Fate Data of White Mineral Oil CAS #: 8042 47 5 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Toxicological Profile of White Mineral Oil CAS #: 8042 47 5 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: > 450 deg ° F Form: Colorless, viscous liquid Solubility: Negligible in water OSHA PEL: Not established The data for the above section were found in the following source:

Boiling point, Form and Solubility were found in the same source, a Material Safety Data Sheet [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects in animals exposed to white oil may include changes in liver weight, changes in leucocyte count and weight loss.

The data for the above section were found in the following source a Material Safety Data Sheet [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

Carcinogenicity Inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.

Data for the above category may be found in the following source:

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, ( 1987)

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Inadequate evidence in animals OSHA rating: Not established Page 4 Fate Data of Phosphoric Acid CAS #: 7664 38 2 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 5 Toxicological Profile of Phosphoric Acid CAS #: 7664 38 2 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 213 deg C Form: Colorless liquid; Rhombic crystals Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohol OSHA PEL: 8hr TWA = 1 mg/ cu m The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Lide, D. R. ( ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991 1992. 4 81 Form  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1166 Sax, N. I. and R. J. Lewis, Sr. ( eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 910 Zenz, C. Occupational Medicine Principles and Practical Applications. 2nd ed. St. Louis, MO: Mosby Yearbook, Inc, 1988., p. 762 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 254 Solubility  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1166 Lide, D. R. ( ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991 1992. 4 81 Page 6 OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Substance used as flavoring in foods. Generally recognized as safe ( GRAS) by the FDA. No chronic health concerns identified.

The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Doull, John, M. D., Ph. D., et al. 1980. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology, The Basic Science of Poisons ( second edition). Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. ( Chapter 23: Food Additives and Contaminants)

Hazardous Substance Database: Sax, N. I. and R. J. Lewis, Sr. ( eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 910 No other data regarding the chronic toxicity of this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effect in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 2.86E 03 Page 7 Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on GRAS rating) OSHA rating: Not established Page 8 Fate Data of Aliphatic Naphta CAS #: 64742 89 8 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 9 Toxicological Profile of Aliphatic Naphtha CAS #: 64742 89 8 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 208 deg ° C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: Insoluble in water OSHA PEL: 300 ppm The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling point, Form and Solubility were found in the same source, a Material Safety Data Sheet [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include defatting of the skin.

The data from the above category can be found in the Environmental Protection Agency's Structure Activity Team Report Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page. Page 10 Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 11 Fate Profile for Worum DPM CAS #: 34590 94 8 Fate in Soil If released in soil, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether will be highly mobile, and hence, leach to groundwater. In moist soil, as in aquatic systems, biodegradation will probably be the primary removal mechanism. However, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether which is on the surface of dry soil may evaporate. In a soil water matrix, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether will be highly mobile. Sorption to soil particulates will be minimal. The primary removal mechanism in soil will probably be biodegradation. However, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether which is on the surface of dry soil may evaporate. The low vapor pressure of dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether ( 0.38 mm Hg); and high water solubility suggest that dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether will not readily volatilize from soils.

Fate in Water Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether used in pesticides may also enter surface waters. Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether was found in the effluents from three different wastewater treatment plants. Due to its diverse uses, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether is probably a constituent of the effluents from many other treatment facilities. Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether was also detected in water from a landfill well. The low vapor pressure of dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether ( 0.38 mm Hg); and high water solubility suggest that dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether will not readily volatilize from water. In water, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether would not be expected to sorb to sediments or to bioconcentrate. The main degradation mechanism in water is, in all likelihood, biodegradation, while photolysis and hydrolysis are probably insignificant.

Fate in Air It is not known how much dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether is released to the environment. Dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether is probably released to the air due to volatilization from solvents and paints that contain it. Additionally, it may enter the air when used as a solvent in pesticide formulations.

Evaporative transfer from water to the atmosphere is expected to be minimal. However, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether in the atmosphere is estimated to have a half life of approximately 3.4 hours. Besides photochemical reactions, dipropylene glycol monomethyl ether may be removed from the atmosphere by washout. Page 12 Toxicological Profile of Worum DPM ( Dipropylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether) CAS #: 34590 94 8 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 190 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: Completely miscible with acetone, ethanol, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ether, methanol, monochlorobenzene & petroleum ether; miscible with water & many organic solvents. OSHA PEL: 8 hr Time Weighted avg: 100 ppm ( 600 mg/ cu m).

The data from the above section were found in the following source:

Boiling Point  From sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

National Fire Protection Association. Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials. 9th ed. Boston, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 1986. 325M 45 Form  From sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Sax, N. I. and R. J. Lewis, Sr. ( eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 431 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 122 Solubility  From sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: American Elsevier, 1965., p. 658 Sax, N. I. and R. J. Lewis, Sr. ( eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 431 OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Page 13 Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects from repeated inhalations and dermal contact of worum DPM cause no significant injury. May cause CNS depression.

Data from the above section may be found in the following sources:

From sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Patty, F. ( ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963., p. 1573 Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: American Elsevier, 1965., p. 660 POISINDEX ( R) Database. Copyright 1974 year Micromedex, Inc.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Page 14 Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 15 Fate Profile for Ethylene Glycol CAS #: 107 21 1 Overview Ethylene glycol's production and use in numerous manufactured products may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, an estimated Koc of 4 suggests that ethylene glycol will have very high mobility in soil. Biodegradation in soil is expected to be a major fate process for this compound. Aerobic biodegradation is essentially complete in < 1 4 days although 100% theoretical biological oxygen demand may not be realized for several weeks. Under anaerobic conditions, ethylene glycol at 30 mg C/ L, with added glucose, was completely biodegraded within 7 days. Ethylene glycol is not expected to volatilize from moist soil based on an experimental Henry's Law constant of 6.0X10 8 atm cu m/ mole.

Fate in Water If released to water, an experimental Henry's Law constant for ethylene glycol of 6.0X10 8 atm cu m/ mole indicates that this compound should not volatilize from water surfaces. Both aerobic and anaerobic biodegradation of ethylene glycol in water are expected to be major fate processes; aerobic degradation is essentially complete in < 1 4 days although 100% theoretical biological oxygen demand may not be realized for several weeks. Based on a recommended classification scheme, an estimated Koc value of 4, indicates that ethylene glycol will not adsorb to suspended solids and sediment in the water. It is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms based on measured bioconcentration factors.

Fate in Air If released to the atmosphere, ethylene glycol will mainly exist in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere based on a vapor pressure, determined from experimentally derived coefficients, of 0.092 mm Hg at 25 deg ° C. Vapor phase ethylene glycol is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half life of about 50 hours. Page 16 Toxicological Profile of Ethylene Glycol CAS #: 107 21 1 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 197.6 deg   C Form: Clear, colorless, syrupy, liquid. Solubility: Miscible with water, lower aliphatic alcohols, glycerol, acetic acid, acetone & similar ketones, aldehydes, pyridine, similar coal tar bases; slightly sol in ether ( 1: 200); practically insol in benzene & its homologs, chlorinated hydrocarbons, petroleum ether, oils. ACGIH TLV: Short term exposure limit ( STEL)/ Ceiling limit: 39.4 ppm; 100 mg/ cu m ( 1995)

The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  From sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Lide, D. R. ( ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 75th ed. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press Inc., 1994 1995. 3 155 Form  From sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 136 Solubility  From sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 599 ACGIH TLV  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Chronic Toxicity Chronic exposures to the vapor may cause unconsciousness, nystagmus, and lymphocytosis. A small amount of ethylene glycol may have toxic effects on the kidney. No adverse effects have Page 17 been observed in a number of animal studies.

Presence of ethanol will therefore inhibit formation of toxic metabolites from methanol and ethylene glycol. Ethylene glycol is metabolized at a moderate rate to glycoaldehyde. Glycoaldehyde, however, is apparently metabolized nearly instantaneously to glycolic acid and glyoxal. Glyoxal, too, is rapidly metabolized while glycolic acid is slowly degraded. Glyoxylic acid, because it has not been found in the urine, is also broken down rapidly, apparently to a large extent to carbon dioxide and water via the formic acid route. Its other metabolites are considered to be minor.

Data from the above section may be found in the following sourcesfrom the Hazardous Substance Database:

POISINDEX ( R) database. Copyright 1974 year micromedex, inc.

Haddad, L. M., Clinical Management of Poisoning and Drug Overdose. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: W. B. Saunders Co., 1990., p. 695 Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 3826 Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. ( eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 7th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1985., p. 1637 Jacobsen D, McMartin KE; Med Toxicol 1 ( 15: 309 34 ( 1986)

Carcinogenicity IARC has stated that no data regarding the carcinogenic effect in humans was found at the time of this review.

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ( ACGIH) states that ethylene glycol has been classified as group A4 ( Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen)

Data from the above category may be found in the following sources:

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, V42 207 ( 1987) Page 18 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 2I Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen ( ACGIH) OSHA rating: A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen ( ACGIH)

The above OSHA rating can be found in the following source:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Page 19 Fate Data of Pine Oil CAS #: 8002 09 3 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 20 Toxicological Profile of Pine Oil CAS #: 8002 09 3 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 200 220 deg   C Form: Pale yellow liquid Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in organic solvents. OSHA PEL: Not established Data for the above category may be found in the following source:

Boiling point, Form and Solubility were found in the same source, a Material Safety Data Sheet [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include some kidney toxicity but otherwise no other health concerns identified.

Data from the above section may be found in the following source:

Environmental Protection Agency. Structure Activity Team Report.

No other data regarding chronic toxicity for t\ his material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 21 Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 22 Fate Profile for 1,2,3,4 Tetrahydronaphthalene CAS #: 119 64 2 Overview Tetralin is released to the atmosphere in emissions from automobile and diesel engines, incinerators, and kerosene space heaters. It is also released to the environment in effluents from several industrial sources.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, tetralin may adsorb strongly ( estimated Koc of about 1,800). However, it has been detected in groundwater beneath a municipal landfill and the annual loadings of tetralin in runoff from land in the Canadian Ontario and Great Lakes water basins are estimated to be 1,053 and 2,270 kg/ yr, respectively. Based on biodegradation half lives of 4 13 days in aquatic systems, biodegradation in soil will be important.

Fate in Water If released to water, tetralin will adsorb to sediment and suspended matter and will partition from the water column to sediment. Tetralin will bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms that cannot metabolize it. Volatilization from water is fast ( estimated half life of 4 hours from a model river) when adsorption does not take place. Some biodegradation studies suggest that biodegradation may be fast with half lives of 4 13 days.

Based on the estimated Henry's Law constant of 1.7X10 3 atm cu m/ mol at 25 deg ° C, volatilization half lives from a model river ( 1 m deep flowing 1 m/ sec and wind velocity of 3 m/ sec) and lake ( 1 m deep) can be estimated to be 4 hours and 5 days, respectively.

Fate in Air If released to the atmosphere, tetralin will exist in the vapor phase. Based on the experimental vapor pressure of 0.368 mm Hg at 25 deg ° C, tetralin is expected to exist almost entirely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. Vapor phase tetralin is rapidly degraded by photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals ( estimated half life of 11 hrs) during the day time and nitrate radicals ( half life of 3.6 days) during the night time. Page 23 Toxicological Profile of 1,2,3,4 Tetrahydronaphthalene ( Tetralin) CAS #: 119 64 2 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 207.6 deg   C @ 760 mm Hg Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: Miscible with ethanol, butanol, acetone, benzene, petroleum ether, chloroform, & petroleum ether, decalin; soluble in methanol: 50.6% wt/ wt; insoluble in water; soluble in aniline, and ether. OSHA PEL: Not established The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Lide, D. R. ( ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 73rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1992 1993. 3 478 Form  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: American Elsevier, 1965., p. 119 Solubility  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1453 Weast, R. C. ( ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 64th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1983 84. C 531 Lide, D. R. ( ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 73rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1992 1993. 3 478 Page 24 Chronic Toxicity No data regarding the chronic effects was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding the chronic toxicity of this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern ( based on Low Acute Toxicity) Carcinogenicity: Low Concern OSHA rating: Not established Page 25 Toxicological Profile of Chlorobenzene CAS #: 108 90 7 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 131  132 deg ° C Form: Colorless, very refractive liquid Solubility: Insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, benzene, chloroform and ether. OSHA PEL: 10 ppm; 46 mg/ cu m The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling Point

The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989.

Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Lide, D. R. ( ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991 1992. 3 79 Form  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 327 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 62 Solubility

The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989.

Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Lide, D. R. ( ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991 1992. 3 79 Page 26 Kenaga EE; Ecotox Environ Safety 4: 26 38 ( 1980)

ITII. Toxic and Hazardous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1988., p. 120 OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include dermal irritation.

The data from the above section were found in the following source with the Hazardous Substance Database:

International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Volumes I and II. New York: McGraw Hill Book Co., 1971., p. 291 Carcinogenicity Based on the Iris database, chlorobenzene has a D classification ( not classifiable as to human carcinogenicty).

Basis for classification: Based on no human data, inadequate animal data and predominately negative genetic toxicity data in bacterial, yeast, and mouse lymphoma cells.

Human carcinogenicity data: None. Animal carcinogenicity data: None.

The data from the above section were found in the following source:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System ( IRIS) on Chlorobenzene ( 108 90 7) from the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET System, August 29, 1994 Page 27 Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 2.00E 02 Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 5.71E 03 Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Carcinogenicity: Low OSHA rating: A3: Animal carcinogen ( ACGIH)

Data for the OSHA rating may be found in the following source: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Page 28 Toxicological Profile of 1,1,2 Trichloro 1,2,2 trichloroethane ( CFC 113) CAS #: 76 13 1 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 47.7 deg ° C @ 760 mm Hg Form: Colorless to water white liquid [ Note: A gas above 118 degrees ° F]; Volatile liquid Solubility: 0.017 g/ 100 g water @ 25 deg ° C; soluble in alcohol, ether, and benzene. OSHA PEL: 1000 ppm; 7670 mg/ cu m The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Lide, D. R. ( ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991 1992. 3 236 Form  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Sax, N. I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984., p. 1458 Sax, N. I. and R. J. Lewis, Sr. ( eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 1178 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 316 Solubility  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Lide, D. R.( ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991 1992. 3 236 Riddick, J. A., W. B. Bunger, Sakano T. K. Techniques of Chemistry 4th ed., Volume II. Organic Solvents. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons., 1985 Page 29 OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Workers occupationally exposed to 1,1,2 trichloro 1,2,2 trifluoroethane were evaluated and clinical chemical parameters showed no indication of solvent caused adverse.

The data from the above section were found in the following sources with the Hazardous Substance Database:

Triebig g, burkhardt k; int arch occup environ health 42 ( 2): 129 36 ( 1978)

USEPA; Health Assessment Document for 1,1,2 Trichloro 1,2,2 Trifluoroethane p. 1 ( 1983) EPA 600/ 58 82 002F Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 3100 Carcinogenicity According to the American Conference of Governmental Hygienists, 1,1,2 trichloro 1,2,2 trifluoroethane is in Group A4: not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Page 30 Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 3.00E+ 01 Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 8.57+ 00 Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen OSHA rating: A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Data regarding the OSHA rating may be found in the following source: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Page 31 Toxicological Profile of 1,1,2 Trichloroethane CAS #: 79 00 5 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 113  114 deg ° C @ 760 mm Hg Form: Liquid Solubility: Insoluble in water; miscible with alcohol, ether, and many other organic liquids OSHA PEL: 10 ppm; 55 mg/ cu m The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling Point

The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989.

Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Lide, D. R. ( ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 75th ed. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press Inc., 1994 1995. 3 157 Form

The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989.

Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

USEPA; Chemical Hazard Information Profile: 1,1,2 Trichloroethane p. 268 ( 1978)

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, V52 337 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 314 Page 32 Solubility

The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989.

Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 3510 Weast, R. C. and M. J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985., p. 671 Sax, N. I. and R. J. Lewis, Sr. ( eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 1176 IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, V52 337 OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include toxic solvent encephalopathy, including memory and balance defects, has been described in workers. Other consequences may include moodiness, irritability, and other neuropsychiatric effects.

Data from the above section may be found in the following source within the Hazardous Substance Database:

POISINDEX ( R) database for treatment purposes. Copyright 1974 year Micromedex, Inc. Page 33 Carcinogenicity Based on the Iris database, 1,1,2 trichloroethane has a C classification ( possible human carcinogen).

Basis for classification: Hepatocellular carcinomas and pheochromocytomas in one strain of mice forms the basis for this classification. Carcinogenicity was not shown in rats. 1,1,2 Trichloroethane is structurally related to 1,2 Dichloroethane, a probable human carcinogen.

Human carcinogenicity data: None.

NIOSH recommends that this chemical be treated as a potential human carcinogen. Reduce exposure to lowest feasible concentration.

The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, S7 73 ( 1987)

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System ( IRIS) on 1,1,2 Trichloroethane ( 79 00 5) from the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET System, August 15, 1994.

NIOSH/ CDC. NIOSH Recommendations for Occupational Safety and Health Standards 1988, Aug. 1988. ( Suppl. to Morbidity and Mortality Wkly. Vol. 37 No. 5 7, Aug. 26, 1988, p. 27). Atlanta, GA: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, CDC, 1988., p. 27 Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): 5.70E 02 Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): 5.60E 02 Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 4.00E 03 Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  Page 34 http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: High Concern OSHA rating: A3: Animal Carcinogen Data regarding the OSHA rating may be found in the following source: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Page 35 Toxicological Profile of Ethyl Ether CAS #: 60 29 7 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 34.6 deg ° C ( at 760 mm Hg) Form: Mobil, very volatile, highly flammable liquid. Solubility: Ether is slightly soluble in water; soluble in concentrated hydrochloric nitric acid; miscible with lower aliphatic alcohols, benzene, chloroform, petroleum ether, other fat solvents, many oils. OSHA PEL: 400 ppm; 1210 mg/ cu m The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 551 Form  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Osol, A. ( ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980., p. 984 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 140 Solubility  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:, p. 259 The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 551 Weast, R. C. ( ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988 1989. C 269 Sax, N. I. and R. J. Lewis, Sr. ( eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 491 Page 36 Riddick, J. A., W. B. Bunger, Sakano T. K. Techniques of Chemistry 4th ed., Volume II. Organic Solvents. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons., 1985., p. 283 OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic exposure may result in some persons in anorexia, exhaustion, headache, drowsiness, dizziness, excitation, and psychic disturbances. Albuminuria has also been reported. Ethyl ether is a mild skin irritant; repeated exposure causes drying and cracking.

Ether addiction, though not common, should be mentioned as a not too remote possibility in industries where access to ether, either liquid or vapor, is possible.

The data from the above section were found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I& II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 786 Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 2509 Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: American Elsevier, 1965., p. 498 Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. ( eds.). NIOSH/ OSHA  Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS( NIOSH) Publication, p. 1; No. 81 123 ( 3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981., p. 1 Page 37 Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): 1.90E+ 00 Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): 1.90E+ 00 Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 1.00E 02 Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Not established OSHA rating: Not established Page 38 Toxicological Profile of Methyl Isobutyl Ketone ( MIBK) ( Isopropylacetone) CAS #: 108 10 1 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 117  118 deg ° C @ 760 mm Hg Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: Moderately soluble in water ( 1.91%); miscible with alcohol, benzene, and ether. OSHA PEL: 50 ppm; 205 mg/ cu m The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Weast, R. C. ( ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988 1989. C 352 Form  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 749 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 164 Solubility  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Yalkowsky SH, Dannenfelser RM; The AQUASOL dATAbASE of Aqueous Solubility. Fifth ed, Tucson, AZ: Univ Az, College of Pharmacy ( 1992)

Weast, R. C. ( ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988 1989. C 352 Sax, N. I. and R. J. Lewis, Sr. ( eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 772 Lyman WJ et al; Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods NY: McGraw Hill p. 5 5 ( 1982) Page 39 OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity No chronic effects were found regarding this chemical at the time of this review.

No data regarding the chronic toxicity of this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 8.00E 02 Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 2.29E 02 Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Not established OSHA rating: Not established Page 40 Toxicological Profile of m Cresol CAS #: 108 39 4 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 202 deg ° C Form: Colorless to yellow liquid [ Note: A solid below 54 degrees ° F] Solubility: Soluble in about 40 parts water; soluble in solutions of fixed alkali hydroxides; Soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, carbon tetrachloride, acetone, benzene, and other org solvents. OSHA PEL: 5 ppm; 22 mg/ cu m The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 369 Form  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 78 Solubility  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 369 Weast, R. C. ( ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987 1988. C 220 Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 2598 OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Page 41 Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include dermal irritation. No other chronic effects were found regarding this chemical at the time of this review.

The data from the above section were found in the following source within the Hazardous Substance Database:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:, p. 148 Gosselin, R. E., R. P. Smith, H. C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984. II 192 Carcinogenicity Based on the Iris database, m cresol has a C classification ( possible human carcinogen).

Basis for classification: Based on an increased incidence of skin papillomas in mice in an initiation promotion study. The three cresol isomers produced positive results in genetic toxicity studies both alone and in combination.

Human carcinogenicity data: Inadequate. Animal carcinogenicity data: Limited.

The data from the above section were found in the following source:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System ( IRIS) on 3 Methylphenol ( 108 39 4) from the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET System, November 1, 1994 Risk Based Concentrations Page 42 Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: High Concern OSHA rating: Not established Page 43 Toxicological Profile of p Cresol CAS #: 106 44 5 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 201.9 deg ° C Form: Colorless crystals or prisms Solubility: Soluble at 2.5 g in 100 ml water @ 50 deg ° C; soluble in aqueous alkali hydroxides, organic solvents, alcohol, ether, acetate and benzene. OSHA PEL: 5 ppm; 22 mg/ cu m The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Weast, R. C. ( ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987 1988. C 220 Form  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 369 Weast, R. C. ( ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987 1988. C 220 Lefaux, R. Practical Toxicology of Plastics. Cleveland: CRC Press Inc., 1968., p. 122 Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 2598 Sax, N. I. and R. J. Lewis, Sr. ( eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 321 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 78 Page 44 Solubility  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 369 Weast, R. C. ( ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 68th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1987 1988. C 220 Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 2598 OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include dermal irritation.

The data from the above section were found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:, p. 148 Gosselin, R. E., R. P. Smith, H. C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984. II 192 Carcinogenicity Based on the Iris database, p cresol has a C classification ( possible human carcinogen).

Basis for classification: Based on an increased incidence of skin papillomas in mice in an initiation promotion study. The three cresol isomers produced positive results in genetic toxicity studies both alone and in combination. Page 45 Human carcinogenicity data: Inadequate. Animal carcinogenicity data: Limited.

The data from the above section were found in the following source:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System ( IRIS) on 4 Methylphenol ( 106 44 5) from the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET System, November 1, 1994 Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: High Concern OSHA rating: Not established Page 46 Toxicological Profile of Cresylic Acid ( Cresol) CAS #: 1319 77 3 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 191 203 Deg ° C Form: Colorless, yellowish, brownish yellow, or pinkish liquid Solubility: Soluble in about 50 parts water; miscible with alcohol, benzene, ether, glycerol, petroleum ether; soluble in solutions of fixed alkali hydroxides; soluble in glycol and vegetable oils. OSHA PEL: 5 ppm; 22 mg/ cu m The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Sax, N. I. and R. J. Lewis, Sr. ( eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 320 Form  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 369 Solubility  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 369 Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 2598 Sax, N. I. and R. J. Lewis, Sr. ( ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 320 OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and; Page 47 U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Prolonged or repeated absorption of low concentrations of cresol through the skin, mucous membranes, or respiratory tract may cause chronic systemic poisoning. Symptoms and signs of chronic poisoning include vomiting, difficulty in swallowing, salivation, diarrhea, loss of appetite, headache, fainting, dizziness, mental disturbances, and skin rash. Death may result if there has been severe damage to the liver and kidneys.

The data from the above section were found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Sittig, M. Handbook of Toxic And Hazardous Chemicals. Park Ridge, NJ: Noyes Data Corporation, 1981., p. 192 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:, p. 148 Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm] Page 48 Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Not established OSHA rating: Not established Page 49 Toxicological Profile of Pyridine CAS #: 110 86 1 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 115 116 deg ° C Form: Colorless to yellow liquid. Solubility: Miscible with water at 20 deg ° C; miscible with alcohol, ether, & petroleum ether, acetone, benzene, oils and many organic liquids. OSHA PEL: 5 ppm; 16 mg/ cu m The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1267 Form  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1267 ITII. Toxic and Hazarous Industrial Chemicals Safety Manual. Tokyo, Japan: The International Technical Information Institute, 1982., p. 452 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 272 Solubility  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1 26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978 1984. 19 ( 82) 454 83 Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1267 Lide, D. R. ( ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 75th ed. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press Inc., 1994 1995. 3 297 Page 50 OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include mild symptoms of CNS injury. Chronic administration, in doses that produce no acute effects, may cause kidney and liver damage. No other chronic effects were noted at the time of this review.

The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

POISINDEX ( R) database for treatment purposes. Copyright 1974 year Micromedex, Inc.

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 1150 International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I& II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1577 Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 1.00E 03 Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 51 Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Not established OSHA rating: Not established Page 52 Toxicological Profile of 2 Nitropropane CAS #: 79 46 9 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 120.3 deg ° C @ 760 mm Hg Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: Soluble at 1.7 ml/ 100 ml in water; soluble in chloroform; miscible with most aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, most ethers & the lower carboxylic acids. OSHA PEL: 10 ppm; 36 mg/ cu m The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1048 Form  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Sax, N. I. and R. J. Lewis, Sr. ( eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 832 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 230 Solubility  Sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1048 Lide, D. R. ( ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991 1992. 3 414 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:, p. 441 Page 53 OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic exposure to concentrations above 25 ppm may produce anorexia, nausea, vomiting, headache, and diarrhea in industrial workers. Chronic exposures to higher levels have been associated with hepatic damage.

The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

POISINDEX ( R) Database for treatment purposes. Copyright 1974 year Micromedex, Inc.

Ellenhorn, M. J. and D. G. Barceloux. Medical Toxicology  Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. New York, NY: Elsevier Science Publishing Co., Inc. 1988., p. 967 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:, p. 441 Carcinogenicity The Human Health Assessment Group in EPA's Office of Health and Environmental Assessment has evaluated 2 nitropropane for carcinogenicity.

According to their analysis, the weight of evidence for 2 nitropropane is group B2, which is based on inadequate evidence in humans and sufficient evidence in animals. As a group B2 chemical, 2 nitropropane is considered to be a probable human carcinogen.

The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

USEPA; Methodology for Evaluating Potential Carcinogenicity in Support of Reportable Quantity Adjustments Pursuant to Cercla Section 102 ( Final) p. 41 ( 1988) Page 54 EPA/ 600/ 8 89/ 053 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological, p. 28] Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, 1995., p. 28 IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, S7 67 ( 1987)

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): 9.40E+ 00 Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 5.71E 03 Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: High Concern OSHA rating: A2: Suspected human carcinogen Data regarding the OSHA rating may be found in the following: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Page 55 Chemicals of Low to Moderate Toxicological Concern Page 56 Fate Profile for Ethyl Acetate CAS #: 141 78 6 Overview Ethyl acetate is emitted to the air and discharged into wastewater during its production and use as an industrial solvent and in organic synthesis. It is also released into the air during the formation of whiskey and beer. Ethyl acetate metabolism produces corresponding ethyl alcohol and is partly excreted in exhaled air a urine and partly metabolized. The biologigal half life values of the conversion of ethyl acetate to ethanol in vitro and I vivo were found to be 65 and 5 10 min, respectively.

Fate in Soil If released on soil, ethyl acetate will be lost by evaporation and leaching into groundwater. Biodegradation should also occur because it is readily biodegradable in both aerobic and anaerobic systems, but rates for these processes in natural systems are not available. Ethyl acetate is very soluble in water ( 64 g/ l at 25 deg ° C ) and therefore would not be expected to adsorb significantly to soil. Because of its high vapor pressure ( 69 torr at 19 deg ° C) and low adsorption to soil, ethyl acetate would be expected to volatilize rapidly from soil.

Fate in Water If released in water, ethyl acetate will primarily be lost by volatilization ( half life 10 hr from a typical river). Diffusions through the liquid and vapor phases are an important element in the volatilization process so changes in current and wind will affect the rate. Biodegradation should also occur, but rates of biodegradation relevant to natural waters are lacking. Ethyl acetate would not be expected to adsorb to sediment or particulate matter.

Fate in Air If released to the atmosphere, ethyl acetate will react with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals ( clean atmosphere half life 8.3 days; moderately polluted half life 2.1 days). Under photochemical smog conditions 1.9 3.4% of the ethyl acetate is lost per hour. Page 57 Toxicological Profile of Ethyl Acetate CAS #: 141 78 6 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 77 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: 1 ml in 10 ml water at 25 deg c; sol in alcohol, ether, acetone, and benzene; miscible with chloroform, in fixed & volatile oils. OSHA PEL: 400 ppm; 1400 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Chronic poisoning has been described as producing anemia, leucocytosis ( transient increase in the white blood cell count) and cloudy swelling, and fatty degeneration of the viscera in animal studies. Chronic exposure to solvent mixtures including ethyl acetate has been associated with poorer performance on neurobehavioral tests. On repeated or prolonged exposures, it may cause conjunctival irritation and corneal clouding. Chronic effects may resulted in damage to liver and kidneys.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 9E 01 I Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low to Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 58 Fate Profile for Nitric Acid CAS #: 7697 37 2 Fate in Soil If released to soil, nitric acid will dissolve some of the soil material, in particular, the carbonate based materials during transport through the soil. The acid will be neutralized to some degree with adsorption of the proton also occurring on clay materials. However, significant amounts of acid are expected to remain for transport down toward the groundwater table. Upon reaching the groundwater table, the acid will continue to move, now in the direction of the groundwater flow. A contaminated plume will be produced with dilution and dispersion serving to reduce the acid concentration.

Fate in Water If released to water, elevated nitrate levels will stimulate plankton and aquatic weed growth.

Fate in Air If released to the atmosphere, nitric acid vapor may be scavenged by incorporation into snow. Dry deposition of nitric acid to forests may also occur. Page 59 Toxicological Profile of Nitric Acid CAS #: 7697 37 2 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 83 deg   C Form: Colorless, yellow, or red, fuming liquid. Solubility: Soluble in all proportions in cold, hot water; soluble in ether. OSHA PEL: 500 ppm; 2000 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Chronic exposure may be associated with changes in pulmonary function, chronic bronchitis, conjunctivitis, and overt symptoms resembling acute viral respiratory tract infection. Discoloration and erosion of dental enamel can occur. Chemical pneumonitis, pulmonary fibrosis, and changes in pulmonary function can also occur.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low to Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 60 Fate Profile for Cyclohexanone CAS #: 108 94 1 Fate in Soil If release in soil, cyclohexanone is estimated to be highly mobile in soil. In view of cyclohexanone's moderate vapor pressure, 4.33 mm Hg at 25 degC, and low soil adsorptivity, it would be expected to volatilize from surface layers of soil. Although data are lacking, it may also undergo direct photolysis on the soil surface. Cyclohexanone is readily biodegradable according to aerobic screening tests and therefore would be expected to biodegrade in soil. Adsorption to sediment should be minimal based upon its high water solubility and low octanol/ water partition coefficient.

Fate in Air In the atmosphere, cyclohexanone will degrade by reacting with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Its estimated half life resulting from this reaction is 1.3 days.

Fate in Water If released in water, cyclohexanone would be slowly lost by volatiliza tion. Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms should be minimal based upon its high water solubility and low octanol/ water partition coefficient. The Henry's Law constant for cyclohexanone, 9.00X10 6 atm cu m/ mol at 25 deg C, may be used to estimated the volatilization half lives of cyclohexanone from a model river and lake. Its half life in a 1 m deep model river with a 1 m/ s current and 3 m/ s wind is 4.1 days. Its half life in a model lake 1 m deep with a 0.05 m/ s current and a 0.5 m/ s wind is 33 days. Cyclohexanone is readily biodegradable according to aerobic screening tests and in a die away test performed using microorganisms from river water and therefore, may be expected to biodegrade in natural waters. It also would be expected to biodegrade, but rates in natural water are unavailable. Page 61 Toxicological Profile of Cyclohexanone CAS #: 108 94 1 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 155.6 deg   C Form: Water white to pale yellow liquid Solubility: 150 g/ L in water @ 10 deg   C; 50 g/ l in water @ 30 deg   C; sol in acetone, ethyl ether, ethanol, alcohol, ether, and other common organic solvents. OSHA PEL: 50 ppm; 200 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects of cyclohexanone may cause central nervous system ( CNS) depression, liver and kidney degeneration, and loss of coordination. Intraperitoneal injections have revealed no damage to the peripheral nervous system. Humans will be primarily exposed to cyclohexanone by inhalation or dermal contact in occupational settings.

Carcinogenicity There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of cyclohexanone in experimental animals.

No data were available from studies in humans on the carcinogenicity of cyclohexanone.

Overall evaluation: Cyclohexanone is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. ( Group 3)

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 5I Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 62 Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low to Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen OSHA rating: A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen ( ACGIH) Page 63 Fate Data of Iron Oxide CAS #: 1309 37 1 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 64 Toxicological Profile of Iron Oxide CAS #: 1309 37 1 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: No data Form: Reddish brown powder Solubility: Negligible solubility in water OSHA PEL: 15 mg/ cu m, total dust; 5 mg/ cu m, respirable fraction.

Chronic Toxicity If respirable particles are inhaled, they will persist in the lung. If iron oxides are contaminated with PAHs and inhaled, there is some epidemiologic evidence that they will act as co carcinogens.

Carcinogenicity No evidence on carcinogenicity on animals. Human carcinogenicity: inadequate evidence.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low to Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: Inadequate evidence in humans OSHA rating: Not established Page 65 Fate Data of Ethyl Toluene CAS #: 611 14 3 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 66 Toxicological Profile of Ethyl Toluene ( Benzene, 1 ethyl 2 methyl) CAS #: 611 14 3 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 164 165 deg   C Form: No data Solubility: No data OSHA PEL: Not established Chronic Toxicity There are concerns for mutagenicity and developmental/ reproductive toxicity based on the methylbenzyene moiety.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low to Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: Not established OSHA rating: Not established Page 67 Fate Profile for 1,2,4 Trimethylbenzene CAS #: 95 63 6 Fate in Soil If released to soil, volatilization from moist and dry soil surfaces is expected to occur based on a measured Henry's Law constant of 6.16X10 3 atm cu m/ mole and a vapor pressure of 2.1 mm Hg at 25 deg ° C. An estimated Koc value of 720 suggests that 1,2,4 trimethylbenzene will have low mobility in soil. 1,2,4 Trimethylbenzene is expected to aerobically biodegrade in both soil and water. Anaerobic aquifer microcosms did not show significant biodegradation in comparison to poisoned controls.

Fate in Water If released to water, 1,2,4 trimethylbenzene may adsorb to sediment or particulate matter based on its Koc value of 720. A Henry's Law constant for 1,2,4 trimethylbenzene of 6.16X10 3 atm cu m/ mole was measured and indicates that 1,2,4 trimethylbenzene will volatilize from water surfaces. Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half life from a model river ( 1 m deep, flowing 1 m/ sec, wind velocity of 3 m/ sec) is estimated as approximately 3 hours. The volatilization half life from a model lake ( 1 m deep, flowing 0.05 m/ sec, wind velocity of 0.5 m/ sec) is estimated as approximately 4 days. Adsorption to sediment and particulate matter may attenuate this process. Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is moderate to high based on BCF values of 31 275, measured in carp. 1,2,4 Trimethylbenzene is expected to photodegrade in natural waters.

Fate in Air If released to the atmosphere, 1,2,4 trimethylbenzene will exist solely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere, based on a measured vapor pressure of 2.1 mm Hg at 25 deg ° C. Vapor phase 1,2,4 trimethylbenzene is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals and nitrate radicals with half lives of about 12 hours and 6 30 days, respectively. Page 68 Toxicological Profile of 1,2,4 Trimethylbenzene CAS #: 95 63 6 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 168.89 deg   C Form: Clear, colorless liquid Solubility: Soluble in all proportions in acetone, petroleum ether; insoluble in water; miscible with ethyl alcohol, benzene, and ethyl ether. OSHA PEL: Not established Chronic Toxicity A tendency toward asthmatic bronchitis, hypochromic anemia and clotting abnormalities have been noted with chronic occupational exposure. Gross necropsy observations in low doses have included speckled cortical surfaces in kidneys, and white gelatinous material in bladders. Observations in high dose group animals included various spots on kidneys and livers, enlarged adrenals, mottled and red thymus, gas filled and yellow intestines, and congested lungs.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 5E 02 E Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low to Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: Not established OSHA rating: Not established Page 69 Chemicals of Moderate Toxicological Concern Page 70 Fate Profile for Benzin CAS #: 8030 30 6 Overview Petroleum ether is a mixture of hydrocarbons having carbon numbers predominately in the range of C5 through C6, which have boiling point ranges of 38 to 93 degrees ° C. The hydrocarbons used for the estimation of petroleum ether's chemical properties were cyclopentane, pentane, cyclohexane, isohexane, and 1,1 dimethylcyclopentane.

Petroleum ether's use as a solvent and pharmaceutic aid may result in its release to the environment through various waste streams.

Fate in Water If released to water, volatilization of petroleum ether will be rapid with estimated half lives of 2.5 to 2.7 hours and 3.3 to 3.7 days from a model environmental river and a model lake, respectively.

Bioconcentration of petroleum ether in aquatic organisms is not expected to be an important fate process because of the expected moderate water solubility of petroleum ether fractions. Petroleum ether will biodegrade in natural waters based on a variety of biodegradation studies.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, adsorption to sediment will vary based on estimated Koc values of 81 to 650. Bioconcentration of petroleum ether in aquatic organisms may not be an important fate process. Volatilization of petroleum ether is expected from both moist and dry soils based on estimated Henry's Law constants of 0.19 to 1.7 atm cu m/ mol and an estimated vapor pressure of 35 mm Hg at 25 deg ° C. Petroleum ether will biodegrade in soil conditions based on a variety of biodegradation studies.

Fate in Air If released to the atmosphere, petroleum ether will exist primarily in the vapor phase based on an estimated vapor pressure of approximately 35 mm Hg at 25 deg ° C. Vapor phase petroleum ether will degrade in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with estimated half lives of approximately 4 to 8 days. Removal of atmospheric petroleum ether may occur through wet deposition. Page 71 Page 72 Toxicological Profile of Benzin ( Petroleum Ether) CAS #: 8030 30 6 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 35 80 deg   C Form: Clear, colorless liquid Solubility: Miscible with absolute alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, and oils except castor oil. OSHA PEL: 8 Hr Time Weighted Avg: 100 ppm; 400 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Chronic or repeated exposure to benzin may result in skin irritation due to defatting of the skin. Chronic neurotoxic effects may include motor polyneuropathy and central nervous system ( CNS) depression. Occupational exposure studies in women have shown reduced estrogen level in the blood, but essentially, no changes have been observed in the excretion of the follicle stimulating and luteinizing hormone pregnanediol.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: Not established OSHA rating: Not established Page 73 Fate Profile for Kerosene CAS #: 8008 20 6 Overview Kerosene is a mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons, chiefly C10 C16 alkanes, and a typical analysis includes the identification of n dodecane, alkyl benzene derivatives, naphthalene, and tetrahydronaphthalenes. Henry's Law constants for these representative classes of compounds range from approximately 6.7X10+ 0 to 3.7X10 4 atm cu m/ mole at 25 deg ° C. The magnitude of these values indicates that kerosene may rapidly volatilize from water and moist soil to the atmosphere. The vapor pressure of kerosene, 0.48 mm Hg indicates that it may rapidly volatilize from dry soil to the atmosphere.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, kerosene is expected to biodegrade under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Some components of kerosene may adsorb very strongly to soil. Kerosene may rapidly volatilize from both moist and dry soil although its expected strong adsorption may significantly attenuate the rate of this process.

Fate in Water If released to water, kerosene is expected to biodegrade under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Some components of kerosene may significantly bioconcentrate in fish and aquatic organisms and strongly adsorb to sediment and suspended organic matter. The estimated half life for volatilization of kerosene from a model river is 3 6 hrs while that from a model lake is > 130 days; the former model does not account for the attenuating effect of adsorption.

Fate in Air If released to the atmosphere, kerosene may undergo oxidation by a gas phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half life of 2 3.4 days. Estimated rate constants for the oxidation of these representative classes of compounds ranging from 1.2 2.2X10 11 cm/ molec sec at 25 deg ° C translates to an atmospheric half life for kerosene of 2 3.4 days using an average atmospheric hydroxyl radical concn of 5X10+ 5 molec/ cu cm. Page 74 Toxicological Profile of Kerosene CAS #: 8008 20 6 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 175 325 deg   C Form: Pale yellow or water white, mobile, oily liquid. Solubility: Insoluble in water; miscible with other petroleum solvents. NIOSH: 10 hr Time Weighted avg: 100 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Chronic or repeated exposure can result in skin irritation due to defatting of the skin. Chronic effects from kerosene may cause morphologic and cytoenzymic changes in lungs. A case of fatal hypoplastic anemia was attributed to years of occupational exposure to kerosene used as a degreasing agent for machine parts.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: Not established OSHA rating: Not established Page 75 Fate Data of DOP CAS #: 117 81 7 Overview Bis( 2 ethylhexyl) phthalate ( DEHP) is used as a plasticizer for polyvinylchloride ( PVC) and other polymers in large quantities and is likely to be released to air and water during production and waste disposal of these plastic products.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, DEHP will neither evaporate nor leach into groundwater. Limited data is available to suggest that it may biodegrade in soil under aerobic conditions following acclimation.

In one study, evaporation rates from the leaves of Sinapis alba in a closed terrestrial simulation chamber of < 0.8 and < 0.5 ng/ sq cm hr ( below detection limits) during time intervals of 0 1 and 8 15 days after application of 2.78 ug/ sq cm onto the leaves, respectively.

Fate in Water If released to water, DEHP will biodegrade fairly rapidly ( half life 2 3 weeks) following a period of acclimation. It will also strongly adsorb to sediments ( log Koc 4 to 5) and bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms. Evaporation and hydrolysis are not significant aquatic processes.

DEHP has a very low vapor pressure ( 1x10 7 torr) and Henry's Law constant ( 1x10 4) and therefore, it should not evaporate from water. A calculated half life of evaporation from water of 15 yrs has been reported.

Fate in Air If release to the atmosphere, DEHP will be carried long distances and be removed by rain. Page 76 Toxicological Profile of DOP ( BIS( 2 ETHYLHEXYL) PHTHALATE) CAS #: 117 81 7 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 230 deg   C ( at 5 mm Hg) Form: Colorless, oily liquid. Solubility: Less than 0.01% in water @ 25 deg   C; soluble in blood and fluids containing lipoproteins; miscible with mineral oil & hexane. NIOSH: 10 hr Time Weighted avg: 5 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects of DOP may cause seminiferous tubular degeneration and hypertrophy of cells in the anterior pituitary. Viewed as a experimental teratogen. In chronic toxicity tests on rainbow trout, brook trout, fathead minnows, and channel catfish, the amount of vertebral collagen synthesis was found to decrease in the presence of bis( 2 ethyl hexyl) phthalate. DEHP showed no increases in chromosomal aberrations in human fetal lung cells or human leukocytes.

Carcinogenicity Based on the IRIS database, DOP has a B2 classification ( probable human carcinogen).

Basis for classification: Orally administered DEHP produced significant dose related increases in liver tumor responses in rats and mice of both sexes.

Human carcinogenicity data: Inadequate. Animal carcinogenicity data: Sufficient.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 77 Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: Probable human carcinogen OSHA rating: Not established Page 78 Fate Profile for 2 Butoxyethanol CAS #: 111 76 2 Overview Alcohols and ethers are generally resistant to hydrolysis. Such functional groups do not absorb UV light at environmentally significant wavelengths (> 290 nm) and are commonly used as solvents for obtaining UV spectra.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, ethylene glycol mono n butyl ether is expected to have high mobility based on as estimated Koc of 67. Volatilization of ethylene glycol mono n butyl ether is not expected to be important from moist soil surfaces but may be important from dry soil surfaces based on an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2X10 8 atm cu m/ mol and a measured vapor pressure of 0.88 mm Hg at 25 deg ° C, respectively. According to several biodegradation tests, aerobic degradation of ethylene glycol mono n butyl ether should occur rapidly in soil.

Fate in Water If released to water, ethylene glycol mono n butyl ether is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment given its estimated Koc value. Ethylene glycol mono n butyl ether is expected to be essentially non volatile from water surfaces because of its Henry's Law constant ( 2X10 8 atm cu m/ mole). An estimated BCF value of 2.5 suggests that bioconcentration of ethylene glycol mono n butyl ether will be low in aquatic organisms.

Fate in Air If released to the atmosphere, ethylene glycol mono n butyl ether will exist as a vapor based on its experimental vapor pressure of 0.88 mm Hg at 25 deg ° C. Vapor phase ethylene glycol mono n butyl ether is degraded in the atmosphere by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals with an estimated half life of about 20 hours. Particulate phase ethylene glycol mono n butyl ether may be physically removed from the air by wet deposition. Page 79 Toxicological Profile of 2 Butoxyethanol ( Ethylene Glycol Mono n butyl Ether) CAS #: 111 76 2 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 171 172 deg   C Form: Colorless Liquid Solubility: Soluble in most org solvents, in mineral oil; mixes in all proportions with acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, n heptane and water; miscible in all proportions with many ketones, ethers, alcohols, aromatic paraffin and halogenated hydrocarbons. OSHA PEL: 50 ppm; 240 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects to the inhalation of 2 butoxyethanol may cause audible respiration, lethargy, red discolored urine, slight to moderate lung congestion, bronchopneumonia, follicular phagocytosis and congestion of the spleen, and testicular atrophy. In rats, inhalation caused adaptation in rats and mice, probably consisting of changes of enzyme systems of erythrocytes, protecting hemoglobin and erythrocyte membrane from peroxidation. Dermal effects may include scaling and flaking of the skin, necrosis, edema, and erythema, nasal discharge, and emaciation.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this reveiw.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 80 Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: Not established OSHA rating: Not established Page 81 Fate Data of Turpentine CAS #: 8006 64 2 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 82 Toxicological Profile of Turpentine CAS #: 8006 64 2 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 154 170 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in 5 vol alcohol; miscible with benzene, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, petroleum ether & oils. OSHA PEL: 100 ppm; 560 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include ataxia, kidney damage, gastrointestinal ( G. I.) irritation, and dermal irritation. Occupational exposures primarily involves airborne contaminants / including turpentine/ may affect the course of pregnancy, the development of the embryo and fetus, or both.

Carcinogenicity Benign skin tumors from chronic exposure.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern OSHA rating: Not established Page 83 Fate Profile of Butyl Carbamate ( 3 Iodo 2 propynyl butyl carbamate) CAS #: 55406 53 6 There is currently very little data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. This chemical will take weeks to complete ultimate aerobic biodegradation. The migration to water is negligible. The hydrolysis half life will also be weeks and the sorption to soils/ sediments is low to moderate. Butyl carbamate has a Low Kow of 2.45 and a vapor pressure of 4.64 4 at 25 deg ° C. Page 84 Toxicological Profile of Butyl Carbamate ( 3 Iodo 2 propynyl butyl carbamate) CAS #: 55406 53 6 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 65  68 deg ° C Form: Off white crystalline solid Solubility: Soluble in water ( 156 ppm) at 20 deg ° C OSHA PEL: Not established Chronic Toxicity There is some concern for developmental toxicity based on the carbamate and alkylating activity. No other chronic health concerns have been identified.

Carcinogenicity According to the IARC Cancer Review, there is limited evidence of animal carcinogenicity.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on limited evidence of animal carcinogenicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 85 Fate Profile for Hexane CAS #: 110 54 3 Fate in Soil If released to the soil, volatilization from the soil surface and biodegradation is expected to be significant. n Butanol should not bind strongly to soil and so is expected to leach into groundwater or to biodegrade. Using a measured log octanol/ water partition coefficient of 0.88, a soil sorption coefficient ( Koc) of 71.6 was estimated. A Koc of this magnitude suggests that n butanol will be moderately to highly mobile in the soil.

Fate in Water If released to water, biodegradation and in volatilization from the water surface is expected. The actual tendency of n butanol to volatilize depends upon the temperature, turbulence, wind speed, current velocity and the depth of the water bodies. The volatilization half life from water or soil for a depth of 1 meter is estimated to be 53.9 hours. Photooxidation by hydroxyl radicals is expected to be slow. Bioconcentration is not expected to be significant. Volatilization from the water surface is expected to occur with estimated half lives of 2.4 hr, 3.9 hr and 125.9 days in streams, rivers and lakes. n Butanol is not expected to bind strongly to suspended sediments. Bioconcentration is not expected to be significant. The rate of the reaction between hydroxyl radicals and n butanol in water is 2.2X10+ 9 l/ mol sec. Assuming an hydroxyl radical concentration of 1X10 17 M in water, this corresponds to a half life of about 1 year.

Fate in Air Vapor phase n butanol in the atmosphere is expected to react with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals with a half life of 1.2 ( experimental) 2.3 ( estimated) days. If released into the environment, n butanol is expected to result from its use as a solvent in a variety of products. It may also be released by the action of anaerobic microorganisms. Page 86 Toxicological Profile of Hexane CAS #: 110 54 3 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 68.74 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: Insoluble in water; miscible in chloroform, ether, and alcohol. OSHA PEL: 500 ppm; 1800 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Chronic exposure to an average air concn of 450 650 ppm for as little as 2 months may result in peripheral neuropathy, characterized by muscular weakness, loss of sensation, and impaired gait. Exposures may cause peripheral neuropathies, blurred vision and cerebral dysfunction. There have been reports that concluded n hexane vapor levels of < 100 ppm for 8 hr/ day were not likely to produce a clinical neuropathy, but mild subclinical changes in muscle strength and nerve conduction velocity may occur. Levels below 100 ppm may be neuropathic if extensive skin exposures also occur.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 6E 02 H Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 5.71E 02 I Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate Toxicity Carcinogenicity: Not established OSHA rating: Not established Page 87 Fate Profile for Ethyl Alcohol CAS #: 64 17 5 Overview Ethanol will enter the environment as emissions from its manufacture, use as a solvent and chemical intermediate, and release in fermentation and alcoholic beverage preparation. It naturally occurs as a plant volatile, microbial degradation product of animal wastes, and in natural fermentation of carbohydrates. Acetaldehyde and acetic acid are usually detected as the urinary metabolites of ethanol.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, ethanol will both evaporate and leach into the ground due to the relatively high vapor pressure and low adsorption in soil. It will biodegrade in soil, probably to acetic acid and formaldehyde. If degradation is not rapid, it will leach into groundwater. No information on the adsorption of ethanol could be found in the literature. Its low octanol/ water partition coefficient ( log P) indicates that its adsorption to soil will be low.

Fate in Water If released into water, ethanol will volatilize ( estimated half life is 6 days) and biodegrade. It will not sorb to sediment or bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms. Although it readily biodegrades in laboratory tests, no data on its rate of degradation in natural waters could be found.

The estimated half life for evaporation of ethanol from water 1m deep with a 1m/ sec current and 3m/ sec wind is 6.1 days and the gas exchange rate plays a more dominant role than the liquid exchange rate based on the non dimensional Henry constant( 0.257x10( 3) ). Ethanol is relatively volatile ( vapor pressure 50 torr) and would, therefore, readily evaporate from soil at the soil/ air interface and solid surfaces.

Fate in Air If released into the atmosphere, ethanol will photodegrade with a half life ranging from hours in polluted urban atmospheres to approximately 6 days in cleaner atmospheres. Due to its solubility in water, rainout may be an important process. Page 88 Toxicological Profile of Ethyl Alcohol CAS #: 64 17 5 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 78.5 deg   C Form: Clear, colorless, very mobile liquid Solubility: > 10% in water, ether, acetone, and benzene. OSHA PEL: 1000 ppm; 1900 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include physical dependence, malnutrition, neurological effects ( e. g., amnesia, dementia, somnolence), cardiac myopathy, hepatotoxicity, gastrointestinal ( GI) bleeding, liver cirrhosis, esophageal varices and pancreatitis. Neurologic effects may also include: Wernicke's encephalopathy, Korsakoff's psychosis, as well as chronic cerebellar syndrome may occur. Patients may develop oscillopsia ( illusory movement of the environment) with downbeat nystagmus, associated with ataxia of gait and cerebellar atrophy.

Carcinogenicity According to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ( ACGIH), this chemical is not classifiable as a human carcinogen ( Group A4).

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen OSHA rating: A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen ( ACGIH) Page 89 Fate Data of Talc CAS #: 14807 96 6 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 90 Toxicological Profile of Talc CAS #: 14807 96 6 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: Unknown Form: White to grayish white, very fine crystalline powder; apple green powder; luster pearly or greasy; feels greasy. Solubility: Insoluble in water, cold acids or alkalies. OSHA PEL: Time Weighted Average: 20 millions of particles per cubic feet of air ( mppcf)

Chronic Toxicity Used in medicinal and toilet preparations; excipient and filler for pills and tablets. Chronic inhalation of industrial talc dusts or body talc produces talcosis due to talc, silica, and asbestos ( talc pneumoconiosis) characterized by productive cough, dyspnea, rales, diminished breath sounds, limited chest expansion, interstitial fibrosis, and granulomas. The extent and severity of lung injury ( fibrosis) correlates with the length of exposure and dust concentration. Important: The toxic effects of talc are dependent on the route, dose and properties of the talc involved. Talc commonly contains other minerals including, in some instances, several forms of asbestos and silica.

Carcinogenicity Inadequate evidence of carcinogenicity on animals; inadequate evidence in humans. Chronic talc inhalation may increase the risk of bronchogenic cancer in humans. Inhalation studies report clear evidence of tumorgenicity through the lungs, thorax and endocrine systems in rats.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 91 Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: Inadequate evidence in humans OSHA rating: A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen ( ACGIH) Page 92 Toxicological Profile of Trichloroethylene CAS #: 79 01 6 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 87 deg ° C Form: Clear, colorless, or blue mobile liquid Solubility: 1,100 mg/ l water at 25 deg ° C; sol in chloroform, acetone, alcohol, etheR; miscible in oil OSHA PEL: 50 ppm; 269 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Long term occupational inhalation exposures may result in renal and hepatic damage as well as CNS depressant effects, paresthesias, and possibly systemic sclerosis. Long term exposure may cause defatting of the skin.

Carcinogenicity Based on IARC. There is limited evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene. There is sufficient evidence in experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of trichloroethylene.

Overall evaluation: Trichloroethylene is probably carcinogenic to humans ( Group 2A). In making the overall evaluation, the working group considered the following evidence:

( 1) Although the hypothesis linking the formation of mouse liver tumors with peroxisome proliferation is plausible, trichloroethylene also induced tumors at other sites in mice and rats.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): 1.10E 02 Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): 6.00E 03 Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 6.00E 03 Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 93 Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: High Concern OSHA rating: Not established Page 94 Toxicological Profile of Carbon Tetrachloride CAS #: 56 23 5 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 76.7 deg ° C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: One ml dissolves in 2000 ml of water; Miscible with alcohol, benzene, chloroform, ether, carbon disulfide, petroleum ether, and oils. OSHA PEL: 5 ppm; 31 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include dermatitis through defatting action of the skin. There may also be liver damage, kidney injury and diminished visual acuity. In urban and industrial areas where higher concentrations of carbon tetrachloride in the air occur, other toxic effects such as liver and renal damage may result. Animal experiments have shown that inhaled carbon tetrachloride is excreted over 2 or 3 month period. Half is eliminated unchanged in expired air and the remainder is exhaled as carbon dioxide and excreted as urea and other metabolites in urine and feces.

Carcinogenicity Based on the Iris database, carbon tetrachloride has a B2 classification ( probable human carcinogen).

Basis for classification: Based on inadequate human data and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in rats, mice and hamsters. Carbon tetrachloride in the environment may pose a long term danger because of its possible carcinogenic potential.

Human carcinogenicity data: Inadequate. Animal carcinogenicity data: Sufficient.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): 1.30 01 Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): 5.25E 02 Page 95 Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 7.00E 04 Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 5.71E 04 Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: High Concern OSHA rating: A2: Suspected Human Carcinogen Page 96 Toxicological Profile of ortho Dichlorobenzene CAS #: 95 50 1 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 180.5 deg ° C Form: Liquid Solubility: Practically insoluble in water; miscible with alcohol, ether, and benzene. OSHA PEL: 25 ppm; 150 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include injury to liver and kidneys. Other effects may include: depression of CNS with injury to liver, jaundice and abdominal tenderness.

Carcinogenicity Based on the Iris database, o dichlorobenzene has a D classification ( not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity).

Basis for classification: Based on no human data and evidence of both negative and positive trends for carcinogenic responses in rats and mice.

Human carcinogenicity data: None. Animal carcinogenicity data: Inadequate.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 9.00E 02 Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 4.00E 02 Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate concern Carcinogenicity: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity OSHA rating: A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen Page 97 Toxicological Profile of o Cresol CAS #: 95 48 7 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 190.95 deg ° C @ 760 mm Hg Form: White crystals [ Note: A liquid above 88 degrees ° F] Solubility: Soluble in about 40 parts water; soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, and carbon tetrachloride; soluble in solution of the fixed alkali hydroxides. OSHA PEL: 5 ppm; 22 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Effects of chronic exposure to o cresol may include vomiting, difficulty swallowing, excessive salivation, diarrhea, loss of appetite, headache, fainting, dizziness, mental disturbances, skin rash, or death from severe damage to the liver or kidneys. Hypertension has been reported from chronic inhalation of cresol vapors. Allergic dermatitis and ochronosis may occur with prolonged skin contact with cresols.

Carcinogenicity Based on the Iris database, o cresol has a C classification ( possible human carcinogen).

Basis for classification: Based on an increased incidence of skin papillomas in mice in an initiation promotion study. The three cresol isomers produced positive results in genetic toxicity studies both alone and in combination.

Human carcinogenicity data: Inadequate. Animal carcinogenicity data: Limited.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 98 Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: High Concern OSHA rating: Not established Page 99 Toxicological Profile of Carbon Disulfide CAS #: 75 15 0 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 46.5 deg ° C @ 760 mm Hg Form: Clear, colorless or faintly yellow liquid. Solubility: Solubility of water in carbon disulfide: 86 ppm at 10 deg C; 142 ppm at 25 deg C; soluble in chloroform, alcohol, ether; miscible with anhydrous methanol, and oils OSHA PEL: 10 ppm; 31 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include headaches, fatigue, inability to concentrate, insomnia, dyspepsia, tremor, giddiness or vertigo. Peripheral polyneuritis is often encountered: formication, pain, weakness, paralysis. The absence of a corneal reflex is highly characteristic as well as retinal microaneurysms and discrete pigmentary changes may be noted.

Emotional instability of all grades ranging from mild neurasthenia and depression to frank psychosis with psychomotor excitement, delirium and hallucinations. Extreme irritability, uncontrolled anger, mania, memory deficits, suicidal tendencies, severe insomnia and loss of libido are possible symptoms.

Chronic, low grade exposures of many years duration may be associated with a high incidence of hypertension, atherosclerosis, renal and other parenchymal lesions ( for example, stomach and perhaps liver). Also the victim may develop ischemic heart, and polyneuropathy. Recovery may occur within a few months or perhaps a few years, but paralyses may be permanent.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 100 Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 1.00E 01 Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 2.00E 01 Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: Not established OSHA rating: Not established Page 101 Toxicological Profile of 2 Ethoxyethanol ( Ethylene glycol ethyl ether) CAS #: 110 80 5 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 135 deg ° C @ 760 mm Hg Form: Colorless liquid. Solubility: Miscible in all proportions of acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, methanol, and water. OSHA PEL: 5 ppm; 18 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include oligospermia, a variety of gynecologic disorders, and fetal structural abnormalities have been reported in humans. Reproductive hazards may include birth defects, predominantly involving the heart and the skeletal system, have been reported in humans and animals. Exposed male workers were demonstrated to have significantly lower sperm counts.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 4.00E 01 Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 5.71E 02 Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate Concern Carcinogenicity: Not established OSHA rating: Not established Page 102 Chemicals of Moderate to High Toxicological Concern Page 103 Fate Data of Mineral Spirits CAS #: 64475 85 0 Very little information is known regarding the fate of this chemical in the soil, water or air. There is moderate adsorption to soils and sediments. Expect 99% removal by degradation and volatilization in waste water treatment. Ultimate biodegradation in days to weeks. Page 104 Toxicological Profile of Mineral Spirits CAS #: 64742 47 8 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 157 deg ° C Form: No data Solubility: Insoluble in water OSHA PEL: Not established Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include permanent brain and nervous system damage.

Carcinogenicity Limited evidence of carcinogenicity in animals.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate to High Concern. Carcinogenicity: Low concern ( limited carcinogenicity in animals) OSHA rating: Not established Page 105 Fate Data of Hydrotreated Heavy Naptha CAS #: 64742 48 9 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 106 Toxicological Profile of Hydrotreated Heavy Naphtha CAS #: 64742 48 9 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 149 deg ° C Form: Clear liquid Solubility: Neglible in water OSHA PEL: 100 ppm Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include permanent brain damage and nervous system damage with prolonged overexposure of this material. May also cause defatting of the skin.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate to High Concern Carcinogenicity: Not established OSHA rating: Not established Page 107 Fate Profile for Toluene CAS #: 108 88 3 Overview Toluene is released into the atmosphere principally from the volatilization of petroleum fuels and toluene based solvents and thinners and from motor vehicle exhaust. Considerable amounts are discharged into waterways or spilled on land during the storage, transport and disposal of fuels and oils.

Fate in Soil If toluene is released to soil, it will be lost by evaporation from near surface soil and microbial degradation. In one study, 94% of the chemical added to a clay loam was lost by this process. Since it is relatively mobile in soil, it is possible that it will get into the groundwater and remain there where microbial degradation will not occur. Due to its high vapor pressure, toluene would be expected to volatilize fairly rapidly from dry, neat surface soils.

Based on the reported Koc values, toluene will be expected to exhibit very high to moderate adsorption in soil and therefore may leach to the groundwater. Field data from infiltration sites is conflicting; in one study toluene is eliminated during bank infiltration, while in other studies it penetrates infiltration sites. These results may bear on site related factors such as load, flow rate, soil characteristics, and other loss factors such as evaporation and biodegradation.

Fate in Water When released into water, toluene will be lost by both volatilization to the atmosphere and biodegradation. The predominant process will depend on water temperature, mixing conditions and the existence of acclimated microorganisms at the site. The half life will range from days to several weeks. It will not significantly hydrolyze, directly photolyze, adsorb to sediment or bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms.

Toluene evaporates rapidly from water and has an experimentally determined half life for evaporation from 1 meter of water with moderate mixing conditions of 2.9 5.7 hr. Using oxygen reaeration rates of typical bodies of water, and the reaeration rate relative to oxygen, 0.65, one would expect the evaporation half life of toluene from a river and lake to be 1 and 4 days respectively. In a mesocosm experiment with simulated conditions for Narragansett Bay, RI, the loss was primarily by evaporation in winter with a half life of 13 days. Page 108 Fate in Air If toluene is released to the atmosphere, it will exist predominantly in the vapor phase. It degrades moderately rapidly by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Its half life ranges from 3 hrs to somewhat over a day. It is very effectively washed out by rain and is not be subject to direct photolysis in sunlight, although a complex of toluene with molecular oxygen has been shown to absorb light at wavelengths > 290 nm. Page 109 Toxicological Profile of Toluene CAS #: 108 88 3 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 111 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: Soluble in petroleum ether, alcohol, ether, acetate, benzene, and ligand. OSHA PEL: 8 hr time weighted average: 200 ppm; ceiling limit: 300 ppm Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects to the liquid via the skin may cause defatting of the skin and dermatitis. Chronic inhalation may cause muscular weakness due to fluid/ electrolyte imbalance, gastrointestinal, renal tubular acidosis, and neuropsychiatric syndrome. Other symptoms of long term exposure may include: cardiac arrhythmias, encephalopathy with cognitive difficulty, cerebellar atazia, diffuse demylination and gliosis of the cerebral and cerebella white matter, and marked loss of Purkinje cells of the cerebellum. Rarely, with long term inhalation exposure, are signs of hypothalmic dysfunction, central sleep apnea, grand mal seizures, choreoathetosis, opisthotonus, and Bell's palsy been reported. In mothers exposed to toluene during pregnancy, several teratogenic effects have been noted such as multiple physical deformities, with signs similar to fetal alcohol syndrome, microencephaly, CNS dysfunction, and variable growth deficiencies have occurred. Toluene may enhance the embryotoxic effect of acetylsalicylic acid. Effects may be reversible even at extremely high exposure levels for very long durations.

Carcinogenicity Based on the Iris database, toluene has a D classification ( not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity).

Basis for classification: Based on lack of data concerning carcinogenicity in humans and inadequate data concerning animals. Toluene did not produce positive results in the majority of genotoxic assays.

Human carcinogenicity data: None. Animal carcinogenicity data: Inadequate. Page 110 Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 2E 01 I Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 1.14E 01 I Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate to High Concern Carcinogenicity: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity OSHA rating: A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen ( inadequate data) Page 111 Fate Profile for 1,1,1 Trichloroethane CAS #: 71 55 6 Overview 1,1,1 Trichloroethane is likely to enter the environment from air emissions or in wastewater from its production or use in vapor degreasing, metal cleaning, etc. It can also enter the environment in leachates and volatile emissions from landfills.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, 1,1,1 trichloroethane evaporates fairly rapidly into the atmosphere because of its high vapor pressure. Because it does not adsorb strongly to soil, it should leach extensively. The adsorption of 1,1,1 trichloroethane to soil is proportional to the organic carbon content of the soil. The mineral content of the soil is not a contributing factor. The partition coefficient of 1,1,1 trichloroethane to 5 soils ( organic carbon 0.1 4.9%) ranged from < 0.05 to 0.5 1/ g while that adsorbed to sand and clay was too small to determine the isotherms. 1,1,1 Trichloroethane is adsorbed strongly to peat moss, less strongly to clay, very slightly to dolomite limestone and not at all to sand. It has a low adsorption to silt loam ( Koc = 183). From the fact that it is not retained in the soil during bank infiltration, and that it is frequently found in groundwater in high concentrations, one can safely conclude that it is not adsorbed strongly by soils, especially subsurface soil.

Fate in Water If released to water, the primary loss will be by evaporation into the atmosphere. Half life will range from hours to a few weeks depending on wind and mixing conditions. Biodegradation and adsorption onto particulate matter will be insignificant relative to volatilization.

1,1,1 Trichloroethane has a high Henry's Law constant ( 8X10 3 atm cu m/ mole) and will volatilize rapidly from water and soil with diffusion through the liquid phase controlling volatilization from water. Half life for evaporation from water obtained from laboratory systems range from a fraction of an hour to several hours. Page 112 Fate in Air If released to air, 1,1,1 trichloroethane is fairly stable in the atmosphere and is transported long distances, being found even at the South Pole. It will slowly degraded principally by reaction with hydroxyl radicals and has a half life of 6 months to 25 years. The global lifetime average has been estimated to be 6.0 6.9 years. The rate of degradation is increased by the presence of chlorine radicals and nitrogen oxides. 15% of the 1,1,1 trichloroethane drifts into the stratosphere where it is rapidly degraded by photodissociation. Due to the large input of 1,1,1 trichloroethane into the atmosphere and its slow degradation, the amount of 1,1,1 trichloroethane in the atmosphere is increasing by 4.8 17% a year. Some of the 1,1,1 trichloroethane returns to earth in rain as is evidenced by its presence in rainwater and a 40% reduction in air concentrations on rainy days. Page 113 Toxicological Profile of 1,1,1 Trichloroethane CAS #: 71 55 6 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 74 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: 4,400 mg/ L in water at 20 deg   C; soluble in acetone, benzene, methanol, carbon disulfide, and carbon tetrachloride; > 10% in ethanol. OSHA PEL: 350 ppm; 1900 mg/ cu m Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects to the liquid may cause toxic solvent encephalopathy, including memory and balance defects, lightheadedness, vertigo, fatigue, moodiness, irritability, and other neuropsychiatric effects have been described in workers. Long term effects may include burning and cramping of the feet with a decreased vibration sensitivity, and toxic axonaphathy ( reduced amplitudes of sural sensory responses bilaterally). Isopropanol and acetone may produce enhanced hepatotoxicity with 1,1,1 trichloroethane.

Carcinogenicity Based on the Iris database, acetone has a D classification ( not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity).

Basis for classification: There are no reported human data and animal studies ( one lifetime gavage, one intermediate term inhalation) have not demonstrated carcinogenicity. Technical grade 1,1,1 trichloroethane has been shown to be weakly mutagenic although the contaminant, 1,4 dioxane, a known animal carcinogen, may be responsible for this response.

Human carcinogenicity data: None. Animal carcinogenicity data: Inadequate.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 114 Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 9E 02 W Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 2.86E 01 W Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Moderate to High Concern Carcinogenicity: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity OSHA rating: Not established Page 115 Chemicals of High Toxicological Concern Page 116 Fate Profile for Benzene CAS #: 71 43 2 Overview The formation of benzene oxide, an epoxide of benzene is involved in the metabolism of benzene. This highly unstable intermediate rearranges non enzymatically to form phenol. This step accounts for the occurrence of phenol as the major metabolite of benzene in urine. Catechol formation is thought to result from the hydration of benzene oxide by the enzyme epoxide hydratase followed by oxidation to catechol. It appears that catechol and phenol are formed by two distinctly differentmetabolic pathways. Hydroquinone is thought to result from a second passage of phenol through the mixed function oxidases.

Benzene will enter the atmosphere primarily from fugitive emissions and exhaust connected with its use in gasoline. Another important source is emissions associated with its production and use as an industrial intermediate. In addition, there are discharges into water from industrial effluents and losses during spills. Based on a reported vapor pressure of 95.2 mm Hg at 25 deg ° C, evaporation of benzene from surface soil and other surfaces is expected to be rapid.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, benzene will be subject to rapid volatilization near the surface. The effective half lives for volatilization without water evaporation of benzene uniformly distributed at a rate of 1 kg/ ha to 1 and 10 cm in soil with an organic carbon content of 1.25% were reported as 7.2 and 38.4 days, respectively. That which does not evaporate will be highly to very highly mobile in soil and may leach to groundwater. It may be subject to biodegradation based on reported biodegradation of 24% and 47% of the initial 20 ppm benzene in a based rich para brownish soil in 1 and 10 weeks, respectively.