c. Evaporative:  Non-refueling VOC, benzene, and naphthalene (91203).
      For the pollutants listed, these non-California MOVES emissions encompass the same sources as the on_moves_startpm and on_moves_runpm sectors: light duty gasoline vehicles, light duty gasoline trucks (1 & 2), and heavy duty gasoline vehicles, but they do not require the same intermediate temperature adjustments and can therefore be processed with the remaining onroad mobile emissions.  These emissions contain both running and parking sources and they are pre-processed from state-level to county-level much like the on_moves_startpm and on_moves_runpm sectors already discussed.  The preprocessing for the non-PM emissions did not require species calculations because the raw MOVES emissions translated directly to SMOKE inventory species.
   2. California onroad inventory:  California 2005v2 NEI complete CAP/HAP onroad inventory.  California monthly onroad emissions are year 2005 and are based on September 2007 California Air Resources Board (CARB) data from Chris Nguyen.  NH3 emissions are from MOVES2010 runs for California.  We retained only those HAPs that are also estimated by NMIM for onroad mobile sources; all other HAPs provided by California were dropped.  The California onroad inventory does not use the SCCs for Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV) class 6 & 7 (2230073XXX) emissions.  California does not specify road types, so we used NMIM-based California ratios to break out vehicle emissions to the match the more detailed NMIM level.
Nonroad mobile sources:  NMIM-based (nonroad)
This sector includes monthly exhaust, evaporative and refueling emissions from nonroad engines (not including commercial marine, aircraft, and locomotives) that are derived from NMIM for all states except California, which were corrected due to an inadvertent omission of PM2.5 from seven counties.  Thus, except for seven counties in California, emissions from this sector did not change between the v4 and v4.2 platform versions, and we repeat the documentation here for completeness.

NMIM relied on the version of the NONROAD2005 model (NR05c-BondBase) used for the marine spark ignited (SI) and small SI engine final rule, published May 2009 (EPA, 2008).  For 2005, the NONROAD2005 model (NR05c-BondBase) is equivalent to NONROAD2008a, since it incorporated Bond rule revisions to some of the base-case inputs and the Bond rule controls did not take effect until future years.  As with the onroad emissions, NMIM provides nonroad emissions for VOC by three emission modes: exhaust, evaporative and refueling.  Unlike the onroad sector, refueling emissions nonroad sources are not dropped from processing for this sector.

The EPA/OTAQ ran NMIM to create county-SCC emissions for the 2005v2 NEI nonroad mobile CAP/HAP inventory, and similar to on_noadj, we removed California NMIM emissions that were submitted separately by California.  Emissions were converted from monthly totals to monthly average-day based on the number of days in each month.  Similar to onroad NMIM emissions, the EPA default inputs were replaced by state inputs where provided.  The NMIM inventory documentation describes this and all other details of the NMIM nonroad emissions development:
ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005_nei/mobile/2005_mobile_nei_version_2_report.pdf

California nonroad
California monthly nonroad emissions are year 2005 and are based on September 2007 California Air Resources Board (CARB) data from Chris Nguyen, other than for the PM2.5 missing from 7 counties, which used the March 2007 version.  In addition, NH3 emissions are from NMIM runs for California because these were not included in the California NEI submittal.  HAP emissions were estimated by applying HAP-to-CAP ratios computed from California data provided in the 2005v2 NEI submittal.  We retained only those HAPs that are also estimated by NMIM for nonroad mobile sources; all other HAPs were dropped.

The CARB-based nonroad data did not have mode-specific data for VOC (exhaust, evaporative, and refueling).  To address this inconsistency with other states, we split the annual total California data into monthly, mode-specific nonroad emissions for California using the NMIM results.  Details on this process are documented separately (Strum, 2007).  Nonroad refueling emissions for California were computed as Gasoline Transport (SCC=2505000120) emissions multiplied by a factor of 0.46 (to avoid double counting with portable fuel container (PFC) emissions in the nonpt sector) and were allocated to the gasoline equipment types based on ratios of evaporative-mode VOC.  The factor of 0.46 was computed by dividing the NMIM-derived California refueling for 2005 by the sum of portable fuel container emissions and NMIM-derived refueling for 2005.
Nonroad mobile sources:  locomotive and non-C3 commercial marine (alm_no_c3)
The alm_no_c3 sector contains CAP and HAP emissions from locomotive and commercial marine vessel (CMV) sources, except for category 3/residual-fuel (C3) CMV and railway maintenance.  In modeling platforms prior to the 2005v4 platform, this sector also contained aircraft emissions.  Point-source airports were included in the non-EGU point sector (ptnonipm) through the 2005v2 NEI point source inventory.  The C3 CMV emissions are in the seca_c3 sector.  We note that the "a" in the "alm_no_c3" sector name is now misleading because aircraft are no longer in this sector.  With the exception of revised Delaware CMV emissions from the Transport Rule comments, this sector is unchanged from the v4 platform.

The remaining emissions in the alm_no_c3 sector are year 2002 emissions unchanged from the 2002 platform; we repeat the 2005v4 documentation for completeness.  The SCCs in the alm_no_c3 sector are listed in Table 2-11.

Table 2-11.  SCCs in the 2005 alm_no_c3 inventory compared to the 2002 platform alm sector
SCC
Action
SCC Description
2275000000
Emissions removed and replaced by aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005 platform
Mobile Sources; Aircraft: All Aircraft Types and Operations: Total
2275001000
Emissions removed and replaced by aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005 platform
Mobile Sources; Aircraft: Military Aircraft: Total
2275020000
Emissions removed and replaced by aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005 platform
Mobile Sources; Aircraft: Commercial Aircraft: Total: All Types
2275050000
Emissions removed and replaced by aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005 platform
Mobile Sources; Aircraft: General Aviation: Total
2275060000
Emissions removed and replaced by aircraft in ptnonipm sector for 2005 platform
Mobile Sources; Aircraft: Air Taxi: Total
2280002100
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Diesel;Port emissions
2280002200
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Diesel;Underway emissions
2280003100
Emissions removed and replaced by seca_c3 inventories for 2005 platform
Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Residual;Port emissions
2280003200
Emissions removed and replaced by seca_c3 inventories for 2005 platform
Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Residual;Underway emissions
2280004000
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Gasoline;Total, All Vessel Types
2285002006
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line Haul Locomotives: Class I Operations
2285002007
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line Haul Locomotives: Class II / III Operations
2285002008
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line Haul Locomotives: Passenger Trains (Amtrak)
2285002009
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Line Haul Locomotives: Commuter Lines
2285002010
Retained from 2002 platform
Mobile Sources;Railroad Equipment;Diesel;Yard Locomotives

The documentation of the 2002 NEI for the category 1 and 2 (C1/C2) commercial marine and locomotive emissions is available at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2002inventory.html#documentation

For modeling purposes, the following additional changes were made to the NEI data for the 2005v4 platform:

   * For the 2005v4 platform, we removed C3 CMV SCCs (residual fuel) and aircraft SCCs.
   * Removed railway maintenance emissions (SCCs<PHONE_NUMBER>,<PHONE_NUMBER>, and<PHONE_NUMBER>) because these are included in the nonroad NMIM monthly inventories.  This change was made for the 2002 platform and is retained here in the 2005 platform.
   * For the purpose of CAP-HAP VOC integration as discussed in Section <IP_ADDRESS>, we removed benzene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde for all sources that we did not integrate these HAPs with VOC.  As discussed in Section <IP_ADDRESS>, sources are considered no-integrate when the source of data between VOC and VOC HAPs is inconsistent or VOC analysis of VOC and VOC HAPs indicates the source is not integrated.  Although our CAP-HAP integration approach also required the removal of methanol for no-integrate sources, the only sources in this sector that included methanol were in California, where we used the integrate approach for all sources and therefore did not need to remove it.

The 2002 platform documentation goes into greater detail on the locomotives and C1/C2 CMV emissions in this sector.
Nonroad mobile sources:  C3 commercial marine (seca_c3)
The raw seca_c3 sector emissions data were developed in an ASCII raster format used since the Emissions Control Area-International Marine Organization (ECA-IMO) project began in 2005, then known as the Sulfur Emissions Control Area (SECA).  These emissions consist of large marine diesel engines (at or above 30 liters/cylinder) that until very recently, were allowed to meet relatively modest emission requirements, often burning residual fuel.  The emissions in this sector are comprised of primarily foreign-flagged ocean-going vessels, referred to as Category 3 (C3) CMV ships.  The seca_c3 (ECA) inventory includes these ships in several intra-port modes (cruising, hoteling, reduced speed zone, maneuvering, and idling) and underway mode and includes near-port auxiliary engines.  An overview of the ECA-IMO project and future-year goals for reduction of NOX, SO2, and PM C3 emissions can be found at:
http://www.epa.gov/oms/regs/nonroad/marine/ci/420f09015.htm

The resulting coordinated strategy, including emission standards under the Clean Air Act for new marine diesel engines with per-cylinder displacement at or above 30 liters, and the establishment of Emission Control Areas is at:   http://www.epa.gov/oms/oceanvessels.htm.

The raw ECA inventory started as a set of ASCII raster datasets at approximately 4-km resolution that we converted to SMOKE point-source ORL input format as described in http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/conference/ei17/session6/mason.pdf.

In summary, this paper describes how the ASCII raster dataset was converted to latitude-longitude, mapped to state/county FIPS codes that extend up to 200 nautical miles (nm) from the coast, assigned stack parameters, and how the monthly ASCII raster dataset emissions were used to create monthly temporal profiles.  Counties in 2005v4 were assigned as extending up to 200nm from the coast because of this was the distance to the edge of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ), a distance that would be used to define the outer limits of ECA-IMO controls for these vessels.

The base year ECA inventory is 2002 and consists of these CAPs: PM10, CO, CO2, NH3, NOX, SOX (assumed to be SO2), and Hydrocarbons (assumed to be VOC).  The EPA developed regional growth (activity-based) factors that we applied to create the v4 platform 2005 inventory from the 2002 data.

We computed HAPs directly from the CAP inventory and the calculations are therefore consistent; therefore, the entire seca_c3 sector utilizes CAP-HAP VOC integration to use the VOC HAP species directly, rather than VOC speciation profiles.

For the v4.2 platform, we chose only to include some HAPs in the seca_c3 sector:  benzene, formaldehyde, and acetaldehyde.  We projected these HAPs using the same VOC factors as used in 2005v4:

Benzene 		= VOC * 9.795E-06
Acetaldehyde 		= VOC * 2.286E-04
Formaldehyde 	= VOC * 1.5672E-03

We converted the emissions to SMOKE point source ORL format, allowing for the emissions to be allocated to modeling layers above the surface layer.  We also corrected FIPS code assignments for one county in Rhode Island.  All non-US emissions (i.e., in waters considered outside of the 200nm EEZ, and hence out of the U.S. and Canadian ECA-IMO controllable domain) are simply assigned a dummy state/county FIPS code=98001.  The SMOKE-ready data have also been cropped from the original ECA-IMO data to cover only the 36-km air quality model domain, which is the largest domain used for this effort.

Seca_c3 updates from 2005v4 platform used in creating 2005v4.2 platform

There are several updates to the seca_c3 emissions from 2005v4 to 2005v4.2:

   1) Delaware provided updated county total emissions in the Transport Rule comments.  There are several other changes that impact Delaware state total emissions discussed below.
   2) Region-specific and pollutant-specific growth factors were updated for the v4.2 platform as compared to the v4 platform to be consistent with the final projections from 2002, developed for the C3 ECA Proposal to the International Maritime Organization (EPA-420-F-10-041, August 2010).  The exception to this is Delaware, where county totals were modified to match those provided in Transport Rule comments.  The updated factors that we used to project from 2002 to 2005 are presented in Table 2-12.  These updated 2002 to 2005 projection factors for 2005v.2 are approximately 1% higher for all pollutants nationally.
Table 2-12.  Adjustment factors to update the 2005 seca_c3 sector emissions for the v4.2 platform.

                       2005 Adjustments Relative to 2002
Region
                                      NOX
                                     PM10
                                     PM2.5
                                   VOC (HC)
                                      CO
                                      SO2
East Coast (EC)[1]
                                                                        1.10524
                                                                        1.15242
                                                                        1.15383
                                                                        1.15256
                                                                        1.15238
                                                                        1.15244
Gulf Coast (GC)
                                                                        1.04056
                                                                        1.08521
                                                                        1.08269
                                                                        1.08467
                                                                        1.08536
                                                                        1.08530
North Pacific (NP)
                                                                        1.07254
                                                                        1.11354
                                                                        1.09817
                                                                        1.11358
                                                                        1.11318
                                                                        1.11339
South Pacific (SP)
                                                                        1.12539
                                                                        1.17416
                                                                        1.17257
                                                                        1.17055
                                                                        1.17012
                                                                        1.17565
Great Lakes (GL)
                                                                        1.04397
                                                                        1.06264
                                                                        1.06241
                                                                        1.06341
                                                                        1.06280
                                                                        1.06251
Outside ECA
                                                                        1.08654
                                                                        1.13186
                                                                        1.13186
                                                                        1.13186
                                                                        1.13186
                                                                        1.13186
	1  - Delaware emissions were provided for 2005 from Transport Rule comments.
   3) In addition to the updated values, near-shore Canadian emissions are now assigned to regions whereas previously Canadian sources used the "Outside ECA" factors.  Canada uses North Pacific, Great Lakes and East Coast depending on where the emissions are.  For example, near-shore emissions around Vancouver British Columbia are projected from 2002 using North Pacific (NP) factors rather than "Outside ECA" factors.
   4) One of the most significant comments from the Transport Rule Proposal was the assignment in 2005v4 of state boundaries that extended to the 200nm EEZ distance offshore.  This had potentially unrealistic impacts on source apportionment modeling (see Section 5) because large emissions from shipping lanes far from shore were attributable to states whose coastlines were up to 200nm away.  For 2005v4.2, we obtained state-federal water boundaries data from the Mineral Management Service (MMS) that extended only 3 to 10 miles off shore.  It is important to note that the emission values did not change as a result of this update, only the state to which those emissions from 3 to 200 miles offshore were assigned.  We retained separate dummy "FIPS" for these offshore emissions to ensure that they were projected to future years based on the appropriate regional-based factors in Table 2-12.
   5) The 2005v4 ECA-based C3 inventory did not delineate between ports and underway (or other C3 modes such as hoteling, maneuvering, reduced-speed zone, and idling) emissions; therefore, we assigned these emissions to the broad ("total") SCC for C3 CMV<PHONE_NUMBER>).  For 2005v4.2, we used a U.S. ports spatial surrogate dataset to simply map the seca_c3 emissions ports or underway SCCs.  This had no effect on temporal allocation or speciation compared to existing profiles for underway and port C3 emissions<PHONE_NUMBER> and<PHONE_NUMBER>).
The net impact of all the 2005v4.2 changes to U.S. total NOX, SO2, and PM2.5 seca_c3 emissions are shown in Table 2-13.  Again, with the exceptions of NOX, PM2.5, and most notably, SO2 in Delaware, approximately 99% of these differences are solely attributable to reclassification of U.S. states to the 3-10 mile MMS boundaries in 2005v4.2 rather than the 200nm EEZ boundaries in 2005v4.
Table 2-13.  Contiguous U.S. C3 CMV emissions in the 2005v4 and 2005v4.2 platforms
                                   Pollutant
                                    2005v4
                                   2005v4.2
NOX
                                                                        642,000
                                                                        130,000
PM2.5
                                                                         49,000
                                                                         11,000
SO2
                                                                        417,000
                                                                         97,000

Emissions from Canada, Mexico and offshore drilling platforms (othpt, othar, othon)
These sectors are unchanged from the 2005v4 platform; the documentation is included here for completeness.  The emissions from Canada, Mexico, and Offshore Drilling platforms are included as part of five sectors: othpt, othar, and othon.
The "oth" refers to the fact that these emissions are "other" than those in the 2005 NEI, and the third and fourth characters provide the SMOKE source types:  "pt" for point, "ar" for "area and nonroad mobile", and "on" for onroad mobile.  All "oth" emissions are CAP-only inventories.  Mexico's emissions are unchanged from the 2002 platform with one exception  - one stack diameter was updated (recomputed from stack velocity and flowrate) in the Mexico border states point inventory.

For Canada we updated the emissions from the 2002 platform, migrating the data from year 2000 inventories to year 2006 inventories for the 2005 platform.  We migrated to these 2006 Canadian emissions despite not receiving future-year emissions, as we were advised by Canada that the improvement in the 2006 inventory over the 2000 inventory was more significant than the undesirable effect of retaining these 2006 emissions for all future-year modeling.  We applied several modifications to the 2006 Canadian inventories:

                 i.    We did not include wildfires, or prescribed burning because Canada does not include these inventory data in their modeling.
                 ii.    We did not include in-flight aircraft emissions because we do not include these for the U.S. and we do not have an appropriate approach to include in our modeling.
                 iii.    We applied a 75% reduction ("transport fraction") to PM for the road dust, agricultural, and construction emissions in the Canadian "afdust" inventory.  This approach is more simplistic than the county-specific approach used for the U.S., but a comparable approach was not available for Canada.
                 iv.    We did not include speciated VOC emissions from the ADOM chemical mechanism.
                 v.    Residual fuel CMV (C3) SCCs (22800030X0) were removed because these emissions are included in the seca_c3 sector, which covers not only emissions close to Canada but also emissions far at sea.  Canada was involved in the inventory development of the seca_c3 sector emissions.
                 vi.    Wind erosion (SCC=2730100000) and cigarette smoke (SCC=2810060000) emissions were removed from the nonpoint (nonpt) inventory; these emissions are also absent from our U.S. inventory.
                 vii.    Quebec PM2.5 emissions (2,000 tons/yr) were removed for one SCC<PHONE_NUMBER>) for Industrial Processes, Mineral Processes, Gypsum, Plaster Products due to corrupt fields after conversion to SMOKE input format.  This error should be corrected in a future inventory.
                 viii.    Excessively high CO emissions were removed from Babine Forest Products Ltd (British Columbia SMOKE plantid='5188') in the point inventory.  This change was made at our discretion because the value of the emissions was impossibly large.
                 ix.    The county part of the state/county FIPS code field in the SMOKE inputs were modified in the point inventory from "000" to "001" to enable matching to existing temporal profiles.

For Mexico we continued to use emissions for 1999 (Eastern Research Group Inc., 2006) which were developed as part of a partnership between Mexico's Secretariat of the Environment and Natural Resources (Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales-SEMARNAT) and National Institute of Ecology (Instituto Nacional de Ecología-INE), the U.S. EPA, the Western Governors' Association (WGA), and the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC).  This inventory includes emissions from all states in Mexico.

The offshore emissions include point source offshore oil and gas drilling platforms.  We used updated emissions from the 2005v2 NEI point source inventory.  The offshore sources were provided by the Mineral Management Services (MMS).

Table 2-14 summarizes the data in the "oth" sectors and indicates where these emissions have been updated from the 2002 platform.

Table 2-14.  Summary of the othpt, othar, and othon sectors changes from the 2002 platform
Sector
Components
Changes from 2002 platform
othpt
Mexico, 1999, point
None

Canada, 2006, point
Uses emissions from 2006 National Pollutant Release Inventory (NPRI), 3 components:
   1) upstream oil and gas sector emissions for all CAPs except VOC;
   2) VOC sources pre-speciated to CB05 speciation except for benzene;
   3) Remaining point source emissions.

Offshore, 2005, point
Uses emissions from 2005 v2 point inventory
othar
Mexico, 1999, nonpoint
None

Mexico, 1999, nonroad
None

Canada, 2006, nonpoint
Uses 2006 Canadian aircraft (landing and take-offs only), agricultural NH3, fugitive dust, and remaining nonpoint inventories.

Canada, 2006, nonroad
Uses 2006 Canadian nonroad mobile, non-C3 marine, and locomotives inventories.
othon
Mexico, 1999, onroad
None

Canada, 2006, onroad
Uses 2006 Canadian onroad inventory.  Emissions are given at vehicle type resolution only (i.e., does not include road types).

SMOKE-ready non-anthropogenic inventories for chlorine
For the ocean chlorine, we used the same data as in the CAP and HAP 2002-based platform.  See ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2002v3CAPHAP/documentation for details.

Emissions Modeling Summary
Both the CMAQ and CAMX models require hourly emissions of specific gas and particle species for the horizontal and vertical grid cells contained within the modeled region (i.e., modeling domain).  To provide emissions in the form and format required by the model, it is necessary to "pre-process" the "raw" emissions (i.e., emissions input to SMOKE) for the sectors described above in Section 2.  In brief, the process of emissions modeling transforms the emissions inventories from their original temporal resolution, pollutant resolution, and spatial resolution into the resolution hourly, speciated, gridded resolution required by the air quality model.

As seen in Section 2, the temporal resolution of the emissions inventories input to SMOKE for the 2005 platform varies across sectors, and may be hourly, monthly, or annual total emissions.  The spatial resolution, which also can be different for different sectors, may be individual point sources or county totals (province totals for Canada, municipio totals for Mexico).  The pre-processing steps involving temporal allocation, spatial allocation, pollutant speciation, and vertical allocation of point sources are referred to as emissions modeling.  This section provides some basic information about the tools and data files used for emissions modeling as part of the 2005 platform.  Since we devoted Section 2 to describing the emissions inventories, we have limited the descriptions of data in this section to the ancillary data SMOKE uses to perform the emissions modeling steps.  Note that all SMOKE inputs for the 2005v4.2 platform emissions are available at the 2005v4.2 website (see the end of Section 1).

We used SMOKE version 2.6 to pre-process the raw emissions to create the emissions inputs for CMAQ and then converted those to inputs suitable for CAMX.  The emissions processing steps and ancillary data for v4.2 were very similar to those done for v4.  A summary of the revisions is as follows:

   * We updated the ancillary files to handle additional MOVES SCCs related to parking area emissions and to make some changes to the temporal and spatial approaches that were originally assigned to parking area SCCs.
   * We changed speciation profiles for headspace vapor (VOC).
   * We changed the PM2.5 speciation profile for category 3 commercial marine vessels burning residual oil.
   * We updated the list of state-county names to include "dummy" seca_c3 FIPS for emissions outside of U.S. MMS-base state boundaries but within the 200nm EEZ (see section 2.5.6).  These dummy FIPS were used for internal projections of regional offshore emissions in the ECA-IMO control area that extended up to 200nm offshore.
   * We used an updated county-to-cell spatial surrogate for U.S. oil and gas emissions.
   * We changed the temporal allocation approach to use: 1) profiles that vary by day of week and to use new temporal profiles for the afdust sector, 2) CENRAP-based state-specific agricultural burning profiles that vary monthly for the nonpt sector, and 3) residential natural gas combustion and commercial propane and kerosene combustion from uniform monthly to a profile that varies for the nonpt sector.

We also utilized the feature in SMOKE (updated in version 2.5) to create combination speciation profiles that could vary by state/county FIPS code and by month; we used this approach for some mobile sources as described in Section 3.1.2.  For sectors that have plume rise, we used the in-line emissions capability of the air quality model to create source-based emissions files, rather than created the much larger 3-dimensional files. The air quality model-ready emissions were first created in a form appropriate for CMAQ, and were then converted to a form usable by CAMX using a FORTRAN convertor called `inline2camx'.  This program generates the gridded surface level 2-dimensional emissions and elevated point source files necessary for CAMX, and it also renames certain emissions species to the names needed by CAMX.  Emissions totals by specie for the entire model domain are output as reports that are then compared to reports generated by SMOKE to ensure mass is not lost or gained during this conversion process.
Key emissions modeling settings
Each sector is processed separately through SMOKE, until the final merge program (Mrggrid) is run to combine the model-ready, sector-specific emissions across sectors.  The SMOKE settings in the run scripts and the data in the SMOKE ancillary files control the approaches used for the individual SMOKE programs for each sector.  Table 3-1 summarizes the major processing steps of each platform sector.  The "Spatial" column shows the spatial approach: "point" indicates that SMOKE maps the source from a point location (i.e., latitude and longitude) to a grid cell; "surrogates" indicates that some or all of the sources use spatial surrogates to allocate county emissions to grid cells; and "area-to-point" indicates that some of the sources use the SMOKE area-to-point feature to grid the emissions (further described in Section<IP_ADDRESS>).  The "Speciation" column indicates that all sectors use the SMOKE speciation step, though biogenics speciation is done within BEIS3 and not as a separate SMOKE step.  The "Inventory resolution" column shows the inventory temporal resolution from which SMOKE needs to calculate hourly emissions.

Finally, the "plume rise" column indicates the sectors for which the "in-line" approach is used.  These sectors are the only ones which will have emissions in aloft layers, based on plume rise.  The term "in-line" means that the plume rise calculations are done inside of the air quality model instead of being computed by SMOKE.  The height of the plume rise determines the model layer into which the emissions are placed. For the 2005v4 and 2005v4.2 platforms, we did not have SMOKE compute the vertical plume rise. Instead, this was done in the air quality model using the stack data and the hourly air quality model inputs found in the SMOKE output files for each model-ready sector.  The seca_c3 sector is the only sector with only "in-line" emissions, meaning that all of the entire emissions occur in aloft layers and there are no emissions in the two-dimensional, layer-1 files created by SMOKE.

   Table 3-1.  Key emissions modeling steps by sector.
                                Platform sector
                                    Spatial
                                  Speciation
                             Inventory
resolution
                                  Plume rise
ptipm
                                     Point
                                      Yes
                              daily & hourly
                                    in-line
ptnonipm
                                     Point
                                      Yes
                                    annual
                                    in-line
othpt
                                     Point
                                     Yes
                                    annual
                                    in-line
nonroad
                        surrogates &
area-to-point
                                      Yes
                                    monthly

othar
                                  Surrogates
                                      Yes
                                    annual

seca_c3
                                     Point
                                      Yes
                                    annual
                                    in-line
alm_no_c3
                        surrogates &
area-to-point
                                      Yes
                                    annual

on_noadj
                                  Surrogates
                                      Yes
                                    monthly

on_noadj
                                  Surrogates
                                      Yes
                                    monthly

on_moves_startpm
                                  Surrogates
                                      Yes
                                    monthly

on_moves_runpm
                                  Surrogates
                                      Yes
                                    monthly

othon
                                  surrogates
                                      Yes
                                    annual

nonpt
                        surrogates &
area-to-point
                                      Yes
                                    annual

ag
                                  surrogates
                                      Yes
                                    annual

afdust
                                  surrogates
                                      Yes
                                    annual

biog
                              pre-gridded landuse
                                  in BEIS3.14
                                    hourly

avefire
                                  surrogates
                                      Yes
                                    annual

In addition to the above settings, we used the PELVCONFIG file, which can be optionally used to group sources so that they would be treated as a single stack by SMOKE when computing plume rise.  For the 2005v4.2 platform we chose to have no grouping, which is a difference the 2005v4 platform.  We changed this because grouping done for "in-line" processing will not give identical results as "offline" (i.e., processing whereby SMOKE creates 3-dimensional files). The only way to get the same results between in-line and offline is to choose to have no grouping.
Spatial configuration
For the 2005v4.2 platform in support of the Transport Rule, we ran SMOKE followed by CAMX for the 36-km CONtinental United States "CONUS" modeling domain and the eastern US 12-km modeling domain (EUS) shown in Figure 3-1.   Figure 3-1 also shows the 12-km western domain (WUS), but this domain was not used for Transport Rule modeling.  Note that these domains were also used in the 2005v4 and 2002 platforms.
Figure 3-1. Air quality modeling domains

All three grids use a Lambert-Conformal projection, with Alpha = 33º, Beta = 45º and Gamma = -97º, with a center of X = -97º and Y = 40º.  Table 3-2 describes the grids for the three domains.
Table 3-2.  Descriptions of the 2005-based platform grids
                                  Common Name
                                Grid Cell Size
                         Description
(see Figure 3-1)
                                   Grid name
Parameters listed in SMOKE grid description (GRIDDESC) file:
     projection name, xorig, yorig,
     xcell, ycell, ncols, nrows, nthik
US 36 km or CONUS-36
                                     36 km
               Entire conterminous US plus some of Mexico/Canada
US36KM_148X112
`LAM_40N97W', -2736.D3, -2088.D3, 36.D3, 36.D3, 148, 112, 1
Big East 12 km
                                     12 km
               Goes west to Colorado, covers some Mexico/Canada
EUS12_279X240
`LAM_40N97W', -1008.D3 , -1620.D3, 12.D3, 12.D3, 279, 240, 1
West 12 km
                                     12 km
              Goes east to Oklahoma, covers some of Mexico/Canada
US12_213X192
'LAM_40N97W', -2412.D3 , -972.D3, 12.D3, 12.D3, 213, 192, 1

Section 3.2.1 provides the details on the spatial surrogates and area-to-point data used to accomplish spatial allocation with SMOKE.
Chemical speciation configuration
The emissions modeling step for chemical speciation creates "model species" needed by the air quality model for a specific chemical mechanism.  These model species are either individual chemical compounds or groups of species, called "model species."  The chemical mechanism used for the 2005 platform is the CB05 mechanism (Yarwood, 2005). The same base chemical mechanism is used with CMAQ and CAMX, but the implementation differs slightly between the two models.  For details of the chemical mechanism as it is implemented in CAMX 5.2.  The specific versions of CMAQ and CAMx used in applications of this platform include secondary organic aerosol (SOA) and HONO enhancements.

From the perspective of emissions preparation, the CB05 mechanism is the same as was used in the 2002 platform except that additional input model species are needed to support the nitrous acid (HONO) chemistry enhancements and additional input model species are needed to support SOA.  Table 3-3 lists the model species produced by SMOKE for use in CMAQ and CAMX; the only three input species that were not in the CAP 2002-Based platform are nitrous acid (HONO), BENZENE and sesquiterpenes (SESQ).  It should be noted that the BENZENE model species is not part of CB05 in that the concentrations of BENZENE do not provide any feedback into the chemical reactions (i.e., it is not "inside" the chemical mechanism).  Rather, benzene is used as a reactive tracer and as such is impacted by the CB05 chemistry.  BENZENE, along with several reactive CBO5 species (such as TOL and XYL) plays a role in SOA formation.
Table 3-3.  Model species produced by SMOKE for CB05 with SOA for CMAQ4.7 and CAMX*
Inventory Pollutant
Model Species
Model species description
CL2
CL2
Atomic gas-phase chlorine
HCl
HCL
Hydrogen Chloride (hydrochloric acid) gas
CO
CO
Carbon monoxide
NOX
NO
Nitrogen oxide

NO2
Nitrogen dioxide

HONO
Nitrous acid
SO2
SO2
Sulfur dioxide

SULF
Sulfuric acid vapor
NH3
NH3
Ammonia
VOC
ALD2
Acetaldehyde

ALDX
Propionaldehyde and higher aldehydes

BENZENE
Benzene (not part of CB05)

ETH
Ethene

ETHA
Ethane

ETOH
Ethanol

FORM
Formaldehyde

IOLE
Internal olefin carbon bond (R-C=C-R)

ISOP
Isoprene

MEOH
Methanol

OLE
Terminal olefin carbon bond (R-C=C)

PAR
Paraffin carbon bond

TOL
Toluene and other monoalkyl aromatics

XYL
Xylene and other polyalkyl aromatics
Various additional VOC species from the biogenics model which do not map to the above model species
SESQ
Sesquiterpenes

TERP
Terpenes
PM10
PMC
Coarse PM > 2.5 microns and  10 microns
PM2.5
PEC
Particulate elemental carbon  2.5 microns

PNO3
Particulate nitrate  2.5 microns

POC
Particulate organic carbon (carbon only)  2.5 microns

PSO4
Particulate Sulfate  2.5 microns

PMFINE
Other particulate matter   2.5 microns
Sea-salt species (non  - anthropogenic emissions)
PCL
Particulate chloride

PNA
Particulate sodium
*The same species names are used for the CAMX model with exceptions as follows:
1.  CL2 is not used in CAMX
2.  CAMX particulate sodium is NA (in CMAQ it is PNA)
3.  CAMX uses different names for species that are both in CBO5 and SOA for the following: TOLA=TOL, XYLA=XYL, ISP=ISOP, TRP=TERP. They are duplicate species in CAMX that are used in the SOA chemistry.  CMAQ uses the same names in CB05 and SOA for these species.
4.  CAMX uses a different name for sesquiterpenes:  CMAQ SESQ = CAMX SQT
5.  CAMX uses particulate species uses different names for organic carbon, coarse particulate matter and other particulate mass as follows:  CMAQ POC = CAMX POA, CMAQ PMC = CAMX CPRM,  and CMAQ PMFINE= CAMX FPRM

The approach for speciating PM2.5 emissions in v4.2 is the same as v4 except that in addition to the on_moves_startpm and on_moves_runpm sectors, exhaust PM from diesel is provided to SMOKE as speciated emissions.  Thus, the only PM species requiring speciation in SMOKE from the onroad sector are the brake and tirewear PM2.5.  Canada point sources have an SCC of<PHONE_NUMBER> and all use the Speciation profile `92037' which is the "Industry Manufacturing Avge profile."  While this had not changed between v4 and v4.2, the documentation for v4 incorrectly stated that the Canadian point inventory (othpt sector) was pre-speciated.  The Canadian point source inventory is pre-speciated for VOC but not for PM2.5.  One other difference in PM2.5 speciation is that we used a new profile (`92200') called "simplified profile - Marine Vessel  -  Main Boiler - Heavy Fuel Oil  -  Simplified." At the time that this profile was used, we anticipated its release with SPECIATE4.3.

The approach for speciating VOC emissions from non-biogenic sources is the same for the v4.2 platform as for the v4 platform, though there are some differences in the data files used.  The approach is that:
   1. For some sources, HAP emissions are used in the speciation process to allow integration of VOC and HAP emissions in the NEI.  This has the result of modifying the speciation profiles based on the HAP emission estimates which are presumed to be more accurate than the speciated VOC results for the HAPs; and,
   2.  For some mobile sources, "combination" profiles are specified by county and month and emission mode (e.g., exhaust, evaporative).  SMOKE computes the resultant profile using the fraction of each specific profile assigned by county, month and emission mode.  A new feature and new profile file in SMOKE (the GSPRO_COMBO file) allowed the use of this approach for the 2005v4 platform, and its use continues here.

The VOC speciation data files are different because we added another part of the nonpt sector to exclude from HAP VOC integration: the category of pesticide application.  Additionally, the v4.2 platform used a new headspace profile representative of E0 gasoline, profile code 8762: "Gasoline Headspace Vapor using 0% Ethanol - Composite Profile".  This profile is part of SPECIATE4.3 and was used in place of the SPECIATE4.0 profile 8737 (Composite Profile - Non-oxygenated Gasoline Headspace Vapor), which was used in the v4 platform.   The new headspace profile was used for the same sources as was the previous headspace profile:   year 2005 refueling and other ambient temperature evaporative gasoline processes (portable fuel containers and any evaporation of gasoline associated with gasoline storage and distribution sources).

The below subsections provide a further description of the HAP/CAP integration and use of combination profiles.  Section 3.2.2 provides the details about the data files used to accomplish these speciation processing steps.
The combination of HAP BAFM (benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol) and VOC for VOC speciation
The VOC speciation approach for the 2005v4.2 platform differed from the 2002 platform in that we included, for some of the U.S. platform sectors, HAP emissions from the NEI in the speciation process.  That is, instead of speciating VOC to generate all of the species listed in Table 3-3 as we did for the 2002 platform, we integrated emissions of the 4 HAPs, benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) from the NEI with the NEI VOC.  The integration process (described in more detail below) combines the BAFM HAPs with the VOC in a way that does not double count emissions and uses the BAFM directly in the speciation process.  We believe that generally, the HAP emissions from the NEI are more representative of emissions of these compounds than their generation via VOC speciation.

We chose these HAPs because, with the exception of BENZENE, they are the only explicit VOC HAPs in the base version of CMAQ 4.7 (CAPs only with chlorine chemistry) model.  By "explicit VOC HAPs," we mean model species that participate in the modeled chemistry using the CB05 chemical mechanism.  We denote the use of these HAP emission estimates along with VOC as "HAP-CAP integration".  BENZENE was chosen because it was added as a model species in the base version of CMAQ 4.7, and there was a desire to keep its emissions consistent between multi-pollutant and base versions of CMAQ.

The integration of HAP VOC with VOC is a feature available in SMOKE for all inventory formats other than PTDAY (the format used for the ptfire sector).  SMOKE allows the user to specify the particular HAPs to integrate and the particular sources to integrate.  The particular HAPs to integrate are specified in the INVTABLE file, and the particular sources to integrate are based on the NHAPEXCLUDE file (which actually provides the sources that are excluded from integration).  For the "integrate" sources, SMOKE subtracts the "integrate" HAPs from the VOC (at the source level) to compute emissions for the new pollutant "NONHAPVOC."  The user provides NONHAPVOC-to-NONHAPTOG factors and NONHAPTOG speciation profiles. SMOKE computes NONHAPTOG and then applies the speciation profiles to allocate the NONHAPTOG to the other air quality model VOC species not including the integrated HAPs.  This process is illustrated in Figure 3-2.  Note that we did not need to remove BAFM from no-integrate sources in a sector where all sources are no-integrate because this is accomplished by through use of a SMOKE ancillary "INVTABLE" which essentially drops all BAFM in that sector.
Figure 3-2.  Process of integrating BAFM with VOC for use in VOC Speciation

We considered CAP-HAP integration for all sectors and developed "integration criteria" for some of those.  Table 3-4 summarizes the integration approach for each platform sector used in Step 1 of Figure 3-2.

Table 3-4.  Integration status of benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) for each platform sector
Platform Sector
Approach for Integrating NEI emissions of Benzene (B), Acetaldehyde (A), Formaldehyde (F) and Methanol (M)
ptipm
No integration because emissions of BAFM are relatively small for this sector
ptnonipm
No integration because emissions of BAFM are relatively small for this sector and it is not expected that criteria for integration would be met by a significant number of sources
avefire
No integration
ag
N/A  -  sector contains no VOC
afdust
N/A  -  sector contains no VOC
nonpt
Partial integration; details provided below table
nonroad
For other than California:  Partial integration  -  did not integrate CNG or LPG sources (SCC beginning with 2268 or 2267) because NMIM computed only VOC and not any HAPs for these SCCs.  For California:  Full integration
alm_no_c3
Partial integration; details provided below table
seca_c3
Full integration
onroad
Full  integration
biog
N/A  -  sector contains no inventory pollutant "VOC"; but rather specific VOC species
othpt
No integration  -  not the NEI
othar
No integration  -  not the NEI
othon
No integration  -  not the NEI

For the nonpt sector, we used the following integration criteria to determine the sources to integrate (Step 1):
   1. Any source for which BAFM emissions were from the 1996 NEI were not integrated (data source code contains a "96").

   2. Any source for which the sum of BAFM is greater than the VOC was not integrated, since this clearly identifies sources for which there is an inconsistency between VOC and VOC HAPs.  This includes some cases in which VOC for a source is zero.

   3. For certain source categories (those that comprised 80% of the VOC emissions), we chose to integrate sources in the category per the criteria specified in the first column in Table 3-5.  For most of these source categories, we allow sources to be integrated if they had the minimum combination of BAFM specified in the first column.  For a few source categories, we designated all sources as "no-integrate".  The one change we made from Table 3-5 for the v4.2 platform is highlighted: we changed pesticides application to "no-integrate."

   4. For source categories not covered in Table 3-5 (i.e., that do not comprise the top 80% of VOC emissions), then as long as the source has emissions of one of the BFAM pollutants, then it can be integrated.

Table 3-5.  Source-category specific criteria for integrating nonpt SCCs for categories comprising 80% of the nonpoint VOC emissions
                             minimum HAP(s) needed
                                  SCC Tier 3
                            SCC Tier 3 Description
                                   Comments
BFA
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Stationary Source Fuel Combustion;Residential;Wood

B
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Storage and Transport;Petroleum and Petroleum Product Storage;Gasoline Service Stations

BM
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Industrial;All Processes
Speciation profile:  3144 has no benzene but most records have it and they're from the EPA (and Calif)
FAM
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Architectural Coatings

B
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production: SIC 13;All Processes : On-shore

M
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Consumer and Commercial;All Processes

B
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Storage and Transport;Petroleum and Petroleum Product Storage;Residential Portable Gas Cans

M
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Graphic Arts;All Processes

M
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Consumer;All Products/Processes
3144 is profile, and it does have methanol (but no BFA).
BFA
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agricultural Field Burning - whole field set on fire
8746 is speciation profile and has BFA
M
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Industrial;Adhesive (Industrial) Application
3142 is speciation profile which has methanol (.32%) and 0 form (and no acetald, benz)
B
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Storage and Transport;Petroleum and Petroleum Product Storage;Bulk Terminals: All Evaporative Losses

B
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production: SIC 13;All Processes

M
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Consumer;Automotive Aftermarket Products
8520 is speciation profile which doesn't have benz but does have methanol.  OR is only state with benzene which is negligible
No-integrate (change from v4 platform)
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Commercial;Pesticide Application: Agricultural
Profile has no benzene.  Inventory benzene came from solvent utilization data (Fredonia) for "other markets" for the year 1998. Since benzene no longer allowed in pesticides, use of a no-benzene profile would give more accurate results.  Note that this is a change from the v4 platform, where this sector was "integrate."
BFA
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery;Wastewater Treatment;Public Owned
profile BFA 2002 (wastewater treatment plants).  No methanol in profile.  No methanol mentioned in POTW National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP).  Acetaldehyde and Formaldehyde were in profile but not NESHAP.  Methanol in NEI documentation.
no-integrate
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Commercial;Cutback Asphalt
profile 1007 has none of these HAP.  Only Minnesota has a tiny amount.
no-integrate
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Auto Refinishing: SIC 7532
Only NY has benzene.  Spec.  profile is 2402 and has none of these HAP. Documentation for NEI does not estimate this HAP.
use Integrate case
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Industrial Processes;Chemical Manufacturing: SIC 28;Process Emissions from Pharmaceutical Manuf (NAPAP cat. 106)
profile 2462 - has nearly 8% benzene.  Will create a LOT of benzene with "no HAP use" case.
M
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Consumer and Commercial;All Household Products
profile is 3146 contains only nonzero methanol.
any 1 HAP
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Degreasing;All Processes/All Industries
profile 8745 (non legacy but composite made up of a bunch of E-rated profiles )has M, B.
M
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Architectural Coatings - Solvent-based
profile 3139 has only M
no-integrate
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Wood Furniture: SIC 25
profile 2405 has no HAP
B
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Storage and Transport;Petroleum and Petroleum Product Transport;Pipeline

any 1 HAP
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery;Open Burning;Residential
profile 0121 is old and has only hexane.
any 1 HAP
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Waste Disposal, Treatment, and Recovery;Open Burning;All Categories
profile 0121 is old and has only hexane.
FAM
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Architectural Coatings - Water-based
profile 3140 has FAM
M
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Consumer and Commercial;All Personal Care Products
profile (3247, nonlegacy based on CARB 1997 survey) has no M or B.  However, Freedonia was used for M.
M
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Consumer;Household Products

M
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Degreasing;All Industries: Cold Cleaning
profile 8745 (non legacy but composite made up of a bunch of E-rated profiles )has M, B.
any 1 HAP
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Metal Cans: SIC 341
profile 2408 has none. - no HAPs in NEI so this SCC will not have any integrated sources
any 1 HAP
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Miscellaneous Finished Metals: SIC 34 - (341 + 3498)
SPEC PROFILE 3127 has none - no HAPs in NEI so this SCC will not have any integrated sources
any 1 HAP
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Surface Coating;Other Special Purpose Coatings
profile 3138 has methanol.  Not legacy. 0.11% aerosol coatings.
B
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Commercial;Pesticide Application: All Processes
3001 is speciation profile (not legacy) "D" rating 2004.  Calif. Testing for speciation profile from 2000.  Has NO benzene!  Benzene came from solvent utilization data (Fredonia) for "other markets" for the year 1998.
M
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Solvent Utilization;Miscellaneous Non-industrial: Consumer and Commercial;All FIFRA Related Products
3145 has M only and just a 0.01%

For the alm_no_c3 sector, the integration criteria were (1) that the source had to have at least one of the 4 HAPs and (2) that the sum of BAFM could not exceed the VOC emissions.  The criteria for this sector were less complex than the nonpt sector because it has much fewer source categories.

We used the SMOKE feature to compute speciation profiles from mixtures of other profiles in user-specified proportions.  The combinations are specified in the GSPRO_COMBO ancillary file by pollutant (including pollutant mode, e.g., EXH__VOC), state and county (i.e., state/county FIPS code) and time period (i.e., month).

We used this feature for onroad and nonroad mobile and gasoline-related related stationary sources whereby the emission sources use fuels with varying ethanol content, and therefore the speciation profiles require different combinations of gasoline, E10 an E85 profiles.  Since the ethanol content varies spatially (e.g., by state or county), temporally (e.g., by month) and by modeling year (future years have more ethanol) the feature allows combinations to be specified at various levels for different years.
Temporal processing configuration
Table 3-6 summarizes the temporal aspect of the emissions processing configuration.  It compares the key approaches we used for temporal processing across the sectors.  We control the temporal aspect of SMOKE processing through (a) the scripts L_TYPE (temporal type) and M_TYPE (merge type) settings and (b) the ancillary data files described in Section 3.2.3.  The one change made from the v4 to the v4.2 platform is the treatment of the afdust sector.  In the v4 platform we used "aveday" settings and no use of holidays such that every day in a specific month had the same emissions.  In the v4.2 platform, we used "week" settings and holidays and used profiles which were day-of-week dependent for some categories, such as road dust and tilling, where non-uniform profiles were being used for other pollutants associated with these processes.
Table 3-6.  Temporal settings used for the platform sectors in SMOKE, v4.2 platform
                          Platform sector short name
                                (see Table 2-1)
                             Inventory
resolution
                            Monthly
profiles
used?
                         Daily
temporal
approach [1,2]
                        Merge processing approach [1,3]
                      Process Holidays as separate days?
ptipm
                              daily & hourly

                                      all
                                      all
                                      yes
ptnonipm
                                    annual
                                      yes
                                     mwdss
                                      all
                                      yes
othpt
                                    annual
                                      yes
                                     mwdss
                                      all

nonroad
                                    monthly

                                     mwdss
                                     mwdss
                                      yes
othar
                                    annual
                                      yes
                                     mwdss
                                     mwdss

alm_no_c3
                                    annual
                                      yes
                                     mwdss
                                     mwdss

seca_c3
                                    annual
                                      yes
                                     mwdss
                                     mwdss

on_noadj
                                    monthly

                                     week
                                     week
                                      yes
on_moves_startpm
                                    monthly

                                     week
                                     week
                                      yes
on_moves_runpm
                                    monthly

                                     week
                                     week
                                      yes
othon
                                    annual
                                      yes
                                     week
                                     week

nonpt
                                    annual
                                      yes
                                     mwdss
                                     mwdss
                                      yes
ag
                                    annual
                                      yes
                                    aveday
                                    aveday

afdust
                                    annual
                                      yes
                                     week
                                     week
                                      yes
biog
                                    hourly

                                      n/a
                                      n/a

avefire
                                    annual
                                      yes
                                    aveday
                                    aveday

[1] Definitions for processing resolution:
all = hourly emissions computed for every day of the year, inventory is already daily
week = hourly emissions computed for all days in one "representative" week, representing all weeks for each month, which means emissions have day-of-week variation, but not week-to-week variation within the month
mwdss= hourly emissions for one representative Monday, representative weekday, representative Saturday and representative Sunday for each month, which means emissions have variation between Mondays, other weekdays, Saturdays and Sundays within the month, but not week-to-week variation within the month.  Also Tuesdays, Wednesdays and Thursdays are treated the same.
aveday = hourly emissions computed for one representative day of each month, which means emissions for all days of each month are the same.
2 Daily temporal approach refers to the temporal approach for getting daily emissions from the inventory using the Temporal program. The values given are the values of the L_TYPE setting.
3 Merge processing approach refers to the days used to represent other days in the month for the merge step. If not "all", then the SMOKE merge step just run for representative days, which could include holidays as indicated by the rightmost column. The values given are the values of the M_TYPE setting.

In addition to the resolution, temporal processing includes a ramp-up period for several days prior to January 1, 2005, which is intended to mitigate the effects of initial condition concentrations.  The same procedures were used for all grids, but with different ramp-up periods for each grid:

   * 36 km: 10 days (Dec 22 - Dec 31)
   * 12 km (East): 3 days (Dec 29 - Dec 31)

For most sectors, our approach used the emissions from December 2005 to fill in surrogate emissions for the end of December 2004.  In particular, we used December 2005 emissions (representative days) for December 2004.  For biogenic emissions, we processed December 2004 emissions using 2004 meteorology.
Emissions modeling ancillary files
In this section we summarize the ancillary data that SMOKE used to perform spatial allocation, chemical speciation, and temporal allocation for the 2005v4.2 platform.  The ancillary data files, particularly the cross-reference files, provide the specific inventory resolution at which spatial, speciation, and temporal factors are applied.  For the 2005v4.2 platform, we generally applied spatial factors by country/SCC, speciation factors by pollutant/SCC or (for combination profiles) state/county FIPS code and month, and temporal factors by some combination of country, state, county, SCC, and pollutant.

For the v4.2 platform, we updated the 2005v4 ancillary files in a few major areas:
   1. We used new data for spatially allocating oil and gas emission sources
   2. We assigned spatial, temporal and speciation profiles to parking area emissions for additional vehicle types (new data from MOVES2010) and updated previous assignments for some vehicle types (summarized in Table 3-14 and Table 3-155).
   3. We updated the headspace VOC speciation profile we used for refueling.
   4. We used a new profile for speciating PM2.5 from C3 marine emissions.
Spatial allocation data
As described in Section 3.1.1, we performed spatial allocation for a national 36-km domain, and an Eastern 12-km domain.  To do this, SMOKE used national 36-km and 12-km spatial surrogates and a SMOKE area-to-point data file.  For the U.S. and Mexico, we used the same spatial surrogates as were used for the 2002v3 platform.  For Canada we used a set of Canadian surrogates provided by Environment Canada.  The spatial data files we used can be obtained from the files listed below; these are available from the 2002v3CAP (for US and Mexico) and the 2005v4 CAP-BAFM (for Canada) platform websites listed at the end of Section 1.  The oil and natural gas surrogate files are posted at the 2005v4.1 website.  The following list of seven files provides descriptions of each of their contents and intended uses for the v4.2 platform.
   * 36km_surg_2002v3mpCAP_smokeformat.zip:  U.S. and Mexican surrogate files for 36-km spatial resolution (Canadian data contained in this zip file was not used for the 2005-based platform).  This data can be found on the 2002v3 website under "Data Files" at:  ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2002v3CAP/ancillary_smoke/.
   * 12km_surg_2002v3mpCAP_smokeformat.zip:  U.S. and Mexican surrogate files for surrogate files for 12 km spatial resolution (Canadian data contained in this zip file was not used for the 2005-based platform).  This data can be found on the 2002v3 website under "Data Files" at:  ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2002v3CAP/ancillary_smoke/.
   * new36km_surg_2005v4_smokeformat.zip:  Canadian surrogate files for 36-km spatial resolution for Canadian surrogates.  This data can be found on the 2005v4 website under "2005 Emissions Data Files" at: ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005v4/ancillary_smoke/.
   * new12km_surg_2005v4_smokeformat.zip:  Canadian surrogate files for 12-km spatial resolution for Canadian surrogates.  This data can be found on the 2005v4 website under "2005 Emissions Data Files" at: ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005v4/ancillary_smoke/.
   * new_oilgas_surg_2005v4_1_smokeformat.zip: Oil and gas surrogate files for 36-km spatial resolution and 12-km spatial resolution for the new oil and gas surrogate (US).  This data can be found on the 2005v4.1 website under "2005 Emissions Data Files" at: ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005v4.1/ancillary_smoke/.
   * ancillary_2005v4_2_smokeformat.zip: spatial related data included are the grid description (GRIDDESC), surrogate description (SRGDESC), surrogate cross reference file (AGREF), and area-to-point (ARTOPNT) file.  This data is provided on the 2005v4.2 website under "2005 Emissions Data Files" at: ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005v4.2/ancillary_smoke/.

The U.S., Mexican, and Canadian 12-km surrogates cover the entire CONUS domain, though they are used directly as inputs for the two separate Eastern and Western Domains shown in Figure 3-1.  The SMOKE model windowed the Eastern and Western grids while it created these emissions.  The remainder of this subsection provides further detail on the origin of the data used for the spatial surrogates and the area-to-point data.
Surrogates for U.S. emissions
There are 67 spatial surrogates available for spatially allocating U.S. county-level emissions to the 36-km and 12-km grid cells used by the air quality model; 66 are the same as for the v4 platform, and one new surrogate, "Oil & Gas Wells, IHS Energy, Inc. and USGS" was added for v4.2 which is discussed below.  As described in Section <IP_ADDRESS>, an area-to-point approach overrides the use of surrogates for some sources.  Table 3-7 lists the codes and descriptions of the surrogates.

Table 3-7.  U.S. Surrogates available for the 2005v4.2 platform.
                                                                           Code
Surrogate Description
                                                                           Code
Surrogate Description
                                                                            N/A
Area-to-point approach (see <IP_ADDRESS>)
                                                                            515
Commercial plus Institutional Land
                                                                            100
Population
                                                                            520
Commercial plus Industrial plus Institutional
                                                                            110
Housing
                                                                            525
Golf Courses + Institutional +Industrial + Commercial
                                                                            120
Urban Population
                                                                            527
Single Family Residential
                                                                            130
Rural Population
                                                                            530
Residential - High Density
                                                                            137
Housing Change
                                                                            535
Residential + Commercial + Industrial + Institutional + Government
                                                                            140
Housing Change and Population
                                                                            540
Retail Trade
                                                                            150
Residential Heating - Natural Gas
                                                                            545
Personal Repair
                                                                            160
Residential Heating - Wood
                                                                            550
Retail Trade plus Personal Repair
                                                                            165
0.5 Residential Heating - Wood plus 0.5 Low Intensity Residential
                                                                            555
Professional/Technical plus General Government
                                                                            170
Residential Heating - Distillate Oil
                                                                            560
Hospital
                                                                            180
Residential Heating - Coal
                                                                            565
Medical Office/Clinic
                                                                            190
Residential Heating - LP Gas
                                                                            570
Heavy and High Tech Industrial
                                                                            200
Urban Primary Road Miles
                                                                            575
Light and High Tech Industrial
                                                                            210
Rural Primary Road Miles
                                                                            580
Food, Drug, Chemical Industrial
                                                                            220
Urban Secondary Road Miles
                                                                            585
Metals and Minerals Industrial
                                                                            230
Rural Secondary Road Miles
                                                                            590
Heavy Industrial
                                                                            240
Total Road Miles
                                                                            595
Light Industrial
                                                                            250
Urban Primary plus Rural Primary
                                                                            596
Industrial plus Institutional plus Hospitals
                                                                            255
0.75 Total Roadway Miles plus 0.25 Population
                                                                            600
Gas Stations
                                                                            260
Total Railroad Miles
                                                                            650
Refineries and Tank Farms
                                                                            270
Class 1 Railroad Miles
                                                                            675
Refineries and Tank Farms and Gas Stations
                                                                            280
Class 2 and 3 Railroad Miles
                                                                            680
Oil & Gas Wells, IHS Energy, Inc. and USGS
                                                                            300
Low Intensity Residential
                                                                            700
Airport Areas
                                                                            310
Total Agriculture
                                                                            710
Airport Points
                                                                            312
Orchards/Vineyards
                                                                            720
Military Airports
                                                                            320
Forest Land
                                                                            800
Marine Ports
                                                                            330
Strip Mines/Quarries
                                                                            807
Navigable Waterway Miles
                                                                            340
Land
                                                                            810
Navigable Waterway Activity
                                                                            350
Water
                                                                            850
Golf Courses
                                                                            400
Rural Land Area
                                                                            860
Mines
                                                                            500
Commercial Land
                                                                            870
Wastewater Treatment Facilities
                                                                            505
Industrial Land
                                                                            880
Drycleaners
                                                                            510
Commercial plus Industrial
                                                                            890
Commercial Timber

We did not use all of the available surrogates to spatially allocate sources in the v4.2 platform; that is, some surrogates in Table 3-7 were not assigned to any SCCs.

The creation of surrogates and shapefiles for the U.S. via the Surrogate Tool was discussed in the 2002v3 platform documentation and is not repeated here.  The tool and updated documentation for it is available at http://www.ie.unc.edu/cempd/projects/mims/spatial/ and http://www.cmascenter.org/help/documentation.cfm?MODEL=spatial_allocator&VERSION=3.6&temp_id=99999.  This same tool was used for the new surrogate 680, "Oil & Gas Wells, IHS Energy, Inc. and USGS"

The new surrogate "Oil & Gas Wells, IHS Energy, Inc. and USGS" was developed for oil and gas SCCs, which had previously (in the v4 platform) used surrogate 585.  The data reflect data through 10/1/2005.  The underlying data for this surrogate is a grid of one-quarter square mile cells containing an attribute to indicate whether the wells within the cell are predominantly oil-producing, gas-producing, both oil- and gas-producing, or the wells are dry or their production status is unknown.  The well information was initially retrieved from IHS Inc.'s PI/Dwights PLUS Well Data on CD-ROM, which is a proprietary commercial database containing information for most oil and gas wells in the U.S.  Cells were developed as a graphic solution to overcome the problem of displaying proprietary well data.  No proprietary data are displayed or included in the cell maps. More information can be obtained from http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-q/text/layer.htm and http://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/rooms/utilities/layer_info.jsp?docId={A90AF432-612F-41F9-A315-7329FD933FB3}&type=download&docURL=http://certmapper.cr.usgs.gov/data/noga00/natl/spatial/doc/uscells05g.htm

The spatial cross-reference file was also updated to assign onroad off-network (parking area) emissions from the MOVES2010 model, new to the 2005v4 platform, were allocated as shown in Table 3-8.

Table 3-8.  Surrogate assignments to new mobile categories in the 2005v4 platform
                            SCC & Description
                                   Surrogate
2201001350 Light Duty Gas Vehicles- parking areas rural
2201002350 Light Duty Gas Trucks 1&2- parking areas rural
2201004350 Light Duty Gas Trucks 3&4- parking areas rural
Rural population (same as rural local roads), code= 130
2201001370 Light Duty Gas Vehicles- parking areas urban
2201002370 Light Duty Gas Trucks 1&2- parking areas urban
2201004370 Light Duty Gas Trucks 3&4- parking areas urban
Urban population (same as urban local roads), code =120
2201070350 Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles 2B through 8B & Buses (HDGV)- parking areas rural
2201070370 Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles 2B through 8B & Buses (HDGV)- parking areas urban
Commercial plus Industrial plus Institutional, code = 520

Allocation method for airport-related sources in the U.S.
There are numerous airport-related emission sources in the 2005 NEI, such as aircraft, airport ground support equipment, and jet refueling.  Unlike the 2002v3 platform in which most of these emissions were contained in sectors with county-level resolution  -  alm (aircraft), nonroad (airport ground support) and nonpt (jet refueling), the 2005 platform includes the aircraft emissions as point sources.  As shown in Table 2-1, aircraft emissions are part of the ptnonipm sector, since the 2005v2 inventory included them as point sources.

Thus, for the 2005 platform, we used the SMOKE "area-to-point" approach for only airport ground support equipment (nonroad sector), and jet refueling (nonpt sector).  The approach is described in detail in the 2002 platform documentation:  http://www.epa.gov/scram001/reports/Emissions%20TSD%20Vol1_02-28-08.pdf.

We used nearly the same ARTOPNT file to implement the area-to-point approach as was used for the CAP and HAP-2002-Based platform.  This was slightly updated from the CAP-only 2002 platform by further allocating the Detroit-area airports into multiple sets of geographic coordinates to support finer scale modeling that was done under a different project.  We chose to retain the updated file for the 2005 platform.  This approach is the same in the v4.2 and v4 platforms.

Surrogates for Canada and Mexico emission inventories
We used an updated set of surrogates for Canada to spatially allocate the 2006 Canadian emissions for the 2005v4 platform.  The updated set completely replaced the 2002v3 platform surrogates for allocating the 2006 province-level Canadian emissions.

The updated surrogate data provided in the 2005v4 zip files and described in Table 3-9 came from Environment Canada.  They provided the surrogates and cross references; the surrogates they provided were outputs from the Surrogate Tool (previously referenced).  Per Environment Canada, the surrogates are based on 2001 Canadian census data.  We changed the cross-references that Canada originally provided as follows: all assignments to surrogate '978' (manufacturing industries) were changed to '906' (manufacturing services), and all assignments to '985' (construction and mining) and `984' (construction industries) were changed to '907' (construction services) because the surrogate fractions in 984, 978 and 985 did not sum to 1.  We also changed codes for surrogates other than population that did not begin with the digit "9".  The same surrogates were used for the 12-km domains as were used for the 36-km domain.
   Table 3-9.  Canadian Spatial Surrogates for 2005-based platform Canadian Emissions (v4.2 unchanged from v4)
Surrogate description
Filename of 2005 Platform Surrogate
Surrogate description
Filename of 2005 Platform Surrogate
Population
CA_100_NOFILL.txt
asphalt
CA_951_NOFILL.txt
Total dwelling
CA_901_NOFILL.txt
cement
CA_952_NOFILL.txt
Agriculture and Forestry and Fishing
CA_902_NOFILL.txt
chemical
CA_953_NOFILL.txt
Waste Management Service
CA_903_NOFILL.txt
commfuelcomb
CA_954_NOFILL.txt
Upstream Oil and Gas (UOG)
CA_904_NOFILL.txt
downstream_petroleum
CA_955_NOFILL.txt
Mining and Oil and Gas services
CA_905_NOFILL.txt
egu
CA_956_NOFILL.txt
Manufacturing services
CA_906_NOFILL.txt
grain
CA_957_NOFILL.txt
Construction services
CA_907_NOFILL.txt
manufacturing
CA_958_NOFILL.txt
Transportation of Passengers and goods
CA_908_NOFILL.txt
mining
CA_959_NOFILL.txt
Electric and Gas and Water utilities
CA_909_NOFILL.txt
oilgas_distibution
CA_960_NOFILL.txt
Wholesaling Merchandise services
CA_910_NOFILL.txt
smelting
CA_961_NOFILL.txt
Retailing Merchandise services
CA_911_NOFILL.txt
waste
CA_962_NOFILL.txt
Government Services
CA_915_NOFILL.txt
wood
CA_963_NOFILL.txt
All Sales
CA_920_NOFILL.txt
asphalt industries
CA_971_NOFILL.txt
Intersection of AGRFORFISH and MANUFACT
CA_921_NOFILL.txt
cement industries
CA_972_FILL.txt
Intersection of Forest and Housing
CA_922_NOFILL.txt
chemical industries
CA_973_FILL.txt
Intersection of MININGOILG and MANUFACT
CA_923_NOFILL.txt
commercial fuel combustion
CA_974_FILL.txt
Intersection of UTILITIES and DWELLING
CA_924_NOFILL.txt
downstream petroleum industries
CA_975_FILL.txt
Intersection of CONSTRUCTION and DWELLING
CA_925_NOFILL.txt
Electric utilities
CA_976_FILL.txt
Intersection of PUBADMIN and DWELLING
CA_926_NOFILL.txt
grain industries
CA_977_FILL.txt
Commercial Marine Vessels
CA_928_NOFILL.txt
manufacturing industries[1]
CA_978_FILL.txt
HIGHJET
CA_929_NOFILL.txt
mining industries
CA_979_FILL.txt
LOWMEDJET
CA_930_NOFILL.txt
smelting industries
CA_981_FILL.txt
OTHERJET
CA_931_NOFILL.txt
waste management
CA_982_NOFILL.txt
CANRAIL
CA_932_NOFILL.txt
construction industries[1]
CA_984_NOFILL.txt
LDGV
CA_934_NOFILL.txt
construction and mining[1]
CA_985_NOFILL.txt
PAVED ROADS
CA_941_NOFILL.txt
TOTALBEEF[2]
CA_986_NOFILL.txt 2
UNPAVED ROADS
CA_942_NOFILL.txt
TOTALPOUL[2]
CA_987_NOFILL.txt[2]
Oil Sands
CA_950_NOFILL.txt
TOTALSWIN[2]
CA_988_NOFILL.txt[2]

TOTALFERT[2]
CA_989_NOFILL.txt[2]
1:  Not used because fractions did not sum to 1;
2: Surrogates 986, 987, 988 and 989  were originally numbered by Canada as 611, 615, 620 and 65, respectively.  We changed the numbers so that all Canadian surrogates would begin with "9".

The Mexican emissions and single surrogate (population) are the same in the v4.2 platform as were used in the 2005v4 and 2002 platforms.
Chemical speciation ancillary files
The following data files, provided at the 2005v4.2 website (see the end of Section 1), contain the SMOKE inputs used for chemical speciation of the inventory species to the air quality model species.  SMOKE environment variable names, used in the file names, are shown using capital letters in parentheses:

   * ancillary_2005v4_2_smokeformat.zip:  inventory table (INVTABLE), NONHAPVOC emissions calculation exclusions file (NHAPEXCLUDE), speciation cross references (GSREF), speciation VOC-to-TOG conversion factors (GSCNV), speciation profiles (GSPRO), and combined, monthly speciation profiles (GSPRO_COMBO).
   * ancillary_2005v4_2_futureyear_smokeformat.zip: speciation-related files associated with the future-year speciation changes.

The following subsections explain these SMOKE input files.
INVABLE and NHAPEXCLUDE
The INVTABLE and NHAPEXCLUDE SMOKE input files have a critical function in the VOC speciation process for emissions modeling cases utilizing HAP-CAP integration, as is done for the 2005v4.2 platform.

We prepared two different INVTABLE files to use with different sectors of the platform.  For sectors in which we chose no integration across the entire sector (see Table 3-5), we created a "no HAP use" INVTABLE that set the "KEEP" flag to "N" for BAFM pollutants.  Thus, any BAFM pollutants in the inventory input into SMOKE would be dropped.  This approach both avoids double-counting of these species and assumes that the VOC speciation is the best available approach for these species for the sectors using the approach.  The second INVTABLE, used for sectors in which one or more sources are integrated, causes SMOKE to keep the BAFM pollutants and indicates that they are to be integrated with VOC (by setting the "VOC or TOG component" field to "V" for all four HAP pollutants.

We also prepared sector-specific NHAPEXCLUDE files that provide the specific sources that are excluded from integration (see Table 3-5).
GSPRO, GSPRO_COMBO, GSREF and GSCNV
For VOC speciation, we generated the following SMOKE-ready profiles for the CB05 chemical mechanism using the Speciation Tool (Eyth, 2006):

   * TOG-to-model species (used only for no-integrate sources)
   * NONHAPTOG-to-model species (used only for the integrate sources)
   * TOG-to-BENZENE (used only for no-integrate sources)

We added speciation profile entries that simply map NEI emissions of benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol to the model species BENZENE, ALD2, FORM and METHANOL, respectively.  These profiles were used only for the integrate sources.  Note that we process the integrate and no-integrate sources using the same GSREF and GSPRO files.  Thus, to avoid double counting of these HAP species, we removed BAFM pollutants for all no-integrate sources in the inventory.  If the entire sector was no-integrate, then we were able to remove these in SMOKE (by using "N" in the INVTABLE) but if a sector was partially integrated, then we needed to remove these HAPS from the actual inventory input to SMOKE, but only for the no HAP use, no-integrate sources.

In addition to the speciation profiles, the Speciation Tool generates the SMOKE-ready speciation conversion files (GSCNV).  We generated two of these: one containing profile-specific VOC-to-TOG conversion factors and the other containing profile-specific NONHAPVOC-to-NONHAPTOG conversion factors.

The TOG and PM2.5 speciation factors that are the basis of the chemical speciation approach were developed from the SPECIATE4.2 database (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/software/speciate/index.html) which is the EPA's repository of TOG and PM speciation profiles of air pollution sources.  However, a few of the profiles we used in the v4.2 platform will be published in SPECIATE4.3 after the release of this documentation.

The SPECIATE database development and maintenance is a collaboration involving the EPA's ORD, OTAQ, and the EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS), and Environment Canada (EPA, 2006a).  The SPECIATE database contains speciation profiles for TOG, speciated into individual chemical compounds, VOC-to-TOG conversion factors associated with the TOG profiles, and speciation profiles for PM2.5.  The database also contains the PM2.5 speciated into both individual chemical compounds (e.g., zinc, potassium, manganese, lead), and into the "simplified" PM2.5 components used in the air quality model.  These simplified components are:

    * PSO4 :  primary particulate sulfate
    * PNO3:  primary particulate nitrate
    * PEC:  primary particulate elemental carbon
    * POC:  primary particulate organic carbon
    * PMFINE:  other primary particulate, less than 2.5 micrograms in diameter

As discussed earlier, for the v4.2 platform we updated the PM2.5 profile used for category 3 marine vessels burning residual oil to use the profile:  Marine Vessel - Main Engine - Heavy Fuel Oil which will be published in SPECIATE4.3.  This profile was compiled from data published in Emission Measurements from a Crude Oil Tanker at Sea, Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008, 42, 7098 - 7103.  Previously the Draft Residual Oil Combustion  -  Simplified (92072) was used.  The SCCs affected were:

2280003000	Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Residual;Total, All Vessel Types
2280003010	Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Residual;Ocean-going Vessels
2280003100	Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Residual;Port emissions
2280003200	Mobile Sources;Marine Vessels, Commercial;Residual;Underway emissions
The difference between the two profiles is provided in Table 3-10, and shows that the new profile produces much more organic carbon and less elemental carbon, sulfate, and other PM2.5.
Table 3-10.  Differences between two profiles used for commercial marine residual oil
                                   Pollutant
                                    Species
               Split factors new c3 profile  92200 used for v4.2
           Split factors residual oil combustion
92072, used for v4
PM2_5
PEC
                                                                          0.005
                                                                           0.01
PM2_5
PMFINE
                                                                         0.5022
                                                                           0.54
PM2_5
PNO3
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
PM2_5
POC
                                                                         0.1125
                                                                           0.01
PM2_5
PSO4
                                                                         0.3803
                                                                           0.44

We also updated the bituminous coal profile, 92095, which we had previously used for only a single nonpoint SCC<PHONE_NUMBER>) with the sub-bituminous profile 92084, which was used for all other coal combustion SCCs.  We replaced profile 92095 with 92084 for consistency.  Table 3-11 shows the differences are shown below, though these are quite small and represent only a minor change to the SMOKE results:
Table 3-11.  Differences between two profiles used for coal combustion
                                   Pollutant
                                    Species
                      Split factors sub-bituminous 92084
                        Split factors bituminous 92095
PM2_5
PEC
                                                                         0.0188
                                                                        0.01696
PM2_5
PMFINE
                                                                         0.8266
                                                                       0.827928
PM2_5
PNO3
                                                                         0.0016
                                                                        0.00208
PM2_5
POC
                                                                         0.0263
                                                                       0.026307
PM2_5
PSO4
                                                                         0.1267
                                                                       0.126725

We made other updates to profile assignments for the SCCs shown in Table 3-12 below as compared to the 2002 platform.  These updates were kept for the v4.2 platform.

Table 3-12: PM2.5 speciation profile updates assignments for the v4 platform
SCC
New Profile Code
Pollutant
Profile Name
39900501
92025
PM2_5
Distillate Oil Combustion Source Type:  Distillate Oil Combustion
49090021
92025
PM2_5
Distillate Oil Combustion Source Type:  Distillate Oil Combustion
30890002
92072
PM2_5
Residential Oil Combustion Source Type:  Residential Oil Combustion
10100912
92091
PM2_5
Wood Fired Boiler Source Type:  Wood/Bark Combustion
10102018
92057
PM2_5
PM/SO2 controlled lignite combustion:  Waste Coal Combustion
50410563
92082
PM2_5
Solid Waste Combustion Source Type:  Solid Waste Combustion
10100692
92048
PM2_5
Natural Gas Combustion Source Type:  Natural Gas Combustion
50100511
92086
PM2_5
Tire Burning Source Type:  Tire Burning
50100512
92082
PM2_5
Solid Waste Combustion:  Solid Waste Combustion
2810040000
92035
PM2_5
HDDV Source Type: Aircraft Engines

Key changes to the TOG profiles for the v4.2 platform from the 2005v4 platform are as follows:
   * Used new headspace profiles for E0 (no ethanol gasoline) and E10 (10% ethanol gasoline), which will be published in SPECIATE4.3.  Profile 8762 is Gasoline Headspace Vapor using 0% Ethanol - Composite Profile and Profile 8763 is Gasoline Headspace Vapor using 10% Ethanol - Composite Profile.  In 2005, only the E0 profile is used.  This was an oversight since we could have used the same combinations of profiles of E0 exhaust E10 exhaust (which are also the same combinations of E10 evaporative and E10 evaporative) that we used for 2005.  We did, however use consistent combinations (E0/E10) in future-year modeling for the headspace profiles as the evaporative and exhaust combinations.
   * Added the fuel-specific VOC profiles for the new parking area SCCs generated due to the fact that MOVES2010 was used for all vehicle types in the v4.2 platform.  A summary of the assignments of all profiles (speciation, temporal and spatial surrogates) is provided in Table 3-14 for gasoline vehicles and Table 3-155 for diesel vehicles.
Table 3-13 provides a summary of the 2005 speciation approach for mobile and other fuel-related sources.  It shows the updated profiles that form the 2005 combinations.  The headspace profile, 8762 is a new profile for the v4.2 platform, and is used for other nonroad refueling and other fuel-related stationary source emission categories in 2005.

Table 3-13. Summary of VOC speciation profile approach by sector for 2005
                            Inventory
type and
mode
                       VOC speciation approach
for fuels
                               VOC
Profile
Codes
                                 2005 sectors

Mobile onroad and nonroad
Exhaust
E0 and E10 combinations (excludes Tier 2)
                                   8750
8751
                               on_noadj
nonroad
Mobile onroad and nonroad
Evaporative
E0 and E10 combinations
                                   8753
8754
                               on_noadj
nonroad
Mobile nonroad Refueling
Stationary (no mode assigned to VOC):  Portable Fuel Containers, bulk plant -to-pump, refinery-to-bulk terminal
E0
                                     8762
                                    Nonroad
                                     nonpt

In future years, different profile combinations and a different headspace profile is used, due to the influx of greater quantities of ethanol in fuels.  Changes to the above profiles for future-year scenarios will be discussed in more detail in the documentation of future-year emissions development for the rule or application of interest.  In summary, we utilized additional profiles in the combinations that is appropriate.  The profiles we added were Tier 2 profiles for E0 and E10 and an E10 headspace profile.

Speciation profiles for use with BEIS are not included in SPECIATE.  The 2005 platform uses BEIS3.14, which includes a new species (SESQ) that was not in BEIS3.13 (the version used for the 2002 platform).  Thus we added this species (it is mapped to the model species SESQT) to the set of profiles that we had been using in the 2002 platform.  The profile code associated with BEIS3.14 profiles for use with CB05 uses the same as in the 2002 platform: "B10C5."
Temporal allocation ancillary files
The emissions modeling step for temporal allocation creates the 2005 hourly emission inputs for the air quality model by adjusting the emissions from the inventory resolution (annual, monthly, daily or hourly) that are input into SMOKE.  The temporal resolution of each of the platform sectors prior to their input into SMOKE is included in the sector descriptions from Table 2-1 and repeated in the discussion of temporal settings in Table 3-6.

The monthly, weekly, and diurnal temporal profiles and associated cross references used to create the 2005 hourly emissions inputs for the air quality model were generally based on the temporal allocation data used for the 2002v3 platform.  For the v4 and v4.2 platforms, we added new profile assignments for SCCs in the 2005 inventory that were not in the 2002 inventory, and we updated the profiles used for ptipm sources without CEM data to represent the year 2005.

The following data file, provided at the 2005v4 website (see the end of Section 1) contains the files used for temporal allocation of the inventory emissions.  SMOKE environmental variable names, used in the file names, are shown in capital letters in parentheses:

   * ancillary_2005v4_2_smokeformat.zip: includes temporal cross reference files used across all inventory sectors (ATREF, MTREF, and PTREF) and for ptipm sector (used for electric generating units) for the evaluation case (PTREF) and, temporal profiles (ATPRO, MTPRO, and PTPRO)

The starting point for our temporal profiles was the 2002 platform.  The remainder of this section discusses the development of the new temporal profiles or profile assignments used in the 2005v4 platform.

Canadian emissions

The profiles assignments for the Canadian 2006 inventory were provided by Environment Canada along with the inventory.  They provided profile assignments that rely on the existing set of temporal profiles in the 2002 platform.  For point sources, they provided profile assignments by PLANTID.

WRAP Oil and Gas Inventory Profiles

The WRAP 2005 oil and gas inventory SCCs utilized uniform monthly and day of week profiles (codes 262 and 7, respectively) and an hourly profile (code 26) that put emissions in every hour, but weighted towards the day light hours.

Diurnal Profiles for Electric Generating Units (ptipm)
We updated the state-specific and pollutant-specific diurnal profiles for use in allocating the day-specific emissions for non-CEM sources in the ptipm sector.  We used the 2005 CEM data to create state-specific, day-to-hour factors, averaged over the whole year and all units in each state.  We calculated the diurnal factors using CEM SO2 and NOX emissions and heat input.  We computed SO2 and NOX-specific factors from the CEM data for these pollutants.  All other pollutants used factors created from the hourly heat input data.  We assigned the resulting profiles by state and pollutant.

Area Fugitive Dust Profiles (afdust)

The monthly and day of week temporal profiles for several fugitive dust sources were changed from uniform in the v4 platform (code 262 and 7 respectively) to a summer peak/winter minimum (monthly code 22) and weekend minimum (code 18) in the v4.2 platform.  These sources include fugitive dust from industrial unpaved roads and construction, residential and industrial/commercial/institutional construction, road construction, mining and quarrying, and agricultural production (planting, tilling, harvesting, and loading).

Diurnal weekday and weekend temporal profiles were changed from a simple bell curve profile (code 26) for all categories in v4 to a more dynamic profile with a morning and afternoon peak (code 2013) for paved and unpaved road dust in v4.2.  Diurnal temporal profiles were changed to a zero nighttime, daytime plateau profile (code 27) for all agricultural production sources in v4.2.

Agricultural Burning Profiles in CENRAP States (nonpt)

The uniform monthly, day of week, and diurnal profiles (codes 262, 7, and 24 respectively) in the v4 platform for all agricultural burning emissions were modified in the v4.2 platform to state-specific monthly, day of week, and diurnally-varying profiles for these CENRAP region states:  Arkansas, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Minnesota, North Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, and Texas.

Residential and Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas, LPG, and Kerosene Combustion (nonpt)

Uniform monthly (code 262) profiles in platform v4 for residential and commercial/institutional liquified petroleum gas (LPG), natural gas, and kerosene sources were changed to monthly varying with a strong winter peak in platform v4.2.

Onroad Parking Area Profiles

The SCCs and descriptions, along with the assignments chosen are shown in Table 3-14 (gasoline vehicles) and Table 3-155 (diesel vehicles).  Figure 3-3 and Figure 3-4 show the diurnal profiles referred to in the tables.

Figure 3-3.  Diurnal Profiles based on road type (use local for "start") and whether the road is urban versus rural

Figure 3-4.  Diurnal temporal profile for HDDV 2B through 8B at Parking areas

Table 3-14.  Summary of spatial surrogates, temporal profiles, and speciation profiles used by gasoline vehicle types for the onroad parking area-related SCCs.
                            GASOLINE VEHICLE TYPES
                              SCC&Description
                                   Surrogate
                     Temporal Profile:  Monthly Variation
                               Temporal Profile:
                             Day of Week Variation
                     Temporal Profile:  Diurnal variation
                              Speciation Profile
2201001350
Light Duty Gas Vehicles- parking areas rural

2201020350 Light Duty Gas Trucks 1&2- parking areas rural

2201040350 Light Duty Gas Trucks 3&4- parking areas rural

2201080370  Motorcycles (MC) - parking areas rural
Rural Population (same as rural local roads)
130

Not applicable  -  inventory contains monthly emissions

RURAL LD values are:
 Mon  - Fri   12.1% 12.1%  12.1% 12.1%   18.3%
Sat/Sun:  15.3% 18.3%

Weekly_code (for SMOKE) =20021

Use same as profile as  rural local roads (Rdtype=210).
Code = 2006 (see Figure 3-3, reddish curve)

Use same speciation profiles as what is used  for LD GAS vehicles on the other roadway types. *
i.e.:
EVP__VOC:  COMBO of 8753 (Gasoline Vehicle - Evaporative emission - Reformulated gasoline) & 8754 (Gasoline Vehicle - Evaporative emission - E10 ethanol gasoline) Note that these are the combinations used in 2005.  In some cases, future-year profiles may also include 8755 (Gasoline Vehicle - Evaporative emission - E85)
EXH__VOC:  COMBO of 8750&8751 These combinations are used in 2005.  In some cases, future-year profiles may also include combinations of 8752 (E85) , 8756 (tier 2 exhaust, E0), 8757 (tier 2 exhaust, E10)

EXH__PM2.5 not needed because OTAQ supplies pre-speciated emissions
BRK_PM2.5 and TIR_PM2.5 use same as other roadways (92009 and 92087, respectively)
2201001370
Light Duty Gas Vehicles- parking areas urban

2201020370 Light Duty Gas Trucks 1&2- parking areas urban

2201040370 Light Duty Gas Trucks 3&4- parking areas urban

2201080370  Motorcycles (MC) - parking areas rural
Urban Population (same as urban local roads)
120

Not applicable  -  inventory contains monthly emissions
URBAN  LD values are:
Mon-Fri
14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 16.0%
Sat  Sun  13.4% and 11.6%

Weekly_code (for SMOKE) =20031

Use same as profile as  urban local roads.
(Rdtype=330).

Code = 2012 (see Figure 3-3, yellow curve)
Same as above
2201070350
Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles 2B through 8B & Buses (HDGV)- parking areas rural

Commercial plus Industrial plus Institutional (code = 520)
Not applicable  -  inventory contains monthly emissions
RURAL  HD values are:
Mon-Fri
16.8% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8% 15.9%
Sat  Sun  8.8% and 8.8%

Weekly_code (for SMOKE) =20022
Use same as profile rural local roads.
Code = 2006 (see Figure 3-3, reddish curve)

Same as above
2201070370
Heavy Duty Gasoline Vehicles 2B through 8B & Buses (HDGV)- parking areas urban

Same as above
Not applicable  -  inventory contains monthly emissions
URBAN  HD values are:
Mon-Fri
17.7% 17.7% 17.7% 17.7% 17.7%
Sat  Sun  7% and 5%

Weekly_code (for SMOKE) =20032
Use same as profile on urban local roads.
Code = 2012 (see Figure 3-3, yellow curve)

Same as above

Table 3-15.  Summary of spatial surrogates, temporal profiles, and speciation profiles used by diesel vehicle types for the onroad parking area-related SCCs from MOVES2010.
                             DIESEL VEHICLE TYPES
                              SCC&Description
                                   Surrogate
                     Temporal Profile:  Monthly Variation
                               Temporal Profile:
                             Day of Week Variation
                     Temporal Profile:  Diurnal variation
                              Speciation Profile
2230001350  Light Duty Diesel Vehicles (LDDV)- parking areas rural

2230060350 Light Duty Diesel Trucks 1 through 4 (M6) (LDDT) )- parking areas rural

Rural Population (same as rural local roads)
130

Not applicable  -  inventory contains monthly emissions
RURAL LD values are:
 Mon  - Fri   12.1% 12.1%  12.1% 12.1%   18.3%
Sat/Sun:  15.3% 18.3%

Weekly_code (for SMOKE) =20021

Rationale:  choose same weekend/weekday variation for all Light Duty Vehicles on all rural road types
Use same as profile as  rural local roads (Rdtype=210).
Code = 2006 (see Figure 3-3, reddish curve)

Rationale:  choose same diurnal profile for all vehicles (except HDDV 2B to 8B) for all rural parking areas (which is the profile used for rural local roads)
Use same speciation profiles as what is used for LD DIESEL  vehicles, irrespective of road type.
i.e.:
EVP__VOC:  ZERO emissions (placeholder profile is required by SMOKE:  4547 (Gasoline Headspace Vapor - Circle K Diesel - adjusted for oxygenates)
EXH__VOC:  4674 (Diesel Exhaust - Medium Duty Trucks)

PM2.5 :  ZERO emissions not needed since  OTAQ supplies pre-speciated emissions.  Placeholder profile is required by SMOKE:  92042 (LDDV Exhaust  -  Simplified)

BRK_PM2.5 and TIR_PM2.5 use same as other roadways (92009 and 92087, respectively)
2230001370  Light Duty Diesel Vehicles (LDDV)- parking areas  urban

2230060370 Light Duty Diesel Trucks 1 through 4 (M6) (LDDT) )- parking areas urban

URBAN Population (same as urban local roads)
120

Not applicable  -  inventory contains monthly emissions
URBAN  LD values are:
Mon-Fri
14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 16.0%
Sat  Sun  13.4% and 11.6%

Weekly_code (for SMOKE) =20031

Rationale:  choose same weekend/weekday variation for all Light Duty Vehicles on urban road types
Use same as profile as  urban local roads.
(Rdtype=330).

Code = 2012 (see Figure 3-3, yellow curve

Rationale:  choose same diurnal profile for all vehicles (except HDDV 2B to 8B) for all rural parking areas (which is the profile used for rural local roads)

Same as above

2230071350 Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV) Class 2B- parking areas rural

2230072350 Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV) Class 3, 4, & 5- parking areas rural

2230073350 Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV) Class 6 & 7- parking areas rural

2230074350 Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV) Class 8A & 8B- parking areas rural

Rural primary roads code=210

Rationale: most idling will occur at truckstops
Not applicable  -  inventory contains monthly emissions
RURAL  HD values are:
Mon-Fri
16.8% 16.8% 16.8% 16.8% 15.9%
Sat  Sun  8.8% and 8.8%

Weekly_code (for SMOKE) =20022
Construct new profile CODE=3000 which is low at daytime and high at night-time (11pm to 2am)
See Figure 3-4
Use same speciation profiles as what is used for HD DIESEL vehicles, irrespective of road type.
i.e.:
EVP__VOC:  ZERO emissions (placeholder profile is required by SMOKE:  4547 (Gasoline Headspace Vapor - Circle K Diesel - adjusted for oxygenates)
EXH__VOC:  4674 (Diesel Exhaust - Medium Duty Trucks)

PM2.5:  ZERO emissions not needed since  OTAQ supplies pre-speciated emissions.  Placeholder profile is required by SMOKE:  92035 (HDDV Exhaust  -  Simplified)

BRK_PM2.5 and TIR_PM2.5 use same as other roadways (92009 and 92087, respectively)
2230071370 Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV) Class 2B- parking areas urban

2230072370 Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV) Class 3, 4, & 5- parking areas urban

2230073370 Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV) Class 6 & 7- parking areas urban

2230074370 Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicles (HDDV) Class 8A & 8B- parking areas urban

URBAN primary roads code=200

Rationale: most idling will occur at truckstops
Not applicable  -  inventory contains monthly emissions
URBAN  LD values are:
Mon-Fri
14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 16.0%
Sat  Sun  13.4% and 11.6%

Weekly_code (for SMOKE) =20031

Construct new profile CODE=3000 which is low at daytime and high at night-time (11pm to 2am)
See Figure 3-4
Same as above
2230075350  Heavy Duty Diesel Buses (School & Transit) - parking areas rural
Rural Population (same as rural local roads)
130
Not applicable  -  inventory contains monthly emissions
USE URBAN  LD values:
Mon-Fri
14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 16.0%
Sat  Sun  13.4% and 11.6%

Weekly_code (for SMOKE) =20031

Rationale:  these vehicles follow profile of LD vehicles better than HD; day of week variation should more closely follow urban (higher weekday than weekend)
Use same as profile as  rural local roads (Rdtype=210).
Code = 2006 (see Figure 3-3, reddish curve)

Rationale:  choose same diurnal profile for all vehicles (except HDDV 2B to 8B) for all rural parking areas (which is the profile used for rural local roads)
Same as above
2230075370  Heavy Duty Diesel Buses (School & Transit) - parking areas urban
URBAN Population (same as urban local roads)
120
Not applicable  -  inventory contains monthly emissions
USE URBAN LD values:
Mon-Fri
14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 14.8% 16.0%
Sat  Sun  13.4% and 11.6%

Weekly_code (for SMOKE) =20031

Use same as profile as  urban local roads.
(Rdtype=330).

Code = 2012 (see Figure 3-3, yellow curve

Rationale:  choose same diurnal profile for all vehicles (except HDDV 2B to 8B) for all rural parking areas (which is the profile used for rural local roads)
Same as above

Development of 2012 and 2014 Base-Case Emissions

This section describes the methods we used for developing the 2012 and 2014 future-year base-case emissions.  The year 2012 source apportionment scenarios and the 2014 EGU remedy (i.e., "control") case are discussed in Sections 5 and 6, respectively.  The ancillary input data in the future-year scenarios are very similar to those used in the 2005 base case except for the speciation profiles used for gasoline-related sources, which change in the future to account for increased ethanol usage in gasoline.  Appendix B provides a table of differences between these ancillary input data between the 2005 base case and these future-year scenarios.  The specific speciation profile changes are discussed in Sections 4.2.8 and 4.3.5.  A list of inventory datasets used for this and all cases is provided in Appendix C.

The future base-case projection methodologies vary by sector.  The 2012 and 2014 base cases represent predicted emissions in the absence of any further controls beyond those Federal and State measures already promulgated before emissions processing on the Transport Rule began in December, 2010.  For EGU emissions (ptipm sector), the emissions reflect state rules and federal consent decrees through December 1, 2010.  For mobile sources (on_noadj, on_moves_runpm, and on_moves_startpm sectors), all national measures for which data were available at the time of modeling have been included.  The future base-case scenarios do reflect projected economic changes and fuel usage for EGU and mobile sectors.  For nonEGU point (ptnonipm sector) and nonpoint stationary sources (nonpt, ag, and afdust sectors), local control programs that might have been necessary for areas to attain the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS annual standard, 2006 PM NAAQS (24-hour) standard, and the 1997 ozone NAAQS are generally not included in the future base-case projections for most states.  One exception are some NOx and VOC reductions associated with the New York, Virginia, and Connecticut State Implementation Plans (SIP), which were added as part of the comments received from the Transport Rule Proposal and a larger effort to start including more local control information on stationary non-EGU sources; this is described further in Section 4.2.  The following bullets summarize the projection methods used for sources in the various sectors, while additional details and data sources are given in Table 4-1.

   * IPM sector (ptipm):  Unit-specific estimates from IPM, version 4.10.
   * Non-IPM sector (ptnonipm):  Projection factors and percent reductions reflect Transport Rule comments and emission reductions due to control programs, plant closures, consent decrees and settlements, and 1997 and 2001 ozone State Implementation Plans in NY, CT, and VA.  We also used projection approaches for point-source livestock, and aircraft and gasoline stage II emissions that are consistent with projections used for the sectors that contain the bulk of these emissions.  Terminal area forecast (TAF) data aggregated to the national level were used for aircraft to account for projected changes in landing/takeoff activity.  Year-specific speciation was applied to some portions of this sector and is discussed in Section 4.2.8.
   * Average fires sector (avefire):  No growth or control.
   * Agricultural sector (ag):  Projection factors for livestock estimates based on expected changes in animal population from 2005 Department of Agriculture data; no growth or control for NH3 emissions from fertilizer application.
   * Area fugitive dust sector (afdust):  Projection factors for dust categories related to livestock estimates based on expected changes in animal population; no growth or control for other categories in this sector.
   * Remaining Nonpoint sector (nonpt):  Projection factors that implement Transport Rule Proposal comments and reflect emission reductions due to control programs.  Residential wood combustion projections based on growth in lower-emitting stoves and a reduction in higher emitting stoves.  PFC projection factors reflecting impact of the final Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSAT2) rule.  Gasoline stage II projection factors based on National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM)-estimated VOC refueling estimates for future years.  Oil and gas projection estimates are provided for the non-California WRAP states as well as Oklahoma and Texas.  Year-specific speciation was applied to some portions of this sector and is discussed in Section 4.2.8.
   * Nonroad mobile sector (nonroad):  Other than for California, this sector uses data from a run of NMIM that utilized the NR05d-Bond-final version of NONROAD (which is equivalent to NONROAD2008a), using future-year equipment population estimates and control programs to the years 2012 and 2015 and using national level inputs.  Year 2014 emissions were created by interpolating 2012 and 2015 emissions.  Final controls from the final locomotive-marine and small spark ignition OTAQ rules are included.  California-specific data provided by the state of California, except NH3 used 2012 and 2014 (interpolated) NMIM.  Year-specific speciation was applied to some portions of this sector and is discussed in Section 4.3.5.
   * Locomotive, and non-Class 3 commercial marine sector (alm_no_c3):  Projection factors for Class 1 and Class 2 commercial marine and locomotives which reflect Transport Rule comments and activity growth and final locomotive-marine controls.
   * Class 3 commercial marine vessel sector (seca_c3):  Base-year 2005 emissions grown and controlled to 2012 and 2014, incorporating Transport Rule comments and controls based on Emissions Control Area (ECA) and International Marine Organization (IMO) global NOX and SO2 controls.
   * Onroad mobile sector with no adjustment for daily temperature (on_noadj):  MOVES2010 run (state-month) for 2012 and 2014 with results disaggregated to the county level in proportion to NMIM 2012 and NMIM 2015 emissions estimates.  Temperature impacts at the monthly average resolution.  California-specific data provided by the state of California, except NH3 which was obtained from MOVES2010.  VOC speciation uses different future-year values to take into account both the increase in ethanol use, and the existence of Tier 2 vehicles that use a different speciation profile.  Other than California, this sector includes all non-refueling onroad mobile emissions (exhaust, evaporative, brake wear and tire wear modes) except exhaust mode gasoline PM and naphthalene emissions that are provided in the on_moves_startpm and on_moves_runpm sectors.
   * Onroad PM gasoline running mode sector (on_moves_startpm):  Running mode MOVES2010 year 2012 and 2014 future-year state-month estimates for PM and naphthalene, apportioned to the county level using NMIM 2012 and NMIM 2015 state-county ratios matched to vehicle and road types.  Use future-year temperature adjustment file for adjusting the 72°F emissions to ambient temperatures (for elemental and organic carbon) based on grid cell hourly temperature (note that lower temperatures result in increased emissions).
   * Onroad PM gasoline start mode sector (on_moves_startpm):  Cold start MOVES2010 future-year 2012 and 2014 state-month estimates for PM and naphthalene, apportioned to the county level using NMIM 2012 and NMIM 2015 state-county ratios of local urban and rural roads by vehicle type.  Use future-year temperature adjustment file for adjusting the 72°F emissions (for elemental and organic carbon) to ambient temperatures based on grid cell hourly temperatures (lower temperatures result in increased emissions).
   * Other nonroad/nonpoint (othar):  No growth or control.
   * Other onroad sector (othon):  No growth or control.
   * Other nonroad/nonpoint (othar):  No growth or control.
   * Other point (othpt):  No growth or control.
   * Biogenic:  2005 emissions used for all future-year scenarios.

Table 4-1 summarizes the control strategies and growth assumptions by source type that were used to create the 2012 and 2014 base-case emissions from the 2005v4.2 base-case inventories.  All Mexico, Canada, and offshore oil emissions are unchanged in all future cases from those in the 2005 base case.  Emission summaries by sector for 2005 and future years are provided in Section 7.  Note that mercury (Hg) is listed in the pollutants column; however, we did not include Hg in our v4.2 modeling.  Note that a few controls are not fully promulgated by 2012 but are by 2014.  For example the Maximum Achievable Control Technology (MACT) rule "Boat Manufacturing" has a compliance date in year 2013; therefore the VOC control associated with this MACT rule is not reflected in the 2012 base case but is reflected in the 2014 base and control cases.

A list of control, closures, projection packets (datasets) we used to create Transport Rule 2012 and 2014 future year base-case scenario inventories from the 2005 base case is provided in Appendix D, Table D-1.  Additional summaries of these various control programs that were too large to include in this section are also provided in Appendix D.

The remainder of this section is organized either by source sector or by specific emissions category within a source sector for which a distinct set of data were used or developed for the purpose of projections for the Transport Rule.  This organization allows consolidation of the discussion of the emissions categories that are contained in multiple sectors, because the data and approaches used across the sectors are consistent and do not need to be repeated.  Sector names associated with the emissions categories are provided in parentheses.

Table 4-1.  Control strategies and growth assumptions for creating the 2012 and 2014 base-case emissions inventories from the 2005 base case
Control Strategies and/or growth assumptions
(grouped by affected pollutants or standard and approach used to apply to the inventory)
Pollutants affected
Approach/ Reference
Non-EGU Point (ptnonipm sector) projection approaches carried forward
from the Proposed Transport Rule
MACT rules, national, VOC: national applied by SCC, MACT
Boat Manufacturing (promulgated in year 2013, thus not reflected  in the 2012 base case)
Wood Building Products Surface Coating
Generic MACT II: Spandex Production, Ethylene manufacture
Large Appliances
Miscellaneous Organic NESHAP (MON): Alkyd Resins, Chelating Agents, Explosives,        Phthalate Plasticizers, Polyester Resins, Polymerized Vinylidene Chloride
Reinforced Plastics
Asphalt Processing & Roofing
Iron & Steel Foundries
Metal: Can, Coil
Metal Furniture
Miscellaneous Metal Parts & Products
Municipal Solid Waste Landfills
Paper and Other Web
Plastic Parts
Plywood and Composite Wood Products
Carbon Black Production
Cyanide Chemical Manufacturing
Friction Products Manufacturing
Leather Finishing Operations
Miscellaneous Coating Manufacturing
Organic Liquids Distribution (Non-Gasoline)
Refractory Products Manufacturing
Sites Remediation
                                      VOC
                                  EPA, 2007a
Consent decrees on companies (based on information from the Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance  -  OECA) apportioned to plants owned/operated by the companies
VOC, CO, NOx, PM, SO2
1
DOJ Settlements: plant SCC controls for:
Alcoa, TX
Premcor (formerly Motiva), DE
All
2
Refinery Consent Decrees:  plant/SCC controls (a few of these controls are promulgated in year 2013, and thus are not reflected  in the 2012 base case)
NOx, PM, SO2
3
Hazardous Waste Combustion
PM
4
Municipal Waste Combustor Reductions  - plant level
PM
5
Hospital/Medical/Infectious Waste Incinerator Regulations
NOX, PM, SO2
EPA, 2005b
Large Municipal Waste Combustors  -  growth applied to specific plants
All (including Hg)
5
MACT rules, plant-level, VOC: Auto Plants
VOC
6
MACT rules, plant-level, PM & SO2: Lime Manufacturing
PM, SO2
7
MACT rules, plant-level, PM: Taconite Ore
PM
8

Additional projections used in the final Transport Rule
modeling for non-EGU point sources (ptnonipm sector)
NESHAP:  Portland Cement (09/09/10)  -  plant level based on Industrial Sector Integrated Solutions (ISIS) policy emissions in 2013.  The ISIS results are from the ISIS-Cement model runs for the NESHAP and NSPS analysis of July 28, 2010 and include closures.  (promulgated in year 2013, thus only known closures and new units through year 2009 were included for year 2012  - ISIS-based future-year projections included only for 2014)
Hg, NOX, SO2, PM, HCl
                                 13; EPA, 2010
New York ozone SIP controls
VOC, NOX,
 HAP VOC
                                      14
Additional plant and unit closures provided by state, regional, and the EPA agencies and additional consent decrees.  Includes updates from Transport Rule comments.
All
                                  Appendix D
Emission reductions resulting from controls put on specific boiler units (not due to MACT) after 2005, identified through analysis of the control data gathered from the Information Collection Request (ICR) from the Industrial/Commercial/Institutional Boiler NESHAP.
NOX, SO2, HCl
                                 Section 4.2.6
Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines (RICE) NESHAP:  (SO2 controls for RICE are not effective until after 2012, but are applied in 2014)
NOX, CO, PM, SO2
                                      15
Replaced 2005 with 2008 emissions for Corn Products International, Cook County, Illinois, due to the shutdown of 3 boilers and addition of a new boiler (subject to Prevention of Significant Deterioration and Requirements). Agency Identifier: 031012ABI (ILEPA)
All
                                      16
State fuel sulfur content rules for fuel oil  - effective only in Maine and New York in 2014
SO2
                                      17
Nonpoint (nonpt sector) projection approaches carried forward from the Proposed Transport Rule
Municipal Waste Landfills: projection factor of 0.25 applied
All
EPA, 2007a
Livestock Emissions Growth from year 2002 to year 2012 and 2014
NH3, PM
                                       9
Residential Wood Combustion Growth and Change-outs from year 2005 to year 2012 and 2014
All
                                      10
Gasoline Stage II growth and control from year 2005 to year  2012 and 2014
VOC
                                      11
Portable Fuel Container Mobile Source Air Toxics Rule 2 (MSAT2) inventory growth and control from year 2005 to year 2012 and  2014
VOC
                                      12
Additional projections used in the final Transport Rule modeling for Nonpoint sources (nonpt sector)
RICE NESHAP:  (SO2 controls for RICE are not effective until after 2012, but are applied in 2014)
NOX, CO, VOC, PM, SO2
                                      15
Use Phase II WRAP 2005 Oil and Gas, but apply year 2012- and year 2014-specific RICE controls to these emissions
VOC, SO2, NOX, CO
Section 3.2.7
Use 2008 Oklahoma and Texas Oil and Gas, and apply year 2012- and year 2014-specific RICE controls to these emissions.
VOC, SO2, NOX, CO, PM
Section 3.2.7
New York, Connecticut, and Virginia ozone SIP controls
VOC
                                    14, 18
State fuel sulfur content rules for fuel oil  - effective only in Maine and New York in 2014
SO2
                                      17

APPROACHES/REFERENCES- Stationary Sources:

    1.     Appendix B in the Proposed Toxics Rule TSD:  http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/toxics/proposed_toxics_rule_appendices.pdf
    2.     For Alcoa consent decree, used http:// cfpub.epa.gov/compliance/cases/index.cfm; for  Motiva: used information sent by State of Delaware
    3.     Used data provided by the EPA, OAQPS, Sector Policies and Programs Division (SPPD).
    4.     Obtained from Anne Pope, the US EPA - Hazardous Waste Incinerators criteria and hazardous air pollutant controls carried over from 2002 Platform, v3.1.