moist, well-drained acidic or neutral sandy, loamy and clay soils and
temperatures down to -7 °C (19 °F) in Australian gardens.  Grows in
semi-shade or full sun at elevations between sea level and 1,000 meters
(3,281 feet).  Can tolerate maritime exposure and fire.  Propagated by
seed and cuttings.  Seeds are sown in sandy soil in a warm greenhouse.
Seedlings should be planted into individual pots and left in the
greenhouse for one winter.  Trees are planted in the permanent position
in late spring or early summer after the last frost.  The seeds ripen in
October.  Cuttings of half-ripe terminal shoots are cut 5 to 10
centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long and placed in a frame in July in
August.

Imbé:

Imbé is grown in hot, dry tropical climate in deep acidic or sandy
soil.  Also grows in more humid climates and subtropical climates.
Requires warm winters, hot to very hot summers and full sun.  Tolerates
drought, salt, wind, heavy rain, light shade, varying rainfall from 20
to 100 cm (8 to 39 inches) per year and many different types of soil.
Does not tolerate extreme cold, but can tolerate temperatures to -3 °C
(26 °F).  Propagation is by seed and grafting.  Trees should be
fertilized every 3 to 4 months with a complete tree fertilizer.  The
thin skin of the fruit and susceptibility to damage has hindered
commercial cultivation.

Imbu:

Imbu rrequires  a hot tropical or subtropical, semi-arid climate, and is
tolerant of dry conditions.  Grown in the dry tropics and tropical areas
with alternate seasons.  Also, found growing in areas with high humidity
and an annual rainfall of 152 centimeters (60 inches).  Potential crop
for arid tropical regions.  Grows in gravelly loam that is sometimes
mixed with clay or sand.  Susceptible to frost.  Some plants can
withstand temperatures of -2 °C (28 °F) without major injury.
Propagation is by seed and cuttings.  Seeds should be germinated in
flats of light soil.  Wild trees produce more fruit than can be
consumed.  Some cultivation takes place where wild trees are not
present.

Jaboticaba:

The jaboticaba requires a cool tropical and warm subtropical climate
with medium to high rainfall and full sun.  Grows best in groups on
deep, fertile, mildly acid, well-drained soil above 500 meters (1,640
feet).  Also grows well on sandy soils, heavy clay, and limestone.
Tolerant of light frosts reaching -3 °C (27 °F).  Not tolerant of
salty or poorly drained soil.  Propagation is by seed, inarching, air
layering, tissue culture, cuttings, and grafting.  Seed germination
takes place in 20 to 40 days.  Each seed produces four to six plants.
Plant trees 6 by 6 meters (20 by 20 feet) to 6 by 4 meters (20 by 13
feet) apart.  The jaboticaba have been cultivated in Brazil since
pre-Columbian times.  Fruit are cultivated in orchards containing 500 to
1,000 trees.  Harvest fruit when the fruit turns deep purple to black
and becomes soft to the touch.  Maturation takes place over 2 weeks on
one tree.

Jamaica cherry:

Jamaica cherry grows well in tropical to near tropical locations, in
warm, humid climate at elevations up to 1,300 meters (4,265 feet).
Requires at least 100 centimeters (39 inches) of annual rainfall and
good drainage.  Tolerates occasional low night and winter temperatures,
drought, poor, rocky acidic to alkaline soils, polluted city air, and
denuded mountains where other trees fail to grow.  Prefers light soils
with a pH of 5.5 to 6.5.  Does not tolerate salt, waterlogged
conditions, or calcareous soils.  Seedlings do not tolerate shade.
Fruit are propagated by seed, cuttings and air layering.  Seed are
planted directly into the field.  High temperatures and light are
required for germination.  Plants begin fruiting 18 months from seed.
Plant trees at 6 to 8 meters (20 to 26 feet) apart.  The planting hole
should contain a mixture of soil and organic matter.   Most fruit are
obtained from wild plants.

Jambolan:

Jambolan grows in tropical humid lowlands or hot subtropical climates
from sea level to 1,800 meters (6,000 feet).  Does not fruit at
elevations above 600 meters (2,000 feet).  Grows semi-wild in Hawaii in
moist areas below 600 meters (2,000 feet).  Grows only in areas with
minimum temperatures above 1.7 °C (35 °F).  Grows best in regions with
annual heavy rainfall of 1,016 centimeters (400 inches) and full sun.
Thrives on riverbanks.  Dry weather is required during flowering and
fruiting periods.  Tolerant of a variety of soils, including poorly
drained soils, seasonal dry periods and prolonged flooding.  Grows well
under adverse conditions in low, wet areas.  Also grows well on higher,
well-drained loam, marl, sand or limestone soils.  Not tolerant to heavy
salt spray, over wash and saline or sodic soils.  Young trees are
sensitive to frost, while mature trees tolerate brief below-freezing
temperatures.  Has become invasive in many areas and is shading out
native trees.  Propagation is by seed, cuttings, budding, layering and
grafting.  Seeds are sown during the rainy season in India and germinate
in 2 weeks.

Jelly palm:

The jelly palm requires warm temperate, subtropical or cool tropical
climate.  Native to open savannahs, grasslands, and dry woodlands.
Grows best in sandy well-drained soils at low elevations.  Tolerant of
drought, salt, heat, windy conditions, and a variety of soil conditions
including clay, loam, alkaline and acidic soils; can grow in dry and/or
infertile soils.  Grown in full sun to part shade/part sun.  Plants
exposed to full sun are more compact.  Hardy to at least -12 °C (10
°F).  Resistant to freeze injury.  Regular water and fertilization
produces palms that are more attractive.  Propagated by seed.  Seeds
germinate unevenly over several months to a year.  It is best to sow the
seed in a warm greenhouse at 24 °C (75 °F).  Pre-soaking the seed for
24 hours in warm water prior to sowing may aid germination.

Jujube, Chinese:

	The Chinese jujube grows in the subtropics and warm temperate zones in
full sun and sandy, well-drained soil.  Requires hot, dry climate during
the growing season and cool to cold temperatures during dormancy.  Does
best where summers are long and hot and rain seldom falls during fruit
ripening.  Trees have a medium to low chilling requirement in order to
set fruit.  Tolerant of temperatures to -10 °C (14 °F) during
dormancy.  Also tolerant of drought, poor soils, loam soils, and soils
with high salinity or high alkalinity.  In well-drained soils, trees
grow in areas where the annual rainfall exceeds 150 centimeters (59
inches).  Grows in dry, gravelly or stony slopes of hills and mountains.
 The Chinese jujube is a deciduous tree that grows up to 15 m tall and
has a medium to low chilling requirement and a semi-arid climate.  The
trees are drought tolerant and prefer full sun and a well-drained soil.
It grows in northern Florida.  Tree spacings are usually 4.5 m x 7.5 m.
Propagation is by seed, budding, cuttings and grafting.  For seed
propagation, stones are removed from the fruit and dried at room
temperature for several weeks.  When the stone has dried, it is opened
and the seed is soaked for 2 days in fresh water.  Seeds are then
stratified in moist sand or peat at 5 °C (41 °F) for 60 days.  Seeds
are then planted in warm, moist, well-drained soil.  Germination takes
place in 2 weeks.  Tree spacing is 4.5 meters by 7.5 meters (15 feet by
25 feet).  Regular fertilizer applications aid growth.  Irrigation is
required in semi-arid regions.  Based on public comments on the crop
grouping Stone fruit proposed rule Chines jujube will be transferred to
become a member of the Stone fruit crop group 12-12.

Jujube, Indian:

The Indian jujube grows in the wet/dry tropical and warm subtropical
climates.  Requires warm to hot tropical climate with low to high
rainfall and full sun.  Trees are suited to mean annual temperatures
from 7 to 13 °C (45 to 55 °F) to 37 to 48 °C (99 to 118 °F).  Annual
rainfall requirements are 12 to 220 centimeters (5 to 87 inches).  Trees
grow at altitudes of about 900 to 1,650 meters (2,953 to 5,413 feet).
Commercial cultivation occurs up to 1,000 meters (3,281 feet).  Grows in
the arid and semi-arid regions of Africa, Asia and some of the Caribbean
islands.   Also, found in coastal thickets and dry limestone woodlands.
Grows best on sandy loam, neutral or slightly alkaline soils.  Grows
well on laterite, medium black soils with good drainage or sandy,
gravelly, alluvial soil of dry riverbeds.  Tolerant of a variety of soil
conditions including poor soils, salinity, drought and flooding.
Sensitive to frost.  Propagation is by seed, root cuttings, and
grafting.  To select seeds, the stones are taken from the fruits that
have fully ripened on the tree.  They are put into a 17 to 18% salt
solution.  Stones that sink are dipped in 500 ppm thiourea for 4 hours
and then cracked.  Plant seeds directly in the field and germinate in 7
days.  In Western India, jujubes are budded in April or May using scion
buds.  In other parts of India, budding is done in July or December.
Trees are planted in a square pattern in the field about 7 meters (23
feet) apart in both directions.  Trees should be regularly pruned during
the summer when trees have shed their leaves and are dormant.
Fertilization and irrigation increases productivity of the plant.

Kaffir-plum:

The Kaffir-plum grows in tropical and subtropical climates in full sun.
Tolerant of dry conditions and poor soil.  Requires moderate amounts of
water, especially during the summer months.  Grown in frost-free areas.
Propagation is by seed and cuttings.  Seeds should be soaked in water
for a day and then scrubbed with a brush to remove the fleshy part.
Seeds are sown in trays filled with river sand or potting soil.
Germination takes 7 to 11 days.

Kakadu plum:

The Kakadu plum grows throughout the subtropical woodlands of the
Northern Territory and Western Australia.  Wild-growing trees tend to
have higher vitamin C content compared to cultivated trees.

Kapundung:

Kapundung thrives in tropical lowland forests at elevations up to 1,000
meters (3,281 feet).  Tolerates a wide range of soils including dry
sandstone and peat swamps.

Karanda:

Karanda grows from sea-level to 600 meters (2,000 feet) in the
Philippines and up to an altitude of 1,800 meters (6,000 feet) in the
Himalayas.  Requires full sun; not suited to humid climates.  Grows
vigorously on sand or limestone; grows wild on poor, rocky, dry soils.
Most fruitful on deep, fertile, well-drained soil. Fertilize three to
four times a year with general purpose fertilizer.  Propagated by seed,
cuttings and air layering.  Requires pruning to bloom and fruit
profusely.  Tolerates temperatures to about   4 °C (25 °F); high salt
tolerance.

Kwai muk:

The Kwai muk is found in lowland evergreen and tropical forests; also
grown on hills and low mountain ranges at elevations of 100 to 1,700
meters (328 to 5,577 feet).  Grows best in full sun.  Tolerates a
variety of well-drained soils including mildly acid sandy soils and
limestone soils; also tolerates brief flooding.  Trees should be
irrigated during times of hot weather and little precipitation.  Fruit
are not very cold tolerant.  Propagation is by seed.  Seed takes several
weeks to germinate.  Plants grow slowly.

Lemon aspen:

Lemon aspen grows in highland rainforests from Central to North
Queensland, tropical and tableland forests of Northern Queensland and
coastal regions from Victoria, New South Wales through to Queensland.
Requires a sunny, sheltered position, moist well-drained rich soil, and
natural rainfall greater than 60 centimeters (24 inches).  Propagation
is by seed and cuttings.  Seed germinates well and does not require any
treatments.  Most fruit is harvested from the wild.  Small-scale
production takes place in Northern New South Wales and along Queensland
coasts.

Mangaba:

The Mangaba requires a hot, dry tropical climate and well-drained sandy
acidic soils that are poor in nutrients and organic matter.  For best
fruit production, the tree requires an annual mean temperature of 25 °C
(77 °F) and annual rainfall of 75 to 150 centimeters (30 to 59 inches).
 Grows during the hottest periods.  The tree tolerates drought, deep,
well-drained and sandy-loamy soil.  Propagation is by seed and grafting.
 Seed should be obtained from ripe fruit, washed, dried under shade for
24 hours, and sown within 4 days.  Trees should be pruned to remove dead
and diseased branches.

Marian plum:

The Marian plum grows in hot tropical lowland forests in monsoon
climate.  Thrives in humid conditions in light, fertile soil at
elevations of 300 to 850 meters (984 to 2,789 feet).  Propagation is by
seed, stem cutting and grafting.  Seedlings and cuttings are planted 10
to 12 meters apart in shade and fertilized regularly.

Mombin, Malayan:

The Malayan mombin grows on open hillsides at elevations of 300 to 1,400
meters (984 to 4,593 feet) and hot tropical lowlands.  Propagation is by
seeds and cuttings.

Mombin, purple:

The purple mombin grows in hot, wet or dry tropical lowlands, highlands
and semi-deciduous forests.  Cultivated from zero to 2,000 meters (0 to
6,562 feet).  Requires average annual precipitation of 30 to 180
centimeters (12 to 71 inches).  Tolerant of a variety of soils including
rocky substrates, slopes, sand, gravel, heavy clay loam or limestone.
Not tolerant of frost.  Propagation is by seed and cuttings.  Because
seeds are not always viable, cuttings are more highly favored.  Cuttings
should be obtained after harvest when the leaves have shed and flowering
has started.  Cuttings are placed in the shade for a week and later
planted 3 to 7 meters (10 to 23 feet) apart at a depth of 30 to 40
centimeters (12 to 16 inches).  Cuttings should be irrigated after
transplanting.  The fruit is widely cultivated throughout the neotropics
from Central Mexico and the West Indies to Peru and Brazil.  Prune trees
to 2 meters (7 feet) tall.

Mombin, yellow:

The yellow mombins native to hot tropical lowlands with high rainfall or
a dry season.  Tolerant of soils including orisons, ultimo’s, and
inceptions, soils with a low nutrient content, and soils with a pH of
5.0 to above 7.0.  Plants adapt to humid areas, arid areas and warm
subtropical areas with no frost.  Trees do not tolerate elevations above
1,000 meters (3,281 feet).  Trees grow isolated or in groups in moist
tropical forests of the Amazon or the Atlantic Forest, grasslands,
pastures, and backyards.  Grows well in areas with average annual
rainfall from 100 to 200 centimeters (39 to 79 inches), a dry season of
up to 5 months and full sun.  In the humid zones of northeast Atlantic
states, the tree grows along the coast and lowlands.  Propagation is by
seed, grafting, air layering, in vitro, or large cuttings.  Germination
of seed is slow and low.  To increase germination, physical and chemical
scarification is utilized.  Plants produced from seed have highly
variable characteristics.  Due to limited cultivars and the height of
the tree, there is little commercial production.  Most fruit is
collected from wild plants.

Monkeyfruit:

The monkeyfruit tree is found growing along stream banks in protected
lowland areas and in the humid sub-Himalayan regions of India.  It
prefers deep, moist, permeable soils.  Does not tolerate poor soils and
water logging.  Young trees tolerate moderate shade, but mature trees
grow in full light.  Tolerates a three-month dry season, an annual
rainfall of 70 to 200 centimeters (28 to 79 inches), an altitude of 150
to 1,600 meters (492 to 5,249 feet), and a mean annual temperature of 17
to 24 °C (63 to 75 °F).  Young seedlings do not tolerate frost.
Seeds, cuttings, or stumps propagate the tree.  Seeds should be planted
during the monsoon season.  Germination is quick.  Seedlings require
shade and irrigation for the first 2 to 3 weeks and should remain in the
nursery until the next monsoon season.  Root cuttings should be 5
centimeters (2 inches) long and stem cuttings should be 20 centimeters
(8 inches) long.

Monos plum:

The Monos plum grows in hot tropical lowlands with medium to high
rainfall. Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions and light frost.
Grows well in beach sand.  Propagation is by seed.

Mountain cherry:

The Mountain cherry grows in tropical moist to wet forests.  Favors
areas in the forests and areas along beaches that are penetrated by
sunlight.  Trees colonize disturbed areas.  Tolerant of environments
containing salt.  Seeds germinate rapidly, within 2 to 3 weeks.

Nance:

Nance trees are adapted to a wide range of climates and environments
including the coastal Caribbean, semi-desert regions of northeastern
Brazil, humid tropical lowlands, the middle elevations of Mexico,
Central and South America, subtropical and tropical deciduous forests,
open pine forests, and grassy savannah ecosystems.  Trees are used in
restoring infertile and burned-over land.  Trees require 80 to 150
centimeters (31 to 59 inches) of rainfall per year, temperatures of 22
to 28 °C (72 to 82 °F) and an elevation of 0 to 1,800 meters (5,906
feet).  Most trees are found at elevations below 1,000 meters (3,281
feet).  Tolerant of drought, fire, high temperatures and a variety of
soils including rocky, sandy, and alkaline soils, soils with moderate
permeability and soils with good drainage and high fertility.  Does not
tolerate frost.  Propagated by seeds and grafting.  Seeds germinate in
20 to 45 days in well-drained potting soil.  Due to variations in tree
characteristics when grown from seed, grafting is done more frequently.
Young trees should be shaded.  Pruning and fertilizer aid fruit
production.  On rich soil, trees should be spaced 7 by 7 meters (23 by
23 feet).  In less fertile soil, trees should be spaced 4 by 4 meters
(13 by 13 feet).  The trees are left alone when forests are cleared and
are maintained in a state of semi-wild cultivation; grown as part of a
subsistence farming system.

Natal plum:

The Natal plum grows in the tropics and subtropics in full sun and
well-drained soil.  Thrives in coastal bush, sand dunes and coastal
forests.  Tolerates light frost to -4 °C (25 °F), semi-shade, drought,
wind, salt, a variety of climates, a number of soil conditions including
dry rocky soils, red clay, sandy loam, sand, alkaline soils, and
differing altitudes and latitudes.  Does not tolerate water logging.
Propagation is by seed, cuttings and layering.  Seeds germinate in 2
weeks.  Vegetative propagation is the preferred method of propagation
and is by air layering, ground layering, or shield budding.  Cuttings
are only successful if the tip of the young branchlet is cut halfway
through and left attached to the plant for 2 months.  Trees should be
planted one meter apart to form a hedge.  Pruning and fertilization aid
plant growth.

Noni:

The noni grows best in the lowland tropics at an elevation of sea level
to 800 meters (2,625 feet), a temperature of 20 to 35 °C (68 to 95
°F), mean annual rainfall of 25 to 400 centimeters (10 to 157 inches),
and well-drained rocky, sandy or loamy-sandy soils.  Prefers dry sites,
maritime forests, and lowland areas in close proximity to shorelines.
Grows as a forest understory tree in low-elevation tropical island
forests and rainforests.  Tolerates a wide variety of environments
(wastelands, beach and lowland monsoon scrub on limestone, beach
rainforest, disturbed forests, grasslands, coconut plantations, fallow
areas, pastures and sandy coasts), a wide range of soils including
shallow, acidic, alkaline, sodic and infertile soils, a wide range of
precipitation patterns up to 4,000 meters (157 inches) per year,
droughts of 6 months or more, wind, flooding, a wide range of light
intensities (full sun to shade), fire, salt and salt spray, a minimum
temperature of 5 °C (41 °F), and harsh conditions including coral
beach sands, basaltic lava flows, brackish tide pools, or the slopes of
very steep gulches.  Does not tolerate grasses or other weeds.
Propagated by seed, air layering, root sprouts, or cuttings.  For
seeding purposes, ripe fruit are crushed by hand, allowing seeds and
pulp to fall into a pot filled with a growth medium.  The layer of pulp
and seeds are then covered with a shallow layer of growth medium and the
pot is placed in a warm location and watered daily.  Since the seed coat
is so tough, seeds may be scarified to reduce germination time.
Germination occurs in 60 days or more with unscarified seeds and 3 to 4
weeks with scarified seeds.  Seeds are viable for 6 months.  Seedlings
can be transplanted to the field in 9 months.  Stem cuttings from woody
vertical stems root in 3 to 4 weeks in an inert growth medium such as
vermiculite.  Stem cuttings can be transplanted to the field in 6
months.  Plants should be spaced 4 to 6 meters (13 to 20 feet).
Fertilizer and pruning aids growth.

Olive:

The olive grows in temperate to tropical regions and is a long-lived
evergreen tree.  Requires sufficient winter chill to ensure fruit set
and a long, hot growing season for proper fruit ripening.  Flourishes in
full sun.  Tolerates mild wind, mild saline conditions, dry periods and
any well-drained soil with a pH 5.0 - 8.5.  Irrigation and fertilization
improves fruiting.  Does not tolerate hot, dry winds during fruiting or
spring frosts; green fruit is damaged at approximately 2 °C (28 °F).
Olives are adapted to the xerophytes conditions of the Mediterranean
climate.  Propagated mostly by leafy stem cuttings.  Approximately 10 to
15 centimeter (4 to 6 inch) long cuttings with 2 to 3 pairs of leaves
should be obtained from 1-year-old shoots.  Cuttings are treated with
rooting hormone and placed on heated mist benches during spring or fall.
 Once rooted, cuttings are moved to individual containers.  Young trees
are trained into a specific shape and size.  Tree spacing can range from
30 ft for ‘Manzanillo' cultivars to 40 ft for most other cultivars for
proper maintenance and harvesting when mature.  Trees can also be
maintained as a hedgerow or rectangle unit with spacing’s 10 – 20 ft
(3 to 6 m) apart down the row.  Trees are pruned at the end of winter to
renew the fruiting surface.  There is a range of time during which the
fruit may be harvested.

Papaya, Mountain:

The mountain papaya grows in tropical highlands and cool subtropical
areas with well-distributed rainfall of 50 to 100 centimeters (20 to 39
inches) and temperatures ranging from 10 to 24 °C (50 to 75 °F).  It
also grows in temperate climates.  In tropical areas, plants inhabit the
low dry mountain forest area at elevations of 1,500 to 3,000 meters
(4,921 to 9,843 feet).  Grows well in deep soil and abundant organic
matter.  Mountain papaya is hardier than the common papaya.  It
tolerates drought and light frosts of up to 2 °C (28 °F).  It does not
tolerate low dawn temperatures and intense midday sun during the winter
(May to September).  Propagation is mainly by seed.  Seeds are removed
from the fruit, dried in the open air and planted in pots.  Germination
occurs in 30 days.  Seedlings are planted 3 by 3 meters (10 by 10 feet)
apart in the field when they reach 10 to 15 centimeters (4 to 6 inches)
high.  There is no dormancy requirement.  It is not possible to separate
plants by the type of flower produced before bloom time.  Therefore,
three to four plants per site are planted.  When the flower types are
identified, the plants are selected and the hermaphrodite and female
plants are selected for the orchard.

Patauá:

Patauá palms are scattered on upland soils of terra firma rainforests
and are widespread in the Neotropical lowlands.  Plants do not usually
grow above 950 meters (3,117 feet) in elevation.  Palms form huge
unbroken stands in flooded swamps.  Do not tolerate frost.  Propagated
by seed.  Seed should be de-pulped and placed in 50 °C (122 °F) water
for 30 to 60 minutes.  Seeds should be planted in partial shade.
Germination occurs within 2 months.  When the seedling has at least one
leaf, it should be transplanted to a container and grown under partial
shade for one year.  For plantations, plants should be shaded for the
first few weeks before planting in full sun.  Spacing for an agro
forestry plantation would be 204 to 216 plants at 7 meter (23 feet)
square spacing.  To increase fruiting production, competing plants
should be removed and the nutrient content of the soil should be
increased.

Peach palm, fruit:

Peach palm, fruit can grow as wild palms in transitional natural
ecosystems where there are natural disturbances including riverbeds and
primary forest gaps, or as cultivated palms occur in ecosystems created
by humans.  Cultivated palms are adapted to a wide range of ecological
conditions in the humid Neotropics.  Palms require hot, wet tropical
lowlands with deep, fertile, well-drained soils, elevations of less than
1,000 meters (3,281 feet), abundant and well-distributed rainfall (200
to 500 centimeters (79 to 200 inches) per year), and average
temperatures above 24 °C (75 °F).  Tolerates low-fertility soils and
short, 3 to 4 month dry seasons in non-sandy soils.  Does not yield well
in dry conditions.  Does not tolerate waterlogged soils.  Propagation is
mainly by seed.  Seed should be obtained from healthy trees at the
beginning of the harvest season.  Pulp should be carefully removed,
seeds should be cleaned and sowing should occur in appropriate
substrates with sufficient irrigation.  Seeds germinate in 30 to 90
days.  Seedlings should be placed in moderate shade.  When palms are
grown for fruit, the spacing is 5 by 5 meters (16 by 16 feet) or 400
plants per hectare.  For heart-of-palm crops, plants should be grown in
high density (> 5,000 plants per hectare), high input stands, where
standard spacing is 1 by 2 meters (3 by 7 feet).  Lime and sufficient
amounts of nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium should be applied to
acidic soils.

Persimmon, black:

The black persimmon grows best in subtropical climates with full sun and
shallow, rocky, limestone soils.  Prefers warm winters, hot, humid
summers, and rainfall in the spring and fall.  Forms heavy thickets in
the Edwards Plateau.  Also popular in Texas in the Rio Grande plains and
the southeastern corner of the Trans-Pecos region.  In Mexico, trees
grow in the northern portions of Nuevo Leon, Coahuila, Tamaulipas, and
the extreme Northeastern corner of Chihuahua.  Texas persimmon occurs in
scrub evergreen forests, mature riparian and woody upland communities.
Tolerant of heat, drought, shade, and most well drained soils including
clay, loam, and sand.  Can survive in semiarid environments including
rocky north slopes, arroyos, ravines, and upper floodplain terraces.  In
drier regions, the tree grows on canyon sites.  Grows at elevations of
300 to 1,700 meters (1,100 to 5,700 feet).  Hardy in USDA zones 7 to 9.
Propagation is by seed and vegetative reproduction.  Clean seeds without
fruit pulp germinate rapidly in warm, moist soil.  Germination rates are
50 to 90 percent.  Trees can be fertilized once per year.

Persimmon, Japanese:

The Japanese persimmon grows worldwide in warm temperate areas,
subtropical areas and tropical highlands.  Requires well-distributed
rainfall and a seasonal cool period for proper flowering and fruiting.
Prefers fertile, free draining clay loams with a pH of 5.5 to 6.5.
Tolerates a wide range of soils and locations.  Thrives in semi-arid to
high humidity areas.  Grows wild at elevations of 1,830 to 2,500 meters
(6,000 to 8,000 feet).  The optimal temperature range for fruit growth
and sugar accumulation is 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F).  Extremely high
temperatures during the summer inhibit fruit growth.  Cool autumn
temperatures promote the final expansion of fruit development and
enhance fruit maturation.  Some cultivars tolerate moderate frost.
Non-astringent varieties grow better in the warm subtropics.  Astringent
types are best suited for temperate areas.  Propagation is mostly by
grafting.  Some plants are propagated by seed, micro-propagation, and
budding.  For seedling rootstocks, seeds should be cleaned, dried, and
placed directly in a seedbed at 30 °C (86 °F) during the autumn
months.  Seedlings should be established in long, narrow pots before
potting into large containers.  Grafting is done from early to mid-April
when water begins to ascend to the upper parts of the tree.  Grafts can
be planted in three to four months.  Commercial trees should be trained,
thinned and pruned.  Dwarf varieties should be planted 5 by 2.5 meters
(16 by 8 feet) apart, semi-dwarf trees should be planted 5 by 3 meters
(16 by 10 feet) apart, and vigorous varieties should be planted 6 by 4.5
meters (20 by 15 feet) apart.  Several selected cultivars of persimmon
are used for intensive cultivation.  Some early-ripening cultivars are
cultivated partially in heated plastic houses for early harvest.

Pitomba:

The pitomba requires tropical to warm subtropical climate.  Plants grow
well in full sun and a variety of soils that are fertilized and
frequently/heavily watered.  Prefers acidic soils.  Tolerant of saline
conditions, partial shade, and light frosts up to 3 °C (27 °F).  Not
tolerant of drought during blooming and fruit development.   Propagation
is by seed and grafting.  Seedlings produce fruit of varying sizes.
Superior varieties are veneer-grafted.  Cultivated locally and grown in
botanical gardens.

Pomerac:

The pomerac requires hot, wet, humid to sub-humid, tropical climate,
full sun, rich, well-drained soil with a pH of 6.1 to 7.4, an annual
rainfall of 152 centimeters (60 inches) or more and a mean annual
temperature of 24 to 27 °C (75 to 81 °F).  Native to lowland and
rainforests.  Grows from sea level to 1,219 meters (4,000 feet).
Low-lying islands, moist coastal areas, and volcanic soils are
preferred.  In India, trees grow best on the banks of ponds, lakes and
streams.  Tolerates a variety of soils including sand and heavy clay and
partial shade.  Moderate drought tolerance.  Not tolerant of soils with
a high pH, water logging, and frost.  Propagation is by seed, air
layering, budding, cuttings, and grafting.  Seeds should be planted 4
centimeters (1.5 inches) deep directly in the field.  Germination occurs
in 2 to 4 weeks.  Cuttings are transplanted 6 weeks after taking root.
Superior plants are propagated by budding.  For commercial production,
trees should be spaced 6 to 10 meters (20 to 33 feet) apart.
Fertilization and irrigation aid plant growth.

Rambai:

The rambai requires hot, humid tropical lowlands and forests.  Thrives
at elevations up to 750 meters (2,461 feet).  Prefers alluvial soils
near rivers or other bodies of water.  Propagation is by seed and
grafting.

Rose Apple:

The rose apple requires tropical to near-tropical climate.  Prefers
elevations of sea level to 2,286 meters (7,500 feet), deep, loamy soil,
full sun, wet lowland habitats, forests, or moist uplands.  In India,
trees prefer banks of canals and streams.  Tolerates semi-arid
conditions, some wind, cool coastal conditions, sand to limestone soils
with little organic matter, and temperatures to 4 °C (25 °F).  Does
not tolerate prolonged drought.  Mostly propagated by seed.  Some
vegetative propagation has been conducted including air layering,
cuttings, and veneer grafting.  Trees take up a large amount of space.

Rumberry:

The rumberry tree naturally occurs in locally dense populations or even
mono-specific stands in Amazonian flood plains and riparian vegetation.
The plant is tolerant of flooding and can withstand 4 to 5 months with
the roots submerged in water.  Fruit from wild trees is harvested
directly into canoes.  The tree is relatively easy to cultivate.  Plants
survive best in hot, damp tropical climates, with large amounts of
rainfall, but can grow in the subtropics, surviving temperatures just
above freezing.  Propagation is through seed.   In cultivation, the tree
begins bearing fruit after 4 to 6 years.  Suggested planting densities
are 600 to 1,100 trees/ha.

Sea grape:

The sea grape requires warm tropical lowlands, coastal areas, full sun
and elevations from sea level to 1,000 meters (3,281 feet).  Grows on
rocky to sandy shores, coastal woodlands, and forms thickets on dunes.
Rarely grows inland.  Thrives on slightly too moderately alkaline,
well-drained, loamy sands.  Also grows on rocky calcareous soils and
other freely drained soils.  Tolerant of a wide range of rainfall (50 to
150 centimeters (20 to 59 inches)), partial shade, a variety of soil
conditions, dry seasons of up to 8 months, salt spray and drought.  Not
tolerant of excessive humidity and extended periods of frost.  Young
trees are injured when temperatures reach 0 °C (32 °F).  Mature trees
tolerate temperatures of -5 °C (23 °F) for short periods of time.
Grows slowly in windy locations.  Propagation is by seed, air layering,
ground layering, and veneer grafting and hardwood cuttings.  Seeds
should be planted in or on light-textured, well-drained soil;
germination occurs in 18 to 50 days.  Transplanting occurs in 4 to 5
months, when the plant is 15 centimeters (6 inches) tall.  During the
seedling stage, plants should be watered well and placed in a sunny
location protected from wind.  Pruning and training should be done
during the first ten years.  A complete fertilizer should be applied 2
to 3 times per year.

Sentul:

The sentul requires hot, wet tropical lowlands with fertile medium-acid
soil.  Does best in a wet monsoonal climate with average temperatures of
22 °C (72 °F), and well-drained soils with a pH of 6.5.  A backyard
tree in tropical Asia and a semi-wild tree in second-growth forests.
Grown with other fruit trees; not grown as a monoculture.  Tolerates
drought, areas with annual rainfall of 80 centimeters (32 inches), cold,
a variety of soils, and temperatures up to 40 °C (104 °F).  Large
mature trees tolerate light frost.  Trees can recover from severe damage
from -3 °C (27 °F) frosts.  Can survive at elevations up to 1,200
meters (3,937 feet).  Propagation is by seed, inarching, approach
grafting, cleft grafting, shield budding, and air layering.  Seeds are
prepared for planting by rubbing the seed coat with sand and washing
with water.  Seeds must be planed fresh or viability is lost.
Germination occurs in 20 to 23 days.  Propagation by seed may produce
undesirable fruit.  Seedlings can be used as rootstocks in less than one
year.  Trees that are asexually propagated are smaller and bushier.
Trees should be planted at the start of the rainy season in a field that
is deeply ploughed and harrowed.  Before transplanting, old leaves
should be removed and leaves left on the trees should be pruned to half
their size to lower the transpiration rate.  Pruning needs to be
completed before fruiting to develop the main branching system and a
low, spreading crown.  Spacing should be 8 by 8 meters (26 by 26 feet)
to 14 by 14 meters (46 by 46 feet).  Windbreaks should be placed near
the trees.

Sete-capotes:

The sete-capotes requires a subtropical climates, full sun and
well-drained soil rich in organic matter.  Grown along the Alto Uruguay
River, the Araucaria Forest and the Santa Catarina Highlands.
Tolerates tropical climates.  In warmer climates, trees should be placed
in partial shade locations.  Trees should be fertilized regularly.

Silver aspen:

Silver aspen grows in coastal rainforests, further inland in subtropical
rainforests or in coastal areas with full sun and adequate water.  Plant
the fruit in plantations and collected wild from rainforest areas.

Starfruit:

The starfruit grows in tropical and subtropical areas.  Mature trees can
tolerate freezing temperatures for short periods of time.  Thrives in
full sun, at elevations of up to 1,200 meters (4,000 feet); requires
evenly distributed rainfall of 180 centimeters (70 inches) per year.
Prefers well-drained, rich clay loam soils.  Propagated from seed,
grafting, budding and air layering.  Seeds germinate in damp peat moss
in one week during the summer months or 14 to 18 days in the winter.
For mass production, side-veneer grafting of mature, purplish wood onto
starfruit seedlings is used.  Plants are spaced 4 to 9 meters (13 to 30
feet) apart.

Surinam Cherry:

The Surinam cherry requires tropical to warm subtropical climates, full
sun to partial shade, and medium to high rainfall.  Found growing along
streams, riverbanks, and the edges of forests in Brazil.  Grows at
elevations of sea level to 1,800 meters (5,906 feet).  Favors deep loamy
soil.  Tolerates a variety of well-drained soil conditions including
sand, sandy loam, stiff clay, and limestone-based soils, long dry
seasons, periodic flooding, temperatures down to -6 °C (21 °F), and
light frost.  Not tolerant of saline conditions.  Propagation is by
seed, air layering, or veneer or cleft grafting.  Germination occurs
within 3 to 4 weeks after removal from the fruit.  Seedlings are used
for rootstocks of Surinam cherry.  Trees should be planted 3 to 5 meters
(10 to 16 feet) apart or in hedgerows with an in-row spacing of 1 to 2
meters (3 to 7 feet) and a between-row spacing of 5 meters (16 feet).
During the first 5 years of growth, trees should not be pruned.  For
ornamental purposes, trees are pruned into square hedges.

Tamarind:

Tamarind requires hot subtropical to tropical lowlands or humid
monsoonal climate, full sun, elevations of sea level to 1,500 meters
(4,921 feet), a mean annual rainfall of 50 to 150 centimeters (20 to 59
inches), a dry period (for tamarind fruit development), a maximum annual
temperature of 33 to 37 °C (91 to 99 °F), a minimum annual temperature
of 9.5 to 20 °C (49 to 68 °F), and fertile, deep, well-drained,
slightly acid loamy to alluvial soils.  An easily managed tree.  Grown
in the sub- and semi-arid tropics, stream banks, and dry coastal plains.
 Thrives in USDA zones 10 to 12.  Tolerates a variety of well-drained
soils (sandy soil, clay loam, rocky soils, saline soils, calcareous
soils, sodic soils).  Large, mature trees are tolerant of frost as low
as -3 °C (27 °F), and high temperatures of up to 47 °C (117 °F).
Propagation is by seed, layering, cuttings, budding, grafting, and
micro-propagation.  Most plants are grown by seed.  Seeds remain viable
for 6 months to several years when kept in proper storage conditions.
Seeds should be planted 1.3 centimeters (½ inch) deep.  Germination
occurs in 7 to 25 days.  Germination rate is 30 to 92 percent.  Soaking
seed in cold water and scarifying the seed coat can increase germination
percentage.  Vegetative propagation can result in good genetic quality,
a younger bearing age, and a smaller tree height.  After trees reach a
height of 80 centimeters (31.5 inches), transplanting should occur
during the rainy season.  Spacing should be 10 to 20 meters (33 to 66
feet) between trees.  Young trees should be pruned to establish the
framework of the tree.  Mature trees should be pruned to remove dead and
weak branches.  Fertilizer can aid growth.  Trees can be intercropped.

Uvalha:

Uvalha requires tropical or warm subtropical climates with low to medium
rainfall.  Tolerant of light frost and drought.  Propagation is by seed.
 Fertilization and irrigation aid fruit quality.  Fruit should be
harvested when ripe.  Fruit is processed commercially by small growers
in rural areas in Brazil.

Water apple:

The water apple requires hot, wet tropical lowlands with light,
well-drained mildly acid soils.  Prefers a long dry season, elevations
up to 1,200 meters (3,937 feet) and well-spaced rainfall.  Planted along
streams and ponds.  Tolerant of heavy soils.  Not tolerant of
temperatures below freezing.  Propagation is by seed, air layering,
cuttings, or budding.  Seeds lose viability quickly and should be
planted fresh from the fruit.  Trees are spaced 5 to 7 meters (16 to 23
feet) apart.  During the first couple of years, trees should be weeded,
mulched, fertilized and watered.  Fertilizers should be applied after
harvest and flowering.  Cultivated in India, Southeast Asia, and
Indonesia.

Water berry:

The water berry tree prefers subtropical to warm-temperate climates,
lowlands, medium to high elevation (10 to 1,660 meters or 33 to 5,446
feet) forests, full sun, and locations near water and along
watercourses.  Grows along stream banks, swampy areas, forest margins,
moist gullies in forest, seasonally waterlogged grasslands, sandy
coastal plains and bush or open grassy and sometimes high country.
Tolerates cold, but not tolerant of frost.  Propagated by seed.
Germination is aided by pre-treating the seed with a pre-emergence
fungicide to prevent dampening off.  Seeds should be placed in a seed
tray and covered with a thin layer of well-drained soil.  Regular
watering, fertilization and good ventilation are needed.  Once large
enough, seedlings should be potted into individual plant bags or pots.

Water pear:

The Water pear requires a tropical climate, fresh, permanently moist,
well-drained areas with a high water table, full sun, mean annual
temperatures ranging from 10 to 30 °C (50 to 86 °F), and mean annual
rainfall of 100 to 230 centimeters (39 to 91 inches).  Thrives at
elevations of 0 to 2,100 meters (0 to 6,890 feet).  Found growing along
stream banks, valleys, gullies or streambeds, floodplains, lowland and
mountain rainforests, fringing swampy forests, rocky ground in high
rainfall savannah, open woodlands, and the shore.  Grows in standing
water.  Propagation is by seed and coppice.  Seeds should be planted in
moist mineral soil in pots soon after being removed from the fruit.
Germination of 80 to 90% is attained after 20 to 50 days.  Trees should
be planted on cleared sites.

Wax jambu:

The wax jambu requires hot, wet tropical lowlands, a short dry season,
and elevations of sea level to 1,200 meters (3,937 feet).  Prefers
fertile, heavy soil, rich in organic matter, with a loam to clay-loam
texture.  Grows wild in coastal forests.  In subtropical climates, fruit
harvested during the winter are best to eat.  Tolerates a variety of
soil conditions.  Does not tolerate frost or high wind.  Propagation is
by seed, cuttings, budding, tissue culture, and air layering.  Seeds
should be removed from the fruit and immediately planted.  Germination
occurs in a short period of time.  Trees should be spaced 5 to 10 meters
(16 to 33 feet) apart in the field.  Cultivated trees, especially in
Taiwan, are pruned, thinned, root pruned, girdled, flooded, sprayed with
flower and growth-inducing chemicals, irrigated and fertilized.
Fertilization should be performed after the formation of the
inflorescence.  Light, temperature, and sugar affect fruit color.

U.S./NAFTA AND WORLD PRODUCTION AND GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE
TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT EDIBLE PEEL COMMODITIES:

	The proposed members of the Tropical and subtropical fruit edible peel
crop group have widespread distribution throughout the world.  Table 3
provides a list of the hectares and production in metric tons from
various countries that are members of the International Crop Grouping
Consulting Committee (ICGCC) as well as countries that grow carob,
cashew fruit, date, fig, guava, and olive.  The world total hectares for
carob, cashew fruit, date, fig, guava, and olive are over 18,501,827
hectares (ha) in 2008, and the total production of these fruits has to
over 66,431,631 metric tons in 2008 (Table 3, FAO 2008).  Worldwide, the
most harvested edible peel tropical fruit is olives the most harvested
edible peel tropical fruit at 57 % of the hectares followed by guava
(includes mango and mangosteen) at 25.6%, date at 6.7%, persimmon at
4.0%, cashew apple at 3.7%, and carob at 0.9%.  Guava accounts for 52.5%
of the production (MT); followed by olive at 26.6%, date at 10.7%,
persimmon at 5.5%, cashew apple at 2.8%, fig at 1.6%, carob at 0.3%.
The average yields for the major tropical edible peels fruits is 7.4
MT/ha for guava, date at 5.5, persimmon at 4.8, cashew apple at 2.7, fig
at 2.4, carob at 2.0, followed by olive at 1.7 MT/ha, respectively.  The
predominate tropical fruit edible peel fruit producing region in
hectares (ha) for carob is Europe at 78.2 %, followed by Africa 15.0 %,
and Asia at 6.6%  The predominate cashew apple producing region in
hectares (ha) is South America (Brazil) at 89.3 % and Africa (Mali and
Madagascar) at 10.4 %.  The predominate date producing regions in
hectares (ha) is Asia at 66.3 % and Africa at 33.2 %.  The U.S. has only
0.2 % of the world harvested date hectares.  The predominate fig
producing regions in hectares (ha) are Southern Europe at 28.8 %, Asia
at 27.9 %, and the U.S. at 0.8 %.  The predominate olive producing
regions in hectares (ha) for olive is Europe at 46.4 %, followed by
Africa 37.3 %, and Asia at 15.2 %, with the U.S. at 0.1 %.  The
predominate guava producing region in hectares (ha) are Asia at 77.3 %,
Africa 12.8 %, and Central America at 4.5 %.  The predominate persimmon
producing regions in hectares (ha) are Asia at 98.4 % and Europe at 0.4
%

Table 3.  Tropical and Subtropical Fruit, Edible Peel Production in
2008.  (Note:  This table contains only the tropical fruits (edible
peel) available on the FAO website.

Countries/

Regions	Carob	Cashew apple (cashew fruit)	Date	Fig

Australia	No data

No data	No data

No data	No data

No data	30 ha

85 tonnes

New Zealand	No data

No data	No data

No data	No data

No data	No data

No data

United States	No data

No data	No data

No data	  2,064 ha

17,146 tonnes	  3,804 ha

39,281 tonnes

Africa	13,371 ha

29,216 tonnes	  71,000 ha

191,000 tonnes	  414,108 ha

2,634,247 tonnes	186,717 ha

490,477 tonnes

North America	No data

No data	No data

No data	  2,064 ha

17,146 tonnes	  3,804 ha

39,281 tonnes

Central America	56 ha

28 tonnes	No data

No data	596 ha

2,788 tonnes	1,084 ha

6,123 tonnes

South America	No data

No data	   610,003 ha

1,660,005 tonnes	82 ha

446 tonnes	  4,055 ha

29,865 tonnes

Asia	  5,879 ha

21,616 tonnes	No data

No data	   826,301 ha

4,441,347 tonnes	130,694 ha

405,550 tonnes

Europe	  69,478 ha

126,224 tonnes	No data

No data	  4,037 ha

14,000 tonnes	120,622 ha

105,559 tonnes

World Total	  88,784 ha

177,084 tonnes	   681,003 ha

1,851,005 tonnes	1,247,188 ha

7,109,974 tonnes	   447,006 ha

1,076,940 tonnes

Table 3.  Tropical and Subtropical Fruit, Edible Peel Production for
Guava, Olive, and Persimmon in 2008 (Continued).

Countries/

Regions	Mangoes, Mangosteens and Guavas	Olive	Persimmon

Australia	  9,500 ha

57,947 tonnes	10,500 ha

57,123 tonnes	82 ha

715 tonnes

New Zealand	No data

No data	No data

No data	180 ha

3,000 tonnes

United States	   675 ha

2,950 tonnes	12,141 ha

60,600 tonnes	No data

No data

Africa	   603,968 ha

3,395,045 tonnes	3,940,207 ha

2,862,518 tonnes	No data

No data

North America	   675 ha

2,950 tonnes	12,141 ha

60,600 tonnes	No data

No data

Central America	   214,195 ha

2,128,243 tonnes	  9,112 ha

19,436 tonnes	45 ha

442 tonnes

South America	   141,692 ha

1,908,411 tonnes	  79,371 ha

238,601 tonnes	   8,797 ha

173,297 tonnes

Asia	  3,651,624 ha

26,543,548 tonnes	1,598,893 ha

2,670,784 tonnes	   752,131 ha

3,441,058 tonnes

Europe	No data

No data	  4,899,749 ha

11,749,599 tonnes	  2,732 ha

50,441 tonnes

World Total	  4,723,906 ha

34,889,014 tonnes	10,549,973 ha

17,658,661 tonnes	   763,967 ha

3,668,953 tonnes

(FAOSTAT:    HYPERLINK "http://faostat.fao.org/site/566/default.aspx"
http://faostat.fao.org/site/566/default.aspx , results as of September
7, 2010)

	In the U.S. there is per capita consumption data for 2004 – 2009 for
date (Table 4), fig (Table 5), and olive (Table 6).  The per capita
consumption for dates, figs and olives are reported as all processed
none as fresh.   Date consumption is all from processed dates with per
capita consumtion staying stable from 1970 levels at 0.28 lb/capita to
0.29 lb/capita in 2009.  Consumption is however up from the low of 0.13
to in 2007 to an increase in 2009 of 0.29 lb/capita.  Per capita
consumption of figs has shown a dramatic decline since 1970 at 0.65
lb/capita to a low of 0.21 lb/capita in 2009 (Table 5).  The per capita
consumtion of olives (Table 6) has shown a lot of variation from 0.95
lb/capita in 1970 to a high of 1.41 lb/capita in 2005, followed by a
decline in 2009 to 0.76 lb/capita in 2009.  It is expected with the
health benefits of these tropical fruits that per capita consumption
will increase.

Table 4.  Date U.S. Per Capita Consumption Fresh Weight Equivalent
(lb/year) for 1970, and 2004 – 2009 (USDA ERS Food Availability,
February 1, 2011).

Year	Fresh	Processed	Total Date

2009	NA	0.29	0.29

2008	NA	0.21	0.21

2007	NA	0.13	0.13

2006	NA	0.17	0.17

2005	NA	0.14	0.14

2004	NA	0.14	0.14

1970	NA	0.28	0.28

Table 5.  Fig U.S. Per Capita Consumption Fresh Weight Equivalent
(lb/year) for 1970, and 2004 – 2009 (USDA ERS Food Availability,
February 1, 2011).

Year	Fresh	Processed	Total Fig

2009	NA	0.21	0.21

2008	NA	0.28	0.28

2007	NA	0.27	0.27

2006	NA	0.31	0.31

2005	NA	0.30	0.30

2004	NA	0.36	0.36

1970	NA	0.65	0.65

Table 6.  Olive U.S. Per Capita Consumption Fresh Weight Equivalent
(lb/year) for 1970, and 2004 – 2009 (USDA ERS Food Availability,
February 1, 2011).

Year	Fresh	Processed	Total Olive

2009	NA	0.76	0.76

2008	NA	0.88	0.88

2007	NA	1.37	1.37

2006	NA	0.74	0.74

2005	NA	1.41	1.41

2004	NA	1.22	1.22

1970	NA	0.95	0.95

	Based on the USDA CSFII 1994 – 1996, 1998 survey, using two day
individual consumption for determined stone fruit consumption (g/day) is
listed in Table 7, the highest consumption is for figs (fresh and dried)
at 0.1825 g/day, dates at 0.0461 g/day, olive (table and oil) at 0.981
g/day, persimmon at 0.113 g/day, followed by guava at 0.092.  Except for
persimmon, these commodities are also proposed as representative
commodities and accounted for over 91 % of the tropical fruit edible
peel consumption in this survey.  There were no tropical fruit reported
consumed with these surveys for babyfood.

	The Dietary and Nutritional Value of the Tropical and Subtropical
Fruits – Edible Peel: is listed in Appendix II of this report.

Table 7.  Consumption of the Tropical Fruits – Edible Peel Based on

 USDA CSFII 1994 – 1996, 1998 survey.

COMMODITY	CONSUMPTION (g/day)

Date	 0.0461

Fig	 0.0425

Fig, dried	 0.140

Guava	 0.092

Olive	 0.590

Olive, oil	 0.391

Persimmon	 0.113

Starfruit	 0.000239

Tamarind	 0.0138

Total Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Edible Peel	1.428639

IMPORTS/EXPORTS OF THE TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT EDIBLE PEEL
COMMODITIES:

	The U.S. is not a major producer of tropical fruits with edible peels
and significant amounts are imported (Table 8).  The amount of a
commodity can vary widely from year to year based on differences in U.S.
production, weather effects, and consumer demand.  The most widely
imported tropical and subtropical fruits with edible peels are guava,
followed by dates whole with or without pits, dried tamarind and figs
(Table 8).  In 2007 over 4582 MT of dates, all forms (USDA Foreign
Agriculture Trade Statistics, FATUS) were imported into the U.S.  Dates
whole without the pit came from Saudi Arabia (29 %), Algeria (25 %),
China (19 %), and Tunisia (10 %).  For whole dates over 49 % come from
Pakistan, 28 % from Mexico, China has 9.9 %, and Israel 5.8 %.  Dates
not whole came from Iran at 71 % and Pakistan at 29 %.  Fresh and dried
figs come from Spain (68 %) or from Turkey at 19 % and Portugal at 11 %.
 Fresh guavas are imported at 39 % from Ecuador, 16 % from Dominican
Republic, Brazil and Mexico at 12 % and 11 %, respectively and Malaysia
at 8.4 %  Guava jams are imported from Brazil at 43 %, Costa Rica at 39
%, Ecuador at 7 %and the Dominican Republic at 5 %.  Guava paste is
imported from Brazil at 43 %, Columbia at 20 %, Dominican Republic at 17
% and the Philippines at 7.7 %.  Over 94 % of the fresh tamarinds come
from Thailand.  Dried tamarinds were imported from Thailand at 64 % and
from Mexico at 31 %.

Table 8.  U.S. Tropical and Subtropical Edible Peel Fruit Imports for
2006 - 2007. (USDA NASS, 2008 Fr Nt 1-3, USDA ERS, FTS – 2007, USDA
FATUS, 2008).

Tropical Fruit – Edible Peel	2006 (MT)	2007 (MT)

Date, whole w/o pits	   580	1,081

Date, whole with pits	1,575	2,630

Date, not whole	   606	   872

Fig, fresh and dried	2,827	2,786

Guava	6,341	7,191

Guava, paste and puree	3,514	4,313

Guava, jam	   913	1,289

Tamarind, fresh	1,013	Not reported

Tamarind, dried	2,830	2,843

	The U.S. is not a major exporter of tropical fruit edible peel
commodities, but does export dates and figs (Table 9).  In 2007, there
were over 3,151 MT of U.S. grown dates exported and 2,890 MT of figs
(USDA FATUS).  Most of the dates exported went to Canada at 35 %,
Australia at 22 %, and the Netherlands at 7.2 %.  Figs were exported to
Canada at 58 %, Mexico at 18 %, Japan at 14 %, and Hong Kong at 3.2 %.

Table 9.  U.S. Tropical and Subtropical Edible Peel Fruit Exports Metric
Tons (MT) for 2006 - 2007. (USDA NASS, 2008 Fr Nt 1-3, USDA ERS, FTS –
2007, USDA FATUS, 2008).

Tropical Fruit – Edible Peel 	2006 (MT)	2007 (MT)

Date, fresh and dried	3109	3151

Fig, fresh and dried	4859	2890

U.S. TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL EDIBLE PEEL FRUIT PRODUCTION AND
GEOGRAPHICAL PRODUCTION:

	Production in the U.S. is based on the USDA 2008 Agricultural
Statistics, FAO Statistics, 2007, USDA ERS 2007, 2010, 2011 Noncitrus
Fruits Summary, USDA NASS Crop Production, 2007, and the U.S.
Agricultural Census, 2007.  The planted acreages for the tropical and
subtropical fruit edible peel in the United States are listed in Table
10 and according to the 2007 AGCensus the tropical fruit edible peel
crops (date, fig, guava, olive, and persimmon) were grown on over 62,000
A.  Yields/A range from 3.08 tons for dates to 12.65 tons for guava.  In
2007, olive accounts for 63.8 % of the U.S. acreage of the tropical and
subtropical fruit – edible peel group, followed by fig at 15.7 %, date
at 12.3 %, persimmon at 6.8 %, and guava at 1.4 %.  Acreage of these
tropical fruits declined by 5,506 A (Table 10).

Table 10. U.S. Production of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit – Edible
Peel Commodities Including Date, Fig, Guava, Olive, and Persimmon for
2002 and 2007 (USDA AG Census, 2002, 2007 (USDA NASS, 2011, USDA
Agricultural Statistics, 2009).

Commodity	2002 Acreage U.S.	2007 Acreage U.S.	2007 Yield Per Acre (tons)
Change in Acreage

(2002 - 2007)

Date	  7,595	  7,669	  3.08	+    74

Fig	14,274	  9,739	  5.25	- 4,535

Guava	  1,213	     883	12.65	-   330

Olive	39,591	39,540	  4.42	-     51

Persimmon	  4,855	  4,191	-	-   664

Total Tropical Fruit – Edible Peel U.S. Acres	67,528	62,022	- 	- 5,506

	Updated acres for 2010 find the total tropical fruit edible peel acres
excluding persimmon have dropped from 2007 to 49,000 (Table 11).
Average yield/A for 2008 - 2010 range from 3.16 tons for olive to 9.4
tons/A for guava.  Since 2008 the acres for dates have increased by
1,000 and olive acres have increased by 3,000 A.

Table 11. U.S. Production of Tropical and Subtropical Fruit – Edible
Peel Commodities Including Date, Fig, Guava, and Olive for 2008 – 2010
(USDA NASS, 2010, 2011, and USDA Agricultural Statistics, 2010).

Commodity	2008 Acreage U.S.	2009 Acreage U.S.	2010 Acreage U.S.	Average
Yield Per Acre (tons) 2008 - 2010	Change in Acreage

(2008 - 2010)**

Date	  5,700	  6,700	  6,700	3.58	+ 1,000

Fig	  9,400	  9,300	  9,300	4.54	-     100

Guava	    160	    135	     115	8.15	-       45

Olive	30,000	31,000	33,000	3.16	+ 3,000

Total Tropical and Subtropical Fruit – Edible Peel Total U.S. Acres
45,260	47,015	49,000	- 	+ 3,855

	The top producing States (Table 12) for dates is California (82 % of
the acres) and Arizona (18 %).  The cultivars of dates grown in
California are listed in Table 13.  ‘Deglet Noor’ is the most widely
planted cultivar with 70 % of the acres.  ‘Medjool’, ‘Zahidi’,
and ‘Khadrawy’ are planted to 19 %, 7 %, and 1 % of the acres,
respectively.

Table 12. Top U.S. States in Production of Dates. 2002, 2007 (USDA
AGCensus, 2002, 2007; USDA NASS, 2010; USDA Agricultural Statistics,
2010).

State	2002 Bearing Acreage U.S.	2007 Bearing Acreage U.S.	State percent
of total US bearing acreage (%) 2007	2008 Bearing Acreage U.S.	2009
Bearing Acreage U.S.	2010 Bearing Acreage U.S.

California 	6,197	6,315	82.3	5,700	6,700	6,700

Arizona	1,397	1,354	17.7	* NR	       * NR	              * NR

Total U.S. Bearing Acreage	7,594	7,669

-	-	-

* NR – Not Reported.

Table 13. Date Cultivars Grown for Fruit in California (University of
California Agriculture and Natural Resources Publication 3498.

Date Cultivar	1992 Acreage (A) 	Percent (%) of Acres	Fruit Shape 	Fruit
Size (mm)

Deglet Noor	3,910 	70	Oblong-ovate	40 – 50 mm X 20 – 25 mm

Medjool	1,062	19	Oblong-oval	38 – 48 mm X 26 – 32 mm

Zahidi	   408	  7	Obovate	34 – 40 mm X 23 – 25 mm

Khadrawy	     65	  1	Oblong or oblong elliptical	20 – 25 mm X 7.7 –
9.8 mm

Total Acres	5,632

	Most of the fig bearing acres are also planted in California at 96.4%
with Florida increasing from 2002 to 2007 from only two acres to
seventeen (Table 14).

Table 14. Top U.S. States in Production of Figs.  (USDA AG Census, 2002,
2007 (USDA NASS, 2010, USDA Agricultural Statistics, 2010).

State	2002 Bearing Acreage U.S.	2007 Bearing Acreage U.S.	State percent
of total US bearing acreage (%) 2007	2008 Bearing Acreage U.S. (A)	2009
Bearing Acreage U.S. (A)	2010 Bearing Acreage U.S. (A)

California 	13,962	9,384	96.4	9,400	9,300	9,300

Alabama 	35	38 	0.4	*NR	*NR	*NR

Georgia	10	34	0.4	          *NR	          *NR	          *NR

Louisiana	71	31	0.3	          *NR	          *NR	          *NR

Florida	2	17	0.2	          *NR	           NR	         *NR

Total U.S. Bearing Acreage	14,274	9,739

          *NR	         *NR	          *NR

*NR – Not Reported.

Of the total guava acres Hawaii has 47.2 % of the acres (Table 15),
followed by California at 30.6 %, Florida at 21.9 %, and Texas art 0.2
ppm.  Hawaii acres have been decreasing rapidly since 2002 due to
foreign trade competition and competition for acre use.

Table 15. Top U.S. States in Production of Guava.  (USDA AG Census,
2002, 2007 (USDA NASS, 2010, USDA Agricultural Statistics, 2010).

State	2002 Bearing Acreage U.S.	2007 Bearing Acreage U.S.	State percent
of total US bearing acreage (%) 2007	2008 Bearing Acreage U.S. (A)	2009
Bearing Acreage U.S. (A)	2008 – 2009 Average Yield Per Acre Tons

Hawaii	602	417	47.2	160	135	18.8

California 	171	270	30.6	      *NR	      *NR	      *NR

Florida 	186	193	21.9	      *NR	      *NR	      *NR

Texas	-	3	0.3	      *NR	      *NR	      *NR

Total U.S. Bearing Acreage	959	883

*NR – Not Reported.

Of the total bearing, olive acres over 96 % are planted in California
(Table 16).  Average yields of olives per acre are 3.16 tons.

Table 16. Top U.S. States in Production of Olives.  (USDA AG Census,
2002, 2007 (USDA NASS, 2010, USDA Agricultural Statistics, 2010).

State	2002 Bearing Acreage U.S.	2007 Bearing Acreage U.S.	State percent
of total US bearing acreage (%) 2007	2008 Bearing Acreage U.S. (A)	2009
Bearing Acreage U.S. (A)	2010 Bearing Acreage U.S. (A)

California 	36,526	38,142	96.8	30,100	31,000	33,000

Oregon	-	13	< 0.1	          *NR	          *NR	          *NR

Total U.S. Bearing Acreage	36,526	39,540

          *NR	          *NR	          *NR

*NR – Not Reported.

Table 17. Top U.S. States in Production of Persimmons.  (USDA AG Census,
2002, 2007 (USDA NASS, 2010, USDA Agricultural Statistics, 2010).

State	2002 Bearing Acreage U.S.	State percent of total US bearing
acreage (%) 2002	2007 Bearing Acreage U.S.	State percent of total US
bearing acreage (%) 2007

California 	3,000	83.3	3,236	77.2

Florida	297	8.0	288	6.9

Texas	101	2.8	204	4.9

Georgia	24	0.7
                                               	138	3.3

Hawaii 	-	-	55	1.3

Louisiana	57	1.6	-	-

Total U.S. Bearing Acreage	3, 479

3,921

	California grows over 77 % of the persimmon bearing acres (Table 17)
followed by Florida at 6.9 %, Texas at 24.9 %, and Georgia at 3.3 %.
Hawaii also has 1.3 % of the bearing acres.  Persimmon bearing acres
have increases since 2002 by over 442 A.

	Date production in the U.S. has increased since 2007 from 16.3 (1,000
tons fresh equivalents) to 23.7 (Table 18).  The entire date crop is
utilized fresh.  The fig crop is over 90 % utilized fresh and 9.2 %
processed.  Production in 2010 has decreased by 7.8 (1,000 tons fresh
equivalents) since 2007.  All of the guava and olives were utilized as
processed commodities.  Olive production in 2010 has greatly increased
from 2008 by over 123 (1,000 tons fresh equivalents).

Table 18. Updated 2007 - 2010 Production (1,000 tons fresh equivalent)
and Utilized Production Percent Fresh or Processed for 2008 – 2010 of
the Tropical and Subtropical Fruit – Edible Peel Commodities.  (USDA
NASS, 2010, 2011, USDA Agricultural Statistics, 2010, USDA Fruit and
Tree Nut Yearbook, 2010).

Crop (State)	2007 Production 	2008 Production 	2009 Production	2010
Production	Utilized – Fresh (%) - 2008	Utilized – Processed (%) -
2008

Date (CA)	16.3	20.9	23.7	23.7	100%	-0

Fig (CA)	47.8	43.3	43.8	40.0	90.8%	 9.2%

Guava (HI)	4.3	3.5	2.1	-	-	100%

Olive (CA)	-	66.8	46.3	190.0	- 	100 %

	The percent of the total produce sales for the tropical fruit edible
peel commodities in U.S. grocery stores for the years 2007 – 2011  for
Starfruit,  date, and fig is shown in Table 19 (The Packer, Fairchild,
2008, 2009, 2010, 2012).  Sales in pounds of these fruits have remained
stable for the four-year period and account for > 0.3 % of the total
produce sold in the U.S.  Growth in sales should increase with rise in
immigrant populations and nutritional components of these fruits.

Table 19.  List of the Tropical Fruits Edible Peel Percent of the Total
Grocery Store Produce Sales Sold for the Years 2007, 2008, 2009, amd
2010. The Packer (Fairchild, 2008, 2009, 2010, and 2011).

Commodity	Percent of Total Produce Sales – 2007 and Pounds Sold in
2007 	Percent of Total Produce Sales – 2008 and Pounds Sold in
Percent of Total Produce Sales – 2009 and Pounds Sold in 2009	Percent
of Total Produce Sales – 2010 and Pounds Sold in 2010	Percent of Total
Produce Sales – 2011 and Pounds Sold in 2011

Starfruit/ Carambola	< 0.1 % and

2,180, 305 lb	< 0.1 % and 2,267,660 lb	< 0.1 % and 2,290,950 lb	< 0.1 %
and 2,639,512 lb	< 0.1 % and 2,236,573 lb

Date	< 0.1 % and

821,590 lb	< 0.1 % and 726,714 lb	< 0.1 % and 843,646 lb	< 0.1 % and
902,390 lb	< 0.1 % and 788,883 lb

Fig	0.3 % and

41,130,898 lb	0.3 % and 41,250,935 lb	< 0.1 % and 1,436,998 lb	< 0.1 %
and 1,738,090 lb	< 0.1 % and 1931,753 lb

SPECIFIC CROP PRODUCTION AREAS OF THE TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT –
EDIBLE PEEL:

	There is no production data in the U.S. for the following commodities:
Abyssinian gooseberry; Açaí; African plum; almondette; appleberry;
arazá; Bacaba palm; bacaba-de-leque; breadnut; borojo; cabeluda;
cajou,; carandas plum; cashew; Ceylon ironwood; Ceylon olive; Chinese
olive, black; Chinese olive, white; Chirauli-nut; Ciruela verde;
Davidson’s plum; desert date; Doum palm coconut; ffragrant Manjack;
Guabiroba; Guava, Costa Rican; Guava, Para; Illawarra plum; Kakadu plum;
Malayan mombin; Marian plum; monkeyfruit; Mountain cherry; Patauá:
peach palm, fruit; rambai; rumberry; Sete-capotes; silver aspen; water
apple; and water berry.  Potential growing areas for the tropical fruits
in the U.S. and established production areas in the world will be
discussed below:

Açaí

	Açaí is produced in the following regions: Panama, Caribbean,
Northern and Western South America, Brazil, Ecuador; and it has been
introduced into India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia.  One stem produces
approximately 4 to 8 fruiting stems annually; one stem produces 16 to 32
kilograms (35 to 70 pounds) of fruit.  Approximately 4,000 ha (9,884
acres) of açaí forest in Brazil produced 7 tonnes (7.7 tons) of pure
and sweetened pulp for export to the U.S. in 2000.

Acerola:

There are some commercial plantings of acerola in Puerto Rico (202
hectares (500 acres), 1980), Hawaii (no current data) and Florida.  Some
plants in Hawaii produce 23 to 32 kilograms (51 to 71 pounds) of fruit
per tree per year.  In Puerto Rico, 4-year-old single trees yield 14 to
28 kilograms (31 to 62 pounds) per season.  EPA crop production region
13.  Other commercial production regions include Central Mexico, South
America including Brazil, Barbados, Central America, Taiwan, the
Caribbean, and the Windward Islands.  It is widely cultivated in the
tropics.  An orchard of 200 trees produces 2,722 to 4,082 kilograms
(6,000 to 9,000 pounds) of fruit per year

African plum:

No specific African plum production data for the U.S. but could be grown
in EPA Crop Production Regions 6, 8, 9, 10.  Other commercial production
regions:  Northeast Tropical Africa, East Tropical Africa, West-Central
Tropical Africa, West and East Tropical Africa, South Tropical Africa;
found elsewhere in tropical Africa but no yield data is available

Agritos:

Production in U.S. includes New Mexico, Texas, Arizona, but no yield
data is available.  Other commercial production regions include Northern
Mexico.  Adapted to EPA Crop Production Regions 6, 8, 9, and 10.

Almondette:

Commercial production regions for almondette include India, Indonesia,
Malaysia, Burma, and Malaya.  Yields are 1 to 5 kilograms (2 to 11
pounds) per tree with an average weight of 0.27 grams (0.009 ounce).
Approximately 1,500 tonnes (1,653 pounds) of fruit are collected
annually from the wild in Central India.

Ambarella:

Thus far no commercial production in the U.S., but is grown in home
gardens in Hawaii, Florida, and Puerto Rico.  EPA Crop Production Region
13.  Other production regions: Tropical areas; Melanesia, Polynesia,
Indo-Malaysian region to Tahiti, the West Indies, tropical Asia or
Oceania, India, Ceylon, Queensland, Australia, Pacific Islands, Gabon,
Zanzibar, Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, from Puerto Rico to
Trinidad, Central America, Venezuela, and Surinam.

Apak palm:

Production in U.S. includes Texas, Arizona, and California.  EPA Crop
Production Regions 6, 8, and 10. Other production regions include
northern, Central, Eastern and Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua,
Central America.

Appleberry:

Appleberry is not grown in the U.S.  Other production regions are:
Australia (Austr. Capital Terr., New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria,
Eastern states of Australia including Tasmania and South Australia.

Arazá:

Arazá is not grown in the U.S.  Other production regions include:
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia.  It can produce approximately
20 to 30 tonnes of fruit per hectare annually.

Arbutus Berry:

Production in U.S. includes the North American Pacific Coast, the
southwestern United States; and it is grown as an ornamental in the deep
south, northern Florida, and southern California.  EPA Crop Production
Region 10.  Other production regions include Northern Africa, Turkey,
Ireland, Mexico, Southeastern and Southwestern Europe, western
Mediterranean region.

Babaco:

Babaco grows in California, but no yield data is yet available.  EPA
Crop Production Region 10.  Other production regions include Colombia,
Ecuador; New Zealand, Europe including Italy and Spain, Australia,
Israel, Middle East, Channel Islands, off the coast of Normandy; most
production occurs in Ecuador and New Zealand.  From 1996 to 1999, annual
production was approximately 600 tonnes (661 tons) on about 100 hectares
(247 acres).  Most of this crop was domestically consumed.  Each plant
produces 25 to 80 fruit.  The annual yield is 40 to 60 tonnes per
hectare and ranges from 10 to 100 tonnes.

Bacaba palm:

No production in the U.S.  Other production regions include Northern
South America, Brazil, Peru, Central America, Bolivia, Northern Amazonia
in the Guyana’s, southern Venezuela, eastern Colombia; 1 to 3 bunches
per year are obtained per wild tree.  Approximately 20 kilograms (44
pounds) of fruit are obtained per tree per year.  More trees that are
fertile provide two or more times this yield.

Bacaba-de-leque

Production in U.S.: No data (GRIN).  Other commercial production
regions:  Northern central Brazil, northeastern tip of Bolivia to the
Amazon River in the lowland rainforests; southern margins of the Amazon
basin; no yield data is available (RIFFLE 2003, PACSOA).

Bayberry, Red

Thus far, in the U.S. red bayberry is grown as for ornamental purposes.
 Production regions include China, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Taiwan,
Philippines; grown in Europe as an ornamental.  China is the principle
grower of red bayberries.  In 2002, China produced 200,000 hectares
(494,210 acres) and approximately 700,000 tonnes (771,618 tons) of
fruit.  The main growing province, Zhejiang, produced 48,000 hectares
(118,611 acres) and 160,000 tonnes (176,369 tons) in 2002.  In other
areas, production is from wild trees.

Bignay

Bignay is being produced in Florida.  Yield varies greatly if grown from
seed, but a mature tree in Florida has produced 15 bushels (529 liters)
of fruit in a season.  EPA Crop Production Region 13.

Bilimbi

Bilimbi has limited production in southern Florida, Puerto Rico, and
Hawaii.  EPA Crop Production Region 13.  Other production regions:
China, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Indo-China, Indonesia, Malaysia,
Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Northern Australia, lower Himalayas and
Southeast Asia; ornamental in Israel.  The tree is cultivated in
Malaysia and grown in every village in Indonesia; no yield data is
available .

Borojó:

It is native to Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia and Ecuado, and cultivated
in Colombia, and not produced in the U.S.

Breadnut

No production data , but could be grown in EPA Crop Production Regions 3
and 13.  Other production regions:  Mexico, Central America, Caribbean
(Cuba, Jamaica), Northern South America (Guyana, Venezuela), Brazil,
Western South America.  Approximately 7 to 8 tonnes (8 to 9 tons) of
fruit can be harvested from 125 trees/hectare in the Yucatan.  Yields of
mature trees can reach 50 to 70 kilograms (110 to 154 pounds) of fruit
per year.

Cabeluda

No production in the U.S.:  Other commercial production regions include
Brazil and Paraguay and other parts of South America.

Cajou, Fruit:

No production in the U.S.:  Other commercial production regions include
Northern South America, Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Guiana, and the Amazon
region.

Cambucá:

Cambucá were planted in 1993 in Florida and Hawaii but no production or
yield data is available.  EPA Crop Production Region 13.  Other
commercial production regions include Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo,
Brazil where it can produce large yields.  One tree can produce more
than 500 fruit.

Carandas plum:

No production in the U.S.  Other commercial production regions include
northeast tropical Africa, west tropical Africa, south tropical Africa,
southern Africa, Madagascar, Yemen, India, Thailand, Vietnam, Saudi
Arabia, Japan, Myanmar, and Indo-China.

Carob:

Numerous scattered carob trees are found in semitropical areas.  Adapted
to Southern California in the foothills and in the desert.  Carob trees
are planted in Texas, Arizona, California, and Florida.  In California,
a 6-year-old tree will yield approximately 2.25 kilograms (5 pounds) of
fruit and a 12-year-old tree will yield approximately 45 kilograms (100
pounds) of fruit.  EPA Crop Production Region 3, 6, 8, and 10.  Other
commercial production regions include:  Coastal regions of the
Mediterranean, especially Sicily, Southern Arabia, Cyprus, Malta, Spain,
Portugal, Southern Sardinia, Italy, Turkey, Syria, Southern Jordan,
Egypt, Tunisia, Libya, Morocco, Algeria, and Lebanon; commercially
produced in Israel, India and Pakistan; introduced into Mexico, Chile,
South Africa, Australia and Brazil.  Productivity increases with age; a
25 to 30-year-old tree may produce 90 kilograms (200 pounds) of fruit.
In Israel, individual trees produce 204 to 227 kilograms (450 to 550
pounds).  Ancient trees in the Mediterranean have produced 1,360
kilograms (3,000 pounds) in one season.  Annual world production of
carob seed is approximately 350,000 to 500,000 tonnes (385,809 to
551,156 tons) produced from approximately 200,000 hectares (494,211
acres).  In 2007, the main carob producers were Spain at 72,000 tonnes
(79,366 tons)), Italy 26,000 tonnes (28,660 tons), Morocco at 25,000
tonnes (27,558 tons), Portugal at 23,000 tonnes (25,353 tons), Greece at
(15,000 tonnes (16,535 tons), Turkey at 12,161 tonnes (13,405 tons) and
Cyprus at 3,839 tonnes (4,232 tons)).

Cashew apple:

Cashews are not produced commercially in the U.S.  Other commercial
production regions:  Central America, Mexico, northern South America,
Brazil, Colombia, Kenya; cultivated in the tropics.  The top ten cashew
production countries in 2004 were Vietnam, India, Nigeria, Brazil,
Tanzania, Indonesia, Guinea-Bissau, Cote D’Ivoire, Mozambique, and
Benin.  According to FAOSTAT, in 2007, production of cashew apple was
1,660,000 tonnes (1,829,837 tons) in Brazil, 120,600 tonnes (132,939
tons) in Mali, 68,000 tonnes (74,957 tons) in Madagascar, and 15 tonnes
(17 tones) in Guyana.  These were approximate measurements.  Average
yields range from 0 to 48 kilograms (0 to 106 pounds) per tree per year
and 800 to 1,000 kilograms (1,764 to 2,205 pounds) per hectare.  Cashew
is the number one tree nut crop in the world.

Ceylon ironwood

No production in the U.S.  Other commercial production regions include
China, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indo-China (Cambodia,
Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam),  Taiwan, and Hainan.

Ceylon olive

No production in the U.S.  Other commercial production regions include
India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, and Indonesia, Malaysia.

Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande:

Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande grows in Southern Florida, but no yield data is
available.  EPA Crop Production Region 13.  Other production regions:
Tropical America: Brazil and no yield data are available.

Chinese olive, black:

There is no production in the U.S.  Other production regions include
China, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, and Indochina.

Chinese olive, white:

There is no production in the U.S.  Other production regions include
China, Japan, Malaysia, Laos, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines,
and Thailand.

Chirauli-nut

There is no production in the U.S.  Other production regions include
China, India, and Nepal, Indo-China (Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and
Vietnam).

Ciruela verde

There is no production in the U.S.  Other production regions include
Venezuela, Brazil, Western South America (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador,
and Peru.

Cocoplum:

Cocoplum is grown in Florida and Puerto Rico; a large (2.5 meter [8
feet] tall) cocoplum in Puerto Rico yielded 760 ripe fruit in a single
picking.  EPA Crop Production Regions 3 and 13.  Other production
regions include:  West-Central and West Tropical Africa, South Tropical
Africa, Mexico, Central America, Bahamas through the Caribbean, Northern
South America, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador; cultivated and naturalized in
Mascarenes, Vietnam, Melanesia, Fiji and Polynesia; no yield data is
available.

Date:

Production in U.S. (2,226 hectares (5500 acres)) is mainly in Coachella
Valley, California, with some in Arizona.  According to the USDA, 23,400
tons (21,228 tonnes) were producted in California in 2009, and according
to FAOSTAT, in 2008, 16,511 tonnes (18,200 tons) were produced in the
U.S.  EPA Crop Production Region 10.  Most U.S. imports come from Middle
East countries.  Dates grow from Morocco to Egypt, Arabia and Pakistan.
Introduced to Australia, Mexico and South Africa.  Worldwide production
of dates reached 7,048,089 tonnes (7,769,188 tons) in 2008.  The top ten
date producing countries in 2001 were Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, United
Arab Emirates, Iraq, Pakistan, Algeria, Oman, Sudan, and Libyan Arab
Jamahiriya.  The top five date exporting countries in 2001 were the
United Arab Emirates, Iran, Pakistan, Tunisia, and Iraq.  Egypt is the
largest date producing country, where production has increased to
1,130,000 tonnes (1,245,612 tons) in 2007.  Iran is the second largest
producing country, where production has reached 1,000,000 tonnes
(1,102,311 tons) in 2007.  Saudi Arabia is the third largest producing
country, where production has reached 982,546 tonnes (1,083,072 tons) in
2007.

Davidson’s plum

There is no production in U.S.  Other commercial production regions:
cultivated in eastern Australia including north Queensland and northeast
New South Wales as part of the bush food industry.

Desert date

Desert date grows in Puerto Rico but no production no data is available.
 EPA Crop Production Region 13.  Other commercial production regions
include   Northern and northeast tropical Africa, east tropical Africa,
west and west-central tropical Africa, southern and south tropical
Africa, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Jordan, Egypt, the Azores, Cape Verde,
Curacao, and the Dominican Republic.  Approximately 100 to 150 kilograms
(220 to 331 pounds) of ripe fruit is produced per tree.

Doum palm coconut:

No production in the U.S.  Other commercial production regions include
Egypt, northeast tropical Africa, west and west-central tropical Africa;
most common in coastal east Africa and in Eritrea; Saudi Arabia, Yemen,
western India, Middle East.  The fruit is obtained from wild
populations, and therefore no production data is available.  A mature 6
to 8-year-old tree produces approximately 50 kg (110 pounds) of fruit
annually.

False sandalwood

False sandalwood is produced in Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, but no
yield data is available.  EPA Crop Production Regions 3 and 13.  Other
commercial production regions include: East and northeast tropical
Africa, west and west-central tropical Africa, southern Africa, south
tropical Africa, China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, region of
Malesia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Australia,
Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, Northern South America, Brazil,
western South America, Southern South America.

Feijoa

There is commercial production of feijoa in California.  Scattered trees
have been planted in Florida and Hawaii, but no yield data is available.
 EPA Crop Production Region 10.  Other commercial production regions
include New Zealand, Australia, and South America; widely cultivated in
the subtropics; In Brazil and Uruguay, the fruit are not cultivated on a
commercial scale but fruit are collected from the wild or home gardens.
Currently, New Zealand contains approximately 200 hectares (494 acres)
of commercial orchards that produce 950 tonnes (1,047 tons) of fruit for
fresh consumption and 200 tonnes (220 tons) for processing.  In
Colombia, 165 hectares (408 acres) are grown and 1,200 tonnes (1,323
tons) of fruit are produced.  An orchard of mature feijoa trees yields
approximately 22 tonnes (24 tons) of fruit per hectare or 30 to 40 kg
(66 to 88 pounds) of fruit per tree.

Fig

Almost all of the commercial production of figs is in California.  Figs
are also grown in home gardens throughout the southern states;
naturalized in the United States and Hawaii.  According to USDA, in
2009, 36,242 tonnes (39,950 tons) were produced in California, and
according to FAOSTAT, in 2008, 36,287 tonnes (40,000 tons) of fruit were
produced in the U.S.  EPA Crop Production Region 10.  Other commercial
production regions include:  Turkey, Greece, Italy, Algeria, Morocco;
northern Africa, western/middle Asia, southeastern and southwestern
Europe; widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics; naturalized in
Europe, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Macaronesia, and
Galapagos.  In 2007, the leading world producer of figs was Turkey at
210,152 tonnes (231,652 tons), followed by Egypt at 170,000 tonnes
(187,392 tons), Iran at 88,000 tonnes (97,003 tons), Algeria at 63,883
tonnes (70,418 tons) and Morocco at 61,606 tonnes (67,908 tons).  Spain,
the United States, Algeria, and Syria are also large producers of figs.
About 40 percent of the world crop is dried.  Turkey is the leading
exporter of dried figs.  Other leading producers of dried figs are
Greece, the United States of America, Spain, Italy and Portugal.  In
2008, total world production was 1,108,398 tonnes (1,221,799 tons)

Fragrant Manjack

There is no production in the U.S.  Other production regions include:
China, Japan, Taiwan, Cambodia, Kashmir, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand,
Vietnam, Pacific Islands, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indo-China,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia
(southwestern Pacific); mature trees can produce yields of 125 kilograms
(276 pounds) per year.

Gooseberry, Abyssinian

There is no production in the U.S.  Other production regions include
northeast tropical Africa, east tropical Africa, and south tropical
Africa.

Gooseberry, Ceylon

Ceylon gooseberry grows in Florida, California, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, but
no yield data is available.  EPA Crop Production Region 13.  Other
commercial production regions include Sri Lanka, India, tropical Asia,
the Philippines, Cuba, Honduras, Malaya, Israel, and West Indies; widely
introduced into the tropics.

Gooseberry, Indian

Indian gooseberry is grown in the U.S. and Puerto Rico.  EPA Crop
Production Region 13.  Other production regions include:  China, Taiwan,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaya,
Singapore, Mascarene Islands, the Himalayas, Malacca, Indo-China,
Indonesia, Malaysia; cultivated elsewhere in tropics; an important crop
in India.  Yield varies greatly.  Fruit yield is 19.6 to 20.2 kilograms
(43 to 45 pounds) per tree for fruit harvested from the wild in India.
Trees can yield 187 to 299 kilograms (412 to 659 pounds) per year and
200 kilograms (441 pounds) from grafted trees.

Gooseberry, Otaheite

Otaheite gooseberry is grown in Florida and Hawaii in home gardens, but
no yield data is available .  EPA Crop Production Regions 3 and 13.
Other production regions include:  the Caribbean, Central America, South
America, Southern Mexico, India, Madagascar, the Philippines, Indonesia,
South Vietnam, Laos, Northern Malaysia, Guam, Pacific Islands; widely
distributed throughout Asia; naturalized elsewhere.

Governor’s plum includes Plum-of-Martinique, Rukam, and Indian plum.

	Governor’s plum (Flacourtia indica)  Pproduction in U.S. limited to
home gardens in Florida.  Other production regions include West Indies:
northeast, east, South Africa, Madagascar, China, and tropical Asia;
naturalized elsewhere including the Caribbean, Central America and
India.

	Plum-of-Martinique (Flacourtia inermis):  Florida; occasionally planted
in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.  Southern Asia, tropical Africa,
Pacific Islands, the Philippines, Sumatra, New Britain, and peninsular
Malaysia: introduced elsewhere in the Tropics.  Cultivated mostly in Sri
Lanka, Malaya and Indonesia.  Fruit yield is 37 to 261 kilograms (81 to
576 pounds) per year.

	Rukam (Flacourtia rukam)  Florida, also Southeast/Tropical Asia
including China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Oceania, Malaya
Archipelago, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea;
India;  Belgium; elsewhere in the Tropics.  Cultivated in southern
Malaya and Indonesia.

Indian plum (Flacourtia jangomas) Florida and Puerto Rico.  EPA Crop
Production Regions 3 and 13.  It is also ccultivated in the paleotropics
and Southeast/Tropical Asia; Eastern Malaya, the Philippines, Surinam,
Trinidad, Assam, Burma, North Bengal, East Bengal and Chittagong, India;
East Africa

Grumichama

Grumichama grows in Hawaii, but no yield data is available.  EPA Crop
Production Region 13.  Other production regions include Brazil.  Grown
especially in the states of Parana and Santa Catharina.  Cultivated in
and around Rio de Janeiro and Paraguay; cultivated elsewhere including
Tropical America.  Mature 3 meter (10 foot) tall trees can yield more
than 23 kilograms (50 pounds) of useable fruit and mature trees kept
pruned at 2 meters (6 feet) yield about 14 kilograms (30 pounds) of
fruit.

Guabiroba

Guabiroba is not grown in the U.S.:  Other production regions:  Brazil,
Argentina, Paraguay; no yield data is available.

Guava:

Guava is produced in Florida, Guam 132 kilograms (292 lbs), 1992),
Hawaii (304 hectares (750 acres), 1995), California, and Puerto Rico.
Fresh production in Hawaii is 4,400 tonnes (4,850 tons) per year or 28.1
tonnes (31 tons) per hectare.  According to USDA 1,050, tons (952
tonnes) were produced in Hawaii in 2009.  EPA Crop Production Region 3,
10, and 13.

Production in U.S.:  Florida, Guam (132 kilograms (292 lbs), 1992),
Hawaii (304 hectares (750 acres), 1995), California and Puerto Rico.
Fresh production in Hawaii is 4,400 tonnes (4,850 tons) per year or 28.1
tonnes (31 tons) per hectare.  According to USDA 1,050, tons (952
tonnes) were produced in Hawaii in 2009.  EPA Crop Production Region 3,
10, and 13.  Other commercial production regions:  India, Pakistan,
Egypt, South Africa, Europe including France; Asia including Thailand
and Taiwan; Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Central America including
Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama;
Northern/western/southern South America including Brazil; the Caribbean;
the Philippines; the subtropics; widely cultivated and naturalized;
exact native range obscure.  India and Mexico are the world’s largest
producers of guava.  India produces dessert guavas that are consumed
totally within the country.  Mexico produces dessert and processing
cultivars that are mostly consumed within the country.  The U.S.
imported over 8,000 tonnes (8,818 tons) of processed guava in 2002.
Leading exporters were Brazil, Mexico, Dominican Republic, India,
Pakistan, Ecuador, Colombia, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand,
and Taiwan.

Guava berry:

Guava berry is grown in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands and
experimental plants are grown in Hawaii and Florida, but no yield data
is available.  EPA Crop Production Region 13.  Other production regions
include Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, Northern South America,
Brazil, and Western South America; occasionally cultivated in Bermuda
and the Philippines; no yield data is available.

Guava, Brazilian:

The Brazilian guava is grown in southern California.  EPA Crop
Production Region 10.  Other production regions include:  Mexico,
Central America including Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala,
Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; the Caribbean including Cuba, Guadeloupe,
Jamaica, Martinique, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad and Tobago; South
America including French Guyana, Guyana, Surinam, Venezuela, Brazil,
Bolivia, Colombia, Argentina, Peru, Paraguay; India; naturalized
elsewhere.

Purple strawberry guava, Strawberry guava, and Yellow strawberry guava:

The guavas are produced in Hawaii, southern and central Florida, and
southern California.  Yellow strawberry guava is cultivated in Hawaii.
EPA Crop Production Regions 3 and 13.   Other commercial production
regions:  Central America, Mexico, the West Indies, Bermuda, the
Bahamas, Jamaica, South America including Brazil, Uruguay; Africa,
Portugal, Mauritius, Reunion, Seychelles, India, Sri Lanka, China, the
Philippines, Malaysia, Southern Europe, Australia, New Zealand,
Micronesia, French Polynesia; naturalized and cultivated elsewhere in
the tropics and subtropics; no figures are available on world
production.  Orchards are said to yield up to 13.6 tonnes (15 tons) per
hectare.  In some areas, 27 tonnes (30 tons) can be obtained from 2
hectares (5 acres).

Guava, Costa Rican:

Production in U.S.:  No data .  Other production regions include:
Mexico, Central America including Costa Rica, Guatemala and El Salvador,
Colombia, Ecuador, the Philippines:  no production data is available.

Guava, Para:

Production in U.S.:  No specific entry.  Other commercial production
regions:  Amazonia; South America including Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela,
Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

Guayabillo

Guayabillo is grown in southern California.   Other commercial
production regions include:  Mexico, Central America including Belize,
Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; Cuba;
South America including French Guiana, Guyana, Suriname, Venezuela,
Brazil, Colombia, and Ecuador.

Illawarra plum:

There is no production in the U.S.:  Other production regions:
Australia; no yield data is available.

Imbé:

Imbé is grown in Florida.  EPA Crop Production Region 3.  Other
production regions include northeast/east/west/South Africa; eastern
tropical Asia: no yield data is available.

Imbu:

There is minor production in South Florida, and no yield data is
available.  EPA Crop Production Region 3.  Other commercial production
regions include northeastern Brazil and other South America; cultivated
elsewhere.  Annual production in 1992 was 300 kilograms (661 pounds) per
tree.

Jaboticaba:

There is some production in South Florida, California, and Hawaii.  EPA
Crop Production Regions 10 and 13.  Other commercial production regions
include South America, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina; Australia;
introduced into tropical and subtropical areas.  One tree may produce
500 to 800 kilograms (1,102 to 1,764 pounds) of fresh fruit.

Jamaica cherry:

Jamaica cherry is produced in Florida and Hawaii, but no yield data is
available.  EPA Crop Production Regions 3, 10, and 13.  Other commercial
production regions include:  Mexico, Central America, Caribbean,
northern South America, western South America (Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru),
Greater Antilles, St. Vincent, Trinidad, Southeast Asia, Jamaica; widely
cultivated in warm areas of the New World and in India, Malaya,
Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and the Philippines; no yield data is available.

Jambolan:

Jambolan is cultivated and naturalized in the Southeastern United
States, Florida, California, Hawaii and Puerto Rico, but no yield data
is available.  EPA Crop Production Regions 3, 10, and 13.  Other
production regions include:  East tropical Africa, China, Indian
subcontinent (Bhutan, India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Burma), Suriname, Central
America, Andaman Islands, Indonesia, Malaya, Malaysia; cultivated and
naturalized in tropical and South Africa, Israel, Algiers, Australia,
tropical Southern America, southeast Asia, the Philippines, the West
Indies, Zanzibar, Pemba and Mombasa, Mascarenes, Marquesas, Bermuda,
Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Lesser Antilles, Trinidad, Seychelles, Galapagos;
a crop of 700 fruit were obtained from a five year old tree.

Jelly palm:

Currently, the jelly palm is used as a landscape plant of the
Southeastern United States including South Carolina and Georgia and
California and no yield data is available.  EPA Crop Production Regions
2, 3, 10, and 13.  Other production regions include Brazil, Argentina,
Paraguay, and Uruguay; widely introduced into tropical and subtropical
areas; no yield data is available.

Jujube, Chinese:

Minor production of Chinese jujube as trees is planted in home gardens
in the Southern states; trees have become weedy in some states.  EPA
Crop Production Regions 3, 10, and 13.  Trees are planted in home
gardens in the Southern states; trees have become weedy in some states;
no yield data is available.  Other commercial production regions
include:  China, southern Europe, Russia, northern Africa, Middle East,
Taiwan, Thailand, Azerbaijan, India, Iran, Armenia, Syria, the
Mediterranean region of Spain and France; cultivated and naturalized in
Eurasia; probable origin Asia; one of the most important fruit trees in
China.  Annual fruit production of the Chinese jujube in China is 400
million kilograms (881,849,049 pounds) on 300,000 hectares (741,316
acres).  Average yields from wild trees in the Himalayas are 9.5
kilograms (21 pounds) per year.

Jujube, Indian:

Indian jujube is grown as ornamentals in Hawaii: Southern Florida,
Puerto Rico.  EPA Crop Production Regions 3, 10, and 13.  Other
production regions include:  Subtropical; cultivated extensively in
India and Thailand; also grown in Southeast Asia, China, Pakistan,
Bangladesh, the Caribbean Islands, and Myanmar; widely cultivated,
naturalized in S. Africa, Afghanistan, Malaysia, Australia, tropical
Southern America, Central America, the West Indies, and Cape Verde.
Approximately 88,000 hectares (217,453 acres) were grown in India in
1995, with a production of 0.9 million tonnes (992,080 tons).  Irrigated
fields in northern India yield a crop of 80 to 200 kilograms (176 to 441
pounds) of fresh fruit per tree per year.  Seedling trees bear 5,000 to
10,000 small fruit per year in India.  Grafted trees can yield 30,000
fruit.  One of the best cultivars in India produces fruit that average
66 to the kilogram (30 to the pound), and yields 77 kilograms (175
pounds) annually.

Kaffir-plum:

Kaffir-plum is grown in the U.S. but no yield data is available.  Other
production regions include Mozambique, South Africa: India.

Kakadu plum:

No production in the U.S.  Other production regions:  Australia; no
yield data is available.

Kapundung:

No production in the U.S.  Other production regions include Indonesia,
India; widely cultivated in Southeast Asia, Java, Sumatra, Bali, and
Peninsular Malaysia.

Karanda:

Karanda has limited cultivation in Florida and California and in some
experimental gardens in Trinidad and Puerto Rico.  EPA Crop Production
Regions 3, 10, and 13.  Other production regions include:  China,
Taiwan, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Malaysia, India, Thailand, Cambodia,
South Vietnam, East Africa; Java, Philippines, Burma, and Malacca.

Kwai muk:

Kwai muk maybe grown in Florida.  EPA Crop Production Region 13.  Other
production regions include China, Hong Kong; no yield records are yet
available, but mature trees have the capability of producing 2,000 fruit
or more per year.

Lemon aspen:

Lemon aspen is not production in U.S.  Other production regions include:
 Australia; approximately 6 to 12 tonnes (7 to 13 tons) per year was
traded in 2001; approximately 100 hectares (247 acres) of the fruit is
grown in Australia.

Mangaba:

Mangaba is not produced in the U.S..  Other commercial production
regions include:  South America including Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia,
Bolivia, Peru and Paraguay; Brazilian annual fruit production was
approximately 1,500 tonnes (1,653 tons) in 2002.

Marian plum:

Marian plum is not produced in the U.S.:  Other production regions
include Southeast Asia, Indonesia, Malaysia; cultivated widely in
Thailand and Sumatra.  A mature tree produces approximately 200
kilograms (441 pounds) of fruit in one season.  In Thailand,
approximately 1,170 hectares (2,891 acres) of fruit was recorded in
1993.  Total production in 1993 was 5,652 tonnes (6,230 tons).  The
average productivity of the fruit in Thailand was 7 tonnes (8 tons) per
hectare.

Mombin, Malayan

There is no production in U.S.  Other production regions include China,
Hong Kong, Nepal, Tropical Asia, Indian subcontinent, Indo-China, India,
Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Bhutan, Laos,
Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Philippines.

Mombin, purple:

Purple mombin is grown in Florida and Puerto Rice.  EPA Crop Production
Regions 3 and 13.  Other production regions include:  Mexico, the West
Indies including the Antilles, Peru, Brazil, Venezuela, Central America,
Ecuador, Nigeria; widely naturalized in the tropics; in Ecuador, yields
of more than 4,500 tonnes (4,960 tons) per year were reported within the
period 1987 and 1990-1992; in an Ecuadorean Andean dry area, the average
yield was 2,250 to 5,000 kilograms (4,960 to 11,023 pounds) per hectare
from dry season varieties.

Mombin, yellow:

Yellow mombin is grown in Florida and Puerto Rice.   EPA Crop Production
Regions 3 and 13.  Other production regions include:  tropical America,
tropical regions of Africa and Asia, Oceania, Mexico, Central America,
Northern South America, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, the
Guiana’s, Western South America, Paraguay, Bermuda, India, Indonesia,
the West Indies; widely cultivated in the paleotropics; adult trees
produce over 100 kilograms (220 pounds) of fruit per year in Mexico.

Monkeyfruit:

Monkeyfruit is not produced in U.S.:  Other production regions include:
China, India, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand,
Vietnam; fruit yield can be up to 80 kilograms (176 pounds) per tree and
fruit can weigh from 200 to 350 grams (7 to 12 ounces).

Monos plum:

Monos plum is cultivated and naturalized in Puerto Rico and Florida.
EPA Crop Production Region 13.  Other production regions include
Hispaniola (Caribbean), Venezuela; no yield data is available.

Mountain cherry:

There is no Mountain cherry production in U.S.  Other production regions
include Mexico, Central America, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Panama.

Nance:

Nance is grown in Puerto Rico.  EPA Crop Production Region 13.  Other
production regions include Mexico, Central America including Nicaragua,
Panama, and Costa Rica, Caribbean (Barbados, Cuba), tropical South
America including Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Paraguay.  Trees produce yields
of 3 to 5 tonnes (3.3 to 5.5 tons) per hectare of fruit in Mexico and 4
to 6 tonnes (4.4 to 6.6 tons) per hectare of fruit in Brazil.

Natal plum:

Natal plum is produced in U.S.  While not grown commercially, it is
found in home plantings in Florida, California, Hawaii and the Gulf
States; no yield data is available.  EPA Crop Production Regions 3 and
13.  Other commercial production regions includes  Southern and eastern
Africa, the Bahamas, the Philippines, India, Israel; cultivated
worldwide in the tropics and subtropics, except for Southeast Asia;
grown as an ornamental in Hong Kong and Taiwan.

Noni:

Noni is produced in Hawaii, Samoa, Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands, the
Florida Keys and yields can reach 80,000 kilograms (88 tons) per hectare
in Hawaii.  EPA Crop Production Region 13.  Other commercial production
regions includes:  Southeast Asia including China, Japan, Taiwan,
Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka, Indochina, Thailand, region of Malesia
(Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea), the Indo-Pacific including
eastern Polynesia, Melanesia, Western Polynesia, Micronesia; Australia;
naturalized on the open shores of Central and South America (Mexico,
Panama, Venezuela, Surinam, Brazil); the West Indies (the Bahamas,
Bermuda); parts of Africa; widely naturalized throughout the tropics; no
production statistics are available.  Fruit yields depend on
environmental and cultural factors.

Olive:

The olive is commercially grown in California with most of the
production in California’s Central Valley; some production occurs
outside Phoenix, Arizona.  According to the USDA, in 2009, total olive
production in California was 42,002tonnes (46,300 tons).  EPA Crop
Production Region 10.  Other production regions include:  Spain, Italy,
Greece, Portugal, South America, the Middle East, northern and southern
Africa, Australia, Canada, Mexico, Western and southwestern Asia,
southeastern and southwestern Europe, the Mediterranean region, Taiwan;
widely cultivated and sometimes naturalized.  World olive production is
9.5 million hectares (23,475,011 acres).  Approximately 90% of
production is used for olive oil.  Approximately 75% of olive oil is
from Europe, with Spain producing the most oil.  Greece, Italy and
Portugal are also leading producers.  Nearly half of all world
production of table olives is from Europe and one-third is from the
Middle Eastern and Northern African countries.  According to FAOSTAT, in
2007, 6,222,100 tonnes (6,858,691 tons) were produced in Spain,
3,481,379 tonnes (3,837,563 tons) were produced in Italy, 2,444,230
tonnes (2,694,302 tons) were produced in Greece, 1,075,854 tonnes
(1,185,926 tons) were produced in Turkey, and 900,000 tonnes (992,080
tons) were produced in Tunisia.  World olive production in 2008 was
18,083,800 tonnes (19,933,977 tons).

Papaya, Mountain

There is limited production in California; no yield data is available.
EPA Crop Production Region 10.  Other production regions:  commonly
cultivated in the high slopes of Ecuador and Colombia; also grown in
Panama, Venezuela, and northern to western South America, especially the
Andes Mountains; yields per unit area are not known; one tree can
produce 50 to 60 fruit per season .

Patauá:

There is limited production in U.S.  Other production regions include
Central America including Panama, Caribbean (Trinidad and Tobago), and
northern South America, Brazil, western South America (Bolivia,
Colombia, and Ecuador).  On average, the palm yields two fruiting stems
annually, with a mean weight of 15 kilograms (254 pounds).  Some plants
produce up to five fruiting stems.  It is estimated that 100 fruiting
plants would produce 1.6 tonnes (1.8 tons) of fruit.  A hectare of wild
palm stand yields 1.5 to 1.6 tonnes (1.7 to 1.8 tons) of fresh fruit and
112 to 260 kilograms (247 to 573 pounds) of oil.

Peach palm, fruit:

There is no production in U.S.   Other production regions include
cultivated throughout central and northern South America; experimental
crops are found in Africa, Asia and Oceania.  In 2000, the estimated
production of fresh fruit bunches in the State of Amazonas; Brazil was
13,600 tonnes (14,991 tons).  Brazilian Amazonia produced at least twice
that amount.  In 2002, Colombian production of fruit was approximately
49,000 tonnes (54,013 tons) and Costa Rican fruit production was
approximately 10,500 tonnes (11,574 tons).  Total Neotropical fruit
production is estimated to be 120,000 tonnes (132,277 tons).  Of this,
approximately 50% is fresh fruit and the other 50% is used for
subsistence.  Heart-of-palm production in Brazil was 20,000 hectares
(49,421 acres) in 2002; production in Bolivia was 3,000 hectares (7,413
acres); Costa Rica had 8,000 hectares (19,768 acres) in production in
2002, and production in Colombia was 1,000 hectares (2,471 acres).  The
total Neotropical production area of heart-of-palm is greater than
43,000 hectares (106,255 acres)

Persimmon, Black:

There is limited production in Texas, no yield data is available.  EPA
Crop Production Regions 6 and 8.  Other commercial production regions
include Northern Mexico.

Persimmon, Japanese

Japanese persimmon is grown in Florida, California; southern states.
EPA Crop Production Regions 3, 4, 6, 10, and 13.  Other commercial
production regions include:  China, Korea, Japan, Vietnam, Burma,
Indonesia, the Philippines, the Himalayas, the Khasi Hills of northern
India, Brazil, Israel, New Zealand, Australia, Iran, the Mediterranean
coast of France, Italy, and other European countries, Southern Russia,
Algeria.  A young tree yields approximately 22.6 to 40.8 kilograms (50
to 96 pounds) of fruit per year.  A mature tree yields approximately 150
to 250 kilograms (330 to 550 pounds) of fruit per year.  According to
2002 FAO statistics, the global production of persimmon totaled
2,328,919 tonnes (2,567,193 tons).  Approximately 71.3% of the
production was from China, and 11.6% each was from Korea and Japan.
According to FAOSTAT, in 2007, China was the number one producing
country, producing 2,332,962 tonnes (2,571,650 tons) of fruit; Korea was
second, producing 395,614 tonnes (436,089 tons), Japan was third,
producing 244,800 tonnes (269,845 tons), Brazil was fourth, producing
159,851 tonnes (176,205 tons), and Azerbaijan was fifth, producing
128,407 tonnes (141,544 tons).

Pitomba:

A few specimens of pitomba have been grown in southern Florida; no yield
data is available.   EPA Crop Production Region 13.  Other commercial
production regions:  Brazil.

Pomerac:

Pomerac grows in Hawaii and Puerto Rico but no yield data is available.
EPA Crop Production Region 13.  Other production regions include:
Tropics, West Indies, Indonesia, Malaysia, Java, Philippines, Vietnam,
Bengal, South India, Malacca, East Africa, Melanesia, Polynesia,
Micronesia, Bermuda, St. Croix, Brazil, Surinam, Central America,
Southeast Asia; the yield varies from 21 to 85 kilograms (46 to 188
pounds) per tree.

Rambai:

There is no commercial production of rambai in the U.S.  Other
commercial production regions include Southeast Asia including Thailand
and Vietnam; region of Malesia (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia): grows wild
in Bangha and Borneo.

Rose Apple:

Rose apple is produced in Florida, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands,
and naturalized in the Southeastern United States.  It is also grown as
an ornamental in California.  EPA Crop Production Regions 11 and 13.
Other production regions include:  East and West Indies, Indonesia,
Malaya; cultivated and naturalized in many parts of India, Sri Lanka,
former Indochina, and the Pacific Islands; naturalized in South Africa,
west tropical Africa including Ghana, the islands of Zanzibar, Pemba and
Reunion, Southeast Asia, Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, Panama, tropical
Southern America, Mascarenes, Seychelles and Galapagos, Australia; in
India, a single mature tree can yield 2 kilograms (5 pounds) of fruit
each season .

Rumberry:

There is no commercial production of rumberry in the U.S.  Other
commercial production regions include Amazonian lowlands of Ecuador,
Bolivia, Venezuela, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru.  Wild trees have been
found to yield an average of 9,000 to 12,000 kilograms (19,842 to 26,455
pounds) per hectare.  Planting densities of 600 to 1,100 trees per
hectare yield about 12 tonnes (13 tons) of fruit.  With new techniques,
higher yields can be achieved.

Sea grape:

The sea grape is found in home gardens along the Gulf Coast, Florida,
and as an ornamental in Hawaii.  EPA Crop Production Regions 3 and 13.
Other production regions include Tropical America, along the American
Atlantic, the Pacific Coasts of the tropics and subtropics between 25
°N and 10 °S, the Antilles, Mexico, Central America, South America,
and the Caribbean.

Sentul:

The sentul grows well in South Florida.  EPA Crop Production Region 3.
Other production regions include Tropical and Southeast Asia, Malesia
(Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, and Philippines), former
Indochina including Cambodia and Southern Laos, the Malay Peninsula,
India, the Andaman Islands, the Moluccas, Mauritius; cultivated
elsewhere in the tropics.  Experimental data indicates that annual
yields can reach up to 14 tonnes (15 tons) per hectare.  Mature trees
produce up to 22.5 tonnes (25 tons) of fruit per hectare.  In the
Philippines in 1991, there were over 1.6 million productive trees.

Sete-capotes:

There is no production in the U.S.  Other production regions include
Brazil, Argentina, and Paraguay.

Silver aspen:

There is no production in the U.S.  Other production regions include:
Australian rainforests, New South Wales, Queensland, coastal regions;
approximately 100 hectares (247 acres) are grown

Starfruit:

The majority of domestic production is from Florida.  One fruit grower
and shipper has 20 hectares (50 acres) planted.  Fruit from Hawaii (14
hectares (35 acres) in 1994) must be treated prior to shipment to the
mainland.  Approximately 0.9 tonnes (1 ton) of fruit was harvested from
Guam in 1992; some production occurs in California.  The current annual
estimated value of this crop is $1.5 million.  EPA Crop Production
Regions 3, 10 and 13.  Other commercial production regions:  All
tropical regions of the world; Indonesia, the Moluccas, the West Indies,
some of the South Pacific islands, the provinces of Fukien, Kuangtung
and Kuangsi in southern China, Sri Lanka.  Main production occurs in
Taiwan, Malaysia, Brazil, Guyana, India, the Philippines, Australia,
Israel, Florida, and Hawaii.  Individual trees that receive adequate
horticultural attention have yielded 45 to 500 kilograms (100 to 1,102
pounds) of fruit.  Yields of 100 to 250 kilograms (220 to 551 pounds)
per tree per year are common when there are two to three crops per year;
no statistics are currently available about world production.  However,
overall commercial carambola planting in the world is no more than
10,000 hectares (24,711 acres).

Surinam Cherry

The majority of domestic starfruit production is from Florida.  One
fruit grower and shipper has 20 hectares (50 acres) planted.  Fruit from
Hawaii (14 hectares (35 acres) in 1994) must be treated prior to
shipment to the mainland.  Approximately 0.9 tonnes (1 ton) of fruit was
harvested from Guam in 1992; some production occurs in California.  EPA
Crop Production Regions 3, 10 and 13.  Yields of trees in Hawaii have
varied from 2.7 kilograms (6 pounds) from a 4-year-old tree to 11
kilograms (24 pounds) from a 6 meter (20-foot) untrimmed wild tree.
Average yields range from 2.7 to 3.6 kilograms (6 to 8 pounds) per plant
per year.  EPA Crop Production Regions 3, 10, and 13. The Surinam cherry
is produced in Hawaii, California, and Florida as a small bush-like tree
or hedge; naturalized in the Southeastern United States, Puerto Rico,
Samoa, and the U.S. Virgin Islands.  Other production regions include:
South America including Brazil, Bolivia, Venezuela, Colombia, Argentina,
Paraguay, Uruguay, Surinam, Guyana and French Guiana; Southeast Asia,
southern China, along the Atlantic coast of Central America, India, Sri
Lanka, the Philippines, Israel, Italy; cultivated elsewhere in the
tropics; naturalized in South Africa, Australia, and the West Indies.
In India, the yield is approximately 2.7 to 3.6 kilograms (6 to 8
pounds) per plant.  The highest yield was recorded in Israel and was 11
kilograms (24 pounds) from one untrimmed plant.  The approximate yield
from a Brazilian test plot was 7 kilograms (15.4 pounds) per tree per
year.  Some plants produce up to 10 kilograms (22 pounds) of fruit per
year.

Tamarind:

The tamarind is grown in New Mexico, Florida, California, Hawaii, and
Puerto Rico.  So far, tamarind production is of minor importance in the
U.S.  EPA Crop Production Region 13.  Other commercial production
regions includes:  The Caribbean including Bermuda, Jamaica, Haiti,
Grenada, Cuba, the Dominican Republic, and the Bahamas; Central America
including Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Panama, and Costa Rica; South
America including Brazil; India; Southeast Asia including Thailand,
Malaya, Malaysia, and Indonesia; tropical Africa including Madagascar,
Cape Verde, Sudan and central and east Africa; Fiji, Australia, the
Middle East; Egypt, Yemen, the Greater Antilles; East Indies; Islands of
the Pacific; other tropical and subtropical countries.  There are no
statistical records on tamarind.  However, it is known that 95 percent
of total world production is the sour type tamarind.  India is the
largest producer of sour tamarind in Asia; annual production in India is
estimated at 250,000 to 300,000 tonnes (275,578 to 330,693 tons).
Tamarind kernel powder is in demand and approximately 20,000 tonnes
(22,046 tons) are produced annually in India.  Thailand is the second
largest producer of tamarind in Asia; Thailand produces 30 percent of
the sweet type, and produces the sour type.  Each tree can produce
approximately 90 kilograms (198 pounds) of purified pulp; no yield data
is available.  Other production regions include Brazil, Argentina, and
Paraguay; introduced elsewhere; no yield data is available.

Uvalha:

Uvalha is grown in Florida and no yield data is available.

Water apple:

Water apple is grown in Hawaii.  EPA Crop Production Regions 3 and 13.
Other  production regions include :  Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, Sri
Lanka, India, Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, Taiwan, region of Malesia
(Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea), the Philippines, Australia,
Pacific Islands, Central and South America, Trinidad; cultivated
elsewhere in tropical Asia; introduced into the Tropics; no yield data
is available.

Water pear:

There is no production yet in the U.S.  Other production regions
include:  Northeast tropical Africa, east tropical Africa, west-central
tropical Africa, west tropical Africa, south tropical Africa, southern
Africa, Arabian Peninsula (Yemen); no yield data is available.

Water berry:

There is no production yet in the U.S.  Other production regions include
east tropical Africa, west-central tropical Africa, south tropical
Africa, and southern Africa:

Wax jambu:

There is 0.4 hectare (1 acre) of wax jambu grown in Florida.  EPA Crop
Production Region 3.  Other production regions include:  Tropical Asia,
southeast Asia, Malaya, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Solomon Islands,
Jamaica, Surinam, the islands of Curacao, Aruba, and Bonaire, Thailand,
Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam,; cultivated in India, Zanzibar, and Pemba;
commercial production in the Philippines, Taiwan, Malaysia, Australia
and Central and South America; cultivated elsewhere in the tropics; and
as an ornamental in Israel. Mature trees yields from 700 to over 1,000
fruit; each fruit weighs 65 to 100 grams (2 to 4 ounces).

SPECIFIC CULTURAL PRACTICES OF THE TROPICAL AND SUBTROPICAL FRUIT –
EDIBLE PEEL:

Açaí

Açaí is a tall-slow growing, slender palm tree that reaches a height
of 15 to 25 meters (49 to 82 feet).  The tree suckers at the base,
resulting in large clusters of trunks (25 or more per tree).  Trunks are
7 to 20 centimeters (3 to 8 inches) in diameter.  Aerial roots are found
on trees growing in swampy areas.  Açaí is indigenous to the Amazon
rainforest.  The crown contains 8 to 14 leaves that are long pinnate and
2 to 4 meters (7 to 13 feet) long.  Leaf bases are tightly sheathing and
form a crown shaft that is green, yellow, red or purple in color.  Each
leaf contains 50 to 62 widely spaced leaflets that are pendulous on the
rachis and reach 1 meter (3 feet) in length.  The inflorescence emerges
from below the crown shaft, contains a central rachis and approximately
54 lateral branches and reaches 1 meter (3 feet) long.  Branches are
covered with light brownish-white hairs.  Each branch bears clusters of
two male flowers and one female flower.  Terminal branches contain male
flowers.  Male flowers are purplish and 0.45 by 0.27 centimeters (0.2 by
0.1 inch) in size.  Female flowers are purple to light brown and 0.32 by
0.26 centimeters in size.  Both male and female flowers are un-stalked.
Pollination is by small bees, flies and beetles.  The small, round, 1 to
2 cm (0.4 to 0.8 inch) in diameter fruit is a drupe that contains a
single large seed surrounded by stringy fibrous sheaths and a thin oily
coating.  Immature fruit are green and ripens to dark purple when
mature.  Some fruit are green at maturity and are known as white açaí.
 Four to eight bunches of fruit are produced each year per trunk.  The
fruit skin is smooth and shiny.  The fruit pulp is creamy to oily and
sweet.  The flavor resembles raspberries, blackberries, or nuts with a
metallic aftertaste.  This fruit is a major food resource in tropical
America.  Old trunks are removed for palm cabbage; the tree is the main
source of palm hearts.  Other uses include ornamental use; medicinal
purposes; ink, dye and wood for house construction.

Acerola:

A large, bushy evergreen small tree or shrub growing up to 6 meters (20
feet) tall and wide.  Native to the Caribbean, Central America, or
Northern South America.  The trunk diameter is 10 centimeters (4
inches).  Branches are minutely hairy, contain many lenticels, and can
be erect or spreading and drooping.  The tree may have a semi-prostrate,
compact, upright or open growth habit.  Leaves are simple, entire,
opposite, elliptical, oblong, obovate, oval, ovate or narrowly
oblanceolate in shape and 2-7 centimeters (0.75 to 2.75 inches) long by
2.5 to 3.8 centimeters (1 to 1.5 inches) wide; young leaves and petioles
are hairy; mature leaves are dark green and hairless.  Pink, lavender or
white flowers are borne in clusters in leaf axils on new terminals and
on lateral spurs.  Each flower contains 5 petals, 10 stamens; flowers
range in size from 2.0 to 2.5 centimeters (0.8 to 1 inch) wide.
Pollination is by insects.  Bright-red, orange-red, or deep purplish red
fruit cherry-like, oblate to round in shape, 3-lobed, 1 to 3.5
centimeters (0.4 to 1.4 inch) wide and 3 to 10 grams (0.1 to 0.4 ounce)
in weight.  The skin is thin, delicate, smooth and glossy.  Pulp is
yellow to orange in color, juicy, and acid to subacid.  Individual fruit
contain three small, rounded to triangular ridged stones that may
contain seeds.  Fruit is borne singly or in 2’s or 3’s.  Currently,
the plant is not heavily cultivated.  Fruit is highly perishable and
easily bruised.  Ripe fruit and fruit turning color should be harvested
every other day.  In Puerto Rico, individual trees may yield 13.5 – 28
kg.  In Florida, a planting of 300 trees produced 2,856 – 23,270 kg of
fruit from March to November.  Fruit is eaten fresh or processed into
puree and juice: high in vitamin C content.

African plum:

A medium-sized deciduous, nitrogen-fixing tree growing 8 to 20 meters
(26 to 66 feet) high.  The tree contains a dense, rounded crown.  Native
to the hot, tropical climate of Africa.  The bark is pale brown to
grayish white with vertical fissures.  Leaves are thick, leathery, dark
green, opposite, glabrous, and 14 to 34 centimeters (5.5 to 13 inches)
long.  Each leaf contains 5 leaflets on stalks 6-14 centimeters (2 to
5.5 inches) long.  Leaflets are entire, ovate, obovate-elliptic or
oblong in shape, contain rounded tips, and range in size from 8 to 22
centimeters (3 to 9 inches) long by 2 to 9 centimeters (0.8 to 3.5
inches) wide.  Flowers are white and tinged purple and occur in dense
opposite and axillary cymes.  Fruit are oblong, up to 3 cm (1.2 inches)
long, and turn from green to purplish-black as they ripen.  The skin is
smooth and shiny.  The pulp is starchy black.  Each fruit contains one
hard conical seed that measures 1.5 to 2 centimeters (0.6 to 0.8 inch)
long and 1 to 1.2 centimeters (0.4 to 0.5 inch) wide.  Fruit is sweet
and tastes like prunes.  Fruit can be candied, made into jam or eaten
fresh; leaves, pods, and seeds are used for fodder; leaves are used in
cooking; roots and fruit are used for medicinal purposes; bark is used
for dye; wood is used for construction purposes and fuel.  Grown around
homes.

Agritos:

Evergreen shrub growing to 1 to 3 meters (3 to 10 ft.).  Grows in
southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, Texas, and Mexico on rocky
limestone flats and slopes in full sun.  Hardy to zone 6.  Bark is grey
to reddish-brown and exfoliating.  Stiff, erect branches with spiny,
holly-like, grey-green alternate trifoliolate leaves.  Leaflets are
spiny lanceolate-oblong to elliptic and are found in three’s, joined
at a central point.  Fragrant yellow flowers are borne in few-flowered
racemes.  Fruit is a subglobose to globose bright red berry, 0.8 to 1.2
cm (0.3 to 0.5 inch) in diameter.  The skin is smooth and shiny.  Pulp
is acidic and contains one to several seeds.  Uses include wine and
jelly from the berries, medicinal purposes from the roots, yellow dye
from the roots and wood, a coffee substitute from the seeds, and an
effective hedge or barrier plant.

Almondette

Medium-size evergreen tree that grows 10 to 15 meters (33 to 49 ft.)
tall.  Grows in the dry, deciduous tropical forests of India, Burma, and
Malaya.  Branches are hairy; the bark is rough, dark grey or black and
fissured with prominent squares.  The trunk is straight and cylindrical.
 The dark green leaves are broadly oblong with a rounded base and
measure 8 to 20 centimeters (3 to 8 inches) by 4 to 12.5 centimeters
(1.6 to 5 inches).  Small flowers are axillary and on 5 to 15 centimeter
(2 to 6 inch) long terminal panicles.  Individual flowers are 0.6
centimeters (0.2 inch) in diameter and contain 4 to 5 greenish-white
petals.  Fruit is a hard, grey to black round drupe with a single seed
that ranges in size from 0.7 to 1.5 centimeters (0.3 to 0.6 inch) in
diameter.  The skin is smooth.  Both the pulp and seed are widely
consumed in India and are considered one of the country’s most
delicious wild fruit.  The seed is roasted and used as a substitute for
almond.  Fallen ripe fruit are collected; the tree may be cut down to
obtain the fruit.  Oil produced from the seed is used as an olive or
almond oil substitute.  The bark yields tannin, wood is used for
firewood, leaves are used as fodder, and all parts of the tree contain
medicinal purposes.

Ambarella

A rapidly growing, upright symmetrical deciduous tree growing 9 to 25
meters (30 to 82 feet) tall.  A native of the Indo-Malaysian region to
Tahiti.  The crown is rounded.  Bark is smooth and light grey-brown.
Leaves are pinnate and 20 to 60 centimeters (8 to 24 inches) in length.
Leaves are composed of 9 to 25 glossy, elliptic or obovate-oblong
leaflets 6.25 to 10 centimeters (2.5 to 4 inches) long.  Leaves turn
yellow and fall at the beginning of the dry season.  Fragrant, small
yellowish to whitish male and female flowers are borne in large, loose,
terminal panicles before leaf emergence.  Inflorescences measure 50
centimeters (20 inches) long.  Male, female and perfect flowers are
contained in the inflorescences.  Individual flowers occur on short
pedicels measuring 0.1 to 0.4 centimeter (0.04 inch).  Fruits are
long-stalked, contain five shallow longitudinal grooves, are ellipsoid
or globose in shape and measure 4 to 10 centimeters (1.6 to 4 inches)
long by 3 to 8 centimeters (1.2 to 3 inches) wide.  It takes 4 to 5
years to bear fruit from seed or 2 to 3 years from cuttings.  Trees
should be spaced 7.5 to 12 meters (25 to 39 feet) apart.  Fruit are
grown in bunches of 12 or more.  The skin is thin, tough and russetted
when mature.  Fruits are sold while still green.  Hard, smooth, green
immature fruits fall to the ground over a period of several weeks and
ripen to a golden-yellow or orange color.  Flesh is yellow, juicy, crisp
and subacid with a pineapple-like flavor when firm.  When soft, the
fruit becomes musky and fibrous.  Each fruit contains one to five flat
seeds.

Apak palm:

	A slow-growing widespread fan-leafed palm tree growing 2 to 7.5 meters
(7 to 25 feet) tall and 4 meters (13 feet) wide.  Apak palm is native
from Eastern Mexico to Nicaragua.  The tree can grow in a solitary or
clustering manner.  The trunk leans and is 12 to 20 centimeters (5 to 8
inches) in diameter.  The canopy contains 10 to 15 dull green evergreen
leaves that are palmate and sometimes waxy.  Petioles are toothed.  The
leaf blade is split into 30 to 50 stiff leaf segments.  Inflorescences
are long, arching, branched, and densely hairy and emerge from the
leaves.  Individual flowers contain male and female reproductive organs.
 Fruit is green to brown, ovoid, 1 to 1.5 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inch)
long and 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) in diameter.  The skin is hairy.  Each
fruit contains one seed.  The flavor is sweet.  Fruit is consumed raw or
cooked; can be made into preserves.  The tree is also used as an
ornamental.

Appleberry:

An evergreen sprawling groundcover or climber containing wiry, red to
brown-grey stems up to 3 meters (10 feet) long; may also reach the size
of a small shrub and grow up to 1.5 meters (5 feet) high.  Native to the
eastern states of Australia from South Queensland to Tasmania and South
Australia.  Leaves are medium green, hairy, narrowly oval with a wavy
margin and 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inch) wide by 5 centimeters (2 inches)
long.  Shoot tips are hairy and contain a fine white fringe.  Pendulous
1 to 2 centimeter (0.4 to 0.8 inch), long, bright yellow-cream
bell-shaped flowers are borne on slender stalks singly or in clusters of
2 or 3 on the ends of stems in the spring and summer.  Petals reflex and
tinge with purple as the flower opens and ages.  Oblong berries, 2.5
centimeters (1 inch) long and 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) wide are produced
in the summer.  The hairy, peach-like skin turns from green and purple
to yellow when ripe.  Fruit is eaten raw when it falls to the ground and
is roasted when green.  The flavor is similar to kiwifruit.  Also grown
as an ornamental.

Arazá:

Small tree or shrub that is densely branched and 2.5 to 15 meters (8 to
49 feet) tall.  Grown in semi-open or open areas on old, non-floodable
terraces in tropical, highly leached podzolic soils and dense, humid,
tropical high forests.  Grown within the area between the Marañón and
Ucayali rivers and where the Amazon begins.  The bark is flaking.  Young
branches are covered with short, velvety, brown hairs.  Leaves are
opposite, simple, elliptical to slightly oval and measure 6 to 18 x 3.5
to 9.5 centimeters (2 to 7 x 1.3 to 3.7 inches).  Inflorescences are in
axillary racemes with two to five white pedicillate flowers, measuring 1
centimeter (0.4 inch) wide.  Fruit is a sub-spherical berry, 12
centimeters (4.7 inches) in diameter and weighing 750 grams (1.7
pounds).  Plants are then transplanted into polyethylene bags filled
with soil and manure and placed into a nursery.  Plants stay in bags for
one year in the shade and plants are then planted out on the final site,
spaced 3 x 3 meters (10 x 10 feet) apart and fertilized with mature.
The skin is shiny and yellow.  The flesh is yellow and thin.  Contains a
small number of oblong seeds measuring 2.5 centimeters (1 inch).  Fruit
is rarely consumed raw due to acidity.  Used to make juices, soft
drinks, ice cream, preserves and desserts.  Also serves as an
ornamental.

Arbutus berry:

A small to medium tree or multi-stemmed, rounded, evergreen shrub
growing 2 to 15 meters (8 to 49 feet) tall and 2 to 6 meters (8 to 20
feet) wide.  Native to Ireland, the North American Pacific Coast, the
Southwestern United States, Mexico, and the Mediterranean region of
Southern Europe.  Grey-brown to cinnamon brown bark is smooth and flakes
when mature to reveal dark, red/brown bark underneath.  Trunks and
branches have a twisted appearance.  Leaves are dark green, leathery,
glossy, alternate, simple, oblong, elliptical or oval with toothed
margins, 5 to 17 centimeters (2 to 7 inches) long and red-stemmed.  Waxy
flowers are small, urn-shaped, white or pinkish, similar to blueberry
flowers, and are assembled in drooping panicles about 5 centimeters (2
inches) long.  Flowers contain both male and female reproductive organs.
 Insects are highly attracted to the flowers.  Showy fruits are round,
bright red to red-orange when mature and about 1 to 2.5 centimeters (0.5
to 1 inch) in diameter.  Skin texture is rough and pebbled.  Fruits
resemble strawberries in appearance only; the taste is bland and watery.
 Used as an ornamental; bark is used in tanning leather; wood is used as
a fuel source.  Humans and birds consume fruit.

Babaco:

A small, rapidly growing herbaceous shrub that grows about 3 meters (10
feet) high.  Having originated in the central south highlands of
Ecuador, the babaco is a naturally occurring hybrid of Carica stipulata
and Carica pubescens.  Grown in cool, sunny, subtropical climates, free
of frost.  The tuberous taproot reaches a diameter of approximately 40
centimeters (16 inches) and contains many lateral roots.  The erect
softwood single trunk is lined with leaf scars.  Large alternate palmate
leaves consist of 5 to 7 lobes and contain prominent ribs and veins.
Leaves are attached to long hollow petioles that radiate from the trunk.
 Leaf shed occurs during the winter months.  Yellowish, solitary,
bell-shaped female flowers contain 5 petals and dark green sepals.
Flowers occur on long, pendulous stalks that arise from all leaf axils
and measure 3.5 to 4 centimeters (1.4 to 1.6 inches).  There are no male
flowers.  The large torpedo-like, seedless fruits are five-sided,