LNG RELATED INFORMATION The following document lists a series of reference scientific papers, citations of conference proceedings, and web links that provide useful information regarding LNG issues, ranging from biological impacts, to LNG safety issues, technologies, and modeling approaches.

TABLE OF POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF LNG AND RELATED FACILITIES ON MARINE BIOTA System or Organism Potential Effects Study Site Reference TEMPERATURE DECREASE Marine Biota The anthropogenic decrease in water temperature adversely affects the living organisms. This impact is proposed to be regarded as a case of thermal pollution. Black Sea and Desnogorsk Reservoir 3 Corals Limits abundance, diversity, and distribution. Can cause stress and mortality. Biscayne Bay, Florida 1 Larval and juvenile herring Clupea harengus High larvae mortality. Vistula Lagoon, Baltic Sea 2 Phytoplankton ( Skeletonema costatum) Disruption of aggregates. This may be an important factor in determining the flux rate of fixed carbon and nutrients, since aggregated cultures had significantly higher sinking rates than unaggregated cultures. Northern Adriatic Sea and Lab experiments 4 Pinfish / Largemouth bass Can cause mortality. Laguna Madre, Southern Texas coast / Northern Florida 5, 14 Crustacean larvae ( Rhithropanopeus harrisii and Neopanope sayi) Behavioral change ( vertical movement). Lab 6 Whelk mollusk ( Busycon canaliculatum) Temperature dependent changes affected enzyme pyruvate kinase properties in a manner that would restrict enzyme function at low temperature. Lab 7 Marine copepod ( Calanus finmarchicus) Growth and survival of copepodite stages were markedly affected by temperature. Coastal areas of northern Norway; Lab 8 CHLORINATION Benthic community Decline on abundance. Lab 9 Phytoplankton Growth reduction and mortality, and influence of cellular density. Lab 10 Oyster larvae Effects on the growth of marine invertebrates during their delicate larval stages ( e. g. oysters), and mortality. Lab 15 Estuarine and marine organisms ( plankton, macroinvertebrates, fish) Review paper of data related to biofouling control in estuarine and marine thermoelectric power plants. 11 ENTRAINMENT Zooplankton Community composition and abundance. Missouri River 12, 17, 18 Phytoplankton Changes on population structure; reduction of species diversity. Southern California 13 Phytoplankton, zooplankton, and ichthyoplankton Mortality and near field alterations of benthic and epibenthic communities. Western Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts 16 Nektonic organisms, zooplankton. Entrainment and impingement results of a monitoring program. Tallaboa and Guayanilla Bays, Puerto Rico 19 LITERATURE CITED ( 1) Lirman, D., Orlando, B., Macia, S., Manzello, D., Kaufman, L., Biber, P., and Jones, T., 2003. Coral communities of Biscayne Bay, Florida and adjacent offshore areas: diversity, abundance, distribution, and environmental correlates. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 13 ( 2): 121 135.

Abstract: Hardbottom habitats of Biscayne Bay, a shallow lagoon adjacent to the city of Miami, Florida, USA, contain a limited number of coral species that represent a small subset of the species found at nearby offshore hardbottom and reef habitats of the Florida Reef Tract. Although the physical characteristics of this basin make it a marginal environment for coral growth, the presence of dense populations of Siderastrea radians and Porites furcata indicate that these, as well as other corals that are found at lower densities, are able to tolerate extreme and fluctuating conditions. Three factors, temperature, sedimentation, and salinity, appear to limit coral abundance, diversity, and distribution within Biscayne Bay. Temperatures exhibit high frequencies of extreme high and low values known to cause coral stress and mortality elsewhere. Similarly, sedimentation rates are very high and sediment resuspension caused by currents, storms and boating activities commonly bury corals under sediment layers. Sediment burial was shown experimentally to influence growth and mortality of S. radians. The salinity of Biscayne Bay is influenced by freshwater inputs from canal, sheetflow and groundwater sources that create a near shore environment with low mean salinity and high salinity fluctuation. Coral communities along this western margin have the lowest coral density and species richness. Chronic exposure to low salinity was shown experimentally to cause a decrease in the growth of S. radians. The location of Biscayne Bay, downstream of a large restoration effort planned for the Everglades watershed, highlights the need to understand the relationship between the physical environment and the health of benthic communities. The data presented here provide the type of scientific information needed so that management decisions can take into account the potential impacts of human activities on the health of coral populations that are already near their tolerance limits for temperature, salinity, and sedimentation. ( 2) Fey, D. P. 2001. Differences in temperature conditions and somatic growth rate of larval and early juvenile spring spawned herring from the Vistula Lagoon, Baltic Sea manifested in the otolith to fish size relationship. Journal of Fish Biology, 58 ( 5): 1257 1273.

Abstract: Larval and juvenile herring Clupea harengus collected in the Polish part of the Vistula Lagoon in May July 1997 had hatched between 17 April and 9 June and originated from three cohorts. The spawning season began on 1 March at 3.8 parallel C and was completed on 3 June at 12.7 parallel C. Mortality among larvae was high in the first 2 weeks of April, probably associated with significant temperature decrease at the beginning of the spawning season. The growth of 10 48mm L sub( S) herring was linear, highest for larvae and juveniles from the first cohort ( 0.58mmmm super( 1) day super( 1)), slower for the second cohort ( 0.55mmmm super( 1) day super( 1)) and the slowest for the third cohort ( 0.45mmmmday super( 1)). Temperature effects on the growth were inconclusive and potentially unfavorable feeding conditions in June might have been responsible for the relatively slow growth of third cohort larvae and juveniles. Relationships between otolith size ( perimeter, length, width, area, and weight) and fish size ( L sub( S)) differed among the three cohorts, related mostly to the positive temperature effect on otolith growth, individuals growing in warmer water had larger otoliths. Although a negative growth rate effect was observed as well, it was less significant.

( 3) Beznosov, V. N. and Suzdaleva, A. L., 2001. Temperature Decrease in the Surface Water Layer of a Reservoir as an Example of Environmental Thermal Pollution. Water Resources/ Vodnye Resursy, 28 ( 4): 396 398.

Abstract: Based on the results of experiments carried out in the Black Sea and Desnogorsk Reservoir, it is shown that the anthropogenic decrease in the temperature of water medium adversely affects the living organisms. This impact is proposed to be regarded as a case of thermal pollution.

( 4) Thornton, D. C. O. and Thake, B., 1998. Effect of temperature on the aggregation of Skeletonema costatum ( Bacillariophyceae) and the implication for carbon flux in coastal waters. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 174: 223 231.

Abstract: Skeletonema costatum was isolated from a mucilaginous algal bloom in the Northern Adriatic Sea during April 1993. In nitrate limited continuous culture the formation of aggregations of cells was positively correlated with temperature. Raising the temperature from 10 to 20 degree C caused cells to aggregate without a change in culture biomass. Reducing the temperature to 10 degree C caused washout of the aggregates, again with no change in biomass. In batch culture there was a positive relationship between aggregate concentration and temperature at 10, 15, 20 and 25 degree C. Aggregates and the cell surface of S. costatum adsorbed Alcian blue, a stain for acid and sulphated polysaccharides. Disruption of the aggregates on addition of 0.2 M Na sub( 2) EDTA indicated that cross linking between polysaccharides by divalent cations ( probably Ca super( 2+) in seawater) bound the aggregates together. Aggregates may form in situ under conditions of temperature increase and high phytoplankton biomass. Surface water temperature increased by 0.2 degree C/ d in the second half of July 1992 in the Northern Adriatic, coinciding with a chlorophyll a increase of 10 to 50 mu g/ l. A temperature difference of 1.2 degree C was observed at 2 stations 4 m apart in May 1992 on either side of a plume front associated with the River Po; transfer of phytoplankton in eddies from cold to warm waters may lead to the formation of aggregates. Aggregate disruption may occur with the sinking of aggregates from surface waters to the relatively cool waters below the thermocline. The temperature decrease through the thermocline varied between 2.7 and 4.1 degree C in May 1992. The relationship between aggregation and temperature may be an important factor in determining the flux rate of fixed carbon and nutrients from the photic zone to deeper waters and the sea bed. Aggregated cultures had significantly higher sinking rates than unaggregated cultures.

( 5) Bennett, WA and Judd, F. W., 1992. Factors affecting the low temperature tolerance of Texas pinfish. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 121 ( 5): 659 666.

Abstract: Subtropical regions are occasionally exposed to extreme low temperatures that often cause massive fish kills. Nowhere is this phenomenon more striking than in the Laguna Madre of the southern Texas coast, where shallow, nearly landlocked water can cool rapidly. The Texas Parks and Wildlife Dep estimated that a series of cold fronts during the 1980s killed over 29 million marine fish along the southern Texas coast. Lab experiments were conducted to determine the effects of rate of temperature decrease, acclimation time, acclimation temperature, and seasonal changes on the low temperature tolerance of pinfish Lagodon rhomboides. The critical thermal minimum ( CTMin) was insensitive to rates of temperature decrease between 0.5 degree C/ h and 1.5 degree C/ h but was linearly correlated with acclimation temperature. When water temperatures were decreased at 1.0 degree C/ h, the mean CTMin of pinfish acclimated at 24.0 degree C was 3.4 degree C. Acclimation adjustments in CTMin for fish transferred from 22.0 degree C to 11.7 degree C were complete within 5 d. Indeed, cold temperature acclimation was 80% complete in 30 h. Seasonally acclimatized pinfish had mean CTMin values ranging from 0.5 degree C ( Jan) to 5.3 degree C ( Jul). Responses of pinfish to cold temperature in the laboratory may explain variations in mortality seen in natural Laguna Madre pinfish populations during episodes of extreme cold.

( 6) Forward, R. B. Jr., 1990. Behavioral responses of crustacean larvae to rates of temperature change. Biological Bulletin, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, 178 ( 3): 195 204.

Abstract: The ontogeny of behavioral responses of larvae of the crabs Rhithropanopeus harrisii and Neopanope sayi to rates of change in temperature were analyzed using a video system. A temperature decrease evoked an ascent in both species. The threshold rates of decrease for Stages I and IV zoeae of R. harrisii , and Stage I zoeae of N. sayi , were 0.06, 0.1, and 0.09 degree C min super( 1), respectively. Stage IV zoeae of N. sayi were unresponsive to any rate of decrease. Larvae descended upon a temperature increase. For Stages I and IV zoeae of R. harrisii and Stage I of N. sayi the threshold rates of temperature increase were 0.07, 0.24, and 0.18 degree C min super( 1), respectively. Stage IV zoeae of N. sayi were again unresponsive. In general, there was an ontogenetic change in responsiveness as Stage IV zoeae of both species were less sensitive than Stage I zoeae. The average absolute amounts of temperature change needed to evoke a response was independent of the rate of change at rates above threshold and ranged from 0.29 to 0.49 degree C for both species.

( 7) Michaelidis, B and Storey, K. B., 1990. Interactions of temperature and pH on the regulatory properties of pyruvate kinase from organs of a marine mollusk. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology: 140 ( 3): 187 196.

Abstract: The effects of low temperature assay ( 5 degree C) on the properties of the aerobic ( low phosphate) vs. anoxic ( high phosphate) forms of pyruvate kinase ( PK) from foot muscle and gill of the whelk Busycon canaliculatum ( L.) were assessed at two pH values, pH 7.00 and 7.25, and compared to control conditions of 20 degree C and pH 7.00 ( all assayed in imidazole buffer). When pH was held constant at 7.00, the decrease in assay temperature to 5 degree C had large effects on the measured kinetic parameters of all PK forms, as compared to 20 degree C and pH 7.00. However, when assay pH was allowed to rise, from 7.00 to 7.25, with the temperature decrease to 5 degree C there were fewer alterations of kinetic parameters and quantitatively smaller changes to enzyme properties. It appears, then, that when pH rises with decreasing temperature following alphastat predictions, kinetic properties of PK are largely conserved. Low temperature, at either pH value, had several significant effects on PK properties. For example, low temperature raised the S sub( 0.5) for phosphoenolpyruvate of PK anoxic from gill by 3 6 fold and decreased the I sub( 50) Mg . ATP for PK anoxic from foot by the same amount. Arrhenius plots of PK activity for the gill PK forms showed a distinct break at 10 degree C; > 10 degree C Q sub( 10) was 2.5 whereas < 10 degree C Q sub( 10) was 8.4. Temperature dependent changes in all cases affected enzyme properties in a manner that would restrict enzyme function at low temperature.

( 8) Tande, K. S., 1988. Aspects of developmental and mortality rates in Calanus finmarchicus related to equiproportional development. Marine ecology progress series, 44 ( 1): 51 58.

Abstract: The marine copepod Calanus finmarchicus from coastal areas of northern Norway was cultivated at 3 temperatures from egg to adult in the laboratory. Growth and survival of copepodite stages were markedly affected by the temperature regime. A hypothesis is formulated that during the main annual growth period of C. finmarchicus in arctic boreal areas not only is this species sensitive to a temperature decrease, but also a certain temperature increase is a prerequisite to successful growth from copepodite Stage I to copepodite Stage IV and V. The ecological implications of this hypothesis are discussed.

( 9) Sheridan, P. F. and Badger A. C., 1981. Responses of experimental estuarine communities to continuous chlorination. Estuarine, Coastal and shelf Science, 13 ( 3): 337 347.

Abstract: The effects of continuous chlorination ( as NaOCI) on estuarine benthic organisms were investigated with plankton derived experimental communities. Twelve consecutive studies were conducted, each of which consisted of approximately 60 day colonization periods from flowing estuarine waters that continuously received nominal concentrations of o multiplied by 00, 0 multiplied by 47, 0 degree 94 or 1 degree 41 mg chlorine produced oxidant ( CPO) 1 super() super( 1). Significant chlorination effects on numerical abundances of eight dominant species were detected in data pooled over the 12 consecutive studies, although only two species were significantly affected in proportional abundance.

( 10) Videau, C., Khalauski, M., and Penot, M., 1978. The chlorination effects of monospecific cultures of marine phytoplankton. Preliminary results. J. Rech. Oceanogr., 3 ( 2): 19 28.

Abstract: Static chlorination tests have been carried out on three phytoplanktonic marine species ( Dunaliella primolecta, Monochrysis lutheri, Phaeodactylum tricornutum). These tests have led to the following conclusions: ( 1) The specific response and the sensibility threshold of the algae tested: the chlorine LC50 for the least dense culture ( 10 SUP 3 cells. ml SUP 1 ) of Dunaliella and Monochrysis is 0 . 4 and 4 . 0 ppm respectively, while the growth of Phaeodactylum is slowed down or stopped at a chlorine concentration of 0 . 6 ppm. ( 2) Influence of cellular density: chlorine toxicity increases with decreasing cellular concentration ( tests from 10 SUP 3 to 10 SUP 6 cells. ml SUP 1 ). ( 3) The effect on chlorophyll a: in Dunaliella, chlorophyll a concentration is not affected when the mortality due to the chlorine injection is equal to or lower than 50%. The chlorophyll a concentration is greatly reduced for higher mortality rates. ( 4) Influence of light: chlorinations conducted in the dark produce a lower mortality rate, for Dunaliella, than chlorinations in the light. The mortality rate is lower as long as the cultures are kept in the dark.

( 11) Hall, L. W., Jr., Burton, D. T., and Liden, L. H., 1982. Power plant chlorination effects on estuarine and marine organisms. Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 10 ( 1): 27 48.

Abstract: This review was designed to synthesize current phytoplankton, zooplankton, macroinvertebrate, and fish chlorine toxicity data related to biofouling control in estuarine and marine thermoelectric power plants. The following research recommendations are suggested for improving the existing data: ( 1) evaluation of the recovery potential or phytoplankton after exposure to chlorinated of brominated oxidants during through plant entrainment; ( 2) assessment of the effects of long term exposure of phytoplankton to low levels of chlorine or chlorine by products resulting from continuous or intermittent applications; ( 3) determination of possible bioaccumulation of chlorinated or brominated compounds in the food chain; ( 4) evaluation of interacting chlorine, Delta T, mechanical stress, exposure duration, and ambient temperature conditions on entrained organisms; and ( 5) assessment of sublethal effects of intermittent and/ or continuous chlorination on macroinvertebrates and fish. Site specific data are recommended for the most precise evaluation of chlorination effects on aquatic organisms.

( 12) Repsys, A. J. and Rogers, G. D., 1982. Zooplankton studies in the channelized Missouri River. The middle Missouri River, a collection of papers on the biology with special reference to power station effects. Pp. 125 146.

Abstract: The results are presented of long term monitoring programmes undertaken at 2 power plants on the Missouri River to evaluate the effects on the zooplankton community. The community composition, abundance and seasonality, entrainment effects and thermal effects are described.

( 13) Briand, F. J., 1975. Effects of power plant cooling systems on marine phytoplankton. Marine Biology, 33 ( 2): 135 146.

Abstract: The large quantities of marine phytoplankton passing through the cooling systems of 2 Southern California coastal power plants were found to be greatly reduced in numbers ( 41.7%) and in volume ( 33.7%). The biomass killed from June, 1972 to May, 1973 amounted to { approx} 1,7000 tons of organic carbon. Phytoplankton mortalities were most pronounced from Oct to Dec when intake waters of 17{ degree} to 20{ degree} C were subjected to temp elevations of 9 to 11{ degree} C, and were lowest from Jan to March when cooler ambient temps prevailed. There was no apparent reduction in phytoplankton stocks when the intake water was cooler than 15{ degree} C. Surviving cells in 25{ degree} and 26.5{ degree} C effluent waters were growing 3 times faster than influent populations, which suggests that powerplant effects on phytoplankton stocks are often short lived. However, entrainment effects appear very disruptive, in changing the structure of phytoplankton communities and in constantly reducing species diversity ( H'). Passage through the condenser tubes affected algal spp differentially, killing diatoms in greater numbers ( 45.7%) than dinoflagellates ( 32.8%), and reinforcing the dominance of the 2 major spp, Asterionella japonica and Gonyaulax polyedra, that were the most tolerant. The severity of the impact appears to be controlled by 2 interacting factors: intake water temp and magnitude of temp increase. On this basis, use by coastal power plants of deep sea water for cooling is strongly advocated.

( 14) Carmichael, G. J., H. Williamson, C. A. Caldwell, and J. R. Tomasso, 1988. Communications: Responses of Northern, Florida, and Hybrid Largemouth Bass to Low Temperature and Low Dissolved Oxygen. The Progressive Fish Culturist, 50 ( 4): 225   231.

Abstract: Two parental subspecies of largemouth bass ( Micropterus salmoides), northern ( M. s. salmoides) and Florida ( M. s. floridanus), and their reciprocal F sub( 1) hybrids were examined for their responses to low temperature and low dissolved oxygen concentrations. The four strains ( verified electrophoretically) survived a temperature decrease from 21 to 1 degree C at a rate of about 1 degree C/ d followed by immediate warming. Among fish maintained at low temperature ( 2.0 plus or minus 0.4 degree C; mean plus or minus SE) for 5 d, mortalities were 48% for the Florida fish and 4 5% for the Florida ( female) hybrid, compared with zero for the northern fish and the northern ( female) hybrid. All four groups showed similar trends in feeding behavior during the temperature treatments. At 22 degree C acclimation, the residual oxygen concentrations ( oxygen concentrations at time of death by hypoxia, during sealed jarhypoxia bioassays) were lower in tests with the northern and Florida subspecies than in tests with the hybrids, and were lower for northern than for Florida fish.

( 15) Stewart, M. E., W. J. Blogoslawski, R. Y. Hsu, and G. R. Helz, 1979. By products of oxidative biocides: toxicity to oyster larvae. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 10 ( 6): 166 169.

Abstract: Selected by products which are produced upon chlorination or ozonization of seawater were examined for their effect on eastern oyster ( Crassostrea virginica ) larvae. The compounds, bromate, bromoform, and chloroform, were studied at 0.05, 0.1, 1.0, and 10.0 mg/ l. Repeated bioassays indicated that even at these low levels, all 3 substances produced some larval mortality. This preliminary study suggests that oxidation by products formed during chlorination or ozonization of power plant cooling waters may have adverse effects upon the growth of marine invertebrates, such as C. virginica during their delicate larval stages.

( 16) Bridges, W. L. and R. D. Anderson, 1984. A brief survey of Pilgrim Nuclear Power Plant effects upon the marine aquatic environment. Observations on the Ecology and Biology of Weatern Cape Cod Bay, Massachusetts. Lect. Notes Coastal and Estuarine Studies, 11: 263 271.

Abstract: A broad range of environmental studies, begun in 1969, were designed to detect environmental disturbances attributable to release of heated cooling water into Cape Cod Bay from the Pilgrim Nuclear Power Station. On a scale encompassing the more immediate vicinity of the power station certain site specific or occasionally occurring effects were documented. Most notable were several significant mortalities due to " gas bubble disease", periodic incidences of finfish impingement on the cooling water intake traveling screens, near field alterations of the benthic and epibenthic communities in the vicinity of the cooling water discharge, and entrainment of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and ichthyoplankton in the cooling water flow. ( 17) Evans, M. S., Hawkins, B. E., and Wurster, T. E., 1978. Effects of the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Power Plant on zooplankton of southeastern Lake Michigan. Fourth national workshop on entrainment and impingement, 5 December 1977, Chicago, Illinois.

Abstract: An overview is provided of the preoperational and operational zooplankton monitoring program at the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Power Plant which circulates 2,700 cu m/ min of water through submerged intake and discharge structures. Entrainment studies suggest that at most 12% of the entrained zooplankton were killed by condenser passage and that there was no evidence of delayed mortality within 24 hours of plant passage. Although large numbers of zooplankton passed through the plant, losses could not be detected in zooplankton populations in the discharge area because of dilution effects. Calculations of the depositional area and rate of zooplankton killed by plant passage suggest that no significant enrichment of the sediments with these dead zooplankton should occur. An intensive plume mapping study indicated that spatial alterations in zooplankton populations were limited to a distance of only a few hundred meters from the discharge jets. In summary, although the Donald C. Cook is a relatively large plant, damage to the zooplankton community has been minimized by locating the plant on a large, wellmixed body of water; by operating at temperatures that do not approach the upper lethal limits for most zooplankton; and by the use of discharge jets ( rather than canals), which rapidly dilute and cool condenser passed water.

( 18) Rogers, G. D., 1978. Entrainment of crustacean zooplankton through Fort Calhoun Station. Fourth national workshop on entrainment and impingement, 5 December 1977, Chicago, Illinois.

Abstract: Entrained crustacean zooplankton were studied at Fort Calhoun Station ( near Blair, Nebraska) from October 1973 through June 1977 to evaluate the effects of condenser passage on zooplankton survival. Live dead separations were performed on duplicate samples obtained from the station's intake and discharge areas with a filter pump system. The separations were performed at 0, 4, and 24 hours following condenser passage. Thermal stress appeared to be the principal factor reducing zooplankton viability immediately following condenser passage ( 0 hours). On 17 sampling dates when heat was not being exchanged across the condenser, mechanical damage accounted for an average increase in immotility of 1.1%; for the 17 dates when the station was generating electricity, a 3.8% increase in immotility was observed. The relationship between viability and thermal stress at 0 hours was less evident at 4 and 24 hours. During the entire study period, increases in immotility at 0 hours ranged from 0.0 to 16.0% and averaged 3.3%. The station used an average of 2.5% ( SD, 1.02) of the Missouri River flow for coling. Assuming homogeneous distribution of zooplankton in the river, station operation decreased the viability of the totaL Missouri River zooplankton community passing the station by an average of 0.1%.

( 19) Littrell, J. A. and J. V. Biaggi. 1979. Petroleum refinery impacts on near shore marine environment. Proceedings Association of Island Marine Laboratories of the Caribbean. Mayaguez, Vol. 14, p. 29.

Abstract: A one year biological monitoring program was conducted in Tallaboa and Guayanilla Bays, Puerto Rico to assess the impacts of petroleum refinery facility operations on the near shore marine life of Tallaboa and Guayanilla Bays. Topics covered are: 1) impacts from impingement of nektonic organisms on cooling water intake screens; 2) Quantity of zooplankton available for entrainment in cooling water system; 3) assessment of near shore fish populations; 4) sampling of fouling and interstitial organisms; 5) water quality of Tallaboa and Guayanilla Bays; and 6) toxicity testing of heated effluent water. Results of the monitoring program are discussed. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES ADDRESSING LNG ISSUES EFFECTS ON BIOTA Emerson, R. R. 1976. Bioassay and Heavy Metal Uptake Investigations of Resuspended Sediment on Two Species of Polychaetous Annelids. Marine Studies of San Pedro Bay, California, Part II' June 1976. p. 69 90.

Summary: Two species of polychaetous annelids ( Capitella capitata and Ophryotrocha sp.) were used in a series of bioassays to determine the toxicity of resuspended sediments from fourteen stations in Los Angeles Harbor. Significant mortality did not occur in either short term ( 96 hour) or long term ( 28 day) bioassays using Ophryotrocha sp. Numbers of offspring were significantly reduced in all sediments except the outermost harbor station ( LNG 1), indicating sublethal effects. Development success of Capitella capitata larvae ranged from 40% to 95%. The more grossly contaminated sediments yielded lower numbers of successfully developing larvae but higher growth rates in the surviving larvae. Contamination levels of the sediments correlated more closely with sediment particle size than with distance from the outside harbor. Heavy metal concentrations in the tissues of Capitella capitata did not correspond with sediment contamination levels. Resuspended sediment may result in ' scavenging ' which lowers the concentration of some heavy metals in the seawater. ( See also W78 03882) ( Sinha OEIS).

McConaugha, J. R. 1976. Toxicity and Heavy Metals Uptake in Three Species of Crustacea from Los Angeles Harbor Sediments. Marine Studies of San Pedro Bay, California, Part II' June 1976. p 49 67.

Summary: Two species of crustaceans, Acartia tonsa and Tisbe sp., were subjected to the filtrate fraction of resuspended sediments from stations in the Los Angeles Harbor. The 96 hour bioassays for A. tonsa produced significant reductions in the survival rates of test groups at stations LNG 6, LNG 7, 16, 17, 18, 24, and 27. In the Tisbe bioassays only station LNG 7 had significantly lower survival in the test group than in controls, while test group survival at stations LNG 4,  25 and  27 were significantly higher than control survival. This data suggests that dredging operations could have an adverse effect on the A. tonsa population and consequently an effect on the plankton composition and food chain in the Los Angeles Harbor. However, the stations with poorest quality are in the area to be filled. Additional experiments were conducted to determine if the lined shore crab, Pachygrapsus crassipes, was capable of accumulating heavy metals from resuspended sediments. Following a 7 day exposure to the sediment elutriate the gill tissue was examined for 9 heavy metals. Because of extreme variations in the data no discernible trends were observed. ( See also W78 03882) ( Sinha OEIS).

Lanes, O. 2000. Characterization and determination of the molecular basis for cold adaptation in Uracil DNA glycosylase from Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua). University of Tromsoe, Tromsoe ( Norway). 40 pp.

Summary: Uracil DNA glycosylase ( UNG) was purified and characterized from Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua) liver ( Paper I). Atlantic cod UNG ( cUNG) was found to be similar to other UNGs previously characterized, with respect to molecular weight, optimum conditions and inhibited by free uracil and the Ugi inhibitor. In addition cUNG activity was strongly dependent on the NaCl concentration, a feature seen for many DNA interacting enzymes ( von Hippel & Berg, 1989; Carey & Strauss, 1999). This was the first LNG characterized from a fish species. Previously an UNG was purified from a psychrophilic bacteria ( BMTU 3346) ( Sobek et al., 1996). This UNG was more heat labile than the E. coli enzyme, but other characteristics, such as specific activity, catalytic efficiency or a sequence, were not described. Thus, limited information of other cold adapted UNGs is available. Atlantic cod UNG ( BUNG) was cloned from cod liver cDNA using RACE and the catalytic domain was expressed in E. coli. The recombinant enzyme ( rcUNG) was found to be similar to the native enzyme purified from cod liver with respect to optimum conditions and pH and temperature stability ( Paper I and II). Both the native and recombinant cUNG was more pH and temperature labile, and had a higher catalytic efficiency compared to a recombinant human UNG. The higher catalytic efficiency was due to both a higher turnover number ( k sub( cat)) and a higher affinity for the substrate ( lower K sub( M)) ( Paper II). Higher catalytic efficiency and lower stability as observed for cod UNG, are typical features characteristic for cold adapted enzymes ( Smalaas, et al., 2000), and this was the first sequence of a cold adapted UNG and DNA binding enzyme characterized.

Beychok, MR. 1975. Environmental Factors in Producing Supplemental Fuels. Hydrocarbon Processing Vol. 54, No. 10, p. 78 81, 1975. 6 tab, 13 ref. EPA 68 03 2136.

Abstract: The degree of air pollution, water utilization, and noise that may be generated by producing supplemental fuels to meet national energy needs are summarized and compared on the basis of tons/ unit product Btu output. The industrial processes considered are production of synthetic natural gas from coal, crude oil, and naphtha; production of liquid fuels from oil shale; liquefaction; importing liquid gas ( LNG) and as methanol; and regasification of LNG. It is estimated that the extraction of 8 to 12 millions tons/ yr of coal will require the surface mining of about 250 to 500 acres/ yr or a total of 6300 to 15,000 acres over a 25 to 30 year period. On the assumption that a strip mined area can be regraded and revegetated within five years, the maximum amount of land disturbance at any given time would be 1250 to 2500 acres. Underground oil shale mining will entail the disposal of approximately 22.5 millions tons/ yr of wet spent shale which will pose a leaching hazard, plus the revegetation and reclamation of the shale embankment. It is estimated that a 13% fuel supplement to current oil and gas demand would require mining approximately 1 billion tons/ yr of coal and oil shale and might involve almost 400,000 acres of land over a 20 to 25 year span. ( Auen Wisconsin).

University of Southern California, Los Angeles. 1974. Allan Hancock Foundation. Marine Studies of San Pedro Bay, California. Part III. Thermal Tolerance and Sediment Toxicity Studies. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161, AS COM 74 11120. Southern California University Sea Grant Program, Report USC SG 1 74, February 1974, 110 P. D. F. Soule and M. Oguri ( Eds.). SG 04 3 158 45.

Abstract: This is the third in a series of marine studies of San Pedro Bay, California. Emphasis is on thermal tolerance and sediment toxicity studies. The six studies are titled: thermal effects and San Pedro Bay, D. F. Soule; preliminary observations on the lower minimum temperature requirements of the Northern anchovy, G. brewer; effects of subnormal temperatures on some common Los Angeles harbor animals, E. A. Norse; the effect of various water temperatures on the survival and reproduction in polychaetous annelids: preliminary report, P. Oshida and D. J. Reish; tolerance of Littorina planaxis and L. scutulata to temperature changes ( Mollusca, Gastropoda), D. Hadley and D. Straughan; and, preliminary investigations of the effects of resuspended sediment on two species of benthic polychaetes from Los Angeles harbor, R. R. Emerson. ( see also W74 05708; W75 04272; W75 03176; and 5 06245) ( see 6 11794 thru W76 11799) ( NOAA). WATER TEMPERATURE CHANGE Kolluru, VS; Buchak, EM; Brinkmann, PE. 2003. Hydrodynamic Modeling of Coastal LNG Cooling Water Discharge. Journal of Energy Engineering [ J. Energy Eng.]. Vol. 129, no. 1, pp. 16 31.

Summary: The evaluation of the mixing zone for a proposed expansion to a liquefied natural gas facility on the northeast coast of the State of Qatar in support of an environmental impact assessment was performed using the Generalized Environmental Modeling System for Surface Waters ( GEMSS). The circulating seawater at the facility absorbs heat during the liquefaction of natural gas, resulting in a maximum temperature rise of 10 degree C. The heated seawater is discharged through a long canal into the Arabian Gulf with minimum jet momentum. GEMSS was calibrated, verified, and then used to model the thermal plume for a proposed expansion of the facility. A probabilistic approach for defining the mixing zone using World Bank standards was developed. Model results show that the thermal plume is vertically stratified, with a relatively large surface area and a relatively small bottom contact area. The advantage of this design is that it maximizes heat exchange with the atmosphere by increasing the driving force and isolating the temperature increase from benthic organisms.

McAnally, WH. 1977. Model Study of Cool Water Discharge from Proposed LNG Facility, Los Angeles Harbor, California. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield VA 22161 as AD A050 023, Price codes: A09 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Miscellaneous Paper H 77 13, November 1977. 183 p.

Summary: Physical hydraulic model dye tests were conducted to define near field dilution of a cool water discharge from a proposed LNG facility in Los Angeles Harbor, California, and to describe the far field behavior of the resulting plume. ( WES).

Brewer, GD. 1975. Thermal Pollution in the Los Angeles Long Beach Harbor: Consequences and Alternatives. The Present and Future of Coasts, Proceedings of the First Annual Conference of the Coastal Society, held at Arlington, VA, November 1975. p. 171 176.

Summary: The proposed discharge of heated and chilled sea water from an electric power generating plant and a liquified natural gas ( LNG) vaporization plant respectively, into the Los Angeles Long Beach Harbor raises questions about the affects of these effluents on the harbor ' s unique biotic resources. This paper discusses aspects of the entrainment through these ' once through ' heat exchange systems and the implications of sustained temperature alterations of the harbor ' s receiving waters. Alternatives to the proposed discharge of these potentially damaging thermal effluents are discussed. ( See also W77 04462) ( Sinha OEIS).

EXAMPLE OF A BASELINE STUDY Stickney, RR; Miller, D. 1973. Chemical and biological survey of the Savannah River adjacent to Elba Island. Tech. Rep. Ser. Georgia Mar. Sci. Cent. no. 73 3. 1973.

Abstract: The present study was initiated as result of plans put forward by the Southern Natural Gas Co., to construct a regassification plant on Elba Island in the Savannah River, where liquified natural gas ( LNG) will be off loaded from ships, regassified and piped to distribution centers. The initial plan called for water from the Savannah River to be pumped into the plant where it would be used to carry away the thermal debt incurred in water, when returned to the river, was expected to be cooled { approx} 5{ degree} F below ambient river temp. This study was designed to collect information on the basic water chemistry and faunal assemblages in the river adjacent to Elba Island prior to construction of the plant. The results of this study are intended to provide a data base for section of the river under presently existing conditions of pollution from domestic, municipal and industrial sources against which any environmental effects of the regassification operation may be measured in the future.

LNG SAFETY ISSUES Lehr, W. and D. Simecek Beatty, 2004. Comparison of hypothetical LNG and fuel oil fires on water. Journal of Hazardous Materials 107: 3 9.

Abstract Large spills of refined petroleum products have been an occasional occurrence over the past few decades. This has not been true for large spills of liquefied natural gas ( LNG). This paper compares the likely similarities and differences between accidental releases from a ship of sizable quantities of these different hydrocarbon fuels, their subsequent spreading, and possible pool fire behavior. Quantitative estimates are made of the spread rate and maximum slick size, burn rate, and duration; effective thermal radiation; and subsequent soot generation.

Fay, JA. 2003. Model of spills and fires from LNG and oil tankers. Journal of Hazardous Materials [ J. Hazard. Mater.]. Vol. 96, no. 2 3, pp. 171 188.

Summary: A comprehensive model for predicting the dynamics of spills from LNG and oil product tankers is constructed from fluid mechanics principles and empirical properties of oil and LNG spills on water. The analysis utilizes the significant tanker hold and discharge flow area dimensions to specify the cargo liquid outflow history and the ensuing pool characteristics, including the establishment of a pool fire. The pool fire area, duration, and heat release rate are determined as functions of the tanker cargo variables. Examples of an LNG and gasoline spill show that for likely discharge flow areas these spills may be regarded as instantaneous, simplifying the evaluation of risk consequences.

Eckhoff, RK. 1993. New safety issues when moving from liquid fuels to natural gas PROCEEDINGS OF ENS ( ENVIRONMENT NORTH SEAS) ' 93 CONFERENCE HELD IN STAVANGER, 24 27 AUGUST 1993., 1994, pp. 304 306, Marine Pollution Bulletin [ MAR. POLLUT. BULL.], vol. 29, no. 6 12.

Summary: Natural gas ( NG) is produced whenever organic matter is decomposed in the absence of oxygen. The main constituent of natural gas is methane. In contrast to liquid fuels, methane has a boiling point far below normal ambient temperatures. Even the critical temperature is well below ambient. Therefore natural gas must be stored either as compressed natural gas ( CNG) at very high pressures at ambient temperatures, or as liquefied natural gas ( LNG) at very low temperatures. The basic safety issues are caused by loss of confinement of either CNG or LNG. In both cases the issues are: global greenhouse effects of natural gas ( methane); local fire and explosion hazards; and local asphyxiation hazard due to reduced oxygen content in the atmosphere breathed when air is mixed with methane.

Serag Eldin, MA. 1988. Computation of NG spread following very large LNG spills from ship tankers. Applied Mathematical Modelling [ APPL. MATH. MODEL.], vol. 12, no. 3, pp. 238 248.

Summary: The paper presents a computational model for the numerical prediction of the natural gas concentration in the atmosphere surrounding an LNG ship tanker, following an accidental release of a very large volume of the carried LNG liquid. The computations made are fully three dimensional and time dependent and necessarily cover a large volume of the physical space. Sample results are displayed for a typical 10,000 m super ( 3) spill, and are demonstrated to be plausible and effective.

Blackmore, DR; Eyre, JA; Summers, GG. 1982. Dispersion and combustion behavior of gas clouds resulting from large spillages of LNG and LPG on to the sea. TRANS. INST. MAR. ENG., vol. 92, no. 29, pp. 2 18.

Summary: A high standard of safety is essential in all stages of the supply of LNG/ LPG, from producing well to customer. This is particularly important during the marine transportation phase as the demand for large quantities of refrigerated gas inevitably falls in industrial and urban areas and ships are usually required to discharge in ports nearby. Although to date a major marine spillage has not occurred, there has been much speculation about the possible consequences of such a spillage to both the ship and its surroundings. To help clarify what would happen if a spillage did occur, a series of experiments was conducted at Maplin Sands during the summer of 1980, during which LNG and refrigerated propane were released on to the sea in quantities of up to 20 m super( 3). Measurements were made of gas concentration in the vapour cloud as it dispersed from each spill. In several cases the vapour cloud was deliberately ignited, to enable the intensity of heat radiation and pressures generated by the flame to be measured. Comprehensive photographic records were also made. The results of the work are discussed and indications are given of the way in which they, along with some of the results of other parts of a more widely based safety R& D programme, will be used.

Blackmore, DR; Eyre, JA; Summers, GG. 1982. Gas Spillage Incidents on Trial. Dock & Harbour Authority [ DOCK. HARBOUR AUTH.], vol. 63, no. 739, pp. 99 102.

Abstract: The releasing of large gas clouds on to the sea surface, and subsequent combustion of this gas can have a devastating effect. This article describes the results of one of the most important trials ever conducted in the investigation of large scale gas spillages, the experiments were carried out by Shell during the summer of 1980. The hazard which arises from an accidental spill of refrigerated gas on to the sea is primarily one of combustion. Early ignition, before the liquid has had time to evaporate and disperse, would result in a pool fire in the vicinity of the spill point. Ermak, DL; Koopman, RP; McRae, TG; Hogan, WJ. 1982. LNG spill experiments: Dispersion, RPT, and vapor burn analysis. Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA ( USA). 30 pp.

Abstract: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory ( LLNL) is conducting safety research under the sponsorship of the US Department of Energy ( DOE) to determine the possible consequences of liquefied natural gas ( LNG) spills. The LLNL program includes both the collection of data from various size experiments and development of an ensemble of computer models to make predictions for conditions under which tests cannot be performed. In spills of 40 cubic metres ( m exp 3) of liquefied natural gas onto water done at the Naval Weapons Center ( NWC), China Lake, California in 1980 and 1981, data was collected on gas cloud dispersion and combusion and rapid phase transition ( RPT) explosions. Analysis of the data from these tests, including comparisons between the predictions of various models and the data, are presented.

Hogan, WJ. 1982. Determining the potential damage from LNG vapor cloud fires: What are the unanswered questions?. Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA, ( USA). 14 pp.

Abstract: When LNG spills in an accident but is not ignited immediately, the vapor cloud will mix with air and form a combustible mixture whose size, shape, and homogeneity depends on the amount of material spilled, the rate of vapor evolution, and the atmospheric and environmental conditions. If the combustible mixture subsequently ignites, damage can result from overpressure or thermal energy. Overpressure can be generated if there is either direct shock initiation of a detonation or if there is sufficient flame acceleration. Discussion on damage from thermal energy is divided into two categories, that occurring within the burn zone itself and that occuring outside of it. Results of experiments on flame acceleration and thermal damage are discussed. Recommendations are made for further research.

Thyer, AM. 2003. A review of data on spreading and vaporization of cryogenic liquid spills. Journal of hazardous materials, 2003 Apr 4, 99( 1): 31 40.

Abstract: This review summarizes the availability and utility of experimental data on the rates of spread and vaporization of spillages of pressure liquefied and cryogenic liquids on a variety of surfaces including: soil; sand; concrete; and water. It is intended that the paper acts as a review of those sources of information that can be used to allow the validation of current and future computer software which is to be used to predict the likely effects of such spillages, and also to extend the range of materials to which it may be applied. The majority of investigations found cover LNG or LPG, due to their widespread bulk usage, with others studying liquid nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, or ammonia.

Havens, JA. 1977. Predictability of LNG Vapor Dispersion from Catastrophic Spills Onto Water: An Assessment. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield VA 22161 as ADA040 525, Price codes: A10 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Coast Guard Office of Merchant Marine Safety, Cargo and Hazardous Materials Division Report No. CG M 09 77, April 1977. 113 p, 8 fig, 8 tab, 42 ref, 2 append.

Abstract: Mathematical models which have been used to predict the downwind travel of flammable gas mixtures in the event of a catastrophic spill of liquefied natural gas into water are reviewed. In the event of a catastrophic release it is considered highly likely that an immediate fire would ensue. However, in the event that ignition did not occur immediately, an LNG vapor cloud would form over and downwind of the spill site. Wide disagreement regarding the extent of travel ( and the accompanying possible public exposure) of the flammable portion of such a cloud has contributed to an apparently growing concern regarding the risks asociated with LNG importation. The scope of this review was limited to the predictability of dispersion from a very large LNG spill on water. No consideration was given to sitespecific factors such as topographical features and structures. Likewise, no consideration was given to specific applicability of weather conditions, since this would depend on the site involved as well as the traffic control measures which are imposed. ( Sinha  OEIS).

Jettisoning of LNG at Sea   An Unresolved Pollution Hazard. 1975. Marine Week. Vol 2, No. 5, p. 23., January 31, 1975.

Abstract: Liquefied natural gas ( LNG) may be spilled or jettisoned onto the ocean as a result of collision damage or if there is a need to lighten a LNG carrier, such as a disabled vessel. A possible source of leakage is if liquefied natural gas is allowed to contact the structural steel of a hull during loading, the cryogenic temperature might lead to an eventual brittle fracture. Tests on LNG spillage have been conducted by the Bureau of Mines, the U. S. Coast Guard and the American Gas Association. Results showed vaporization effects and indicated that the ignition point for an explosion is dependent upon the ration of propane to ethane. A discharge of 10,000 cu m would form a cloud 20 feet deep and a mile wide in less than fifteen minutes. If such a cloud should drift over other vessels, an oil terminal, or a city, while burning, serious danger would exist. Another pollution hazard with LNG is the disposal of the boil off, especially when the carrier is in the harbor. Arguments in favor of atmospheric venting of LNG insist that the methane content is below the explosive limit and that discharge is heated and its density is lower than that of air. Port authorities argue that no matter how much preheating, if there is an inversion over the port, gas will not rise. Since 1974, the U. S. Coast Guard has prohibited LNG venting in port. ( Prague Firl).

Crouch, WW; Hillyer, JC. 1972. What Happens When LNG Spills. Chemtech, P 210 215, April 1972.

Abstract: Plans for transporting liquified natural gas ( LNG) from producing countries to gas short nations are in the making. Since the transportation of LNG could lead to accidents and spillage it is important to know how the gas behaves during and after a spill. Modern tankers carrying LNG will be double hull membrane vessels which can withstand a severe collision without rupturing the inner LNG containing wall. Furthermore, the ships will employ extensive fire fighting equipment for the engine, pump rooms, upper deck and pipe lines. If LNG should be accidentally spilled on water it will evaporate at a steady rate; with large spills this may take several minutes. The principle hazard in a large LNG spill lies in the formation of a combustible vapor that will envelop the spill, drift downwind, and remain near the surface until it is diluted and warmed. If this vapor should come in contact with an ignition source a fire would occur, propagating backwards through the combustible region. ( ENSIGN PAI).

TECHNOLOGIES Graef, MK; Hillenbrand, H G; Heckmann, CJ; Niederhoff, KA. 2004. High strength Largediameter Pipe for Long distance High pressure Gas Pipelines. International Journal of Offshore and Polar Engineering [ Int. J. Offshore Polar Eng.]. Vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 69 74.

Summary: The energy scenario has been changing quickly in recent years. International studies forecast that the demand for natural gas will be nearly doubled by 2030, and the ever increasing demand for natural gas will further influence the type of its transportation, both from the strategic and economic points of view. While long distance pipelines are a safe and economic means of transporting gas from production sites to end users, the distance between sites and end users increases, emphasizing the need for the construction of complex gas transportation pipeline networks when the use of LNG tankers is impossible or uneconomical. This will make high pressure natural gas transportation via pipelines increasingly challenging. The use of X80 grade linepipe has already been shown to result in substantial cost savings; this paper presents the results of tests on X80 grade production pipe supplied for onshore and offshore projects. But the economic transport of gas over very long distances requires additional cost cuts, and the use of X100 and/ or X120 grade linepipe could be a solution. Thus, this paper addresses the benefits of using high strength linepipe and the present day technical limitations on its production. In addition, laboratory and production results regarding high strength large diameter pipes are presented to describe the material properties as well as the service behavior. Girth welding procedures covering mechanized and manual methods have already been developed.

Tuyen, NV; Regnaud, P. 1983. Problems and solutions for pipelining LNG. OIL AND GAS J., vol. 81, no. 4, pp. 69 70.

Summary: An engineering program and a test program are being carried out to determine the technical and economic feasibility of long distance LNG pipelining. This article updates the latest findings.

Beychok, MR. 1975. Process and Environmental Technology for Producing SNG and Liquid Fuels. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield VA 22161 as PB 242 774, Price codes: A08 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency, Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, National Environmental Research Center, Ada, Oklahoma, May 1975. 143 p, 14 fig, 16 tab. EPA 660/ 2 75 011, 68 03 2136.

Abstract: The report explains processes and technology currently available for ( 1) producing substitute natural gas ( SNG) from coal, crude oil and naphta, ( 2) transport of gas supplies in the form of liquified natural gas ( LNG) or as liquid methanol and regasification of LNG, ( 3) the conversion of coal into low sulfur oil, and ( 4) the production of low sulfur oil from oil shale. Written for agencies concerned with environmental regulations for industries producing and transportating alternative energy supplies, environmental factors of the process technologies are emphasized rather than detailed technical design factors. Production technology is analyzed to determine environmental variables such as heat balances, combustion, stack gas and emissions, and water balances, including effluent water discharge ( blowdowns and wastewater). Key environmental factors for each technology discussed are: ( 1) SNG from LPG and/ or naphta combustion stack gas, CO2 vent gas, and effluent water discharges ( blowdowns and wastewater); ( 2) SNG from coal thermal efficiency, SO2 emissions to the air, water consumption and deposition, mining operations and subsequent land reclamation; ( 3) SNG from crude oil thermal efficiency, water consumption and disposition, and SO2 emissions; ( 4) LNG ( Liquification at source) thermal efficiency; ( 5) LNG ( Gasification at market) thermal efficiency; ( 6) methanol fuel large fresh water usage for cooling; ( 7) liquid fuels from oil shale SO2, NOx and particulate emissions, water requirement and disposition, spent shale disposal, and mining impacts; ( 8) coal liquification and gasification specific information depends on the technology used. ( Gentry NC).

OTHER LNG LITERATURE OF INTEREST Bomelburg, HJ; Counts, CA; Cowan, CE; Davis, WE; DeSteese, JG. 1982. LNG annotated bibliography. Battelle Pacific Northwest Labs., Richland, WA ( USA). TECH. REP. BATTELLE PAC. NORTHWEST LABS., BPNL, RICHLAND, WA ( USA), 175 pp.

Abstract: This document updates the bibliography published in Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Safety and Environmental Control Assessment Program: third status report ( PNL 4172) and is a complete listing of literature reviewed and reported under the LNG Technical Surveillance Task. The bibliography is organized alphabetically by author.

Bragg, DM; Whitehorn, NC; Schmidt, BG. 1975. Market Demand and General Location Options. Evaluation of Multi Purpose Offshore Industrial Port Islands: General Island Characteristics ', Delaware Univ. Final Tech. Rept. to NSF RANN No. NSF RE E 75 054A, p 1 169, May 1975. 38 fig, 44 tab, 81 ref. GI 43111.

Abstract: Serious consideration of offshore artificial islands as locations for various service and heavy industrial facilities must start with an examination of several industry sectors in order to make a reasonable determination of the most likely candidates for island occupancy. Attention must also be directed to the social, economic and physical conditions existing in each geographical region under consideration to determine how these interact with the social, economic and physical characteristics of each sector of industry to be a candidate for artificial island location in a particular geographic region. It was found that an industry which might be a candidate on the East or Gulf coast was not always a candidate on both coasts due to significant differences in economic, environmental and social conditions in the two areas. Among the many sectors of industry which were reviewed, eleven significant ones were studied in detail. These are: petroleum refining; petrochemicals manufacturing; electric power generation; deepwater terminals; liquefied natural gas ( LNG) regasification; urban solid waste processing and disposal; fertilizer manufacturing; and paper manufacturing. ( See also W77 05377) ( Sinha OEIS).

Heckard, JM; Woodford, DL. 1974. Environmental Studies for Major Offshore Developments. In: Sixth Annual Offshore Technology Conference, May 6 8, 1974, Houston, Texas. Preprints, Volume II, 1974. Paper No OTC 2097, P 635 640, 4 REF.

Abstract: Major offshore developments initiated or planned in recent years to ease the energy crisis include mono buoys and docking islands for VLCCS and offshore nuclear power plants. Legislative requirements for environmental studies needed for licensing of such facilities is discussed as well as the scope of work needed for comprehensive environmental evaluations. Emphasis is placed on special considerations such as oil and LNG spills and movements, and dredging. Experience gained in ongoing studies will be of importance in planning similar projects. The objective of this paper is to address environmental conservation in light of new and major offshore developments. ( See also W76 09333) ( SINHA OEIS). LNG INFORMATION FROM CONFERENCES Soebarto, J; McClary, TG. 1983. Problems with sea water cooling at the bontang LNG plant. Liquefied Natural Gas, 7th International Conference ( LNG 7), Jakarta, Indonesia, 15 19 May 83. ( World Meeting Number 832 0104).

Winderickx, J. 1983. Siting and safety aspects in the design of the LNG terminal   zeebrugge. Liquefied Natural Gas, 7th International Conference ( LNG 7), Jakarta, Indonesia, 15 19 May 83. ( World Meeting Number 832 0104).

Salvadori, A; LeDiraison, JC; Nedelka, D. 1983. Contribution to the study of LNG spills on seawater. Liquefied Natural Gas, 7th International Conference ( LNG 7), Jakarta, Indonesia, 15 19 May 83. ( World Meeting Number 832 0104).

Dossmann, U; Caspers, H; Partenscky, HW. 1983. Effects of recycling cold seawater from LNG vaporizer on the biotope of a bay. Liquefied Natural Gas, 7th International Conference ( LNG 7), Jakarta, Indonesia, 15 19 May 83. ( World Meeting Number 832 0104).

Bellofatto, O; Galli, A; Casmirri, C. 1983. H. T. closed cycle development for energy saving in LNG terminal. Gas Turbine 28th International Conference & Exhibit, Phoenix, AZ ( USA), 27 31 Mar 83. ( World Meeting Number 831 0013).

Antonelli, A. 1983. Desalinated water production at LNG terminals. Desalination and Water Re Use, 1st World Congress, Florence, Italy, 23 27 May 83. ( World Meeting Number 832 0306).

Roopchand, DR. 1983. Prediction of the effects from spills of LNG. Canadian Chemical Engineering 33rd Conference, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 2 5 Oct 83. ( World Meeting Number 834 0041).

Mankekar, AD . 1987. LNG vaporization. Tenth Annual Energy Sources Technology Conference and Exhibition, Dallas, TX ( USA), 15 18 Feb 1987. ( World Meeting Number 871 5007).

West, H; Pfenning, DB. 1994. LNG catastrophic releases; comparison of NFAP 59A and 49 CFR 193. 5th Annual Environmental, Safety & Health Conference & Exhibition for the Oil, Gas and Petrochemical Industries, Houston, TX ( USA), 25 27 Jan 1994. ( World Meeting Number 941 0440). MEMORANDUM: " Potential Impacts of Liquid Natural Gas Processing Facilities on Fishery Organism in the Gulf of Mexico". Prepared by the Fisheries Science Center of the South East Region.

robat Docum USEFUL WEB SITES CONTAINING INFORMATION REGARDING LNG AND RELATED FACILITIES 1. EPA Site: http:// www. epa. gov/ waterscience/ 316b/ ph2. htm Useful documents found in this site include:

a) " Regional Analysis": Provides a description of the methodologies EPA used to quantify and monetize the benefits from the Phase II rule for cooling water intake structures.

Content of this document:

Cover, Table of Contents Introduction Part A: Evaluation Methods Chapter A1: Ecological Risk Assessment Framework Chapter A2: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know about Fish Chapter A3: Other Vulnerable Aquatic Organisms Chapter A4: Direct and Indirect Effects of CWIS on Birds Chapter A5: Methods Used to Evaluate I& E Chapter A6: Uncertainty Chapter A7: Entrainment Survival Chapter A8: Impingement & Entrainment by Waterbody Type Chapter A9: Economic Benefit Categories and Valuation Methods Chapter A10: Methods for Estimating Commercial Fishing Benefits Chapter A11: Estimating Benefits with a Random Utility Model Chapter A12: Non Use Meta Analysis Methodology Chapter A13: Threatened & Endangered Species Analysis Methods Chapter A14: Discounting Benefits Chapter A15: Habitat Based Methodology for Estimating Non Use Values Appendix A1:

Part B: California Chapter B1: Background Chapter B2: Evaluation of Impingement and Entrainment in California Chapter B3: Commercial Fishing Valuation Chapter B4: RUM Analysis Chapter B5: Non Use Benefits Chapter B6: Threatened and Endangered Species Analysis Appendix B1: Life History Parameter Values Used to Evaluate I& E in the Northern and Southern California Regions Appendix B2: Valuing Water Use Foregone Appendix B3: Special Status Species Population Estimates Part C: North Atlantic Chapter C1: Background Chapter C2: Evaluation of Impingement and Entrainment in the North Atlantic Region Chapter C3: Commercial Fishing Valuation Chapter C4: RUM Analysis Chapter C5: Non Use Benefits Chapter C6: Habitat Based Analysis Appendix C1: Life History Parameter Values Used to Evaluate I& E in the North Atlantic Region Appendix C2: Scaling of Habitat Restoration Part D: Mid Atlantic Region Chapter D1: Background Chapter D2: Evaluation of Impingement and Entrainment in the Mid Atlantic Region Chapter D3: Commercial Fishing Valuation Chapter D4: RUM Analysis Chapter D5: Non Use Benefits Chapter D6: Habitat Based Analysis Appendix D1: Life History Parameter Values Used to Evaluate I& E in the Mid Atlantic Region Part E: South Atlantic Chapter E1: Background Chapter E2: Evaluation of Impingement and Entrainment in the South Atlantic Region Chapter E3: Commercial Fishing Valuation Chapter E4: RUM Analysis Chapter E5: Non Use Benefits Part F: Gulf of Mexico Chapter F1: Background Chapter F2: Evaluation of Impingement and Entrainment in the Gulf of Mexico Chapter F3: Commercial Fishing Valuation Chapter F4: RUM Analysis Chapter F5: Non Use Benefits Appendix F1: Life History Parameter Values Used to Evaluate I& E in the Gulf of Mexico Region Part G: The Great Lakes Chapter G1: Background Chapter G2: Evaluation of Impingement and Entrainment in the Great Lakes Region Chapter G3: Commercial Fishing Valuation Chapter G4: RUM Analysis Chapter G5: Non Use Benefits Chapter G6: Habitat Based Analysis Appendix G1: Life History Parameter Values Used to Evaluate I& E in the Great Lakes Region Appendix G2: Scaling Habitat Restoration Part H: The Inland Region Chapter H1: Background Chapter H2: Evaluation of Impingement and Entrainment in the Inland Region Chapter H3: Commercial Fishing Valuation Chapter H4: RUM Analysis Chapter H5: Non Use Benefits Appendix H1: Life History Parameter Values Used to Evaluate I& E in the Inland Region Part I: National Benefits Chapter I1: National Benefits Glossary References b) " Technical Development Document": Describes available water intake technologies and their costs.

Content of this document:

Cover, Table of Contents Chapter 1: Technology Cost Modules Chapter 2: Costing Methodology for Model Facilities Chapter 3: Cost Cost Test Chapter 4: Efficacy of Cooling Water Intake Structure Technologies Attachment A to Chapter 4: Cooling Water Intake Structure Technology Fact Sheets c) " Economic and Benefits Analysis": Describes an analysis of the overall economic impact of the EPA's Phase II rule on industry ( specifically the power generation industry) in the US.

Content of this document:

Cover, Table of Contents Part A: Background Information Chapter A1: Introduction and Overview Chapter A2: Need for the Regulation Chapter A3: Profile of the Electric Power Industry Part B: Costs and Economic Impacts Chapter B1: Summary of Compliance Costs Chapter B2: Cost Impact Analysis Chapter B3: Electricity Market Model Analysis Chapter B4: Regulatory Flexibility Analysis Chapter B5: UMRA Analysis Chapter B6: Other Administrative Requirements Part C: National Benefits Chapter C1: Regional Approach Chapter C2: Summary of Current Losses Due to I& E Chapter C3: Monetized Benefits Part D: National Benefit Cost Analysis Chapter D1: Comparison of Costs and Benefits 2. Border Power Plant Working Group Site: http:// www. borderpowerplants. org/ news_ and_ events. htm This site provides presentations slides and general information about the Global LNG Summit held in San Diego on June 1st, 2004, as well as information from other LNG workshop presentations.

Contents listed on this web site include:

Global LNG Summit Presentations  June 1, 2004 Overview: LNG and the Californias: Bill Powers, P. E. Border Power Plant Working Group Russia: Sakhalin LNG, Shell and Mitsubishi: Rory Cox, Pacific Environment Indonesia: Tangguh Sarah Soakai and Chris Pesenti, Pro Peninsula Bolivia: Politics of LNG: Jorge Cortes, CEADES ( Bolivia) Mobile Bay: ExxonMobile: Casi Calloway, Mobile Baykeeper Long Beach Harbor and Mitsubishi: Bry Myown, Long Beach Citizens for Utility Reform ChevronTexaco: Australia to Baja California: Dr. Alfonso Aguirre, Conservación de Islas ( Mexico) LNG and California: Efficiency and Renewable Energy: Cliff Chen, Synapse Energy Economics LNG Plants and Terminals: Safety and Risk: Dr. Jerry Havens, LNG risk evaluation expert Camisea Natural Gas Project: Atossa Soltani, Amazon Watch Institute of the Americas Presentation  January 30, 2004 Presentation on LNG terminal risk and safety considerations Long Beach LNG Workshop Presentations  January 16, 2004/ November 17, 2003 LNG in Long Beach Harbor  Risk, Air Quality, and Natural Gas Pricing  B. Powers ARB NOx and PM10 Diesel Emission Projections, 2001  2008 ( ARB 2001 presentation) SoCalGas/ SDGE Natural Gas Demand Projection, 2006  2016  ( SoCalGas/ SDGE paper presented at CPUC/ CEC Dec. 2003 natural gas demand workshop) Long Beach LNG  Technology Options and Financial Issues  B. Powers ( 11/ 17/ 03) Fire Radiation and Flammable Vapor Cloud Drift Maps  Vallejo LNG Safety Risk Results Overlaid on Long Beach Harbor  E. Ducharme ( 01/ 16/ 04 and 11/ 17/ 03)

Baja LNG Workshop Presentations  September 12, 2003, San Diego Energy Facilities and the Baja Community  C. Garcia Zendejas Energía y Ciudadanos  C. Garcia Zendejas Unique Plant Ecology of Costa Azul ( Baja Coast)  C. Leyva ( Spanish) Vallejo Experience with LNG Terminal Siting  E. Ducharme Baja LNG Technology and Financial Issues  B. Powers Costa Azul: Un paisaje cultural bajo amenaza  M. Wilken Baja Norte Pipeline Construction and Impact on Native Cultural Sites  M. Wilken Baja Norte Pipeline construction photos  M. Wilken DOE Assessments of LNG Accident Impacts DOE LNG accident impact presentation, February 2002 Results of LNG tanker and storage tank accident modeling, October 2001, Quest Consultants for DOE Review of LNG accident modeling protocols and studies, October 2001, Quest Consultants for DOE 3. MMS Publication: http:// www. gomr. mms. gov/ homepg/ regulate/ environ/ techsumm/ 2003/ 2003 040. html Technical Summary: MMS Publication 2003 040 Marine and Coastal Fishes Subject to Impingement by Cooling Water Intake Systems in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: An Annotated Bibliography BACKGROUND: Since the early 1970' s cooling water intakes have been identified as having a potential adverse impact on aquatic organisms due to impingement/ entrapment and entrainment. The Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) is proposing a series of new rules to address the impingement and entrainment of fishes and shellfish by cooling water intake systems on all surface waters of the United States, including the open ocean. In response to this information need, MMS gathered information about the species of fish in the Gulf of Mexico and about research conducted on the impingement and entrainment of fishes and other organisms in coastal and marine ecosystems.

OBJECTIVES: To meet the information needs of MMS and EPA, this study provides an annotated bibliography that includes all research conducted in marine and coastal waters concerning the impingement and entrainment of estuarine and marine organisms by cooling water intake systems. The literature search includes a brief summary of references that address the distribution and life histories of fish in the Gulf of Mexico, since this is the resource that may be impacted by cooling water intake systems.

DESCRIPTION: A total of 31,610 documents were obtained through 432 individual searches and each database output was reviewed on line to determine if it contained relevant references. Almost 200 files containing references with or without abstracts were scrutinized and an alphabetical list of all potentially useful references was prepared. After the bibliography was completed, references were reviewed again, edited for uniformity, and sorted into four major categories as follows: 1) studies of fish impingement/ entrainment by cooling water intakes in marine and estuarine environments, 2) studies related to assessment of fish impingement/ entrainment by cooling water intakes, 3) studies related to mitigation measures of fish impingement/ entrainment by cooling water intakes, and 4) other relevant studies related to fish impingement/ entrainment by cooling water intakes. Finally, a list of all fish species subject to impingement or entrainment, mentioned in the abstracts was prepared and additional information, such as maximum length attained and ocean of occurrence was obtained from literature.

SIGNIFICANT CONCLUSIONS: Most of the results obtained through this search were references about studies on fish impingement or entrainment by cooling water intakes of nuclear or thermoelectric power plants located on estuarine or marine environments. Only one reference specific to fish impingement or entrainment by cooling water intakes of oil platforms, Littrell and Biaggi ( 1979), was actually found, which means that such information is generally unavailable through the searched data bases. However, it is possible that some information exists in unpublished corporate documents.

STUDY RESULTS: A total of 342 references are presented in this report in four different categories: 138 are references on biological studies directly related to fish impingement or entrainment by cooling water intake systems in marine and estuarine environments; 74 are references on mathematical models to assess fish impingement or entrainment by cooling water intake systems, 59 are references related to mitigation measures for fish impingement or entrainment, and 71 are other relevant references on fish impingement or entrainment by cooling water intake systems or closely related topics. A total of 95 fish species were found in the abstracts, including 53 species found in U. S. waters and 10 species confirmed in the northern Gulf of Mexico.

STUDY PRODUCT: Martinez Andrade, F. and D. M. Baltz. 2003. Marine and Coastal Fishes Subject to Impingement by Cooling Water Intake Systems in the Northern Gulf of Mexico: An Annotated Bibliography. U. S. Dept. of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, New Orleans, LA. OCS Study MMS 2003 040. 113 pp.

Copies of the technical report for this study are available through the: Minerals Management Service Public Information Office 1201 Elmwood Park Boulevard New Orleans, Louisiana 70123 2394 ( 504) 736 2519 ( local) or 1 800 200 GULF 4. Maine Coast Alert * Maine Coast Alert * Maine Coast Alert LNG tankers could require reductions in Penobscot Bay Lobster fishing Web site: lobsterfishinghttp:// www. penbay. org/ penbaylng. html This site provides an example of the potential impacts a LNG operational facility could have on local fishing activities, in this case lobster fishing in Penobscot Bay, Maine.

5. Information about water use in United States It provides useful information and a snapshot of the cumulative scale of water withdrawals in the U. S.

USGS web site: http:// water. usgs. gov/ watuse/


[Federal Register Volume 81, Number 237 (Friday, December 9, 2016)]
[Notices]
[Pages 89166-89167]
[FR Doc No: 2016-29464]

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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

[Release No. 34-79466; File No. SR-NYSEArca-2016-154]

Self-Regulatory Organizations; NYSE Arca, Inc.; Notice of Filing
and Immediate Effectiveness of Proposed Rule Change Amending Its Rules
Governing Business Continuity and Disaster Recovery Planning

December 5, 2016.
    Pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) \1\ of the Securities Exchange Act of
1934 (the ``Act'') \2\ and Rule 19b-4 thereunder,\3\ notice is hereby
given that, on November 22, 2016, NYSE Arca, Inc. (the ``Exchange'' or
``NYSE Arca'') filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (the
``Commission'') the proposed rule change as described in Items I and II
below, which Items have been prepared by the Exchange. The Commission
is publishing this notice to solicit comments on the proposed rule
change from interested persons.
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    \1\ 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(1).
    \2\ 15 U.S.C. 78a.
    \3\ 17 CFR 240.19b-4.
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I. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the Terms of Substance
of the Proposed Rule Change

    The Exchange proposes to amend its rules governing business
continuity and disaster recovery planning to delete Rule 2.100
(Emergency Powers) as obsolete. The proposed rule change is available
on the Exchange's Web site at www.nyse.com, at the principal office of
the Exchange, and at the Commission's Public Reference Room.

II. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the Purpose of, and
Statutory Basis for, the Proposed Rule Change

    In its filing with the Commission, the self-regulatory organization
included statements concerning the purpose of, and basis for, the
proposed rule change and discussed any comments it received on the
proposed rule change. The text of those statements may be examined at
the places specified in Item IV below. The Exchange has prepared
summaries, set forth in sections A, B, and C below, of the most
significant parts of such statements.

A. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement of the Purpose of, and the
Statutory Basis for, the Proposed Rule Change

1. Purpose
    The Exchange proposes to amend its rules governing business
continuity and disaster recovery planning to delete Rule 2.100
(Emergency Powers) (``Rule 2.100'') as obsolete.
    Rule 2.100 provides that if a qualified officer of an Affiliated
Exchange declares an emergency condition under the rules of that
Affiliated Exchange, a qualified Exchange officer may authorize the
Exchange to perform the functions specified in the rule. Specifically,
on the next trading day following the declaration of the Emergency
Condition, the Exchange will, on behalf of and at the direction of the
Affiliated Exchange, disseminate: (i) The official opening, re-opening,
and closing trades of Affiliated Exchange-listed securities as messages
of the Affiliated Exchange; and (ii) any notification for Affiliated
Exchange-listed securities to the Consolidated Quotation System of a
regulatory halt and resumption of trading thereafter, trading pause and
resumption of trading thereafter, and Short Sale Price Test trigger and
lifting thereafter, as messages of the Affiliated Exchange.
    On September 29, 2016, the Commission approved amendments to the
Affiliated Exchanges' business continuity and disaster recovery plans,
as described in NYSE Rule 49 and NYSE MKT Rule 49--Equities.\4\ On
November 5 and 19, 2016, the Affiliated Exchanges held the mandatory
testing sessions for the operation of New Rule 49.\5\ NYSE and NYSE MKT
have determined that those tests were successful and are simultaneously
filing proposed rule changes to delete the versions of NYSE Rule 49 and
NYSE MKT Rule 49--Equities that reference Rule 2.100.\6\ The Exchange
therefore proposes to delete Rule 2.100 as obsolete, operative for
November 23, 2016, the same day that NYSE and NYSE MKT propose as the
operative date for New Rule 49.
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    \4\ See Securities Exchange Act Release No. 78916 (September 23,
2016), 81 FR 67029 (September 29, 2016) (SR-NYSE-2016-48) and No.
78917 (September 23, 2016), 81 FR 67036 (September 29, 2016) (SR-
NYSEMKT-2016-68) (approval orders).
    \5\ The Affiliated Exchanges announced by Trader Update that
industry tests would be held on November 5, 2016 and November 19,
2016. See NYSE Trader Updates, dated September 9 and 16, 2016,
available at https://www.nyse.com/publicdocs/nyse/markets/nyse/NYSE_and_NYSE_MKT_DR_Trader_Update_Final.pdf and https://www.nyse.com/publicdocs/nyse/markets/nyse/DR_Testing.pdf.
    \6\ The Affiliated Exchanges have submitted proposed rule
changes to amend their rules governing business continuity and
disaster recovery. See SR-NYSE-2016-81 and SR-NYSEMKT-2016-109.
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    In addition to this proposed rule change, the Exchange proposes to
announce the operative date of November 23, 2016 via Trader Update.
2. Statutory Basis
    The proposed rule change is consistent with Section 6(b) of the
Act,\7\ in general, and furthers the objectives of Section 6(b)(5) of
the Act,\8\ in particular, in that it is designed to prevent fraudulent
and manipulative acts and practices, to promote just and equitable
principles of trade, to foster cooperation and coordination with
persons engaged in facilitating transactions in securities, and to
remove impediments to and perfect the mechanism of a free and open
market and a national market system, and in general, to protect
investors and the public interest.
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    \7\ 15 U.S.C. 78f(b).
    \8\ 15 U.S.C. 78f(b)(5).
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    In particular, the Exchange believes that amending its rules to
remove an obsolete rule that is no longer operative after the
Affiliated Exchanges have implemented New Rule 49 would promote the
protection of investors and the public interest because it would
promote clarity and transparency on the Exchange rules governing the
Exchange's and the Affiliated Exchanges' business continuity and
disaster recovery planning. The Exchange further believes that deleting
the obsolete rule would remove impediments to and perfect the mechanism
of a national market system because these proposed changes would add
greater clarity to the Exchange's rules and promote market transparency
and efficiency.

B. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement on Burden on Competition

    The Exchange does not believe that the proposed rule change would
impose any burden on competition that is not necessary or appropriate
in furtherance of the purposes of the Act. The proposed rule change is
not designed to address competitive issues but rather is designed to
delete a rule that is obsolete now that the Affiliated Exchanges have
implemented New Rule 49.

C. Self-Regulatory Organization's Statement on Comments on the Proposed
Rule Change Received From Members, Participants, or Others

    No written comments were solicited or received with respect to the
proposed rule change.

III. Date of Effectiveness of the Proposed Rule Change and Timing for
Commission Action

    Because the proposed rule change does not: (i) Significantly affect
the protection of investors or the public interest; (ii) impose any
significant burden on competition; and (iii) become

operative prior to 30 days from the date on which it was filed, or such
shorter time as the Commission may designate, it has become effective
pursuant to Section 19(b)(3)(A) of the Act and Rule 19b-4(f)(6)
thereunder.\9\
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    \9\ 17 CFR 240.19b-4(f)(6). As required under Rule 19b-
4(f)(6)(iii), the Exchange provided the Commission with written
notice of its intent to file the proposed rule change, along with a
brief description and the text of the proposed rule change, at least
five business days prior to the date of filing of the proposed rule
change, or such shorter time as designated by the Commission.
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    A proposed rule change filed pursuant to Rule 19b-4(f)(6) under the
Act \10\ normally does not become operative for 30 days after the date
of its filing. However, Rule 19b-4(f)(6)(iii) \11\ permits the
Commission to designate a shorter time if such action is consistent
with the protection of investors and the public interest. The Exchange
has asked the Commission to waive the 30-day operative delay so that
the proposal may become operative immediately upon filing. According to
the Exchange, the proposal would delete an obsolete rule that
corresponded to rules that have been deleted by the Affiliated
Exchanges. The Commission believes that waiving the 30-day operative
delay is consistent with the protection of investors and the public
interest. Therefore, the Commission hereby waives the 30-day operative
delay and designates the proposed rule change to be operative upon
filing with the Commission.\12\
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    \10\ 17 CFR 240.19b-4(f)(6).
    \11\ 17 CFR 240.19b-4(f)(6)(iii).
    \12\ For purposes only of waiving the 30-day operative delay,
the Commission has considered the proposed rule's impact on
efficiency, competition, and capital formation. See 15 U.S.C.
78c(f).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    At any time within 60 days of the filing of the proposed rule
change, the Commission summarily may temporarily suspend such rule
change if it appears to the Commission that such action is necessary or
appropriate in the public interest, for the protection of investors, or
otherwise in furtherance of the purposes of the Act. If the Commission
takes such action, the Commission shall institute proceedings to
determine whether the proposed rule change should be approved or
disapproved.

IV. Solicitation of Comments

    Interested persons are invited to submit written data, views, and
arguments concerning the foregoing, including whether the proposed rule
change is consistent with the Act. Comments may be submitted by any of
the following methods:

Electronic Comments

     Use the Commission's Internet comment form (http://www.sec.gov/rules/sro.shtml); or
     Send an email to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Please include
File Number SR-NYSEArca-2016-154 on the subject line.

Paper Comments

     Send paper comments in triplicate to Brent J. Fields,
Secretary, Securities and Exchange Commission, 100 F Street NE.,
Washington, DC 20549-1090.

All submissions should refer to File Number SR-NYSEArca-2016-154. This
file number should be included on the subject line if email is used. To
help the Commission process and review your comments more efficiently,
please use only one method. The Commission will post all comments on
the Commission's Internet Web site (http://www.sec.gov/rules/sro.shtml). Copies of the submission, all subsequent amendments, all
written statements with respect to the proposed rule change that are
filed with the Commission, and all written communications relating to
the proposed rule change between the Commission and any person, other
than those that may be withheld from the public in accordance with the
provisions of 5 U.S.C. 552, will be available for Web site viewing and
printing in the Commission's Public Reference Room, 100 F Street NE.,
Washington, DC 20549 on official business days between the hours of
10:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. Copies of the filing also will be available
for inspection and copying at the principal office of the Exchange. All
comments received will be posted without change; the Commission does
not edit personal identifying information from submissions. You should
submit only information that you wish to make available publicly. All
submissions should refer to File Number SR-NYSEArca-2016-154 and should
be submitted on or before December 30, 2016.

    For the Commission, by the Division of Trading and Markets,
pursuant to delegated authority.\13\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \13\ 17 CFR 200.30-3(a)(12).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Eduardo A. Aleman,
Assistant Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2016-29464 Filed 12-8-16; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 8011-01-P


[Federal Register Volume 83, Number 168 (Wednesday, August 29, 2018)]
[Notices]
[Pages 44056-44057]
[FR Doc No: 2018-18749]

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DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Food and Drug Administration

[Docket No. FDA-2018-N-3208]

DHL Laboratories Inc.; Proposal To Withdraw Approval of a New
Drug Application for Dextrose 5% Injection in Plastic Container;
Opportunity for a Hearing

AGENCY: Food and Drug Administration, HHS.

ACTION: Notice.

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SUMMARY: The Food and Drug Administration's (FDA or Agency) Center for
Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) is proposing to withdraw approval
of a new drug application (NDA) for Dextrose 5% Injection in Plastic
Container, 5 grams (g)/100 milliliters (mL), held by DHL Laboratories
Inc., 155 Medical Science Dr., Union, SC 23979, and is announcing an
opportunity for the holder of the NDA to request a hearing on this
proposal. The basis for the proposal is that the holder of the NDA has
repeatedly failed to file required annual reports for the NDA.

DATES: DHL Laboratories Inc. may submit a request for a hearing by
September 28, 2018. Submit all data, information, and analyses upon
which the request for a hearing relies by October 29, 2018. Submit
electronic or written comments by October 29, 2018.

ADDRESSES: The request for a hearing may be submitted by DHL
Laboratories Inc. by either of the following methods:

Electronic Submissions

    Submit electronic comments in the following way:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov.
Follow the instructions for submitting comments to submit your request
for a hearing. Comments submitted electronically to https://www.regulations.gov, including any attachments to the request for a
hearing, will be posted to the docket unchanged.

Written/Paper Submissions

    Submit written/paper submissions as follows:
     Mail/Hand delivery/Courier (for written/paper
submissions): Dockets Management Staff (HFA-305), Food and Drug
Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852.
     Because your request for a hearing will be made public,
you are solely responsible for ensuring that your request does not
include any confidential information that you or a third part may not
wish to be posted, such as medical information, your or anyone else's
Social Security number, or confidential business information, such as a
manufacturing process. The request for a hearing must include the
Docket No. FDA-2018-N-3208 for ``DHL Laboratories Inc.; Proposal to
Withdraw Approval of a New Drug Application for Dextrose 5% Injection
in Plastic Container; Opportunity for a Hearing.'' The request for a
hearing will be placed in the docket and publicly viewable at https://www.regulations.gov or at the Dockets Management Staff between 9 a.m.
and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday.
    DHL Laboratories Inc. may submit all data and analyses upon which
the request for a hearing relies in the same manner as the request for
a hearing except as follows:
     Confidential Submissions--To submit any data analyses with
confidential information that you do not wish to be made publicly
available, submit your data and analyses only as a written/paper
submission. You should submit two copies total of all data and
analyses. One copy will include the information you claim to be
confidential with a heading or cover note that states ``THIS DOCUMENT
CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION.'' The Agency will review this copy,
including the claimed confidential information, in its consideration of
any decisions on this matter. The second copy, which will have the
claimed confidential information redacted/blacked out, will be
available for public viewing and posted on https://www.regulations.gov
or available at the Dockets Management Staff between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m.,
Monday through Friday. Submit both copies to the Dockets Management
Staff. Any information marked as ``confidential'' will not be disclosed
except in accordance with 21 CFR 10.20 and other applicable disclosure
law.
    Comments Submitted by Other Interested Parties: For all comments
submitted by other interested parties, submit comments as follows:

Electronic Submissions

    Submit electronic comments in the following way:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: https://www.regulations.gov.
Follow the instructions for submitting comments. Comments submitted
electronically, including attachments, to https://www.regulations.gov
will be posted to the docket unchanged. Because your comment will be
made public, you are solely responsible for ensuring that your comment
does not include any confidential information that you or a third party
may not wish to be posted, such as medical information, your or anyone
else's Social Security number, or confidential business information,
such as a manufacturing process. Please note that if you include your
name, contact information, or other information that identifies you in
the body of your comments, that information will be posted on https://www.regulations.gov.
     If you want to submit a comment with confidential
information that you do not wish to be made available to the public,
submit the comment as a written/paper submission and in the manner
detailed (see ``Written/Paper Submissions'' and ``Instructions'').

Written/Paper Submissions

    Submit written/paper submissions as follows:
     Mail/Hand delivery/Courier (for written/paper
submissions): Dockets Management Staff (HFA-305), Food and Drug
Administration, 5630 Fishers Lane, Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852.
     For written/paper comments submitted to the Dockets
Management Staff, FDA will post your comment, as well as any
attachments, except for information submitted, marked and identified,
as confidential, if submitted as detailed in ``Instructions.''
    Instructions: All submissions received must include the Docket No.
FDA-2018-N-3208 for ``DHL Laboratories Inc.; Proposal to Withdraw
Approval of a New Drug Application for Dextrose 5% Injection in Plastic
Container; Opportunity for a Hearing.'' Received comments, those filed
in a timely manner (see ADDRESSES), will be placed in the docket and,
except for those submitted as ``Confidential Submissions,'' publicly
viewable at https://www.regulations.gov or at the Dockets Management
Staff between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday.
     Confidential Submissions--To submit a comment with
confidential information that you do not wish to be made publicly
available, submit your comments only as a written/paper submission. You
should submit two copies total. One copy will include the information
you claim to be confidential with a heading or cover note that states
``THIS DOCUMENT CONTAINS CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION.'' The Agency will
review this copy, including the claimed confidential information, in
its consideration of comments. The second copy, which will have the
claimed confidential information redacted/blacked out, will be
available for public viewing and posted on https://www.regulations.gov.
Submit both copies to the Dockets Management

Staff. If you do not wish your name and contact information to be made
publicly available, you can provide this information on the cover sheet
and not in the body of your comments and you must identify this
information as ``confidential.'' Any information marked as
``confidential'' will not be disclosed except in accordance with 21 CFR
10.20 and other applicable disclosure law. For more information about
FDA's posting of comments to public dockets, see 80 FR 56469, September
18, 2015, or access the information at: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-09-18/pdf/2015-23389.pdf.
    Docket: For access to the docket to read background documents or
the electronic and written/paper comments received, go to https://www.regulations.gov and insert the docket number, found in brackets in
the heading of this document, into the ``Search'' box and follow the
prompts and/or go to the Dockets Management Staff, 5630 Fishers Lane,
Rm. 1061, Rockville, MD 20852.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Florine P. Purdie, Center for Drug
Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, 10903 New
Hampshire Ave., Bldg. 51, Rm. 6248, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, 301-
796-3601.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The holder of an approved application to
market a new drug for human use is required to submit annual reports to
FDA concerning its approved application in accordance with Sec.  314.81
(21 CFR 314.81). DHL Laboratories Inc. has failed to submit the
required annual reports and has not responded to the Agency's request
for submission of the reports.
    Therefore, notice is given to DHL Laboratories Inc. and to all
other interested persons that the Director of CDER proposes to issue an
order, under section 505(e) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
(FD&C Act) (21 U.S.C. 355(e)), withdrawing approval of NDA 019971,
Dextrose 5% in Plastic Container, 5 g/100 mL, and all amendments and
supplements to it on the grounds that DHL Laboratories Inc. has failed
to submit reports required under Sec.  314.81.
    In accordance with section 505 of the FD&C Act and part 314 (21 CFR
part 314), DHL Laboratories Inc. is hereby provided an opportunity for
a hearing to show why approval of NDA 019971 should not be withdrawn
and an opportunity to raise, for administrative determination, all
issues relating to the legal status of the drug product covered by this
application.
    An applicant who decides to seek a hearing must file the following:
(1) A written notice of participation and request for a hearing (see
DATES and ADDRESSES) and (2) the data, information, and analyses relied
on to demonstrate that there is a genuine and substantial issue of fact
that requires a hearing (see DATES and ADDRESSES). Any other interested
person may also submit comments on this notice. The procedures and
requirements governing this notice of opportunity for a hearing, notice
of participation and request for a hearing, the information and
analyses to justify a hearing, other comments, and a grant or denial of
a hearing are contained in Sec.  314.200 and in 21 CFR part 12.
    The failure of an applicant to file a timely written notice of
participation and request for a hearing, as required by Sec.  314.200,
constitutes an election by that applicant not to avail itself of the
opportunity for a hearing concerning CDER's proposal to withdraw
approval of the application and constitutes a waiver of any contentions
concerning the legal status of the drug product. FDA will then withdraw
approval of the application, and the drug product may not thereafter be
lawfully introduced or delivered for introduction into interstate
commerce. Any new drug product introduced or delivered for introduction
into interstate commerce without an approved application is subject to
regulatory action at any time.
    A request for a hearing may not rest upon mere allegations or
denials, but must present specific facts showing that there is a
genuine and substantial issue of fact that requires a hearing. If a
request for a hearing is not complete or is not supported, the
Commissioner of Food and Drugs will enter summary judgment against the
person who requests the hearing, making findings and conclusions, and
denying a hearing.
    All submissions under this notice of opportunity for a hearing must
be filed in four copies. Except for data and information prohibited
from public disclosure under 21 U.S.C. 331(j) or 18 U.S.C. 1905, the
submissions may be seen at the Dockets Management Staff (see ADDRESSES)
between 9 a.m. and 4 p.m., Monday through Friday, and will be posted to
the docket at https://www.regulations.gov.
    This notice is issued under section 505(e) of the FD&C Act and
under authority delegated to the Director of CDER by the Commissioner
of Food and Drugs.

    Dated: August 24, 2018.
Janet Woodcock,
Director, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research.
[FR Doc. 2018-18749 Filed 8-28-18; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 4164-01-P