study protocols call for 10% replicate analyses. These are an important part of the QA/ QC program since these are applied to determine replicate precision that allow for calculation of sample uncertainty. ° Control samples. The contractor shall analyze a variety of control samples for QA/ QC purposes. These include calibration, replicate, collocated and blind QA samples. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 ° Recovery tests for selected analytes. Recoveries are determined within each sample by the addition of deuterated internal standards prior to extraction. For DNPH analyses internal standards will also be added. ° Determine and report minimum trapping efficiency. True measures of trapping efficiency are nearly impossible to determine due to the challenge of generating an appropriate standard stream of the analyte of interest. A more appropriate method is the use of backup traps to confirm that no quantifiable levels of compounds are getting through the first trap. ° Determine THC, CO, CO 2, NOx and PM from the control vehicle every week. This is done to determine if there is no drift in the dynamometer.

As stated, a number of filter blanks will be evaluated to ensure quality control. Three laboratory control blanks will be evaluated for each filter lot group to ensure accuracy of the laboratory measurement technique. In addition, a minimum of one transport and one field blank will be included with each shipment of filters for analysis. The transport blank will be shipped with each filter group, but not be removed from the shipping containers. The field blank will be removed from the shipping container, and loaded into filter packs, but not be subject to sampling. In addition, daily, dynamic tunnel blanks for PM mass and EC will be collected as described in the Vehicle Testing section. ( The following paragraph is required for both scenarios as specified in section <IP_ADDRESS>) Under separate task order, regulated emission analysis instrumentation will be zeroed and spanned before each test. Calibration gases consisting of a NO in Nitrogen mixture ( 90.2 PPM NO) and a CO, CO 2, and Propane in air mixture ( 900 PPM CO, 300 PPM Propane, and 2.54 % CO 2) were obtained from National Welders. Cylinder concentrations will be verified through comparison to NIST standards. Zero air and the FID fuel ( 60% H2/ 40% He) will be obtained. CEM zero air is used with a certification of < 0.5 PPM CO, < 1 PPM CO 2, and < 0.1 PPM HC. Multipoint calibrations are performed on all of the regulated emissions analyzers after arrival in the field to confirm their linearity. A quality control standard and a replicate from a previous batch will be analyzed by the contractor with each set of 10 samples. When a quality control value differs from specifications by more than ± 5% or when a replicate concentration differs from the original value ( when values exceed 10 times the detection limits) by more than ± 10%, the samples will be re analyzed. If further tests of standards show that the system calibration has changed by more than ± 2%, the instrument will be re calibrated. All results will be recorded as described in the data management section.

3.3.4 Data Management. All sample analysis data shall be provided to the EPA's Project Officer. Continuous measurements will have time stamps to determine the events occurring during sampling. The contractor shall provide documentation to associate continuous measurements with specific vehicle testing times and conditions. The contractor shall also provide filter identification codes to track and catalog all filter samples collected during the study. The filter identification codes shall allow for the identification of the vehicle( s) tested to obtain the sample. The contractor shall also prepare proper sample handling and tracking procedures ( chain of custody) as required by the QAPP. Data shall be delivered in the input formats for EPA's relational database Mobile Source Observation Data Base ( MSOD). The formats are described and defined in Attachment A. 1. Delivered tables shall be accurate and complete before they are forwarded to the Sponsors. Any time a significant change or changes to the test program or its software are adopted, the contractor shall again perform a complete comparison of the data from the first affected test vehicle to the . dbf data tables generated for that vehicle ( See section 4.0 for further data management issues.) ID Codes shall be established for all samples ( not just filters). Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 Table 11a. Potential instrument configuration for continuous and quasi continuous measurement of PM. a Sensor Operating Environment Instrument Manufacturer Instrument Type ( Measurement) Sensor Technology Time Resolution ( sec.) Temperature Range ( ° C) Sample Flow Rate ( Lpm)

QCM, RPM   101 Booker Systems, UK Inertial Micro Balance ( PM Mass) Quartz Crystal/

Frequency Deficit 1 35 to 50 1 to 5 DPM Monitor,

1105a R & P, Albany, NY Inertial Micro Balance ( PM Mass) Tapered Element/ Filter Frequency Deficit 15 35 to 50 1 to 3.5 Dataram   4 Thermo MIE,

Bedford MA Nephelometer ( PM light Scattering) Photo Diode/ Two Wavelength 1 35 to 50 1 to 2 Aethalometer, AE2 McGee Scientific,

Berkeley, CA Light Absorption ( Black Carbon and PAH) Photo Diode/ Light Absorption at 800nm and 370nm 300 20 to 40 5 a The instruments listed are an example only, based on the descriptions in Section 3.3. The contractor may propose alternative instruments. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 Table 11b. Potential instruments for integral measurement of PM. Sample Operating Environment Instrument Manufacturer Instrument Type ( Measurement) Sensor Technology Suggested Sample Media Temperature Range ( ° C) Sample Flow Rate ( Lpm)

Filter Holder 6186 R & P, Albany, NY Gravimetric Micro Balance ( separate filters for LA92 Phase 1 and LA92 Phases 2 4.( PM Mass) Gravimetric Micro Balance Teflo Filter 35 to 50 50 to 70 Thermo Optical Carbon Aerosol Lab Analyzer Sunset Laboratory,

Forest Grove, OR Carbon Aerosol Analysis ( PM Elemental and Organic Carbon Mass) FID Detection of Thermaly Liberated CO 2 Pre Fired Quartz Filter 35 to 50 2 to15 Filter Holder 6186 R & P, Albany, NY ICP MS and/ or XRF ( PM Element Mass) b Analysis Dependent Teflo Filter 35 to 50 50 to 70 Filter Holder 6186 R & P, Albany, NY IC and AC ( PM Water Soluble Ions) Analysis Dependent Quartz Filter 35 to 50 50 to 70 Filter Holder 6186 R & P, Albany, NY GC/ MS ( PM SVOC) Analysis Dependent XAD 4 Coated Filter 35 to 50 50 to 70 Summa Cannister Anderson Instruments,

Atlanta, GA GC/ MS ( VOCs) Analysis Dependent Summa Cannister 35 to 50 Sample Dependent DNPH Cartridge Anderson Instruments,

Atlanta, GA GC/ MS ( Aldehydes and Ketones) Analysis Dependent DNPH Cartridges 35 to 50 Sample Dependent 1 See Statement of Work a The instruments listed are an example only, based on the descriptions in Section 3.3. The contractor may propose alternative instruments.

b The contractor may use the PM mass filter for the elements analysis. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 Table 12. SVOCs Recommended for Analysisa Compound Compound PAHs Steranes Naphthalene 20R, 5a( H), 14b( H), 17b( H) Cholestane Acenaphthylene 20S, 5a( H), 14b( H), 17b( H) Cholestane Acenaphthene 20R, 5a( H), 14a( H), 17a( H) Cholestane Fluroene 20R, 5a( H), 14b( H), 17b( H) Ergostane Phenanthrene 20S, 5a( H), 14b( H), 17b( H) Ergostane Anthracene 22R, 5a( H), 14b( H), 17b( H) Sitostane Fluoranthene 22S, 5a( H), 14b( H), 17b( H) Sitostane Acephenathrylene Hopanes Pyrene 22,29,30 Trisnorhopane Benzo[ ghi] fluoranthene 17a( H) 21b( H) 29 Norhopane Cyclopenta[ cd] pyrene 18a( H) 29 Norneohopane Benzo[ a] anthracene 17a( H) 21b( H) Hopane Chrysene/ Triphenylene 22R& S, 17a( H), 21b( H) 30 Homohopane Benzo[ k] fluoranthene 22R& S, 17a( H) 21b( H) 30 Bishomohopane Benzo[ b] fluoranthene Resin Acids Benzo[ j] fluoranthene Pimaric Acid Benzo[ e] pyrene Isopimaric acid Benzo[ a] pyrene Sandaracopimaric acid Perylene Indeno[ cd] fluoranthene 8,15 Pimaredienoic acid Indeno[ cd] pyrene Dehydroabietic acid Dibenzo[ ah] anthracene 7 Oxodehydroabietic acid Benzo[ ghi] perylene Abieta 6,8,11,13,15 pentae 18 oic acid Coronene Abieta 8,11,13,15 tetraen 18 oic acid Retene Abietic acid Saturated Cycloalkanes Branched Alkanes Dodecylcyclohexane Norpristane Tridecylcyclohexane Pristane Tetradecylcyclohexane Phytane Pentadecylcyclohexane iso Nonacosane Hexadecylcyclohexane anteiso Triacontane Heptadecylcyclohexane iso Hentriacontane Octadecylcyclohexane anteiso Dotriacontane Nonadecylcyclohexane iso Hentriacontane a At a minimum, the compounds listed in this Table should be analyzed. The contractor should recommend additional compounds that they believe are important for the program related to emission inventory and source apportionment profile development including, but not limited to, methyl and nitro substituted PAHs. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 4.0 Quality Assurance Project Plan 4.1 Preparation of Quality Assurance Project Plan and Quality Management Plan The contractor will submit a draft Quality Assurance Project Plan ( QAPP) and Quality Management Plan ( QMP) to the EPA's Project Officer and to Sponsors for approval within thirty ( 30) days of task order execution. The plan will detail sample collection and analysis tasks and procedures for the proposed study and be implemented in the pilot study. A final QAPP will be submitted within thirty ( 30) days after completing the pilot study. Information on completing a QAPP can be found at http:// www. epa. gov/ quality/ qsdocs/ r5final. pdf. As part of the QAPP, we are proposing that ten samples collected during each vehicle round ( 1 & 2) will be analyzed by the contractor and an independent laboratory chosen by the EPA's Project Officer in a round robin test. Two sample sets will be analyzed for each of the major analyses identified in this statement of work: gravimetric, elements, EC/ OC, ions, SVOCs, and gaseous air toxics.

All analysis needs to be completed and reported before Project Officer can approve the start of Vehicle Testing Round 2. The contractor shall address how this will be accomplished in a timely manner to allow for quick data review and program review that includes technical direction by the Project Officer and Sponsors for vehicle testing in Round 2.

The project implementation plan will specify the details required to collect and analyze the source samples in a manner consistent with the objectives of the study. The plan will be developed in consultation with the EPA's Project Officer and Sponsors. The QAPP must be approved by the EPA's Project Officer before the contractor may proceed with sample analysis. The contractor may submit separate QAPPs to obtain approvals for specific tasks to expedite sample analysis for the project. The final QAPP will cover all aspects of this test program as outlined in this document including the following areas:

° provide contractual support in maintaining, calibrating, and operating mobile source emissions measurement equipment used in the field. The equipment may be, but is not limited to, the NERL transportable dynamometer, roadway integrated sampling systems, and remote sensing of vehicle emissions measuring systems ( RSDs). The necessary support such as analyzing the collected samples, data processing, and report writing are included. ° pilot programs ( including a report on all sample data analyzed) ° vehicle recruitment ° vehicle testing ° speciation ° quality assurance/ quality control ° data management and integration ° data analysis ° oral and written reports ° a methodology for regularly transferring and review of all data streams within this project 4.2 Data Management Data shall be delivered in the input formats for EPA's relational database Mobile Source Observation Data Base ( MSOD) and Excel format The formats are described and defined in Attachment A. 1. Delivered tables shall be accurate and complete before they are forwarded to the Sponsors. Any time a significant change or changes to the test program or its software are adopted, the contractor shall again perform a complete comparison of the data from the first affected test vehicle to the . dbf data tables generated for that vehicle. The level of precision for reporting the data is defined in the table specifications. However, it may be necessary to alter that specification at some time during the test program. Therefore all raw data files shall be preserved and delivered to the Sponsors in the instances that reprocessing becomes necessary. The contractor shall inform the Project Officer when they believe the specified precision is inadequate or Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 inappropriate. The EPA's Project Officer and the contractor shall then determine what changes in the format are necessary to accurately store the test data for future use in MSOD. The test program may propagate new data types and coordination between the testing contractor and the EPA's Project Officer will need to occur to accommodate that data. The probable input tables for this statement of work are:

activity_ in. dbf equip_ in. dbf dynob_ in. dbf bag_ in. dbf tmeas_ in. dbf bmeas_ in. dbf time_ in. dbf ttime_ in. dbf trip_ in. dbf rmeas_ in. dbf scan1_ in. dbf scan2_ in. dbf ffbat_ in. dbf tpobd_ in. dbf repar_ in. dbf tmeas_ in. dbf obd_ in. dbf Vehicle information is reported in the table equip_ in. dbf. Test level is reported in the tables dynob_ in. dbf and tmeas_ in. dbf. Phase ( bag) level information is reported in the tables bag_ in. dbf and bmeas_ in. dbf. Second by second data is reported in the tables time_ in. prg and rmeas_ in. prg. Any repairs to a vehicle are reported in the table repar_ in. dbf. Before delivery of any test data to the EPA's Project Officer, the Contractor shall process the completed data tables through their quality assurance program. If the contractor chooses to use EPA formats, the EPA's Project Officer shall provide quality control programs to check the data against, EPAVALDATA and SBSCHK. prg. These programs shall check the data table for inconsistencies and errors that would interfere with their loading into EPA OMS/ ASD's EF database ( MSOD). If the contractor enters the data by hand into tables, the contractor shall take extra precautions to assure typographical and transcription errors have not occurred. The testing contractor must identify all tests with a unique test identifier ( ctr_ tst_ id) that shall be no greater than 12 characters in length and a sequential bag number; 1, 2, 3, or 4 for each test phase. All subcontractors shall identify their test results for the appropriate sample using these same identifiers. The subcontractors shall follow the same specifications for data reporting and perform all the quality control steps outlined in this statement of work. The program EPAVALDATA shall be used to determine the suitability of field level data within the individual tables in the EPA format with some cross level checking of test and vehicle weights. Some examples of fixes to the data tables that are normally found from data submitted to the EPA's Project Officer are: 1) WA_ ID names misspelled or not in CAPITAL letters or an incorrect NULL value indicator was used; or 2) the data may exceed upper or lower bounds for table data ( records). If this is the case, the contractor must contact the EPA's Project Officer to put through a change in the qc_ specs program to allow the results in question to pass data table review. Some data inconsistencies may simply need to be accepted early on in the test program until enough results have been accumulated that an informed decision can be made to resolve them.

The contractor and the EPA's Project Officer and Sponsors shall audit ( review a subset of records in accordance to QAAP and QMP documents) and report the number of unique records for the total program for each input table. The expected total number final inventory of records for this statement of work given a single Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 LA92 per vehicle + 5% replicates is as follows: Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 Table name Primary Key Unique Records Records per Vehicle Parent Table Parent Key Field Equip_ in. dbf ms_ id 480 1 None None Repar_ in. dbf ms_ id 1 for every repair 0 to many Equip_ in. dbf equip_ in. ms_ id Obd_ in ms_ id 1 for every OBD scan 0 to 1 Equip_ in. dbf equip_ in. ms_ id_ id Scan1_ in Obd_ in 1 to many for vehicles with OBDI 0 to many Obd_ in obd_ in. ctr_ test_ id Scan2_ in Obd_ in 1 to many for vehicles with OBDII 0 to many Obd_ in obd_ in. ctr_ test_ id Dynob_ in. dbf Ctr_ tst_ id 530 Number of Tests Per Vehicle Equip_ in. dbf Equip_ in. ms_ id Bag_ in. dbf Ctr_ tst_ id and bag_ num 1590 Number of Tests Per Vehicle* Number of Non Core analytes Dynob_ in. dbf dynob_ in. ctr_ tst_ id Tmeas_ in. dbf Meas_ id and ctr_ tst_ id 530 Number of Tests Per Vehicle* Number of Non Core analytes Dynob_ in. dbf dynob_ in. ctr_ tst_ id Bmeas_ in. dbf Bag_ num,

meas_ id, and ctr_ tst_ id 3* The Number of Records in tmeas_ in. dbf 3* Number of Tests Per Vehicle* Number of Non Core analytes Bag_ in. dbf dynob_ in. ctr_ tst_ id and bag_ num Time_ in. dbg ctr_ tst_ id and dynosecs 761,610 1437* Number of Tests Per Vehicle Dynob_ in. dbf dynob_ in. ctr_ tst_ id Rmeas_ in. dbf Ctr_ tst_ id,

dynosecs, and meastype The Number of records in time_ in* Number of Non Core 1437* Number of Tests Per Vehicle* Number of Non Core analytes Time_ in. dbf dynob_ in. ctr_ tst_ id and dynosecs Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 analytes Ttime_ in. dbf Depends on Number of PEMS/ PAMS units Depends on Number of seconds in vehicle activity Trip_ in. dbf Trip_ id, ctr_ tst_ id and tpmeas_ dt Activity_ in. d bf Depends on Number of PEMS/ PAMS units 0 to many Equip_ in Ctr_ tst_ id Trip_ in. dbf Depends on Number of PEMS/ PAMS units 0 to many Activity_ in. dbf ctr_ tst_ id Fbat_ in. dbf Fbatch_ id Ctr_ tst_ id 100 100 Fbatch Fbatch_ id and ctr_ tst_ id Tpodb_ in. dbf 1 for every OBD scan 0 to many Ttime_ in. dbf Trip_ id, ctr_ tst_ id and tpmeas_ dt Ffdat_ in. dbf Fbatch_ id 0 to many Tpobd_ in. dbf Ctr_ tst_ id, trip_ id and tpmeas_ dt Pmeas_ in. dbf Ctr_ tst_ id,

trip_ id and tpmeas_ dt Number of seconds Per Vehicle activity * Number of Non Core analytes Ttime_ in. dbf Ttime_ in. ctr_ tst_ id Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 The parent key field of each table must have a corresponding value in the primary key field in the parent table. Records that do not have a corresponding value in the parent table are " orphans" and can be identified with the program orphanid. prg. Data reported on a second by second basis shall be integrated and cross checked against any data of the same kind that is mechanically integrated using phase ( bag) level techniques using the program sbschk. prg. All second by second data or phase level data that is derived from its integration shall be visually inspected for alignment and inappropriate transients ( spikes and drop outs). The EPA's Project Officer and Sponsors shall audit one in ten vehicle test data records for its own assurance of test data quality. The results of each review shall be published for the contractor's review and comment. Any error found shall be addressed as an action item between the Contractor and EPA's Project Officer. The EPA's Project Officer will inform the Sponsors and ask for their technical advice before contacting the Contractor.

5.0 TASKS 5.1 Quality Assurance Project Plan ( QAPP) and Quality Management Plan ( QMP) Task The contractor shall provide a Draft QAPP and QMP thirty ( 30) days after task order issuance for review by the EPA's Project Officer and Sponsors. The contractor shall incorporate all feasible comments received before the pilot testing begins. A final QAPP and QMP will be submitted within thirty ( 30) days of completing the pilot test program for use in both Rounds 1 and 2 of the vehicle test program. The QAPP shall conform to the EPA ANSI/ ASQC E 4 standard and should have an appendix containing all applicable standard operating procedures ( SOPs). The contractor shall adhere to all applicable SOPs and the QA/ QC procedures recommended therein. Applicable SOPs are available for the transportable dynamometer, sampling equipment and procedures, RSDs, and analytical chemistry. The contractor shall notify the EPA's Project Officer immediately if they encounter any equipment failures that cannot be readily remedied by the contractor, or technical problems that may impact the quality or on time receipt of deliverables, or if any required equipment or supplies are unavailable to accomplish the required work under this task order.

5.2 Vehicle Recruitment Tasks The contractor will provide vehicle recruitment services to the project. The contractor shall submit monthly progress reports, and conduct the tasks defined as follows:

5.2.1 Vehicle Recruitment Pilot Study The contractor shall conduct a pilot study in KCMA to evaluate recruitment methods and incentive packages to identify the adequacy of the proposed recruitment process.

5.2.2 Cohort/ Vehicle Analysis Identify a cohort of private individuals or residences for recruitment of vehicles to the dynamometer emissions testing program in the Kansas City Metropolitan Area ( KCMA). The cohort should consist of a minimum of 1,000 members who possess a minimum of 2,000 total vehicles. The cohort shall consist of a sociodemographically diverse population. The total vehicle population shall include the minimum number of vehicles required for each of the six stratum identified in Table 1 of this statement of work. ( Note: Specific guidelines have not been established on what constitutes a " diverse" population. In general, the contractor shall ensure that multiple ethnicities and socioeconomic classes are included in the project. The contractor shall also ensure the demographic data is obtained for all respondents.) The following subtasks shall be performed for the selected cohort.

5.2.2. a Cohort Frame Analysis The contractor shall identify the listing( s) or frame( s) from which the cohort was recruited. The contractor shall provide, in report form, a description of the list( s) or frame( s), to cover the following topics: ( 1) list type and availability, i. e., publicly available, commercially available, etc.,( 2) underlying sources from which the list( s) were compiled, e. g., phone directories, etc., ( 3) pricing ( cost for obtaining information, lists, gathering and analyzing the information), ( 4) restrictions on availability, use or publication, and ( 5) any additional topic( s) Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 that the contractor considers pertinent in the context of the PM emissions study.

5.2.2. b Cohort Recruitment ( Respondent/ Non Respondent) Analysis The contractor shall provide a description of the process through which the cohort was recruited, to cover the following topics: ( 1) design of the cohort, including stratification and sampling methods, ( 2) whether selection probabilities varied among individual members or subgroups within the cohort, based on the design, ( 3) the response rate achieved during the recruitment process, and whether non response adjustments would be appropriate for analysis of data collected from the cohort, ( 4) availability of contact information and descriptive information for non respondents to the cohort and ( 5) any additional topic( s) that the contractor considers pertinent in the context of the study. As part of this task, the contractor shall provide the EPA Project Officer with access to the vehicle registration database for the KCMA within fifteen ( 15) days of task order issuance.

5.2.3 Cohort/ Vehicle Fleet Analysis Compare the distribution of vehicles, by age and class, in the cohort fleet to the Kansas City metropolitan area fleet. The contractor shall determine the representativeness of the cohort fleet to the regional fleet. The contractor shall use parametric or non parametric statistical tests to make comparisons, as appropriate. For any test applied, the contractor shall provide a retrospective estimate of the power of the test ( Note: Power refers to an analytical process used on all analyses using standard accepted techniques for the statistics used). The contractor shall also compare the cohort and Kansas City fleets to the national fleet characteristics, as feasible.

5.2.4 Cohort/ Vehicle Emission Analysis Compare exhaust emissions of HC, NOx, and CO from the cohort fleet to the KCMA fleet. The contractor shall determine the comparability of the cohort fleet emissions distribution to the regional fleet by comparing exhaust emissions from cohort and non cohort vehicles using remote sensing devices ( RSDs) in Kansas City. The contractor shall use parametric or non parametric statistical tests to make comparisons, as appropriate. For any test applied, the contractor shall provide a retrospective estimate of the power of the test. The contractor shall detail the data being collected and the methods of comparison.

5.2.5 Cohort/ Vehicle Summary Analysis Prepare a report that summarizes the chosen cohort for the emissions testing program, based on sociodemographic characteristics, and compares the cohort fleet, based on vehicle characteristics and emissions, to the regional and national fleets. The report shall also include the items listed in Section 3, as well as a discussion of potential sampling or non sampling biases that may result from using the cohort as the recruitment population for the emissions testing program.

5.2.6 Vehicle Recruitment Sample Plan Design a sampling plan for the random selection of 480 vehicles to be tested for exhaust emissions using the EPA dynamometer. For Round 1, 170 vehicles will be recruited from the cohort and 80 vehicles will be recruited from the cohort non response families. Round 2 vehicle testing will consist of another 230 different vehicles from the cohort and 25 vehicles recruited from Round 1 for re testing. The plan shall target a stratified sample as identified in Table 1 of this statement of work. This task shall not commence until the contractor has received written approval from the EPA's Project Officer. If use of the registration sample for recruitment will result in different costs, the contractor shall note these costs in their proposal.

5.2.7 Vehicle Recruitment 5.2.7a Vehicle Recruitment ( Round 1) The contractor shall recruit vehicles to the emissions testing program for Round 1 of the project using the sampling plans developed for Task 5. The contractor shall retain, at a minimum, the following information for all persons recruited to the program, whether they participate or not: ( 1) contact information, ( 2) location of residence, ( 3) any socio demographic description information available for the residence or individual, emphasizing indicators listed in 5.2.2 above, ( 4) the date, time and mode of each attempted contact, and ( 5) the outcome of each attempted contact. This task shall not commence until the contractor has received written Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 approval from the EPA's Project Officer.

5.2.7b Vehicle Recruitment ( Round 2) The contractor shall recruit vehicles to the emissions testing program for Round 2 of the project using the sampling plans developed for Task 5. The contractor shall retain, at a minimum, the following information for all persons recruited to the program, whether they participate or not: ( 1) contact information, ( 2) location of residence, ( 3) any socio demographic description information available for the residence or individual, emphasizing indicators listed in 5.2.2 above, ( 4) the date, time and mode of each attempted contact, and ( 5) the outcome of each attempted contact. This task shall not commence until the contractor has received written approval from the EPA's Project Officer.

5.2.8 Non Response Assessment As part of the recruitment process, eighty ( 80) people who did not positively respond to the initial request to participate in the cohort will be randomly selected. These owner's vehicles will be recruited to the program to assess any potential bias in results from the recruitment of volunteers to the study. A list of nonrespondent criteria will be developed with approval from EPA's Project Officer and Sponsors. The number of vehicles to target in each strata for the non response analysis is shown in Table 3 ( section 3.1.3).

5.2.9 Participation Incentives Incentives will be required for study participants. Potential incentives include rental cars, cash, free gasoline, free vehicle repairs, and free cleanup of participant vehicles. The contractor shall develop recruitment package( s) that will achieve a high participation rate to the study from the randomly chosen subjects ( both cohort participants and non respondents, if applicable).

5.2.10 Post Round 1 Vehicle Analysis After the completion of Round 1 vehicle testing, the contractor shall provide to the Project Officer and the Sponsors all the results ( emission results ( only the PM mass filter and regulated emission), data analysis, any issues, technical directions or concerns that occurred) for their review. Based on the results of Round 1 recruitment strata and/ or testing procedures might need to be adjusted before the start of vehicle testing ( Round 2). The contractor shall not start Round 2 of vehicle testing without prior approval from the Project Officer.

5.3 Vehicle Testing Task The contractor shall provide vehicle testing services to the project for the pilot and intensive field study. The contractor shall submit monthly progress reports, and conduct the tasks defined as follows:

5.3.1 Pilot Vehicle Testing Task The contractor for this program will conduct a pilot test in the Kansas City area to determine and finalize all testing methodologies, quality assurance and quality control procedures, and data management procedures. For the pilot test program, three vehicles, a newer vehicle, intermediate aged and mileage vehicle and a high emitter, will be tested a minimum of three times each on an EPA fixed site dynamometer in Ann Arbor, MI and on the transportable EPA dynamometer located in Kansas City. All vehicle testing and sample analysis procedures described in Section 3.2 and 3.3, respectively, will be conducted for the pilot test study. Within one month after completing the pilot study, the contractor shall complete a report that includes emission rates obtained for regulated pollutants and PM from any vehicles tested during the pilot study. This report shall be submitted to the EPA's Project Officer and Sponsors for use in evaluating results obtained in the pilot study. The fuel and oil used at Ann Arbor, MI testing facilities will be shipped with the vehicles for use in Kansas City. The contractor will provide a determination by conducting an experiment or series of experiments to determine if 10 hours of tunnel purging ( tunnel fans on) is needed to achieve a stable tunnel operation ( this pertains to tunnel wall loss or entrainment issues) or if other methods that could achieve goal but cost less.

5.3.2 Vehicle Testing Task ( Specialized sampling and analytical needs) The contractor shall complete development and implement the capability to collect and speciate gaseous and PM organic and PM inorganic samples during any field study involving the transportable dynamometer. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 Emission rates of these compounds using the equipment listed in Table 11 shall be reported in units of grams per mile ( g/ mile).

5.3.3 Vehicle Testing Task The contractor shall provide a cost break down for both scenarios listed in section <IP_ADDRESS> including the following sub tasks listed below.

<IP_ADDRESS> Protective Covering for Equipment and Test Vehicles: The contractor shall provide protection of the testing equipment and the recruited vehicles from the elements during participation in the study but is not required to be heated.

<IP_ADDRESS> Vehicle Testing and Data Collection: Vehicles scheduled for testing will be conditioned, cold soaked overnight, then tested using the cold start, LA 92. For the cold start tests, regulated emissions will be measured over three phases of the test cycle by integrating the real time data. Dilute exhaust bag samples for each of the three test phases and one background bag sample shall be collected from the CVS for comparison with the integrated THC measurement ( FID) and for on and off site GC analysis. Programming of equipment and design of the experiment shall be such as to enable separate PM samples to be drawn from each of the four separate phases of the LA 92 driving schedule. All tests should be scheduled so that a minimum of five vehicles per day can be tested.

<IP_ADDRESS> RSD Evaluation: The contractor shall evaluate exhaust emissions of the test vehicles for NOx, HCs, and CO using RSD during the conditioning process of the vehicle and/ or immediately after dynamometer testing. An alternate approach is to use second by second data from the Unified Cycle emissions measured on the chassis dynamometer.

<IP_ADDRESS> Vehicle Fluid Sampling: The contractor shall have selected vehicle's fuel and oil samples analyzed and report the results to the Project Officer and Sponsors. The contractor shall also have KCMA fuel samples analyzed and report the results to the Project Officer and Sponsors. The contractor will provide cost estimates for gathering, shipping ( if any) and analysis for both fuel and oil on a per sample basis and for each methodology listed in section <IP_ADDRESS>.

<IP_ADDRESS> PEMS / PAMS Data: The contractor shall report data obtained in the study to EPA's Project Officer and Sponsors. Data shall be delivered in the input formats for EPA's relational database MSOD and in Excel Spreadsheets. A separate cost estimate for each round of vehicle testing will be provided on a per vehicle basis for each PEMS and PAMS measurement. A separate cost estimate will also be provided for the use of PAMS during the vehicle conditioning route on a per vehicle basis.

<IP_ADDRESS> Reports: The contractor shall report data obtained in the study to the EPA's Project Officer using Excel spreadsheets that have been approved by the EPA's Project Officer for compatibility with their data system. If needed, the original Excel and Lotus data files can be converted to a dbf format. The contractor shall report to the EPA's Project Officer the status of equipment following its assembly in the field and prior to its use in the study. Upon completion of the study ( within two months following testing), The contractor shall submit a draft final report to the EPA's Project Officer and Sponsors detailing their work in the study. Tables will be included showing accepted and rejected vehicle IDs with OMB2060 0078 or ICR 0619.08 questionnaire information, visible smoke observations, and emission rates for regulated pollutants and PM. The draft report shall be submitted for approval by all study participants.

5.4 Speciation Tasks 5.4.1 Pilot Methods Testing Task Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 The contractor will review, document, and change if necessary, all procedures, methods, and sample analyses to ensure proper sampling handling and emission measurements for the testing program. The contractor shall update the QAPP to represent any changes in the procedures or methods resulting from the pilot study. The contractor will provide and prepare sampling equipment and sampling substrates required for the collection of the samples listed in Table 7 during the pilot study.

5.4.2 Source Testing Equipment Preparation Task The contractor will provide and prepare sampling equipment and sampling substrates required for the collection of the samples listed in Table 7. The contractor will pre test the continuous and integrated sampling equipment prior to installation at the pilot testing site to ensure proper operation and familiarity by field personnel. The contractor will provide personnel to operate the samplers and collect and store each sample.

5.4.3 Operating Continuous Measurements of Fine PM Task The contractor will provide and operate real time monitors for the measurement of fine particle mass and fine particle elemental carbon as shown in Table 11. The contractor shall also provide estimates of mass and EC concentrations collected during dynamic tunnel blank sample collection to evaluate the condition of the dilution tunnel before conducting tests on the next vehicle. The contractor shall submit separate cost estimates for operating and analyzing data for each equipment type as follows:

<IP_ADDRESS> QCM <IP_ADDRESS> TEOM <IP_ADDRESS> Nephelometer <IP_ADDRESS> EC 5.4.4 Integrated Sample Collection and Sample Analyses Task The contractor shall collect samples on each vehicle tested, and conduct laboratory analyses on the number of samples as shown in Table 7.

5.4.5 Integrated Sample Analyses Task The contractor shall perform sample analyses for integrated PM mass, EC/ OC, elements, ions, SVOC's, and gaseous air toxics based on a percent of the sample estimates shown in Table 7. The contractor shall collect samples for all vehicles tested, as shown in Table 7. All samples not analyzed shall be stored in a freezer and be retained by the contractor for a period of two ( 2) year after completion of the task order for potential future compositional analysis. If EPA requires any samples to be analyzed beyond what was required in this task order, EPA will pay for shipping cost through a different contract mechanism. Two years after testing has been completed, ownership of samples revert to the contractor. The contractor shall provide cost estimates for these tasks on a per vehicle/ sample basis for the following: 1) the analysis of only fifty ( 50) vehicles between Rounds 1 and 2 combined; and 2) total costs for testing all vehicles in Rounds 1 and 2 of the project. Costs for PM 2.5 mass gravimetric analysis shall be given for all vehicles only. The contractor can propose to do composites and composite samples may be approved by the PO. Each composite sample shall be considered as one sample. Any analytical preparation costs should be included as a lump sum in this task. The contractor may want to review the literature since these compounds have been measured in previous vehicle emission studies and some are referenced in this document. The contractor needs to provide per sample and bulk sample costs to determine potential economies of scale in multiple sample analyses. If there are no cost differences, the proposed pricing should reflect this.

The costs shall be provided based on the compounds analyzed as follows:

<IP_ADDRESS> PM2.5 Mass Gravimetric Analysis. Three filter samples will be collected and analyzed for each vehicle tested. Costs for PM 2.5 mass gravimetric analysis shall be given for all vehicles only. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 <IP_ADDRESS> Elements. One filter sample will be collected for each vehicle tested ( three if the PM 2.5 mass filters are used for this analysis). The number of samples to be collected is shown in Table 7. The contractor may use the filters collected and analyzed for PM 2.5 mass for this task. The contractor will indicate their ability to measure these elements within both fuel, oil and PM samples and the sensitivity of the measurement technique( s) ( e. g. 10 namograms per mile) that they propose to use. The contractor should indicate their knowledge of measurement techniques.

<IP_ADDRESS> EC/ OC. One sample will be collected for each vehicle tested. The number of samples to be collected is shown in Table 7.

<IP_ADDRESS> Ions. One sample will be collected for each vehicle tested. The number of samples to be collected is shown in Table 7.

<IP_ADDRESS> Semi Volatile Organic Compounds. One sample will be collected for each vehicle tested. The number of samples to be collected is shown in Table 7. The contractor shall analyze, at a minimum, the compounds listed in Table 8. The contractor should also recommend additional compounds that they believe are important for the program related to emission inventory and source apportionment profile development. EPA recognizes that results of the project may be used to develop source apportionment profiles. Contractors may compare these profiles with previous studies.

<IP_ADDRESS> Gaseous Air Toxics. One Summa canister and DNPH sample will be collected for each vehicle. The number of samples to be collected is shown in Table 7.

5.4.6 Data Analysis Task. The contractor will compile analyzed data into a validated database that will be made available to the EPA's Project Officer. Data validation procedures will be included in the QAPP.

5.4.7 Analysis of Continuous PM and EC Data Task. The continuous particulate measurements will be made available promptly for the relevant personnel attached to the project. The data will be provided in individual files pertaining to a given day of measurement in the case of ambient sampling, or to a particular vehicle in the case of source sampling. The data will be calibrated to an agreed upon standard of pressure and temperature. The data will be time averaged and accumulated over the entire sampling period and will be compared with filter based measurements.

5.4.8 Maintenance of Emission Equipment Task The contractor shall maintain, calibrate, and operate all emission equipment except the transportable dynamometer to make real world vehicle emissions measurements in the field and laboratory. The other equipment may include but not be limited to RSDs and other PM equipment used in conducting roadside, tunnel air pollution studies and PEMS/ PAMS. The contractor shall repair the equipment on an as needed basis. However, any modification of the equipment must be approved in writing by the EPA's Project Officer.

5.4.9 Health, Safety and Environmental Practices Task The contractor shall comply with all federal health and safety, environmental, waste handling, and other applicable work rules. The contractor shall also follow proper laboratory, field testing, and vehicle testing practices for all work required by this task order.

6.0 Reporting Requirement and Deliverables The contractor shall address and report all data and technical issues required in Sections 2 through 5 of this Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 task order. A draft final report shall be prepared and submitted electronically and in hard copy. Once the draft report is approved, the final report shall be submitted to the EPA project officer. Documents shall be prepared using a version of Microsoft Word or comparable systems when feasible or unless otherwise specified in the task order. Electronic media materials delivered to the EPA's Project Officer and Sponsors shall be provided on 3 1/ 2" disks, CD R, DVD R or hard drive. Copies of all written deliverables shall, to the extent possible, be double spaced copies, and shall be delivered in reusable/ recyclable envelopes. The contractor shall develop and maintain files supporting the requirements of each task.

6.1 Test Project Workplan The contractor shall deliver to the EPA's Project Officer and Sponsors for approval that includes all descriptions, cost, responsibilities, schedules described in this document including:

 Pilot vehicle testing  Quality assurance project plan  Vehicle recruitment plan  Participate in on going communications to develop a work plan and coordinate action items and scheduling. Deliver monthly reports summarizing activities and costs.  Report repairs needed as a result of any evaluation of the dynamometer.  Prepare a project implementation plan within four weeks of task order approval.  Prepare a draft final technical report of study results  Complete a revised technical report 6.2 Other Deliverables Other reports or meetings dealing with problems or special situations that may arise shall be requested through technical direction from EPA's Project Officer.

7.0 Meetings and Technical Direction A kick off meeting to discuss this Project with EPA's Project Officer and Sponsors will be held. Meetings to review data and analyses will be held on an as needed basis. The Project Officer is authorized to provide technical direction, which clarifies the Statement of Work as set forth in this task order. Before accepting any action under technical direction, the contractor shall ensure that the technical direction falls within the scope of work for this task order. Technical direction will be confirmed in writing, by the EPA's Project Officer, within five calendar days after verbal issuance. The EPA Project Officer will forward a copy to the respective Sponsors' representatives. Technical directions must be within the scope of the task order and the Statement of Work. Technical direction includes ( 1) direction to the contractor which assists it in accomplishing the Statement of Work, and ( 2) comments on and approval of reports and other deliverables. The Contracting Officer is the only person authorized to make changes to this task order. Any changes must be approved by the Contracting Officer in writing, as a modification to the task order. Upon issuance of written technical direction, the contractor shall submit for inspection copies of all work in progress at any time under this task order. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 8.0 Schedule:

Final Project Workplan March 5, 2004 Draft Quality Assurance Documents March 20, 2004 Pilot Vehicle Testing April 20, 2004 Final Quality Assurance Documents May 19, 2004 Vehicle Recruitment Plan ( including cohort evaluation) May 19, 2004 Begin Vehicle Recruitment ( Round 1) June 4, 2004 Begin Vehicle Testing ( Round 1) June 18, 2004 End Vehicle Testing ( Round 1) August 18, 2004 Interim Report on Round 1 September 18, 2004 Begin Vehicle Recruitment ( Round 2) January 3, 2005 Begin Vehicle Testing ( Round 2) January 18, 2005 End Vehicle Testing ( Round 2) March 30, 2005 Draft Final Report June 15, 2005 Final Report August 15, 2005 If the contractor is not comfortable with the schedule listed, the contractor should propose an alternative schedule and describe their rationale for this change. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 References Cadle, S. H.; Mulawa, P. H.; Ball, J.; Donase, C.; Weibel, A.; Sagebiel, J. C.; Knapp, K. T.; Snow, R. ( 1997) Particulate emission rates from in use high emitting vehicles recruited in Orange county, California. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31: 3405 3412.

Cadle, S. H.; Mulawa, P.; Hunsanger, E. C.; Nelson, K.; Ragazzi, R. A.; Barrett, R.; Gallagher, G. L.; Lawson, D. R.; Knapp, K. T.; Snow, R. ( 1999) Light duty motor vehicle exhaust particulate matter measurement in the Denver, Colorado, area. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 49: PM 164 174.

Durbin, T. D.; Smith, M. R.; Norbeck, J. M.; Truex, T. J. ( 1999) Population density, particulate emission characterization, and impact on the particulate inventory of smoking vehicles in the South Coast Air Quality Management District. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 49: 28 38.

Dzubay, T. G.; Stevens, R. K.; Gordon, G. E.; Olmez, I.; Sheffield, A. E.; Courtney, W. J. ( 1988) A composite receptor method applied to Philadelphia aerosol. Environ. Sci. Technol. 22: 46 52.

Hildemann, L. M.; Markowski, G. R.; Jones, M. C.; Cass, G. R. ( 1991) Submicrometer aerosol mass distributions of emissions from boilers, fireplaces, automobiles, diesel trucks, and meat cooking operations. Aerosol Sci. Technol. 14: 138 152.

Kleeman, M. J.; Schauer, J. J.; Cass, G. R. ( 2000) Size and composition distribution of fine particulate matter emitted from motor vehicles. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34: 1132 1142.

Lawson, D. R.; Smith, R. E. ( 1998) The northern front range air quality study: a report to the Governor and General Assembly. Fort Collins, CO: Colorado State University; December.

Magliano, K. L. ( 1998) Chemical mass balance modeling of data from the 1995 integrated monitoring study. Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board.

Maricq, M. M.; Podsiadlik, D. H.; Chase, R. E. ( 1999) Gasoline vehicle particle size distributions: comparison of steady state, FTP, and US06 measurements. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33: 2007 2015.

Motallebi, N. ( 1999) Wintertime PM 2.5 and PM10 source apportionment at Sacramento, California. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 49: PM 25 34.

Norbeck, J. M.; Durbin, T. D.; Truex, T. J. ( 1998) Measurement of primary particulate matter emissions from light duty motor vehicles. Riverside, CA: University of California, College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology; prepared for Coordinating Research Council, Inc. and South Coast Air Quality Management District, CRC Project No. E 24 2.

Ramadan, Z.; Song, X. H.; Hopke, P. K. ( 2000) Identification of sources of Phoenix aerosol by positive matrix factorization. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 50: 1308 1320.

Sagebiel, J. C.; Zielinska, B.; Walsh, P. A.; Chow, J. C.; Cadle, S. H.; Mulawa, P. A.; Knapp, K. T.; Zweidinger, R. B.; Snow, R. ( 1997) PM 10 exhaust samples collected during IM 240 dynamometer tests of in service vehicles in Nevada. Environ. Sci. Technol. 31: 75 83.

Schauer, J. J.; Rogge, W. F.; Hildemann, L. M.; Mazurik, M. A.; Cass, G. R. ( 1996) Source apportionment of airborne particulate matter using organic compounds as tracers. Atmos. Environ. 30: 3837 3855.

Schauer, J. J., and G. R. Cass, 2000, " Source apportionment of wintertime gas phase and particle phase air pollutants using organic compounds as tracers," Environmental Science and Technology, 34, 1821 1832. Performance Work Statement Contract: GS 10F 0036K, Task Order: 1104 Lead PR Number: PR CI 04 10377 Yanowitz et al. 2000 Appendix A. 1 Mobile Source Observation Data Entry Instructions for Kansas City PM Vehicle Testing GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: The contractor shall in general fill out the data tables completely and as best they are able using the supporting documentation and tables.. If they have questions they should contact the project officer ( PO) to receive guidance. If the contractor believes the categories presented are inadequate or incorrect they shall, in consort with the PO, define new categories for the data entry. If the value is nor known or cannot be known the fields appropriate null value shall be taken from the table qc_ specs. dbf.

VEHICLE/ EQUIPMENT INFORMATION:

Vehicle/ equipment information is data which is required by the equipment procurement data table, equip_ in. dbf and shall be recorded as soon as a piece of equipment is in contractor's custody. The equip_ in. dbf data table shall be delivered to the project officer along with the test data. Its fields shall be populated as follows:

$ The vehicle's ( not the engine's ) serial number or VIN shall be entered into the field equip_ in. veh_ ms_ id. The serial number for a piece of nonroad equipment is generally imprinted on a metal plate which is attached to the unit. It is generally preceded by " S/ N" or some similar designation. The field retains its " veh" , or vehicle, designation to signify mobile source versus engine only information within our database.

$ The engine's serial number shall be entered into the field equip_ in. eng_ ms_ id. The serial number for an engine is generally imprinted on a metal plate which is attached to the block. It is generally preceded by " S/ N" or some similar designation.

$ " KC_ PM" shall be entered in the field equip_ in. wa_ id.

$ The date and time of day the equipment was received into Contractor's custody shall be reported in the field equip_ in. test_ date and equip_ in. test_ tod, respectively.

$ The contractor's unique test engine/ equipment identifier for in house tracking purposes shall be reported in the field equip_ in. ctr_ tst_ id.

$ An appropriate value for the site shall be selected from the table site. site and be reported in the field equip_ in. site.

$ The allowable values for equipment procurement methodologies to be used in this contract are located in the field procmeth. procmeth from the procmeth. dbf table. The field procmeth. procmeth_ d. in this same table describes each of the allowable values. The correct value for each piece of equipment tested shall be reported in the field equip_ in. procmeth.

$ The value " YES" shall be recorded in the field equip_ in. highway for a piece of equipment ( a vehicle, truck or bus) which is intended for highway operation and " NO" for non road equipment.

$ A short description of the purpose or use of a piece of test equipment or the equipment platform from which a test engine was derived shall be recorded in the field equip_ in. purpose. If this information is not known or cannot be determined, i. e, a test engine not associated with an equipment platform, the value " NULL" shall be entered in this field.

$ " 2201020110" shall be entered for the LDT1, and " 2230070000" for the type 2B trucks shall be entered Appendix A. 1 Mobile Source Observation Data Entry Instructions for Kansas City PM Vehicle Testing into the field equip_ in. scc. In the case of a non road piece of equipment an appropriate values shall be selected from the scc. scc.

$ If the equipment to be tested has an odometer at the time of procurement, the odometer's value shall be entered into the field equip_ in. proc_ odom. If the equipment does not have an odometer, then the contractor shall enter " 0 " in this field.

$ The number of hours of engine operation as displayed on the engine hour meter shall be recorded in the field equip_ in. hour_ meter. If it is known that the engine hour meter on a particular test engine is malfunctioning or if the hours of operation cannot be determined from a direct reading of the engine hour meter, then the value " 0" shall be recorded in the equip_ in. hour_ meter field. However, if a " good faith" estimate of the number of hours of engine operation can be obtained from the owner/ operator of a particular piece of equipment, that estimate shall be rounded to the nearest 10 hours and entered into the equip_ in. hour_ meter field.

$ " DIES" shall be entered into the field equip_ in. fueltype for equipment which is powered by diesel fuel and " GAS" for equipment powered by gasoline.

$ The vehicle manufacturer's name shall be selected from the field company. company from the table company. dbf and entered into the field equip_ in. vehcompany.

$ The engine manufacturer's name shall be selected from the field company. company from the table company. dbf and entered into the field equip_ in. engcompany.

$ The vehicle's nominal engine displacement in cubic inches shall be entered in the field equip_ in. disp_ cid. If the engine displacement is labeled in liters or cubic centimeters this field shall be reported as " 0".

$ The vehicle's engine displacement in liters shall be entered in the field equip_ in. disp_ liter. If the engine displacement is labeled in cubic centimeters that value shall be multiplied by 1000, and reported to the nearest tenth of a liter. If the engine displacement is labeled in cubic inches this field shall be reported as " 0".

$ The allowable values for the method of fuel delivery for a vehicle are found in the field fuel_ del. fuel_ deliv and their description in the field fuel_ del. fuel_ del_ d. The correct fuel delivery code for the vehicle shall be reported in the field equip_ in. fuel_ deliv. The vehicles in this contract will all probably have fuel injection, " FI" or carburated " CARB".

$ The correct fuel injection method for the unit shall be reported in the field equip_ in. fi_ type. The allowable values to indicate the type of fuel injection are found in the field fi_ type. fi_ type in the fi_ tytpe. dbf table and are described in the field fi_ type. fi_ type_ d. All of the equipment procured under this contract is expected to be described as " DIRECT", " PFI" ( Port Fuel Injection), " TBI" ( Throttle Body Inject) though " INDIR" shall be used, as appropriate.

$ The allowable values to describe the process by which intake air enters the engine for combustion are found in the field aspirate. aspirated in the table aspirate. dbf and are described in the field aspirate. apirate_ d. The correct value for the engine to be tested within the equipment shall be reported in the field equip_ in. aspirated. Appendix A. 1 Mobile Source Observation Data Entry Instructions for Kansas City PM Vehicle Testing $ The number of cylinders in the engine to be tested is recorded in the field equip_ in. cylinder.

$ The allowable values to describe the type of catalyst which is present on the vehicle are located in the field cat_ type. cat_ type in the table cat_ type. dbf and are described in the field cat_ type. cat_ type_ d. The correct value shall be reported in the field equip_ in. cat_ type.

$ A brief description as to the configuration of any emission control system equipment present in the test unit shall be entered into the equip_ in. ecs_ descpt field ( up to 50 characters).

$ The allowable values to indicate that the catalyst control configuration is close loop are " YES" or " NO". It assumed that the target vehicles in this contract that all the SI vehicles shall be " YES" and all the CI vehicles shall be " NO". The appropriate value shall be reported in the field equip_ in. closedloop.

$ An appropriate value indicating the vehicle class shall be selected from vehclass. vehclass and recorded in the field equip_ in. vehclass.

$ The equipment's model year will be reported into the field equip_ in. model_ yr in the 4 digit century inclusive format. If this information is not known, the value " 0" shall be entered in this field.

$ The vehicle make shall be recorded in the field equip_ in. make.

$ The vehicle model name given to the vehicle by the vehicle manufacturer shall be entered into the field equip_ in. model_ name.

$ The equipment build date shall be recorded in the date field equip_ in. v_ bld_ date. The format shall be MM/ DD/ YY. If the actual date is not reported on the equipment or in supporting literature about the particular unit, then the build date shall be reported as MM/ 15/ YY. If the build date cannot be determined, the null date value shall be reported by leaving the field blank.

$ The engine build date shall be recorded in the date field equip_ in. e_ bld_ date. The format shall be MM/ DD/ YY. If the actual date is not reported on the engine or in supporting literature about that particular engine, then the build date shall be reported as MM/ 15/ YY. If the build date cannot be determined, the null date value shall be reported by leaving the field blank.

$ The number of fuel tanks on the piece of equipment shall be reported in the field equip_ in. fueltanks. If this information is not known, the value " 0" shall be entered in this field.