PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK William C. Herz Director of Scientific Programs M E M O R A N D U M TO: Product Testing Recipient FROM: William C. Herz, Director, Scientific Programs SUBJECT: Aqueous Ammonia Product Testing Dossier DATE: March 15, 2003 It is with great pleasure that The Fertilizer Institute ( TFI) announces the completion and distribution of the final product testing dossier for Aqueous Ammonia ( CAS # 1336 21 6).

As you are aware, TFI sponsored this four   year program to develop and summarize screeninglevel hazard information for high production volume ( HPV) chemicals. The data elements generated represent a broad overview of human health and ecological parameters. These include a physical  chemical characterization, environmental fate, mammalian toxicity and ecotoxicity. A health and environmental safety data summary dossier was prepared for each of the 23 materials. It summarizes the available literature data, new testing data, category description and read across data as well as provides a conclusion regarding the inherent hazards of the material.

Upon receipt of this data a 90 calendar day regulatory trigger starts within which you must update your material safety data sheets ( MS DS). Upon first product shipment you must also notify your distributors and employers once the MS DS has been updated. These regulatory requirements are detailed in 29 CFR 1910.1200( g)( 5) and 29 CFR 1910.1200( g)( 6)( i). The requirements are found in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration " Hazard Communication Standard" ( 29 CFR 1910.1200).

Please note that by receipt of this data; you agree not to distribute or sell this data beyond your own company. PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK HEALTH & ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY DATA SUMMARY DOCUMENT AQUA AMMONIA CAS NO. 1336 21 6 Prepared for:

THE FERTILIZER INSTITUTE January 27, 2003 THE WEINBERG GROUP INC. 1220 Nineteenth St, NW, Suite 300 Washington, DC 20036 2400 e mail science@ weinberggroup. com WASHINGTON NEW YORK SAN FRANCISCO BRUSSELS PARIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW................................................................................................... 1 SIDS DATA PROFILE.......................................................................................................... 8 SIDS DATA SUMMARY..................................................................................................... 9 1. GENERAL INFORMATION.................................................................................... 11 2. PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA.............................................................................. 15 3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS..................................................... 18 4. ECOTOXICITY......................................................................................................... 19 5. TOXICITY................................................................................................................. 29 6. REFERENCES .......................................................................................................... 34 APPENDICES Appendix A SIDS Data Availability Summary Appendix B SIDS Data Summaries for the Ammonia Compounds Category: Ammonia, Aqua Ammonia, Nitrogen Solutions ( UAN), Urea, Ammonium Nitrate, Ammonium Phosphate Sulfate, Ammonium Sulfate, Ammonium Thiosulfate, Diammonium Phosphate, and Monoammonium Phosphate ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BCF Bioconcentration Factor bw Body Weight DAP Diammonium Phosphate DOT Department of Transportation FDA U. S. Food and Drug Administration g/ L Grams per Liter GLP Good Laboratory Practices GTSP Granular Triple Super Phosphate g/ mL Grams per Milliliter HSDB Hazardous Substance Data Bank IPCS International Programme for Chemical Safety KNO3 Potassium Nitrate Koc Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient Kow Octanol/ Water Partition Coefficient LC50 Median Lethal Concentration LD50 Median Lethal Dose LOAEL Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level LOEC Lowest Observable Effect Concentration LOEL Lowest Observable Effect Level M Molar MAP Monoammonium Phosphate mg/ kg Milligrams per Kilogram mg/ kg/ day Milligrams per Kilogram per Day mg/ L Milligrams per Liter MHb Methyl Hemoglobin mm Hg Millimeters of Mercury mmol/ L Millimoles per Liter NaNo3 Sodium Nitrate NFPA National Fire Prevention Association ( NH4) 2NO3 Ammonium Nitrate NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NO3 Nitrate NOAEL No Observable Adverse Effect Level NOEC No Observable Effect Concentration NOEL No Observable Effect Level OECD Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development Pa Pascal ppm Parts per Million SCAS Semi Continuous Activated Sludge SIDS Screening Information Data Set SSP Single Super Phosphate TLm Median Toxicity Level TLV Threshold Limit Value TFI The Fertilizer Institute UAN Urea Ammonia Nitrogen 1 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW I. Introduction The Fertilizer Institute, on behalf of its member companies, initiated a Product Testing Project to collect, review, summarize, and where necessary develop additional health and environmental safety data for 23 of its high production volume inorganic fertilizer materials. These data and summaries provide valuable information that can be used to update Material Safety Data Sheets, answer customers' questions, and support product stewardship efforts. The chemical industry is also participating in a voluntary program of comparable scope for high production volume organic chemicals. 1 The 23 fertilizer materials were divided into five categories ( i. e., ammonia compounds, nitrate compounds, phosphate compounds, salts and acids) based on their primary constituents as shown in Table 1. The use of categories is a recognized and accepted method that allows health and environmental safety data from one chemical in the category to be used to represent one or more other related chemicals in the category ( USEPA 1999). The key is to find similar, or at least predictable, patterns and trends among the chemicals in a category. In this way, data can be pooled, resources are optimized, and fewer animals are used in testing, all without losing the ability to evaluate the hazards and safety of the individual chemicals. Note that some of the materials fall into more than one category ( e. g., diammonium phosphate [ DAP] is in both the phosphate and ammonia categories).

Searches were conducted using on line databases, standard scientific data compendia, and other published sources for toxicity, ecotoxicity, environmental fate, and physicalchemical properties. The collected data were reviewed for quality and acceptability and then summarized according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD) Screening Information Data Set ( SIDS) dossier format ( OECD 1997). The OECD countries ( including the United States) have agreed on a set of tests and on types of data that are generally necessary to characterize the chemical behavior and potential hazards of chemicals released into the environment. The OECD SIDS dossier was chosen as a standard format for the TFI Product Testing Project in order that it would be scientifically defensible, broadly applicable and easily understandable to a wide range of stakeholders.

The following sections of this Executive Overview provide: the rationale for development of the Ammonia Compounds category ( Section II); a synopsis of the available data related to the physical chemical properties, environmental fate, ecotoxicity and toxicity of aqua ammonia ( Section III); and a conclusion regarding the adequacy of the data to sufficiently characterize the category and the need for additional testing ( Section IV).

The data for aqua ammonia are summarized in the Chemical Profile and Data Summary tables. Because the evaluation of data adequacy relies on a category approach, the Data 1 HPV Chemical Challenge Program; USEPA 1999 ( http:// www. epa. gov/ opptintr/ chemrtk/ volchall. htm) 2 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Summary table references Appendix B when data are available for one or more of the other materials in the category for those data elements where no data specific to aqua ammonia are available. Appendix B provides a summary of the data for all of the ammonia compounds in the category. It should be noted that an essentially complete health and environmental safety data summary document is available for anhydrous ammonia. The data for anhydrous ammonia, which are usually derived from tests conducted with aqueous solutions, are generally relevant for aqua ammonia as well. The individual studies for aqua ammonia itself are presented in subsequent pages of this document. Separate data summary documents are available for each of the ammonia compounds in the category.

II. Rationale for the Ammonia Compounds Category The ammonia compounds category for fertilizer materials includes anhydrous ammonia, aqua ammonia, nitrogen solutions, several ammonium salts, di and monoammonium phosphates, and urea. These compounds are grouped because of chemical composition similarities and the dissociation into un ionized ammonia ( NH3) and/ or the ammonium ion ( NH4 +). The compounds have similar and generally predictable patterns of behavior in the environment as well as toxicological properties. The toxicity of ammonia to aquatic organisms is highly dependent on physicochemical factors, most notably pH because of its importance in chemical speciation ( Clement Associates, Inc. 1990). The acute toxicity of ammonia is also influenced to a lesser degree by temperature, carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, and salinity. In aqueous solution, ammonia exists primarily in two forms, un ionized ammonia ( NH3) and the ammonium ion ( NH4 +), which are in equilibrium with each other according to the following established relationship:

NH3( aq) + H2O   NH4 + + OH

In general, as pH increases, the fraction of the total ammonia which is un ionized increases. It is this un ionized ammonia which is generally considered to be the primary cause of toxicity in aquatic systems ( Clement Associates, Inc. 1990). Un ionized ammonia is more toxic to aquatic organisms than the ammonium ion because the unionized form is readily soluble in the lipid of the cell membrane and is rapidly absorbed by the gill. In contrast, the charged ion is not easily passed through the charged line hydrophobic space in the membrane. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( USEPA) studies indicate that un ionized ammonia is 190 times more toxic to guppies than ammonium ion ( USEPA 1985; 1998).

Multiple EPA studies in aquatic systems have shown that over the pH range of 6.5 9.0, the toxicity of un ionized ammonia increases as the pH decreases ( Clement Associates, Inc. 1990). At lower pH values, this can be attributed to either the increased hydrogen ion concentration increasing the toxicity of un ionized ammonia or that the ammonium ion is exerting some level of toxicity at the lower pH ( Clement Associates, Inc. 1990). However, it would be an oversimplification to attribute the toxic action to only the ammonium ion at low pH and to only un ionized ammonium at high pH because most likely both forms participate when total ammonia concentration is high enough to cause 3 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 toxicity symptoms ( Clement Associates, Inc. 1990). To incorporate this, a joint toxicity model has been proposed, with ammonium causing most toxicity at high pH values and ammonium ion also contributing to toxicity at lower pH values ( Erickson 1985; Ankley et al. 1995). This is supported through studies demonstrating that at low pH a new inward flux of ammonium ion can occur across the gills of aquatic species ( Evans and Cameron 1986; Ankley et al. 1995). Still, under most environmental conditions, the unionized ammonia concentration is the primary driver of toxicity.

In mammalian systems, the un ionized ammonia again is the primary toxic agent, based on the pH dependency of its distribution ( i. e., NH3 diffuses more easily than NH4+). It should be noted that due to the pH of most biological systems, ammonia typically exists in the ionized form in the body. Nitrate ( NO2, a microbial degradate of NH3) however, can play a more important role in toxicity in mammalian systems than in aquatic systems.

III. Summary of Data Available for the Ammonia Compounds Category Detailed data summaries for aqua ammonia are included in subsequent sections of this Health and Environmental Safety Data Summary Document for Aqua Ammonia. These data are briefly summarized here. While ammonia compounds may exist as gases ( e. g., anhydrous ammonia), much of the aquatic testing must, by necessity, be conducted on ammonia in the form of a liquid ( e. g., NH4Cl is commonly used in aquatic testing). Gaseous ammonia was used for inhalation testing of mammals, with ammonia salts ( e. g., NH4OCOCH3) often used for testing by other routes.

Physical Chemical Data The density of gaseous ammonia is 0.696 g/ L at 20 º C and therefore is lighter than air. Liquid ammonia is lighter than water, with a density of 682 g/ L as reported in Constable et al. ( 1999). With solubility values ranging from around 510 to 1,920 g/ L, ammonia compounds are readily soluble in water, where they ionize to form NH4 + under most environmental conditions. Aqueous and anhydrous ammonia are volatile, as shown by their high vapor pressures ( 2,159 and 7,600 mm Hg at 25 ° C, respectively). The salts of ammonia are less volatile.

Environmental Fate and Pathway Because of its high volatility, anhydrous and aqua ammonia are more likely to be present in the atmosphere or used by biological organisms. Of the fraction not taken up by row crops, most of the ammonia released from fertilizer goes to the air rather than to surface or ground water. The high solubility of the other ammonia compounds suggests that at the pH of most biological systems ammonia exists predominantly in the ionized form ( NH4 +). The fate of ammonia is driven by its important role in the nitrogen cycle, including relatively rapid assimilation and degradation by living organisms. The nitrogen cycle is well known ( e. g., see www. geog. ouc. bc. ca/ physgeog/ contents/ 9s. html). 4 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Ecotoxicity Acute 96 hour LC50 values for fish from the literature range from 0.08 3.51 mg unionized NH3/ L, and from about 13 to over 500 mg total NH3/ L. 1 Numerous differences between studies easily account for the variability observed in acute toxicity, among them test species, age of test subjects, test type ( static or flow through), temperature, and most notably, pH. In addition to these literature values, acute fish studies were conducted under Good Laboratory Practice ( GLP) conditions on nitrogen solutions ( as UAN), ammonium phosphate sulfate, and monoammonium phosphate ( MAP). No lethal or sublethal effects were observed in any of these studies at nominal concentrations up to 100 mg total NH3/ L ( measured concentrations of 85 107 mg total NH3/ L), which were the highest concentrations tested. A similar range of literature values was found with Daphnia and other aquatic invertebrates ( EC50 = 0.19 22.84 mg un ionized NH3/ L). Algae can tolerate relatively high aqueous ammonia concentrations, as they readily assimilate the nitrogen, and phosphorus in the case of MAP and DAP. Response of aquatic organisms to chronic exposures of ammonia compounds is similar to the acute effects. Based on the standard Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act ( FIFRA) acute toxicity ratings for fish and Daphnia ( below), the compounds in this category may be very highly toxic to aquatic organisms.

EC/ LC50 ( mg/ L) Toxicity Description < 0.1 Very Highly Toxic 0.1 1 Highly Toxic 1 10 Moderately Toxic 10 100 Slightly Toxic > 100 Practically Non Toxic In addition, high concentrations of ammonia affects photosynthetic and respiratory pathways in terrestrial plants and may result in foliar necrosis.

Mammalian Toxicity Acute toxicity The oral route is not an applicable route of exposure for anhydrous ammonia ( a gas). Reported acute oral LD50 values for ammonia compounds ranged from 350 14,300 mg/ kg body weight ( bw), primarily in rats and mice, with ammonium sulfate having the most variability. Inhalation toxicity data are available for anhydrous ammonia and several ammonium salts, and indicate a lack of systemic toxicity by this route of exposure. Dermal studies are available for ammonium sulfate and ammonium nitrate and report acute LD50 values of > 2,000 and > 5000 mg/ kg bw, respectively. To supplement the acute studies available in the literature for members of the ammonia category, additional 1 Ammonia toxicity values may be reported as " un ionized NH3/ L" ( i. e., concentration based on the molecular weight of the compound), as " un ionized NH3 N/ L" ( i. e., concentration based on the molecular weight of only the nitrogen portion of the compound), or as " total NH3/ L" ( i. e., concentration based on the molecular weight of both the un ionized and ionized compounds). 5 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 acute studies were conducted with ammonium nitrate ( dermal), ammonium phosphate sulfate ( oral), DAP ( oral and dermal), and MAP ( oral and dermal). All of these studies, which were conducted using OECD protocols under GLP conditions, resulted in no signs of lethal or sublethal toxicity at doses equal to 2000 mg/ kg bw ( for the oral studies) and 5000 mg/ kg bw ( for the dermal studies). Based on the standard FIFRA acute toxicity ratings for mammals ( below), the compounds in this category are considered to be of low to very low toxicity ( 40 CFR 156.62).

Toxicity Category I II III IV Toxicity Rating High Moderate Low Very Low Oral LD50   50 mg/ kg > 50 500 mg/ kg > 500 5000 mg/ kg > 5000 mg/ kg Dermal LC50   200 mg/ kg > 200 2000 mg/ kg > 2000 20,000 mg/ kg > 20,000 mg/ kg Inhalation LC50   0.2 mg/ L > 0.2 2 mg/ L > 2 20 mg/ L > 20 mg/ L Genotoxicity Literature data for anhydrous ammonia and ammonium sulfate indicated no evidence for mutagenicity. Additional, bacterial ( Ames test) and non bacterial ( CHO chromosome aberration test) in vitro genotoxicity studies were conducted on ammonium thiosulfate and DAP under GLP conditions. In all cases the results were negative, indicating no evidence of genotoxicity for ammonia compounds.

Repeated dose and developmental toxicity No mortality was observed in repeat dose inhalation studies in rats, guinea pigs, rabbits, dogs and monkeys at anhydrous ammonia concentrations up to 770 mg total NH3/ m3, although reported sublethal effects included nasal, eye and skin irritation and inflammation. A one generation reproduction study in which pigs were exposed to ammonia from manure pits resulted in no significant effects on onset of puberty or litter size. Repeat dose studies on ammonium nitrate and urea indicate low acute toxicity. Reproductive and developmental toxicity studies conducted on these two compounds and urea indicate no toxic effects to rats, mice and hamsters. In addition, a combined protocol ( OECD 422) study that evaluates repeat dose exposures as well as reproductive and developmental endpoints was conducted on DAP under GLP conditions. Results show no mortality in rats given doses by gavage up to 1,500 mg/ kg bw d. Some treatment related effects on haematology were evident, and bodyweight gain was temporarily reduced in the high dose group, after which they regained normal weight gain levels. No treatment related deaths or signs of clinical toxicity were observed. Mating performance, fertility, and offspring all were unaffected by parental exposure to DAP. 6 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 IV. Conclusion for the Ammonia Compounds Category Several of the compounds in the ammonia category have been extensively studied. Most notably, anhydrous ammonia has an essentially complete database that includes several published reviews ( e. g., ATSDR 1990; Constable et al. 1999; Clement Associates, Inc. 1990; Ecological Analysts, Inc. 1981; NRC 1979; USEPA 1985 and 1998; and WHO 1986). The database for ammonium nitrate is also largely complete. A SIDS dossier for urea has been accepted as final by the OECD. Furthermore, additional studies have been conducted under GLP conditions to address key endpoints for all of the ammonia category compounds. Consequently, sufficient data are available to characterize the physical chemical properties, environmental fate, ecotoxicity and toxicity of the ammonia category. Therefore, additional testing is not needed to assess the hazards of these chemicals. 7 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 TABLE 1: CATEGORIES FOR PRODUCT TESTING PROJECT CATEGORY COMPOUND CAS NUMBER Ammonia Compounds Anhydrous ammonia Aqua ammonia Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiosulfate Nitrogen solutions ( UAN) Ammonium phosphate sulfate Diammonium phosphate ( DAP) Monoammonium phosphate ( MAP) Urea 7664 41 7 1336 21 6 6484 52 2 7783 20 2 7783 18 8 15978 77 5 12593 60 1 7783 28 0 7722 76 1 57 13 6 Nitrate Compounds Sodium nitrate Ammonium nitrate Potassium nitrate Potassium sodium nitrate Nitrogen solutions ( UAN) 7631 99 4 6484 52 2 7757 79 1 7757 79 1/ 7631 99 4 15978 77 5 Phosphate Compounds Diammonium phosphate ( DAP) Monoammonium phosphate ( MAP) Liquid polyphosphate Single superphosphate** Granular triple superphosphate** 7783 28 0 7722 76 1  8011 76 5 65996 95 4 Salts Potassium chloride Potassium magnesium sulfate Potassium nitrate Potassium sodium nitrate Potassium sulfate Calcium sulfate 7447 40 7 14168 73 1 7757 79 1 7757 79 1/ 7631 99 4 7778 80 5 7778 18 9 Acids Phosphoric acid Nitric acid Sulfuric acid 7664 38 2 7697 37 2 7664 93 9 * = Nitrogen solutions are represented largely by Urea Ammonia Nitrogen ( UAN; 15978 77 5) ** = Single superphosphate and granular triple superphosphate are combined into a single dossier.  = No CAS number readily available 8 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 V. REFERENCES CITED 40 CFR 156.62. Toxicity Category.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR). 1990. Toxicological Profile for Ammonia.

Ankley, G. T., Schubauer Berigan, and Monson, P. D. 1995. Influence of pH and hardness on toxicity of ammonia to the amphipod Hyalella azteca. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 2078 2083.

Clement Associates, Inc. 1990. Health Effects Assessment for Ammonia. Prepared for The Fertilizer Institute, Washington, D. C.

Constable, M., Jensen, F., McLeron, J. Craig, G., and Moore, D. 1999. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Priority Substances List II: Supporting Document for Ammonia in the Aquatic Environment. Draft, Unpublished Version. Government of Canada, Environment Canada.

Ecological Analysts, Inc. 1981. The Sources, Chemistry, Fate, and Effects of Ammonia in Aquatic Environments. Washington, D. C. American Petroleum Institute.

Erickson, R. J. 1985. An evaluation of mathematical models for the effects of pH and temperature on ammonia toxicity to aquatic organisms. Water Res. 19: 1047 1058.

Evans, D. E. and Cameron, J. N. 1986. Gill ammonia transport. J. Exp. Zool. 239: 17 23.

National Research Council ( NRC). 1979. Ammonia. Subcommittee on Ammonia. Committee on Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants. Division of Medical Sciences, Assembly of Life Sciences. National Research Council. Baltimore: University Park Press. NTIS No. PB 278 027.

OECD. 1997. SIDS Manual. OECD Secretariat, 3rd Revision, July 1997.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( USEPA). 1985. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia   1984. Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and Standards Division. Washington, D. C. EPA 504/ 5 85 006.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( USEPA). 1998. 1998 Update of Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia. Office of Water, Washington, D. C. EPA 822 R 98 008.

USEPA. 1999. Development of Chemical Categories in the HPV Challenge Program. www. epa. gov/ chemrtk/ catdoc29. pdf.

World Health Organization ( WHO). 1986. Ammonia   Environmental Health Criteria 54. Geneva" International Programme on Chemical Safety. 9 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 SIDS DATA PROFILE Date: January 27, 2003 1.01 A. CAS No. 1336 21 6 1.01 C. CHEMICAL NAME ( OECD NAME) Ammonia, aqueous solution 1.01 D CAS DESCRIPTOR Ammonia, aqueous solution 1.01 G STRUCTURAL FORMULA NH4OH OTHER CHEMICAL IDENTITY INFORMATION Aqua Ammonia 1.5 QUANTITY 10,000 to 100,000 tonnes 1.7 USE PATTERN Fertilizer, manufacture of textiles, chemical intermediates, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, lubricants, ink. Processing of paper and pulp, leather, photography, etc. 1.9 SOURCES AND LEVELS OF EXPOSURE Manufactured in a closed system. Can be released from urban, agricultural, and industrial sources during use.

ISSUES FOR DISCUSSION The data for Aqua Ammonia should be evaluated in combination with the other materials in the ammonia category. 10 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 SIDS DATA SUMMARY Date: January 27, 2003 AQUA AMMONIUM ( CAS NO. 1336 21 6) SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 Melting Point  77 ° C 2.2 Boiling Point 36 ° C 2.3 Density 0.9 g/ mL at 20 ° C 2.4 Vapor Pressure 2.159 x 103 mmHg 2.5 Octanol/ Water Partition Coefficient See Appendix B results* 2.6A Water Solubility EPISUITE V. 3.10 1 x 106 mg/ L at 25 ° C 2.6B pH value 4.75 at 25 ° C 2.7 Flash Point Not flammable 2.8 Auto Flammability Not applicable 2.9 Flammability Not flammable 2.10 Explosive Properties Not explosive 2.11 Oxidizing Properties Not an oxidizer 2.12 Oxidation: Reduction Potential 1.275 V 2.13A Additional data See text ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY 3.1.1 Photodegradation See Appendix B results* 3.1.2 Stability in Water See Appendix B results* 3.1.3 Stability in Soil See Appendix B results* 3.3.2 Distribution Miscible in water 3.5 Biodegradation Biodegradable 3.7 Bioaccumulation Does not bioaccumulate ECOTOXICITY 4.1 Acute Toxicity to Fish Cyprinus carpio L. 48 hrs LC50 = 1.34   1.70 mg unionized NH3/ L 4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates Daphnia magna 48 hrs EC50 = 32 mg/ L 4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants ( Algae) Scenedesmus sp. 12 months See text 4.4 Toxicity to Bacteria See Appendix B results* 4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish Various Ictalurus punctatus 12 months 8 days See text LC50 = 37.5 mg/ L 4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates See text 4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants See text 4.6.3 Toxicity to Other Non Mammalian Terrestrial Species See Appendix B results*

* See Appendix B results for data on other chemicals in the ammonia category. 11 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 AQUA AMMONIUM ( CAS NO. 1336 21 6) SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS TOXICITY 5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity Rat Cat LD50 = 350 mg/ kg bw LD50 = 750 mg/ kg bw 5.1.2 Acute Inhalation Toxicity See Appendix B results* 5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity See Appendix B results* 5.1.4 Acute Toxicity, Other Routes Rabbit i. v. LDLo = 10 mg/ kg bw 5.2.1 Skin Irritation/ Corrosion Rabbit 10% or 20% Corrosive at 20% but not 10% 5.2.2 Eye Irritation/ Corrosion Rabbit 1 mg exposure/ 30 second rinse Irritating 5.3 Skin Sensitization No data available 5.4 Repeated Dose Toxicity See Appendix B* 5.5 Genetic Toxicity in vitro E. coli Bacterial reverse mutation assay Negative 5.6 Genetic Toxicity in vivo No evidence for mutagenicity 5.7 Carcinogenicity Not carcinogenic 5.8 Toxicity to Reproduction See Appendix B results* 5.9 Developmental Toxicity/ Teratogenicity See Appendix B results* 5.10 Additional Information See Appendix B results* 5.11 Human Experience See text 1.8 Occupational Exposure Limits TLV 24 mg/ m3 * See Appendix B results for data on other chemicals in the ammonia category. 12 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.01 SUBSTANCE INFORMATION A. CAS number 1336 21 6 B. Name ( IUPAC name) Ammonia, aqueous solution C. Name ( OECD name) Ammonia, aqueous solution D. CAS Descriptor In practice, a preparation consisting of 33 35% ammonia and 65 67% water.

E. EINECS Number 215 647 6 F. Molecular Formula H5NO G. Structural Formula NH4OH SMILES: N( H)( H)( H)( H) O H. Substance Group Not applicable I. Substance Remark Not applicable J. Molecular Weight 35.05 1.02 OECD INFORMATION A. Sponsor Country Not applicable B. Lead Organization Not applicable C. Name of Responder Name: Mr. William C. Herz, Director of Scientific Programs Address/ Phones: The Fertilizer Institute Union Center Plaza 820 First Street, NE, Suite 430 Washington, DC 20002 USA Tel: ( 202) 962 0490 Fax: ( 202) 962 0577 13 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 1.1 GENERAL SUBSTANCE INFORMATION A. Type of Substance element [ ]; inorganic [ X]; natural substance [ ]; organic [ ]; organometallic [ ]; petroleum product [ ]

B. Physical State ( at 20 ° C and 1.013 hPa)

gaseous [ ]; liquid [ X]; solid [ ]

C. Purity Aqueous solutions are usually 20% N.

1.2 SYNONYMS Ammonium hydroxide Aqua ammonia Ammonia, monohydrate Ammonia liquor Ammonia water Aqueous ammonia 1.3 IMPURITIES Remarks: None identified 1.4 ADDITIVES Remarks: None identified 1.5 QUANTITY Remarks: 10,000 to 100,000 tonnes per annum. 38,500 tonnes produced in the US in 1979. References: 1) European Commission. 2000. Ammonium Hydroxide. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM Edition. 2) Hazardous Substances Data Bank ( HSDB). 1999. Ammonium Hydroxide. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

1.6 LABELING AND CLASSIFICATION Labeling Type: Directive 67/ 548/ EEC Specific limits: Yes Symbols: C Nota: B 14 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 R phrases: ( 34) Causes burns ( 37) Irritating to respiratory system S phrases: 1/ 2, 7, 26, 45 Text of S phrases: Keep locked up and out of reach of children; keep container tightly closed; in case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice; in case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice ( show the label where possible)

Classification Type: Directive 67/ 548/ EEC Category of danger: Corrosive, irritant R phrases: 34, 37 Remarks: Causes burns, irritating to respiratory system Reference: European Commission. 2000. Ammonium hydroxide. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM Edition.

1.7 USE PATTERN A. General Type of Use: Category:

( a) main Wide dispersive use industrial Agricultural industry use Fertilizer ( b) main Non dispersive use industrial Chemical industry, personal and domestic use use Textiles, condensation polymerization, pharmaceuticals, ceramics, photography, soaps, lubricants, organic synthesis, ink manufacturing, leather processing, pulp, paper and board processing, disinfectants, electroplating agents, chemical intermediates Remarks: Aqua ammonia is not as popular as anhydrous ammonia, although interest is increasing due to its relative safety in use. Reference: 1) Hazardous Substances Data Bank ( HSDB). 1999. Ammonium Hydroxide. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. 2) European Commission. 2000. Ammonium hydroxide. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM Edition. 3) United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO) and International Fertilizer Development Center ( IFDC). 1998. Fertilizer Manual. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. 15 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 B. Uses in Consumer Products Remarks: No Consumer product uses 1.8 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUE Short term exposure limit value Value: 24 mg/ m3 Length of exposure period: 15 minutes Frequency: 4 times Remarks: ACGIH TLV. Refers to ammonia vapors. Reference: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Healthy ( NIOSH). 1997. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.

1.9 SOURCES OF EXPOSURE Remarks: Aqua ammonia can be absorbed into the body if inhaled or ingested, although significant human and environmental exposures during manufacture are unlikely if the process is well managed. Engineering controls such as mechanical ventilation, process or personnel enclosure, control of process conditions, and process modifications significantly reduce exposure. Local exhaust ( ventilation) control as close to the point of generation is both the most economical and safest method to minimize personnel exposure to airborne concentrations. Personal protective equipment includes neoprene or nitrile gloves, dust masks or fume hoods as appropriate, chemical safety goggles, and impervious apron, sleeves and boots. Field exposure to workers is possible when handling and using on farms as a fertilizer. However, liquid fertilizers are commonly injected, which reduces contact exposure.

Environmental releases are controlled at the manufacturing plant. Gaseous emissions are low due to use of scrubbers and liquid effluent is recovered as much as possible. Exposure to environmental receptors is dependent on the amount used as fertilizer on fields, the climatic conditions, and the hydrological conditions of the area of application. Nitrate materials are common in the environment and are essential nutrients for both plants and animals. 16 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 References: United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO) and International Fertilizer Development Center ( IFDC). 1988. Fertilizer Manual. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

1.10 ADDITIONAL REMARKS A. Options for disposal Remarks: Aqua ammonia must be disposed of in accordance with federal, state and local environmental control regulations. Continued dilution with water is generally sufficient.

2. PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 MELTING POINT Value:  77 ° C at 760 mm Hg Decomposition: Yes [ X] No [ ] Ambiguous [ ] Sublimation: Yes [ ] No [ X] Ambiguous [ ] Method: Not specified GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] References: Lide, D. R. 1998. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. New York: Lewis Publishers.; ECDIN 2.2 BOILING POINT Value: 36 ° C Pressure: Not specified Method: Not specified GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] References: Chemfinder Internet Searching and Information. 1998. Ammonium Hydroxide. http:// www. chemfinder. com.

2.3 DENSITY ( Relative Density)

Type: Bulk density [ ]; Density [ X]; Relative Density [ ] Value: 0.9 g/ mL Temperature: 20 ° C Method: Not specified GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] References: 3V SIGMA S. p. A MOZZO ( cited in European Commission 2000). 17 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 2.4 VAPOR PRESSURE Value: 2.159 x 103 mm Hg Temperature: 25 ° C Method: Calculated [ ]; measured [ X] Not specified GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Remarks: SRC recommended value References: Daubert, T. E. and Danner, R. P. 1989. Physical and thermodynamic properties of pure chemicals: Data compilation. Design Institute for Physical Property Data, American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Hemisphere Publ. Corp. NY. 4 Vols.

2.5 PARTITION COEFFICIENT logPow Remarks: No data available 2.6 WATER SOLUBILITY A. Solubility Value: 1 x 106 mg/ L Temperature: 25 ° C Description: Miscible [ X]; Of very high solubility [ ]; Of high solubility [ ]; Soluble [ ]; Slightly soluble [ ] Of low solubility [ ]; Of very low solubility [ ]; Not soluble [ ] Method: Estimated GLP: Yes [ ] No [ X] ? [ ] Remarks: Estimated using EPI Suite V. 3.10. Note that the melting point ( 284oC) and boiling point ( 653oC) estimated using this software are considerably different from literature values. Therefore, uncertainty should be considered when using this estimated log Kow. References: USEPA. 2000. EPI Suite Estimation Program V. 3.10.

B. pH Value, pKa Value pKa value 4.751 at 25 ° C Method: Not specified GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] References: Lide, D. R. 1998. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. New York: Lewis Publishers. 18 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 2.7 FLASH POINT ( liquids)

Remarks: Not flammable 2.8 AUTO FLAMMABILITY ( solid/ gases)

Remarks: Not applicable 2.9 FLAMMABILITY Remarks: Not flammable 2.10 EXPLOSIVE PROPERTIES Remarks: Not explosive 2.11 OXIDIZING PROPERTIES Remarks: No known oxidizing properties.

2.12 OXIDATION: REDUCTION POTENTIAL Value: 1.275 V Method: Not specified GLP: Yes [ ] No [ X] ? [ ] Remarks: Ammonium is a strong reducing agent. Reference: Lide, D. R. ( ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 1990. Boston: CRC Press.

2.13 ADDITIONAL DATA Remarks: While it has relatively low vapor pressure, Aqua ammonia does lose ammonia when exposed to the atmosphere and therefore, aqua ammonia ( at 20% N) is stored in covered nonpressure storage tanks. Reference: United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO) and International Fertilizer Development Center ( IFDC). 1998. Fertilizer Manual. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands. 19 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS 3.1 STABILITY 3.1.1 PHOTODEGRADATION Remarks: Photodegradation is not a significant dissipation mechanism. See Appendix B for data on anhydrous ammonia.

3.1.2 STABILITY IN WATER Remarks: Aqua ammonia is miscible in water. See Appendix B for data on anhydrous ammonia.

3.1.3 STABILITY IN SOIL Remarks: Extensive literature exists on the fate of ammonia and ammonium ions in soil. See Appendix B for additional data on anhydrous ammonia.

3.2 MONITORING DATA ( ENVIRONMENTAL)

Remarks: Ammonia concentrations in soil, surface and ground waters are generally low because of the rapid conversion to nitrite and nitrate. References: Constable, M., Jensen, F. McLeron, J., Craig, G., and Moore, D. 1999. Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Priority Substances List II: Supporting Document for Ammonia in the Aquatic Environment. Draft, Unpublished Version. Government of Canada, Environment Canada.

3.3 TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS INCLUDING ESTIMATED ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION PATHWAYS 3.3.1 TRANSPORT Remarks: Aqua ammonia is miscible in water and readily biodegradable, therefore environmental transport is limited. 20 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 3.3.2 THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION ( FUGACITY CALCULATION)

Remarks: Aqua ammonia is miscible in water and readily biodegradable. Therefore, it will largely remain in water while it degrades.

3.4 IDENTIFICATION OF MAIN MODE OF DEGRADABILITY IN ACTUAL USE Remarks: Aqua ammonia applied as fertilizers will be primarily biodegraded.

3.5 BIODEGRADATION Remarks: Aqua ammonia is miscible in water and readily biodegradable.

3.6 BOD5, COD OR RATIO BOD5/ COD Remarks: No data available 3.7 BIOACCUMULATION Remarks: The EPI Suite program estimated a very low log BCF of 0.5 ( BCF= 3.162) based on an estimated log Kow of  4.39. In general, the measurement of BCF is not applicable for highly water soluble compounds such as aqua ammonium which has a low potential to bioaccumulate. References: USEPA. 2000. EPI Suite Estimation Program V. 3.10.

4. ECOTOXICITY Remarks: The toxicity of ammonia to aquatic organisms is highly dependent on physicochemical factors, most notably pH because of its importance in chemical speciation. The acute toxicity of ammonia is also influenced to a lesser degree by temperature, carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, and salinity. In aqueous solution, ammonia exists primarily in two forms, un ionized ammonia ( NH3) and ammonium ion ( NH4 +), which are in equilibrium with each other according to the following established relationship:

NH3( aq) + H2O   NH4 + + OH 21 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 As pH increases, the fraction of the total ammonia which is un ionized increases. It is this un ionized ammonia which is generally considered to be the primary cause of toxicity in aquatic systems. References: 1) Clement Associates, Inc. 1990. Health Effects Assessment for Ammonia. Prepared for The Fertilizer Institute, Washington, D. C. 2) U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( USEPA). 1998. 1998 Update of Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia. Washington, D. C.: Office of Water. EPA 822 R 98 008.

4.1 ACUTE/ PROLONGED TOXICITY TO FISH Type of test: static [ ]; semi static [ X]; flow through [ ]; other [ ]; open system [ X]; closed system [ ] Species: Cyprinus carpio L. ( Common carp) Exposure period: 48 hours Results: NH4Cl LC50 mean range = 1.60 1.96 mg un ionized NH3/ L ( mean pH 7.8, mean range 12.9 13.7 ° C) ( 103 109 mg total NH3/ L) NH4NO3 LC50 mean range = 1.15 1.72 mg un ionized NH3/ L ( mean pH 7.6 7.8, mean range 12.1 13.5 ° C) ( 95 102 mg total NH3/ L) NH4OH LC50 mean range = 1.34 1.70 mg un ionized NH3/ L ( mean pH 9.1, mean range 12.8 13.0 ° C) ( 6.9 7.6 mg total NH3/ L) CH3COONH4 LC50 mean range = 0.89 mg un ionized NH3/ L ( mean pH 1.7, mean range 16.0 ° C) ( 72 mg total NH3/ L) ( NH4) 2S LC50 = 1.46 mg un ionized NH3/ L ( mean pH 9.2, 10.4 ° C) ( 6.6 mg total ammonia/ L) Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X] No [ ] ? [ ] Method: The tests were semi static with the solutions replaced every 24 hours. Fish were acclimated to aquarium conditions for 10 14 days prior to test initiation. Fish received no food during the acclimation and exposure. Eight or 12 fish were exposed to each concentration. Eight experimental series were carried out, each comprised of 5 7 ammonia concentrations and a control group. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Ammonium chloride ( NH4Cl), ammonium nitrate ( NH4NO3), ammonium water ( NH4OH), ammonium acetate ( CH3COONH4), and ammonium sulphide (( NH4) 2S). Remarks: Much lower values of LC50 of total ammonia were obtained when toxic agents consisted of ammonia water and ammonia sulphide as compared to ammonium 22 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 chloride and ammonium nitrate. Ammonia toxicity increased with higher pH and lowered with increasing temperature. The test with ammonium acetate was conducted at a higher temperature than the others, which may explain the lower LC50. Reference: Dabrowski, H. and Skiora, H. 1986. Acute toxicity of ammonia to common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.). Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 33( 1): 121 128.

4.2 ACUTE TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES A. Daphnia Type of test: Static [ X]; Semi static [ ]; flow through [ ]; Other ( e. g. field test) [ ] Open system [ X]; Closed system [ ] Species: Daphnia magna Exposure period: Up to 96 hours Results: TLm( 24 h) = 60 mg NH4OH/ L TLm ( 48 h) = 32 mg NH4OH/ L TLm ( 96 h) = 20 mg NH4OH/ L Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ]; No [ ]; ? [ X] Method: Static bioassays were conducted using methods designed to assay the toxicity of industrial wastes. Standard reference water was the diluent. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ X] ? [ ] Test substance: Ammonium hydroxide ( NH4OH) References: Dowden, B. F. and Bennett, H. J. 1965. Toxicity of selected chemicals to certain animals. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 37( 9): 1308 1316.

4.3 TOXICITY TO AQUATIC PLANTS, e. g. algae ( a) Species: Merismopedia spp. ( blue green algae), Scenedesmus sp. ( blue green algae) Endpoint: Biomass [ ]; Growth rate [ ]; Other [ X] Exposure period: 12 months Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X]; No [ ]; ? [ ] Method: Fish Lake ( 1.78 surface ha) was treated with 28.8 ppm ammonia. One liter water samples were collected from each of five stations. During the exposure period, the water temperature varied from 10 ° C in late November to 29 ° C in late July. The pH also varied widely from 6.9 in early November to 9.6 in mid November. Open system [ X]; Closed system [ ] GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Anhydrous ammonia ( NH4 +) 23 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Remarks: The purpose of the study was to evaluate the use of anhydrous ammonia for simultaneous fish eradication, pond fertilization, and aquatic vegetation control. Anhydrous ammonia ( a gas) is soluble in water to the extent of 100,000 ppm at 20oC and reacts with water to form ammonium hydroxide, which in turn dissociates readily into ammonium and hydroxyl ions. Major chemical changes apparently caused by ammonia treatment were increases in pH, carbonate, and hydroxide and a decrease in carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. Before treatment, the average number of phytoplankton cells per liter was 316,000. Twenty four hours after treatment, the mean count was reduced by 34%. By the end of 2 weeks, the original sample mean of the population had been reduced by 95%. No cells were observed in samples taken from four stations and numerous empty frustules were observed at other stations. In February, four months after treatment, there was an apparent recovery in the phytoplankton population. Scenedesmus sp. was the most common form at most stations. In July, the mean population was 1 x 106 cells/ L, a three fold increase over pre treatment counts. References: Champ, M. A., Lock, J. T., Bjork, C. D., Klussmann, W. G., and McCullough, Jr., J. D. 1973. Effects of anhydrous ammonia on a central Texas pond, and a review of previous research with ammonia in fisheries management. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 1: 73 82.

( b) Remarks: Ammonia is used by algae and aquatic macrophytes as a source of nitrogen for protein synthesis. Algal assimilation may be a significant sink for ammonia in freshwater environments. It is estimated that up to 34% of ammonia may be removed via algal assimilation. Ceratophyllum demersum, a non rooted macrophyte, can remove ammonia at the rate ammonia is released through decomposition in a pond. References: 1) Constable, M., Jensen, F., McLernon, J. Craig, G., Moore, D. 1999. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Priority Substances List II: Supporting Document for Ammonia in the Aquatic Environment. Draft, Unpublished Version. Government of Canada, Environment Canada. 2) Ecological Analysts, Inc. 1981. The Sources, Chemistry, Fate, and Effects of Ammonia in Aquatic Environments. Washington, D. C.: American Petroleum Institute. 24 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 4.4 TOXICITY TO BACTERIA Remarks: No data available 4.5 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS 4.5.1 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO FISH ( a) Remarks: Chronic ammonia toxicity results in gill hyperplasia and may cause reduced swimming ability and inhibit growth. Ammonia acts on the central nervous system of fish, causing hyperventilation, hyper excitability, coma, convulsions, and finally death. References: Constable, M., Jensen, F., McLernon, J. Craig, G., Moore, D. 1999. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Priority Substances List II: Supporting Document for Ammonia in the Aquatic Environment. Draft, Unpublished Version. Government of Canada, Environment Canada.

( b) Type of test: Static [ X]; Semi static [ ]; Flow through [ ]; Opensystem [ X]; Closed system [ ] Species: Umbra limi ( central mudminnow), Campostoma anomalum ( stone roller), Gambusia affinis ( mosquito fish), Notropis lustrensis ( red shiner), Pimephales vigilax ( bullhead minnow), Notemigonus crysoleucas ( golden shiner), Fundulus notatus ( blackstripe topminnow), Carpiodes carpio ( river carpsucker), Ictalurus melas ( black bullhead), Aphredoderus sayanus ( pirate perch), Chaenobryttus gulosus ( warmouth), Lepomis cyanellus ( green sunfish), Lepomis macrochirus ( bluegill), Lepomis megalotus ( longear sunfish), Lepomis microlophus ( redear sunfish). Micropterus salmoides ( largemouth bass) Endpoint: Length of fish [ ]; Weight of fish [ ]; Reproduction rate [ ]; Other [ ] Exposure period: 12 months Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X]; No [ ]; ? [ ] Method: Fish Lake ( 1.78 surface ha) was treated with 28.8 ppm ammonia. Approximately 50 fish were trapped a few hours before treatment and were held during and after the addition of ammonia. During the exposure period, the water temperature varied from 10 ° C in late November to 29 ° C in late July. The pH also varied widely from 6.9 in early November, to 9.6 in mid November. 25 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 GLP: Yes [ ] No [ X] ? [ ] Test substance: Anhydrous ammonia ( NH4 +) Remarks: Addition of anhydrous ammonia resulted in an apparent total fish kill. Fish began to surface and die about 1 hour following treatment and continued to do so for about 8 hours. Major chemical changes apparently caused by ammonia treatment were increases in pH, carbonate, and hydroxide and a decrease in carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. References: Champ, M. A., Lock, J. T., Bjork, C. D., Klussmann, W. G., and McCullough, Jr. J. D. 1973. Effects of anhydrous ammonia on a central Texas pond, and a review of previous research with ammonia in fisheries management. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 1: 73 82.

( c) Type of test: static [ X]; semi static [ ]; flow through [ ]; other ( e. g. field test) [ ]; open system [ X]; closed system [ ] Species: Ictalurus punctatus ( channel catfish) Exposure period: 8 days Results: mean LC50 ( pH 7.7 8.0; 21.1 22.8 ° C) = 37.5 ppm total ammonia mean LC100 ( pH 7.9 8.2; 22.8 ° C) = 45.7 ppm total ammonia Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X] No [ ] ? [ ] Method: Twenty fish were placed into each of four 7.5 gallon bowls. Water from an Aqualoop system ( a controlled environment filtration system) was added and allowed to come to equilibrium. The pH was 7.2 8.2. The fish were hand fed as much as they would eat once a day but feeding was stopped during the test. The ammonia level was allowed to rise naturally due to ammonia excretion by the fish. Daily samples were taken from each bowl and analyzed for pH, dissolved oxygen, and total ammonia. Ammonia levels were determined by the direct nesslerization method for ammonia nitrogen. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Ammonia ( NH3) ( from natural excretion) Remarks: It took approximately one week to reach the LC50 value, with the LC100 value reached within another 24 hours after that. Reference: Knepp, G. L. and Arkin, G. F. 1973. Ammonia toxicity levels and nitrate tolerance of channel catfish. Prog. Fish. Cult. 35( 4): 221 224. 26 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 4.5.2 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES ( a) Type of test: Static [ X]; Semi static [ ]; Flow through [ ]; Other ( e. g. field test) [ ] Open system [ X]; Closed system [ ] Species: Various copepods, cladocerans, rotifers, and ostracods Endpoint: Mortality [ X]; Reproduction rate [ ]; Other [ ] Exposure period: 12 months Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X]; No [ ]; ? [ ] Method: Fish Lake ( 1.78 surface ha) was treated with 28.8 ppm ammonia. An 18 L surface sample was taken from each of the five stations and concentrated into a 0.034 L sample. During the exposure period, the water temperature varied from 10 ° C in late November to 29 ° C in late July. The pH also varied widely from 6.9 in early November to 9.6 in mid November. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ X] ? [ ] Test substance: Anhydrous ammonia ( NH4 +) Remarks: Major chemical changes apparently caused by ammonia treatment were increased in pH, carbonate, and hydroxide and a decrease in carbon dioxide and bicarbonate. Before treatment, sampling revealed a total count of 1.631 organisms/ 90 L sample. Rotifers were dominant, making up 42% of the total. The day after treatment the total count was reduced by 76% and after 2 weeks, the total count was reduced by over 99%. References: Champ, M. A., Lock, J. T., Bjork, C. D., Klussmann, W. G., and McCullough, Jr. J. D. 1973. Effects of anhydrous ammonia on a central Texas pond, and a review of previous research with ammonia in fisheries management. Trans. Amer. Fish Soc. 1: 73 82.

4.6 TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS 4.6.1 TOXICITY TO SOIL DWELLING ORGANISMS Remarks: No specific toxicity test using soil dwelling organisms was identified.

4.6.2 TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL PLANTS Remarks: Ammonia toxicity in terrestrial plants affects both photosynthetic and respiratory pathways. Ammonium ions can cause inhibition of photosynthesis through uncoupling of noncyclic photophosphorylation. 27 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 References: Clement Associates, Inc. 1990. Health Effects Assessment for Ammonia. Prepared for The Fertilizer Institute, Washington, D. C.

4.6.3 TOXICITY TO OTHER NON MAMMALIAN TERRESTRIAL SPECIES ( INCLUDING AVIAN)

Remarks: No specific toxicity test using avian species was identified.

4.7 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS MONITORING ( INCLUDING BIOMAGNIFICATION)

Type: Animal [ ]; Aquatic [ ]; Plant [ ]; Terrestrial [ ]; Other [ X] Remarks: Ammonia is normally present in all tissues constituting a metabolic pool. Ammonia is taken up by glutamic acid in many tissues, and this will take part in a variety of transamination and other reactions. In the liver, ammonia is used in the synthesis of protein by the Krebs Hanseleit cycle. Reference: DSM, Inventory of Data on chemicals, Ammonia, Delft. 1992. LRO471001/ 4150J. In European Commission. 2000. Ammonia hydroxide. International Uniform Chemical Information Database.

4.8 BIOTRANSFORMATION AND KINETICS ( a) Type: Animal [ X]; Aquatic [ X]; Plant [ ]; Terrestrial [ ]; Other [ ] Results: Control = 7.11 mg haemolymph NH3 N/ L At 100 mg/ L NH3 N seawater; 5 min = 7.51 mg haemolymph NH3 N/ L At 100 mg/ L NH3 N seawater; 6 h = 20.59 mg haemolymph NH3 N/ L Remarks: This study suggests that when shrimp were exposed to more than 10 mg/ L total ammonia N, diffusion of unionized ammonia from haemolymph to water was replaced by diffusion from un ionized ammonia from water to haemolymph. Diffusion of ammonia from blood to water, exchange of ionized ammonia for sodium ion, and conversion to non toxic compounds are three routes by which fish and crustaceans lose metabolic ammonia. 28 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Reference: Chen, J. C. and Kou, Y. Z. 1993. Accumulation of ammonia in the haemolymph of Penaeus monodon exposed to ambient ammonia. Aquaculture 109: 177 185.

( b) Remarks: Elevated ammonia levels in the brain causes NADH depletion due in part to TCA cycle impairment in mammals and fish. TCA cycle is impaired because of a decrease in succinate in fish and ketoglutarate in mammals. Ammonia stimulates glycolysis in fish by activation of phosphofructokinase. Increases in pyruvate and lactate levels in rainbow trout exposed to elevated ammonia water levels have also been observed. It has also been suggested that ammonia effects ionic balance in fish, reducing Na+ influx and K+ loss through substitution of Na+ for K+ in Na+/ K+  ATPase, and/ or Na+/ K+/ 2C1 co transport and/ or the substitution for H+ in Na+/ H+ exchange. References: The following references were sited under Constable, M., Jensen, F., McLernon, J. Craig., G., Moore, D. 1999. Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Priority Substances List II: Supporting Document for Ammonia in the Aquatic Environment. Draft, Unpublished Version. Government of Canada, Environment Canada.: 1) Arillo, A., Margiocco, C., Melodia, F., Mensi, P., and Schenone, G. 1981. Ammonia toxicity mechanism in fish: studies on rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri Rich.). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 5: 316 328. 2) Fromm, P. O., and Gillette, J. R. 1968. Effect of ambient ammonia on blood ammonia and nitrogen excretion of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 26: 887 896. 3) Kloppic, E., Jasobasch, G., and Rapaport, S. 1967. Enhancement of the glycolytic rate by action of ammonium ion on phosphofructokinase activity. Original in German. Acta. Biol. Med. 18: 37 42. 4) Person LeRuyet, J., Boeuf, G. Zambonin Infant, J., Helgason, S., and Le Roux, A. 1998. Short term physiological changes in turbot and seabream juveniles exposed to exogenous ammonia. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 119A: 511 518. 5) Randall, D. J., and Wicks, B. J. 1999. Fish: ammonia production, excretion, and toxicity. In press. Paper presented in the Fifth International Symposium on Fish Physiology, Toxicology, and Water Quality. University of Hong Kong. 29 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 4.9 ADDITIONAL REMARKS ( a) Remarks: The toxicity of ammonia to aquatic organisms is highly dependent on physicochemical factors, most notably pH because of its importance in chemical speciation. The acute toxicity of ammonia is also influenced to a lesser degree by temperature, carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, and salinity. In aqueous solution, ammonia exists primarily in two forms, un ionized ammonia ( NH3) and ammonium ion ( NH4 +), which are in equilibrium with each other according to the following established relationship:

NH3( aq) + H2O   NH4 + + OH

In general, as pH increases, the fraction of the total ammonia which is un ionized increases. It is this unionized ammonia ( NH3) which is generally considered to be the primary cause of toxicity in aquatic systems. Unionized ammonia ( NH3) is more toxic to aquatic organisms than the ammonium ion ( NH4 +) because the un ionized form is readily soluble in the lipid of the cell membrane and is rapidly absorbed by the gill. In contrast, the charged ion is not readily passed through the charged line hydrophobic space in the membrane. EPA studies indicate that un ionized ammonia is 190 times more toxic to guppies than ammonium. Multiple EPA studies have shown that over the pH range of 6.5 9.0, the toxicity of un ionized ammonia ( NH3) increases as the pH decreases. This is either because the additional hydrogen ion ( H+) concentration at lower pHs increases the toxicity of un ionized ammonia or because the ammonium ion ( NH4 +) exerts some level of toxicity at lower pH. However, it would be an oversimplification to attribute the toxic action to only the ammonium ion at low pH and to only un ionized ammonium at high pH because most likely both forms participate when total ammonia concentration is high enough to cause toxicity symptoms. A joint toxicity model has been proposed, with ammonium causing most toxicity at high pH values and ammonium ion also contributing to toxicity at lower pH values. This is supported through studies demonstrating that at a low pH a new inward flux of ammonium ion can occur across the gills of aquatic species. 30 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Reference: 1) Clement Associates, Inc. 1990. Health Effects Assessment for Ammonia. Prepared for The Fertilizer Institute, Washington, D. C. 2) Erickson, R. J. 1985. An evaluation of mathematical models for the effects of pH and temperature on ammonia toxicity to aquatic organisms. Water Res. 19: 1047 1058. 3) Evans, D. E. and Cameron, J. N. 1986. Gill ammonia transport. J. Exp. Zool. 239: 17 23. 4) Thurston, R. V., Russo, R. C., and Phillips, G. R. 1983. Acute toxicity of ammonia to fathead minnows. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112: 705 711. 5) U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( USEPA). 1998c. 1998 Update of Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia. Office of Water, Washington, D. C. EPA 822 R 98 008. 6) U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( USEPA). 1985. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia   1984. Washington, D. C.: Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and Standards Division. EPA 504/ 5 85 006.

( b) Remarks: The amount of un ionized ammonia as a percent of total ammonia in aqueous solution is dependent on pH and temperature. The authors derive this relationship and provide a table showing the percent of un ionized ammonia at various pH values and temperatures. Reference: Emerson, K., Russo, R. C., Lund, R. E., and Thurston, R. V. 1975. Aqueous ammonia equilibrium calculations: effect of pH and temperature. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32: 2379 2383.

5. TOXICITY 5.1 ACUTE TOXICITY 5.1.1 ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY ( a) Type: LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ X]; LDL0 [ ]; Other [ ] Species/ strain: Rat Value: 350 mg/ kg bw Method: Not specified GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Ammonium hydroxide Remarks: cites study in J. Ind. Toxicol. 23: 259 ( 1941) 31 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 References: 1) European Commission. 2000. Ammonium hydroxide. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM Edition.

( b) Type: LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ ]; LDL0 [ X]; Other [ ] Species/ strain: Cat Value: 750 mg/ kg bw. Method: Not specified GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Ammonium hydroxide Remarks: Cite Abdernalden's Handbook Biol. Arb. 4: 2389 ( 1935) References: European Commission. 2000. Ammonium hydroxide. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM Edition.

5.1.2 ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY Remarks: Not applicable for aqueous ammonia 5.1.3 ACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY Remarks: See section 5.2.1 Skin Irritation/ Corrosion 5.1.4 ACUTE TOXICITY BY OTHER ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION Type: LD0 [ ]; LD100 [ ]; LD50 [ ]; LDL0 [ X]; Other [ ] Species/ strain: Rabbit Route of Administration: i. m. [ ]; i. p. [ ]; i. v. [ X]; Infusion [ ]; s. c. [ ]; Other [ ] Exposure period: Not specified Value: 10 mg/ kg bw. Method: Not specified GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Ammonium hydroxide Remarks: Cites Abdernalden's Handbook Biol. Arb. 4: 1289 ( 1935) References: European Commission. 2000. Ammonium hydroxide. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM Edition.

5.2 CORROSIVENESS/ IRRITATION 5.2.1 SKIN IRRITATION/ CORROSION Species/ strain: Albino New Zealand rabbits Results: Highly corrosive [ ]; Corrosive [ X]; Highly irritating [ ]; Irritating [ ]; Moderately irritating [ ]; 32 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Slightly irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ ] Classification: Highly corrosive ( causes severe burns) [ ]; Corrosive ( causes burns) [ X]; Irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ ] Method: Three female rabbits were used per dose with two replicates at each level. Each test subject had 0.5 mL of aqueous ammonia placed on the skin. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: 10% aqueous ammonia ( NH4OH); 20% aqueous ammonia ( NH4OH) Remarks: 10% aqueous ammonia tested negative for skin corrosion while 20% aqueous ammonia tested positive. References: Vernot, E. H., MacEwen, J. D., Haun, C. C., and Kinkead, E. R. 1977. Acute toxicity and skin corrosion data for some organic and inorganic compounds and aqueous solutions. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 42: 417 423.

5.2.2 EYE IRRITATION/ CORROSION Species/ strain: Rabbit Results: Highly corrosive [ ]; Corrosive [ ]; Highly irritating [ X]; Irritating [ ]; Moderately irritating [ ]; Slightly irritating [ ]; Not irritating [ ] Classification: Irritating [ X]; Not irritating [ ]; Risk of serious damage to eyes [ ] Method: 1 mg exposure/ 30 second rinse GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Ammonium hydroxide Remarks: Cites Toxicology 23: 281 ( 1982) References: European Commission. 2000. Ammonium hydroxide. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM Edition.

5.3 SKIN SENSITIZATION Remarks: No specific skin sensitization studies were identified.

5.4 REPEATED DOSE TOXICITY Remarks: No specific repeated dose studies were identified. 33 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 5.5 GENETIC TOXICITY IN VITRO A. Bacterial Test Type: Escherichia coli reverse mutation assay System of testing: E. coli Concentration: 10 mg/ disc Metabolic activation: With [ ]; Without [ X]; With and Without [ ]; No Data [ ] Results: Genotoxic effects: + ?  Without metabolic activation: [ ] [ ] [ X] Method: Not specified GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Ammonium hydroxide Remarks: Cites Ann NY Acad. Sci. 76: 475 ( 1958) References: European Commission. 2000. Ammonium hydroxide. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM Edition.

B. Non bacterial in vitro test Remarks: No specific non bacterial in vitro studies were identified.

5.6 GENETIC TOXICITY IN VIVO Type: Drosophila mutagenicity test Species/ strain: Drosophila melanogaster Remarks: WHO, BIBRA, and Clement all report early studies suggesting mutagenic activity occurred upon exposure to ammonia. However, this activity was only evident at doses that killed 98% of the flies, which casts significant doubt on the validity of the results. The Clement report concludes that there are no data to show that ammonia is mutagenic in mammals. Reference: 1) Clement Associates, Inc. 1990. Health Effects Assessment for Ammonia. Prepared for The Fertilizer Institute, Washington, D. C. 2) BIBRA. 1995. Toxicology Profile: Ammonia. BIBRA International. 3) World Health Organization ( WHO). 1986. Ammonia   Environmental Health Criteria 54. Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety. 34 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 5.7 CARCINOGENICITY ( a) Species/ strain: Swiss and C3H mice Sex: Female [ ]; Male [ ]; Male/ female [ X]; No data [ ] Route of administration: Drinking water Exposure period: Life time Frequency of treatment: Ad libitum Control group: Yes [ ]; No [ ]; No data [ X]; Concurrent no treatment [ ]; Concurrent vehicle [ ]; Historical [ ] Results: Life long ingestion in drinking water did not produce any carcinogenic effects, and had no effect on the spontaneous development of aderiocarcinoma of the breast in C3H females, a characteristic of this strain. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ X] ? [ ] Test substance: Ammonium hydroxide ( NH4OH) Doses: Unspecified Remarks: The compound tested was NH4OH, which forms an equilibrium with NH3 when ammonia is dissolved in water. No further information is given in source. Reference: Toth, B. 1972. Hydrazine, methylhydrazine and methylhydrazine sulfate carcinogenesis in Swiss mice. Int. J. Cancer. 9: 109. In World Health Organization ( WHO). 1986. Ammonia   Environmental Health Criteria 54. Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety.

( b) Species/ Strain: All Remarks: WHO and Clement note that there is no reliable evidence indicating that ammonia is carcinogenic. BIBRA notes a poorly reported study ( Gaafar et al 1992) in which one of 50 adult mice exposed 15 minutes/ day, 6 days/ week for 8 weeks to " ammonia vapour" ( derived from a 12% ammonia solution, but not further specified) developed nasal cancer. However, there was a low incidence of other microscopic changes in the nasal tissues suggestive of a tumorigenic response. Reference: 1) Clement Associates, Inc. 1990. Health Effects Assessment for Ammonia. Prepared for The Fertilizer Institute, Washington, D. C. 2) BIBRA. 1995. Toxicology Profile: Ammonia. BIBRA International. 3) World Health Organization ( WHO). 1986. Ammonia   Environmental Health Criteria 54. Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety. 35 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 5.8 TOXICITY TO REPRODUCTION Remarks: No specific reproductive toxicity tests were identified.

5.9 DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY/ TERATOGENICITY Remarks: No specific developmental or teratogenicity tests were identified.

5.10 OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION Remarks: No specific information was identified.

5.11 EXPERIENCE WITH HUMAN EXPOSURE Results: Pulmonary function testing showed a moderate restrictive defect with a carbon monoxide diffusing capacity of 53% of the predicted value. A formal exercise study showed ventilatory restriction on attainment of a maximum oxygen consumption. A transbronchial lung biopsy with fiberoptic bronchoscopy showed interstitial fibrosis with chronic inflammation. The hypopharynx was noted to be decreased in diameter. Remarks: The study subject was a 54 year   old man with history of mild hypertension, adult onset diabetes mellitus, and a 20 pack year history of smoking. As a self employed custodian, he was exposed to ammonium hydroxide ( 28% solution) on a daily basis for 19 years. He had regular episodes of upper airway irritation, coughing, and eye irritation when mixing the chemical in water. These results were presented in the form of a letter to the editor. Reference: Kollef, M. H. 1987. Chronic ammonium hydroxide exposure. Annals of Internal Medicine 107( 1): 118.

6. REFERENCES 3V SIGMA S. p. A MOZZO ( cited in European Commission 2000).

Arillo, A., Margiocco, C., Melodia, F., Mensi, P., and Schenone, G. 1981. Ammonia toxicity mechanism in fish: studies on rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri Rich.). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 5: 316 328.

BIBRA. 1995. Toxicology Profile: Ammonia. BIBRA International. 36 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Champ, M. A., Lock, J. T., Bjork, C. D., Klussmann, W. G., and McCullough, Jr., J. D. 1973. Effects of anhydrous ammonia on a central Texas pond, and a review of previous research with ammonia in fisheries management. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc. 1: 73 82.

Chemfinder. com Internet Searching and Information. 1998. Ammonium Hydroxide. June. http:// www. chemfinder. com.

Chen, J. C. and Kou, Y. Z. 1993. Accumulation of ammonia in the haemolymph of Penaeus monodon exposed to ambient ammonia. Aquaculture 109: 177 185.

Clement Associates, Inc. 1990. Health Effects Assessment for Ammonia. Prepared for The Fertilizer Institute, Washington, D. C.

Constable, M., Jensen, F. McLeron, J., Craig, G., and Moore, D. 1999. Canadian Environmental Protection Act. Priority Substances List II: Supporting Document for Ammonia in the Aquatic Environment. Draft, Unpublished Version. Government of Canada, Environment Canada.

Dabrowski, H. and Skiora, H. 1986. Acute toxicity of ammonia to common carp ( Cyprinus carpio L.). Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 33( 1): 121 128.

Daubert, T. E. and Danner, R. P. 1989. Physical and thermodynamic properties of pure chemicals: Data compilation. Design Institute for Physical Property Data, American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Hemisphere Publ. Corp. NY, NY. 4 Vols.

Dowden, B. F. and Bennett, H. J. 1965. Toxicity of selected chemicals to certain animals. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed. 37( 9): 1308 1316.

DSM, Inventory of Data on chemicals, Ammonia, Delft. 1992. LRO471001/ 4150J. In European Commission. 2000. Ammonia hydroxide. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 200 CD ROM Edition.

Ecological Analysts, Inc. 1981. The Sources, Chemistry, Fate, and Effects of Ammonia in Aquatic Environments. Washington, D. C.: American Petroleum Institute.

Emerson, K., Russo, R. C., Lund, R. E., and Thurston, R. V. 1975. Aqueous ammonia equilibrium calculations: effect of pH and temperature. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 32: 2379 2383.

Erickson, R. J. 1985. An evaluation of mathematical models for the effects of pH and temperature on ammonia toxicity to aquatic organisms. Water Res. 19: 1047 1058.

European Commission. 2000. Ammonium hydroxide. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Year 2000 CD ROM Edition.

Hazardous Substances Data Bank ( HSDB). 1999. Ammonium Hydroxide. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. 37 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Evans, D. E. and Cameron, J. N. 1986. Gill ammonia transport. J. Exp. Zool. 239: 17 23. Thurston, R. V., Russo, R. C., Phillips, G. R. 1983. Acute toxicity of ammonia to fathead minnows. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112: 705 711.

Fromm, P. O., and Gillette, J. R. 1968. Effect of ambient ammonia on blood ammonia and nitrogen excretion of rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 26: 887 896.

Kloppic, E., Jasobasch, G., and Rapoprt, S. 1967. Enhancement of the glycolytic rate by action of ammonium ion on phosphofructokinase activity. Original in German. Acta. Biol. Med. 18: 37 42.

Knepp, G. L. and Arkin, G. F. 1973. Ammonia toxicity levels and nitrate tolerance of channel catfish. Prog. Fish. Cult. 35( 4): 221 224.

Kollef, M. H. 1987. Chronic ammonium hydroxide exposure. Annals of Internal Medicine 107( 1): 118.

Lide, D. R. 1998. CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 79th ed. New York: Lewis Publishers.; ECDIN National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH). 1997. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.

Person LeRuyet, J., Boeuf, G. Zambonin Infant, J., Helgason, S., and Le Roux, A. 1998. Short term physiological changes in turbot and seabream juveniles exposed to exogenous ammonia. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 119A: 511 518.

Randall, D. J., and Wicks, B. J. 1999. Fish: ammonia production, excretion, and toxicity. In press. Paper presented in the Fifth International Symposium on Fish Physiology, Toxicology, and Water Quality. University of Hong Kong.

Thurston, R. V., Russo, R. C., and Phillips, G. R. 1983. Acute toxicity of ammonia to fathead minnows. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112: 705 711.

Toth, B. 1972. Hydrazine, methylhydrazine and methylhydrazine sulfate carcinogenesis in Swiss mice. Int. J. Cancer. 9: 109. In World Health Organization ( WHO). 1986. Ammonia   Environmental Health Criteria 54. Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( USEPA). 2000. EPI Suite Estimation Program V. 3.10.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( USEPA). 1998. 1998 Update of Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia. Washington, D. C.: Office of Water. EPA 822 R 98 008.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency ( USEPA). 1985. Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Ammonia   1984. Washington, D. C.: Office of Water Regulations and Standards, Criteria and Standards Division. EPA 504/ 5 85 006. 38 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 United Nations Industrial Development Organization ( UNIDO) and International Fertilizer Development Center ( IFDC). 1998. Fertilizer Manual. Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands.

Vernot, E. H., MacEwen, J. D., Haun, C. C., and Kinkead, E. R. 1977. Acute toxicity and skin corrosion data for some organic and inorganic compounds and aqueous solutions. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 42: 417 423.

World Health Organization ( WHO). 1986. Ammonia   Environmental Health Criteria 54. Geneva: International Programme on Chemical Safety. Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 APPENDIX A   SIDS Data Availability Summary Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Explanation of Appendix A Appendix A is a SIDS Data Summary table that provides an overview of availability and quality of the data used in this Health and Environmental Safety Data Summary for Aqua Ammonium. Y ( Yes) and N ( No) designations indicate whether data are available that meet the criteria for each column. The columns are described as:

Information: Data exist that were useful for describing the data element. These data may be from standard laboratory tests or from generally recognized published sources or professional experience.

OECD Study: The data were developed using standard OECD or essentially similar ( e. g., EPA harmonized protocols) guidelines.

GLP: The data were developed under standard Good Laboratory Practice provisions. These generally represent the highest quality data.

Other Study: Studies were conducted that could not be definitively identified as following OECD or GLP protocols. These studies were included when they were determined to be of adequate quality and provided relevant information to the characterization of the compound.

Estimation Method: In some cases, data may be estimated using established structure activity relationships. These methods are common for physical chemical parameters such as octanolwater partition coefficients and water solubility.

Acceptable: This column indicates whether the data are deemed acceptable by standard acceptability criteria and professional judgment. Only the data meeting adequacy standards are included in this summary document.

SIDS Testing Recommended: This column indicates whether additional testing is recommended based on an evaluation of the available data summarized in this document. It is generally not necessary to fill all of the apparent data gaps in order to adequately characterize the inherent hazard of chemicals. Information from other data elements and from other chemicals in the category, along with professional judgment, are useful in the final determination of the need for further testing. Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 SIDS DATA AVAILABILITY SUMMARY DATE: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS No: 1336 21 6 Information OECD Study GLP Other Study Estimated Method Acceptable SIDS Testing Recommended STUDY Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 Melting Point Y N N N N Y N 2.2 Boiling Point Y N N N N Y N 2.3 Density Y N N N N Y N 2.4 Vapor Pressure Y N N Y N Y N 2.5 Partition Coefficient N N N N N  N 2.6 Water Solubility Y N N N Y Y N pH and pKa Values Y N N N N Y N 2.7 Flash Point Y N N N N Y N 2.9 Flammability Y N N N N Y N 2.10 Explosive Properties Y N N N N Y N 2.11 Oxidizing Properties Y N N Y N Y N 2.12 Oxidation: Reduction Potential Y N N N N Y N OTHER P/ C STUDIES RECEIVED N N N N N  N ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY 3.1.1 Photodegradation N N N N N  N 3.1.2 Stability in Water N N N N N  N 3.2 Monitoring Data Y N N N N Y N 3.3 Transport and Distribution Y N N N N Y N 3.5 Biodegradation Y N N N N Y N OTHER ENV FATE STUDIES RECEIVED N N N N N  N ECOTOXICITY 4.1 Acute Toxicity to Fish Y N N Y N N 4.2 Acute Toxicity to Daphnia Y N N Y N Y N 4.3 Toxicity to Algae Y N N Y N Y N 4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish Y N N Y N Y N 4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates Y N N Y N Y N 4.6.1 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms N N N N N Y N 4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants Y N N N N  N 4.6.3 Toxicity to Non Mammalian Terrestrial Species N N N N N Y N OTHER ECOTOXICITY STUDIES RECEIVED Y N N N N Y N Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Aqua Ammonia CAS No: 1336 21 6 Information OECD Study GLP Other Study Estimated Method Acceptable SIDS Testing Recommended STUDY Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N TOXICITY 5.1.1 Acute Oral Y N N Y N Y N 5.1.2 Acute Inhalation N N N N N  N 5.1.3 Acute Dermal Y N N Y N Y N 5.2.1 Skin Irritation Y N N Y N Y N 5.2.2 Eye Irritation Y N N Y N Y N 5.3 Skin Sensitization N N N N N  N 5.4 Repeated Dose Y N N Y N Y N 5.5 Genetic Toxicity in vitro . Gene mutation Y N N Y N Y N . Chromosomal aberration N N N N N  N 5.6 Genetic Toxicity in vivo Y N N Y N Y N 5.7 Carcinogenicity Y N N Y N Y N 5.8 Reproduction Toxicity N N N N N  N 5.9 Development/ Teratogenicity N N N N N  N 5.11 Human Experience Y N N Y N Y N OTHER TOXICITY STUDIES RECEIVED N N N N N  N Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 APPENDIX B   SIDS Data Summaries for the Ammonia Compounds Category: Ammonia, Aqua Ammonia, Nitrogen Solutions ( UAN), Urea, Ammonium Nitrate, Ammonium Phosphate Sulfate, Ammonium Sulfate, Ammonium Thiosulfate, Diammonium Phosphate, and Monoammonium Phosphate SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Ammonia Aqua Ammonia Nitrogen Solutions ( UAN)

DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 Melting Point Decomposition  78oC  77oC 2.2 Boiling Point  33oC at 1 atm 36oC 2.3 Density 0.696 g/ L at 20oC 0.9 g/ mL 2.4 Vapor Pressure 7,600 mm Hg at 25oC 2.159 x 103 mm Hg 2.5 Octanol/ Water Partition Coefficient OECD 107  1.14 at 25oC 2.6A Water Solubility 510 530 g/ L at 20oC Miscible 2.6B pH and pKa values pH: 10.6 in 0.01%

aqueous solution at 25oC pKa: 9.25 at 25oC 4.75 at 25oC 2.7 Flash Point Not flammable 2.8 Auto Flammability DIN 51 794 651oC at 1 atm Not applicable 2.9 Flammability Not flammable Not flammable 2.10 Explosive Properties Not explosive 2.11 Oxidizing Properties Not an oxidizer 2.12 Oxidation:

Reduction Potential 1.275 V 1.275 V 2.13A Additional Data Soil sorption ,

Reaction cylinder Similar to first order reaction See text 2.13B Henry's Law Constant 1.6 x 10 5 atm m3/ mol 2.13B Specific Gravity 0.6818 at  33.35oC and 1 atm 2.13B Viscosity 0.00982 cP at 20oC 2.13B Critical Temperature 132 133oC 2.13B Critical Pressure 111 atm 2.13B Critical Density 0.2362 g/ ml SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Ammonia Aqua Ammonia Nitrogen Solutions ( UAN)

DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY 3.1.1 Photodegradation Undergoes photolytic degradation 3.12 Stability in Water Field study in Lake St.

George,

Canada Ke = 25.6 47.3 cm/ h at 15.2

15.0oC Removed from aquatic systems 3.1.3 Stability in Soil Laboratory soil columns Mean sorptions:

sand: 19%

loam: 28%

clay, clay loam,

and silt loam: 38%

3.3.1 Transport 3.3.2 Distribution Calculated,

Fugacity Level I 99.98% to air,

<. 1% each to water, soil, biota,

and sediment Miscible in water 3.5 Biodegradation Rapidly biodegraded Miscible in water and readily degrades 3.7 Bioaccumulation Rapidly assimilated by animals and plants Does not bioaccumulate SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Ammonia Aqua Ammonia Nitrogen Solutions ( UAN)

DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS ECOTOXICITY 4.1 Acute toxicity to Fish Many species Mostly 96 hr LC50 = 0.09 3.51 mg un ionized NH3/ L Cyprinus carpio 48 hr semistatic LC50 = 1.34 1.70 mg un ionized NH3/ L Oncorhynchus mykiss 96 hrs LC50 > 103 mg/ L Pimephalas promelas 96 hrs LC50 between 100 and 500 mg/ L 4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates Daphnia magna 48 hr, ASTM E 729 80 LC50 = 2.94 mg un ionized NH3

N/ L Daphnia magna 48 hr static LC50 = 32 mg HN4OH/ L 4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants ( Algae) Benthic diatoms Up to 25 days LOEC = 0.5 1.0 mg N/ L See text Chlorella vulgaris 21 days LOEC = 500 mg N/ L 4.4 Toxicity to Bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum 5 min, tested for bioluminescence EC50 = 1.49 mg un ionized NH3/ L 4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish Many species Various ( 12 d 5 yrs) NOEC = 0.025 1.2 mg un ionized NH3/ L Many species See text Ictalurus punctatus 8 days LC50 = 37.5 ppm total ammonia 4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates D. magna &

others 21 d 76 weeks NOEC = 0.163

0.42 mg unionized NH3/ L See text 4.6.1 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms 4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants Many species Various ( 4 mins 16 hrs) LOEC = 3 250 ppm Can cause inhibition of photosynthesis 4.6.3 Toxicity to Other Non Mammalian Terrestrial Species G. domesticus 1 hr injections LD50 = 2.72 mM SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Ammonia Aqua Ammonia Nitrogen Solutions ( UAN)

DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS TOXICITY 5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity Rat LD50 = 350 mg/ kg bw Rat OECD 425 LD50 > 2,000 mg/ kg bw Cat LD50 = 750 mg/ kg bw 5.1.2 Acute Inhalation Rat, mouse 1 hr LC50 = 4,230

19,960 total NH3/ m3 5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity 5.1.4 Acute Toxicity,

Other Routes Rat, mouse 1 hr intravenous LC50 = 45.5 195.1 mg total NH3/ kg bw Rabbit i. v. LDLo = 10 mg/ kg bw 5.2.1 Skin Irritation/

Corrosion Corrosive to skin Rabbit Corrosive at 20%

but not 10%

5.2.2 Eye Irritation/

Corrosion Subacute and chronic exposure to 200 1,000 ppm produced eye damage. 100 200 ppm produced moderate to severe eye irritation. Rabbit Irritating 5.3 Skin Sensitization 5.4 Repeated Dose Rats, guinea pigs, rabbits,

monkeys,

beagle dogs Inhalation, up to 770 mg/ m3 No mortality SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Ammonia Aqua Ammonia Nitrogen Solutions ( UAN)

DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS 5.5 Genetic Toxicity in vitro . Gene mutation Salmonella typhimurium,

Saccharomyces E. coli Bacterial gene mutation assay Negative E. coli Negative . Chromosomal aberration Chick fibroblasts Cytogenetic assay Induced chromosomal clumping, polyploidy, and arrested spindle formation. No data showing that ammonia is mutagenic in mammals.

5.6 Genetic Toxicity in vivo Drosophila melanogaster Drosophila mutagenicity test No evidence for mutagenicity No evidence for mutagenicity 5.7 Carcinogenicity No carcinogenic effects Not carcinogenic 5.8 Toxicity to Reproduction Pig One generation study Temporarily depressed mean daily gain at 35 mg/ kg in gilts 5.9 Development Toxicity/ Teratogenicity 51.0 Additional Information 5.11 Human Experience Inhalation;

human volunteers Nasal and pulmonary irritation at concentrations of about 100 ppm and higher See text 1.8 Occupational Exposure Limits 8 hr TWA TLV 50 ppm ( 35 mg/ m3) TLV 24 mg/ m3 24 mg/ m3 15 min STELTLV 35 ppm ( 27 mg/ m3) SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Urea Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Phosphate Sulfate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 Melting Point 133oC 169.6oC 2.2 Boiling Point 135oC ( at 101 kPa)

( decomposes) 210oC 2.3 Density 750 kg/ m3 1.725 g/ mL at 25oC 2.4 Vapor Pressure Calculated 80 Pa at 20oC 15 hPa at 20oC 2.5 Octanol/ Water Partition Coefficient  1.59 at 20 25oC OECD 107  3.1 at 25oC 2.6A Water Solubility 1,193 g/ L at 25oC 1,920 g/ L at 20oC 2.6B pH and pKa values pH = 7.2 ( 100 g/ L) pH = 5.43 in aqueous solution 2.7 Flash Point Not applicable 2.8 Auto Flammability Not flammable 2.9 Flammability Not flammable 2.10 Explosive Properties May explode under high temperature or strong shocks 2.11 Oxidizing Properties Strong oxidizer 2.12 Oxidation:

Reduction Potential 2.13A Additional Data See text SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Urea Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Phosphate Sulfate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY 3.1.1 Photodegradation Does not photodegrade 3.1.2 Stability in Water Calculated t1/ 2 > 1 year Stable 3.1.3 Stability in Soil Binds to clay particles 3.3.1 Transport 3.3.2 Distribution Calculated ( Fugacity Level I) 0.16% to air 99.84% to water Calculated,

Fugacity Level III 0.251% to air 45.4% to water 54.2% to soil 0.757% to sediment 3.5 Biodegradation OECD 302B SCAS 24 hr Ultimately biodegradable 93 98% Readily biodegraded 3.7 Bioaccumulation Does not bioaccumulate SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Urea Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Phosphate Sulfate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS ECOTOXICITY 4.1 Acute toxicity to Fish Barillius barna 96 hrs LC50 > 9,100 mg/ L Cyprinus carpio L. 48 hrs LC50 = 1.15 1.72 mg un ionized NH3/ L Oncorhynchus mykiss OECD 203 LC50 > 107 mg/ L Chinook salmon, rainbow trout, bluegill 96 hrs LC50 = 420 1,360 mg NO3/ L 4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates Daphnia magna DIN 38412 Part II; 24 hrs EC50 > 10,000 mg/ L Daphnia magna EC50 = 555 mg/ L 4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants ( Algae) Scenedesmus quadricauda 192 hr cell multiplication inhibition test TT > 10,000 mg/ L Scenedesmus quadricauda EC50 = 83 mg/ L 4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish 4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates Bullia digitalis Up to 7 days NOEC = 300 mg/ L 4.6.1 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms Applications of nitrogenous fertilizers to grassland for long period may have deleterious effects on earthworms in the absence of liming.

4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plant Glycine max ( L.) Merr. 7 days exposure to 9 mg urea/ leaf Leaf tip necrosis See text 4.6.3 Toxicity to Other Non Mammalian Terrestrial Species Pigeon Subcutaneous LDLo = 16,000 mg/ kg SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Urea Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Phosphate Sulfate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS TOXICITY 5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity Rat LD50 = 14,300

15,000 mg/ kg Rat OECD 401 LD50 = 2,800 mg/ kg bw Rat OECD 425 LD50 > 2,000 mg/ kg bw Mouse LD50 = 11,500

13,000 mg/ kg Rat OECD 401 LD50 = 2,462 mg/ kg bw Cattle LD50 = 510 mg/ kg Rat OECD 401 LD50 = 2,950 mg/ kg bw Rat LD50 = 4,500 mg/ kg bw 5.1.2 Acute Inhalation Rat 4 hrs LC50 > 88.8 mg/ L 5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity Rat 4 hrs LC50 > 5,000 mg/ kg 5.1.4 Acute Toxicity,

Other Routes White rat Injected; 3 hrs Minimum lethal dose = 0.065 mg NH4NO3 N 5.2.1 Skin Irritation/

Corrosion Mouse 10% solution Not irritating Rabbit Moderately irritating Rabbit 50% solution Not irritating Rabbit Not irritating 5.2.2 Eye Irritation/

Corrosion 5.3 Skin Sensitization 5.4 Repeated Dose Rat 24 weeks;

dermal NOAEL = 40% in ointment Rat Inhalation; 2 weeks NOAEL = 185 mg/ m3 Rat Inhalation; 4 weeks NOAEL = 1 mg/ m3 5.5 Genetic Toxicity in vitro . Gene mutation Salmonella typhimurium Bacterial reverse mutation assay Negative Salmonella typhimurium Bacterial reverse mutation assay Negative . Chromosomal aberration Chinese hamster Mouse Chromosomal aberration test Mouse lymphoma TK locus assay Positive ( very high dose) Positive ( very high dose) SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Urea Ammonium Nitrate Ammonium Phosphate Sulfate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS 5.6 Genetic Toxicity in vivo Mouse Bone marrow cytogenetic test Positive ( extremely high dose)

5.7 Carcinogenicity Mouse Rat 12 month diet 12 month diet Not carcinogenic Not carcinogenic 5.8 Toxicity to Reproduction Mouse 12 month carcinogenicity screening No toxic effects in gonads reported Rat 12 month carcinogenicity No toxic effects in gonads reported 5.9 Development Toxicity/ Teratogenicity Rat 2 doses/ day x 14 days gavage Not teratogenic Rat NOAEL > 57 mg/ kg/ day 5.10 Metabolism and Toxicokinetics No sensory irritation 5.11 Human Experience Despite extensive medical use, no significant side effects on humans have been noted See text 1.8 Occupational Exposure Limits No TLV established TLV as inert dust 15 mg/ m3 No TLV established SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Thiosulfate Diammonium Phosphate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 Melting Point 235 512oC 150oC 155 ° C 2.2 Boiling Point 872oC Decomposes 2.3 Density 1.77 g/ mL 0.7 1.679 g/ mL 0.93 1.619 g/ mL at 20oC 2.4 Vapor Pressure < 100 Pa at 20 ° C 2.5 Octanol/ Water Partition Coefficient OECD 107  5.1 2.6A Water Solubility 7.5 x 105 mg/ L at 20oC 1,800 g/ L at 20oC 588 g/ L at 20 ° C 2.6B pH and pKa values 5.0 200 g/ L 6.5 7.2 ~ 8 2.7 Flash Point Not applicable Not applicable Not applicable 2.8 Auto Flammability Not flammable Not flammable 2.9 Flammability Not flammable Not flammable 2.10 Explosive Properties May explode if mixed with oxidizers May explode when mixed with chlorate Not explosive 2.11 Oxidizing Properties Not an oxidizer Not an oxidizer 2.12 Oxidation:

Reduction Potential 2.13A Additional Data See text SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Thiosulfate Diammonium Phosphate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY 3.1.1 Photodegradation Not a significant dissipation mechanism 3.1.2 Stability in Water Stable 3.1.3 Stability in Soil Stable 3.3.2 Distribution Calculated,

fugacity level III 0.0156% to air 44.1% to water 55.8% to soil 0.0754% to sediment Calculated,

fugacity level III 0.151% to air 49.9% to water 49.8% to soil 0.0893% to sediment Calculated,

Fugacity Level III 6.5 x 10 15% to air 45.3% to water 54.6% to soil 0.0755% to sediment 3.5 Biodegradation 3.7 Bioaccumulation Does not bioaccumulate Does not bioaccumulate SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Thiosulfate Diammonium Phosphate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS ECOTOXICITY 4.1 Acute toxicity to Fish Coho salmon, Rainbow trout, Large mouth bass,

Fathead minnow, etc. 24 96 hrs LC50 = 90 to > 1,500 mg/ L Guppy DIN 38412 LC50 > 200 mg/ L Coho salmon, Chinook salmon, Rainbow trout, Bluegill,

Large mouth bass, Tilapia, Fathead minnow 96 hrs LC50 = 90 1,875 mg/ L 4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates Daphnia magna 50 96 hrs EC50 > 433 mg/ L Amphipod 96 hrs LC50 = 40 52 mg/ L Amphipod 96 hrs LC50 = 40 62 mg/ L Snail, Worm 96 hrs LC50 = 1,005

2,472 mg/ L Snails, worm 48 96 hrs LC50 = > 100 700 mg/ L 4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants ( Algae) Chlorella vulgaris 21 days NOEC = 250 mg N/ L Selenastrum capricornutum 72 hrs NOEC ( toxicity)

= 97.1 mg DAP/ L NOEC ( stimulation) =

3.57 mg DAP/ L Various 17 days NOEC = 50 µ g NH4 N/ L 4.4 Toxicity to Bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum Microtox EC50 = 1.49 mg un ionized NH3/ L Anaerobic bacteria ETAD fermentation tube EC50 = 3,000 mg/ L SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Thiosulfate Diammonium Phosphate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS 4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish Rainbow trout 12 & 35 days LC50 = 0.26 0.68 mg un ionized NH3/ L Pink salmon 21, 40 & 61 days NOEC = 1.2 mg un ionized NH3/ L Channel catfish 6 months LOEC = 100 500 mg/ L 4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates 4.6.1 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms 4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants 4.6.3 Toxicity to Other Non Mammalian Terrestrial Species SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Thiosulfate Diammonium Phosphate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS TOXICITY 5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity Rat LD50 = > 2,000

4,250 mg/ kg bw Rat LD50 = 1,950

2,890 mg/ kg bw Rat OECD 425 LD50 > 2,000 mg/ kg bw Mouse LD50 = 640 mg/ kg bw Mouse LD50 = 2,100  >

3,000 mg/ kg bw Goat LD50 = 3,500 mg/ kg bw Guinea pig LD50 = 1,100 mg/ kg bw 5.1.2 Acute Inhalation Rabbit 1 hr LD50 > 2,200 µ g/ m3 Rat 4 hrs LC50 > 2,260 mg/ m3 Mouse 4 hrs LC50 > 1,800 mg/ m3 5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity Rat, mouse LD50 > 2,000 mg/ kg bw Rat OECD 402 LD50 > 5,000 mg/ kg bw 5.1.4 Acute Toxicity,

Other Routes Rat injected; 3 hrs MLD = 0.094 mg ( NH4) 2SO4 N Mouse i. p. LD50 = 610 mg/ kg bw 5.2.1 Skin Irritation/

Corrosion Rabbit Not irritating Rabbit OECD 404 Not irritating 5.2.2 Eye Irritation/

Corrosion Rabbit Not irritating Rabbit OECD 405 Not irritating 5.3 Skin Sensitization 5.4 Repeated Dose Rat 8 months; 5 hrs/ day; 5 days/ wk; inhalation Mild & transient effects at 0.5 mg/ m3. See text Rat Oral; 45 90 days LOAEL = 300 mg/ kg/ day Rat OECD 422 NOAEL = 250 mg/ kg/ day Rat Inhalation; 2 or 4 months LOAEL = 26.77 mg/ m3 Rat Dermal; 20 days LOAEL = 45%

( NH4) 2S2O3 SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Ammonium Sulfate Ammonium Thiosulfate Diammonium Phosphate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS 5.5 Genetic Toxicity in vitro . Gene mutation Salmonella typhimurium OECD 471 Negative Salmonella typhimurium OECD 471 Negative Salmonella typhimurium OECD 471 Negative . Chromosomal aberration Chinese hamster ovaries Negative Chinese hamster ovaries Negative Chinese hamster ovaries OECD 473 Negative 5.6 Genetic Toxicity in vivo Rat, mouse Oral single dose NOAEL = 5,000 mg/ kg bw 5.7 Carcinogenicity Rat, hamster Not carcinogenic 5.8 Toxicity to Reproduction Rat OECD 422 NOAEL = 1,500 mg/ kg/ day 5.9 Development Toxicity/ Teratogenicity Chicken eggs NOAEL > 10 mg/ egg Rat, mouse,

hamster Oral NOAEL > 550 mg/ kg/ day Rat OECD 422 NOAEL = 1,500 mg/ kg/ day 5.10 Metabolism and Toxicokinetics See text 5.11 Human Experience See text 1 2g See text See text 1.8 Occupational Exposure Limits TLV as inert dust 15 mg/ m3 TLV as inert dust 15 mg/ m3 TLV as inert dust 15 mg/ m3 SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Monammonium Phosphate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 Melting Point 190 ° C 2.2 Boiling Point Decomposes 2.3 Density 1.83 g/ mL at 25oC 2.4 Vapor Pressure < 100 Pa at 20 ° C 2.5 Octanol/ Water Partition Coefficient 2.6A Water Solubility 328 g/ L at 20 ° C 2.6B pH and pKa values 4.2 in 0.2M aqueous solution 2.7 Flash Point Not applicable 2.8 Auto Flammability Not flammable 2.9 Flammability Not flammable 2.10 Explosive Properties Not explosive 2.11 Oxidizing Properties Not an oxidizer 2.12 Oxidation:

Reduction Potential 2.13A Additional Data SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Monammonium Phosphate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY 3.1.1 Photodegradation 3.1.2 Stability in Water Stable 3.1.3 Stability in Soil Stable 3.3.2 Distribution Calculated,

Fugacity Level III 3.98 x 10 12% to air 45.3% to water 54.6% to soil 0.0755% to sediment 3.5 Biodegradation 3.7 Bioaccumulation Does not bioaccumulate SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Monammonium Phosphate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS ECOTOXICITY 4.1 Acute toxicity to Fish Oncorhynchus mykiss 96 hrs LC50 > 85.9 mg/ L 4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates 4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants ( Algae)

4.4 Toxicity to Bacteria 4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish 4.5.2 Chronic Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates 4.6.1 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms 4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants 4.6.3 Toxicity to Other Non Mammalian Terrestrial Species SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR THE AMMONIA CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2003 Aqua Ammonia CAS # 1336 21 6 Monammonium Phosphate DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS TOXICITY 5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity Rat OECD 425 LD50 > 2,000 mg/ kg bw 5.1.2 Acute Inhalation 5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity Rat OECD 402 LD50 > 5,000 mg/ kg bw 5.1.4 Acute Toxicity,

Other Routes 5.2.1 Skin Irritation/

Corrosion 5.2.2 Eye Irritation/

Corrosion 5.3 Skin Sensitization 5.4 Repeated Dose 5.5 Genetic Toxicity in vitro . Gene mutation . Chromosomal aberration 5.6 Genetic Toxicity in vivo 5.7 Carcinogenicity 5.8 Toxicity to Reproduction 5.9 Development Toxicity/ Teratogenicity 5.10 Metabolism and Toxicokinetics See text 5.11 Human Experience See text 1.8 Occupational Exposure Limits TLV as inert dust 15 mg/ m3