Page 996 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 Z AA AB AC AD AE AF NF NF Dioecious Polygynous2 Viviparous3,7 No NF 9 > 80 7,12,20 Dioecious Polygynous Oviparous2,10,11 No 4 Male< Female 13 29 ( ovuliparity) 3 14 100 19,20,35 62 30 56 9 45 NF Dioecious Polygynous Oviparous2,11 No NF ( ovuliparity) 3 1 Love et al 1987 1 Archibald et al 1981 1 Love et al 1987 1 Love et al 1987 1 Lenarz & Echeverria 1991 2 Miller & Geibel 1973 2 Washington et al 1978 2 Wourms 1991 2 Moser 1996c 2 Love et al. 1987 3 Phillips 1964 3 Barker 1979 3 Wourms 1991 3 Love & Johnson 1998 4 Larson 1991 4 Miller et al 1967 4 Dygert & Gunderson 1991 4 Tokranov & Novikov 1997 5 Wilson & Boehlert 1990 5 Boehlert 1980 5 Boehlert & Yoklavich 1984a 5 STAT 1999 6 Love 1978 6 Rosenthal et al. 1981 6 Yoklavich & Boehlert 1991 7 Franklin 1999 7 Westrheim & Harling 1975 7 Eigenmann 1892 8 Zaitlin 1986 8 Six 1976 8 STAT 1999 9 Kline 1996 9 Rosenthal et al 1982 9 Coyer 1979 10 Casillas et al. 1998 10 O'Connell & Funk 1986 10 Garrison & Miller 1982 11 VenTresca 1992 11 Richards & Cass 1986 11 Love 1996 12 O'Connell & Funk 1986 12 Tokranov & Novikov 1997 12 Larson 1977 13 Tokranov & Novikov 1997 13 Richards & Cass 1986 14 Butler et al. 1995 14 Gotshall 1969 15 Richards & Cass 1986 15 STAT 1999 16 Worton 2000 16 Williams et al 1999 17 Bloeser 1999 17 Sampson & Stewart 1994 18 STAT 1999 18 Gowen 1983 19 Ianelli et al. 1994 19 Barss et al. 1982 20 Miller 1985 20 Miller 1985 21 Reilly et al. 1994 21 Baxter 1999a Page 997 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM None1 NF NF NF NF NF NF None1 22 21.5 ( NG) 21.5 ( NG) NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG NG 2416.5 ( 5) 16.5 ( 5) 21 ( 13) 21 ( 13) otoliths; section No 27NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG ( NG) 22 ( NG) NG NG 29NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG ( 13) NG ( 13) otoliths; section/ b & b radiometric 31 NG ( NG) 17 ( NG) NG ( NG) 22 ( NG) NA NA 42 < 16* ( NG) 26 ( NG) < 16 ( NG) 30 ( NG) NA NA 4413.5^ ( 5) NG ( NG) 19.2 ( 12) 19.2 ( 12) otoliths; break and burn No 53 NG ( NG) NG ( NG) 23 ( 12) 23 ( 12) NG NG None1,4 1625.2 ( NG) 27.6 ( NG) NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG NG 22 21.5 ( NG) 21.5 ( NG) NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG NG 23NG ( NG) 17 ( NG) NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG NG 24NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG ( NG) 19 ( 14) otoliths; section No 31 NG ( NG) 19 ( NG) NG ( NG) 21.5 ( NG) NA NA 42 NG* ( NG) NG ( NG) 21 ( NG) NG ( NG) NA NA 53 NG ( NG) NG ( NG) 10 to 18 ( NG) 10 to 18 ( NG) NA NA 1 Chen 1971,1986 1 Love et al 1987 2 Moser 1967 2 Lea et al 1999 3 Wyllie Echeverria 1986 3 Wyllie Echeverria 1987 4 Wakefield & Smith 1990 4 Love & Johnson 1998 5 Love et al. 1990 6 Shaw 1999 7 Miller & Geibel 1973 8 Gunderson et al 1980 9 Love and Westphal 1981 10 Larson 1980 b 11 Westrheim 1975 12 McClure 1982 13 Miller et al 1967 14 Phillips 1964 15 Washington et al. 1978 16 Best 1964 17. Love 1978 18 Barker 1979 19 Yamanaka & Kronlund 1997 20 Wales 1953 21 Rosenthal et al. 1982 Page 998 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 AN AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV NF NF NF NG NF Alaska69 NG Oregon30,66 NG northeast Pacific41 interreader comparisons c. California46 NA California47,52,56,70,77 *****

NA No NG NG NF Oregon30,66 NG northeast Pacific41 NG n. California31 NG c. California48 NA California47,52,56,77 ***** *****

NA NA 1 Chen 1971 1 Love et al 1987 2 Barker 1979 2 Phillips 1968 3 Yamanaka & Kronlund 1997 3 David 1939 4 Lea et al 1999 5 Wyllie Echverria 1987 6 Love & Johnson 1998 7 Washington et al. 1978 8 DeLacy et al 1964 9 Hitz & DeLacy 1965 10 Larson 1980 a, b, c 11 Patten 1973 12 Moulton 1977 13 Love et al 1990 14 Chen 1971 15 Westrheim 1975 16 Hitz 1962 17 Phillips 1964 18 Moser 1967 19 Shaw 1999 20 Rosenthal et al. 1981 21 Dunn & Hitz 1969 Page 999 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD BE Once1,17 1192 ( NA) NF Multiple11,16,23 NF 1441,000 ( NG) to 400,000 ( NG)

27 20,000 ( NG) to 450,000 ( NG)

Multiple11,18,23 NF 143,000 ( NG) to 106,000 ( NG)

1 MacGregor 1970 1 MacGregor 1970 1 MacGregor 1970 2 Love et al 1990 2 Love et al 1990 2 Love et al 1990 3 Miller & Giebel 1973 3 Haldorson & Love 1991 3 Love & Johnson 1998 4 Washington et al. 1978 4 Hart 1973 4 Haldorson & Love 1991 5 Shaw 1999 5 Tenra Environmental Services 2000 5 Phillips 1964 6 DeLacy et at 1964 6 Love & Westphal 1981 7 Stein et al 1989 7 DeLacy et al 1964 8 Miller et al 1967 8 Miller & Giebel 1973 9 Love & Westphal 1981 9 Miller et al 1967 10 VenTresca et al. 1996 10 Hart 1973 11 Bloeser 1999 11 Love 1978 12 Love 1978 12 Matarese et al 1989 13 Guillemot et al. 1985 13 Wales 1953 14 Matthews 1990a 14 Casillas et al. 1998 15 Wyllie Echeverria 1987 15 Wakefield & Smith 1990 16 Casillas et al. 1998 16 Romero 1988 17 Larson 1992 ( LR) 17 Zaitlin 1986 18 Wakefield & Smith 1990 18 STAT 1999 19 Romero 1988 19 Gunderson et al. 1980 20 Wallace & Tagart 1994 20 Wang 1981 21 Baxter 1999a 21 Adams 1992a Page 1000 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 BF BG BH BI BJ NF NA 1 ~ 1 to 2 months NF NF 13F= 19,007 + 378.99 ( dressed W) r2= 0.817 6~ 2 to 3 weeks 1,2 ~ 1 to 2 months 5,1322 to 27 ( SL) NF 13F= 18,399 + 318.03 ( total W) r2= 0.823 1250 ( TL)

13F= 0.05295 ( fresh SL) 2.642 r2= 0.584 14~ 25 ( SL)

13F= 0.02782 ( fresh FL) 2.6788 r2= 0.858 13F=  227,852 = 98.156 ( dressed W) + 1,296 ( fresh SL) + 727.571 ( age) r 2= 0.85 13F=  234,841 + 93.197 ( dressed W) + 1,398.51 ( fresh SL) r 2= 0.848 NF NF 1,2 ~ 1 to 2 months 2,5,1342 to 56 ( SL) NF 12,14 55 1 Love & Johnson 1998 1 Orton 1955 1 Moser 1996c 1 Lea et al. 1999 1 STAT 1999 2 DeLacy et al 1964 2 Barnhart 1932 2 Moser 1974 2 Moser et al. 1977 3 Love et al 1990 3 David 1939 3 Krigsman 2000 3 Chen 1971 4 Haldorson and Love 1991 4 Wourms 1991 4 Tenera Environem4 Moser & Butler 1981 5 Love & Westphal 1981 5 Moser 1974 5 Moser 1996c 6 Washington et al. 1978 6 Moser pers com. 6 Boehlert & Yoklavich 1983 7 Matarese et al. 1989 7 Love 1996 7 Laroche & Richardson 1980 8 Gunderson et al. 1980 8 Richardson & Laroche 1979 9 Romero 1988 9 Anderson 1983 10 Zaitlin 1986 10 Stein & Hassler 1989 11 Richards & Schnute 1990 11 Johnson 1997 12 Wallace & Tagart 1994 12 Casillas et al. 1998 13 Miller 1985 13 Moser 1974 14 Garrison & Miller 1982 14 Wakefield & Smith 1990 15 Krigsman 2000 16 Watters 1992 17 Houk 1992b 18 Garrison & Miller 1982 19 Miller 1960a 20 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 Page 1001 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 BK BL BM BN BO BP 5 0.7 to 1.0 No external eggs NA NF planktonic1 planktivore ( nauplii and invertebrate eggs; copepods) 2,3 1,8,16 1.2 to 1.4 planktonic2 NF 5,332.6 ( TL) to planktonic1,2 planktivore 71.1 X 1.2 6,17,322.6 to 22 ( SL)

17 1.3 28to ~ 25.4 ( NA)

293.0 to 20 ( SL)

81.2 to 1.4 planktonic2 NF 52.6 ( TL) to planktonic1 planktivore 71.1 X 1.2 6,172.6 to 22 ( SL)

11 1.1 293.0 to 20 ( SL)

17 1.3 1 Hart 1973 1 Moser 1996c 1 Tenera Environmental Services1 Moser 1996c 1 Morris 1956b 2 David 1939 2 Pearcy 1962 2 Richardson & Laroche 1979 2 Boehlert & Yoklavich 1984a 2 Sumida et al. 1985 3 Barnhart 1932 3 Feder et al. 1974 3 Laidig & Sakuma 1998 3 Karpov et al. 1995 3 Moser & Boehlert 1991 4 Orton 1955 4 Love 1996 4 Laidig et al. 1996 4 STAT 1999 4 Love 1978 5 MacGregor 1970 5 Westrheim 1975 5 Miller 1985 6 Boehlert & Yoklavich 1984a 6 Moser et al. 1977 6 Baxter 1999a 7 Moser 1996c 7 Moreno 1993 7 Holbrook, Carr, Schmitt, & Coyer 1990 8 Pearcy 1962 8 Morris 1956b 8 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 9 Washington et al. 1984 9 Hart 1973 10 Wales 1953 10 Hitz & DeLacy 1960 11 Wakefield & Smith 1990 11 Dygert & Gunderson 1991 12 Zaitlin 1986 12 Laroche & Richarson 1980 13 Waldron 1968 13 David 1939 14 Wang 1981 14 Orton 1955 15 Breder & Rosen 1966 15 Boehlert & Yoklavich 1984a 16 Garrison & Miller 1982 16 Moser & Butler 1981 17 Morris 1956b 17 Moser 1996c 18 Feder et al. 1974 18 Stahl Johnson 1985 19 Washington et al. 1984 20 Matarese et al 1989 21 DeLacy et al. 1964 Page 1002 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 BQ BR BS BT BU BV NF diurnal1 siphonophores; NA zooplanktivore chaetognaths1 ( crustaceans, such as barnacle cyprids) 1,6 shelter among urchin filled crevices52 NF diurnal1 NF 3,7,1020 ( SL) to maturity pelagic; shallow continetal shelf19 NF NF diurnal1 NF 3,1020 ( SL) to maturity pelagic; shallow continetal shelf19 carnivores 722 ( SL) to maturity 1 Love et al 1987 1 Moser & Bohlert 1991 1 Yoklavich et al. 1996 1 Richardson & Laroche 1979 1 Larson 1980 a 1 Love, Carr, Haldorson 1991 2 Laidig et al. 1996 2 VenTrescae t al. 1996 2 Miller & Geibel 1973 3 Moser et al. 1977 3 Love, Carr, Haldorson 1991 3 Gotshall & Smith 1965 4 Laroche & Richardson 1980 4 Bloeser 1999 4 Prince & Gotshall 1976 5 Boehlert & Yoklavich 1984a 5 Love & Westphal 1990 5 Hobson & Chess 1988 6 Moser & Butler 1981 6 Limbaugh 1955 6 Gaines & Roughgarden 1987 7 Moser 1996c 7 Hoelzer 1988 7 Limbaugh 1955 8 Washington et al. 1984 8 Miller & Geibel 1973 8 Singer 1985 9 Anderson 1983 9 Moser & Boehlert 1991 9 Prince 1975 10 Moser 1974 10 Boehlert & Yoklavich 1984 10 Singer 1982 11 O'Connell & Carlisle 1993 11 Casillas et al. 1998 12 Richards 1986 12 Haldorson & Richards 1986 13 Anderson 1983 13 Hobson & Chess 1976 14 Matthews 1990a 14 Smith & Brown 1983 15 Stein & Hassler 1989 15 Allen, M. J. 1982 16 Patten 1973 16 Murie 1995 17 Rosenthal et al. 1982 17 Hueckel & Stayton 1982 18 Johnson 1997 18 Coyer 1979 19 Vetter & Lynn 1997 19 Adams 1992 a 20 Casillas et al. 1998 20 Adams 1992 b 21 Love 1992 21 Adams 1992 c deep, silt covered cobble and boulder bottoms43 pelagic; drifting kelp mats/ high relief rock;

artificial reefs3,9,20,22,26,41,54 ( pelagic crustaceans, such as euphausiids) 11,14 Page 1003 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 BW BX BY BZ CA NF NF ( meso) carnivore8 ( crustaceans; mollusks; fish) 8,9,25,63,65,76 Least terns27 NF NF carnivore NF diurnal? 9 carnivore 1 Allen, M. J. 1982 1 Hobson & Chess 1976 1 Love, Carr, Haldorson 1991 1 Love et al 1987 1 Love et al 1987 2 Ebeling, Larson, Ale2 Love & Ebeling 1978 2 Morejohn et al. 1978 2 Larson 1980 a, b, c 2 Larson 1980 a 3 Coyer 1979 3 Love 1978 3 Baltz 1976 Thesis 3 Dunn & Hitz 1969 3 Carlisle et al. 1964 4 Singer 1985 4 Rosenthal et al 1988 4 Miller & Geibel 1973 4 Miller & Geibel 1973 5 Singer 1982 5 Miller & Geibel 1973 5 Bloeser 1999 5 Hobson, Chess & Howard 1996 6 Hobson et al 1981 6 Roberts 1979 6 Laidig & Sakuma 1998 6 Phillips 1964 7 Casillas et al. 1998 7 Hoelzer 1987 7 Starr 1998 7 Love & Ebling 1978 8 Hobson & Chess 1976 8 Ainley et al. 1981 8 Love et al. 1998 8 Quast 1968a 9 Smith & Brown 1983 9 Stein & Hassler 1989 9 Richards 1986 9 Quast 1968d 10 Ebling & Brey 1976 10 Rosenthal et al 1982 10  Hart 1973 10 Bloeser 1999 11 Allen, M. J. 1982 11 Van Dykhuizen 1983 11 Limbaugh 1955 11 Gotshall & Smith 1965 12 Hallacher & Roberts 1985 12 Ainley et al 1993 12 Carlson & Straty 1981 12 Rosenthal et al 1988 13 Love 1996 13 Casillas et al. 1998 13 Love 1978 13 Prince & Gotshall 1976 14 Houk 1992 a, b 14 Hallacher 1977 14 Hobson & Chess 1988 15 Haldorson & Richards 1996 15 Love & Johnson 1998 15 Larson 1991 16 Follet & Ainley 1976 16 O'Connell & Carlisle 1993 16 Love & Westphal 1990 17 Jacobson & Vetter 1996 17 Allen 1985 17 Moulton 1977 18 Hubbs et al. 1970 18 Love et al 1990 18 Roberts 1979 19 Eldridge and Staff 1994 19 Matthews 1990 a 19 Limbaugh 1955 20 Adams 1992 b 20 Stein & Hassler 1989 20 Love 1978 21 Adams 1992 c 21 Cross 1987 21 Hallacher 1977 ( crustaceans, such as caridean shrimp, amphipods,

and isopods; polychaetes; juvenile thornyheads)

10,59,76 shallow rocky, high relief substrates;

crevices; artificial reefs 5,7,8,10,11,27,32,51,64,65 ( ophiuroids; crustaceans; fish; mollusks;

polychaetes) 33,35,76 adult longspine and shortspine thornyheads13,17 adult longspine and shortspine thornyheads13,17 continental slope/ basin in sand or mud 5,21,22,30,65 soft bottoms of continental slope/ basin 5,21,22,26,65 fishes, including rockfishes,

lingcod, cabezon and salmon;

birds; porpoise1,2,3,5,6,8,12 Page 1004 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 CB CC CD CE ambusher6,11 nocturnal5,8,12,21 sharks; dolphin; seals1,4 NF ambusher4,5 NF sablefish13,14 None8 ambusher4,5 NF NF 1 Love & Ebling 1978 1 Prince & Gotshall 1976 1 Morejohn et al. 1978 FB 169 1 Vetter et al. 2000 2 Rosenthal et al. 1988 2 Moulton 1977 2 Bloeser 1999 2 Wallace et al. 1999 3 Hobson et al 1981 3 Patten 1973 3 Rosenthal et al. 1988 3 STAT 1999 4 Casillas et al. 1998 4 Roberts 1979 4 Antonelis & Fiscus 1980 4 Rocha Olivares & Vetter 1999; Rocha Olivares 1998 5 Jacobson & Vetter 1996 5 Love 1978 5 Rosenthal et al. 1982 5 Stepien 1995 6 Ebeling & Bray 1976 6 Hallacher 1977 6 Casillas et al. 1998 6 Love & Larson 1978 8 Allen, M. J. 1982 7 Singer 1982 7 Houk 1992 a, b 7 Seeb 1998 9 Ebeling, Larson, Alevizon, & Bray 1980 8 Hobson et al 1981 8 Adams 1992 c 8 Gharrett et al. 2000 10 Coyer 1979 9 Van Dykhuizen 1983 9 Jacobson & Vetter 1996 9 Buonaccorsi et al. 2000 a, b 11 Hobson 1994 10 Casillas et al. 1998 10 Merkel 1957 10 Yamanaka et al. 2000 12 Larson 1977 11 Hobson & Chess 1976 11 Houk 1992a 11 Boehlert 1980 12 Ebling & Bray 1976 12 Stevens et al. 1984 12 Wishard et al. 1980 13 Allen, M. J. 1982 13 Allen, M. J. 1982 13 Wallace & Tagart 1994 14 Murie 1995 14 Conway 1967 15 Brodeur & Pearcy 1984 15 Fitch & Laveneberg 1975 16 Holbrook & Schmitt 1988a 16 Hubbs et al. 1970 17 Coyer 1979 17 Love 1996 18 Hallacher & Roberts 1985 19 Hobson 1994 20 Carr & Rhodes unpub.

21 Love 1996 sablefish; shortspine thornyheads6,9 Alaskan Gyre; California Current; Cortes Bank5 Page 1005 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 2 15 4 0.0536 0.049 ( 0.048) allozymes NF NF NF NF 2 10 4 0.0447 0.047 ( 0.045) allozymes NF 1 Rocha Olivares & Vetter 1999; R1 Rocha Olivares & Vetter 1999 1 Seeb 1986 1 Seeb 1986 1 Seeb 1986 2 Stepian 1995 2 Rocha Olivares 1998 2 Johnson et al 1973 2 Siebenaller 1978 2 Wishard et al 1980 3 Seeb 1998 4 Siebenaller 1978 5 Yamanaka et al. 2000 shared pair of haplotypes from northern and southern California individuals2 Page 1006 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 CN CO CP CQ CR CS NF NF NF NA NA NA 17NG NG ( 16) trawl otolith; break and burn No No NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 McClure 1982 2 Six 1976 3 Barker 1979 4 Miller et al 1967 5 Hart 1973 6 Boehlert 1980 7 Shaw 1999 8 Love et al. 1987 9 O'Connel & Funk 1986 10 Worton 2000 11 Dorn 2000 12 Wallace et al. 1999 13 Wallace & Tagart 1994 14 Sampson & Stewart 1994 15 Gowen 1983 16 Barss et al. 1982 17 Miller 1985 18 Miller 1960b 19 Laidig et al. in prep. Page 1007 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 CT CU CV CW NF NF NF NF 0.06 0.06 0.12 Hoenig's equation ( 1983)

15 0.05 NG NG NG 19 0.05/ 0.07/ 0.09 NG NG Hoenig's equation ( 1983)

22 0.07 NG 0.117 Males; 0.171 Females catch curve 19 0.08 to 0.12 NG NG NG 1 Barker 1979 2 McClure 1982 3 Six and Horton 1977 4 Washington et al. 1978 5 Archibald et al. 1981 6 Wilson & Boehlert 1990 7 Six 1976 8 Adams and Howard 1996 9 Franklin 1999 10 STAR Panel 1999 11 Wallace et al. 1999 12 STAT 1999 13 Yamanaka & Kronlund 1997 14 Rosenthal et al 1982 15 Butler et al. 1995 16 Dorn 2000 17 Gotshall 1969 18 Walton 1979 19 Ianelli et al. 1994 20 Wallace & Tagart 1994 21 Gowan 1983 Page 1008 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 CX CY CZ DA NF NF NF NF NG NG NG NF NG NG NG NG NG NG 16 to 56 NG NG NG NG NG NG 1 Larson 1980 a 2 Larson 1977 Page 1009 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 DB DC DD DE no movement6,9 Residential2,5,15 Yes7 infested by roundworms from genera Anisakis 20 infested by various Myxosporida22 NF NF NF infested by various Myxosporida22 NF NF NF 1 Carlisle et al. 1964 1 Starr ( pers. com.) 1 Miller & Geibel 1973 1 Miller & Geibel 1973 2 O'Connell & Carlisle 1993 2 Love et al. 1987 2 Love et al 1987 2 Hallacher 1977 3 Heilprin 1992 3 Miller & Geibel 1973 3 Palsson 1998 3 Heilprin 1992 4 Burge & Schultz 1973 4 Miller et al 1967 4 Moulton 1977 4 Matthews 1990 b 5 Larson 1980 a 5 Lea et al. 1999 5 Stephens et al. 1994 5 Matthews 1990 c 6 Lloyd 1938 6 Love 1978 6 Love 1978 6 Hallacher 1984 7 Allen, M. J. 1982 7 Barker 1979 7 Dunn & Hitz 1969 7 Casillas et al. 1998 8 Murie et al. 1994 8 Hallacher 1977 8 Hallacher 1977 8 Matthews et al 1986 9 Hobson 1971 9 Hartmann 1987 9 Love 1980 9 Coombs 1979 10 Larson 1977 10 Matthews 1986 10 Heilprin 1992 10 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 11 Fraser 1919 11 Matthews 1985 11 Casillas et al. 1998 12 Reilly et al. 1994 12 Love 1980 12 Gascon & Miller 1981 13 Houk 1992a 13 Van Dykhuizen 1983 13 Coombs 1979 14 Alvarado Villamar & Ruiz Campos 1992 14 Culver 1986 14 Buckley & Huekel 1985 15 Liston et al. 1960 15 Coombs 1979 15 Karpov et al. 1995 16 Hallacher & Roberts 1985 16 Gotshall 1969 16 Walton 1979 17 Hallacher 1977 17 Wallace & Tagart 1994 17 Reilly et al. 1994 18 Bodkin 1988 18 Gowen 1983 18 Wallace & Tagart 1994 19 Dojiri 1981 19 DeMott 1983 19 Gowan 1983 20 Dailey et al. 1981 20 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 20 Lenartz ( pers. comm.) in Gowen 1983 21 Holbrook, Carr, Schmitt, & Coyer 1990 21 Carr & Rhodes unpub. 21 Baxter 1999a infested by parasites from the families Caligidae,

Opecoelidae, Sanguinicolidae, Gnathiid larvae, Capsalidae,

and Anisakidae22 y p ,

Caligidae, Gnathiid larvae, Cymothoidae, Anisakidae,

Ceratomyxidae, Myxidiidae, Myxobolidae, and Sinuolineidae22 infected by ectoparasites from the families Caligidae; also gnathiid larvae and monognentic trematodes9 Page 1010 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 302 303 304 305 306 307 308 309 310 311 312 313 314 315 316 317 318 319 320 321 322 323 324 325 326 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 DF DG No15 Yes3,11,15 No17 NF No15,17 NF 1 Miller & Geibel 1973 1 Love et al 1987 2 Barnhart 1932 2 Larson 1980 a 3 Carlisle et al. 1964 3 Larson 1980 b 4 Miller & Geilbel 1973 4 Larson 1980 c 5 Starr 1998 5 Larson 1977 6 Hobson & Chess 1988 6 Haaker 1978 7 Moulton 1977 7 Hart 1973 8 Roberts 1979 8 Hoelzer 1982,1987 9 Hart 1973 9 Love 1978 10 Limabaugh 1955 10 Hallacher 1977 11 Hallacher 1977 11 Love 1980 12 Love & Johnson 1998 12 Matthews 1990 b 13 Love et al 1990 13 Hallacher 1984 14 Rosenthal et al. 1982 14 Garrison & Miller 1982 15 Casillas et al. 1998 15 Feder et al. 1974 16 Turner et al 1969 16 Love 1996 17 Jacobosn & Vetter 1996 18 Allen, M. J. 1982 19 Murie et al. 1994 20 Gascon & Miller 1981 21 Wallace et al. 1999 Page 1011 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 A B C D E Page 1012 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 F G H I J 22 STAT 1999 22 Rosenthal et al. 1982 23 Wallace et al. 1999 23 Kline 1996 24 Williams et al. 1999 24 Romero 1988 25 Ianelli et al. 1994 25 Rogers et al 1998 26 Wallace & Tagart 1994 26 Zaitlin 1986 27 Sampson & Stewart 1994 27 MacGregor 1983 28 Gowen 1983 28 Bulter et al. 1995 29 Barss et al. 1982 29 Worton 2000 30 Miller 1985 30 Culver 1986 31 Karpov et al 1995 32 STAT 1999 33 Wallace et al. 1999 34 Williams et al. 1999 35 Wallace & Tagart 1994 36 Sampson & Stewart 1994 37 Gowen 1938 38 Miller 1985 39 Laidig et al. in prep.

Page 1013 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 K L M N O P Q R S T U Page 1014 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 V W X Y Page 1015 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 Z AA AB AC AD AE AF 22 Watters 1992 23 Houk 1992a 24 Houk 1992b 25 VenTresca 1992 26 Wallace & Tagart 1994 27 Sampson & Stewart 1994 28 Laidig et al. in prep.

29 Barker 1979 30 Miller 1985 31 Baxter 1999a 32 CDF & G 1995 33 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 34 Yamanaka & Kronlund 1997 35 Love 1996 36 Laidig et al. in prep. Page 1016 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM 22 Kline 1996 23 Casillas et al. 1998 24 Owen & Jacobson 1992 25 Richards & Cass 1986 26 Romero 1988 27 Rogers et al 1998 28 Zaitlin 1986 29 Butler et al. 1995 30 Coyer 1979 31 Ianelli et al. 1994 32 Reilly et al. 1994 33 Adams 1992 a 34 Adams 1992 b 35 Adams 1992 c 36 Watters 1992 37 Houk 1992a 38 Houk 1992b 39 Wallace & Tagart 1994 40 Sampson & Stewart 1994 41 Gowan 1983 42 Barss 1989 43 Barss et al. 1982 44 Miller 1985 45 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 46 Baxter 1999a 47 Miller 1960a 48 Phillips 1960a 49 Miller 1960b 50 Phillips 1960c 51 Feder et al. 1974 52 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 53 Love 1996 54 Laidig et al. in prep.

55 Larson 1977 Page 1017 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 AN AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV 22 Stein & Hassler 1989 23 Wales 1953 24 Miller & Geibel 1973 25 Helvey 1982 26 Burge & Schultz 1973 27 Fitch 1958 28 Eigenmann 1891 29 Love & Westphal 1981 30 Pearcy 1962 31 Best 1964 32 VenTresca et al. 1995 33 Yoklavich et al. 1996 34 Moreno 1993 35 Hart 1973 36 Hitz & DeLacy 1960 37 Love 1978 38 Hallacher 1977 39 Boehlert & Yoklavich 1984a 40 Laroche & Richardson 1980 41 Moser 1996c 42 Matthews 1990a 43 Love & Larson 1978 44 Rosenthal et al 1982 45 Johnson 1997 46 Casillas et al. 1998 47 Moser 1974 48 Wakefield & Smith 1990 49 Romero 1988 50 Zaitlin 1986 51 Carr 1983 52 Siebenaller 1978 53 Buckley & Hueckel 1985 54 STAT 1999 55 Coyer 1979 56 Ianelli et al. 1994 57 Reilly et al. 1994 58 Adams 1992 a 59 Adams 1992 b 60 Adams 1992 c 61 Watters 1992 62 Houk 1992a 63 Houk 1992b 64 VenTresca 1992 65 Sampson & Stewart 1994 66 Barss 1989 67 O'Connelll 1987 68 Barss et al. 1982 69 Miller 1985 70 Garrison & Miller 1982 71 O'Connell 1987 72 Miller 1960a 73 Phillips 1960a 74 Phillips 1960c 75 Feder et al. 1974 76 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 Page 1018 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD BE 22 Tenera Environemenal Services 2000 22 Adams 1992b 23 Love 1996 23 Adams 1992c 24 VenTresca 1992 25 Wallace & Tagart 1994 26 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 27 Love 1996 Page 1019 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 BF BG BH BI BJ Page 1020 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 BK BL BM BN BO BP 22 Anderson 1983 23 Kendall 1989 ( NMFS 89 21)

24 Stein & Hassler 1989 25 Moser 1967 26 Moreno 1990 27 Casillas et al. 1998 28 Owen & Jacobson 1992 29 Moser 1974 30 Waldron 1968 31 Wang 1981 32 Miller 1985 33 Garrison & Miller 1982 34 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 Page 1021 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 BQ BR BS BT BU BV 22 Kendall & Lenarz 1986 22 Watters 1992 23 Turner et al 1969 ( FB 146) 23 Houk 1992b 24 Carr 1983,1991a 24 VenTresca 1992 25 Allen, M. J. 1982 25 Love 1996 26 Carlisle et al. 1964 27 West et al. 1994 28 Danner et al. 1994 29 Gascon & Miller 1981 30 Gascon & Miller 1982 31 Bodkin 1988 32 Larson & DeMartini 1984 33 Richards et al. 1985 34 Pearcy & Myers 1974 35 Hueckel & Stayton 1982 36 Holbrook, Schmitt, & Ambrose 1990 37 Buckley & Hueckel 1985 38 Karpov et al. 1995 39 STAT 1999 40 Walton 1979 41 Mitchell & Hunter 1970 42 Coyer 1979 43 Miller 1985 44 Dewees & Gotshall 1974 45 Baxter 1999a 46 Nishimoto 2000 47 Ebeling & Bray 1976 48 DeMartini 1981 49 Richards et al. 1986 50 Yoshiyama et al. 1986 51 Grossman 1982 52 Feder et al. 1974 53 Tenera Environemental Services 2000 54 Love 1996 Page 1022 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 BW BX BY BZ CA 22 Houk 1992a 22 Wakefield II 1990 22 Larson 1972, 1977 23 Houk 1992b 23 Rosenthal et al 1982 23 Lea et al 1999 24 Bodkin 1988 24 Burge & Schultz 1973 24 Washington et al 1978 25 Hallacher & Roberts 1985 25 Yoklavich et al in press 25 Hobson et al 1981 26 Miller 1960b 26 Wilderbuer 1986 26 Matthews 1990 a 27 Love 1996 27 Turner et al. 1969 27 Wales 1953 28 Bodkin 1986 28 Stein & Hassler 1989 29 Hobson & Chess 1976 29 Patten 1973 30 Wakefield & Smith 1990 30 Rosenthal et al 1982 31 Allen, M. J. 1982 31 Van Dykhuizen 1983 32 Carlisle et al. 1964 32 Burge & Schultz 1973 33 Johnson et al. 1994 33 Casillas et al. 1998 34 West et al. 1994 34 Hobson & Chess 1976 35 Murie et al. 1994 35 Smith & Brown 1983 36 Richards 1987 36 Mitchell 1953 37 Bodkin 1988 37 Allen, M. J. 1982 38 Larson & DeMartini 1984 38 Murie 1994 39 Richards et al. 1985 39 Murie 1995 40 Hobson & Chess 1986 40 Brodeur & Pearcy 1984 41 Huekel & Stayton 1982 41 Bodkin 1988 42 STAT 1999 42 Huekel & Stayton 1982 43 Walton 1979 43 Holbrook & Schmitt 1988a 44 Coyer 1979 44 Buckley & Hueckel 1985 45 Ebeling, Larson, & Alevizon 1980 45 STAT 1999 46 Mearns et al. 1980 46 Eldridge and Staff 1994 47 Borton 1982 47 Coyer 1979 48 Love, Stephens, et al. 1996 48 Reilly et al. 1994 49 Stephens et al. 1984 49 Carr & Rhodes unpub.

50 Hallacher & Roberts 1985 50 Adams 1992 a 51 Ebeling & Bray 1976 51 Adams 1992 b 52 Richards et al. 1986 52 Adams 1993 c 53 Norris 1963 53 Watters 1992 54 DeMott 1983 54 Houk 1992a 55 Crozier 1966 55 Houk 1992b 56 Crozier 1968 56 VenTresca 1992 57 Grossman 1982 57 Diaz & Hammann 1987 58 Love et al. 1986 58 Barss et al. 1982 59 Phillips 1960a 59 Miller 1985 60 Miller 1960b 60 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 61 Phillips 1960c 61 Hallacher & Roberts 1985 62 Tenera Environemental Services 2000 62 Ebeling & Bray 1976 63 Carr and Rhodes 1974 63 Holbrook et al. 1997 64 Feder et al. 1974 64 Crozier 1966 65 Love 1996 65 Winget 1968 66 Larson 1977 66 Miller 1960a 67 Phillips 1960a 69 Miller 1960b 70 Phillips 1960c 71 Tenera Environemental Services 2000 72 Hobson 1994 73 Carr and Rhodes 1974 74 Bray 1978 75 Feder et al. 1974 76 Love 1996 Page 1023 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 CB CC CD CE 22 Larson 1977 Page 1024 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM Page 1025 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 CN CO CP CQ CR CS Page 1026 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 CT CU CV CW 22 Miller 1985 23 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 Page 1027 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 CX CY CZ DA Page 1028 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 DB DC DD DE 22 Love & Moser 1983 22 Love 1996 22 DeMott 1983 23 Feder et al. 1974 23 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 24 Bennett 1993 25 Love 1996 Page 1029 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 355 356 357 358 359 360 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 DF DG 22 Walton 1979 23 Reilly et al. 1994 24 Houk 1992a 25 Houk 1992b 26 Wallace & Tagart 1994 27 Gowen 1983 28 Richards et al. 1986 29 DeMott 1983 30 Miller 1960a 31 Hobson 1994 32 Feder et al. 1974 33 Tenera Environemental Services 2000 34 Love et al . 1987 35 Love 1996 36 Larson 1977 Page 1030 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 A B C D E Page 1031 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 F G H I J Page 1032 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 K L M N O P Q R S T U Page 1033 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 V W X Y Page 1034 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 Z AA AB AC AD AE AF Page 1035 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM Page 1036 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 AN AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV 77 Love 1996 78 Larson 1977 Page 1037 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD BE Page 1038 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 BF BG BH BI BJ Page 1039 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 BK BL BM BN BO BP Page 1040 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 BQ BR BS BT BU BV Page 1041 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 BW BX BY BZ CA Page 1042 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 CB CC CD CE Page 1043 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM Page 1044 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 CN CO CP CQ CR CS Page 1045 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 CT CU CV CW Page 1046 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 CX CY CZ DA Page 1047 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 DB DC DD DE Page 1048 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 410 411 DF DG Page 1049 of 1167 5 2220e  Scorpaenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 A B C D E Family name Scientific name ( Synonym) Common name( s) Geographic range Observed depth range ( m)

Serranidae1 Paralabrax clathratus 1 1 2 to 61 Paralabrax maculatofasciatus 1 1< 1 to 61 Paralabrax nebulifer 1 1shallow to 183 1 Robins et al. 1991 1 Eschmeyer 1998 1 Gates & Frey 1974 1 Love et al 2000 1 Love et al 2000 2 Young 1963 2 Allen et al. 1995 3 Robins et al. 1991 4 Cordes 1992 5 Roedel 1948 kelp bass; rock bass; calico; cabrilla; sand bass; red spotted rock bass; bull bass; kelp salmon; lockee cod1,2,3,4,5 TAXONOMY RANGE WA ( Columbia River) to s. Baja CA ( Bahia Magdalena) 1 spotted sand bass; spotted bass; rock bass; cabrilla; red spotted rock bass;

spotted; spotted cabrilla; pinta cabrilla1,3,5 c. CA ( San Francisco Bay, but rare north of Santa Monica Bay) to Mexico ( Mazatlan) 1,2 barred sand bass; rock bass; Johnny verde; kelp bass; sand bass; ground bass;

sugar bass; cabrilla; California sand bass;

California rock bass1,3,5 c. CA ( Santa Cruz) to s. Baja CA ( Bahia Magdalena) 1 Page 1050 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 F G H I JK Length weight equation Max. reported Geographic area Linf in cm Length conversion equations length ( cm) ( length measurement) Male Female 2Both: W= 0.0000066SL3.26 (< 250 mm) 2TL= 1.41 + 1.2SL 1,2 72 s. California ( TL) 2 NG NG 2Both: W= 0.000123SL2.73 (> 250 mm) 2TL= 0.83 + 1.01FL 3Both: W( oz.)= 0.00376TL( in.) 3.27 2FL= 2.38 + 1.1SL 4Both: W= 0.0119TL( in.) 3.119 ( r2= 0.99)

1Both: W= 0.000026( SL) 3.0187 ( r2= 0.9739) NF 1 56 s. California ( SL) 1 NG NG 4Both: W= 0.1197TL( in.) 2.712 ( r2= 0.95) 1TL= 7.27 + 1.21( SL); r2= 0.99; SE= 9.12 1 65 s. California ( TL) 2 NG NG 1TL=  2.03 + 1.05( FL); r2= 1.0; SE= 3.04 1SL=  4.80 + 0.823( TL); r2= 0.99; SE= 7.53 1SL=  6.52 + 0.861( FL); r2= 0.99; SE= 7.62 1FL= 2.10 + 0.956( TL); r2= 1.0; SE= 2.9 1FL= 8.99 + 1.154( SL); r2= 0.99; SE= 8.83 2TL= 0.7 + 1.22SL 2TL= 0.46 + 1.05FL 2FL= 1.11 + 1.17SL 1 Allen et al. 1995 1 Karpov & Kwiecien 1988 1 Love et al 2000 1 Allen et al. 1995 2 Quast 1968b 2 Love, Brooks, Busatto, Stephens, & Gregory 1996a 2 Hartney 1996 2 Love, Brooks, Busatto, Stephens, & Gregory 1996a 3 Young 1963 4 DeMartini et al. 1994 Length ( TL= cm & FL, SL= mm) to weight ( g)

equation. * denotes TL = mm or FL, SL= cm Page 1051 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Growth Parameters ( SE) k ( SE) to ( SE)

Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification 69.8 ( 3.76) NG NG 0.06 ( 0.008) NG NG  3.5 ( 0.48) NG NG NG otoliths/ section Edge Analysis NG 35.13 NG NG 0.1077 NG NG  6.99 NG NG 0.67 otoliths/ section Edge Analysis intra/ interreader comparisons 66.2 ( 5.08) NG NG 0.08 ( 0.014) NG NG 2.63 ( 0.63) NG NG NG otoliths/ section Edge Analysis NG AGE & GROWTH r2 Page 1052 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 Y Z AA AB AC AD Age composition Other refs. Longevity ( yrs.) information Sexuality Mating system Mode of reproduction 1,4,5 1 31 NF Dioecious2,3,4,5 NF Oviparous1,2,3 2,3 ( YOY) 2,9 32 4,5,12 33 6 34 7,10> 30 NF 3> 20 NF NF Oviparous3,4 4,8,12 14 5 12 69 to 10 11 12 to 15 5 1 31 NF Dioecious2 NF Oviparous1,3 4,5,6,12 24 1 Young 1963 1 Emmett et al. 1991 1 Hastings 1989 1 Emmett et al. 1991 2 Cordes & Allen 1997 2 Read 1992 2 Emmett et al. 1991 2 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 3 Cordes 1992 3 Ono 1992 3 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 3 Watson 1996f 4 Limbaugh 1955 4 Allen et al. 1995 4 Oda et al. 1993 4 Love 1996 5 DeMartini et al. 1994 5 Love, Brooks, Busatto, Stephens, & Gregory 1996a 5 Smith & Young 1966 6 Wisenbaker 2000 6 Hovey & Allen 2000 Breeding Behavior Protogynous hermaphrodite; instances of prematurational sex change1,4 Both hermaphroditic and dioecious populations6 possible protogynous hermaphrodite4 Page 1053 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL Parental Care Male vs. Female length Secondary Characteristics Male Female Male Female Ageing structure / Method NF NF 118 ( 2 or 3) 18 ( 2 or 3) NG NG NG 215 ? L ( NG) 16 ( NG) NG NG NG 525* ( NG) 25 ( NG) NG NG NG 622.5 ( NG) 22.5 ( NG) 25 ( NG) 25 ( NG) NG 718 ( 2) 18 ( 2) 22 ( 2.5) 22.6 ( 3) otoliths; section 8 17.8^ ( 2) unspecified sex NG ( NG) NG ( NG) otoliths; NG 18 to 23 ( 2) unspecified sex NG ( NG) NG ( NG) tag & recapture/ size modes NF 1Male> Female 4,1018^ ( 1.4) 15 (< 1) 18 ( 1.4) 15 ( 1.5) otoliths; whole NF NF NF 325.4 ( 3 to 4) 25.4 ( 3 to 4) NG NG NG 525* ( NG) 25 ( NG) NG NG NG 719 ( 1) 21 ( 1) 21.9 ( 2.5) 23.9 ( 3) otoliths; section 1 Allen et al. 1995 1 Emmett et al. 1991 1 Emmett et al. 1991 2 Allen et al. 1995 2 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 3 Quast 1968c 3 Ono 1992 et al. 1992 4 Turner et al. 1969 4 Allen et al. 1995 5 Clark 1933 6 Collyer & Young 1953 TL, FL*, or SL^ in cm ( age in yrs) at Male snout yellow during breeding season1,3,4 50% maturity 1st maturity males black & white with white spots below dorsal fins and white chins; females golden hues & yellow chins2 Sexual dimorphism Page 1054 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 AM AN AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY Fertilized eggs present Spawning females present Validation Verification Other refs. Geographic Spawning Area Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept.

NG NG 1 s. California1,3,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17 ***** ***** ****** ***** *****

NG NG NG NG NG NG Edge analysis NG NG NG NA NA Edge analysis Intra/ interreader comp. NF s. California2,5,16,17 NG NG NF s. California1,2,7,8,17 ***** *****

NG NG Edge analysis NG 1 Young 1963 1 Emmett et al 1991 2 Eigenmann 1891 3 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 4 Monaco et al. 1990 5 Allen et al. 1995 6 Quast 1968c REPRODUCTION Fertilization and Spawning Period (^^^^^= peak fertilization;*****= peak spawn; ##### = doubtful spawning record Page 1055 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 AZ BA BB BC BD BE BF Both reproductive states present Spawning Frequency Size specific fecundity equation Oct. Nov. Dec. ( per year) ( TL= cm, SL= mm; * denotes TL= mm; SL= cm)

Multiple ( capable of daily) 1,2,3,4,5 NF 181,000 ( 30.0 SL, 700 g) 1Batch F= 0.0000027SL2.93 ( r2= 0.49; SE= 0.43)

~ 32 per season6 Multiple ( capable of daily) 3 1Batch F= 0.0389SL2.71 ( r2= 0.33; SE= 0.22)

Multiple ( capable of daily) 3,4 116,500 ( 148 g) to 185,000 ( 2,625 g) 1Batch F= 0.00000017SL3.17 ( r2= 0.71; SE= 0.34)

~ 41 per season6 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 1 DeMartini 1987 1 Oda et al. 1993 2 Quast 1968c 3 Oda et al. 1993 4 DeMartini 1987 5 Young 1963 6 DeMartini et al. 1994 Fecundity ds Fecundity range in # eggs (@ cm,

grams, or age)

Mean ( range) fecundity in eggs/ g female wt.

Page 1056 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 BG BH BI BJ BK BL BM Size at settlement Size Egg duration Larval duration ( SL in mm) Annual cohort success ( diameter in mm) Habitat Predators 1,2,3 36 hours 1,3,8 1 month 18 to 11 NF 1,90.94 to 0.97 planktonic2,3,4,5,7,10 NF 4,528 ± 3 days 2,3 10.3 ( 8.6 to 12.7) 2 0.04 730 ± 2.7 days 4 11 4 0.79 to 0.9 ( in 70% ethanol)

5 10 NF 2 25 to 31 days NF 1 1,30.8 to 0.89 planktonic1,2,5,6,8,9 NF 4,621 ± 3 days 4 0.79 to 0.9 ( in 70% ethanol)

NF 426 ± 2 days NF NF 1,30.94 to 0.97 planktonic1,2,5,10 NF 50.85 ( SD= 0.02)

1 Cordes & Allen 1997 1 Love, Brooks, Busatto, 1 Carr 1994 1 Allen et al. 1995 1 Butler et al 1982 1 Feder et al 1974 2 Coyer 1979 2 Hovey & Allen 2000 2 Cordes & Allen 1997 2 Read 1992 2 Butler et al. 1982 3 Cordes 1992 3 Pondella 2000 3 Cordes 1992 3 Watson 1996f 3 Emmet et al. 1991 4 Wisenbaker 2000 4 Butler et al. 1982 4 Oda et al. 1993 4 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 5 Cordes & Allen 1997 5 Carr 1991b 5 Gadomski & Caddell 1996 5 Watson 1996f 6 Tranah & Allen 1999 6 Allen et al. 1995 Eggs DISPERSAL & RECRUITMENT 4 0.79 to 0.9 ( in 70% ethanol)

Page 1057 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 BN BO BP BQ BR BS BT Fish Size Fish Size ( mm) Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators ( SL mm)

1,2,32.2 to 16.6 mm pelagic1,2,3,4,5,6 carnivore diurnal1 NF 1 16.6 to maturity ( pelagic crustaceans) 1 1,32.2 to 12.3 pelagic3 NF NF diurnal1 NF 1 12.3 to maturity 1,2,3 to 13.3 pelagic1,3,6 carnivore NF diurnal1 NF 1 13.3 to maturity ( pelagic crustaceans) 1 1 Butler et al. 1982 1 Emmett et al. 1991 1 Emmett et al. 1991 1 Watson & Davis Jr. 1989 1 Butler et al. 1982 2 Emmett et al. 1991 2 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 3 Watson 1996f 3 Watson 1996f 4 Holbrook et al. 1990 5 Carr 1991b 6 Love 1996 Larvae ( tintinnids; bivalves veligers; copepods) 1 Food habits Page 1058 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 BU BV BW BX BY Food habits Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators carnivore foliage searcher2 diurnal 1,2,3,4 surfgrass beds18 seagrass beds; lagoons4 carnivore picker1 NF comorants3 ( small fish; crustaceans; mollusks) 2 carnivore NF NF surfgrass beds18 eelgrass beds 21 1 Emmet et al. 1991 1 Emmet et al. 1991 1 Ferry et al 1997 1 Coyer 1979 1 Emmett et al. 1991 2 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 2 Ferry et al. 1997 2 Coyer 1979 2 Cordes 1992 2 Carr 1994 3 Hartney 1996 3 Barraclough 1967 3 Carr 1991b 3 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 4 Rosales Casian 1997 4 Valle et al. 1999 4 Love 1996 4 Carr 1991b 5 Turner et al. 1969 5 Coyer 1979 6 Valle et al. 1999 6 Robert et al. 1984 Life Stage Juveniles HABITAT ASSOCIATION & TROPHIC INTERACTIONS giant kelpfish; kelp bass;

possibly island kelpfish,

spotted kelpfish, scorpionfish,

treefish, and kelp and grass rockfish4 ( crustaceans, such as calenoid and harpacticoid copepods and mysids;

larvaceans; polychaetes; coelenterates;

small fish; algae) 1,3,5,7,8,9 eelgrass beds and boa kelp; kelp canopy ( YOY essential habitat); algae holdfasts;

surf zone; lagoons; drifting kelp 1,2,3,4,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,16,19,20 kelp bass; giant sea bass;

grouper1,2 bay mouths; eelgrass beds; estuaries and lagoons; breakwaters; kelp beds1,4,5,6,7,15,17 kelp bass; barred sand bass;

giant sea bass; grouper1 ( demersal crustaceans; cephalopods;

polychaetes; ophiuroids; fish, such as anchovy and surfperch) 1,4,6,9 Page 1059 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 BZ CA CB CC Adults Food habits Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency ( meso) carnivore20/ piscivore24 ambusher2,3 diurnal2,3,5,6 nocturnal? 6,9,10 diurnal/ crepuscular 8 shelter in holes and crevices at night 24 dawn/ dusk11 scavange sea urchins form sheephead attacks 22 carnivore34 picker1 diurnal 4,7 ambusher3 carnivore ambusher3 nocturnal2,10 1 Feder et al 1974 1 Feder et al 1974 1 Ferry et al. 1997 1 Ebling & Bray 1976 2 Emmet et al. 1991 2 Emmet et al. 1991 2 Coyer 1979 2 Emmett et al. 1991 3 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 3 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 3 Hobson 1994 3 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 4 Allen 1985 4 Ferry et al. 1997 4 Ono 1992 et al. 1992 5 Allen et al. 1995 5 Love & Ebeling 1978 5 Hartney 1996 6 Quast 1968c 6 Allen et al. 1995 6 Hobson & Chess 1986 rocky bottoms; kelp holdfasts and beds; eelgrass and surfgrass beds; not greatly influenced by removal of kelp canopy; mud/ sand bottoms;

artificial reefs; areas of high relief 2,3,4,6,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,22,23,25,26,27,28 ( fish, such as other kelp bass, pipefishes, flatfishes,

pomacentrids and surfperches; cephalopods;

crustaceans, such as crabs, euphasiids, and caridians;

polychaetes; kelp; tunicates; hydrozoans)

2,3,5,7,8,9,10,12,13,15,17,19,20,21,23,27,28,29,30 sand bottoms near rocks or eelgrass; sand depressions; bays and estuaries; surfgrass 1,4,5,7,8,9,19,23,27,28 ( demersal crustaceans, especially crabs; small fishes,

including kelpfish; ophiuroids; mollusks, especially bivalves; polychaetes) 1,4,6,14,16,20,25,30 diurnal, with occasional nighttime feeding bouts1 ( small fishes, such as surfperch; crustaceans;

mollusks; ophiuroids; cephalopods) 1,9,10,11,12,18,26,27,30 demersal; among rocks near or on sand or sandy flats; kelp and surfgrass beds; rocky and artificial reefs 1,2,4,10,11,12,14,18,19,20,21,23,25,26,27,28 Page 1060 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 CD CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK Genetic variance Haplotype diversity Mean number of % Polymorphic Predators Substocks ( Geographic Area) alleles per locus ( SE) loci Expected ( SE) Observed ( SE)

none1,2 NF NF NF NF 1NG 0.019 3,4NG 0.012 moray eels5 birds2 NF NF NF NF 2NG 0.085 ( ± 0.012)

2NG 0.09 ( ± 0.011)

NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 Emmett et al. 1991 1 Emmett et al. 1991 1 Beckwitt 1983 2 Hubbs et al. 1970 2 Beckwitt 1983 2 Stepien 1995 3 Lowe et al. 2000 3 Smith 1967 3 Waples & Rosenblatt 1987 4 Bray & Hixon 1978 4 Tranah & Allen 1999 4 Waples 1987 5 Feder et al. 1974 5 Stepian 1995 6 Rosenblatt & Graham 199 southern CA mainland and Santa Catalina I. 3 kelp bass; giant sea bass;

sea lions; electric ray1,3,4 GENETICS Gulf of California; southern Pacific Baja; southern California4 Gulf of California; outer Baja coast and southern California5 Nucleotide diversity (#) Mean heterozygosity None found between San Diego and Gulf of California using allozymes6 Page 1061 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 CL CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV RECRUITMENT INTO FISHERY Mortali First Recruitment Full Recruitment Approach Effective population size Total length ( age) Total length ( age) Sampling gear Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Natural ( M) Fishing ( F) Total ( Z)

allozymes NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1NG NG 0.544 allozymes 1 0.287 NG NG allozymes NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 Young 1963 Page 1062 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 CW CX CY CZ DA DB DC ty Estimates Rate of Exploitation Method of Age range used Rate of Exploitation Interactions / associations mortality estimation to calculate mortality exploitation ( u) ratio ( F/ Z) Competition with other organisms Tagging studies catch curve 3 to 12 NG NG competes with barred sand bass1 1< 16 km catch curve 7 to 13 NG NG 2< 36 km 3< 12 miles 4< 17 miles 6no significant movements only YOY closely associated with Macrocystis 8,9,10 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF competes with kelp bass1 7< 65 km 8 15 to 78 km high levels of DDT found in southern Californian fish6 1 Emmett et al. 1991 1 Limbaugh 1955 1 Emmett et al. 1991 2 Hobson 1971 2 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 3 Cross & Hose 19???? 3 Quast 1968c 4 Thomson & Lehner 1976 4 Collyer & Young 1953 5 Dailey et al. 1981 5 Young 1963 6 McCain et al. 1992 6 Limbaugh 1955 infected by ectoparasite from the families Bomolochidae, Caligidae, and Dichelesthiidae2 infested by roundworms from genera Anisakis and Phocanema 5 reproductive success decreased by contaminants introduced by humans3 infected by parasites from the families Bomolochidae,

Caligidae, Hartschekiidae, Lernaeopodidae,

Pennellidae, Opecoelidae, Cymothoidae, Anisakida,

and Ophryoglenidae11 may be negatively affected by chlorine discharge plums from power plants11 may be negatively affected by chlorine discharge plums from power plants11 maybe a keystone species in the northern Gulf of California4 infested by roundworms from genera Anisakis and Phocanema 5 may be negatively affected by chlorine discharge plums from power plants11 infected by parasites from the families Bomolochidae,

Caligidae, Hatschekiidae, Lernaeopodidae,

Pennellidae, Hemiuridae, Monorchiidae, Opecoelidae,

Cymothoidae, Macroval Vitrematidae, Anisakidae, and Spiruridae11 infected by parasites from the families Bomolochidae,

Caligidae, Hatschekiidae, Lernaeopodidae,

Pseudocycnidae, Hemiuridae, Opecoelidae,

Capsalidae, and Diplectanidae11 MORTALITY cleaned by Oxyjulis californica and Brachyistius frenatus 1,2 5,9up to 282 miles, but most < 0.1 miles infected by ectoparasite from the families Bomolochidae and Caligidae2 Page 1063 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 DD DE DF DG Resident or Transient Homing ability ( Home range) Schooling Territoriality Residential 1,2,3,5,6,8,10,11,13 No5 Yes; spawning aggregations1,3,4 No1,2,4 1( 40 ha) Rarely2 Possibly3 2( 700 m) Mostly solitary5 3( 1175 ft.) solitary8 Residential 7,9 NF NF NF Residential 1,4,5,12,13 NF Yes3 NF 1 Emmett et al. 1991 1 Emmett et al. 1991 1 Ebling & Bray 1976 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 2 Miller & Geibel 1973 2 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 2 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 2 Quast 1968c 3 Quast 1968c 3 Quast 1968c 3 Turner et al. 1969 3 Lowe et al. 2000 4 Turner et al. 1969 4 Lowe et al. 2000 4 Love, Brooks, & Ally 1996 4 Limbaugh 1955 5 Johnson et al. 1994 5 Young 1963 5 Coyer 1979 6 Larson & DeMartini 1984 6 Cordes 1992 Movement Solitary, but aggragates during spawning period6,7,9 BEHAVIOR 4( 29 to 24553 m2 [ 90% home range]) Page 1064 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 A B C D E Page 1065 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 F G H I JK Page 1066 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Page 1067 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 Y Z AA AB AC AD 7 Cordes & Allen 1997 8 Tranah & Allen 1999 9 Coyer 1963 10 Cordes 1992 11 Fitch and Lavenberg 1975 12 Love 1996 Page 1068 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL 7 Love, Brooks, Busatto, Stephens, & Gregory 1996 8 Coyer 1979 9 Limbaugh 1955 10 Love 1996 Page 1069 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 AM AN AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY 7 Clark 1933 8 Collyer & Young 1953 9 Oda et al. 1993 10 Smith & Young 1966 11 Turner et al. 1969 12 Cordes & Allen 1997 13 Love, Brooks, & Ally 1996 14 Coyer 1979 15 Cordes 1992 16 Limbaugh 1955 17 Love 1996 Page 1070 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 AZ BA BB BC BD BE BF Page 1071 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 BG BH BI BJ BK BL BM 7 Cordes 1992 7 Coyer 1979 8 Love 1996 8 Limbaugh 1955 9 Fitch & Laveneberg 1975 10 Love 1996 Page 1072 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 BN BO BP BQ BR BS BT Page 1073 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 BU BV BW BX BY 7 Larson & DeMartini 1984 7 Carr 1991b 8 Holbrook, Carr et al. 1990 8 Hobson 1994 9 Carr 1989 9 Love 1996 10 Carr 1994 11 Mitchell & Hunter 1970 12 Coyer 1979 13 Cordes 1992 14 Limbaugh 1955 15 Phillips et al. 1997 16 Pondella & Stephens 1994 17 CDF & G 1982 18 DeMartini 1981 19 Carr 1991b 20 Love 1996 21 Hoffman 1986 Page 1074 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 BZ CA CB CC 7 Hovey & Allen 2000 7 Quast 1968a 7 Thomson & Lehner 1976 8 Rodriguez Romero et al. 1998 8 Young 1963 8 Holbrook & Schmitt 1988 9 Rosales Casian 1997 9 Quast 1968d 9 Coyer 1979 10 Carlisle et al. 1964 10 Carlisle et al. 1964 10 Helvey 1985 11 Turner et al. 1969 11 Turner et al. 1969 11 Love 1996 12 Johnson et al. 1994 12 Johnson et al. 1994 13 Valle et al. 1999 13 Hobson & Chess 1986 14 Larson & DeMartini 1984 14 Thomson & Lehner 1976 15 Hobson & Chess 1986 15 Holbrook & Schmitt 1988 16 Carr 1989 16 Galvan Magana et al. 2000 17 Coyer 1979 17 Coyer 1979 18 Ebeling, Larson, & Alevizon 1980 18 Roberts et al. 1984 19 Limbaugh 1955 19 Cordes 1992 20 Phillips et al. 1997 20 Limbaugh 1955 21 Love, Stephens, et al. 1996 21 Diaz & Hammann 1987 22 Stephens et al. 1984 22 Nelson & Vance 1979 23 CDF & G 1982 23 Limbaugh 1964 24 Ebeling & Bray 1976 24 Davis & Anderson 1989 25 DeMartini 1981 25 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 26 Winget 1968 26 McCain et al. 1992 27 Love et al. 1986 27 Holbrook et al. 1997 28 Love 1996 28 Winget 1968 29 Hobson 1994 30 Love 1996 Page 1075 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 CD CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK Page 1076 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 CL CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV Page 1077 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 CW CX CY CZ DA DB DC 7 Hose et al. 1983 7 Phillips et al. 1997 8 Holbrook et al. 1990 8 CDF & G 1982 9 Larson & DeMartini 1984 9 Love 1996 10 Carr 1989 11 Love & Moser 1983 Page 1078 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 DD DE DF DG 7 Thomson & Lehner 1976 7 Limbaugh 1955 8 Carr 1994 8 Davis & Anderson 1989 9 Tranah & Allen 1999 9 Love 1996 10 Coyer 1979 11 Cordes 1992 12 CDF & G 1982 13 Helvey 1985 Page 1079 of 1167 5 2220e  Serranidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 A B C D E F Length weight equation Family name Scientific name ( Synonym) Common name( s) Geographic range Observed depth range ( m)

Sphyraenidae Sphyraena argentea 1 1surface to 38 1Both: W= 0.003962TL2.983 1 Robins et al 1991 1 Eschmeyer 1998 1 Robins et al. 1991 1 Love et al 2000 1 Love et al 2000 1 Walford 1932 2 Gates & Frey 1974 TAXONOMY RANGE California barracuda; Pacific barracuda;

scoots; scooters; snake; log barracuda;

cuda1,2 Alaska ( Kodiak I.) to s. Baja CA ( Cabo San Lucas) and Gulf of CA1 Length ( TL= cm & FL, SL= mm) to weight ( g)

equation. * denotes TL = mm or FL, SL= cm Page 1080 of 1167 5 2220e  Sphyraenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 G H I J K L M N O P Q R S Growth Parameters Max. reported Geographic area Linf in cm ( SE) k ( SE) to ( SE)

Length conversion equations length ( cm) ( length measurement) Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Male NF 1 122 s. California ( TL) 1 NG NG 102.25 ( 1.71) NG NG 0.249 ( 0.0136) NG NG  0.7689 ( 0.941) NG 1 Love et al 2000 1 Pinkas 1966 AGE & GROWTH Page 1081 of 1167 5 2220e  Sphyraenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 T U V W X Y Z AA Age composition Female Both Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Other refs. Longevity ( yrs.) information NG NG scales NO intrareader comparison 1 1 12 1 2,3,4 11 1 Walford 1932 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 1 Pinkas 1966 2 Ally & Miller 1992 3 Walford 1932 4 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 5 Pinkas 1960a r2 Page 1082 of 1167 5 2220e  Sphyraenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 AB AC AD AE AF AG Sexuality Mating system Mode of reproduction Parental Care M vs. F length Secondary Characteristics Dioecious1 NF Oviparous1,2 NF 1Males< Females NF 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 1 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 2 Garrison & Miller 1982 Breeding Behavior Sexual dimorphism Page 1083 of 1167 5 2220e  Sphyraenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO Male Female Male Female Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Other refs.

1,2,3NG ( 2) NG ( 2) NG ( 2) NG ( 2) NF NF NF NF 4,533 (> 1) 44 (> 1) 43 (~ 2) 47 (~ 2) scales Edge Analysis No 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 2 Hart 1973 3 Ally & Miller 1992 4 Walford 1932 5 Garrison & Miller 1982 1st maturity REP TL, FL*, or SL^ in cm ( age in yrs) at 50% maturity Page 1084 of 1167 5 2220e  Sphyraenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB Fertilized eggs present Spawning females present Both reproductive states present Geographic Spawning Area Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

California2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 ***** ***** *****

s. California1 1 Eigenmann 1891 2 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 3 Hart 1973 4 Walford 1932 5 Monaco et al. 1990 6 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 7 Sandkop & Watson 1996 8 Breder & Rosen 1966 9 Garrison & Miller 1982 10 Kramer & Smith 1973 11 Pinkas 1960a PRODUCTION Fertilization and Spawning Period (^^^^^= peak fertilization;*****= peak spawn; ##### = doubtful spawning records Page 1085 of 1167 5 2220e  Sphyraenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 BC BD BE BF Spawning Frequency Size specific fecundity equation ( per year) ( TL= cm, SL= mm; * denotes TL= mm; SL= cm)

Multiple1,2,3,4,5 NF NF 250,000 ( 2 yrs.) to 400,000 ( 6 yrs.)

651,000 ( NG) to 484,000 ( NG)

1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 2 Hart 1973 2 Ally & Miller 1992 3 Walford 1932 3 Walford 1932 4 Garrison & Miller 1982 4 Walford 1932 5 Pinkas 1960a 5 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 6 Garrison & Miller 1982 7 Pinkas 1960a 751,000 ( 50 ? L; 2 yrs) to 340,000 ( 91 ? L: 7 yrs.)

Fecundity 1,3,4,5 42000 ( 50 TL; 2yrs.) to 484,000 ( 94 TL; 6 yrs.)

Fecundity range in # eggs (@ cm, grams, or age)

Mean ( range) fecundity in eggs/ g female wt. Page 1086 of 1167 5 2220e  Sphyraenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 BG BH BI BJ BK BL BM Size at settlement Size Egg duration Larval duration ( SL in mm) Annual cohort success ( diameter in mm) Habitat Predators couple of days1,2 NF NF NF 1,21.0 to 1.6 planktonic1,2,3,4,5,6 NF 3,5,7 1.24 to 1.6 41.0 to 1.4 6 1.02 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 2 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 2 Hart 1973 2 Ally & Miller 1992 3 Walford 1932 3 Sandknop & Watson 1996 4 Sandknop & Watson 1996 4 Limbaugh 1955 5 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 5 Garrison & Miller 1982 6 Breder & Rosen 1966 6 Feder et al. 1974 7 Garrison & Miller 1982 DISPERSAL & RECRUITMENT Eggs Page 1087 of 1167 5 2220e  Sphyraenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 BN BO BP BQ BR BS Fish Size ( mm) Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators 12.2 to 12 pelagic1,2,3 carnivore NF NF NF 22.3 to 30.8 ( pelagic crustaceans) 1 32.5 to 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 2 Sandknop & Watson 1996 3 Ally & Miller 1992 3 Garrison & Miller 1982 3 Garrison & Miller 1982 Larvae Food habits Page 1088 of 1167 5 2220e  Sphyraenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 BT BU BV BW BX BY Fish Size Food habits ( SL mm) Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators 1 12 to maturity carnivore NF NF NF 230.8 to maturity 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 2 Sandknop & Watson 1996 2 Feder et al. 1974 ( larval and juvenile fishes; planktonic crustaceans) 1 in water column over sandy areas;

protected bays near rocks1,2 Juveniles Life Stage HABITAT ASSOCIATION & TROPHIC INTERACTIONS Page 1089 of 1167 5 2220e  Sphyraenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 BZ CA CB CC Adults Food habits Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency carnivore ambusher1 NF 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 2 Allen 1985 2 Schultz 1983 3 Carlisle et al. 1964 3 Quast 1968d 4 Turner et al. 1969 4 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 5 Larson & DeMartini 1984 5 Limbaugh 1955 6 Limbaugh 1955 6 Feder et al. 1974 7 CDF & G 1982 8 Follett 1976 9 Love et al. 1996 10 Feder et al. 1974 ( fish, such as anchovy and sardine; squid)

1,2,3,4,5,6 neritic nearshore; artificial reefs; kelp beds;

bays; over soft substrata 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10 Page 1090 of 1167 5 2220e  Sphyraenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 CD CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK Genetic variance Haplotype diversity Mean number of % Polymorphic Predators Substocks ( Geographic Area) alleles per locus ( SE) loci Expected ( SE) Observed ( SE)

None1,2 NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 1 Ally & Miller 1992 2 Hart 1973 2 Pinkas 1966 3 Schultz 1983 4 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 pinnipeds; porpoises; large fish, such as giant sea bass 1,2,3,4 Nucleotide diversity (#) Mean heterozygosity GENETICS Page 1091 of 1167 5 2220e  Sphyraenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 CL CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT CU RECRUITMENT INTO FISHERY Mortal First Recruitment Full Recruitment Approach Effective population size Total length ( age) Total length ( age) Sampling gear Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Natural ( M) Fishing ( F)

NF NF 1NG ( 2) NG ( 5) hook & line; gill net scales No intrareader comp. 1 0.18338 0.539 to 0.568 1 NG NG 1 NG NG 1 NG NG 1 Pinkas 1966 1 Pinkas 1966 Page 1092 of 1167 5 2220e  Sphyraenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 CV CW CX CY CZ DA DB DC DD DE ity Estimates Rate of Exploitation Method of ge range use Rate of Exploitation Interactions / associations Total ( Z) mortality estimation alculate mort exploitation ( u) ratio ( F/ Z) Competition with other organisms Tagging studies Resident or Transient Homing ability ( Home range)

0.723 to 0.751 Beverton and Holt 5 to 9 NG 0.7558 NF carry parasitic worms1 1to 340 miles Transient1 NF 0.726 to 0.764 Chapman Robson 5 to 9 NG NG 0.62 to 0.976 Chapman Robson 5 to 9 NG NG 0.667 to 0.794 Chapman Robson 5 to 9 NG NG 1 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 1 Pinkas 1966 1 Ally & Miller 1992 2 Love & Moser 1983 infested with parastites from the families Dasyrhynchidae, Trypanorhyncga,

Bomolochidae, Caligidae, and Axinidae2 BEHAVIOR Movement MORTALITY Page 1093 of 1167 5 2220e  Sphyraenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 DF DG Schooling Territoriality Yes1,2,3,4,5 NF 1 Strategic Assessment Branch 1990 2 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 3 CDFG 1982 4 Follett 1976 5 Feder et al. 1974 Page 1094 of 1167 5 2220e  Sphyraenidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 A B C D E Family name Scientific name ( Synonym) Common name( s) Geographic range Observed depth range ( m)

Stichaeidae1,2 Cebidichthys violaceus 1,2 1intertidal to 24 Cebidichthyidae ( for Cebidichthys only) 3 Xiphister mucosus 1,2 1intertidal to 18 X. mucosum 3 1 Robins et al. 1991 1 Robins et al. 1991 1 Robins et al. 1991 1 Love et al. 2000 1 Love et al. 2000 2 Eschmeyer 1998 2 Eschmeyer 1998 2 Gates & Frey 1974 3 Eschmeyer et al. 1983 3 Marliave & DeMartini 1977 TAXONOMY RANGE rock prickleback; blenny eel; rock blenny;

rock eel; clack eel; eel; slick eel 1,2 monkeyface prickleback; monkeyface eel;

bleeny eel; monkeyface blenny; eel; giant monkeyface eel; California monkeyfaceeel1,2 southern Oregon to northern Baja California ( Bahia San Quintin) 1 southeastern Alaska ( Port San Juan) to central California ( Pt.

Arguello), possibly southern California ( Santa Cruz I.) 1 Page 1095 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 F G H I JKLMN Length weight equation Growth Paramete Max. reported Geographic area Linf in cm ( SE) k ( SE)

Length conversion equations length ( cm) ( length measurement) Male Female Both Male Female 1* Male: W= 0.006797SL3.072 NF 1 76 northern California ( SL) 1 70 ( 5.0) 62 ( 2) 71 ( 8) 0.12 ( 0.02) 0.14 ( 0.02)

1* Female: W= 0.0325SL2.654 northern California ( SL) 1 NG NG 72 ( 8) NG NG 1* Both: W= 0.01289SL2.9 2* Both: W= 0.00965SL2.971 NF 1 58.6? NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 Marshall & Wyllie Echeverria 1992 1 Love et al. 2000 1 Marshall & Wyllie Echeverria 1992 2 Edwards 1981 3 Horn & Riegle 1981 Length ( TL= cm & FL, SL= mm) to weight ( g)

equation. * denotes TL = mm or FL, SL= cm 3* Both: W= 0.007SL2.95 ( based on sample set of 29 C. violaceus and 19 A. purpurescens )

3* Both: W= 0.0042SL2.95 ( based on sample set of 28 X. mucosus and 29 X. atropurpureus ) Page 1096 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 O P Q R S T U V W X Y ers to ( SE)

Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Other refs.

0.1 ( 0.04)  1.91 ( 0.29)  1.95 ( 0.28)  2.63 ( 1.31) NG NG NG operculum No comparison to otoliths 0.1 ( 0.03) NG NG  1.89 ( 1.08) NG NG NG otoliths; whole No comparison to opercula 2,4 3 Juveniles NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 Bray et al. 1986 2 Fris & Horn 1993 3 Helm 1990 4 Tenera Environmental 2000 AGE & GROWTH r2 1 have relatively slower growth rates than other fishes Page 1097 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 Z AA AB AC AD AE Age composition Longevity ( yrs.) information Sexuality Mating system Mode of reproduction Parental Care 1,3,4 18 NF Dioecious NF Oviparous nest guarding ( females?) 1,7 2,4 11 NF Dioecious promiscuous? 1 Oviparous1,2,3 males nest guard2,3,4 1 Marshall & Wyllie Echeverria 1992 1 Marliave & DeMartini 1977 1 Garrison & Miller 1982 1 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 2 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 2 Matarese et al. 1989 2 Martin 1995 3 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 3 Love 1996 3 Garrison & Miller 1982 4 Love 1986 4 Matarese et al. 1989 5 Marliave & DeMartini 1977 6 Gibson 1982 7 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 Breeding Behavior males nest guard, wrapping their bodies around the egg mass5,6 Page 1098 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN M vs. F length Secondary Characteristics Male Female Male Female Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification NF NF 1,5 NG ( 3 to 4) sex unspecified NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG NG NG 2 28 to 32.5 ( NG) sex unspecified NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NA NA NA 3,5,6 36 ( 4) sex unspecified 39 ( 5) sex unspecified operculum No comparison to otoliths 1Males< Females NF 4,6 28 to 30 ( 5) sex unspecified NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG NG NG 1 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 1 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 2 Ralston & Horn 1986 3 Marshall & Wyllie Echeverria 1992 4 Garrison & Miller 1982 5 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 6 Love 1996 TL, FL*, or SL^ in cm ( age in yrs) at 1st maturity 50% maturity Sexual dimorphism Page 1099 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB Fertilized eggs present Spawning females present Both reproductive states present Other refs. Geographic Spawning Area Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec.

NF northern California1,3,4 ***** ***** *****

NF California2,4 In the winterGibson 1982 1 Marshall & Wyllie Echeverria 1992 2 Kelly et al. 1985 3 Tenera Environmental Serviecs 2000 4 Love 1996 REPRODUCTION Fertilization and Spawning Period (^^^^^= peak fertilization;*****= peak spawn; ##### = doubtful spawning records Page 1100 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 BC BD BE BF BG Spawning Frequency Size specific fecundity equation ( per year) ( TL= cm, SL= mm; * denotes TL= mm; SL= cm) Egg duration NF 1,5 NG ( possibly 6,000 to 8,000) NF NF Once1 2,4 7,276 ± 2,553 ( 2,000 to 15,000) NF NF NF 3,6 NG ( 5,500 to 9,500)

1 Garrison & Miller 1982 1 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 1 Marshall & Wyllie Echeverria 1992 2 Marliave & DeMartini 1977 2 Garrison & Miller 1982 2 Tenera Environemental Services 2000 3 Matarese et al. 1989 4 Love 1996 4 Marliave & DeMartini 1977 5 Tenera Environemental Services 2000 6 Love 1996 Fecundity Fecundity range in # eggs (@ cm, grams, or age)

Mean ( range) fecundity in eggs/ g female wt.

Males multiple; females once2 1,2,4 17,500 ( 41 SL; 7 yrs.) to 46,000 ( 61 SL; 11yrs.)

Page 1101 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 BH BI BJ BK BL BM BN Size at settlement Size Fish Size Larval duration ( SL in mm) Annual cohort success ( diameter in mm) Habitat Predators ( mm)

NF 1 17 to 22 TL NF NF NF NF 2into tidepools: 65 SL NF 1 17 to 22 TL NF 1 2.5 amphipods1 1 11 to 2 9.5 to 1 Setran & Behrens 1993 1 Matarese et al. 1989 1 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 1 Marliave & DeMartini 1977 1 Garrison & Miller 1982 2 Helm 1990 2 Garrison & Miller 1982 2 Matarese et al. 1989 3 Marliave & DeMartini 1977 4 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 5 Love 1996 DISPERSAL & RECRUITMENT Eggs demersal, adhering to rocks1,4 demersal, adhering to rocks2,3,5 Page 1102 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 BO BP BQ BR BS BT BU Fish Size Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators ( SL mm) Habitat NF NF NF NF NF 1,2 17 to maturity pelagic1 NF NF NF NF 1,2 17 to maturity high rocky intertidal3,9,10 lower intertidal 12 1 Garrison & Miller 1982 1 Setran & Behrens 1993 1 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 2 Setran 1990 2 Setran & Behrens 1993 3 Barton 1982 4 Horn & Riegle 1981 5 Edwards & Cech 1990 6 Setran 1990 7 Urquhart 1984 8 Yoshiyama et al. 1986 9 Cross 1981 10 Kelly et al. 1985 11 Tenera Environemental Services 2000 12 Wourms and Evans 1974 Li young juveniles: gravel bottoms; older juveniles ( 32 to 42 mm TL): pebble bottoms2,6 kelp beds; high rocky intertidal; tide pools 1,3,5,7,8,10,11 ( juveniles of this species especially adapted for high intertidal) 4 HABITAT ASSOCIATIO Food habits Larvae young juveniles: gravel bottoms; older juveniles ( 32 to 42 mm TL): pebble bottoms2,6 Page 1103 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 BV BW BX BY BZ Food habits Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators Habitat 1,2,5,6,7,9< 45 to 47 mm SL/ 4< 80 mm TL: carnivore NF during flooding tides1 possibly Atedius lateralis 1 prior to ebbing tides2 crevice, coiled among egg mass 29 1,2,3,5,6,9> 45 to 47 mm SL/ 4> 80 mm TL: herbivore ( green and red macroalgae) 1,2,3,4,6,9 750 mm< body length< 70 mm: omnivore 2,5< 47 mm SL: carnivore NF prior to ebbing tides2 NF spawning individuals found subtidally24 deep lower intertidal 28 2,5,6> 47 mm SL: herbivore ( red and green macroalgae) 2,6 1 Ralston & Horn 1986 1 Ralston & Horn 1986 1 Yoshiyama 1981 1 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 2 Setrans & Behrens 1993 2 Setran & Behrens 1993 2 Love 1996 2 Setrans & Behrens 1993 3 Edwards & Horn 1982 3 Helm 1990 3 Marshall & Wyllie Echeverria 1992 4 Barton 1982 4 Edwards & Horn 1982 5 Horn et al. 1982 5 Horn & Neighbors 1984 6 Horn et al. 1986 6 Barton 1982 7 Montgomery 1977 7 Horn & Riegle 1981 8 Helm 1990 8 Fris & Horn 1993 9 Setrans 1990 9 Boettcher & Targett 1993 10 Urquhart 1984 10 Edwards & Cech 1990 11 Cross 1981 11 Martin 1995 12 Love 1996 12 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 13 Burge & Schultz 1973 14 Garrison & Miller 1982 15 Martin 1993 16 Norris 1963 17 Setran 1990 18 Riegle 1977 fe Stage switch from winter carnivorous to summer herbivorous diet8 10< 45 to 60 mm SL carnivores; > 45 to 60mm SL

herbivorous. When herivorous, eat primarily red and green macroalgae ( Ulva & Porphyra )

( zooplankton, such as calanoids, harpacticoid,

gammarids, isopods, juvenile mysids, and juvenile spionid polychaetes) 1,2,4,7,8,9,12 great egrets and great blue herons2 Piscivorous birds, such as great egrets and redbreasted merganser3 Juveniles N & TROPHIC INTERACTIONS 11omnivorous: gradual switch from primarily carnivorous to herbivorous diet after 60 mm TL breakwaters and rocky areas; high and low intertidal; out of water, under rocks and algae1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,10,11,13,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,24,25,27 switch to substrate dwelling, larger prey as body size and mouth gape increases2 switch to substrate dwelling, larger prey as body size and mouth gape increases2 ( zooplankton, such as calanoids, harpacticoid,

gammarids, juvenile mysids, and juvenile spionid polychaetes) 2,11,12 high and low intertidal ( mostly low); out of water,

under rocks and algae; cobble beaches 2,6,7,9,11,12,14,15,17,18,20,21,22,23,24,26,27 ( small crustaceans; Ulva and other green algae;

red algae) 7 Page 1104 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 CA CB CC CD CE CF CG Adults Food habits Haplotype diversity Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators Substocks ( Geographic Area)

omnivore browser1 NF NF NF NF ( algae; small crustaceans) 2 herbivore19,20,21,22,23,26,27 grass rockfish; cabezon3 herbivore17,18,21,23,25,26 browser1 ebbing tides1 possibly river otters1 NF NF NF grass rockfish; cabezone3 annual macrophytes preferred over perennials11,21 1 Hart 1973 1 Horn 1989 1 Miller & Marshall 1987 1 Stevens et al. 1984 2 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 2 Helm 1990 3 Bray et al. 1986 3 Jones 1981 4 Ralston & Horn 1986 5 Setran & Behrens 1993 6 Neighbors & Horn 1991 7 Edwards & Horn 1982 8 Horn & Neighbors 1984 9 Horn et al. 1985 10 Barton 1982 11 Horn et al. 1982 12 Horn et al. 1986 13 Fris & Horn 1993 14 Miller & Marshall 1987 15 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 16 Burge & Schultz 1973 17 Sturm & Horn 1998 18 Montgomery 1977 ( red and green macroalgae, such as Rhodoglossum , Porphyra , Microcaldia ,

Gigartina , and Ulva ) 1,5,6,10,12,15,16,21,24,25,28 ( macroalgae, such as Rhodoglossum ,

Phyllospadix, Porphyra , Iridaea , Microcaldia ,

Macrocystis Gigartina , Spongomorpha and Ulva ) 3,4,5,6,7,8,9,12,13,14,16,20,21,22,24,27,28 preference for annual red and green over perennial red 8,11,20,21 Nucleotide diversity (#)

Piscivorous birds, such as great egrets and red breasted merganser2 rockweed gunnels have also been found in stomachs16 Page 1105 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP CQ RECRUITMENT INTO FISHERY Genetic variance Mean number of % Polymorphic First Recruitment Full Recruitment alleles per locus ( SE) loci Expected ( SE) Observed ( SE) Approach Effective population size Total length ( age) Total length ( age) Sampling gear eing structure / Meth NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Mean heterozygosity GENETICS Page 1106 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 CR CS CT CU CV CW CX CY CZ DA Mortality Estimates Rate of Exploitation Method of Age range used Rate of Exploitation Validation Verification Natural ( M) Fishing ( F) Total ( Z) mortality estimation to calculate mortality exploitation ( u) ratio ( F/ Z) Competition NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 Jones 1981 MORTALITY competitively excludes Aniplarchus purpurescens from rocky habitat1 Page 1107 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 DB DC DD DE DF DG Interactions / associations with other organisms Tagging studies Resident or Transient Homing ability ( Home range) Schooling Territoriality Residential1 None3 No No2 1(< 2.1 ± 0.3 m2) Yes3 home to specific underrock refuge2 NF Residential2 None3 No No1 Secondary resident3 1 Horn & Riegle 1981 1 Helm 1990 1 Ralston & Horn 1986 1 Ralston & Horn 1986 1 Marliave & DeMartini 1977 2 Edwards & Cech 1990 2 Martin 1995 2 Helm 1990 2 Helm 1990 3 Martin 1993 3 Cross 1981 3 Barton 1973 3 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 4 Gibson 1982 5 Norris 1963 6 Riegle 1977 7 Kelly et al. 1985 8 Love & Moser 1983 Movement BEHAVIOR infested by parasites from the families Opecoelidae and Hemiuridae8 No movement on large scale;

small scale movements from undderrock refuge to foraging sites1 often found with the black prickleback and rockweed gunnel5 one of the highest survival times out of water realtive to other stichaeoids;

have air breathing capabilities1,3,4,6,7 infested by parasites from the family Opecoelidae8 low increase in survival time out of water as body size increases, relative to other stichaeoids; high survival out of water when < 10 cm SL; have airbreathing capabilities1,2,3,4 Page 1108 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 A B C D E Page 1109 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 F G H I JKLMN Page 1110 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 O P Q R S T U V W X Y Page 1111 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 Z AA AB AC AD AE Page 1112 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 AF AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN Page 1113 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB Page 1114 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 BC BD BE BF BG Page 1115 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 BH BI BJ BK BL BM BN Page 1116 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 BO BP BQ BR BS BT BU Page 1117 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 BV BW BX BY BZ 19 Urquhart 1984 20 Jones 1981 21 Yoshiyama et al. 1986 22 Grossman 1982 23 Cross 1981 24 Kelly et al. 1985 25 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 26 Chadwick 1976 27 Love 1996 28 Wourms and Evans 1974 29 Schultz and DeLacy 1932 Page 1118 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 CA CB CC CD CE CF CG 19 Sousa 1979 20 Irelan & Horn 1991 21 Horn 1989 22 Helm 1990 23 Setran 1990 24 Jones 1981 25 Cross 1981 26 Hobson 1994 27 Tenera Environmental Services 2000 28 Love 1996 Page 1119 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP CQ Page 1120 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 CR CS CT CU CV CW CX CY CZ DA Page 1121 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 DB DC DD DE DF DG Page 1122 of 1167 5 2220e  Stichaeidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 A B C D E F Total Length ( cm)

Family name Scientific name ( Synonym) Common name( s) Geographic range Observed depth range ( m) to weight ( g) equation Stromateidae1,2 Peprilus simillmus 1,2 Pacific butterfish 12 182 m NF 1 Robins et al 1991 1 Robins et al 1991 1 Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 1 Love et al 2000 1 Love et al 2000 2 Eschmeyer 1998 2 Eschmeyer 1998 2 Gates and Frey 1974 3 Hart 1973 Pacific pompano, butterfish,

California pompano, California butterfish, pompano 1,2,3 TAXONOMY RANGE Queen Charlotte Sound, British Columbia to Bahia Magdelena, southern Baja California and Gulf of California1 Page 1123 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 G H I J K L M N O P Q Max. reported Geographic area Length conversion equations length ( cm) ( length measurment) Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female NF 128 cm TL NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 Love et al 2000 Linf in cm ( SE) AGE and GROWTH k ( SE) to ( SE)

Page 1124 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 R S T U V W X Y Z r2 Both Male Female Both Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Other refs. Longevity ( yrs.)

NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Growth Parameters Page 1125 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI Age composition information Sexuality Mating system Mode of reproduction Parental Care Male : Female SL ratio Secondary Characteristics Male Female NF oviparous1,2 No 14 cm 14 cm 1 Matarese et al 1980 2 Love 1996 Total lengt 1st maturity REPRODUCTION Breeding Behavior Sexual dimorphism Page 1126 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR AS Fertilized eggs present Male Female Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Other refs. Geographic Spawning Area Jan. Feb. March NG NG NG NG NG southern California5 California1,3 Pacific coast2,4 1 Matarese et al 1980 2 Love 1996 3 Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 4 Fitch and Lavenberg 1975 5 Goldberg 1980 h ( age) at Fertilization and Spawning Period (^^^

50% maturity Page 1127 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD BE Mean Fecundity t Spawning females present Both reproductive states present eggs/ g Number of eggs April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Spawning Frequency ( weight range) ( at cm, grams, or age)

Multiple spawner1 NF NF 1 Goldberg 1980 ^^^= peak fertilization;*****= peak spawn; ##### = doubtful spawning records Fecundity Page 1128 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 BF BG BH BI BJ BK Size specific fecundity eq Size at settlement Size ( length or weight range) Egg duration Larval duration & location Annual cohort success ( diameter in mm)

NF NF NF NF NF NF DISPERSAL & RECRUITMENT Page 1129 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 BL BM BN BO BP BQ BR Eggs Habitat Predators Fish Size Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency pelagic1,2,3,4 NF 1,31.8 20 mm SL most found nearshore1,3 NF NF NF 21.8 28 mm SL nearshore and coastal waters2 1 Matarese et al 1980 1 Matarese et al 1980 1 Love 1996 2 Moser 1996a 2 Moser 1996a 2 D'Vincent et al 1980 3 Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 3 D'Vincent et al 1980 3 Moser and Pommeranz 1999 4 Fitch and Lavenberg 1975 4 Horn 1970 5 Horn 1970 Food habits Larvae nearshore and several miles offshore, but generally in large protected areas4 generally spawned a few miles offshore in surface waters5 occurs between the surface and 48 m4 Page 1130 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 BS BT BU BV BW BX BY Predators Fish Size Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequenc Predators NF 327.9 mm to maturity associated with soft bottom habitat1 NF NF NF NF 3 D'Vincent et al 1980 1 D'Vincent et al 1980 Juveniles Food habits HABITAT ASSOCIATION & TROPHIC INTERACTIONS Life Stage Page 1131 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 BZ CA CB CC CD Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators over soft bottom on continental shelf 1,3 carnivore3 NF NF inhabits shallow water nearshore2 ( small crustaceans) 1,2 Caspian terns and Fosters' terns3 1 Moser 1996a 1 Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 1 Love 1996 2 Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 2 Fitch and Lavenberg 1975 2 Fitch and Lavenberg 1973 3 D'Vincent et al 1980 3 Horn 1970 3 Harvey 1982 Adults California halibut, barracuda, kelp bass and other large predators2 Food habits kelp bass, barracuda, California halibut,

California sea lions, Dall's porpoise, common murres, tufted puffins, least terns, rhinoceros auklets and Brandt's cormorants1 Page 1132 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL Genetic variance Haplotype diversity Mean number of % Polymorphic Substocks ( Geographic Area) alleles per locus ( SE) loci Expected ( SE) Observed ( SE) Approach NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF GENETICS Nucleotide diversity (#) Mean heterozygosity Page 1133 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT RECRUITMENT INTO FISHERY First Recruitment Full Recruitment Effective population size Fishery / Total Length ( age) Fishery / Total Length ( age) Sampling gear eing structure / Meth Validation Verification Natural ( M)

NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 1134 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 CU CV CW CX CY CZ DA Mortality Estimates Rate of Exploitation Method of Age range used Rate of Exploitation Fishing ( F) Total ( Z) mortality estimation to calculate mortality exploitation ( u) ratio ( F/ Z) Competition NF NF NF NF NF NF NF MORTALITY Page 1135 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 DB DC DD DE DF DG DH Interactions / associations with other organisms Tagging studies Resident or Transient Homing ability ( Home range) Schooling Territoriality temporary associations with jellyfish ( Pelagia ) 1 NF NF NF Yes1,2 1 Horn 1970 1 Love 1996 2 Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 BEHAVIOR Movement Page 1136 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 DI DJ DK DL DM DN DO Page 1137 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 A B C D E F Page 1138 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 G H I J K L M N O P Q Page 1139 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 R S T U V W X Y Z Page 1140 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 AA AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI Page 1141 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR AS Page 1142 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD BE Page 1143 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 BF BG BH BI BJ BK Page 1144 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 BL BM BN BO BP BQ BR Page 1145 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 BS BT BU BV BW BX BY Page 1146 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 BZ CA CB CC CD Page 1147 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL Page 1148 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT Page 1149 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 CU CV CW CX CY CZ DA Page 1150 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 DB DC DD DE DF DG DH Page 1151 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 DI DJ DK DL DM DN DO Page 1152 of 1167 5 2220e  Stromateidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 A B C D E Family name Scientific name ( Synonym) Common name( s) Geographic range Observed depth range ( m)

Syngnathidae 1,2 Syngnathus leptorynchus 1,2 bay pipefish 1 Prince William Sound, Alaska to Bahia Santa Maria, NF southern Baja California 1 Syngnathidae 1,2 Syngnathus californiensis 1,2 kelp pipefish Bodega Bay, northern California to Bahia Santa Maria, shallow to 15 m 1,2 great pipefish 1,2 southern Baja California; northern populations from Alaska to Monterey Bay; southern populations from Morro Bay southward 1 Syngnathidae 1,2 Hippocampus ingens 1,2 Pacific seahorse Pt. Conception, southern California to Peru and usually offshore; 10 m or caballito del mar 1,2 including Islas Galapagos; old ( doubtful) record from deeper 1,2 San Francisco Bay 1 1 Robins et al 1991 1 Robins et al 1991 1 Love 1996 1 Love et al 2000 1 Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 2 Eschmeyer 1998 2 Eschmeyer 1998 2 Gates and Frey 1974 2 Love et al 2000 TAXONOMY RANGE Page 1153 of 1167 5 2220e  Syngnathidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 F G H I JKL Total Length ( cm) Max. reported Geographic area to weight ( g) equation Length conversion equations length ( cm) ( length measurment) Male Female Both 1 Both: W= 0.000001445SL2.65 NF 1 38.5 cm TL NF NF NF NF 2 Both: log W= 0.000199526TL3.12 3Both: W= 0.00000000164L3.95516 ( L= SL ( mm)) NF 1 19 cm TL NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 24.7 cm TL NF NF NF NF 1 Mahan 1985 1 Love et al 2000 2 Bayer 1980 3 Quast 1968b Linf in cm ( SE)

Page 1154 of 1167 5 2220e  Syngnathidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 M N O P Q R S T U V W r2 Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both Ageing structure / Method Validation NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF k ( SE) to ( SE) Growth Parameters AGE and GROWTH Page 1155 of 1167 5 2220e  Syngnathidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 X Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF Age composition Verification Other refs. Longevity ( yrs.) information Sexuality Mating system Mode of reproduction Parental Care Male : Female SL ratio NF 1 1 18 24 months NF NF NF oviparous 1 NF NF 2 1 year NF NF NF NF NF NF oviparous 1 yes, female lays NF eggs in male's pouch 1 NF NF NF NF NF NF oviparous 1 NF NF 1 Fritzsche 1980 1 Mahan 1985 1 Moser 1996a 1 Feder et al 1974 2 Fritzsche 1980 Sexual Breeding Behavior Page 1156 of 1167 5 2220e  Syngnathidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN Secondary Characteristics Male Female Male Female Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF dimorphism Total length ( age) at REPRODUCTION 1st maturity 50% maturity Page 1157 of 1167 5 2220e  Syngnathidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC Fertilized eggs present Both Parturition Other refs. Geographic Spawning Area Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Spawning Frequency NF Yaquina Bay, Oregon 3 NF California 1 NF southern California 2 NF NF NF NF 1 Moyle 1976 2 Feder et al 1974 3 Bayer 1980 Fertilization and Spawning Period (^^^^^= peak fertilization;*****= peak spawn; ##### = doubtful spawning records Page 1158 of 1167 5 2220e  Syngnathidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 BD BE BF BG BH Mean Fecundity Size specific eggs/ g Number of eggs fecundity eq ( weight range) ( at cm, grams, or age) ( length or weight range) Egg duration Larval duration NF NF NF 2 3 week incubation 1 NF NF NF NF 28 10 days NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 Moyle 1976 2 Fitch and Lavenberg 1975 Fecundity DISPERSA Page 1159 of 1167 5 2220e  Syngnathidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 BI BJ BK BL BM BN BO Eggs Size at settlement Size & location Annual cohort success ( diameter in mm) Habitat Predators Fish Size Habitat NF NF 1 1.3 1.5 mm eggs brooded within specialized NF NF NF structure on adult1 NF NF 1 1.1 1.3 mm eggs brooded within specialized NF NF NF structure on adult male1,2 NF NF 1 < 4.0 mm eggs brooded within specialized NF NF NF structure on adult 1 1 Ahlstrom et al 1984 1 Ahlstrom et al 1984 2 Fitch and Lavenberg 1975 3 Limbaugh 1955 eggs are laid by female in pouch of male, eggs hatch and are retained inside pouch until release as minature adults3 AL & RECRUITMENT Page 1160 of 1167 5 2220e  Syngnathidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 BP BQ BR BS BT BU BV Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators Fish Size Habitat Foraging guild NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF amoung seaweed and kelp beds1NF NF NF NF NF 1 approx. 40 mm NF NF 1 Ahlstrom et al 1984 1 Feder et al 1974 2 Limbaugh 1955 Food habits HABITAT ASSOCIATION & TROPHIC INTERACTIONS Life Stage Larvae Juveniles Page 1161 of 1167 5 2220e  Syngnathidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 BW BX BY BZ CA Foraging method When / Frequency Predators Habitat Foraging guild NF NF common in eelgrass of bays and carnivore sloughs 1,2 ( small crustaceans) 1 NF NF kelp beds 1 carnivore ( mysids and small amphipods) 2,5 ( mysids, amphipods, and other shrimp) 3 microcarnivore4 kelp column and canopy5 NF NF NF usually offshore 1 carnivore found in bays attached to eelgrass4 1 Love and Ebeling 1978 1 Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 1 Moyle 1976 2 Moyle 1976 2 Feder et al 1974 3 Feder et al 1974 3 Quast 1968d 4 Jones et al 1988 4 Quast 1968b 5 Quast 1968b 5 Limbaugh 1955 6 Limbaugh 1955 ( tiny planktonic crustaceans; such as mysids,

small shrimp, and amphipods) 4 Food habits Fo found in sand bottom kelp holdfast,

midkelp, and rocky bottom kelp bed habitat6 blue rockfish, olive rockfish,

and kelp bass1 blue rockfish, olive rockfish,

and kelp bass1 amoung seaweeds, in canopy and mid kelp habitat; also in short coralline algae, Torrey's surgrass, and eelgrass beds, sometimes drifting in kelp many miles from shore3 Adu Page 1162 of 1167 5 2220e  Syngnathidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 CB CC CD CE CF CG CH Genetic Haplotype diversity Mean number of Foraging method When / Frequency Predators Substocks ( Geographic Area) alleles per locus ( SE)

suck up prey with tubular mouth 1 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF sucks food into mouth2 NF yellowfin tuna 1 NF NF NF tunas and gulls2 1 Moyle 1976 1 Fritzsche 1980 2 Fitch and Lavenberg 1975 2 Fitch and Lavenberg 1975 ood habits ults GEN Nucleotide diversity (#)

Page 1163 of 1167 5 2220e  Syngnathidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP RECRUITMENT INTO FISHERY variance % Polymorphic First Recruitment Full Recruitment loci Expected ( SE) Observed ( SE) Approach Effective population size Fishery / Total Length ( age) Fishery / Total Length ( age) Sampling gear NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF ETICS Mean heterozygosity Page 1164 of 1167 5 2220e  Syngnathidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX CY Mortality Estimates Rate of Ex Method of Age range used Rate of eing structure / Meth Validation Verification Natural ( M) Fishing ( F) Total ( Z) mortality estimation to calculate mortality exploitation ( u)

NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF MORTALITY Page 1165 of 1167 5 2220e  Syngnathidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 CZ DA DB DC DD DE xploitation Exploitation Interactions / associations ratio ( F/ Z) Competition with other organisms Tagging studies Resident or Transient ng ability ( Home NF NF early juvenile survivorship is limited by presence oNF in summer pipefish may emigrate NF adult conspecifics and predators 1 from the lower estuary to the upper parasites: 7 families, 12 spp. ( see reference) 2 estuary ( Yaquina Bay) 1 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 Behrents 1987 1 Bayer 1980 2 Love and Moser 1983 BEHAVIOR Movement Page 1166 of 1167 5 2220e  Syngnathidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 DF DG Schooling Territoriality NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 1167 of 1167 5 2220e  Syngnathidae