Boiling Point; Vapor Pressure; Melting Point

Experimental Database Structure Match:

  Name     :  NICOTINE

  CAS Num  :  000054-11-5

  Exp MP (deg C):  -79

  Exp BP (deg C):  247

  Exp VP (mm Hg):  3.80E-02  (extrapolated)

  Exp VP (deg C):  25

  Exp VP ref    :  BOUBLIK,T ET AL. (1984)

SMILES : n(cccc1C(N(CC2)C)C2)c1

CHEM   : Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-, (S)-

MOL FOR: C10 H14 N2

MOL WT : 162.24

------------------------ SUMMARY MPBPWIN v1.42 --------------------

Boiling Point:  247.51 deg C (Adapted Stein and Brown Method)

Melting Point:  110.31 deg C (Adapted Joback Method)

Melting Point:   30.86 deg C (Gold and Ogle Method)

Mean Melt Pt :   70.59 deg C (Joback; Gold,Ogle Methods)

  Selected MP:   57.34 deg C (Weighted Value)

Vapor Pressure Estimations (25 deg C):

  (Using BP: 247.00 deg C (exp database))

  (MP not used for liquids)

    VP:  0.0329 mm Hg (Antoine Method)

    VP:  0.031 mm Hg (Modified Grain Method)

    VP:  0.0546 mm Hg (Mackay Method)

  Selected VP:  0.032 mm Hg (Mean of Antoine & Grain methods)

-------+-----+--------------------+----------+---------

 TYPE  | NUM |  BOIL DESCRIPTION  |  COEFF   |  VALUE

-------+-----+--------------------+----------+---------

 Group |  1  |  -CH3              |   21.98  |   21.98

 Group |  3  |  -CH2- (ring)      |   26.44  |   79.32

 Group |  1  |  >CH-  (ring)      |   21.66  |   21.66

 Group |  4  |  CH (aromatic)     |   28.53  |  114.12

 Group |  1  |  -C (aromatic)     |   30.76  |   30.76

 Group |  1  |  >N- (ring)        |   32.77  |   32.77

 Group |  1  |  N (aromatic)      |   39.88  |   39.88

   *   |     |  Equation Constant |          |  198.18

=============+====================+==========+=========

RESULT-uncorr|  BOILING POINT in deg Kelvin  |  538.67

RESULT- corr |  BOILING POINT in deg Kelvin  |  520.67

                  Water Sol: 1e+006 mg/L

Experimental Water Solubility Database Match:

  Name     :  NICOTINE

  CAS Num  :  000054-11-5

  Exp WSol :  1E+006 mg/L ( deg C)

  Exp Ref  :  SEIDELL,A (1941)

LogKow

SMILES : n(cccc1C(N(CC2)C)C2)c1

CHEM   : Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-, (S)-

MOL FOR: C10 H14 N2

MOL WT : 162.24

---------------------------------- WSKOW v1.41 Results
------------------------

Log Kow  (estimated)  :  1.00

Log Kow (experimental):  1.17

    Cas No: 000054-11-5

    Name  : Nicotine

    Refer : Hansch,C et al. (1995)

Log Kow used by Water solubility estimates:  1.17

Equation Used to Make Water Sol estimate:

   Log S (mol/L) = 0.796 - 0.854 log Kow - 0.00728 MW + Correction

       (used when Melting Point NOT available)

      Correction(s):         Value

      --------------------   -----

       Amine, aliphatic      1.008

       Pyridine, alkyl       1.300

   Log Water Solubility  (in moles/L) :  0.924

   Log Water Solubility  (in moles/L) :  0.790 (Applied Upper Limit)

   Water Solubility at 25 deg C (mg/L):  1e+006

                   Koc (estimated): 2.38e+003

                 Koc may be sensitive to pH!

SMILES : n(cccc1C(N(CC2)C)C2)c1

CHEM   : Pyridine, 3-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)-, (S)-

MOL FOR: C10 H14 N2

MOL WT : 162.24

--------------------------- PCKOCWIN v1.66 Results
---------------------------

         First Order Molecular Connectivity Index  ........... :  5.877

         Non-Corrected Log Koc  .............................. :  3.7484

         Fragment Correction(s):

                  3   Nitrogen to Carbon (aliphatic) (-N-C)..  : -0.3726

         Corrected Log Koc  .................................. :  3.3758

                         Estimated Koc:  2376

                                   NOTE:

     The Koc of this structure may be sensitive to pH!  The estimated

     Koc represents a best-fit to the majority of experimental values;

     however, the Koc may vary significantly with pH.

2.	Kinetics of Volatilization of Nicotine from Soil

Rate of Volatilization from Soil- Methodology

The Dow Method, as described in the “Handbook of Chemical Property
Estimation Methods” was used to estimate the first-order rate of
volatilization and half-life nicotine from the surface of soil. This
method was selected because all of the required information was
available.

Information Required:

			Koc= Soil adsorption coefficient,

			Pvp = Vapor Pressure, mmHg

			S= Solubility, in mg/L

Table 1-	Estimated; EPISuite v3.20

Required Information	Nicotine

Koc	2376

Vapor Pressure, mmHg, 25°C	3.2 x 10-2

Solubility in Water, mg/L, 25°C	1 x 106

Half-life Estimation

The following equation was used to estimate half-lives of volatilization
from soil surfaces using the Dow Method

Half-life (t ½)=  1.58 x 10-8(KocS)/Pvp  days

Half-life (t ½)= 1.58 x 10-8 [2376 x (1 x 106)]/ 3.2 x 10-2, days

(t ½)= 1.173 x 103  days

Rate Constant Estimation

The following equation was used to estimate rates of volatilization from
soil surfaces using the Dow Method

kv= 0.693/ t ½ =  day-1=  4.4 x 107  (Pvp/ KocS)= 5.91 -4 day-1

For a Koc value of 2376, the volatilization t1/2 = 1.173 x 103 days
corresponding to a rate constant of 0.693/1.173 x 103  days = 5.91 x
10-4 day-1

For a Koc value of 3000, the volatilization t1/2 = (3000/2376) x (1.173
x 103 days) = 1.481 x 103 days corresponding to a rate constant of
0.693/1.481 x 103 days = 4.68 x 10-4   day-1

For a Koc value of 500, the volatilization t1/2 = (500/2376) x (1.173 x
103 days) = 247 days corresponding to a rate constant of 0.693/247 days
= 2.81 x 10-3   day-1

Table 2- Comparison of the Kinetics of Volatilization of Nicotine at
Different Values of Koc (25°C)

Kinetics Information	Koc 500	Koc 2376	Koc 3000

Volatilization Half-life, days	247	1.173 x 103	1.481 x 103

Volatilization Rate Constant, day-1	2.81 x 10-3	5.91 x 10-4	4.68 x 10-4

Note: Nicotine is a weak acid. The Koc is expected to decrease with
increasing pH, as the ratio of the deprotonated to the  nonprotonated
increases with pH  The Koc estimated by EPISuite does not consider the
pH dependency of sorption. However, the Table shows the sensitivity of
Koc to the dissipation of nicotine by volatilization. In addition,
nicotine is expected to volatilize faster with increasing temperature.

3.	Comparison of Physical/Chemical Properties and Environmental Fate of
Nicotine and the Human Metabolite, Cotinine (EPISuite estimates)

Physical/Chemical Properties	Nicotine

(S) -3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine

(S)(-) -3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) pyridine

CAS Reg.No. 54-11-5	Cotinine

(S)-1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridinyl)-2-pyrrolidinone

1-Methyl-5-(3-pyridinyl)-2-pyrrolidinone

S-(-)-Cotinine

176.22 g/mol

Melting Point

Boiling Point

Vapor Pressure mmHg at 25C

Henry’s Law Constant(atm- m3 /mole) at 25C	           -7,9 ° C degree
C

247 degree C

3.2 x 10-2

3 x 10-9	41 degree C

324 degree C

3.8  x 10-4

3.3 x 10-12

Solubility in water	1 x 106	5.6  x 105

Log Kow

	0.9	0.34

Koc	2376	808

Hydrolysis	> 1yr	> 1 yr

Biotransformation	Primary and ultimate time frame weeks to months

Half-life 37.5	Primary time frame, Days-to-Weeks (half-life 8.6 days)

Ultimate time frame  weeks to months (half-life 37.5 days)

Air-water partitioning (Log kaw)	-6.9	-9.8

Photo (atm), half-life	1.411 hour	4.9 hrs

Environmental Fate and Exposure References

Baitsch, D., Sandu, Brandsch, R., and Igloi, G.L. 2001. Gene Cluster on
pAO1 Of Arthobacter nicotinovorans involved in Degradation of the Plant
Alkaloid Nicotine: Cloning, Purification, and Characterization of
2,6-Dihydroxypyridine 3-Hydroxylase. Journal of Bacteriology. Sept.
2001, pp.5262-5267.

Bradley, P.M., Barber, L.B., Kolpin, D.W., McMahon, P.B., and Chapell,
F.H. 2007. Biotransformation of Caffeine, Cotinine, and nicotine in
stream sediments: Implications for use as wastewater indicators.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 26 (6), pp

Carter, J.M., Delzer, G.C., Kingsbury, J.A., and Hopple, J.A. 2007.
Concentration data for anthropogenic organic compounds in ground water,
surface water, and finished water of selected community water systems in
the United States, 2002-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 268 ,30
pp.

Chiribau, C.B., Sandu, C., Fraaije, M., Schiltz, E., and Brandsch. 2004.
A novel γ-N-methylaminobutyrate demethylating oxidase involved in
catabolism of the tobacco alkaloid nitotine by Anthrobacter
nicotinovorans pAO1. Eur. J. Biochem,Vol 271, pp 4677-4684.

Chiribau, C.B., Mihasan, M. Ganas., P., Igloi, G.L., Artenie, V., and
Brandasch, R. 2006. Final Steps in the catabolism of nicotine-
Deamination versus demethylation of γ-N-methylaminobutyrate. FEBS
Journal, Vol. 273, pp. 1528-1536.

Hochstein, L.I. and Rittenberg, S.C 1959. The Bacterial Oxidation of
Nicotine- I. Nicotine oxidation by cell-free preparations. The Journal
of Biological Chemistry, Vol 234(1), pp 151-155.

Hochstein, L.I. and Rittenberg, E.C. 1959. The Bacterial Oxidation of
Nicotine- II. The isolation of the first oxidative product and its
identification as (1)-6-hydroxynicotine. The Journal of Biological
Chemistry, Vol 234(1), pp 156-160.

Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T. Thurman, E.M., Zaugg, S.D.,
Barber, L.B., Buxton, H.T. 2002. Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other
Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999-2000: a National
Reconnaissance . Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 36, pp 1202-1211.

Lam, M.W., Young, C.J., Brain, R.A., Johnson, D.J, Hanson, M.A., Wilson,
C.J., Richards, S.M.,, Solomon, K.R., and Mabury, S.A. 2004. Env. Tox.
Chem. Vol 23(6), pp .

Lee, K.E., Barber, L.B., Furlong, E.T., Cahill, J.D., Kolpin, D.W.,
Meyer, M.T., and Zaugg, S.D. 2004. Presence and distribution of organic
wastewater compounds in wastewater, surface, ground, and drinking
waters, Minnesota, 2000-2002: U.S.Geological Survey Scientific
Investigation Report 2004-5138, 47pp.

Mihasan M., Chiribau, C-B., Friedrich, T., Artenie, V., and Brandsch, R.
2007.. An NAD(P)H-nicotine blue oxidoreductase is part of the nicotine
regulon and may protect Arthrobacter nicotinovorans from oxidative
stress during nicotine catabolism Applied and Environmental
Microbiology. Vol. 73 (April), pp.2479-2485.

Peterson, E.J., Choi, A., Dahan, D.S., Lester, H.A., and Dougherty, D.A.
2002. J. Am. Chem. Soc. A Perturbated pKa at the Binding Site of the
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: Implications for Nicotine Binding,
Vol. 124, pp.12662-12663.

Seeman, J.I. 2005. Using “Basic Principles” to Understand Complex
Science: Nicotine Smoke Chemistry and Literature Analogies. Journal of
Chemical Education, Vol. 82 (10), pp 1577-1583

Sangster, A.W. and Stuart, K.L. 1965.  Ultraviolet Spectra of Alkaloids.
Chen. Rev., Vol 29, pp.69-130.

APPENDIX B. Aquatic Exposure Model (GENEEC2) Output

Nicotine 2-inch Bandwidth

RUN No.  12 FOR Nicotine         ON   Ornamental    * INPUT VALUES *

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

  RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE  NO-SPRAY INCORP

   ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL     Kd   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   ZONE(FT)  (IN)

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

  .044(   .066)   6  60    2376.0*******   GRANUL(   .0)    .0    .0

  FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS)

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

  METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED

   (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND)

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

    37.50        2          N/A       .00-     .00    75.00     75.00

  GENERIC EECs (IN NANOGRAMS/LITER (PPTr))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

      PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY

      GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

     162.98      108.38         29.03         10.28          6.90

Nicotine 6-inch Bandwidth

  RUN No.  16 FOR Nicotine 6in     ON   Ornamental    * INPUT VALUES *

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

  RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE  NO-SPRAY INCORP

   ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL     Kd   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   ZONE(FT)  (IN)

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

  .132(   .724)   6   2    2376.0*******   GRANUL(   .0)    .0    .0

  FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS)

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

  METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED

   (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND)

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

    37.50        2          N/A       .00-     .00    75.00     75.00

  GENERIC EECs (IN MICROGRAMS/LITER (PPB))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

      PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY

      GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

       1.80        1.20           .32           .11           .08

Nicotine 12-inch Bandwidth

  RUN No. 112 FOR Nicotine         ON   Ornamental    * INPUT VALUES *

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

  RATE (#/AC)   No.APPS &   SOIL  SOLUBIL   APPL TYPE  NO-SPRAY INCORP

   ONE(MULT)    INTERVAL     Kd   (PPM )    (%DRIFT)   ZONE(FT)  (IN)

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

  .264(   .393)   6  60    2376.0*******   GRANUL(   .0)    .0    .0

  FIELD AND STANDARD POND HALFLIFE VALUES (DAYS)

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

  METABOLIC  DAYS UNTIL  HYDROLYSIS   PHOTOLYSIS   METABOLIC  COMBINED

   (FIELD)   RAIN/RUNOFF   (POND)     (POND-EFF)    (POND)     (POND)

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

    37.50        2          N/A       .00-     .00    75.00     75.00

  GENERIC EECs (IN NANOGRAMS/LITER (PPTr))     Version 2.0 Aug 1, 2001

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

      PEAK      MAX 4 DAY     MAX 21 DAY    MAX 60 DAY    MAX 90 DAY

      GEEC      AVG GEEC       AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC      AVG GEEC

  --------------------------------------------------------------------

     977.87      650.29        174.17         61.69         41.40

APPENDIX C.  ECOTOX Open Literature Study Summaries and Bibliography

Freshwater Animals

Chemical Name: Nicotine

CAS No: 54-11-5

ECOTOX Record Number and Citation: Edsall, C. C. (1991). Acute
Toxicities to Larval Rainbow Trout of Representative Compounds Detected
in Great Lakes Fish.  Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 46: 173-178.
EcoReference No.: 138

Purpose of Review (DP Barcode or Litigation): D341224

Date of Review: June 2007

Summary of Study Findings:

The acute 96-hour toxicity of nicotine to larval rainbow trout was
assessed in a static study.  Fry 13-21 days old (post-hatch), in the
yolk-sac stage just before swim-up, were used in the toxicity tests.
Test concentrations ranged from 1.0 to 10.0 mg/L. The purity of the test
compound was at least 95%.  Nicotine was dissolved in deionized water.
Temperature, dissolved oxygen, and mortality were monitored and recorded
every 24 hours for 96 hours.  Complete mortality was observed in the 5
to 10 mg/L nicotine treatments; there were no mortalities in the 1.0 and
2.7 mg/L treatment groups.  That is, there were no partial kills over
the range of concentrations tested.  The approximate LC50 is 4.0 mg/L.
The live fry showed no signs of stress.

This study was performed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Description of Use in Document (QUAL, QUAN, INV): Qualitative

Rationale for Use: The LC50 of 4.0 mg a.i./L cannot be used to calculate
risk quotients because there is uncertainty in this endpoint since the
exposures were not analytically verified.  However, this study will used
to qualitatively describe the potential acute risks of nicotine to
freshwater fish.

Limitations of Study:

1. There is uncertainty in the calculated acute 96-hour LC50 since there
were no partial kills.

2. Concentrations were not analytically verified; thus, actual exposure
could have been considerably lower than the nominal treatments suggest.

Primary Reviewer: Colleen Flaherty, Biologist (ERB3)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------

Chemical Name: Nicotine

CAS No: 54-11-5

ECOTOX Record Number and Citation: Perry, C. M. and Smith, S. B. (1988).
Toxicity of Six Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds to Daphnia pulex.
Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.41(4):604-608 / In: Prog.Abstr.29th
Conf.Int.Assoc.Great Lakes Res., May 26-29, 1986, Searborough, Ont.,
Canada 604-608. EcoReference No.: 13161

Purpose of Review (DP Barcode or Litigation): D341224

Date of Review: June 2007

Summary of Study Findings:

The acute 48-hour toxicity of nicotine to Daphnia pulex was assessed in
a static study.  Culturing and bioassays methods used were ASTM (1980),
U.S. EPA (1975), and the contaminant toxicology project at the National
Fisheries Research Center – Great Lakes.  The purity of the test
compound was at least 97%.  Nicotine was dissolved in water.

Toxicity tests were conducted for 48 hours with 10 neonates (<24 hours
old) in five treatment concentrations plus a control. Each treatment was
at least 50% of the next highest treatment.  Test animals were not fed
during the experiment. After 48 hours, immobilization was assessed.  The
reported EC50 was 0.242 (standard error = 0.02) mg/L.

Description of Use in Document (QUAL, QUAN, INV): Qualitative

Rationale for Use: The EC50 of 0.242 mg a.i./L cannot be used to
calculate risk quotients because there is uncertainty in this endpoint
since the exposures were not analytically verified.  However, this study
will used to qualitatively describe the potential acute risks of
nicotine to freshwater invertebrates.

Limitations of Study:

1. Raw data for mortality (immobilization) were not provided.

2. Concentrations were not analytically verified; thus, actual exposure
could have been considerably lower than the nominal treatments suggest.

3. The range of treatment concentrations was not described.

Primary Reviewer: Colleen Flaherty, Biologist (ERB3)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------

Chemical Name: Nicotine

CAS No: 54-11-5

ECOTOX Record Number and Citation: Savino, J. F. and Tanabe, L. L.
(1989). Sublethal Effects of Phenanthrene, Nicotine, and Pinane on
Daphnia pulex.  Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.  42: 778-784. EcoReference
No.: 390

Purpose of Review (DP Barcode or Litigation): D341224

Date of Review: June 2007

Summary of Study Findings:

A static-renewal, 16-day chronic toxicity test was conducted to assess
the effects of nicotine on Daphnia pulex growth and reproduction.
Culturing and bioassays methods used were ASTM (1980) and U.S. EPA
(1982).

Test nicotine concentrations were 0 (control), 0.02, 0.07, 0.12, 0.18,
and 0.24 mg/L.  The purity of the test compound was at least 97%.
Nicotine was dissolved in water.  Treatments were renewed three times a
week during the 16-day study.  Test concentrations were analytically
verified at 1 hour, 48 hours, and 72 hours after preparation to simulate
exposure in test media at the beginning and end of the renewal cycle.

The recovery rates for nicotine from gas chromatography analysis are
presented in the table below.  At 48 and 72 hours after preparation, the
concentrations had dropped substantially (< 25% nominal), possibly due
to adsorption to glassware, volatility, and uptake by the daphnids.

Chemical	% Recovery in Water Only	% Recovery in Test Media

	1 hr	48 hrs	72 hrs	1 hr	48 hrs	72 hrs

Nicotine	57	24	9	89	3	0

Mortality effects are summarized in the table below. The study author
claims that nicotine significantly reduced growth and fecundity of
daphnids at nominal concentrations from 0.02 – 0.24 mg/L.  The LOAEC
for length was 0.07 mg/L, and the LOAEC for fecundity was 0.18 mg/L.  It
is unclear if the NOAEC was 0.02 mg/L or <0.02 mg/L.

Nominal Concentration (mg/L)	Mean Mortality (%)	Range Mortality (%)

0	10	0-20

0.02	6	0-13

0.07	4	0-7

0.12	10	0-20

0.18	20	13-37

0.24	66	33-100

This study was performed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.

Description of Use in Document (QUAL, QUAN, INV): Qualitative

Rationale for Use: Given the poor recovery of the test substance, the
exposures are very uncertain. Since these are nominal concentrations and
nicotine was undetectable 72 hours after dosing, the actual NOAEC is
likely to be considerably less than 0.02 mg/L.  Risk quotients cannot be
calculated using these data; however, this study will be used
qualitatively to characterize the potential chronic risk of nicotine to
freshwater invertebrates.

Limitations of Study:

1. The recovery of the test compound was very poor, and consistent
exposures were not maintained.

2. The study author claims that nicotine significantly reduced growth
and fecundity of daphnids at nominal concentrations from 0.02 – 0.24
mg/L.  The LOAEC for length was 0.07 mg/L, and the LOAEC for fecundity
was 0.18 mg/L.  It is unclear if the NOAEC was 0.02 mg/L or if it was
not determined (i.e., < 0.02 mg/L).

3. The study duration was only 16 days instead of 21 days as required in
the daphnid lifecycle study (Guideline 72-4(b)).

Primary Reviewer: Colleen Flaherty, Biologist (ERB3)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------

Chemical Name: Nicotine

CAS No: 54-11-5

ECOTOX Record Number and Citation: Passino-Reader, D. R., Berlin, W. H.,
and Hickey, J. P. (1995). Chronic Bioassays of Rainbow Trout Fry with
Compounds Representative of Contaminants in Great Lakes Fish.
J.Gt.Lakes Res. 21: 373-383.  EcoReference No.: 16362

Purpose of Review (DP Barcode or Litigation): D341224

Date of Review: June 2007

Summary of Study Findings:

Sixty-day bioassays on the effects of nicotine on the survival, growth,
and behavior of rainbow trout fry were conducted in a constant-flow,
temperature-controlled water system.  The standard procedures of ASTM
(1988) and USEPA (1986) were followed.  Two bioassays with nicotine were
conducted with rainbow trout fry from time of hatch until past swim-up,
a period of 60 days, in a gravity/constant flow-through,
temperature-controlled water system. The purity of the nicotine test
substance was >98%; stock solutions were made with deionized, reverse
osmosis water.  Treatment concentrations for nicotine were not
analytically verified during this study; the study author described the
difficulty of maintaining nominal concentrations of nicotine in large
test systems and referred to the chemical analyses of Savino and Tanabe
(1989; Ecotox ref 390).

Nicotine concentrations in a geometric progression from 0.06 to 1.0 mg/L
resulted in no significant effects on survivorship, weight, or length.
At nicotine concentrations of 1.4 to 6.0 mg/L, complete mortality
occurred at 6 mg/L, and the estimated 60-day LC50 was 5 mg/L. The median
lethal time (LT50) for fry exposed to 6.0 mg/L nicotine was 22.0 and
19.8 days in replicate tanks.  Length and weight decreased linearly with
increasing concentration in the range of 1.4 to 4.2 mg/L.  The NOAEC and
LOAEC for length and weight were 2.9 and 4.2 mg/L, respectively.
However, these endpoints are very uncertain, given the uncertainty in
the exposure concentrations.

Description of Use in Document (QUAL, QUAN, INV): Qualitative

Rationale for Use: The actual exposures in this bioassay are very
uncertain. In a similar study (Eco ref. 390), nicotine was undetectable
72 hours after dosing.  Given the uncertainty in the effects endpoints
determined in this study, risk quotients cannot be calculated using
these data.  However, this study will be used qualitatively to
characterize the potential chronic risk of nicotine to freshwater fish.

Limitations of Study:

1.  Exposures are uncertain; see summary for ecotox ref 390.

2.  Reproductive endpoints were not assessed.

Primary Reviewer: Colleen Flaherty, Biologist (ERB3)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------

Estuarine/Marine Animals

Chemical Name: Nicotine

CAS No: 54-11-5

ECOTOX Record Number and Citation: Borlongan, I. G., Coloso, R. M.,
Mosura, E. F., Sagisi, F. D., and Mosura, A. T. (1998 ). Molluscicidal
Activity of Tobacco Dust Against Brackishwater Pond Snails (Cerithidea
cingulata Gmelin).  Crop Prot. 17: 401-404. EcoReference No.: 83544

Purpose of Review (DP Barcode or Litigation): D341224

Date of Review: June 2007

Summary of Study Findings:

The acute toxicity of nicotine (tobacco dust) to brackishwater pond
snails (Cerithidea cingulata Gmelin) was assessed under controlled
laboratory conditions.  The test substance contained 2.8% nicotine.  The
experiments were conducted in circular basins lined with soil and filled
with brackishwater.  There were nine treatments and four replicates for
each stage or size range.  Mortality was determined after 24, 48, and 72
h after exposure.

The 72-hour LC50 for the juveniles, sub-adult, and adult snails were 30,
87, and 166 kg/ha (0.75, 2.17, and 4.15 lbs a.i./A), respectively.

Description of Use in Document (QUAL, QUAN, INV): Qualitative

Rationale for Use: Treatments were described in terms of application
rate and were not analytically verified; thus, the actual exposure
concentrations are unknown.   Risk quotients cannot be calculated with
the data provided in this study.

Limitations of Study:

1. Exposures were not analytically determined.

2. Test organisms were collected from the field; thus, previous exposure
is unknown.

Primary Reviewer: Colleen Flaherty, Biologist (ERB3)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------

Amphibians

Chemical Name: Nicotine

CAS No: 54-11-5

ECOTOX Record Number and Citation: Dawson, D. A., Fort, D. J., Smith, G.
J., Newell, D. L., and Bantle, J. A. (1988). Evaluation of the
Developmental Toxicity of Nicotine and Cotinine with Frog Embryo
Teratogenesis Assay:  Xenopus.  Teratog.Carcinog.Mutagen. 8: 329-338.
EcoReference No.: 83889

Purpose of Review (DP Barcode or Litigation): D341224

Date of Review: June 2007

Summary of Study Findings:

Early embryos of Xenopus laevis were exposed for 96 hours to nicotine or
a primary metabolite, cotinine, in two separate static renewal tests
with and without addition of the metabolic activation system (MAS).
This summary will only discuss the tests without the MAS.

Groups of 20 embryos were placed in plastic Petri dishes containing
graduated concentrations of nicotine or cotinine dissolved in FETAX
solution.  For each compound, 11-24 concentrations were tested with two
dishes per concentration.  Control embryos were placed in FETAX
solution.  Treatment and control dishes contained a total of 8 ml of
solution, including 100 U/ml of penicillin and 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin to
control bacterial growth.  Test solutions were refreshed at 24, 48, and
72 hours.

The average LC50 (of two tests) for nicotine and cotinine were 136 and
4340 mg/L, respectively.  Several malformations were reported for
nicotine-exposed frogs. Nicotine exposure beginning at 0.25 mg/L induced
contorted posture (lateral body flexure) and incomplete development of
the underside of the mouth. Gill hyperplasia was also noted. All embryos
were malformed above 0.8 mg/L nicotine. At 1.0 mg/L, skeletal kinking
was observed along with incomplete mouth development.  Above 90 mg/L the
head and brain were reduced in size and the mouth was poorly developed,
if present at all. The gut was poorly coiled and the heart swollen, and
generalized pericardial and fin edema were noted. The eyes were reduced
in size and incompletely developed at levels higher than 110 mg/L
nicotine. The average EC50 for these malformations was 0.45 mg/L
nicotine.

Malformations were also noted in the cotinine-exposed frogs. Frogs
exposed to 600 mg/L or more of cotinine displayed skeletal kinking and
improper gut coiling. All embryos were malformed at >1000 mg/L.  At
levels above 1500 mg/L cotinine, the brain was reduced in size, the
mouth was incompletely formed, the eyes were abnormally shaped, and
pericardial and fin edema were observed. The heart was a straight tube
at levels >3000 mg/kg. The average EC50 for these effects was 720 mg/L
cotinine.

Description of Use in Document (QUAL, QUAN, INV): Qualitative

Rationale for Use: This study is useful to qualitatively characterize
the potential effects of nicotine to frogs; however, test results from
this study cannot be used to calculate risk quotients.

Limitations of Study:

1.   Exposure concentrations were not analytically verified; thus, there
is uncertainty regarding the actual exposures of the test organisms.

2. Nicotine was dissolved in FETAX solution, which contained other
chemicals (i.e., antibiotics).

3. Test substance purity was not reported.

4. There were no negative controls (without antibiotics added to
solution).

Primary Reviewer: Colleen Flaherty, Biologist (ERB3)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------

Mammals

Chemical Name: Nicotine

CAS No: 54-11-5

ECOTOX Record Number and Citation: Ajarem, J. S. and Ahmad, M. (1998).
Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Modifies Behavior of Mice Through Early
Development.  Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 59: 313-318. EcoReference No.:
84721

Purpose of Review (DP Barcode or Litigation): D341224

Date of Review: June 2007

Summary of Study Findings:

This study investigated the effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on
development and behavior of mice.  Pregnant dams were given daily
subcutaneous injections of normal saline (control) or 0.5 mg/kg bw
nicotine dissolved in normal saline for 9-10 days.  Nicotine treatment
significantly reduced postnatal body weight gain, and delayed eye
opening, the appearance of body hairs, and sensory motor reflexes.
However, motor activity was stimulated in early adulthood of pups
prenatally exposed to nicotine.

Description of Use in Document (QUAL, QUAN, INV): Qualitative

Rationale for Use: Since this is not an oral or dietary exposure test
(i.e., exposure is via injection), these data cannot be used
quantitatively to estimate risk in this ecological risk assessment.
However, this study does suggest that nicotine can affect the normal
life processes of mammals and can be used to qualitatively characterize
the potential risk.

Limitations of Study:

1. Exposures were administered via injections.

Primary Reviewer: Colleen Flaherty, Biologist (ERB3)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------

Chemical Name: Nicotine

CAS No: 54-11-5

ECOTOX Record Number and Citation: Johns, J. M., Louis, T. M., Becker,
R. F., and Means, L. W. (1982). Behavioral Effects of Prenatal Exposure
to Nicotine in Guinea Pigs.  Neurobehav.Toxcol.Teratol. 4: 365-369.
EcoReference No.: 84597

Purpose of Review (DP Barcode or Litigation): D341224

Date of Review: June 2007

Summary of Study Findings:

The offspring of nicotine-treated and control guinea pig dams were
compared on spontaneous alternation and response to a novel alley as
neonates, and spontaneous alternation and a black-white discrimination
problem and reversal as adults.  These tasks were selected because they
have been previously shown to be sensitive indicators of brain damage.

Thirty guinea pigs served as subjects: 15 were the offspring of 6 dams
that were injected twice daily throughout pregnancy with 3 mg/kg (SC)
nicotine suspended in saline, and 15 were the offspring of 5 dams
injected twice daily with saline.  All offspring were tested for
spontaneous alternation both as neonates beginning at 10 days of age,
and as adults, beginning at 60 days of age.  All animals were tested for
response to a novel alley at age 32 days, and 20 offspring (10 treated
and 10 control) were tested on black-white discrimination and reversal
beginning at age 85 days.

The guinea pigs exposed to nicotine prenatally demonstrated severe
behavioral impairments.  Treatment offspring alternated at chance or
below chance levels while the controls alternated at normal levels.
Most of the nicotine-treated guinea pigs failed to enter the novel alley
while 80% of the control animals entered. Treated animals were severely
impaired compared to the control subjects on the reversal and
discrimination problems.

Description of Use in Document (QUAL, QUAN, INV): Qualitative

Rationale for Use: Since this is not an oral or dietary exposure test
(i.e., exposure is via injection), these data cannot be used
quantitatively to estimate risk in this ecological risk assessment.
However, this study does suggest that nicotine can affect the normal
life processes of mammals and can be used to qualitatively characterize
the potential risk.

Limitations of Study:

1. Exposures were administered via injections.

Primary Reviewer: Colleen Flaherty, Biologist (ERB3)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------

Chemical Name: Nicotine

CAS No: 54-11-5

ECOTOX Record Number and Citation: Kita, T., Nakashima, T., Shirase, M.,
Asahina, M., and Kurogochi, Y. (1988). Effects of Nicotine on Ambulatory
Activity in Mice.  Jpn.J.Pharmacol. 46: 141-146.  EcoReference No.:
84604

Purpose of Review (DP Barcode or Litigation): D341224

Date of Review: June 2007

Summary of Study Findings:

Seven-week-old mice were injected with nicotine (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0
mg/kg) or a control solution (saline) and then placed into an
ambulo-cage.  Activity counts were recorded during a 180-minute period.
In the saline control group, activity was the highest in the first
period (20 minutes) and gradually decreased thereafter.  Mice treated
with the highest nicotine dose (1.0 mg/kg) demonstrated significantly
decreased ambulatory activity in a dose-dependent manner from 5 to 60
minutes after the administration. Mice dosed with 0.5 mg/kg nicotine
showed depressed activity for 40 minutes after administration. On the
contrary, the lowest nicotine dose, 0.1 mg/kg, stimulated activity in
the first 20 minutes.  Further analysis of the data revealed that all
nicotine treatments resulted in an initial increase in activity, and
then the ataxic phase developed.

Description of Use in Document (QUAL, QUAN, INV): Qualitative

Rationale for Use: Since this is not an oral or dietary exposure test
(i.e., exposure is via injection), these data cannot be used
quantitatively to estimate risk in this ecological risk assessment.
However, this study does suggest that nicotine can affect the normal
life processes of mammals and can be used to qualitatively characterize
the potential risk.

Limitations of Study:

1. Exposures were administered via injections.

Primary Reviewer: Colleen Flaherty, Biologist (ERB3)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------

Chemical Name: Nicotine

CAS No: 54-11-5

ECOTOX Record Number and Citation: Romero, R. D. and Chen, W. J. A.
(2004). Gender-Related Response in Open-Field Activity Following
Developmental Nicotine Exposure in Rats.  Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav.  78:
675-681. EcoReference No.: 84725

Purpose of Review (DP Barcode or Litigation): D341224

Date of Review: June 2007

Summary of Study Findings:

This study examined the effects of developmental nicotine exposure on
rat offspring somatic growth and behavioral performance in an open-field
test.  Female rats were implanted with nicotine (35 mg for 21-day
release) or placebo pellets on gestational day 8. A normal control group
with no pellet implant was included in the study design.  There was no
significant difference in offspring body weight across the treatments.
The amount of activity, measured by the total number of crossings in the
open-field test, revealed less activity in male offspring and an
increase in female offspring activity as a function of testing day.  The
increase in female ambulatory activity was observed in the placebo and
normal control, but not in the nicotine treatment group.  This suggests
that the control subjects adapted to the testing apparatus and were less
anxious or afraid whereas the nicotine-exposed subjects failed to adapt
to the test system, learn the contextual cues, or retrieve the learned
information.

Description of Use in Document (QUAL, QUAN, INV): Qualitative

Rationale for Use: Since this is not an oral or dietary exposure test
(i.e., exposure is via an implanted nicotine pellet), these data cannot
be used quantitatively to estimate risk in this ecological risk
assessment.  However, this study does suggest that nicotine can affect
the normal life processes of mammals and can be used to qualitatively
characterize the potential risk.

Limitations of Study:

1. Exposures were administered via an implanted nicotine pellet.

Primary Reviewer: Colleen Flaherty, Biologist (ERB3)

------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------

Mammalian Toxicity References (from the Health Effects Division)

Fung YK.  1988.   Postnatal behavioural effects of maternal nicotine
exposure in rats.  J Pharm Pharmacol. 40(12):870-2.

Johns JM;  Walters PA; Zimmerman LI .  1993.  The effects of chronic
prenatal exposure to nicotine on the behavior of guinea pigs (Cavia
porcellus).  J Gen Psychol; 120(1):49-63.

Peters MA; Ngan LL.  1982.  The effects of totigestational exposure to
nicotine on pre- and postnatal development in the rat.  Arch Int
Pharmacodyn Ther; 257(1):155-67.

Peters DA; Taub H; Tang S.  1979.  Postnatal effects of maternal
nicotine exposure.

Neurobehav Texaco; 1(3):221-5.

Saad AY; Gartner LP; Hiatt JL.  1990.  Teratogenic effects of nicotine
on palate formation in mice.  Biol Struct Morphog; 3(1):31-5.

Saad AY; Gartner LP; Hiatt JL.  1991.  Teratogenic effects of nicotine
on first molar odontogenesis in the mouse.  Acta Morphol Hung,
39(2):87-96.

Temocin S; Erenmemisoglu A; Suer C; Beydagi H.  1993.  Effect of
nicotine on swimming exercise in rats. Jpn J Physiol; 43(4):567-70.

Williams CM; Kanagasabai T.  1984.   Maternal adipose tissue response to
nicotine administration in the pregnant rat: effects on fetal body fat
and cellularity.  Br J Nutr; 51(1):7-13.

Witschi H; Lundgaard SM; Rajini P; Hendrickx AG; Last JA.  1994.
Effects of exposure to nicotine and to sidestream smoke on pregnancy
outcome in rats.  Toxicol Lett 71(3):279-86.

NICOTINE

Papers that Were Accepted for ECOTOX

NOTE: The following studies were not reviewed for this assessment
because the effects described in the study cannot be quantitatively
linked to an assessment endpoint.

Acceptable for ECOTOX and OPP

Adler, I. D. and Attia, S. M. (2003). Nicotine is not Clastogenic at
Doses of 1 or 2 mg/kg Body Weight Given Orally to Male Mice .
Mutat.Res. 542: 139-142.

EcoReference No.: 84389

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Amano, H., Goshima, Y., Akema, N., Ueda, H., Kubo, T., and Misu, Y.
(1989). Effects of Acute Nicotine on Catecholamine Turnover in Various
Rat Brain Regions.  J.Pharmacobio.-Dyn. 12: 18-23.

EcoReference No.: 84601

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Ashakumary, L. and Vijayammal, P. L. (1996). Effect of Nicotine on
Antioxidant Defence Mechanisms in Rats Fed a High-Fat Diet .
Pharmacology 52: 153-158.

EcoReference No.: 84594

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Attaway, C. M., Compton, D. M., and Turner, M. D. (1999). The Effects of
Nicotine on Learning and Memory:  A Neuropsychological Assessment in
Young and Senescent Fischer 344 Rats.  Physiol.Behav. 67: 421-431.

EcoReference No.: 84418

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,BEH;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Aubert, J. F., Burnier, M., Waeber, B., Nussberger, J., and Brunner, H.
R. (1987). Nicotine-Induced Release of Vasopressin in the Conscious Rat:
 Role of Opioid Peptides and Hemodynamic Effects.  J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther.
243: 681-685.

EcoReference No.: 84391

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Battistel, M., Plebani, P., Di, Jocic, M., LIPPE, and Holzer, P. (1993).
Chronic Nicotine Intake Causes Vascular Dysregulation in the Rat Gastric
Mucosa.  Gut 34: 1688-1692.

EcoReference No.: 84692

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,BCM,GRO;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Best, J. B. and Morita, M. (1991). Toxicology of Planarians.
Hydrobiologia 227: 375-383.

EcoReference No.: 9653

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:  MOR,REP;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Birnbaum, S. C., Kien, N., Martucci, R. W., Gelzleichter, T. R.,
Witschi, H., Hendrickx, A. G., and Last, J. A. (1994). Nicotine- or
Epinephrine-Induced Uteroplacental Vasoconstriction and Fetal Growth in
the Rat.  Toxicology 94: 69-80.

EcoReference No.: 84611

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  REP,PHY,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Blackburn, C. W., Peterson, C. A., Hales, H. A., Carrell, D. T., Jones,
K. P., Urry, R. L., and Peterson, C. M. (1994). Nicotine, but not
Cotinine, has a Direct Toxic Effect on Ovarian Function in the Immature
Gonadotropin-Stimulated Rat.  Reprod.Toxicol. 8: 325-331.

EcoReference No.: 84373

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Bowen, D. J., Eury, S. E., and Grunberg, N. E. (1986). Nicotine's Effect
on Female Rats' Body Weight Caloric Intake and Physical Activity.
Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav.  25: 1131-1136.

EcoReference No.: 84404

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,BEH;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Broulik, P. D. and Jarab, J. (1993). The Effect of Chronic Nicotine
Administration on Bone Mineral Content in Mice.  Horm.Metab.Res. 25:
219-221.

EcoReference No.: 84648

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Bryson, R., Biner, P. M., McNair, E., Bergondy, M., and Abrams, O. R.
(1981). Effects of Nicotine on Two Types of Motor Activity in Rats.
Psychopharmacology 73: 168-170.

EcoReference No.: 84524

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Bui, L. M., Keen, C. L., and Dubick, M. A. (1995). Comparative Effects
of 6-Week Nicotine Treatment on Blood Pressure and Components of the
Antioxidant System in Male Spontaneously Hypertensive (SHR) and
Normotensive Wistar Kyoto (WKY) Rats.  Toxicology 98: 57-65.

EcoReference No.: 78779

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Bui, L. M., Keen, C. L., and Dubick, M. A. (1994). Influence of 12-Week
Nicotine Treatment and Dietary Copper on Blood Pressure and Indices of
the Antioxidant System in Male Spontaneous Hypertensive Rats.
Biol.Trace Elem.Res. 46: 67-78.

EcoReference No.: 79451

Chemical of Concern: Cu,NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,BCM,ACC;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN),OK(Cu).

Calore, E. E., Da Rosa, A. R., Perez, N. M., and Vilela de Almeida, L.
(2003). Effects of Nicotine Administration in Developing Muscle Fibers
of Rats Offspring.  Ecotoxicol.Environ.Saf. 55: 152-156.

EcoReference No.: 84410

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,GRO;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Carr, L. A., Rowell, P. P., and Pierce, W. M. Jr. (1989). Effects of
Subchronic Nicotine Administation on Central Dopaminergic Mechanisms in
the Rat.  Neurochem.Res. 14: 511-515.

EcoReference No.: 84639

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Chen, W. A. and Edwards, R. B. (2003). Prenatal Nicotine Exposure does
not Cause Purkinje Cell Loss in the Developing Rat Cerebellar vermis.
Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 25: 633-637.

EcoReference No.: 84718

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,CEL,REP;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Chen, W. J. A., Edwards, R. B., Romero, R. D., Parnell, S. E., and Monk,
R. J. (2003). Long-Term Nicotine Exposure Reduces Purkinje Cell Number
in the Adult Rat Cerebellar Vermis.  Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 25: 329-334.

EcoReference No.: 84719

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,BEH,GRO;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Chen, Y. P. and Squier, C. A. (1990). Effect of Nicotine on
7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene Carcinogenesis in Hamster Cheek Pouch .
J.Natl.Cancer Inst. 82: 861-864.

EcoReference No.: 84528

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Chowdhury, P. (1990). Endocrine and Metabolic Regulation of Body Mass by
Nicotine:  Role of Growth Hormone.  Ann.Clin.Lab.Sci. 20 : 415-419.

EcoReference No.: 84739

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH,GRO,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Chowdhury, P., Ami, M., Hosotani, R., and RAYFORD (1991).
Meal-Stimulated Exocrine Pancreatic Secretion and Release of GI Peptides
in Normal and Nicotine-Treated Rats.  Regul.Pept. 33: 11-20.

EcoReference No.: 84582

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Chowdhury, P., Hosotani, R., Chang, L., and Rayford, P. L. (1990).
Metabolic and Pathologic Effects of Nicotine on Gastrointestinal Tract
and Pancreas of Rats.  Pancreas 5: 222-229.

EcoReference No.: 84653

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:
GRO,BEH,BCM,CEL; Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Colzani, R., Fang, S. L., Alex, S., and Braverman, L. E. (1998). The
Effect of Nicotine on Thyroid Function in Rats.  Metabolism 47: 154-157.

EcoReference No.: 84615

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,GRO,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Corbet, S. A., Tiley, C., Moorhouse, T., Giam, C., Pursglove, S., Raby,
J., and Rich, M. (2000). Surface Films as Mosquito Larvicides:
Partitioning the Mode of Action.  Entomol.Exp.Appl. 94: 295-307.

EcoReference No.: 61057

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Cruz, F. C., Delucia, R., and Planeta, C. S.  (2005). Differential
Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Effects of Repeated Nicotine in Adolescent
and Adult Rats.  Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 80: 411-417.

EcoReference No.: 84411

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Crystal, G. J., Bedran de Castro, M. T. B., and Downey, H. F. (1989).
Regional Hemodynamic Responses to Nicotine in Conscious and Anesthetized
Dogs:  Comparative Effects of Pentobarbital and Chloralose.
Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med.  191: 396-402.

EcoReference No.: 85505

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Daeninck, P. J., Messiha, N., and Persaud, T. (1991). Intrauterine
Development in the Rat Following Continuous Exposure to Nicotine from
Gestational Day 6 Through 12.  Anat.Anz. 172: 257-261.

EcoReference No.: 84695

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  REP; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Domino, E. F. (2001). Nicotine induced behavioral locomotor
sensitization.  Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacol.Biol.Psychiatr. 25:
59-71.

EcoReference No.: 84371

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Dubick, M. A., Palmer, R., Lau, P. P., Morrill, P. R., and Geokas, M. C.
(1988). Altered Exocrine Pancreatic Function in Rats Treated with
Nicotine.  Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 96: 132-139.

EcoReference No.: 84384

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,BCM,CEL,
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Flemmer, D. D. and Dilsaver, S. C. (1990). Constant Exposure to Darkness
Produces Supersensitivity to Nicotine.  Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 35:
523-526.

EcoReference No.: 84383

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Forrest, C. R., Pang, C. Y., and Lindsay, W. K. (1987). Dose and Time
Effects of Nicotine Treatment on the Capillary Blood Flow and Viability
of Random Pattern Skin Flaps in the Rat.  Br.J.Plast.Surg. 40: 295-299.

EcoReference No.: 84707

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Fraser, R., Clark, S. A., Day, W. A., and Murray, F. E. M. (1988).
Nicotine Decreases the Porosity of the Rat Liver Sieve:  A Possible
Mechanisms for Hypercholesterolaemia.  Br.J.Exp.Pathol. 69: 345-350.

EcoReference No.: 84165

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN),OK(ALL CHEMS).

French, R. C. (1988). Vacuole Induction by Nicotine in Teliospores of
Uromyces vignae Puccinia punctiformis and Puccinia helianthi.  Mycologia
80: 455-459.

EcoReference No.: 84465

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  POP; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Gaddnas, H., Pietila, K., Piepponen, T. P., and Ahtee, L. (2001).
Enhanced Motor Activity and Brain Dopamine Turnover in Mice During
Long-Term Nicotine Administration in the Drinking Water.
Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 70: 497-503.

EcoReference No.: 84723

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Glavin, G. B. and Lagrotteria, L. (1982). Nicotine and Ascorbic Acid
Effects on Cold-Restraint Ulcers in Rats.  Experientia 38: 603-604.

EcoReference No.: 84744

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Godin, C. S. and Crooks, P. A. (1986). In Vivo Depletion of
S-Adenosyl-L-Homocysteine and S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine in Guinea Pig Lung
After Chronic S-(-)-Nicotine Administration.  Toxicol.Lett. 31: 23-29.

EcoReference No.: 84713

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Gomita, Y., Suemaru, K., Furuno, K., and Araki, Y. (1989).
Nicotine-Induced Tail-Tremor and Drug Effects.  Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav.
34: 817-821.

EcoReference No.: 84620

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Gomita, Y., Suemaru, K., Furuno, K., and Araki, Y. (1991). Tail-Tremor
Induced by Exposure to Cigarette Smoke in Rats.
Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 40: 453-455.

EcoReference No.: 84397

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Grunwald, F., Schrock, H., and Kuschinsky, W. (1991). The Influence of
Nicotine on Local Cerebral Blood Flow in Rats.  Neurosci.Lett. 124:
108-110.

EcoReference No.: 84651

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Haikala, H. (1989). Dual Effects of Nicotine on Neuroleptic-Induced
Changes of Striatal Dopamine Metabolism in Mice.  Pharmacol.Toxicol. 64:
334-339.

EcoReference No.: 84395

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN),NO COC(MTL).

Haikala, H. and Ahtee, L. (1988). Antagonism of the Nicotine-Induced
Changes of the Striatal Dopamine Metabolism in Mice by Mecamylamine and
Pempidine.  Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch.Pharmacol. 338: 169-173.

EcoReference No.: 84655

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Harrison, P. K., Falugi, C., Angelini, C., and Whitaker, M. J. (2002).
Muscarinic Signalling Affects Intracellular Calcium Concentration During
the First Cell Cycle of Sea Urchin Embryos.  Cell Calcium 31 : 289-297.

EcoReference No.: 83930

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:  CEL; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN),OK(ALL CHEMS).

Hashimoto, T., Yoneda, M., Shimada, T., Kurosawa, M., and Terano, A.
(2004). Intraportal Nicotine Infusion in Rats Decreases Hepatic Blood
Flow Through Endothelin-1 and both Endothelin A and Endothelin B
Receptors.  Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 196: 1-10.

EcoReference No.: 84715

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Hildebrandt, I. J., Termeer, J. L., Toledo, D., and Cohen, R. W. (2003).
Characterization of Chronic Nicotine Exposure on the Survival of the
Spastic Han-Wistar Rat.  Nicotine Tobacco Res. 5:  827-836.

EcoReference No.: 84593

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH,CEL;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Hock, C. E. and Passmore, J. C. (1985). Mechanisms Mediating Canine
Renal Vasoconstriction Induced y Nicotine Infusion.  Life Sci. 37:
1997-2004.

EcoReference No.: 84375

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Holgert, H., Hoekfelt, T., Hertzberg, T., and Lagercrantz, H. (1995).
Functional and Developmental Studies of the Peripheral Arterial
Chemoreceptors in Rat:  Effects of Nicotine and Possible Relation to
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.  Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A. 92: 7575-7579.

EcoReference No.: 84576

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,BCM,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Homayounfar, H., Jamali-Raeufy, N., Sahebgharani, M., and Zarrindast, M.
R. (2005). Adenosine Receptor Mediates Nicotine-Induced Antinociception
in Formalin Test.  Pharmacol.Res. 51: 197-203.

EcoReference No.: 84530

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN),OK(ALL CHEMS).

Huang, L. Z., Hsiao, S. H., Trzeciakowski, J., Frye, G. D., and
Winzer-Serhan, U. H. (2006). Chronic Nicotine Induces Growth Retardation
in Neonatal Rat Pups.  Life Sci. 78: 1483-1493.

EcoReference No.: 84799

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Huang, Y. H., Brown, A. R., Costy-Bennett, S., Luo, Z., and Fregosi, R.
F. (2004). Influence of Prenatal Nicotine Exposure on Postnatal
Development of Breathing Pattern.  Respir.Physiol.Neurobiol. 143: 1-8.

EcoReference No.: 84714

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  REP,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Iba, M. M., Scholl, H., Fung, J., Thomas, P. E., and Alam, J. (1998).
Induction of Pulmonary CYP1A1 by Nicotine.  Xenobiotica 28: 827-843.

EcoReference No.: 84456

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,CEL;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Idia, M., Iida, H., Dohi, S., Takanaka, M., and Fujiwara, H. (1998).
Mechanisms Underlying Cerebrovascular Effects of Cigarette Smoking in
Rats In Vivo.  Stroke 29: 1656-1665.

EcoReference No.: 85628

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Jacobsen, T. (1995). Acute Toxicity of 16 Water-Soluble Chemicals to the
Fungus Geotrichum candidum Measured by Reduction in Glucose Uptake.
Toxicol.In Vitro 9: 169-173.

EcoReference No.: 18069

Chemical of Concern: CuS,HgCl2,PL,NCTN,PAQT,SFL,As;  Habitat:  A;
Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN,CuS).

Janhunen, S. and Ahtee, L. (2004). Comparison of the Effects of Nicotine
and Epibatidine on the Striatal Extracellular Dopamine.
Eur.J.Pharmacol. 494: 167-177.

EcoReference No.: 84806

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,CEL;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Janhunen, S., Linnervuo, A., Svensk, M., and Ahtee, Liisa (2005).
Effects of Nicotine and Epibatidine on Locomotor Activity and
Conditioned Place Preference in Rats.  Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 82:
758-765.

EcoReference No.: 84419

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Johnson, S. K., Carlson, K. M., Lee, Jane, Burr, L. E., and Wagner, G.
C. (2003). Effects of Nicotine on Target Biting and Resident-Intruder
Attack.  Life Sci. 73: 311-317 .

EcoReference No.: 84786

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Kashkin, V. A. and De Witte, P. (2005). Nicotine Increases
Microdialysate Brain Amino Acid Concentrations and Induces Conditioned
Place Preference.  Eur.Neuropsychopharmacol. 15: 625-632.

EcoReference No.: 84741

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Katsura, M., Ohkuma, S., Xu, J., Hibino, Y., Tsujimura, A., and
Kuriyama, K. (1998). Continuous Treatment with Nicotine Increases
Diazepam Binding Inhibitor (DBI) and Its mRNA in the Mouse Brain.
Mol.Brain Res. 55: 345-349.

EcoReference No.: 84785

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Katyare, S. S. and Shallom, J. M. (1988). Altered Cerebral Protein
Turnover in Rats Following Prolonged In Vivo Treatment with Nicotine.
J.Neurochem. 50: 1356-1363.

EcoReference No.: 84511

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Kavitharaj, N. K. and Vijayammal, P. L. (1999). Nicotine Administration
Induced Changes in the Gonadal Functions in Male Rats.  Pharmacology
(Basel) 58: 2-7.

EcoReference No.: 84399

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,GRO;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Kennedy, L. L., Aguwa, C. C., Rives, J. E., and Bernard, D. G. (2001).
Involvement of Cholinergic Mechanisms in the Central Control of
Respiration in the Cane Toad, Bufo marinus.  Comp.Biochem.Physiol.A 128:
837-849.

EcoReference No.: 83778

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Kimmel, E. C. and Diamond, L. (1984). The Role of Nicotine in the
Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Emphysema.  Am.J.Respir.Crit.Care Med. 129:
112-117.

EcoReference No.: 84669

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  MOR,PHY,CEL;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Kiritsy-Roy, J. A., Mousa, S. A., Appel, N. M., and Van Loon, G. R.
(1990). Tolerance to Nicotine-Induced Sympathoadrenal Stimulation and
Cross-Tolerance to Stress:  Differential Central and Peripheral
Mechanisms in Rats.  Neuropharmacology 29: 579-590.

EcoReference No.: 84462

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Kita, T., Nakashima, T., and Kurogochi, Y. (1985). Effects of Oral
Administration of Nicotine on Circadian Rhythms of Ambulatory Activity
and Drinking in Rats.  Jpn.J.Pharmacol. 39: 554-557.

EcoReference No.: 84602

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH,GRO;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Kita, T., Okamoto, M., Kubo, K., Tanaka, T., and Nakashima, T. (1999).
Enhancement of Sensitization to Nicotine-Induced Ambulatory Stimulation
by Psychological Stress in Rats.  Progress in
Neuro-Psychopharmacol.Biol.Psychiatr. 23: 893-903.

EcoReference No.: 84581

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Kita, T., Okamoto, M., and Nakashima, T. (1992). Nicotine-Induced
Sensitization to Ambulatory Stimulant Effect Produced by Daily
Administration into the Ventral Tegmental Area and the Nucleus Accumbens
in Rats.  Life Sci. 50: 583-590.

EcoReference No.: 84466

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH,CEL;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Knofler, R., Takada, Y., Ihara, H., Urano, T., and Takada, A. (1995).
Effects of Nicotine and Electric Footshock on Peripheral Serotonergic
Measures and on Platelet Aggregation in Whole Blood of Rats.  Life Sci.
57: 363-369.

EcoReference No.: 84782

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Ko, J. K. S. and Cho, C. H. (2005). The Diverse Actions of Nicotine and
Different Extracted Fractions from Tobacco Smoke Against Hapten-Induced
Colitis in Rats.  Toxicol.Sci. 87: 285-295.

EcoReference No.: 80601

Chemical of Concern: NCTN,CF;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,PHY,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN),OK(ALL CHEMS).

Kubo, K., Kita, T., Narushima, I., Tanaka, T., Nakatani, T., and
Nakashima, T. (2003). Nicotine-Induced Inflammatory Decreasing Effect on
Passive Skin Arthus Reaction in Paraventricular Nucleus-Lesioned Wistar
Rats.  Pharmacol.Toxicol. 92: 125-130.

EcoReference No.: 84467

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,PHY,CEL;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Kuo, D. Y., Lin, T. B., Huang, C. C., Duh, S. L., Liao, J. M., and
Cheng, J. T. (1999). Nicotine-Induced Hyperlocomotion is not Modified by
the Estrous Cycle, Ovariectomy and Estradiol Replacement at
Physiological Level.  Chin.J.Physiol. 42: 83-88.

EcoReference No.: 84159

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Lapchak, P. A., Araujo, D. M., Quirion, R., and Collier, B. (1989).
Effect of Chronic Nicotine Treatment on Nicotinic Autoreceptor Function
and Tritiated N Methylcarbamylcholine Binding Sites in the Rat Brain.
J.Neurochem. 52: 483-491.

EcoReference No.: 84586

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Lapin, E. P., Maker, H. S., Sershen, H., and Lajtha, A. (1989). Action
of Nicotine on Accumbens Dopamine and Attenuation with Repeated
Administration.  Eur.J.Pharmacol. 160: 53-59.

EcoReference No.: 84536

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH,BCM,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Larose, P., Ong, H., Januszewicz, P., Cantin, M., and Du Souich, P.
(1988). Characterization of the Effect of Nicotine on Vasopressin and
Atrial Natriuretic Factor in the Rabbit.  J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 244:
1093-1097.

EcoReference No.: 84706

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Lau, P. P., Dubick, M. A., Yu, G., Morrill, P. R., and Geokas, M. C.
(1990). Dynamic Changes of Pancreatic Structure and Function in Rats
Treated Chronically with Nicotine.  Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 104:
457-465.

EcoReference No.: 84385

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,CEL,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Lee, T. H., Jang, M. i-Hyeon, Shin, M. C., Lim, B. V., Choi, H. H., Kim,
H., Kim, E. e-Hwa, and Kim, Chang-J. u. (2002). Nicotine Administration
Increases Serotonin Synthesis and Tryptophan Hydroxylase Expression in
Dorsal Raphe of Food-Deprived Rats.  Nutr.Res. 22: 1445-1452.

EcoReference No.: 84588

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Leikola-Pelho, T., Heinamaki, J., Laakso, I., and Ahtee, L. (1990).
Chronic Nicotine Treatment Changes Differentially the Effects of Acute
Nicotine on the Three Main Dopamine Metabolites in Mouse Striatum.
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch.Pharmacol. 342: 400-406.

EcoReference No.: 84590

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Lesiuk, N. M. and Drewes, C. D. (1999). Autotomy Reflex in a Freshwater
Oligochaete, Lumbriculus variegatus (Clitellata: Lumbriculidae).
Hydrobiologia 406: 253-261.

EcoReference No.: 51471

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:  BEH,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Levin, E. D., Ellison, G. D., Salem, C., Jarvik, M., and Gritz, E.
(1988). Behavioral Effects of Acute Hexamethonium in Rats Chronically
Intoxicated with Nicotine.  Physiol.Behav. 44: 355-359.

EcoReference No.: 84803

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Londonkar, R. L., Sonar, A., Patil, S., and Patil, S. B. (2000).
Nicotine Delays Puberty in Male Rat.  Pharm.Biol. 38: 291-297.

EcoReference No.: 84641

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,BCM,CEL;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Londonkar, R. L., Srinivasreddy, P., Somanathreddy, P., and Patil, S. B.
(1998). Nicotine Induced Inhibition of the Activities of Accessory
Reproductive Ducts in Male Rats.  J.Ethnopharmacol. 60: 215-221.

EcoReference No.: 84532

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,CEL,GRO;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Lupien, J. R. and Bray, G. A. (1988). Nicotine Increases Thermogenesis
in Brown Adipose Tissue in Rats.  Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 29: 33-37.

EcoReference No.: 84403

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,GRO,BEH;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Maritz, G. S. (1988). Effect of Maternal Nicotine Exposure on Growth In
Vivo of Lung Tissue of Neonatal Rats.  Biol.Neonate 53 : 163-170.

EcoReference No.: 84585

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,CEL;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Maritz, G. S. and Burger, B. (1992). The Influence of Maternal Nicotine
Exposure on Neonatal Lung Carbohydrate Metabolism.  Cell Biol.Int. 16:
1229-1236.

EcoReference No.: 84737

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Maritz, G. S. and Windvogel, S. (2003). Is Maternal Copper
Supplementation During Alveolarization Protecting the Developing Rat
Lung Against the Adverse Effects of Maternal Nicotine Exposure?  A
Morphometric Study.  Exp.Lung Res. 29: 243-260 .

EcoReference No.: 79008

Chemical of Concern: Cu,NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,CEL;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN),NO MIXTURE(Cu).

Maritz, G. S., Woolward, K. M., and Du Toit, G. (1993). Maternal
Nicotine Exposure During Pregnancy and Development of Emphysema-Like
Damage in the Offspring.  S.Afr.Med.J.(S.Afr.Med.Tydskr.) 83: 195-199.

EcoReference No.: 84372

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Marks, M. J., Romm, E., Bealer, S. M., and Collins, A. C. (1985). A Test
Battery for Measuring Nicotine Effects in Mice.
Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav.  23: 325-330.

EcoReference No.: 84607

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Martin, B. J. and Wehner, J. M. (1988). Influence of Genotype on
Nicotine-Induced Increaes of Plasma Corticosterone in Mice as a Result
of Acute Nicotine Pretreatment.  Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 30: 1065-1070.

EcoReference No.: 84402

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Martin, J. C. and Martin, D. C. (1981). Voluntary Activity in the Aging
Rat as a Function of Maternal Drug Exposure.
Neurobehav.Toxicol.Teratol. 3: 261-264.

EcoReference No.: 84645

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH,GRO;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Mayhan, W. G. and Patel, K. P. (1997). Effect of Nicotine on
Endothelium-Dependent Arteriolar Dilatation In Vivo.  Am.J.Physiol. 272:
H2337-H2342.

EcoReference No.: 84600

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

McNair, E. and Bryson, R. (1983). Effects of Nicotine on Weight Change
and Food Consumption in Rats.  Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 18: 341-344.

EcoReference No.: 84622

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Meyer, D. C. and Carr, L. A. (1988). The Effects of Perinatal Exposure
to Nicotine on Plasma LH Levels in Prepubertal Rats.
Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 9: 95-98.

EcoReference No.: 84464

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,REP,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Miller, R. R. Jr., Heckel, C. D., Koss, W. J., Montague, S. L., and
Greenman, A. L. (2001). Ethanol- and Nicotine-Induced Membrane Changes
in Embryonic and Neonatal Chick Brains.  Comp.Biochem.Physiol.C 130:
163-178.

EcoReference No.: 62901

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Mitchell, J. A. and Hammer, R. E. (1985). Effects of Nicotine on
Oviducal Blood Flow and Embryo Development in the Rat.  J.Reprod.Fertil.
74: 71-76.

EcoReference No.: 84534

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,CEL,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Mitchell, J. A., Hammer, R. E., and Goldman, H. (1981). Effects of
Nicotine on Uterine Blood Flow and Intrauterine Oxygen Tension in the
Rat.  J.Reprod.Fertil. 63: 163-168.

EcoReference No.: 84406

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Monheit, A. G., Van Vunakis, H., Key, T. C., and Resnik, R. (1983).
Maternal and Fetal Cardiovascular Effects of Nicotine Infusion in
Pregnant Sheep.  Am.J.Obstet.Gynecol. 145: 290-296.

EcoReference No.: 84671

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Morgan, M. M. and Ellison, G. (1987). Different Effects of Chronic
Nicotine Treatment Regimens on Body Weight and Tolerance in the Rat.
Psychopharmacology 91: 236-238.

EcoReference No.: 84516

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Mundy, W. R. and Iwamoto, E. T. (1988). Nicotine Impairs Acquisition of
Radial Maze Performance in Rats.  Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 30: 119-122.

EcoReference No.: 84400

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Muneoka, K., Nakatsu, T., FUJI, Ogawa, T., and Takigawa, M. (1999).
Prenatal Administration of Nicotine Results in Dopaminergic Alterations
in the Neocortex.  Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 21: 603-609.

EcoReference No.: 84724

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,REP,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Nagata, M. and Osumi, Y. ( 1990). Central Inhibition of Gastric Motility
by Intravenously Administered Nicotine in Rats.  Jpn.J.Pharmacol. 52:
397-403.

EcoReference No.: 84603

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Newman, M. B., Shytle, R. D., and Sanberg, P. R. (1999). Locomotor
Behavioral Effects of Prenatal and Postnatal Nicotine Exposure in Rat
Offspring.  Behav.Pharmacol. 10: 699-706.

EcoReference No.: 84163

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:
REP,GRO,MOR,BEH; Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Ngah, W. Z. W., Jarien, Z., Rajikin, M. H., and Shamaan, N. A. (1991).
Effect of Nicotine on Glutathione Metabolizing Enzymes and Some
Conjugation Enzymes in the Rat.  Asia Pac.J.Pharmacol. 6: 55-62.

EcoReference No.: 74292

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,CEL,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN),NO COC(MLT).

Okada, S., Shimizu, T., and Yokotani, K. (2003). Extrahypothalamic
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Mediates (-)-Nicotine-Induced Elevation
of Plasma Corticosterone in Rats.  Eur.J.Pharmacol. 473: 217-223.

EcoReference No.: 84749

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Okamoto, M., Kita, T., Okuda, H., Tanaka, T., and Nakashima, T. (1992).
Effects of Acute Administration of Nicotine on Convulsive Movements and
Blood Levels of Corticosterone in Old Rats.  Jpn.J.Pharmacol. 60:
381-384.

EcoReference No.: 84605

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:
BCM,BEH,PHY,ACC; Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Olson, J. W. and Crooks, P. A. (1985). Effect of Nicotine and
N'Nitrosonornicotine on Rat Lung and Trachea Ornithine Decarboxylase
Activity.  Carcinogenesis (Lond.) 6: 1517-1520.

EcoReference No.: 84469

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,MOR;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Passino-Reader, D. R. (1993). Rainbow Trout Larvae Compared with Daphnia
pulex Response in Contaminant Bioassays. Copy of a Research Information
Bulletin (RIB).  Draft (Personal Communication).  October 19 Letter to
R.Spehar, U.S.EPA, Duluth, MN 5 p.

EcoReference No.: 67566

Chemical of Concern: PAH,NCTN;  Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:
MOR,REP,GRO; Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN),OK(ALL CHEMS).

Passmore, J. C., Jimenez, A. E., and Pierce, W. M. (1991). Cardiac
Output and the Blood Pressure Increase in Deoxycorticosterone
Acetate-Salt Hypertension After Nicotine Infusion.
Clin.Exp.Hypertens.A 13: 83-102.

EcoReference No.: 84729

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Patel, K. P., Zhang, P. L., and Mayhan, W. G. (1995). Blunting of Renal
Excretory Responses to Acute Volume Expansion by Nicotine:  Role of
Renal Nerves.  J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 274: 1174-1181.

EcoReference No.: 84704

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Patil, S., Patil, S., Bhaktaraj, B., and PATIL (1999). Effect of Graded
Doses of Nicotine on Ovarian and Uterine Activities in Albino Rats.
Indian J.Exp.Biol. 37: 184-186.

EcoReference No.: 84634

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Pawlik, W. W., Jacobson, E. D., and Banks, R. O. (1985). Actions of
Nicotine on Renal Function in Dogs.  Proc.Soc.Exp.Biol.Med. 178:
585-590.

EcoReference No.: 84805

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Pelissier, A. L., Gantenbein, M., and Bruguerolle, B. (1998).
Nicotine-Induced Perturbations on Heart Rate, Body Temperature and
Locomotor Activity Daily Rhythms in Rats.  J.Pharm.Pharmacol. 50:
929-934.

EcoReference No.: 84388

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,BEH,MOR;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Peng, B., Tomashefsky, P., and Nagler, H. M.  (1990). The Cofactor
Effect:  Varicocele and Infertility.  Fertil.Steril. 54: 143-148.

EcoReference No.: 84522

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,MOR,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Pennypacker, K. R., Hong, Douglass, J., and McMillian, M. K. (1992).
Constitutive Expression of AP-1 Transcription Factors in the Rat
Adrenal:  Effects of Nicotine.  J.Biol.Chem. 267: 20148-20152.

EcoReference No.: 85501

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Pessoa, R. F., Castro, N. G., and Noel, F. (2005). Binding of [3H]MK-801
in Subcellular Fractions of Schistosoma mansoni:  Evidence for
Interaction with Nicotinic Receptors.  Biochem.Pharmacol. 69: 1509-1516.

EcoReference No.: 83780

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Peters, D. A. V. (1984). Prenatal Nicotine Exposure Increases Adrenergic
Receptor Binding in the Rat Cerebral Cortex.
Res.Commun.Chem.Pathol.Pharmacol. 46: 307-318.

EcoReference No.: 84470

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:
BCM,BEH,GRO,REP; Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Peters, D. A. V. and Tang, S. (1982). Sex-Dependent Biological Changes
Following Prenatal Nicotine Exposure in the Rat.
Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 17: 1077-1082.

EcoReference No.: 84392

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  REP,BCM,BEH;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Peters, M. A. and Ngan, L. L. E. (1982). The Effects of Totigestational
Exposure to Nicotine on Pre- and Postnatal Development in the Rat.
Arch.Int.Pharmacodyn. 257: 155-167.

EcoReference No.: 84738

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,BEH,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Pietila, K., Laakso, I., and Ahtee, L. (1995). Chronic Oral Nicotine
Administration Affects the Circadian Rhythm of Dopamine and
5-Hydroxytryptamine Metabolism in the Striata of Mice.
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch.Pharmacol. 353: 110-115.

EcoReference No.: 84398

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Pietilae, K., Salminen, O., Leikola-Pelho, T., and Ahtee, L. (1996).
Tolerance to Nicotine's Effects on Striatal Dopamine Metabolism in
Nicotine-Withdrawn Mice.  Eur.J.Pharmacol. 318: 17-22.

EcoReference No.: 84750

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:
GRO,BEH,BCM,CEL; Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Radek, R. J. (1993). Effects of Nicotine on Cortical High Voltage
Spindles in Rats.  Brain Res. 625: 23-28.

EcoReference No.: 84458

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Rao, A. P. and Patil, S. B. (1992). Effect of Nicotine on the
Spermatogenic Activities of Testis in Albino Mice.  Indian
J.Comp.Anim.Physiol. 10: 1-6.

EcoReference No.: 84457

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,CEL,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Ravindra, Patil, S. R., Patil, S. R., and Patil, S. B. (1998). Effect of
Increasing Dose of Nicotine on Estrous Cycle in Albino Rats.  Geobios
(Jodhpur) 25: 105-108.

EcoReference No.: 84584

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Reddy, S., Londonkar, R., RAVINDRA, Reddy, S., and Patil, S. B. (1998).
Testicular Changes due to Graded Doses of Nicotine in Albino Mice.
Indian J.Physiol.Pharmacol. 42: 276-280.

EcoReference No.: 84731

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,BCM,CEL;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Riesenfeld, A. and Oliva, H. (1988). Effects of Nicotine on the
Fertility, Cytology and Life Span of Male Rats.  Acta Anat. 131:
171-176.

EcoReference No.: 84672

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,REP;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Robert, M. E., Leung, F. W., and Guth, P. H.  (1986). Nicotine and
Smoking do not Decrease Basal Gastric Mucosal Blood Flow in Anesthetized
Rats.  Dig.Dis.Sci. 31: 530-534 .

EcoReference No.: 84158

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Roberts, B. L. and Dorough, H. W. (1984). Relative Toxicities of
Chemicals to the Earthworm Eisenia foetida.  Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 3:
67-78.

EcoReference No.: 40531

Chemical of Concern:
ACP,ADC,BMY,BNZ,Captan,CBD,CBF,CBL,Cd,CH3I,CPY,CTC,CuS,CYP,DCTP,DDT,DMM,
DU,ES,FML,FNF,FNV,IDM,MBZ,MLN,MOM,NCTN,NHN,PAH,PAQT,Pb,PMR,PMSM,PPB,PPX,
PRN,TBO,TFN,TPM;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  MOR; Rejection Code:
LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN,CBF,ADC,MOM,PPB,CuS,CYP).

Robinson, S. F., Marks, M. J., and Collins, A. C. (1996). Inbred Mouse
Strains Vary in Oral Self-Selection of Nicotine.  Psychopharmacology
124: 332-339.

EcoReference No.: 83910

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN),OK(ALL CHEMS).

Robinson, S. F., Pauly, J. R., Marks, M. J., and Collins, A. C. (1994).
An Analysis of Response to Nicotine Infusion Using an Automated
Radiotelemetry System.  Psycopharmacology 115: 115-120.

EcoReference No.: 84512

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Rogers, D. T. and Iwamoto, E. T. (1993). Multiple Spinal Mediators in
Parenteral Nicotine-Induced Antinociception.  J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 267:
341-349.

EcoReference No.: 84390

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Rowell, P. P. and Clark, M. J. (1982). The Effect of Chronic Oral
Nicotine Administration on Fetal Weight and Placental Amino Acid
Accumulation in Mice.  Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 66: 30-38.

EcoReference No.: 84405

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  REP,BCM,ACC;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Roy, T. S., Andrews, J. E., Seidler, F. J., and Slotkin, T. A. (1998).
Nicotine Evokes Cell Death in Embryonic Rat Brain During Neurulation.
J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 287: 1136-1144.

EcoReference No.: 84710

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,REP;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Roy, T. S. and Sabherwal, U. (1998). Effects of Gestational Nicotine
Exposure on Hippocampal Morphology.  Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 20: 465-473.

EcoReference No.: 84412

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,GRO;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Saxon, D. J., Diamond, L., and Gillespie, M. M. (1984). Chronic
Administration of Water Soluble Tobacco Smoke Extract or Nicotine Fails
to Influence Porcine Coronary Aftery Reactivity.   Toxicology 32: 85-91.

EcoReference No.: 84632

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Schwid, S. R., Hirvonen, M. D., and Keesey, R. E. (1992). Nicotine
Effects on Body Weight:  A Regulatory Perspective.  Am.J.Clin.Nutr. 55:
878-884.

EcoReference No.: 84670

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,BEH;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Scott, G. C., Pickett, J. A., Smith, M. C., Woodcock, C. M., Harris, P.
G. W., Hammon, R. P., and Koetecha, H. D. (1984). Seed Treatments for
Controlling Slugs in Winter Wheat.  In: 1984 Br.Crop Prot.Conf.- Pests
and Dis. 1: 133-138.

EcoReference No.: 79951

Chemical of Concern:
DZM,RTN,MNK,ADC,MCB,BMN,NP,AMZ,CBF,TMP,BMNO,THO,DM,THM,DNB,NCTN;
Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  MOR,PHY,POP; Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL
CODED(DZM),OK(ALL CHEMS).

Seidenberg, J. M., Anderson, D. G., and Becker, R. A. (1986). Validation
of an In Vivo Developmental Toxicity Screen in the Mouse.
Teratog.Carcinog.Mutagen. 6: 361-374.

EcoReference No.: 56184

Chemical of Concern: Co,Ni,Se,NaAs,Cd,Zn,DM,AMSV,NCTN;  Habitat:  T;
Effect Codes:  GRO,MOR,REP; Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL
CODED(NCTN,AMSV,TRV-NaAs).

Sershen, H., Reith, M. E. A., Banay-Schwartz, M., and Lajtha, A. (1982).
Effects of Prenatal Administration of Nicotine on Amino Acid Pools,
Protein Metabolism, and Nicotine Binding in the Brain.  Neurochem.Res.
7: 1515-1522.

EcoReference No.: 84689

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,REP,PHY;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Shallom, J. M. and Katyare, S. S. (1985). Altered Synaptosomal ATPase
Activity in Rat Brain Following Prolonged In Vivo Treatment with
Nicotine.  Biochem.Pharmacol. 34: 3445-3449.

EcoReference No.: 84646

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  ACC,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Shoaib, M., Schindler, C. W., Goldberg, S. R., and Pauly, J. R. (1997).
Behavioural and Biochemical Adaptations to Nicotine in Rats:  Influence
of MK801, an NMDA Receptor Antagonist.  Psychopharmacology 134: 121-130.

EcoReference No.: 84526

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,BCM,BEH;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Siren, A. L. and Feuerstein, G. (1990). Cardiovascular Effects of
Anatoxin-A in the Conscious Rat.  Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 102: 91-100.

EcoReference No.: 84386

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Slawecki, C. J. and Ehlers, C. L. (2002). Lasting Effects of Adolescent
Nicotine Exposure on the Electroencephalogram, Event Related Potentials,
and Locomotor Activity in the Rat.  Dev.Brain Res. 138: 15-25.

EcoReference No.: 84726

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,BEH,GRO;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Slawecki, C. J., Gilder, A., Roth, J., and Ehlers, C. L. (2003).
Increased Anxiety-Like Behavior in Adult Rats Exposed to Nicotine as
Adolescents.  Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 75: 355-361.

EcoReference No.: 84727

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Slotkin, T. A., Cho, H., and Whitmore, W. L.  (1987). Effects of
Prenatal Nicotine Exposure on Neuronal Development:  Selective Actions
on Central and Peripheral Catecholaminergic Pathways.  Brain Res.Bull.
18: 601-611.

EcoReference No.: 84779

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,GRO;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Slotkin, T. A., Greer, N., Faust, J., Cho, H., and Seidler, F. J.
(1986). Effects of Maternal Nicotine Injections on Brain Development in
the Rat:  Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity, Nucleic Acids and Proteins
in Discrete Brain Regions.  Brain Res.Bull. 17: 41-50.

EcoReference No.: 84521

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:
MOR,REP,GRO,BCM,CEL; Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Sorensen, C. A., Raskin, L. A., and Suh, Y. (1991). The Effects of
Prenatal Nicotine on Radial-Arm Maze Performance in Rats.
Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 40: 991-993.

EcoReference No.: 84394

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH,REP;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Sparks, J. A. and Pauly, J. R. (1999). Effects of Continuous Oral
Nicotine Administration on Brain Nicotinic Receptors and Responsiveness
to Nicotine in C57Bl/6 Mice.  Psychopharmacology 141: 145-153.

EcoReference No.: 84712

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,BEH;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Swislocki, A. L. M. (2003). Smokeless Nicotine Administration does not
Result in Hypertension or a Deterioration in Glucose Tolerance or
Insulin Sensitivity in Juvenile Rats.  Metabolism 52: 67-72.

EcoReference No.: 84463

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,PHY,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Tabassian, A. R., Nnylen, E. S., Lukacs, L., Cassidy, M. M., and Becker,
K. L. (1990). Cholinergic Regulation of Hamster Pulmonary Neuroendocrine
Cell Calcitonin.  Exp.Lung Res. 16: 267-278.

EcoReference No.: 84682

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Takada, A., Urano, T., Yoshida, M., and Takada, Y. (1996). Comparison of
Changes in Serotonergic Measures in Whole Blood or Plasma and Brain in
Rats Given Nicotine and/or Stresses.  Pol.J.Pharmacol. 48: 173-177.

EcoReference No.: 84654

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Takada, Y., Urano, T., Ihara, H., and Takada, A. (1995). Changes in the
Central and Peripheral Serotonergic System in Rats Exposed to
Water-Immersion Restrained Stress and Nicotine Administration.
Neurosci.Res. 23: 305-311.

EcoReference No.: 84802

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,ACC;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Takita, M., Taniguchi, T., Zhu, J., Piao, H. L., Tsai, T. Y., and
Muramatsu, I. (1999). Effects of Chronic Treatment with (+)-Nicotine on
the Stress-Induced Hypertension and Downregulation of Central Nicotinic
Receptors in Rats:  Comparative Study with (-)-Nicotine.
Gen.Pharmacol. 33: 29-33.

EcoReference No.: 84613

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Tanus-Santos, J. E., Sampaio, R. C., Hyslop, S., Franchini, K. G., and
Moreno, H. Jr. (2000). Endothelin ETA Receptor Antagonism Attenuates the
Pressor Effects of Nicotine in Rats.  Eur.J.Pharmacol. 396: 33-37.

EcoReference No.: 84748

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Tseng, C. J., Appalsamy, M., Robertson, D., and Mosqueda-Garcia, R.
(1993). Effects of Nicotine on Brain Stem Mechanisms of Cardiovascular
Control.  J.Pharmacol.Exp.Ther. 265: 1511-1518.

EcoReference No.: 84698

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,CEL;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Valenca, S. S., De Souza da Fonseca, A., Da Hora, K., Santos, R., and
Porto, L. C. (2004). Lung Morphometry and MMP-12 Expression in Rats
Treated with Intraperitoneal Nicotine.  Exp.Toxicol.Pathol. 55: 393-400.

EcoReference No.: 84376

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,CEL;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Visanji, N. P., Mitchell, S. N., O'Neill, M. J., and Duty, S. (2006).
Chronic Pre-treatment with Nicotine Enhances Nicotine-Evoked Striatal
Dopamine Release and [alpha]6 and [beta]3 Nicotinic Acetylcholine
Receptor Subunit mRNA in the Substantia Nigra pars Compacta of the Rat.
Neuropharmacology 50: 36-46.

EcoReference No.: 84413

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Wang, J. and Lung, M. A. ( 1988). The Nasal Vascular and Airway
Responses to Intracarotid Injection of Nicotine in the Dog.
Med.Sci.Res. 16: 237-238.

EcoReference No.: 84673

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Wang, N. S., Chen, M. F., Schraufnagel, D. E., and Yao, Y. T. (1984).
The Cumulative Scanning Electron Microscopic Changes in Baby Mouse Lungs
Following Prenatal and Postnatal Exposures to Nicotine.  J.Pathol. 144:
89-100.

EcoReference No.: 84587

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,CEL;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Wang, N. S., Schraufnagel, D. E., and Chen, M. F. (1984). The Effect of
Maternal Oral Intake of Nicotine on the Growth and Maturation of Fetal
and Baby Mouse Lungs.  Lung 161: 27-38.

EcoReference No.: 84374

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,CEL;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Wang, S. L., Feng, J., Correa, A., Brigham, M., and Wu-Wang, C. Y.
(1996). Effects of In Vivo Treatments of Nicotine and Benzo[a]pyrene on
the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Hamster Buccal Pouch.
Toxicology 107: 31-38.

EcoReference No.: 84630

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,GRO,ACC;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Wielgus, J. J., Corbin Downey, L., Ewald, K. W., Hatley, M. E., Wilson,
K. C., and Yeilding, R. H. (2004). Exposure to Low Concentrations of
Nicotine During Cranial Nerve Development Inhibits Apoptosis and Causes
Cellular Hypertrophy in the Ventral Oculomotor Nuclei of the Chick
Embryo.  Brain Res. 1000: 123-133.

EcoReference No.: 84733

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,GRO;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Winders, S. E., Wilkins II, D. R., Rushing, P. A., and Dean, J. E.
(1993). Effects of Nicotine Cycling on Weight Loss and Regain in Male
Rats.  In: 1st Int.Behav.Neurosci.Conf., May 21-24, 1992, San Antonio,
TX, Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 46: 209-213 .

EcoReference No.: 84468

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,BEH;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Witschi, H., Lundgaard, S. M., Rajini, P., Hendrickx, A. G., and Last,
J. A. (1994). Effects of Exposure to Nicotine and to Sidestream Smoke on
Pregnancy Outcome in Rats.  Toxicol.Lett. 71: 279-286.

EcoReference No.: 84387

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  REP,GRO,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Woodman, O. L. (1991). Coronary Vascular Responses to Nicotine in the
Anesthetized Dog.  Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch.Pharmacol. 343: 65-69.

EcoReference No.: 84408

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,CEL;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Yamada, H., Nakamura, T., and Oguri, K. (1998). Induction of Rat Hepatic
Cytochromes P450 by Toxic Ingredients in Plants:  Lack of Correlation
Between Toxicity and Inductive Activity.  J.Toxicol.Sci. 23: 395-402.

EcoReference No.: 84461

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,GRO,MOR;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Yoshida, T., Yoshioka, K., Hiraoka, N., and Kondo, M. (1990). Effect of
Nicotine on Norepinephrine Turnover and Thermogenesis in Brown Adipose
Tissue and Metabolic Rate in MSG Obese Mice.  J.Nutr.Sci.Vitaminol 36:
123-130.

EcoReference No.: 84642

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,BEH,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Yoshimura, R., Xu, L., Sun, B., and Tank, A. W. (2004). Nicotinic and
Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors are Essential for the Long-Term
Response of Tyrosine Hydroxylase Gene Expression to Chronic Nicotine
Treatment in Rat Adrenal Medulla.  Mol.Brain Res. 126: 188-197.

EcoReference No.: 84728

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Zarrindast, M. R., Sadegh, M., and Shafaghi, B. (1996). Effects of
Nicotine on Memory Retrieval in Mice.   Eur.J.Pharmacol. 295: 1-6.

EcoReference No.: 84538

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Zbuzek, V. K. and Zbuzek, V. (1991). Effect of Chronic Nicotine
Treatment and Its Withdrawal on the Vasopressinergic System in Rats.
J.Neuroendocrinol. 3: 107-112.

EcoReference No.: 84623

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,BCM;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Zbuzek, V. K. and Zbuzek, V. (1999). Effect of Pre- and Postnatal
Nicotine Exposure on Vasopressinergic System in Rats.  Dev.Brain Res.
112: 229-235.

EcoReference No.: 84414

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,GRO,REP;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Zhu, J., Takita, M., Konishi, Y., Sudo, M., and Muramatsu, I. (1996).
Chronic Nicotine Treatment Delays the Developmental Increase in Brain
Muscarinic Receptors in Rat Neonate.  Brain Res. 732: 257-260.

EcoReference No.: 84415

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,GRO;
Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL CODED(NCTN).

Acceptable for ECOTOX but not OPP

Ando, K., Miyata, H., Hironaka, N., Tsuda, T., and Yanagita, T. (1993).
The Discriminative Effects of Nicotine and Their Central Sites in Rats.
Jpn.J.Psychopharmacol. 13: 129-136.

EcoReference No.: 84592

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  NO CONTROL,ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Balabanova, S. (1993). Effect of Nicotine on the Immunoreactive
Calcitonin in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Sheep.  Neuroendocrinol.Lett. 15:
431-436.

EcoReference No.: 85058

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Buccafusco, J. J. and Yang, X. (1993). Mechanism of the Hypertensive
Response to Central Injection of Nicotine in Conscious Rats.  Brain
Res.Bull. 32: 35-41.

EcoReference No.: 84740

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Cadoni, C. and Di Chiara, G. (2000). Differential Changes in Accumbens
Shell and Core Dopamine in Behavioral Sensitization to Nicotine.
Eur.J.Pharmacol. 387: R23-R25.

EcoReference No.: 84527

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,BEH;
Rejection Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Calleja, M. C., Persoone, G., and Geladi, P.  (1994). Comparative Acute
Toxicity of the First 50 Multicentre Evaluation of In Vitro Cytotoxicity
Chemicals to Aquatic Non-Vertebrates.  Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 26:
69-78.

EcoReference No.: 13669

Chemical of Concern:
24DXY,HCCH,MLN,WFN,PCP,Ba,CTC,PL,SFL,NCTN,LPS,PAQT,As,Cu,CuS,Hg,TI,CF,PC
P,AMSV;  Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:  MOR,PHY; Rejection Code:  NO
CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Chao, S. L., Dennehy, T. J., and Casida, J. E. (1997). Whitefly
(Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) Binding Site for Imidacloprid and Related
Insecticides: A Putative Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor.
J.Econ.Entomol. 90: 879-882.

EcoReference No.: 83896

Chemical of Concern: NCTN,IMC,ACT;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:
MOR,BEH; Rejection Code:  OK(ALL CHEMS),OK TARGET(NCTN).

Chen, Y. P., Johnson, G. K., and Squier, C. A. (1994). Effects of
Nicotine and Tobacco-Specific Nitrosamines on Hamster Cheek Pouch and
Gastric Mucosa.  J.Oral Pathol.Med. 23: 251-255.

EcoReference No.: 85124

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,GRO;
Rejection Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Chowdhury, P., Doi, R., Chang, L. W., and Rayford, P. L. (1993). Tissue
Distribution of Tritiated Nicotine in Rats.  Biomed.Environ.Sci. 6:
59-64.

EcoReference No.: 84331

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  ACC; Rejection
Code:  NO CONTROL(NCTN).

Cruz, S. L., Fernandez-Guasti, A., and Villarreal, J. E. (1994).
Cardiovascular Effects of Different Schedules of Nicotine Administration
on Spinal Rats:  Influence of Pentobarbital.  Eur.J.Pharmacol. 258:
39-45.

EcoReference No.: 84537

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Dennis, E. B. and Edwards, C. A. (1963). Phytotoxicity of Insecticides
and Acaricides.  II.  Flowers and Ornamentals.  Plant Pathol. 12: 27-36.

EcoReference No.: 40669

Chemical of Concern: MLN,DMT,PRN,DZ,DLD,AND,DDT,FLAC,NCTN,PPHD,ETN;
Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection Code:  NO
ENDPOINT,CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

DeNoble, V. J., Dragan, Y. P., and Carron, L. (1982). Behavioral Effects
of Intraventricularly Administered (--)-Nicotine on Fixed Ratio
Schedules of Food Presentation in Rats.  Psychopharmacology 77: 317-321.

EcoReference No.: 84514

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT,CONTROL(NCTN).

Dominiak, P., Fuchs, G., Von Toth, S., and Grobecker, H. (1985). Effects
of Nicotine and Its Major Metabolites on Blood Pressure in Anaesthetized
Rats.  Klin.Wochenschr. 63: 90-92.

EcoReference No.: 84918

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  NO CONTROL,ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Elbert, A. and Nauen, R. ( 2000). Resistance of Bemisia tabaci
(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) to Insecticides in Southern Spain with Special
Reference to Neonicotinoids.  Pest Manag.Sci. 56: 60-64.

EcoReference No.: 63840

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Rejection Code:  TARGET(NCTN).

Faraday, M. M., Elliott, B. M., Phillips, J. M., and Grunberg, N. E.
(2003). Adolescent and Adult Male Rats Differ in Sensitivity to
Nicotine's Activity Effects.  Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 74: 917-931.

EcoReference No.: 85084

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

File, S. E., Cheeta, S., and Kenny, P. J. (2000). Neurobiological
Mechanisms by Which Nicotine Mediates Different Types of Anxiety.
Eur.J.Pharmacol. 393: 231-236.

EcoReference No.: 84747

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Foster, S. P., Denholm, I., and Thompson, R.  (2003). Variation in
Response to Neonicotinoid Insecticides in Peach-Potato Aphids, Myzus
persicae (Hemiptera:  Aphididae).  Pest Manag.Sci. 59: 166-173.

EcoReference No.: 82050

Chemical of Concern: IMC,ACT,NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:
MORT,BEH,POP; Rejection Code:  TARGET(NCTN).

Furvya, T., Kojima, H., and Syono, K. (1971). Regulation of Nicotine
Biosynthesis by Auxins in Tobacco Callus Tissues.  Phytochem 10:
1529-1532.

EcoReference No.: 30201

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Giri, B. S. and Chowdary, Y. (1992). Inhibition of Nuclear Migration by
Nicotine and Its Reversion by Magnesium.  Indian J.Exp.Biol. 30:
644-645.

EcoReference No.: 83890

Chemical of Concern: NCTN,Mg;  Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:  POP;
Rejection Code:  NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Gurkalo, V. K. and Volfson, N. I. (1982). Nicotine Influence upon the
Development of Experimental Stomach Tumors.  Arch.Geschwulstforsch. 52:
259-265.

EcoReference No.: 84022

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  MOR,PHY;
Rejection Code:  NO MIXTURE(NCTN).

Halm, M. P., Chichery, M. P., and Chichery, R. (2002). The Role of
Cholinergic Networks of the Anterior Basal and Inferior Frontal Lobes in
the Predatory Behaviour of Sepia officinalis.  Comp.Biochem.Physiol.A
132: 267-274.

EcoReference No.: 83786

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Ingole, I. V., Ghosh, S. K., and Anbalagan, J. (1994). The Effect of
Nicotine on the Cerebrum of Developing Chick Embryo:  A Light
Microscopic Study.  J.Anat.Soc.India 43: 143-148.

EcoReference No.: 84912

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,CEL;
Rejection Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Izumi, H. and Karita, K. ( 1993). Reflex Vasodilatation in the Cat Lip
Elicited by Stimulation of Nasal Mucosa by Chemical Irritants.
Am.J.Physiol.  265: R733-R738.

EcoReference No.: 84735

Chemical of Concern: NCTN,CPS;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY;
Rejection Code:  NO CONTROL,ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Koley, J., Majumder, C., Saha, J. K., and Koley, B. N. (1987). Gastric
Relaxation of Cardiac Origin Produced by Nicotine.  Med.Sci.Res. 15:
1517-1518.

EcoReference No.: 85059

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Lang, M., Huemmer, B., and Hahn, H. L. (1988). Effect of Multiple
Applications of Nicotine on Mucus Secretion and on Circulatory and
Ventilatory Variables.  In: M.J.Rand and K.Thurau (Eds.), ISCU
(Int.Counc.of Sci.Unions) Press Symp.Ser., Vol.9, The Pharmacology of
Nicotine, Staellite Symp.of the 10th Int.Congr.of Pharmacol., Sept.4-6,
1987, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia, Press Ltd., Oxford, England
178-179.

EcoReference No.: 85259

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Lilius, H., Hastbacka, T., and Isomaa, B. (1995). A Comparison of the
Toxicity of 30 Reference Chemicals to Daphnia magna and Daphnia pulex.
Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 14: 2085-2088.

EcoReference No.: 16385

Chemical of Concern: 24DXY,MLN,CuS,NCTN,PNB,As;  Habitat:  A;  Effect
Codes:  PHY,MOR; Rejection Code:  NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS),LITE EVAL
CODED(OW-TRV-Cu).

Lilius, H., Isomaa, B., and Holmstrom, T. (1994). A Comparison of the
Toxicity of 50 Reference Chemicals to Freshly Isolated Rainbow Trout
Hepatocytes and Daphnia magna.  Aquat.Toxicol. 30: 47-60.

EcoReference No.: 16756

Chemical of Concern:
24DXY,HCCH,MLN,WFN,CF,Cu,CuS,PAQT,PL,SFL,LPS,PCP,CTC,BA,Hg,Ti,NCTN;
Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:  PHY,MOR,CEL; Rejection Code:  NO
CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Lind, R. J., Hardick, D. J., Blagbrough, I. S., Potter, B. V. L.,
Wolstenholme, A. J., Davies, A. R. L., Clough, M. S., Earley, F. G. P.,
Reynolds, S. E., and Wonnacott, S. (2001). [3H]-Methyllycaconitine:  A
High Affinity Radioligand that Labels Invertebrate Nicotinic
Acetylcholine Receptors.  Insect Biochem.Mol.Biol.  31: 533-542.

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T; Rejection Code:  TARGET(NCTN).

Marchi, B., Trielli, F., Falugi, C., Corre, M. C., and Fenaux, L.
(1996). Cholinomimetic Drugs may Affect Growth and Metamorphosis of the
Sea Urchin Larva.  Oceanol.Acta 19: 287-291.

EcoReference No.: 19060

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:  GRO,MOR;
Rejection Code:  NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Maritz, G. S. and Woolward, K. (1992). Effect of Maternal Nicotine
Exposure on Neonatal Lung Elastic Tissue and Possible Consequences.
S.A.M.J.(S.Afr.Med.J.) 81: 517-519.

EcoReference No.: 85250

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL,GRO;
Rejection Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Marks, M. J., Miner, L., Burch, J. B., Fulker, D. W., and Collins, A. C.
(1984). A Diallel Analysis of Nicotine-Iduced Hypothermia.
Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 21: 953-959 .

EcoReference No.: 84617

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Marks, M. J., Romm, E., and Collins, A. C. (1987). Mouse Brain ATPase
Activities After Chronic Nicotine Infusion.  Biochem.Pharmacol. 36:
3318-3320.

EcoReference No.: 84332

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Mikolajczyk, T., Chyb, J., Sokolowska-Mikolajczyk, M., Breton, B.,
Monden, K., and Epler, P. (1998). Nicotine Stimulated GtH2 Secretion In
Vivo in Male Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio); Potentiation of GnRH Action
and Possible Interaction with Dopaminergic System.  Aquat.Living Resour.
11: 155-161.

EcoReference No.: 83893

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Mikolajczyk, T., Epler, P., Sokolowska-Mikolajczyk, M., Breton, B.,
Chyb, J., and Cwioro, E. (1996). The Effects of Nicotine in Combination
with Antidopaminergic Drugs on the Maturational Gonadotropin (GTH2)
Secretion from Perifused Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) Pituitary
Glands.  Pol.Arch.Hydrobiol. 43: 373-378.

EcoReference No.: 84012

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Mori, K., Okumoto, T., Kawahara, N., and Ozoe, Y. (2001). Interaction of
Dinotefuran and Its Analogues with Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors of
Cockroach Nerve Cords.  Pest Manag.Sci. 58: 190-196.

EcoReference No.: 69381

Chemical of Concern: DNF,NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  MOR,CEL;
Rejection Code:  NO CONTROL(DNF),TARGET(NCTN).

Msolla, P., Mmbuji, W. E. O., and Kasuku, A. A. (1987). Field Control of
Bovine Parasitic Otitis.  Trop.Anim.Health Prod. 19: 179-183.

EcoReference No.: 81199

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  POP; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN),COC(DBAC).

Nagata, M. and Osumi, Y. ( 1989). Dual Effects of
Intracerebroventricularly Applied Nicotine on Gastric Motility in Rats.
In: 16th Annu.Meet.of the Experimental Ulcer Assoc.of Jpn., Dec.2, 1988,
Kyoto, Japan, Scan.J.Gastroenterol.Suppl. 24: 124-126 .

EcoReference No.: 83894

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Nakashima, T., Kubo, K., and Kurogochi, Y. (1990). Influence of Nicotine
on Allergic Cutaneous Reactions in Rats.  Res.Commun.Subst.Abuse 11:
199-202.

EcoReference No.: 85641

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Nauen, R., Ebbinghaus-Kintscher, U., and Schmuck, R. (2001). Toxicity
and Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Interaction of Imidacloprid and Its
Metabolites in Apis mellifera (Hymenoptera:  Apidae).  Pest Manag.Sci.
57: 577-586.

EcoReference No.: 62997

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Rejection Code:  TARGET(NCTN).

Nauen, R., Ebbinghaus, U., and Tietjen, K. (1999). Ligands of the
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor as Insecticides.  Pestic.Sci. 55:
608-610.

EcoReference No.: 66578

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Rejection Code:  TARGET(NCTN).

Nauen, R., Stumpf, N., and Elbert, A. (2002). Toxicological and
Mechanistic Studies on Neonicotinoid Cross Resistance in Q-Type Bemisia
tabaci (Hemiptera:  Aleyrodidae).  Pest Manag.Sci. 58: 868-875.

EcoReference No.: 69746

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Rejection Code:  TARGET(NCTN).

Ngah, W. Z. W., Jarien, Z., Rajikin, M. H., and Shamaan, N. A. (1991).
Effect of Nicotine on Glutathione Metabolizing Enzymes and Some
Conjugation Enzymes in the Rat.  Asia Pac.J.Pharmacol. 6: 55-62.

EcoReference No.: 74292

LITE Eval Status: NO COC(MLT)

ECOTOX Status: UR

Citation Source: TOXNET 4/04 (MLT) NCTN;  Effect Codes:  T

Nishiuchi, Y. (1980). Toxicity of Formulated Pesticides to Fresh Water
Organisms LXXII.  The Aquiculture (Suisan Zoshoku) 27: 238-244 (JPN).

EcoReference No.: 6701

Chemical of Concern:
ACP,MOM,Naled,PPG,CPYM,AMZ,PPG,TVP,PIM,ES,FLAC,PHSL,NCTN,HPT,RTN,DDT,CHD
,DLD;  Habitat :  A;  Effect Codes:  MOR; Rejection Code:  NO FOREIGN.

Nishiwaki, H., Nakagawa, Y., Kuwamura, M., Sato, K., Akamatsu, M.,
Matsuda, K., Komai, K., and Miyagawa, H. (2003). Correlations of the
Electrophysiological Activity of Neonicotinoids with Their Binding and
Insecticidal Activities.  Pest Manag.Sci. 59: 1023-1030.

EcoReference No.: 83927

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY,MOR;
Rejection Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Perez de la Mora, M., Mendez-Franco, J., Salceda, R., Aguirre, J. A.,
and Fuxe, K. (1991). Neurochemical Effects of Nicotine on Glutamate and
GABA Mechanisms in the Rat Brain.  Acta Physiol.Scand. 141: 241-250.

EcoReference No.: 85244

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM; Rejection
Code:  NO COC(NCTN).

Picciotto, M. R., Zoli, M., Rimondin, R., Lena, C., Marubio, L. M.,
Pich, E. M., Fuxe, K., and Changeux, J. P. (1998). Acetylcholine
Receptors Containing the beta2 Subunit are Involved in the Reinforcing
Properties of Nicotine.  Nature (Lond.)  391: 173-177.

EcoReference No.: 85103

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH,CEL;
Rejection Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Rauch, N. and Nauen, R. (2003). Identification of Biochemical Markers
Linked to Neonicotinoid Cross Resistance in Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera:
Aleyrodidae).  Arch.Insect Biochem.Physiol. 54: 165-176.

EcoReference No.: 82266

Chemical of Concern: IMC,TMX,ACT,NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:
BCM,MOR; Rejection Code:  TARGET(NCTN).

Rise, M., Prengler, M., and Arad, S. M. (1998). Characterization of a
Nicotine-Resistant Mutant of Chlorella emersonii.  J.Plant Physiol. 152:
583-585.

EcoReference No.: 84460

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:  CEL,BCM;
Rejection Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Romani, G., Pallini, S., and Beffagna, N. (1998). Down-Regulation of the
Plasmalemma H+ Pump Activity by Nicotineinduced Intracellular
Alkalinization:  A Balance Between Base Accumulation, Biochemical
pH-Stat Response and Intracellular pH Increase.  Plant Cell Physiol. 39:
169-176.

EcoReference No.: 85243

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  A;  Effect Codes:  ACC; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Rosenbruch, M., Kniepen, J., Weishaupt, C., D.J.Benford, Blaauboer, B.
J., and Reinhardt, C. A. (1993). The Early Chick Embryo as a Model to
Evaluate Cardiovascular Effects of Adrenaline and Nicotine.
Int.Workshop on In Vitro Toxicology, Oct.5-9, 1992, Domaine de Seillac,
France.

EcoReference No.: 84919

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,PHY;
Rejection Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Schafer, E. W. (1972). The Acute Oral Toxicity of 369 Pesticidal,
Pharmaceutical and Other Chemicals to Wild Birds.
Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 21: 315-330.

EcoReference No.: 38655

Chemical of Concern:
Ziram,AN,BZO,BZC,Captan,THM,ZINEB,CYT,SFL,MAL,MRX,ACL,MLN,ABT,CBZ,MCB,CB
L,CMPH,HCCH,EN,AND,ES,NP,TCF,CPY,DDVP,PPHD,DCTP,DS,PRT,DMT,AZ,PSM,ETN,DE
M,DZ,FNTH,MP,NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  MOR; Rejection Code:
NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS),NO COC(4AP).

Scott, G. C., Pickett, J. A., Smith, M. C., Woodcock, C. M., Harris, P.
G. W., Hammon, R. P., and Koetecha, H. D. (1984). Seed Treatments for
Controlling Slugs in Winter Wheat.  In: 1984 Br.Crop Prot.Conf.- Pests
and Dis. 1: 133-138.

EcoReference No.: 79951

Chemical of Concern:
DZM,RTN,MNK,ADC,MCB,BMN,NP,AMZ,CBF,TMP,BMNO,THO,DM,THM,DNB,NCTN;
Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  MOR,PHY,POP; Rejection Code:  LITE EVAL
CODED(DZM),NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Sefcovic, P. and Hricova, D. (1972). Effect of Nicotine on Tissue
Cultures of Nicotiana Tabacum L.  Biologia 27: 771-774.

EcoReference No.: 28445

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  POP,GRO;
Rejection Code:  NO ENDPOINT(ALL CHEMS).

Shah, P. V., Fisher, H. L., Sumler, M. R., Monroe, R. J., Chernoff, N.,
and Hall, L. L. (1987). Comparison of the Penetration of 14 Pesticides
Through the Skin of Young and Adult Rats.  J.Toxicol.Environ.Health 21:
353-366.

EcoReference No.: 84377

Chemical of Concern:
NCTN,ATZ,CAPTAN,CBL,CBF,CPY,DSMA,FOLPET,MSMA,PRN,PCB,PMR;  Habitat:  T;
Effect Codes:  ACC; Rejection Code:  NO CONTROL(ALL CHEMS).

Slawecki, C. J. and Ehlers, C. L. (2003). The Effects of
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor on the Cortical EEG are Reduced Following
Adolescent Nicotine Exposure.  Neuropeptides 37: 66-73.

EcoReference No.: 84579

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  GRO,BCM;
Rejection Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Sobey, C. G., Dusting, G. J., and Woodman, O. L. (1989). Reflex
Epicardial Coronary Vasoconstriction Elicited by Nicotine in
Anesthetized Dogs.  Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch.Pharmacol. 339: 464-468.

EcoReference No.: 85174

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  PHY; Rejection
Code:  NO CONTROL(NCTN).

Vadlamani, N. L., Pontani, R. B., and Misra, A. L. (1983). Effect of
Chronic Nicotine Pre-treatment on Phencyclidine (PCP) Disposition in the
Rat.  Arch.Int.Pharmacodyn.Ther. 265: 4-12.

EcoReference No.: 84396

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BCM,BEH;
Rejection Code:  NO MIXTURE(NCTN).

Valand, V. M., Patel, J. R., and Patel, N. C. (1992). Bioefficacy of
Insecticides Against Citrus Leaf Miner Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton
on Kagzi Lime.  Indian J.Plant Prot. 20: 212-214.

EcoReference No.: 83224

Chemical of Concern: NCTN,DEM,ES,FVL,FPP,AZD,DMT;  Habitat:  T;  Effect
Codes:  POP; Rejection Code:  OK(NCTN,DEM,ES,FVL,FPP,AZD,DMT,OK
TARGET-NCTN),NO COC(MCPP1).

Verma, A. N., Sandhu, G. S., and Saramma, P. U. (1967). Relative
Efficacy of Different Insecticides as Contact Poisons to the Adults of
Singhara-d Beetle Galerucella-birmanica Coleoptera Chrysomellidae
trapa-bispinosa-d Mevinphos Carbaryl Bidrin Nicotine Sulfate Parathion
Diazinon Phosphamidon DDT Malathion te.  J.Res.Punjab Agric.Univ. 4:
415-419.

EcoReference No.: 55198

Chemical of Concern: CBL,DZ,MLN,NCTN;  Habitat:  T; Rejection Code:
TARGET(MLN,DZ,NCTN).

Wang, H., Cui, W. Y., and Liu, C. G. (1996). Characteristics of
Behavioral and Electroencephalogram.  Convulsions Induced by Nicotine
and Its di(+)Tartrate.  Zhongguo Yaolixue Yu Dulixue Zazhi 10: 169-172.

EcoReference No.: 85276

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  MOR,PHY;
Rejection Code:  NO CONTROL(NCTN).

Weidner, M., Martins, R., Mueller, A., Simon, J., and Schmitz, H.
(2005). Uptake, Transport and Accumulation of Nicotine by the Golden
Potho (Epipremnum aureum):  The Central Role of Root Pressure.  J.Plant
Physiol. 162: 139-150.

EcoReference No.: 85245

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  ACC; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

White, J. M. (1988). Behavioral Interactions Between Nicotine and
Caffeine.  Pharmacol.Biochem.Behav. 29: 63-66.

EcoReference No.: 85040

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  BEH; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Whiting, A. G. and Murray, M. A. (1946). Histological Responses of Bean
Plants to Nicotine and to Wounding.  Bot.Gaz. 108: 192-216.

EcoReference No.: 43155

Chemical of Concern: NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  CEL; Rejection
Code:  NO ENDPOINT(NCTN).

Wong, J. Y. F., Ross, S. A., McColl, C., Massalas, J. S., Powney, E.,
Finkelstein, D. I., Clark, M., Horne, M. K., Berkovic, S. F., and Drago,
J. (2002). Proconvulsant-Induced Seizures in alpha4 Nicotinic
Acetylcholine Receptor Subunit Knockout Mice.  Neuropharmacology 43:
55-64.

EcoReference No.: 83040

Chemical of Concern: 4AP,NCTN;  Habitat:  T;  Effect Codes:  MOR,PHY;
Rejection Code:  NO ENDPOINT,CONTROL(4AP).

MRIDs

Nicotine

72-1       Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

107188	McCann, J. (1971) ?Nicotine Alkaloid: Bluegill|: Test No. 382.
(U.S. Agricultural Research Service, Pesticides Regulation Div., Animal
Biology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL:130313-A)

81-1       Acute oral toxicity in rats

92216	Jasper, R.L. (1964) (Pharmacology Laboratory Reports on Insecti-
cides for Use on Animals and Plants). (Compilation of reports by U.S.
Pharmacology Laboratory; unpublished study; CDL: 102296-A)

92128001	Kelley, J. (1990) Wilbur-Ellis Company Phase 3 Summary of MRID
00071037. Acute Oral Toxicity Study with Black Leaf 40 in Male and
Female Albino Rats: IBT Project No. A9166.: 7 p.

92128002	Kelley, J. (1990) Wilbur-Ellis Company Phase 3 Summary of MRID
00071038. Acute Oral Toxicity Study on Black Leaf 40 in Albino Rats: IBT
Project No. A8604.: 7 p.

121-1       Phytotoxicity

75990	Carmel Chemical Corporation (1963) Greenhouse Insecticide Devel-
opment: Project No. 100. (Unpublished study received Sep 25, 1963 under
5011-56; CDL:231159-A)

Tobacco Dust

71-1       Avian Single Dose Oral Toxicity

42625501	Pedersen, C.; Helsten, B. (1992) Tobacco Dust: 14-day Acute
Oral LD50 Study in Bobwhite Quail: Lab Project Number: 131-001-03.
Unpublished study prepared by Bio-Life Associates, Ltd. 41 p.

72-1       Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Fish

42625503	Ward, T.; Boeri, R. (1992) Acute Toxicity of Tobacco Dust to
the Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Unpublished study prepared by
Resource Analysts, Inc. 15 p.

72-2       Acute Toxicity to Freshwater Invertebrates

42625502	Ward, T.; Boeri, R. (1992) Acute Toxicity of Tobacco Dust to
the Daphnid, Daphnia magna. Unpublished study prepared by Resource
Analysts, Inc. 15 p.

 These data have not been reviewed by the Agency.

 Memo from Anthony F. Maciorowski (EFED) to Kathryn Davis (SRRD).
Subject: Nicotine Data Waiver Requests. D206472. Dated September 8,
1994.

 Volunteer cancellation has been petitioned in May 2007 for a third
nicotine product, Bonide Tobacco Dust (0.5% nicotine; product number
4-340), which is not included in this assessment.

 For more information, see   HYPERLINK
"http://iaspub.epa.gov/srs/srs_proc_qry.navigate?P_SUB_ID=159855"
http://iaspub.epa.gov/srs/srs_proc_qry.navigate?P_SUB_ID=159855

 Since 1995, nicotine and nicotine salts have been listed in the Toxic
Release Inventory (TRI) and is associated with disposal or release from
the tobacco industry. In 2005, the major releases were associated with
fugitive air emissions (total 20,038 lbs), point source air emissions
(total 317,115 lbs), land treatment (93,204 lbs), and surface water
discharges (755 lbs). North Carolina and Virginia were the states with
the highest amount disposed or released). Chemicals listed in the TRI
must report to the Agency their release to the Agency on an annual
basis.

Suite™ is a Windows® based suite of physical/chemical property and
environmental fate estimation models developed by the EPA’s Office of
Pollution Prevention Toxics and Syracuse Research Corporation (SRC). EPI
Suite™ uses a single input to run the following estimation models:
KOWWIN™, AOPWIN™, HENRYWIN™, MPBPWIN™, BIOWIN™, BioHCWIN,
PCKOCWIN™, WSKOWWIN™, WATERNT™, BCFWIN™, HYDROWIN™, KOAWIN and
AEROWIN™, and the fate models STPWIN™, WVOLWIN™, and LEV3EPI™.
EPI Suite is a screening level tool used to assess the environmental
fate and exposure of a chemical in the environment. For more
information, see Appendix A.

 Peterson, E.J., Choi, A., Dahan, D.S., Lester, H.A., and Dougherty,
D.A. 2002. J. Am. Chem. Soc. A Perturbated  pKa at the Binding Site of
the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor: Implications for Nicotine Binding,
Vol. 124, pp.12662-12663.

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82 (10), pp 1577-1583.

 GENEEC is a Tier 1 simulation model that estimates the peak
concentration which occurs on the day of the single large rainstorm
event as well as multiple day averages over periods of 4, 21, 60 and 90
days in a receiving water body (farm pond) of 1 ha, 2-m deep adjacent to
a 10 ha treated site.. The magnitude of the peak concentration is the
result of how fast the chemical dissipates (degradation; partitioning)
in the field. The multiple day averages over periods of four to 90 days
reflect the dissipation (such as degradation and partitioning) of the
chemical that takes place in the water body. These peak and average
concentrations are then compared with the appropriate toxicity tests for
aquatic plants and animals. (  HYPERLINK
"http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/#geneec2"
http://www.epa.gov/oppefed1/models/water/#geneec2 )

Suite™ is a Windows® based suite of physical/chemical property and
environmental fate estimation models developed by the EPA’s Office of
Pollution Prevention Toxics and Syracuse Research Corporation (SRC). EPI
Suite™ uses a single input to run the following estimation models:
KOWWIN™, AOPWIN™, HENRYWIN™, MPBPWIN™, BIOWIN™, BioHCWIN,
PCKOCWIN™, WSKOWWIN™, WATERNT™, BCFWIN™, HYDROWIN™, KOAWIN and
AEROWIN™, and the fate models STPWIN™, WVOLWIN™, and LEV3EPI™.
EPI Suite is a screening level tool used to assess the environmental
fate and exposure of a chemical in the environment. For more
information, see Appendix A.

 Memo from Anthony F. Maciorowski (EFED) to Kathryn Davis (SRRD).
Subject: Nicotine Data Waiver Requests. D206472. Dated September 8,
1994.

 Sangster, A.W. and Stuart, K.L. 1965.  Ultraviolet Spectra of
Alkaloids. Chen. Rev., Vol 29, pp.69-130.

  Lam, M.W., Young, C.J., Brain, R.A., Johnson, D.J, Hanson, M.A.,
Wilson, C.J., Richards, S.M.,, Solomon, K.R., and Mabury, S.A. 2004.
Env. Tox. Chem. Vol 23(6), pp .

 The Henderson-Hasselback equation is used to calculate the percent
distribution of protonated and non-protonated in a dilute aqueous
solution, where the input parameters are the pKa and the pH of the
aqueous solution.

Tobacco is not a dilute solution, and therefore, “Tobacco pH” is not
used quantitatively to calculate the percent distribution of the
protonated and non-protonated form of nicotine in a solid or
heterogeneous matrix. Given that the source of nicotine is “tobacco
dust” (as defined by the Agency) and the variability in nicotine
content, the actual exposure of nicotine is uncertain. For this reason,
the exposure assessment assumes that all of the nicotine in the tobacco
dust becomes bioavailable and that the available nicotine is pure
(“neat’) nicotine.

 In tobacco smoking, nicotine is transferred to air efficiently as a
result of thermal conversion to the non-protonated form and at
temperatures below those required for extensive thermal decomposition of
the nicotine ring system. This transport is not fully explained by the
pH of an aqueous extract of tobacco.

Seeman, J.I. 2005. Using “Basic Principles” to Understand Complex
Science: Nicotine Smoke Chemistry and Literature Analogies. Journal of
Chemical Education, Vol. 82 (10), pp 1577-1583

  Hochstein, L.I. and Rittenberg, S.C 1959. The Bacterial Oxidation of
Nicotine- I. Nicotine oxidation by cell-free preparations. The Journal
of Biological Chemistry, Vol 234(1), pp 151-155.

Hochstein, L.I. and Rittenberg, E.C. 1959. The Bacterial Oxidation of
Nicotine- II. The isolation of the first oxidative product and its
identification as (1)-6-hydroxynicotine. The Journal of Biological
Chemistry, Vol 234(1), pp 156-160.

 “Nicotine blue” is formed spontaneously from
2,4,6-trihydroxypyridine (an identified metabolite in the catabolic
pathway of nicotine) in the presence of oxygen.

Baitsch, D., Sandu, Brandsch, R., and Igloi, G.L. 2001. Gene Cluster on
pAO1 Of Arthobacter nicotinovorans involved in Degradation of the Plant
Alkaloid Nicotine: Cloning, Purification, and Characterization of
2,6-Dihydroxypyridine 3-Hydroxylase. Journal of Bacteriology. Sept.
2001, pp.5262-5267.

Mihasan M., Chiribau, C-B., Friedrich, T., Artenie, V., and Brandsch, R.
2007.. An NAD(P)H-nicotine blue oxidoreductase is part of the nicotine
regulon and may protect Arthrobacter nicotinovorans from oxidative
stress during nicotine catabolism Applied and Environmental
Microbiology. Vol. 73 (April), pp.2479-2485.

 Chiribau, C.B., Sandu, C., Fraaije, M., Schiltz, E., and Brandsch.
2004. A novel γ-N-methylaminobutyrate demethylating oxidase involved in
catabolism of the tobacco alkaloid nitotine by Anthrobacter
nicotinovorans pAO1. Eur. J. Biochem,Vol 271, pp 4677-4684.

Chiribau, C.B., Mihasan, M. Ganas., P., Igloi, G.L., Artenie, V., and
Brandasch, R. 2006. Final Steps in the catabolism of nicotine-
Deamination versus demethylation of γ-N-methylaminobutyrate. FEBS
Journal, Vol. 273, pp. 1528-1536.

 Bradley, P.M., Barber, L.B., Kolpin, D.W., McMahon, P.B., and Chapell,
F.H. 2007. Biotransformation of Caffeine, Cotinine, and nicotine in
stream sediments: Implications for use as wastewater indicators.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Vol. 26 (6), pp. 1116-1121.

 http://www.census.gov/main/www/cen2000.html

 Dated December 28, 2006

 Kolpin, D.W., Furlong, E.T., Meyer, M.T. Thurman, E.M., Zaugg, S.D.,
Barber, L.B., Buxton, H.T. 2002. Pharmaceuticals, Hormones, and Other
Organic Wastewater Contaminants in U.S. Streams, 1999-2000: a National
Reconnaissance. Environ. Sci. Technol. Vol. 36, pp 1202-1211.

Lee, K.E., Barber, L.B., Furlong, E.T., Cahill, J.D., Kolpin, D.W.,
Meyer, M.T., and Zaugg, S.D. 2004. Presence and distribution of organic
wastewater compounds in wastewater, surface, ground, and drinking
waters, Minnesota, 2000-2002: U.S.Geological Survey Scientific
Investigation Report 2004-5138, 47pp.

Carter, J.M., Delzer, G.C., Kingsbury, J.A., and Hopple, J.A. 2007.
Concentration data for anthropogenic organic compounds in ground water,
surface water, and finished water of selected community water systems in
the United States, 2002-2005: U.S. Geological Survey Data Series 268 ,30
pp.

 The nicotine chemicals listed in the TRI are contained in the document
entitled “Toxic Release Inventory- List of Toxic Chemicals within the
Nicotine and Salts Category”; EPA 745-R-99-010.

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http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/qs501bd0.html . Accessed July 9, 2007.

 http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/rtecs/qs501bd0.html#T

 EFED Response to Request for New Uses for Imidacloprid, Updated
Environmental Risk Characterization. September 18, 2001. DP Barcodes:
D261135; D261168; D265457; D262132; D263672; D263728; D263343;D258313;
D273584; D273582

 These data have not been reviewed by the Agency.

 Memo from Anthony F. Maciorowski (EFED) to Kathryn Davis (SRRD).
Subject: Nicotine Data Waiver Requests. D206472. Dated September 8,
1994.

  Lyman, W.J.,  Reehl, W.F.,  and Rosenblatt, D.H. Handbook of Chemical
Property Estimation Methods, McGraw-Hill Books, New York, 1982

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