Number Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Number Percent who participated Percent Total persons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,949 100 15,066 37 100 6,091 15 100 13,542 33 100 Population Density of Residence Urban. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,935 73 10,126 34 67 4,291 14 70 9,030 30 67 Rural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,014 27 4,941 45 33 1,800 16 30 4,513 41 33 Population Size of Residence Metropolitan statistical areas ( MSA) . . 33,020 81 11,790 36 78 4,837 15 79 10,586 32 78 1,000,000 or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,513 53 7,360 34 49 3,119 14 51 6,582 31 49 250,000 to 999,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,161 20 3,061 38 20 1,131 14 19 2,805 34 21 50,000 to 249,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,346 8 1,369 41 9 587 18 10 1,199 36 9 Outside MSA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,929 19 3,277 41 22 1,254 16 21 2,957 37 22 Census Geographic Division New England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,905 5 714 37 5 244 13 4 664 35 5 Middle Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,445 13 2,015 37 13 781 14 13 1,875 34 14 East North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,620 16 2,689 41 18 1,074 16 18 2,485 38 18 West North Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,797 7 1,292 46 9 568 20 9 1,159 41 9 South Atlantic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,288 18 2,493 34 17 869 12 14 2,277 31 17 East South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,404 6 873 36 6 307 13 5 811 34 6 West South Central . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,825 12 1,502 31 10 569 12 9 1,337 28 10 Mountain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,809 7 1,121 40 7 554 20 9 938 33 7 Pacific . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,856 17 2,367 35 16 1,125 16 18 1,998 29 15 Age 6 to 8 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,848 29 4,311 36 29 1,783 15 29 3,929 33 29 9 to 11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,795 31 5,192 41 34 2,043 16 34 4,718 37 35 12 to 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,305 40 5,564 34 37 2,265 14 37 4,895 30 36 Sex Male, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,172 52 7,951 38 53 3,243 15 53 7,154 34 53 6 to 8 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,044 15 2,145 35 14 870 14 14 1,952 32 14 9 to 11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,707 16 2,827 42 19 1,171 17 19 2,566 38 19 12 to 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,421 21 2,978 35 20 1,202 14 20 2,636 31 19 Female, total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,777 48 7,116 36 47 2,848 14 47 6,388 32 47 6 to 8 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,804 14 2,165 37 14 913 16 15 1,977 34 15 9 to 11 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,089 15 2,365 39 16 872 14 14 2,152 35 16 12 to 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,884 19 2,586 33 17 1,063 13 17 2,259 29 17 Ethnicity Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,343 15 1,483 23 10 597 9 10 1,294 20 10 Non Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,606 85 13,584 39 90 5,494 16 90 12,248 35 90 Race White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,378 82 13,435 40 89 5,548 17 91 12,085 36 89 Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,519 13 1,029 19 7 336 6 6 926 17 7 Asian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,320 3 276 21 2 106 8 2 231 17 2 All others. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 731 2 326 45 2 101 14 2 301 41 2 Annual Household Income Under $ 10,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,849 5 456 25 3 115 6 2 438 24 3 $ 10,000 to $ 19,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,012 7 757 25 5 276 9 5 668 22 5 $ 20,000 to $ 24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,223 5 659 30 4 225 10 4 608 27 4 $ 25,000 to $ 29,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,344 6 818 35 5 328 14 5 707 30 5 $ 30,000 to $ 34,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,492 6 883 35 6 365 15 6 799 32 6 $ 35,000 to $ 39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,009 5 787 39 5 290 14 5 716 36 5 $ 40,000 to $ 49,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,956 10 1,637 41 11 707 18 12 1,471 37 11 $ 50,000 to $ 74,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,239 18 3,205 44 21 1,301 18 21 2,936 41 22 $ 75,000 to $ 99,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,168 10 2,085 50 14 975 23 16 1,831 44 14 $ 100,000 or more. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,036 10 2,002 50 13 941 23 15 1,751 43 13 Not reported. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,621 19 1,779 23 12 567 7 9 1,619 21 12 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. Percent who participated columns show the percent of each row's population who participated in the activity named by the column ( the percent of those living in urban areas who were residential participants, etc.). Percent columns show the percent of each column's participants who are described by the row heading ( the percent of those who were residential participants who lived in urban areas, etc.). Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who participated in wildlife watching activities only in other countries. Appendix C C 10 U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table C 9. Participants in Wildlife Related Recreation 6 to 15 Years Old by Participant's State of Residence: 2000 ( Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Participant's state of residence Population Total participants Sportspersons Wildlife watching participants Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population United States, total. . . . . . . . 40,949 20,245 49 13,369 33 15,066 37 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 297 48 247 40 178 29 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 83 74 60 54 64 57 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 349 43 211 26 249 31 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 213 57 154 41 145 39 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,239 2,040 39 1,145 22 1,589 30 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 388 62 234 38 289 46 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 225 47 132 28 173 36 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 136 71 35 18 122 64 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,159 800 37 586 27 537 25 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,224 501 41 406 33 325 27 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 69 43 47 29 46 29 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 139 67 110 54 93 45 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,833 955 52 609 33 694 38 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 500 57 363 41 368 42 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 265 64 205 50 172 42 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 260 66 208 53 180 46 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 333 60 238 43 261 47 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 306 45 174 26 235 35 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 125 73 83 49 106 62 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 404 52 222 29 343 44 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 358 42 234 28 255 30 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,498 811 54 489 33 625 42 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 577 79 456 62 434 59 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 211 48 171 39 144 33 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 443 55 334 41 320 40 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 82 62 69 52 55 42 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 145 58 105 43 103 42 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 126 42 80 27 99 33 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 112 62 79 43 85 47 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,192 545 46 316 27 443 37 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 150 53 102 36 105 37 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,597 1,062 41 555 21 872 34 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,171 561 48 400 34 397 34 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 56 63 47 53 34 38 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,637 800 49 595 36 577 35 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 288 58 206 41 207 41 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 308 65 167 35 254 53 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,656 897 54 594 36 700 42 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 69 48 44 30 49 34 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 275 50 176 32 213 39 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 74 66 58 51 48 43 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 404 51 265 34 290 37 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,276 1,389 42 976 30 916 28 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 253 66 195 51 188 49 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 54 65 41 50 46 56 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 575 59 342 35 443 45 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 518 60 312 36 414 48 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 155 66 110 47 113 49 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 501 64 340 44 426 55 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 55 77 41 58 43 61 Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U. S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix. Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who participated only in other countries. U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix C C 11 Table C 10. Anglers and Hunters 6 to 15 Years Old by Sportsperson's State of Residence: 2000 ( Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Sportsperson's state of residence Population Fished or hunted Fished only Hunted only Fished and hunted Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population United States, total. . . . . . . . 40,949 13,369 33 11,628 28 224 1 1,517 4 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 247 40 191 31 ... ... 45 7 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 60 54 49 44 * 6 * 5 * 5 * 5 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 211 26 183 23 ... ... * 22 * 3 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 154 41 112 30 ... ... * 38 * 10 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,239 1,145 22 1,099 21 ... ... ... ...

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 234 38 211 34 ... ... * 23 * 4 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 132 28 128 27 ... ... ... ... Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 35 18 32 17 ... ... ... ... Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,159 586 27 543 25 ... ... ... ... Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,224 406 33 348 28 ... ... * 49 * 4 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 47 29 45 28 ... ... ... ... Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 110 54 97 47 ... ... * 12 * 6 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,833 609 33 549 30 ... ... ... ... Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 363 41 312 36 ... ... * 50 * 6 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 205 50 172 42 ... ... * 31 * 8 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 208 53 180 46 ... ... * 26 * 7 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 238 43 206 37 ... ... * 29 * 5 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 174 26 147 22 ... ... * 22 * 3 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 83 49 71 42 ... ... * 10 * 6 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 222 29 201 26 ... ... ... ...

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 234 28 227 27 ... ... ... ... Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,498 489 33 452 30 ... ... ... ... Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 456 62 388 53 ... ... * 61 * 8 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 171 39 117 27 ... ... 46 11 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 334 41 242 30 ... ... * 79 * 10 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 69 52 51 39 ... ... * 15 * 11 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 105 43 90 36 ... ... * 11 * 5 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 80 27 77 25 ... ... ... ... New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 79 43 68 37 ... ... * 8 * 5 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,192 316 27 303 25 ... ... ... ...

New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 102 36 87 30 ... ... * 10 * 4 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,597 555 21 490 19 ... ... * 66 * 3 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,171 400 34 353 30 ... ... * 43 * 4 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 47 53 38 42 ... ... * 8 * 9 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,637 595 36 526 32 ... ... * 62 * 4 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 206 41 155 31 ... ... * 47 * 9 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 167 35 152 32 ... ... ... ... Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,656 594 36 498 30 ... ... * 80 * 5 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 44 30 42 29 ... ... ... ... South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 176 32 150 27 ... ... * 23 * 4 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 58 51 45 40 ... ... * 10 * 9 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 265 34 217 27 ... ... * 41 * 5 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,276 976 30 801 24 ... ... * 143 * 4 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 195 51 169 44 ... ... * 23 * 6 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 41 50 31 37 ... ... * 10 * 13 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 342 35 304 31 ... ... ... ... Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 312 36 292 34 ... ... * 20 * 2 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 110 47 73 31 ... ... * 31 * 13 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 340 44 280 36 ... ... * 48 * 6 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 41 58 33 47 ... ... * 7 * 10 * Estimate based on a small sample size. ... Sample size too small to report data reliably.

Note: U. S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix. Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interviews required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who participated only in other countries. Appendix C C 12 U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table C 11. Participants in Wildlife Watching Activities 6 to 15 Years Old by Participant's State of Residence: 2000 ( Population 6 to 15 years old. Numbers in thousands)

Participant's state of residence Population Participants Total Nonresidential Residential Number Percent of population Number Percent of population Number Percent of population United States, total. . . . . . . . 40,949 15,066 37 6,091 15 13,542 33 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 178 29 52 8 161 26 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 64 57 28 25 54 48 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 806 249 31 95 12 215 27 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 145 39 * 44 * 12 138 37 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,239 1,589 30 742 14 1,339 26 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623 289 46 143 23 236 38 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 478 173 36 43 9 166 35 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 122 64 57 30 119 62 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,159 537 25 * 168 * 8 492 23 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,224 325 27 136 11 286 23 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 46 29 24 15 38 24 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 93 45 51 25 82 40 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,833 694 38 210 11 658 36 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 368 42 137 16 350 40 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 172 42 75 18 153 37 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392 180 46 72 18 160 41 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 261 47 113 20 238 43 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677 235 35 78 12 203 30 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 106 62 40 23 102 60 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 343 44 145 19 319 41 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 848 255 30 80 9 238 28 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,498 625 42 288 19 579 39 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 434 59 152 21 403 55 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 144 33 * 38 * 9 137 31 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 809 320 40 188 23 283 35 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 55 42 39 29 45 34 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 103 42 45 18 88 36 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 99 33 44 15 79 26 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182 85 47 47 26 71 39 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,192 443 37 184 15 397 33 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285 105 37 50 17 89 31 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,597 872 34 323 12 806 31 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,171 397 34 117 10 366 31 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 34 38 17 20 30 34 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,637 577 35 207 13 525 32 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 207 41 98 20 178 36 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 254 53 128 27 212 44 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,656 700 42 274 17 671 41 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 49 34 15 10 44 31 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553 213 39 73 13 195 35 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 48 43 18 16 41 36 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 790 290 37 104 13 274 35 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,276 916 28 350 11 818 25 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 384 188 49 108 28 159 41 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 46 56 19 23 43 52 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977 443 45 149 15 393 40 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 869 414 48 203 23 356 41 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 113 49 * 24 * 10 106 46 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 778 426 55 233 30 372 48 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 43 61 25 34 35 48 * Estimate based on a small sample size.

Note: Detail does not add to total because of multiple responses. U. S. totals include responses from participants residing in the District of Columbia, as described in the statistical accuracy appendix. Data reported on this table are from screening interviews in which one adult household member responded for all household members 6 to 15 years old. The screening interview required the respondent to recall 12 months worth of activity. Includes persons who participated only in other countries. Appendix D Appendix D D 2 U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service This Appendix is presented in two parts. The first part is the U. S. Census Bureau Source and Accuracy Statement. This statement describes the sampling design for the 2001 Survey and highlights the steps taken to produce estimates from the completed questionnaires. The statement explains the use of standard errors and confidence intervals. It also provides comprehensive information about errors characteristic of surveys, and formulas and parameters to calculate an approximate standard error or confidence interval for each number published in this report. The second part, Tables D 1 to D 4, reports approximate standard errors and 95 percent confidence intervals for selected measures of participation and expenditures for wildlife related recreation.

Source and Accuracy Statement for the 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife Associated Recreation Source of Data The estimates in this report are based on data collected in the 2001 National Survey of Fishing, Hunting, and Wildlife Associated Recreation ( FHWAR).

The 2001 FHWAR Survey was designed to provide state level estimates of the number of participants in recreational hunting and fishing, and in wildlifewatching activities ( e. g., wildlife observation). Information was collected on the number of participants, where and how often they participated, the type of wildlife encountered, and the amounts of money spent on wildlife related recreation.

The survey was conducted in two stages: an initial screening of households to identify likely sportspersons and wildlifewatching participants, and a series of follow up interviews of selected persons to collect detailed data about their wildlife related recreation during 2001.

The 2001 FHWAR sample was selected from expired samples of the Current Population Survey ( CPS).

Sample Design A. CPS  Current Population Survey The expired CPS samples used for the 2001 FHWAR had been selected initially from 1990 decennial census files with coverage in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. The samples, while active, had been continually updated to reflect new construction. The sample addresses were located in 754 geographic areas consisting of a county or several contiguous counties.

B. The FHWAR Screening Sample The total screening sample consisted of 80,000 households identified from the expired CPS samples. About 3,300 households were removed from sample because they did not have accurate or consistent address or contact information. Of the remaining households, roughly 8.8 percent were found to be vacant or otherwise not to be enumerated. About 23.1 percent could not be enumerated because the occupants were not found at home, refused to participate in the survey, or were unavailable.

Overall, about 52,508 completed household interviews were obtained for a national response rate of approximately 74.8 percent. Local field representatives conducted interviews by telephone when possible, otherwise through a personal visit. The field representatives asked screening questions for all household members 6 years old and older. Interviewing for the screen was conducted during April, May, and June of 2001.

Data for the FHWAR sportspersons sample and wildlife watchers sample were collected in three waves. The first wave started in April 2001, the second in September 2001, and the third in January 2002. In the sportspersons sample, all persons who hunted or fished in 2001 by the time of the screening interview were interviewed in the first wave. The remaining sportspersons sample were interviewed in the second wave. All sample persons ( from both the first and second waves) were interviewed in the third wave.

The reference period was the preceding 4 months for waves 1 and 2. In wave 3, the reference period was either 4 or 8 months depending on when the sample person was first interviewed.

C. The Detailed Samples Two independent detailed samples were chosen from the FHWAR screening sample. One consisted of sportspersons ( people who hunt or fish) and the other of wildlife watchers ( people who observed, photographed, or fed wildlife).

1. Sportspersons The Census Bureau selected the detailed samples based on information reported during the screening phase. Every person 16 years old and older in the FHWAR screening sample was assigned to a sportspersons stratum based on time devoted to hunting/ fishing in the past and time expected to be devoted to Appendix D. Sample Design and Statistical Accuracy hunting/ fishing in the future. The sportspersons categories were:

Active  a person who had already participated in hunting/ fishing in 2001 at the time of the screener interview.

Likely  a person who had not participated in 2001 at the time of the screener but had participated in 2000 OR said they were likely to participate in 2001.

Inactive  a person who had not participated in 2000 or 2001 AND said they were somewhat unlikely to participate in 2001.

Nonparticipant  a person who had not participated in 2000 or 2001 AND said they were very unlikely to participate in 2001.

Persons were selected for the detailed phase based on these groupings.

Active sportspersons were given the detailed interview twice   at the same time of the screening interview ( April June 2001) and again in January/ February 2002. Likely sportspersons and a subsample of the inactive sportspersons were also interviewed twice   first in September/ October 2001, then in January/ February 2002. If Census field representatives were not able to obtain the first interview, they attempted to interview the person in the final interviewing period with the reference period being the entire year. Persons in the nonparticipant group were not eligible for a detailed interview.

About 28,700 persons were designated for interviews. The detailed sportspersons sample sizes varied by state to get reliable state level estimates. During each interview period, about 12 percent of the designated people were not found at home or were unavailable. Overall, about 25,100 detailed sportspersons interviews were completed for a national response rate of 88 percent. 2. Wildlife Watchers The wildlife watching detailed sample also was selected based on information reported during the screening phase. Every person 16 years of age and older was assigned to a category based on time devoted to wildlifewatching activities in previous years, participation in 2001 by the time of the screening interview, and intentions to participate in activities during the remainder of 2001.

Each person was placed into one of the following groups based on their past participation:

Active  a person who had already participated in 2001 at the time of the screening interview.

Avid  a person who had not yet participated in 2001 but in 2000 had taken trips to participate in wildlife watching activities for 21 or more days or had spent $ 300 or more.

Average  a person who had not yet participated in 2001 but in 2000 had taken trips to wildlifewatch for less than 21 days and had spent less than $ 300 OR had not participated in wildlifewatching activities but said they were very likely to in the remainder of 2001.

Infrequent  a person who had not participated in 2000 or 2001 but said they were somewhat likely or somewhat unlikely to participate in the remainder of 2001.

Nonparticipant  a person who had not participated in 2000 or 2001 and said they were very unlikely to participate during the remainder of 2001.

Persons were selected for the detailed phase based on these groupings. Persons in the nonparticipant group were not eligible for a detailed interview. A subsample of each of the other groups was selected to receive a detailed interview with the chance of being selected diminishing as the likelihood of participation diminished.

Wildlife watching participants were given the detailed interview twice. Some received their first detailed interview at the same time as the screening interview ( April June 2001). The rest received their first detailed interview in September/ October 2001. All wildlife watching participants received their second interview in January/ February 2002. If Census field representatives were not able to obtain the first interview, they attempted to interview the person in the final interviewing period with the reference period being the entire year.

About 17,100 persons were designated for interviews. The detailed wildlife watching sample sizes varied by state to get reliable state level estimates. During each interview period, 11 percent of the designated people were not found at home or were unavailable. Overall, about 15,300 detailed wildlife watcher interviews were completed for a national response rate of 90 percent.

Estimation Procedure Several stages of adjustments were used to derive the final 2001 FHWAR person weights. A brief description of the major components of the weights is given below.

All statistics for the population 6 to 15 years of age were derived from the screening interview. Statistics for the population 16 and over came from both the screening and detailed interviews. Estimates which came from the screening sample are presented in Appendix C.

A. Screening Sample Every interviewed person in the screening sample received a weight that was the product of the following factors:

1. Base Weight. The base weight is the inverse of the household's probability of selection.

U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D 3 2. Household Noninterview Adjustment. The noninterview adjustment inflated the weight assigned to interviewed households to account for households eligible for interview but for which no interview was obtained.

3. First Stage Adjustment. The 754 areas designated for our samples were selected from over 2,000 such areas of the United States. Some sample areas represent only themselves and are referred to as self representing. The remaining areas represent other areas similar in selected characteristics and are thus designated nonselfrepresenting The first stage factor reduces the component of variation arising from sampling the nonself representing areas.

4. Second Stage Adjustment. This adjustment brings the estimates of the total population in each state into agreement with censusbased estimates of the civilian noninstitutional and nonbarrack military populations for each state.

B. Sportspersons Sample Every interviewed person in the sportspersons detailed sample received a weight that was the product of the following factors:

1. Screening Weight. This is the individual's final weight from the screening sample.

2. Sportspersons Stratum Adjustment. This factor inflated the weights of persons selected for the detailed sample to account for the subsampling done within each sportsperson's stratum.

3. Sportspersons Noninterview Adjustment. This factor adjusts the weights of the interviewed sportspersons to account for sportspersons selected for the detailed sample for whom no interview was obtained. A person was considered a noninterview if he/ she were not interviewed in the third wave of interviewing. 4. Sportspersons Ratio Adjustment Factor. This is a ratio adjustment of the detailed sample to the screening sample within sportspersons sampling stratum. This adjustment brings the population estimates of persons age 16 years old or older from the detailed sample into agreement with the same estimates from the screening sample, which was a much larger sample.

C. Wildlife Watchers Sample Every interviewed person in the wildlife watchers detailed sample received a weight that was the product of the following factors:

1. Screening Weight. This is the individual's final weight from the screening sample.

2. Wildlife Watchers Stratum Adjustment. This factor inflated the weights of persons selected for the detailed sample to account for the subsampling done within each wildlife watcher stratum.

3. Wildlife Watchers Noninterview Adjustment. This factor adjusts the weights of the interviewed wildlife watching participants to account for wildlife watchers selected for the detailed sample for which no interview was obtained. A person was considered a noninterview if he/ she were not interviewed in the third wave of interviewing.

4. Wildlife Watchers Ratio Adjustment Factor. This is a ratio adjustment of the detailed sample to the screening sample within wildlife watchers sampling strata. This adjustment brings the population estimates of persons age 16 years old or older from the detailed sample into agreement with the same estimates from the screening sample, which was a much larger sample.

Accuracy of the Estimates Since the 2001 estimates came from a sample, they may differ from figures from a complete census using the same questionnaires, instructions, and enumerators. A sample survey estimate has two possible types of error   sampling and nonsampling. The accuracy of an estimate depends on both types of error, but the full extent of the nonsampling error is unknown. Consequently, one should be particularly careful when interpreting results based on a relatively small number of cases or on small differences between estimates. The standard errors for the 2001 FHWAR estimates primarily indicate the magnitude of sampling error. They also partially measure the effect of some nonsampling errors in responses and enumeration, but do not measure systematic biases in the data. ( Bias is the average over all possible samples of the differences between the sample estimate and the actual value.)

Nonsampling Variability Let us suppose that a comparable complete enumeration was conducted, that is, an interview is attempted for every person 16 years old and over in the United States. Chances are we will not correctly estimate every parameter under consideration ( for example, the proportion of people who fished). In this instance, the difference is due solely to nonsampling errors. Nonsampling errors also occur in sample surveys and can be attributed to several sources including the following:

° The inability to obtain information about all cases in the sample.

° Definitional difficulties.

° Differences in the interpretation of questions.

° Respondents' inability or unwillingness to provide correct information.

° Respondents' inability to recall information.

° Errors made in data collection such as in recording or coding the data.

° Errors made in the processing of data.

° Errors made in estimating values for missing data.

° Failure to represent all units with the sample ( undercoverage).

Appendix D D 4 U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Overall CPS undercoverage is estimated to be about 8 percent. Generally, undercoverage is larger for males than for females and larger for Blacks and other races combined than for Whites. Ratio estimation to independent population controls, as described previously, partially corrects for the bias due to survey undercoverage. However, biases exist in the estimates to the extent that missed persons in missed households or missed persons in interviewed households have different characteristics from those of interviewed persons in the same age group.

Comparability of Data. Data obtained from the 2001 FHWAR and other sources are not entirely comparable. This results from differences in field interviewer training and experience and in differing survey processes. This is an example of nonsampling variability not reflected in the standard errors. Use caution when comparing results from different sources ( See Appendix B). Note When Using Small Estimates. Because of the large standard errors involved, summary measures ( such as medians and percentage distributions) would probably not reveal useful information when computed on a base smaller than 100,000. Take care in the interpretation of small differences. For instance, even a small amount of nonsampling error can cause a borderline difference to appear significant or not, thus distorting a seemingly valid hypothesis test.

U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D 5 Sampling Variability The particular sample used for the 2001 FHWAR Survey is one of a large number of all possible samples of the same size that could have been selected using the same sample design. Estimates derived from the different samples would differ from each other. This sample to sample variability is referred to as sampling variability and is generally measured by the standard error. The exact sampling error is unknown. However, guides to the potential size of the sampling error are provided by the standard error of the estimate.

Since the standard error of a survey estimate attempts to provide a measure of the variation among the estimates from the possible samples, it is a measure of the precision with which an estimate from a particular sample approximates the average result of all possible samples. Standard errors, as calculated by methods described next in " Standard Errors and Their Use," are primarily measures of sampling variability, although they may include some nonsampling error.

The sample estimate and its standard error enable one to construct a confidence interval, a range that would include the average result of all possible samples with a known probability. For example, if all possible samples were surveyed under essentially the same general conditions and using the same sample design, and if an estimate and its standard error were calculated from each sample, then approximately 95 percent of the intervals from 1.96 standard errors below the estimate to 1.96 standard errors above the estimate would include the average result of all possible samples.

A particular confidence interval may or may not contain the average estimate derived from all possible samples. However, one can say with specified confidence that the interval includes the average estimate calculated from all possible samples.

Standard errors may also be used to perform hypothesis testing   a procedure for distinguishing between population parameters using sample estimates. One common type of hypothesis is that the population parameters are different. An example would be comparing the proportion of anglers to the proportion of hunters.

Tests may be performed at various levels of significance where a significance level is the probability of concluding that the characteristics are different when, in fact, they are the same. To conclude that two characteristics are different at the 0.05 level of significance, the absolute value of the estimated difference between characteristics must be greater than or equal to 1.96 times the standard error of the difference.

This report uses 95 percent confidence intervals and 0.05 levels of significance to determine statistical validity. Consult standard statistical textbooks for alternative criteria.

Standard Errors and Their Use. A number of approximations are required to derive, at a moderate cost, standard errors applicable to all the estimates in this report. Instead of providing an individual standard error for each estimate, parameters are provided to calculate standard errors for each type of characteristic. These parameters are listed in tables D 5 to D 10. Methods for using the parameters to calculate standard errors of various estimates are given in the next sections.

Standard Errors of Estimated Numbers. The approximate standard error, sx, of an estimated number shown in this report can be obtained using the following formulas. Formula ( 1) is used to calculate the standard errors of levels of sportspersons, anglers, and wildlife watchers.

( 1)

Here, x is the size of the estimate and a and b are the parameters in the tables associated with the particular characteristic.

Formula ( 2) is used for standard errors of aggregates, i. e., trips, days, and expenditures.

( 2)

Here, x is again the size of the estimate; y is the base of the estimate; and a, b, and c are the parameters in the tables associated with the particular characteristic.

Appendix D D 6 U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Number Table 1 in this report shows that 37,805,000 persons 16+ either fished or hunted in the United States in 2001. Using formula ( 1) with the parameters a=  0.000020 and b= 4,289 from table D 6, the approximate standard error of the estimates number of 37,805,000 sportspersons 16+ is The 95 percent confidence interval for the estimated number of sportspersons 16+ is from 37,088,600 to 38,521,400, ie., 37,805,000 ± 1.96 x 365,500. Therefore, a conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples lies within a range computed in this way would be correct for roughly 95 percent of all possible samples.

Table 1 shows that 13,034,300 hunters 16+ engaged in 228,367,800 days of participation in 2001. Using formula ( 2) with the parameters a = 0.000168, b =  11,904, and c = 12,496 from table D 8, the approximate standard error on 228,367,800 estimated days on an estimated base of 13,034,300 hunters is The 95 percent confidence interval on the estimate of 228,367,800 days is from 213,695,000 to 243,040,600, ie., 228,367,800 ± 1.96 x 7,486,100. Again, a conclusion that the average estimate derived from all possible samples lies within a range computed in this way would be correct for roughly 95 percent of all possible samples.

Standard Errors of Estimated Percentages. The reliability of an estimated percentage, computed using sample data for both numerator and denominator, depends on the size of the percentage and its base. Estimated percentages are relatively more reliable than the corresponding estimates of the numerators of the percentages, particularly if the percentages are 50 percent or more. When the numerator and the denominator of the percentage are in different categories, use the parameter in the tables indicated by the numerator.

The approximate standard error, sx, p, can be obtained by use of the formula ( 3)

Here, x is the total number of sportspersons, hunters, etc., which is the base of the percentage; p is the percentage ( 0 < p < 100); and b is the parameter in the tables associated with the characteristic in the numerator of the percentage.

Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Percentage Table 1 shows that of the 13,034,300 hunters 16+, 22.7 percent hunted migratory birds. From table D 6, the appropriate b parameter is 3,793. Using formula ( 3), the approximate standard error on the estimate of 22.7 percent is Consequently, the 95 percent confidence interval for the estimate percentage of migratory bird hunters 16+ is from 21.3 percent to 24.1 percent, ie. 22.7 ± 1.96 x 0.71.

U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D 7 Standard Error of a Difference. The standard error of the difference between two sample estimates is approximately equal to ( 4)

where sx and sy are the standard errors of the estimates x and y. The estimates can be numbers, percentages, ratios, etc. This will represent the actual standard error quite accurately for the difference between estimates of the same characteristic in two different areas, or for the difference between separate and uncorrelated characteristics in the same area. However, if there is a high positive ( negative) correlation between the two characteristics, the formula will overestimate ( underestimate) the true standard error.

Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of a Difference Table 24 shows that of the 13,034,300 hunters, 10,688,000 were licensed hunters, and 1,689,300 were exempt from a hunting license. The corresponding percentages are 82.0 percent and 13.0 percent, respectively. The apparent difference between the percent of licensed hunters and hunters who are exempt from a license is 69.0 percent. Using formula ( 3) and the appropriate b parameter from table D 6, the approximate standard errors of 82.0 percent and 13.0 percent are 0.66 and 0.57, respectively. Using formula ( 4), the approximate standard error of the estimated difference of 69.0 percent is The 95 percent confidence interval on the difference between licensed hunters and those who were exempt from a hunting license is from 67.3 to 70.7 percent, i. e., 69.0 ± 1.96 x 0.87. Since the interval does not contain zero, we can conclude with 95 percent confidence that the percentage of licensed hunters is greater than the percentage of hunters who are exempt from a hunting license.

Standard Errors of Estimated Averages. Certain mean values for sportspersons, anglers, etc., shown in the report were calculated as the ratio of two numbers. For example, average days per angler is calculated as:

Standard errors for these averages may be approximated by the use of formula ( 5) below.

( 5)

In formula ( 5), r represents the correlation coefficient between the numerator and the denominator of the estimate. In the above formula, use 0.7 as an estimate of r.

Illustration of the Computation of the Standard Error of an Estimated Average Table 2 shows that the average days per angler 16 years old or older for all fishing was 16.4 days. Using formulas ( 1) and ( 2) above, we compute the standard error on total days, 557,393,900, and total anglers, 34,071,100, to be 8,726,000 and 350,600, respectively. The approximate standard error on the estimated average of 16.4 days is therefore, the 95 percent confidence interval on the estimated average of 16.4 days is from 16.0 to 16.8, i. e., 16.4 ± 1.96 x 0.18.

Appendix D D 8 U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D 9 Table D 1. Approximate Standard Errors and 95 Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected Fishing Estimates: 2001 Anglers, days, and expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent ANGLERS ( thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,071 351 33,384 34,758 Freshwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,439 325 27,801 29,077 Freshwater except Great Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,913 323 27,281 28,545 Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,847 89 1,673 2,021 Saltwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,051 193 8,673 9,429 DAYS OF FISHING ( thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557,394 8,726 540,291 574,497 Freshwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466,984 8,919 449,502 484,466 Freshwater except Great Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443,247 8,614 426,364 460,130 Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,138 2,391 18,451 27,825 Saltwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,838 3,929 83,137 98,539 Average Days per Angler Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 0.18 16.0 16.8 Freshwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 0.23 16.0 16.8 Freshwater except Great Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.9 0.22 15.5 16.3 Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 0.97 10.6 14.4 Saltwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 0.32 9.4 10.6 FISHING EXPENDITURES ( thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 35,632,257 $ 945,263 $ 33,779,541 $ 37,484,973 Freshwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 21,348,370 $ 604,067 $ 20,164,398 $ 22,532,342 Freshwater except Great Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 19,972,014 $ 568,976 $ 18,856,821 $ 21,087,207 Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,274,435 $ 122,992 $ 1,033,371 $ 1,515,499 Saltwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,388,962 $ 381,702 $ 7,640,826 $ 9,137,098 Average Expenditure per Spender Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,115 $ 22 $ 1,073 $ 1,157 Freshwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 817 $ 16 $ 785 $ 849 Freshwater except Great Lakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 782 $ 16 $ 751 $ 813 Great Lakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 750 $ 49 $ 653 $ 847 Saltwater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,034 $ 32 $ 972 $ 1,096 Appendix D D 10 U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table D 2. Approximate Standard Errors and 95 Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected Hunting Estimates: 2001 Hunters, days, and expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent HUNTERS ( thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,034 215 12,612 13,456 Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,911 198 10,523 11,299 Small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,434 142 5,156 5,712 Migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,956 105 2,750 3,162 Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,047 63 924 1,170 DAYS OF HUNTING ( thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228,368 7,486 213,695 243,041 Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153,191 5,385 142,637 163,745 Small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,142 2,865 54,526 65,758 Migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,310 1,851 25,682 32,938 Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,207 2,058 15,173 23,241 Average Days per Hunter Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.5 0.64 16.2 18.8 Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 0.56 12.9 15.1 Small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.1 0.60 9.9 12.3 Migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.9 0.72 8.5 11.3 Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 2.25 13.9 22.7 HUNTING EXPENDITURES ( thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 20,611,025 $ 941,534 $ 18,765,618 $ 22,456,432 Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 10,087,930 $ 485,235 $ 9,136,869 $ 11,038,991 Small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,816,199 $ 110,041 $ 1,600,519 $ 2,031,879 Migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,388,581 $ 108,766 $ 1,175,400 $ 1,601,762 Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 243,760 $ 29,928 $ 185,101 $ 302,419 Average Expenditures per Spender Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,638 $ 77 $ 1,487 $ 1,789 Big game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,013 $ 48 $ 920 $ 1,106 Small game . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 399 $ 22 $ 356 $ 442 Migratory bird . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 548 $ 40 $ 469 $ 627 Other animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 376 $ 32 $ 314 $ 438 U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D 11 Table D 3. Approximate Standard Errors and 95 Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected Fishing and Hunting Expenditure Estimates: 2001 ( Numbers in thousands)

Expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent FISHING AND HUNTING EXPENDITURES Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 69,976,330 $ 1,791,976 $ 66,464,058 $ 73,488,602 Trip related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 19,908,392 $ 508,674 $ 18,911,390 $ 20,905,394 Food and Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,330,938 $ 211,927 $ 7,915,561 $ 8,746,315 Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,305,077 $ 134,367 $ 5,041,717 $ 5,568,437 Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 6,272,377 $ 159,162 $ 5,960,420 $ 6,584,334 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 40,954,202 $ 1,048,104 $ 38,899,918 $ 43,008,486 Fishing/ hunting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,507,114 $ 242,075 $ 9,032,648 $ 9,981,580 Auxiliary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,627,686 $ 65,733 $ 2,498,850 $ 2,756,522 Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 28,819,402 $ 737,075 $ 27,374,736 $ 30,264,068 Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 9,113,737 $ 231,992 $ 8,659,033 $ 9,568,441 Magazine subscriptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 307,981 $ 6,089 $ 296,046 $ 319,916 Membership dues and contributions . . . . . . . . . . . $ 515,282 $ 11,498 $ 492,745 $ 537,819 Land leasing and ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,128,486 $ 181,106 $ 6,773,518 $ 7,483,454 Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,161,988 $ 28,139 $ 1,106,835 $ 1,217,141 Fishing Expenditures Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 35,632,257 $ 945,263 $ 33,779,541 $ 37,484,973 Trip related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 14,656,000 $ 387,889 $ 13,895,738 $ 15,416,262 Food and Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,880,997 $ 154,718 $ 5,577,750 $ 6,184,244 Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,515,756 $ 91,865 $ 3,335,702 $ 3,695,810 Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,259,247 $ 138,196 $ 4,988,382 $ 5,530,112 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 16,963,523 $ 449,204 $ 16,083,084 $ 17,843,962 Fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,617,612 $ 121,146 $ 4,380,166 $ 4,855,058 Auxiliary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 721,049 $ 17,550 $ 686,651 $ 755,447 Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 11,624,862 $ 307,346 $ 11,022,465 $ 12,227,259 Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,012,733 $ 105,072 $ 3,806,793 $ 4,218,673 Land leasing and ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,152,594 $ 82,213 $ 2,991,456 $ 3,313,732 Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits . . . . . . . . . . . $ 639,876 $ 15,384 $ 609,724 $ 670,028 Hunting Expenditures Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 20,611,025 $ 941,534 $ 18,765,618 $ 22,456,432 Trip related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 5,252,391 $ 237,159 $ 4,787,560 $ 5,717,222 Food and Lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,449,942 $ 108,603 $ 2,237,080 $ 2,662,804 Transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,789,320 $ 78,283 $ 1,635,886 $ 1,942,754 Other trip costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,013,129 $ 42,614 $ 929,606 $ 1,096,652 Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 10,361,496 $ 471,479 $ 9,437,397 $ 11,285,595 Hunting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,561,709 $ 205,479 $ 4,158,969 $ 4,964,449 Auxiliary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 1,202,845 $ 51,341 $ 1,102,216 $ 1,303,474 Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,596,942 $ 207,095 $ 4,191,035 $ 5,002,849 Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,997,138 $ 225,451 $ 4,555,253 $ 5,439,023 Land leasing and ownership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 3,975,892 $ 178,609 $ 3,625,819 $ 4,325,965 Licenses, stamps, tags, and permits . . . . . . . . . . . $ 693,038 $ 27,850 $ 638,452 $ 747,624 Appendix D D 12 U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table D 4. Approximate Standard Errors and 95 Percent Confidence Intervals for Selected Wildlife Watching Estimates: 2001 Participants and expenditures Estimate Standard error Lower 95 percent Upper 95 percent WILDLIFE WATCHING PARTICIPANTS ( thousands)

Total participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,105 625 64,880 67,330 Nonresidential ( away from home) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,823 559 20,727 22,919 Observe wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,080 395 19,307 20,853 Photograph wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,427 278 8,883 9,971 Feed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,077 242 6,603 7,551 Residential ( around the home) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,928 616 61,720 64,136 Observe wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,111 538 41,057 43,165 Photograph wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,937 334 13,283 14,591 Feed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,988 588 52,836 55,140 Maintain natural areas or plantings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,072 324 12,437 13,707 Visit public parks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,981 299 10,396 11,566 DAYS OF PARTICIPATION IN NONRESIDENTIAL ACTIVITIES ( thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372,006 16,700 339,274 404,738 Observe wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295,345 14,584 266,761 323,929 Photograph wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,324 6,969 62,665 89,983 Feed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,307 8,558 86,534 120,080 Average Days of Participation in Nonresidential Activities Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.0 0.56 16.0 18.1 Observe wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.7 0.56 13.6 15.8 Photograph wildlife. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.1 0.60 6.9 9.3 Feed wildlife . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 0.93 12.8 16.4 EXPENDITURES ( thousands)

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 38,414,488 $ 644,659 $ 37,150,955 $ 39,678,021 Trip related . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 8,162,439 $ 135,441 $ 7,896,974 $ 8,427,904 Food and lodging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 4,818,843 $ 79,151 $ 4,663,706 $ 4,973,980 Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 2,595,542 $ 41,707 $ 2,513,796 $ 2,677,288 Other trip costs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 748,054 $ 10,478 $ 727,518 $ 768,590 Equipment and other expenses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 30,252,049 $ 507,267 $ 29,257,805 $ 31,246,293 Wildlife watching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 7,353,977 $ 121,832 $ 7,115,187 $ 7,592,767 Auxiliary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 716,900 $ 9,944 $ 697,410 $ 736,390 Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 15,468,716 $ 258,428 $ 14,962,197 $ 15,975,235 Magazines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 331,955 $ 3,095 $ 325,888 $ 338,022 Membership dues and contributions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $ 920,183 $ 13,413 $ 893,893 $ 946,473 U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D 13 Table D 5. Parameters a and b for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors of Sportspersons, Anglers, Hunters, and Wildlife Watching Participants ( These parameters are to be used only to calculate estimates of standard errors for characteristics developed from the screening sample)

State 6 years old and over 6 15 year olds only a b a b United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000017 4,191   0.000103 4,052 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000380 1,493   0.002270 1,417 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000948 512   0.004485 489 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000399 1,559   0.001931 1,303 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001069 2,456   0.006381 2,444 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000221 6,329   0.001083 5,240 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000521 1,819   0.002707 1,551 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000336 996   0.002227 1,007 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000428 283   0.002753 284 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000427 5,619   0.002768 5,390 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000506 3,361   0.002856 3,156 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000659 705   0.003146 538 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001285 1,393   0.006911 1,424 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000427 4,572   0.002310 4,043 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000578 3,064   0.003388 2,867 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000803 2,084   0.004015 1,702 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000659 1,528   0.004453 1,804 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000493 1,760   0.002857 1,623 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000874 3,461   0.004231 3,101 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000903 1,035   0.005933 1,086 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000463 2,151   0.002684 1,973 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000193 1,065   0.001155 928 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000606 5,281   0.003588 5,206 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001004 4,226   0.006232 4,574 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000955 2,368   0.005090 2,275 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000681 3,305   0.004295 3,440 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001327 1,085   0.008909 1,292 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000479 714   0.002742 713 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000588 845   0.003740 838 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000455 482   0.002565 446 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000220 1,591   0.001309 1,434 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000887 1,389   0.004190 1,228 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000298 4,907   0.001768 4,458 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000506 3,353   0.004040 4,161 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000994 581   0.007996 816 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000402 4,091   0.002543 4,199 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000774 2,323   0.003822 2,007 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000429 1,261   0.002347 1,105 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000563 6,176   0.004018 6,755 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000327 291   0.002062 276 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000542 1,838   0.002857 1,566 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000788 522   0.005465 667 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000798 3,887   0.005230 3,954 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000674 11,571   0.003386 10,479 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000532 948   0.001723 667 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001116 605   0.008013 697 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000636 3,870   0.003336 3,090 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000190 956   0.001070 889 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000784 1,344   0.005315 1,323 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000986 4,628   0.005562 4,461 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001599 718   0.007708 647 Appendix D D 14 U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table D 6. Parameters a and b for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors of Levels for the Detailed Sportspersons Sample State Sportspersons and anglers 16+ Hunters 16+

a b a b United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000020 4,289   0.000018 3,793 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000459 1,570   0.000489 1,672 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001213 535   0.000986 435 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000405 1,492   0.000389 1,431 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001229 2,452   0.001529 3,050 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000275 7,111   0.000265 6,859 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000602 1,924   0.000649 2,075 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000385 976   0.000429 1,086 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000483 288   0.000658 392 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000395 4,789   0.000478 5,788 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000512 3,106   0.000472 2,858 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000509 454   0.001043 930 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001216 1,176   0.001263 1,221 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000487 4,492   0.000648 5,979 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000549 2,501   0.000654 2,982 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000888 1,953   0.000659 1,450 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000642 1,292   0.000832 1,673 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000835 2,592   0.000679 2,110 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000991 3,270   0.000831 2,743 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000954 959   0.000937 942 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000516 2,087   0.000397 1,605 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000252 1,221   0.000278 1,344 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000643 4,874   0.000592 4,491 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001114 4,105   0.000889 3,278 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001033 2,169   0.001124 2,360 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000678 2,843   0.000857 3,597 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001195 832   0.001299 904 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000676 851   0.000707 890 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000617 893   0.000576 833 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000501 478   0.000547 522 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000252 1,588   0.000305 1,918 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000711 944   0.001259 1,672 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000364 5,159   0.000301 4,277 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000451 2,646   0.000616 3,618 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000814 389   0.001295 619 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000421 3,638   0.000381 3,292 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000954 2,454   0.001042 2,679 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000652 1,715   0.000558 1,468 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000635 5,902   0.000628 5,840 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000423 322   0.000510 389 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000527 1,616   0.000696 2,133 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001088 605   0.001013 563 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000577 2,490   0.000749 3,232 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000603 9,273   0.000733 11,259 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000616 955   0.000714 1,106 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001086 520   0.001184 567 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000546 2,930   0.000658 3,529 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000427 1,913   0.000305 1,368 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000781 1,133   0.000891 1,288 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001026 4,165   0.000832 3,378 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001209 452   0.001693 633 U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D 15 Table D 7. Parameters a, b, and c for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Expenditures for the Detailed Sportspersons Sample State Sportspersons and anglers 16+ Hunters 16+

a b c a b c United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000209   81,938 16,935 0.000849   338,404 16,347 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009175   61,525 5,860 0.024164   1,049 5,155 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.006112   16,312 2,378 0.021402 39,475 489 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.026819   7,817 2,578 0.092593   90,851 2,072 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004633   23,748 6,426 0.014405   62,820 5,523 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.021384   70,276 15,458 0.113785   136,283 6,339 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009864   19,578 5,293 0.022718   94,581 3,887 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001877   16,928 2,684 0.079125   34,580 1,895 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.040550   7,042 809 0.105687   2,637 311 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.007654 20,508 14,478 0.023874   155,743 8,973 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014008   36,268 6,059 0.008831   95,649 7,863 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.025846   5,658 1,067 0.097125   938 788 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002875   29,463 3,878 0.016379   64,453 3,289 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019572 10,051 8,854 0.085878   549,762 11,311 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.022696   22,961 5,102 0.033251   103,911 8,051 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005064   20,998 4,528 0.016656   138,890 5,392 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.015860 18,185 1,730 0.021785   50,528 2,671 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004591   41,799 5,443 0.008079   58,497 4,208 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.00040   65,739 6,880 0.019445   21,541 4,669 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.017717   5,998 1,713 0.025284   13,157 1,841 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008904   8,843 3,522 0.032998   11,255 2,731 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016262   12,678 3,571 0.024064   1,953 1,922 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019792   127,849 11,921 0.040148   65,705 9,671 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008800   47,947 9,688 0.014048   30,492 6,73 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016340   3,615 2,838 0.048203   12,376 2,679 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.010252   14,938 4,700 0.044792   43,432 4,274 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006249 2,944 2,023 0.012939   22,671 1,865 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.017333   3,651 1,663 0.027267   39,668 2,043 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018933   14,263 1,569 0.031588   38,184 1,658 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018219   2,158 896 0.019369   16,561 1,337 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008872   21,461 4,161 0.074090   47,814 2,925 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009851   15,340 3,013 0.038148 4,904 1,576 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.026625   55,537 8,963 0.021960   65,942 13,270 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002898   52,854 8,564 0.027058   70,174 6,255 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005072   1,310 842 0.013476 10,740 593 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006294   16,259 6,658 0.032819   343,279 12,406 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004660   37,618 7,562 0.020499   34,984 4,891 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003145   20,997 4,657 0.039506   209,288 4,495 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001615   16,424 12,085 0.015010   45,176 9,408 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008233   3,065 823 0.163731 1,552 318 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006577   24,715 4,435 0.014150   45,230 4,751 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016156   6,396 1,099 0.041242 13,567 850 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.033971   12,176 3,739 0.025020 25,879 2,858 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002571   181,509 27,582 0.012511 228,353 16,609 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001106   2,243 3,125 0.011415   63,829 3,240 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.011747   4,625 1,103 0.008540   5,531 1,212 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016382   12,594 5,152 0.014967   57,318 6,583 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003760   21,018 4,033 0.047027   137,577 2,616 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006720   9,550 2,878 0.031204   15,338 1,413 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.012407   19,300 6,202 0.024061   96,808 6,607 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.012293   9,179 1,344 0.024311   20,666 1,350 Appendix D D 16 U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table D 8. Parameters a, b, and c for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Days or Trips for the Detailed Sportspersons Sample State Sportspersons and anglers 16+ Hunters 16+

a b c a b c United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000359   10,379 21,216 0.000168   11,904 12,496 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.014899   1,645 10,642 0.010257   3,745 3,494 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004232   2,284 1,514 0.017337   1,630 1,174 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009813   504 1,658 0.025859   2,427 2,408 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000591   4,532 7,151 0.005331   5,600 6,560 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005829   32,577 19,133 0.046419   14,455 11,763 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002514   4,440 6,304 0.005304   3,344 4,269 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004894   1,905 2,797 0.032365   208 1,179 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019930   260 493 0.042659   901 837 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.004327   8,388 12,123 0.023712   8,026 8,704 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006853   15,975 7,865 0.000498   4,557 6,375 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.024692   3,126 2,236   0.011390   629 1,711 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003745   3,875 4,263 0.007761   1,392 1,956 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001740   10,299 13,115 0.116103   25,870 11,750 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005471   5,800 7,756 0.015379   6,119 5,928 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002638   1,789 4,745 0.013073   5,442 4,003 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016223   605 1,633   0.005996   2,318 4,722 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001146   3,831 5,559   0.008903   1,883 5,581 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.005167   9,551 6,990 0.031739   9,447 4,809 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001145   2,421 3,262 0.012469   2,544 2,121 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.015009   1,757 3,235   0.000817   3,341 4,179 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001279   5,091 4,088 0.028210   2,953 2,268 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014345   13,184 13,688 0.005369   5,906 7,564 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003565   17,781 12,718   0.002763   5,610 8,671 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.019493   15,942 6,461 0.014162   6,098 5,274 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002128   5,253 7,226 0.018480   8,909 5,746 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000449   2,600 3,680 0.000401   1,984 2,302 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001914   1,750 2,477   0.000535   295 1,450 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.021810   2,046 1,649   0.001816   1,230 1,883 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002071   1,578 1,470 0.000312   511 902 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.011720   5,526 6,959 0.022081   3,488 3,096 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001275   6,683 5,081 0.035962   4,491 2,409 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006773   19,672 13,519   0.006261   6,261 14,001 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003764   7,850 10,700 0.005307   10,202 11,887 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000254   1,046 1,099 0.013638   2,072 1,354 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002277   12,642 14,807 0.014951   10,264 9,111 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.002908   8,589 7,908   0.012896   7,384 10,343 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.004964   10,252 11,849 0.014008   4,387 3,466 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000351   9,506 15,294 0.001946   7,227 10,734 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.003515   532 829 0.036010   680 752 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001822   4,530 4,244 0.016996   2,924 3,226 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006727   857 1,163 0.014473   561 1,029 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003393   8,542 10,929 0.014450   5,875 5,933 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.008771   62,115 37,457 0.026724   40,596 24,438 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000945   159 2,170 0.009900   3,490 2,684 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003874   1,213 1,671 0.001720   943 1,254 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003305   6,179 9,142 0.003533   4,262 5,955 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001423   4,085 5,250   0.000778   1,826 2,912 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003294   831 2,712 0.003483   2,510 3,463 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000821   11,365 13,762 0.002687   8,025 7,969 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001824   978 1,466 0.000207 3,198 606 U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Appendix D D 17 Table D 9. Parameters a and b for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors of Levels of Wildlife Watching Participants for the Detailed Wildlife Watching Sample State Nonresidential users Wildlife watching participants1 a b a b United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000076 15,974   0.000040 8,555 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001806 6,172   0.000996 3,406 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003984 1,757   0.007723 1,368 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001862 6,858   0.001138 4,191 Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.005383 10,740   0.003708 7,397 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001245 32,229   0.000675 17,485 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002666 8,521   0.001570 5,017 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002028 5,136   0.001170 2,963 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003015 1,797   0.001488 887 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002113 25,612   0.001029 12,478 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002607 15,802   0.001239 7,512 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001747 1,558   0.001508 1,345 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.011466 11,088   0.002755 2,664 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001118 10,311   0.001182 10,900 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002301 10,485   0.001294 5,899 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002614 5,750   0.002397 5,274 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002324 4,676   0.001200 2,414 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001720 5,341   0.001519 4,717 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002007 6,621   0.001352 4,459 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003051 3,066   0.002046 2,056 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001879 7,604   0.001100 4,449 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001845 8,924   0.000791 3,824 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002911 22,083   0.001385 10,506 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003859 14,226   0.002710 9,989 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002421 5,085   0.002331 4,896 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.007940 33,309   0.002372 9,949 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.005126 3,568   0.003963 2,758 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002615 3,292   0.001558 1,961 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002376 3,438   0.001641 2,375 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003949 3,767   0.001860 1,774 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001349 8,490   0.000839 5,282 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003029 4,023   0.001796 2,385 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001303 18,488   0.000811 11,505 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001908 11,203   0.001382 8,114 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003144 1,503   0.002659 1,271 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001298 11,210   0.000884 7,638 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.004011 10,317   0.002253 5,796 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003939 10,356   0.001506 3,958 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002310 21,485   0.001198 11,142 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001581 1,205   0.001226 934 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.004009 12,288   0.001840 5,460 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.005473 3,043   0.002845 1,582 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002163 9,330   0.001206 5,202 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003860 59,315   0.001142 17,541 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.003023 4,685   0.002427 3,762 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.007125 3,413   0.003296 1,579 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002550 13,684   0.001540 8,266 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002590 11,601   0.000842 3,773 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002233 3,226   0.001979 2,859 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.002881 11,690   0.002288 9,283 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.004150 1,552   0.004075 1,524 1 Use these parameters for total wildlife watching participants and residential participants. Appendix D D 18 U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service Table D 10. Parameters a, b, and c for Calculating Approximate Standard Errors for Expenditures and Days or Trips for Detailed Wildlife Watching Sample State Expenditures Days or trips a b c a b c United States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.000286   65,186 37,635 0.000052 543,738 10,948 Alabama . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.030708   4,434 4,714   0.022833   34,485 19,838 Alaska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.041800   4,269 1,514   0.029715   14,349 8,241 Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.015564   88,920 7,092   0.006753 8,600 9,994 Arkansa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.010470   232,312 19,942   0.016982   55,327 23,242 California . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018066   66,438 36,961 0.012283 199,721 11,847 Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.038817   215,098 11,070   0.052385   41,128 50,721 Connecticut. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.009671   39,324 6,004   0.041089   115,012 28,194 Delaware. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.048255 793 1,135   0.017715   10,761 3,753 Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.037237 246,936 15,955   0.011904 368,712 53,853 Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.049562   47,365 13,337   0.012828   66,122 35,936 Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.073902   7,392 1,428   0.107474   50,423 10,960 Idaho. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.049578 3,816 4,179   0.012767 26,870 10,809 Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.023791   91,738 15,163 0.017880   26,735 32,660 Indiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.031176   6,949 11,644   0.031304   137,397 50,618 Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.027387   151,677 10,811   0.043626   36,375 39,705 Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014086   26,411 5,617   0.020112   42,505 16,304 Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.034724   14,328 9,748   0.100682   143,695 76,120 Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.077714   11,409 5,935   0.079705   145,421 49,422 Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.023033   44,469 5,406   0.017174   7,365 9,098 Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.043571   70,123 6,923   0.033325   216,192 46,228 Massachusetts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006810   178,680 12,400   0.031568   234,200 47,548 Michigan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.040492   319,042 19,607   0.018833   31,270 48,594 Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.014246   14,209 13,809   0.095678   560,553 139,828 Mississippi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.124078 18,562 3,885   0.030843   100,539 24,176 Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.034639   25,636 11,799   0.010269 219,841 37,795 Montana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.057903   22,171 3,776   0.012332 5,559 10,812 Nebraska. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.024994   4,237 3,539   0.038650   12,323 13,951 Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.034440 22,068 4,012   0.005101   34,384 8,741 New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.035666   13,208 2,568 0.022014   23,662 6,038 New Jersey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.013039   52,984 9,831   0.011200 215,547 18,712 New Mexico. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.160478   37,219 3,245   0.041133   40,922 17,946 New York . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.055761   88,911 14,702   0.018354   352,468 78,358 North Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016613   38,392 14,073   0.014391   150,974 57,926 North Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.083798   1,532 1,564 0.000482   16,359 3,936 Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.013567   190,802 23,398 0.054816   205,827 28,294 Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.016264   32,772 9,957 0.012938 93,047 14,288 Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.006779   12,633 7,354   0.034862   36,621 32,540 Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.029900   197,526 29,144 0.024902 969,419   33,184 Rhode Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.030265   1,717 1,486   0.069322   95,835 12,964 South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.053921 14,141 5,196   0.019706   230,401 46,919 South Dakota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.057120 7,343 999   0.031149   123,874 14,456 Tennessee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.037696   9,299 8,559 0.000581 38,507 8,480 Texas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.038651   443,322 33,784 0.005378 354,179 23,102 Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.056421 9,481 4,059 0.045711   66,098 23,779 Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.013746   43,820 3,010 0.010618   34,930 7,630 Virginia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.036266   105,349 16,055   0.016136   231,865 58,093 Washington. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.018752   46,218 10,365   0.015432   108,529 31,269 West Virginia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.051192   2,708 2,632   0.035244   80,788 20,819 Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   0.001127   25,290 18,720   0.064163   592,681 124,050 Wyoming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.097425   2,122 1,550   0.093805   13,385 14,702