[Federal Register Volume 80, Number 158 (Monday, August 17, 2015)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 49190-49193]
[FR Doc No: 2015-20240]

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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

40 CFR Part 52

[EPA-R09-OAR-2013-0534; FRL-9932-45-Region 9]

Withdrawal of Approval and Disapproval of Air Quality
Implementation Plans; California; San Joaquin Valley; Contingency
Measures for the 1997 PM2.5 Standards

AGENCY: Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

ACTION: Proposed rule.

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SUMMARY: EPA is proposing to withdraw a May 22, 2014 final action
approving a state implementation plan (SIP) revision submitted by the
State of California under the Clean Air Act (CAA) to address
contingency measure requirements for the 1997 annual and 24-hour
national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) in the San Joaquin
Valley. Simultaneously, EPA is proposing to disapprove this SIP
submission. These proposed actions are in response to a decision issued
by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (Committee for a
Better Arvin v. EPA, 786 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir. 2015)) remanding EPA's
approval of a related SIP submission and rejecting EPA's rationale for
approving plan submissions that rely on California mobile source
control measures to meet SIP requirements such as contingency measures,
which was a necessary basis for the May 22, 2014 final rule.

DATES: Any comments must arrive by September 16, 2015.

ADDRESSES: Submit comments, identified by docket number EPA-R09-OAR-
2013-0534, by one of the following methods:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: www.regulations.gov. Follow
the on-line instructions.
     Email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>     Mail or delivery: Doris Lo, (AIR-2), U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Region 9, 75 Hawthorne Street, San Francisco, CA
94105.
    Instructions: All comments will be included in the public docket
without change and may be made available online at www.regulations.gov,
including any personal information provided, unless the comment
includes Confidential Business Information (CBI) or other information
whose disclosure is restricted by statute. Information that you
consider CBI or otherwise protected should be clearly identified as
such and should not be submitted through www.regulations.gov or email.
The www.regulations.gov Web site is an ``anonymous access'' system, and
EPA will not know your identity or contact information unless you
provide it in the body of your comment. If you send email directly to
EPA, your email address will be automatically captured and included as
part of the public comment. If EPA cannot read your comments due to
technical difficulties and cannot contact you for clarification, EPA
may not be able to consider your comment.
    Docket: Generally, documents in the docket for this action are
available electronically at www.regulations.gov and in hard copy at EPA
Region IX, 75 Hawthorne Street, San Francisco, California. While all
documents in the docket are listed at www.regulations.gov, some
information may be publicly available only at the hard copy location
(e.g., copyrighted material, large maps), and some may not be publicly
available in either location (e.g., CBI). To inspect the hard copy
materials in person, please schedule an appointment during normal
business hours with the contact listed in the FOR FURTHER INFORMATION
CONTACT section below.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Doris Lo, Air Planning Office (AIR-2),
(415) 972-3959<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Throughout this document, ``we,'' ``us'' and
``our'' refer to EPA.

Table of Contents

I. Background
II. Proposed Action and Clean Air Act Consequences
III. Request for Public Comment
IV. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

I. Background

    On July 18, 1997, EPA established new national ambient air quality
standards (NAAQS) for particles less than or equal to 2.5 micrometers
([micro]m) in diameter (PM2.5), including an annual standard
of 15.0 micrograms per cubic meter ([micro]g/m\3\) based on a 3-year
average of annual mean PM2.5 concentrations and a 24-hour
(daily) standard of 65 [micro]g/m\3\ based on a 3-year average of 98th
percentile 24-hour PM2.5 concentrations.\1\ Effective April
5, 2005, EPA designated the San Joaquin Valley (SJV) area in California
as nonattainment for the 1997 annual and 24-hour PM2.5
NAAQS.\2\ The SJV PM2.5 nonattainment area is located in the
southern half of California's central valley and includes all or part
of eight counties: San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Merced, Madera, Fresno,
Tulare, Kings, and the valley portion of Kern.\3\ The local air
district with primary responsibility for developing state
implementation plans (SIPs) to attain the NAAQS in this area is the San
Joaquin Valley Unified Air Pollution Control District (SJVUAPCD or
District).
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    \1\ 62 FR 36852 (July 18, 1997) and 40 CFR 50.7. Effective
December 18, 2006, EPA strengthened the 24-hour PM2.5
NAAQS by lowering the level to 35 [micro]g/m\3\. 71 FR 61144
(October 17, 2006) and 40 CFR 50.13. Effective March 18, 2013, EPA
strengthened the primary annual PM2.5 NAAQS by lowering
the level to 12 [micro]g/m\3\. 78 FR 3086 (January 15, 2013) and 40
CFR 50.18. In this preamble, all references to the PM2.5
NAAQS, unless otherwise specified, are to the 1997 24-hour standard
(65 [micro]g/m\3\) and annual standard (15.0 [micro]g/m\3\) as
codified in 40 CFR 50.7.
    \2\ 70 FR 944 (January 5, 2005), codified at 40 CFR 81.305.
    \3\ For a precise description of the geographic boundaries of
the San Joaquin Valley nonattainment area, see 40 CFR 81.305.
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    Between 2007 and 2011, California made six SIP submittals to
address nonattainment area planning requirements for the 1997 annual
and 24-hour PM2.5 NAAQS in the SJV.\4\ We refer to these
submittals collectively as the ``2008 PM2.5 Plan.'' On
November 9, 2011, EPA approved all elements of the 2008
PM2.5 Plan except for the contingency measures, which EPA
disapproved for failure to satisfy the requirements of CAA section
172(c)(9).\5\ On July 3, 2013, the State made a new submission to meet
the contingency measure requirements for the 1997 PM2.5
NAAQS in the SJV (2013 Contingency Measure Submittal) to correct the
deficiencies identified in EPA's November 2011 action disapproving the
contingency measure element of the 2008 PM2.5 Plan.\6\
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    \4\ 76 FR 69896 at n. 2 (November 9, 2011) (final action on 2008
PM2.5 Plan).
    \5\ Id. at 69924.
    \6\ 78 FR 53113, 53115-53116 (August 28, 2013) (proposed action
on Contingency Measure SIP).
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    On May 22, 2014, EPA fully approved the 2013 Contingency Measure
Submittal based on the Agency's conclusion that this SIP submittal
corrected then outstanding deficiencies in the CAA section 172(c)(9)
contingency measures for the 1997

PM2.5 NAAQS.\7\ Among other things, the 2013 Contingency
Measure Submittal relied on the ongoing implementation of California's
mobile source control program as a basis for satisfying the contingency
measure requirements in CAA section 172(c)(9). Specifically, the 2013
Contingency Measure Submittal relied on California mobile source
measures to achieve 21 tons per day (tpd) of reductions in emissions of
nitrogen oxides (NOX) in 2015, roughly two-thirds of the
total amount of NOX emission reductions (31.6 tpd) necessary
to achieve one year's worth of reasonable further progress (RFP) in the
SJV.\8\ In its May 22, 2014 final action on the 2013 Contingency
Measure Submittal, EPA determined that CARB's continuing implementation
of these mobile source control measures in 2015, together with other
fully-adopted measures implemented by the District in the same
timeframe, would provide for an appropriate level of continued emission
reduction progress should the SJV area fail to attain the 1997
PM2.5 NAAQS by the applicable attainment date, which was
April 5, 2015, thereby meeting the requirement for contingency measures
for failure to attain.\9\ With respect to the requirement for
contingency measures for failure to meet RFP requirements, EPA
determined that this requirement was moot because the District had
already met the RFP requirements relevant to the 2008 PM2.5
Plan by the time of EPA's May 22, 2014 action.\10\
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    \7\ 79 FR 29327 (May 22, 2014) (final action on Contingency
Measure SIP).
    \8\ 78 FR 53113, 53123 (August 28, 2013) and 79 FR 29327, 29336-
29337 (May 22, 2014).
    \9\ 78 FR 53113, 53123 and 79 FR 29327, 29350.
    \10\ 79 FR 29327, 29350.
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    Several environmental and community organizations filed a petition
for review of EPA's November 9, 2011 action on the 2008
PM2.5 Plan, arguing, among other things, that the 2008
PM2.5 Plan had calculated the necessary emission reductions
and forecasts in part based on state-adopted mobile source measures
that are not themselves incorporated into the federally enforceable
plan, in violation of the CAA.\11\ At that time, EPA's longstanding and
consistent practice had been to allow California SIPs to rely on
emission reduction credit for state mobile source rules waived or
authorized by EPA under section 209 of the Act (``waiver measures'') to
meet certain SIP requirements without requiring approval of those
control measures into the SIP under section 110 of the Act. On May 20,
2015, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit granted the
petition with respect to this issue, holding that EPA violated the CAA
by approving the 2008 PM2.5 Plan even though the plan did
not include the waiver measures on which the plan relied to achieve its
emission reduction goals. Committee for a Better Arvin, et al. v. EPA,
786 F.3d 1169 (9th Cir. 2015) (CBA) (partially granting and partially
denying petition for review). The court rejected EPA's arguments
supporting the Agency's longstanding practice, finding that section
110(a)(2)(A) of the Act plainly mandates that all control measures on
which states rely to attain the NAAQS must be ``included'' in the SIP
and subject to enforcement by EPA and citizens. The court remanded
EPA's November 9, 2011 action for further proceedings consistent with
the decision.
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    \11\ Committee for a Better Arvin et al. v. EPA, Case No. 11-
73924 (9th Cir.).
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    Separately, environmental and community organizations also filed a
petition for review of EPA's May 22, 2014 action on the 2013
Contingency Measure Submittal, arguing, among other things, that EPA
violated the CAA by approving that submittal even though it did not
include the waiver measures on which it relied to achieve the necessary
emission reductions to meet contingency measure requirements.\12\ On
June 10, 2015, EPA filed an unopposed motion for voluntary remand of
the May 22, 2014 final rule without vacatur based, inter alia, on the
Agency's substantial and legitimate need to reexamine this rulemaking
in light of the Ninth Circuit's May 20, 2015 decision in CBA.\13\ As
explained in EPA's motion, the 2013 Contingency Measure Submittal that
EPA approved in the May 22, 2014 rulemaking relied upon waiver measures
to achieve a significant percentage of the emission reductions
necessary to comply with the statutory requirement for contingency
measures, and these waiver measures are not included in the SIP.\14\
EPA moved the court for an order remanding the May 22, 2014 final rule
to allow the Agency to reconsider it in light of the CBA decision.\15\
On June 15, 2015, the Ninth Circuit granted EPA's motion and remanded
the petition for review to EPA.\16\
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    \12\ Medical Advocates for Healthy Air et al. v. EPA, Case No.
14-72219 (9th Cir.).
    \13\ Medical Advocates for Healthy Air et al. v. EPA, Case No.
14-72219 (9th Cir.), United States Unopposed Motion for Voluntary
Remand of the Rule at Issue Without Vacatur, Docket Entry 29-1.
    \14\ Id.
    \15\ Id.
    \16\ Medical Advocates for Healthy Air et al. v. EPA, Case No.
14-72219 (9th Cir.), Order, Docket Entry 30.
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II. Proposed Action and Clean Air Act Consequences

    As noted above, the Ninth Circuit rejected EPA's prior
interpretation of the CAA under which EPA had allowed California SIPs
to rely on waiver measures without requiring approval of those measures
into the SIP in accordance with section 110 of the Act. This
interpretation formed a necessary basis for EPA's approval of the 2013
Contingency Measure Submittal.\17\ In response to the court's ruling in
CBA, we are proposing to withdraw our May 22, 2014 approval of the 2013
Contingency Measure Submittal (79 FR 29327) because it was predicated
on an interpretation of the CAA that has been rejected by the Ninth
Circuit. For the same reason, we are proposing to disapprove the 2013
Contingency Measure Submittal for failure to satisfy the requirements
of the Act. This proposed withdrawal and disapproval, if finalized,
would have the effect of removing the 2013 Contingency Measure
Submittal from the applicable California SIP and deleting the
provisions in 40 CFR 52.220(c) where EPA's approval of the SIP
submittal is currently codified.\18\
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    \17\ 79 FR 29327, 29336-37 (May 22, 2014).
    \18\ See 40 CFR 52.220(c)(438)(ii).
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    Under section 179(a) of the CAA, final disapproval of a SIP
submittal that addresses a requirement of part D, title I of the Act or
is required in response to a finding of substantial inadequacy as
described in CAA section 110(k)(5) (SIP Call) starts a mandatory
sanctions clock. Disapproval of a SIP element also triggers the
requirement under CAA section 110(c) for EPA to promulgate a FIP no
later than 2 years from the date of the disapproval unless the State
corrects the deficiency, and the Administrator approves the plan or
plan revision, before the Administrator promulgates such FIP.
    EPA is proposing to determine that this disapproval of the 2013
Contingency Measure Submittal does not start a mandatory sanctions
clock or FIP clock because the specific type of contingency measure at
issue in that submittal is no longer a required attainment plan element
under the facts and circumstances of this situation. CARB submitted the
2013 Contingency Measure Submittal to address the contingency measure
requirement in CAA section 172(c)(9) as applied to the 2008
PM2.5 Plan, which provided for attainment of the 1997
PM2.5 NAAQS by April 5, 2015, the latest permissible
attainment date for this area under

subpart 1 of part D, title I of the Act.\19\ Thus, CARB intended the
specific measures to be contingency measures that would apply in the
event of a failure to attain by April 5, 2015. However, intervening
events have affected the applicable requirements for contingency
measures for this area. A January 2013 decision of the D.C. Circuit
Court of Appeals (NRDC v. EPA, 706 F.3d 428 (D.C. Cir. 2013)) held that
EPA must implement the 1997 PM2.5 NAAQS in accordance with
the requirements of subpart 4 of Part D, title I of the Act. In order
to address the requirements of subpart 4, EPA promulgated a rulemaking
to classify all existing PM2.5 nonattainment areas,
including SJV, as ``Moderate'' nonattainment areas and to provide
additional time for states to make or supplement SIP submissions in
order to meet the requirements of subpart 4.\20\ On April 7, 2015, EPA
determined that the SJV area could not attain by the applicable
attainment date (i.e., April 5, 2015) and therefore reclassified the
area from ``Moderate'' to ``Serious.'' As a consequence of the SJV
area's reclassification as a Serious area for the 1997 PM2.5
NAAQS, California is now required to submit a Serious area plan,
including both a demonstration that the plan provides for attainment of
the 1997 PM2.5 standards in the SJV by the Serious area
attainment date, which is December 31, 2015, and contingency measures
to be implemented if the area fails to make RFP or to attain by that
date.\21\ Another consequence of this reclassification, however, is
that the specific requirement for contingency measures for failure to
attain as a Moderate area plan requirement was superseded and
eliminated.\22\ Thus, the specific contingency measures at issue in the
2013 Contingency Measure Submittal are no longer required and
disapproval of those specific measures should not be a basis for
sanctions or a FIP under these facts and circumstances.
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    \19\ 80 FR 1482, 1483 at n. 10 (January 12, 2015) (proposed rule
to reclassify SJV as Serious nonattainment for 1997 PM2.5
NAAQS).
    \20\ 79 FR 31566 (June 2, 2014).
    \21\ 80 FR 18528 (April 7, 2015). California has requested an
extension of the Serious area attainment date pursuant to CAA
section 188(e), and EPA is currently evaluating that request. See
letter dated June 25, 2015, from Richard Corey, Executive Officer,
California Air Resources Board, to Jared Blumenfeld, Regional
Administrator, EPA Region 9, transmitting ``2015 Plan for the
PM2.5 Standard.''
    \22\ EPA does not interpret the requirement for failure-to-
attain contingency measures to apply to Moderate PM2.5
nonattainment areas that cannot practicably attain the NAAQS by the
statutory attainment date. Rather, EPA believes it is appropriate
for the state to identify and adopt attainment contingency measures
as part of the Serious area attainment plan that it will develop
once EPA reclassifies the area. See 59 FR 41998, 42015 (August 16,
1994).
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    Our proposed disapproval of the 2013 Contingency Measure Submittal,
if finalized, would not trigger sanctions or FIP clocks because the
contingency measure requirement that this SIP submittal addressed has
been superseded by different planning obligations under subpart 4 of
part D, title I of the Act. That is, because the State submitted the
2013 Contingency Measure Submittal to address a contingency measure
requirement for failure to attain by a statutory attainment date that
no longer applies to the area (April 5, 2015), this SIP submittal no
longer addresses an applicable requirement of part D, title I of the
Act, and our disapproval of it therefore would not trigger sanctions.
For the same reason, our disapproval of the 2013 Contingency Measure
Submittal would not create any deficiency in a mandatory component of
the SIP for this area and, therefore, would not trigger the obligation
for EPA to promulgate a FIP under section 110(c) to address this issue.

III. Request for Public Comment

    We will accept comments from the public on these proposals for the
next 30 days. The deadline and instructions for submission of comments
are provided in the ``Date'' and ``Addresses'' sections at the
beginning of this preamble.

IV. Statutory and Executive Order Reviews

A. Executive Order 12866, Regulatory Planning and Review

    This action is not a ``significant regulatory action'' under the
terms of Executive Order (EO) 12866 (58 FR 51735, October 4, 1993) and
is therefore not subject to review under the EO.

B. Paperwork Reduction Act

    This action does not impose an information collection burden under
the provisions of the Paperwork Reduction Act, 44 U.S.C. 3501 et. seq.,
because this proposed SIP disapproval under section 110 and subchapter
I, part D of the Clean Air Act will not in-and-of itself create any new
information collection burdens but simply disapproves certain State
requirements submitted for inclusion into the SIP. Burden is defined at
5 CFR 1320.3(b).

C. Regulatory Flexibility Act

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act (RFA) generally requires an agency
to conduct a regulatory flexibility analysis of any rule subject to
notice and comment rulemaking requirements unless the agency certifies
that the rule will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities. Small entities include small
businesses, small not-for-profit enterprises, and small governmental
jurisdictions. For purposes of assessing the impacts of today's rule on
small entities, small entity is defined as: (1) A small business as
defined by the Small Business Administration's (SBA) regulations at 13
CFR 121.201; (2) a small governmental jurisdiction that is a government
of a city, county, town, school district or special district with a
population of less than 50,000; and (3) a small organization that is
any not-for-profit enterprise which is independently owned and operated
and is not dominant in its field.
    After considering the economic impacts of today's proposed rule on
small entities, I certify that this action will not have a significant
impact on a substantial number of small entities. This rule does not
impose any requirements or create impacts on small entities. This
proposed SIP disapproval under section 110 and subchapter I, part D of
the Clean Air Act will not in-and-of itself create any new requirements
but simply disapproves certain State requirements submitted for
inclusion into the SIP. Accordingly, it affords no opportunity for EPA
to fashion for small entities less burdensome compliance or reporting
requirements or timetables or exemptions from all or part of the rule.
The fact that the Clean Air Act prescribes that various consequences
(e.g., higher offset requirements) may or will result from disapproval
actions does not mean that EPA either can or must conduct a regulatory
flexibility analysis for this action. Therefore, this action will not
have a significant economic impact on a substantial number of small
entities.
    We continue to be interested in the potential impacts of this
proposed rule on small entities and welcome comments on issues related
to such impacts.

D. Unfunded Mandates Reform Act

    This action contains no Federal mandates under the provisions of
Title II of the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act of 1995 (UMRA), 2 U.S.C.
1531-1538 for State, local, or tribal governments or the private
sector.'' EPA has determined that the proposed disapproval action does
not include a Federal mandate that may result in estimated costs of
$100 million or more to either State, local, or tribal governments in
the aggregate, or to the private sector. This action proposes to

disapprove pre-existing requirements under State or local law, and
imposes no new requirements. Accordingly, no additional costs to State,
local, or tribal governments, or to the private sector, result from
this action.

E. Executive Order 13132, Federalism

    Executive Order 13132, entitled ``Federalism'' (64 FR 43255, August
10, 1999), requires EPA to develop an accountable process to ensure
``meaningful and timely input by State and local officials in the
development of regulatory policies that have federalism implications.''
``Policies that have federalism implications'' is defined in the
Executive Order to include regulations that have ``substantial direct
effects on the States, on the relationship between the national
government and the States, or on the distribution of power and
responsibilities among the various levels of government.''
    This action does not have federalism implications. It will not have
substantial direct effects on the States, on the relationship between
the national government and the States, or on the distribution of power
and responsibilities among the various levels of government, as
specified in Executive Order 13132, because it merely disapproves
certain State requirements for inclusion into the SIP and does not
alter the relationship or the distribution of power and
responsibilities established in the Clean Air Act. Thus, Executive
Order 13132 does not apply to this action.

F. Executive Order 13175, Coordination With Indian Tribal Governments

    This action does not have tribal implications, as specified in
Executive Order 13175 (65 FR 67249, November 9, 2000), because the SIP
EPA is proposing to disapprove would not apply on any Indian
reservation land or in any other area where EPA or an Indian tribe has
demonstrated that a tribe has jurisdiction, and EPA notes that it will
not impose substantial direct costs on tribal governments or preempt
tribal law. Thus, Executive Order 13175 does not apply to this action.

G. Executive Order 13045, Protection of Children From Environmental
Health Risks and Safety Risks

    EPA interprets EO 13045 (62 FR 19885, April 23, 1997) as applying
only to those regulatory actions that concern health or safety risks,
such that the analysis required under section 5-501 of the EO has the
potential to influence the regulation. This action is not subject to EO
13045 because it is not an economically significant regulatory action
based on health or safety risks subject to Executive Order 13045 (62 FR
19885, April 23, 1997). This proposed SIP disapproval under section 110
and subchapter I, part D of the Clean Air Act will not in-and-of itself
create any new regulations but simply disapproves certain State
requirements submitted for inclusion into the SIP.

H. Executive Order 13211, Actions That Significantly Affect Energy
Supply, Distribution, or Use

    This proposed rule is not subject to Executive Order 13211 (66 FR
28355, May 22, 2001) because it is not a significant regulatory action
under Executive Order 12866.

I. National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act

    Section 12(d) of the National Technology Transfer and Advancement
Act of 1995 (``NTTAA''), Public Law 104-113, 12(d) (15 U.S.C. 272 note)
directs EPA to use voluntary consensus standards in its regulatory
activities unless to do so would be inconsistent with applicable law or
otherwise impractical. Voluntary consensus standards are technical
standards (e.g., materials specifications, test methods, sampling
procedures, and business practices) that are developed or adopted by
voluntary consensus standards bodies. NTTAA directs EPA to provide
Congress, through OMB, explanations when the Agency decides not to use
available and applicable voluntary consensus standards.
    The EPA believes that this action is not subject to requirements of
Section 12(d) of NTTAA because application of those requirements would
be inconsistent with the Clean Air Act.

J. Executive Order 12898: Federal Actions To Address Environmental
Justice in Minority Populations and Low-Income Population

    Executive Order (EO) 12898 (59 FR 7629 (Feb. 16, 1994)) establishes
federal executive policy on environmental justice. Its main provision
directs federal agencies, to the greatest extent practicable and
permitted by law, to make environmental justice part of their mission
by identifying and addressing, as appropriate, disproportionately high
and adverse human health or environmental effects of their programs,
policies, and activities on minority populations and low-income
populations in the United States.
    EPA lacks the discretionary authority to address environmental
justice in this rulemaking.

List of Subjects in 40 CFR Part 52

    Environmental protection, Air pollution control, Intergovernmental
relations, Nitrogen oxides, Sulfur oxides, Particulate matter.

    Authority:  42 U.S.C. 7401 et seq.

    Dated: August 6, 2015.
Jared Blumenfeld,
EPA Regional Administrator, Region 9.
[FR Doc. 2015-20240 Filed 8-14-15; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 6560-50-P


Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 1 APPENDIX 15A ACTIVITY PATTERNS CODES AND OCCUPATIONAL TENURE DATA Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 3 Table 15A 1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries WORK AND OTHER INCOME PRODUCING ACTIVITIES Paid Work 01  Normal work: activities at the main job including work brought home, travel that is part of the job, and overtime; " working," " at work"  Work at home; work activities for pay done in the home when home is the main workplace ( include travel as above)

02  Job search; looking for work, including visits to employment agencies, phone calls to prospective employers, answering want ads  Unemployment benefits; applying for or collecting unemployment compensation  Welfare, food stamps; applying for or collecting welfare, food stamps 05  Second job; paid work activities that are not part of the main job ( use this code only when R* clearly indicates a second job or " other" job); paid work for those not having main job; garage sales, rental property 06  Lunch at the workplace; lunch eaten at work, cafeteria, lunchroom when " where" = work ( lunch at a restaurant, code 44; lunch at home, code 43)  Eating, smoking, drinking coffee as a secondary activity while working ( at workplace)

07  Before and/ or after work at the workplace; activities at the workplace before starting or after stopping work; include " conversations," other work. Do not code secondary activities with this primary activity  Other work related 08  Coffee breaks and other breaks at the workplace; unscheduled breaks and other nonwork during work hours at the workplace; " took a break"; " had coffee" ( as a primary activity). Do not code secondary activities with this primary activity 09  Travel; to and from the workplace when R's travel to and from work were both interrupted by stops; waiting for related travel  Travel to and from the workplace, including time spent awaiting transportation HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES Indoor 10  Meal preparation: cooking, fixing lunches  Serving food, setting table, putting groceries away. unloading car after grocery shopping 11  Doing dishes, rinsing dishes, loading dishwasher  Meal cleanup, clearing table, unloading dishwasher ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15A 4 August 1997 Table 15A 1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries ( continued)

HOUSEHOLD ACTIVITIES ( continued)

Indoor ( continued)

12  Miscellaneous, " worked around house." NA if indoor or outdoor  Routine indoor cleaning and chores, picking up, dusting, making beds, washing windows, vacuuming, " cleaning," " fall/ spring cleaning," " housework"

14  Laundry and clothes care  wash  Laundry and clothes care  iron, fold, mending, putting away clothes (" Sewing" code 84)

16  Repairs indoors; fixing, repairing appliances  Repairs indoors; fixing, repairing furniture  Repairs indoors; fixing, repairing furnace, plumbing, painting a room 17  Care of houseplants 19  Other indoor, NA whether cleaning or repair; " did things in house"

Outdoor 13  Routine outdoor cleaning and chores; yard work, raking leaves, mowing grass, garbage removal, snow shoveling, putting on storm windows, cleaning garage, cutting wood 16  Repair, maintenance, exterior; fixing repairs outdoors, painting the house, fixing the roof, repairing the driveway ( patching)  Home improvements: additions to and remodeling done to the house, garage; new roof  Improvement to grounds around house; repaved driveway 17  Gardening; flower or vegetable gardening; spading, weeding, composting, picking, worked in garden"

19  Other outdoor; " worked outside," " puttering in garage MISCELLANEOUS HOUSEHOLD CHORES 16  Car care; necessary repairs and routine care to cars; tune up  Car maintenance; changed oil, changed tires, washed cars; " worked on car" except when clearly as a hobby  ( code 83)

17  Pet care; care of household pets including activities with pets; playing with the dog; walking the dog; ( caring for pets of relatives, friends, code 42)

( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 5 Table 15A 1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries ( continued)

MISCELLANEOUS HOUSEHOLD CHORES ( continued)

19  Household paperwork; paying bills, balancing the checkbook, making lists, getting the mail, working on the budget  Other household chores; ( no travel), picking up things at home, e. g., " picked up deposit slips" ( relate travel to purpose)

CHILD CARE Child Care for Children of Household 20  Baby care; care to children aged 4 and under 21  Child care; care to children aged 5* 17  Child care; mixed ages or NA ages of children 22  Helping/ teaching children learn, fix, make things; helping son bake cookies; helping daughter fix bike  Help with homework or supervising homework 23  Giving children orders or instructions; asking them to help; telling the* i* n to behave  Disciplining child; yelling at kids, spanking children; correcting children's behavior  Reading to child  Conversations with household children only; listening to children 24  Indoor playing; other indoor activities with children ( including games (" playing") unless obviously outdoor games)

25  Outdoor playing; outdoor activities with children including sports, walks, biking with, other outdoor games  Coaching/ leading outdoor, nonorganizational activities 26  Medical care at home or outside home; activities associated with children's health; " took son to doctor," " gave daughter medicine"

Other Child Care 27  Babysitting ( unpaid) or child care outside R's home or for children not residing in HH  Coordinating or facilitating child's social or instructional nonschool activities; ( travel related, code 29)  Other child care, including phone conversations relating to child care other than medical 29  Travel related to child's social and instructional nonschool activities  Other travel related to child care activities; waiting for related travel ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15A 6 August 1997 Table 15A 1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries ( continued)

OBTAINING GOODS AND SERVICES Goods ( include phone calls to obtain goods)

30  Groceries; supermarket, shopping for food  All other shopping for goods; including for clothing, small appliances; at drugstores, hardware stores, department stores, " downtown" or " uptown," " shopping," " shopping center," buying gas, " window shopping"

31  Durable household goods; shopping for large appliances, cars, furniture  House, apartment: activities connected to buying, selling, renting, looking for house, apartment, including phone calls; showing house, including traveling around looking at real estate property ( for own use)

Services ( include phone conversations to obtain services)

32  Personal care; beauty, barber shop; hairdressers 33  Medical care for self; visits to doctor, dentist, optometrist, including making appointments 34  Financial services; activities related to taking care of financial business; going to the bank, paying utility bills ( not by mail), going to accountant, tax office, loan agency, insurance office  Other government services: post office, driver's license, sporting licenses, marriage licenses, police station 35  Auto services; repair and other auto services including waiting for such services  Clothes repair and cleaning; cleaners, laundromat, tailor  Appliance repair: including furnace, water heater, electric or battery operated appliances; including watching repair person  Household repair services: including furniture; other repair services NA type; including watching repair person 37  Other professional services; lawyer, counseling ( therapy)  Picking up food at a takeout place  no travel  Other services, " going to the dump"

38  Errands; " running errands," NA whether for goods or services; borrowing goods 39  Related travel; travel related to obtaining goods and services and/ or household activities except 31; waiting for related travel ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 7 Table 15A 1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries ( continued)

PERSONAL NEEDS AND CARE Care to Self 40  Washing, showering, bathing  Dressing; getting ready, packing and unpacking clothes, personal hygiene, going to the bathroom 41  Medical care at home to self 43  Meals at home; including coffee, drinking, smoking, food from a restaurant eaten at home, " breakfast," " lunch"

44  Meals away from home; eaten at a friend's home ( including coffee, drinking, smoking)  Meals away from home, except at workplace ( 06) or at friend's home ( 44); eating at restaurants, out for coffee 45  Night sleep; longest sleep for day; ( may occur during day for night shift workers) including " in bed," but not asleep 46  Naps and resting; rest periods, " dozing," " laying down" ( relaxing code 98)

48  Sex, making out  Personal, private; " none of your business"  Affection between household members; giving and getting hugs, kisses, sitting on laps Help and Care to Others 41  Medical care to adults in household ( HH)

42  Nonmedical care to adults in HH; routine nonmedical care to adults in household; " got my wife up," " ran a bath for my husband"  Help and care to relatives not living in HH; helping care for, providing for needs of relatives; ( except travel) helping move, bringing food, assisting in emergencies, doing housework for relatives; visiting when sick  Help and care to neighbors, friends  Help and care to others, NA relationship to respondent Other Personal and Helping 48  Other personal; watching personal care activities 49  Travel ( helping); travel related to code 42, including travel that is the helping activity; waiting for related travel  Other personal travel; travel related to other personal care activities; waiting for related travel; travel, NA purpose of trip  e. g., " went to Memphis" ( no further explanation given)

( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15A 8 August 1997 Table 15A 1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries ( continued)

EDUCATION AND PROFESSIONAL TRAINING 50  Student ( full time); attending classes, school if full time student; includes daycare, nursery school for children not in school 51  Other classes, courses, lectures, academic or professional; R not a full time student or NA whether a student; being tutored 54  Homework, studying, research, reading, related to classes or profession, except for current job ( code 07); " went to the library"

56  Other education 59  Other school related travel; travel related to education coded above; waiting for related travel; travel to school not originating from home ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES Volunteer, Helping Organizations: hospital volunteer group, United Fund, Red Cross, Big Brother/ Sister 63  Attending meetings of volunteer, helping organizations  Officer work; work as an officer of volunteer, helping organizations; R must indicate he/ she is an officer to be coded here  Fund raising activities as a member of volunteer helping organization, collecting money, planning a collection drive  Direct help to individuals or groups as a member of volunteer helping organizations; visiting, bringing food, driving  Other activities as a member of volunteer helping organizations, including social events and meals Religious Practice 65  Attending services of a church or synagogue, including participating in the service; ushering, singing in choir, leading youth group, going to church, funerals  Individual practice; religious practice carried out as an individual or in a small group; praying, meditating, Bible study group ( not a church), visiting graves Religious Groups 64  Meetings: religious helping groups; attending meetings of helping  oriented church groups  ladies aid circle, missionary society, Knights of Columbus  Other activities; religious helping groups; other activities as a member of groups listed above, including social activities and meals ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 9 Table 15A 1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries ( continued)

ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES ( continued)

Religious Groups ( continued)

 Meetings: other church groups; attending meetings of church group, not primarily helping oriented, or NA if helping oriented  Other activities, other church groups; other activities as a member of church groups that are not helping oriented or NA if helping, including social activities and meals; choir practice; Bible class Professional/ Union Organizations: State Education Association; AFL CIO; Teamsters 60  Meetings; professional/ union; attending meetings of professional or union groups  Other activities, professional/ union; other activities as a member of professional or union group including social activities and meals Child/ Youth/ Family Organizations: PTA, PTO; Boy/ Girl Scouts; Little Leagues; YMCA/ YWCA; school volunteer 67  Meetings, family organizations; attending meetings of child/ youth/ family* oriented organizations  Other activities, family organizations; other activities as a member of child/ youth/ family oriented organizations including social activities and meals Fraternal Organizations: Moose, VFW, Kiwanis, Lions, Civitan, Chamber of Commerce, Shriners, American Legion 66  Meetings, fraternal organizations; attending meetings of fraternal organizations  Other activities, fraternal organizations; other activities as a member of fraternal organizations including social activities and helping activities and meals Political Party and Civic Participation: Citizens' groups, Young Democrats, Young Republicans, radical political groups, civic duties 62  Meetings, political/ citizen organizations; attending meetings of a political party or citizen group, including city council  Other activities, political/ citizen organizations; other participation in political party and citizens' groups, including social activities, voting, jury duty, helping with elections, and meals Special Interest/ Identity Organizations ( including groups based on sex, race, national origin); NOW; NAACP; Polish American Society; neighborhood, block organizations; CR groups; senior citizens; Weight Watchers 61  Meetings: identify organizations; attending meetings of special interest, identity organizations  Other activities, identity organizations; other activities as a member of a special interest, identity organization, including social activities and meals ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15A 10 August 1997 Table 15A 1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries ( continued)

ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES ( continued)

Other Miscellaneous Organizations, do not fit above 68  Other organizations; any activities as a member of an organization not fitting into above categories; ( meetings and other activities included here)

Travel Related to Organizational Activities 69  Travel related to organizational activities as a member of a volunteer ( helping) organization ( code 63); including travel that is the helping activity, waiting for related travel  Travel ( other organization related); travel related to all other organization activities; waiting for related travel ENTERTAINMENT/ SOCIAL ACTIVITIES Attending Spectacles, Events 70  Sports; attending sports events  football, basketball, hockey, etc.

71  Miscellaneous spectacles, events: circus, fairs, rock concerts, accidents 72  Movies; " went to the show"

73  Theater, opera, concert, ballet 74  Museums, art galleries, exhibitions, zoos Socializing 75  Visiting with others; socializing with people other than R's own HH members either at R's home or another home ( visiting on the phone, code 96); talking/ chatting in the context of receiving a visit or paying a visit 76  Party; reception, weddings 77  At bar; cocktail lounge, nightclub; socializing or hoping to socialize at bar, lounge  Dancing 78  Other events; other events or socializing, do not fit above 79  Related travel; waiting for related travel ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 11 Table 15A 1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries ( continued)

SPORTS AND ACTIVE LEISURE Active Sports 80  Football, basketball, baseball, volleyball, hockey. soccer, field hockey  Tennis, squash, racquetball, paddleball  Golf, miniature golf  Swimming, waterskiing  Skiing, ice skating, sledding, roller skating  Bowling; pool, ping pong, pinball  Frisbee, catch  Exercises, yoga ( gymnastics  code 86)  Judo, boxing, wrestling Out of Doors 81  Hunting  Fishing  Boating, sailing, canoeing  Camping, at the beach  Snowmobiling, dune buggies  Gliding, ballooning, flying  Excursions, pleasure drives ( no destination), rides with the family  Picnicking Walking, Biking 82  Walking for pleasure  Hiking  Jogging, running  Bicycling  Motorcycling  Horseback riding Hobbies 83  Photography  Working on cars  not necessarily related to their running; customizing, painting  Working on or repairing leisure time equipment ( repairing the boat, " sorting out fishing tackle")  Collections, scrapbooks  Carpentry and woodworking ( as a hobby)

( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15A 12 August 1997 Table 15A 1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries ( continued)

SPORTS AND ACTIVE LEISURE ( continued)

Domestic Crafts 84  Preserving foodstuffs ( canning, pickling)  Knitting, needlework, weaving, crocheting ( including classes), crewel, embroidery, quilting, quilling, macrame  Sewing  Care of animals/ livestock when R is not a farmer ( pets, code 17; " farmer", code 01, work) Art and Literature 85  Sculpture, painting, potting, drawing  Literature, poetry, writing ( not letters), writing a diary Music/ Theater/ Dance 86  Playing a musical instrument ( include practicing), whistling  Singing  Acting ( rehearsal for play)  Nonsocial dancing ( ballet, modern dance, body movement)  Gymnastics ( lessons  code 88)

Games 87  Playing card games ( bridge, poker)  Playing board games ( Monopoly, Yahtzee, etc.), bingo, dominoes  Playing social games ( scavenger hunts), " played games"  NA kind  Puzzles Classes/ Lessons for Active Leisure Activity 88  Lessons in sports activities: swimming, golf, tennis. skating, roller skating  Lessons in gymnastics, dance, judo, body movement  Lessons in music, singing, instruments  Other lessons, not listed above Travel 89  Related travel; travel related to sports and active leisure; waiting for related travel: vacation travel ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 13 Table 15A 1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries ( continued)

PASSIVE LEISURE 90  Radio 91  TV 92  Records, tapes, " listening to music," listening to others playing a musical instrument 93  Reading books ( current job related, code 07; professionally or class related, code 54)

94  Reading magazines, reviews, pamphlets  Reading NA what; or other 95  Reading newspapers 96  Phone conversations  not coded elsewhere, including all visiting by phone  Other talking/ conversations; face to face conversations, not coded elsewhere ( if children in HH only, code 23); visiting other than 75  Conversations with HH members only  adults only or children and adults  Arguing or fighting with people other than HH members only, household and nonhousehold members, or NA  Arguing or fighting with HH members only 97  Letters ( reading or writing); reading mail 98  Relaxing  Thinking, planning; reflecting  " doing nothing," " sat"; just sat;  Other passive leisure, smoking dope, pestering, teasing, joking around, messing around; laughing 99  Related travel: waiting for related travel MISSING DATA CODES  Activities of others reported  R's activity not specified  NA activities; a time gap of greater than 10 minutes.

EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES IN " OTHER" CATEGORIES Other Work Related 07  Foster parent activities ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15A 14 August 1997 Table 15A 1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries ( continued)

EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES IN " OTHER" CATEGORIES ( continued)

Other Household 19  Typing  Wrapping presents  Checked refrigerator for shopping list  Unpacked gifts from shower  Packing/ unpacking car  " Settled in" after trip  Hooked up boat to car  Showed wife car ( R was fixing)  Packing to move  Moved boxes  Looking/ searching for things at home ( inside or out)

Other Child Care 27  Waited for son to get hair cut  Picked up nephew at sister's house  " Played with kids" ( R's children from previous marriage not living with R)  Called babysitter Other Services 37  Left clothing at Goodwill  Unloaded furniture ( just purchased)  Returned books ( at library)  Brought clothes in from car ( after laundromat)  Delivered some stuff to a friend  Waited for father to pick up meat  Waited for stores to open  Put away things from swap meet  Sat in car waiting for rain to stop before shopping  Waiting for others while they are shopping  Showing mom what I bought Other Personal 48  Waiting to hear from daughter  Stopped at home, NA what for  Getting hysterical  Breaking up a fight ( not child care related)  Waited for wife to get up ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 15 Table 15A 1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries ( continued)

EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES IN " OTHER" CATEGORIES ( continued)

Other Personal ( continued)

 Waiting for dinner at brother's house  Waiting for plane ( meeting someone at airport)  Laughing  Crying  Moaning  head hurt  Watching personal care activities (" watched dad shave")

Other Education 56  Watched a film  In discussion group Other Organization 68  Attending " Club House coffee klatch"  Waited for church activities to begin  " Meeting" NA kind  Cleanup after banquet  Checked into swap meet  selling and looking Other Social, Entertainment 78  Waiting for movies, other events  Opening presents ( at a party)  Looking at gifts  Decorating for party  Tour of a home ( friends or otherwise)  Waiting for date  Preparing for a shower ( baby shower)  Unloaded uniforms ( for parade)

Other Active Leisure 88  Fed birds, bird watching  Astrology  Swinging  At park  Showing slides  Showing sketches ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15A 16 August 1997 Table 15A 1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries ( continued)

EXAMPLES OF ACTIVITIES IN " OTHER" CATEGORIES ( continued)

Other Active Leisure ( continued)

 Recording music  Hung around airport ( NA reason)  Picked up fishing gear  Inspecting motorcycle  Arranging flowers  Work on model airplane  Picked asparagus  Picked up softball equipment  Registered to play golf  Toured a village or lodge ( coded 81) Other Passive Leisure 98  Lying in sun  Listening to birds  Looking at slides  Stopped at excavating place  Looking at pictures  Walked around outside  Waiting for a call  Watched plane leave  Girl watching/ boy watching  Watching boats  Wasted time  In and out of house  Home movies * R = Respondent HH = Household.

Source: Juster et al., 1983. Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 17 Table 15A 2. Differences in Average Time Spent in Different Activities Between California and National Studies ( minutes per day for age 18 64 years)

California National California National 00 49 NON FREE TIME 1987 88 1985 50 59 Free Time 1987 88 1985 ( 1359) ( 1980) ( 1359) ( 1980)

00 09 PAID WORK 50 99 EDUCATION AND TRAINING 00 ( not used) 50 Students' Classes 9 5 01 Main Job 224 211 51 Other Classes 1 3 02 Unemployment 1 1 52 ( not used)

03 Travel during work 8 NR 53 ( not used)

04 ( not used)   54 Homework 8 7 05 Second job 3 3 55 Library * 1 06 Eating 6 8 56 Other Education 1 1 07 Before/ after work 1 2 57 ( not used)

08 Breaks 2 2 58 ( not used)

09 Travel to/ from work 28 25 59 Travel, Education 3 2 10 19 HOUSEHOLD WORK 60 69 ORGANIZATIONAL ACTIVITIES 10 Food Preparation 29 36 60 Professional/ Union 0 1 11 Meal Cleanup 10 11 61 Special Interest * 1 12 Cleaning House 21 24 62 Political/ Civic 0 *

13 Outdoor Cleaning 9 7 63 Volunteer/ Helping 1 1 14 Clothes Care 7 11 64 Religious Groups 1 2 15 Car Repair/ Maintenance ( by R) 5 5 65 Religious Practice 5 7 16 Other Repairs ( by R) 8 6 66 Fraternal 0 *

17 Plant Care 3 5 67 Child/ Youth/ Family 1 *

18 Animal Care 3 5 68 Other Organizations 2 1 19 Other Household 7 8 69 Travel Organizations 2 4 20 29 CHILD CARE 70 79 ENTERTAINMENT/ SOCIAL ACTIVITIES 20 Baby Care 3 8 70 Sports Events 2 2 21 Child Care 7 5 71 Entertainment Events 5 1 22 Helping/ Teaching 2 1 72 Movies 2 3 23 Talking/ Reading 1 1 73 Theatre 1 1 24 Indoor Playing 2 3 74 Museums 1 *

25 Outdoor Playing 2 1 75 Visiting 26 25 26 Medical care  Care * 1 76 Parties 6 7 27 Other Child Care 2 1 77 Bars/ Lounges 4 6 28 ( At Dry Cleaners) * NR 78 Other Social * 1 29 Travel, Child care 4 4 79 Travel, Events/ Social 13 16 Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15A 18 August 1997 Table 15A 2. Differences in Average Time Spent in Different Activities Between California and National Studies ( minutes per day for age 18 64 years) ( continued)

California National California National 00 49 NON FREE TIME 1987 88 1985 50 59 Free Time 1987 88 1985 ( 1359) ( 1980) ( 1359) ( 1980)

30 39 OBTAINING GOODS AND 80 89 RECREATION SERVICES 30 Everyday Shopping 8 5 80 Active Sports 15 13 31 Durable/ House Shop 19 20 81 Outdoor 3 7 32 Personal Services 1 1 82 Walking/ Hiking 5 4 33 Medical Appointments 2 2 83 Hobbies 1 1 34 Gov't/ Financial Service 3 2 84 Domestic Crafts 3 6 35 Car Repair services 2 1 85 Art * 1 36 Other Repair services * 1 86 Music/ Drama/ Dance 3 2 37 Other Services 2 2 87 Games 5 7 38 Errands * 1 88 Computer Use/ Other 3 3 39 Travel, Goods and Services 24 20 89 Travel, Recreation 5 6 40 49 PERSONAL NEEDS AND 90 99 COMMUNICATION CARE 40 Washing, Etc. 21 25 90 Radio 1 3 41 Medical Care 3 1 91 TV 130 126 42 Help and Care 3 4 92 Records/ Tapes 3 1 43 Meals At Home 44 50 93 Read Books 4 7 44 Meals Out 27 20 94 Reading Magazines/ Other 16 10 45 Night Sleep 480 469 95 Reading Newspaper 11 9 46 Naps/ Day Sleep 16 16 96 Conversations 15 25 47 Dressing, Etc. 24 32 97 Writing 8 9 48 NA Activity 2 12 98 Think, Relax 9 6 49 Travel, Personal Care/ NA 22 13 99 Travel, Communication 5 *

NR = Not Recorded in National Survey Total Travel 108 90 * = Less than 0.5 Min. per day ( Codes 09, 29, 39, 49, 59, 69, 79, 89, 99)

Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991. Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 19 Table 15A 3. Time Spent in Various Microenvironments Mean duration Men Women Totala Code Description N = 639 N = 914 N = 720 N = 1059 N = 1980 N = 1359 California National California National California National AT HOME Kitchen 46 56 98 135 72 104 Living Room 181 136 98 180 189 158 Dining Room 18 10 22 18 19 15 Bathroom 27 27 38 43 33 38 Bedroom 481 478 534 531 508 521 Study 8 10 6 7 7 8 Garage 14 5 6 1 19 2 Basement < 0.5 4 < 0.5 6 < 0.5 5 Utility Room 1 0 3 5 2 4 Pool, Spa 1 NR 1 NR 1 NR b b Yard 33 21 27 37 Room to Room 9 160 34 116 21 40 c Other NR Room 3 4 3 22 Total at home 822 888 963 1022 892 954 AWAY FROM HOME Office 78 261 94 155 86 193 Plant 73  12  42  Grocery Store 12 18 14 33 13 30 Shopping Mall 30  40  35  School 25 13 29 11 27 15 Other Public Places 18  10  14 12 Hospital 9 NR 24 NR 17 3 Restaurant 35 22 25 18 30 23 Bar Night Club 15  5  10  Church 7 8 5 11 6 10 Indoor Gym 4 NR 4 NR 4 NR Other's Home 60 42 61 45 61 43 Auto Repair 18 NR 4 NR 11 NR Playground 16 27 8 16 12 NR Hotel Motel 7 NR 8 NR 8 NR Dry Cleaners < 0.5 NR 1 NR 1 NR Beauty Parlor < 0.5 NR 4 NR 2 NR Other Locations 3 NR 1 NR 2 NR Other Indoor 17 41 7 24 12 24 Other Outdoor 60 NR 13 NR 37 6 Total away from home 487 445 371 324 430 383 Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15A 20 August 1997 Table 15A 3. Time Spent in Various Microenvironments ( continued)

Mean duration Men Women Totala Code Description N = 639 N = 914 N = 720 N = 1059 N = 1980 N = 1359 California National California National California National TRAVEL Car 76  77  76  Van/ Truck 30 86 11 77 20 88 Walking 10  8  9 2 Bus Stop < 0.5  1  1  Bus 6  2  4 3 Rapid Train 1    1 1 Other Travel 2  1  1 < 0.5 Airplane 1 15 < 0.5 10 1 1 Bicycle 1  < 0.5  1 NR Motorcycle 2  < 0.5  1 NR Other or Missing 1  < 0.5  1 NR .

Total travel 130 101 102 87 116 94 Not ascertained 1 8 4 7 2 9 Total Time Outdoors     88 70 Totals do not necessarily reflect exact averages presented for each gender. Totals were revised, but revisions for each gender were not provided. a NR = Not Reported b Is total mean duration for those categories; breakdowns per category were not reported. c Source: Robinson and Thomas, 1991.

National California Note: Percent at home men = 62 men = 57 women = 71 women = 67 total = 67 total = 62 Percent away from home men = 31 men = 34 women = 23 women = 26 total = 27 total = 30 Percent in travel men = 7 men = 9 women = 6 women = 7 total = 7 total = 8 Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 21 Table 15A 4. Major Time Use Activity Categoriesa Activity code Activity 01 09 Market work 10 19 House/ yard work 20 29 Child care 30 39 Services/ shopping 40 49 Personal care 50 59 Education 60 69 Organizations 70 79 Social entertainment 80 89 Active leisure 90 99 Passive leisure Appendix Table 14A 3 presents a detailed explanation of the coding and activities. a Source: Hill, 1985. Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15A 22 August 1997 Table 15A 5. Mean Time Spent ( minutes/ day) for 87 Activities Grouped by Day of the Week Weekday Saturday Sunday N= 831 N= 831 N= 831 Activity Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev.

01 Normal Work 240.54 219.10 82.43 184.41 46.74 139.71 02 Unemployment Acts 0.98 9.43 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 05 Second Job 3.76 25.04 2.84 32.64 2.65 27.30 06 Lunch At Work 10.00 15.81 1.82 7.88 1.43 8.29 07 Before/ After Work 3.51 10.05 1.45 9.79 1.66 13.76 08 Coffee Breaks 5.05 11.53 1.59 7.32 0.93 8.52 09 Travel: To/ From Work 24.03 30.37 7.74 22.00 4.60 17.55 10 Meal Preparation 42.18 46.59 40.37 59.82 42.38 57.42 11 Meal Cleanup 12.48 19.25 12.07 22.96 13.97 25.85 12 Indoor Cleaning 26.37 43.84 38.88 80.39 21.73 48.70 13 Outdoor Cleaning 7.48 25.45 15.71 58.00 9.01 39.39 14 Laundry 13.35 30.39 11.48 31.04 7.79 25.43 16 Repairs/ Maintenance 9.61 35.43 17.36 72.50 13.56 62.12 17 Garden/ Pet Care 8.52 25.15 14.75 49.17 8.47 37.54 19 Other Household 6.26 20.62 9.82 37.58 7.60 32.17 20 Baby Care 6.29 22.91 5.89 30.72 6.26 33.78 21 Child Care 6.26 16.34 5.38 21.58 7.09 23.15 22 Helping/ Teaching 1.36 8.28 0.23 3.64 0.76 6.52 23 Reading/ Talking 2.47 8.65 1.71 10.84 1.53 9.97 24 Indoor Playing 1.75 8.72 0.90 7.82 2.45 15.11 25 Outdoor Playing 0.73 6.33 1.23 13.03 0.91 10.30 26 Medical Care Child 0.64 7.42 0.16 2.79 0.44 7.20 27 Babysitting/ Other 2.93 14.56 2.16 19.11 3.28 24.89 29 Travel: Child Care 4.18 10.97 1.71 8.72 2.08 10.56 30 Everyday Shopping 19.73 30.28 33.52 61.38 10.13 30.18 31 Durable/ House Shop 0.58 4.83 1.46 14.04 1.65 17.92 32 Personal Care Services 1.93 10.04 3.42 18.94 0.02 0.69 33 Medical Appointments 3.43 14.49 0.60 6.63 0.00 0.00 34 Gov't/ Financial Services 1.90 6.07 0.66 4.34 0.03 0.43 35 Repair Services 1.33 7.14 1.25 10.24 0.52 5.61 37 Other Services 1.13 7.17 1.55 9.57 0.72 4.34 38 Errands 0.74 8.03 0.35 5.27 0.04 1.04 39 Travel: Goods/ Services 17.93 23.58 21.61 36.35 8.45 21.64 40 Washing/ Dressing 44.03 29.82 44.25 41.20 47.54 40.15 41 Medical Care R/ HH Adults 0.77 6.19 1.29 15.90 1.45 29.18 42 Help & Care 8.43 28.17 12.19 52.58 14.32 55.13 43 Meals At Home 53.45 35.57 57.86 49.25 61.84 49.27 44 Meals Out 19.55 31.20 31.13 56.03 25.95 47.60 45 Night Sleep 468.49 79.42 498.40 115.55 528.86 115.84 46 Naps/ Resting 22.07 43.92 30.67 74.98 27.56 66.01 48 N. A. Activities 7.52 22.32 11.72 41.61 8.18 35.79 49 Travel: Personal 14.87 27.76 19.33 50.42 18.58 46.36 50 Students' Classes 6.33 33.79 0.96 18.17 0.96 20.07 51 Other Classes 2.65 17.92 0.40 11.52 0.27 5.63 Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 23 Table 15A 5. Mean Time Spent ( minutes/ day) for 87 Activities Grouped by Day of the Week ( continued)

Weekday Saturday Sunday N= 831 N= 831 N= 831 Activity Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev.

54 Homework 4.56 24.35 3.48 27.98 5.40 38.68 56 Other Education 0.53 5.91 0.15 2.75 0.45 9.85 59 Travel: Education 2.29 10.36 0.35 4.26 0.21 3.14 60 Professional/ Union Orgs. 0.51 7.27 0.13 3.64 0.44 8.34 61 Identity Organizations 1.53 11.19 1.24 35.63 0.48 7.58 62 Political/ Citizen Orgs 0.14 1.25 0.07 1.91 0.19 5.55 63 Volunteer/ Helping Orgs 1.08 10.08 0.02 0.45 0.41 7.09 64 Religious Groups 2.96 17.33 3.05 27.73 8.59 33.31 65 Religious Practice 4.98 19.92 7.13 30.12 34.05 62.06 66 Fraternal Organizations 0.85 9.28 1.73 27.71 0.31 6.67 67 Child/ Family Organizations 1.70 11.69 1.04 17.83 0.26 7.63 68 Other Organizations 3.91 22.85 1.31 20.28 1.71 17.52 69 Traves: Organizations 3.41 9.83 2.66 12.22 12.07 37.64 70 Sport Events 2.22 13.45 6.29 42.05 3.44 27.78 71 Miscellaneous Events 0.32 4.89 1.94 19.90 1.96 19.75 72 Movies 1.65 11.03 4.74 27.04 3.35 22.65 73 Theater 0.69 7.13 2.66 27.79 0.77 10.37 74 Museums 0.19 3.32 0.90 13.62 0.72 11.17 75 Visiting w/ Others 33.14 51.69 56.78 95.61 69.65 114.58 76 Parties 2.81 16.49 12.63 56.11 7.16 39.02 77 Bars/ Lounges 3.62 18.07 7.23 35.09 3.91 26.95 78 Other Events 1.39 11.55 1.33 15.52 1.00 10.80 79 Travel: Events/ Social 8.90 16.19 19.55 43.38 18.02 34.45 80 Active Sports 5.30 19.60 9.23 43.69 11.39 48.66 81 Outdoors 5.11 33.00 11.58 55.07 15.52 62.68 82 Walking/ Biking 2.08 9.70 5.87 36.38 5.92 32.28 83 Hobbies 1.78 11.73 3.20 32.43 4.10 31.55 84 Domestic Crafts 11.18 37.03 8.67 40.49 6.41 34.82 85 Art/ Literature 0.99 10.84 0.86 13.59 1.13 15.07 86 Music/ Drama/ Dance 0.45 4.91 0.83 8.83 0.63 8.32 87 Games 5.06 22.91 10.14 45.11 7.89 40.45 88 Classes/ Other 2.65 15.83 2.56 29.92 3.37 23.60 89 Travel: Active Leisure 3.31 14.77 8.50 48.72 8.19 38.11 90 Radio 2.89 12.19 3.53 23.42 2.88 18.50 91 TV 113.01 103.89 118.99 131.24 149.67 141.43 92 Records/ Tapes 2.58 20.26 2.40 16.09 2.03 16.08 93 Reading Books 4.41 18.09 2.76 17.85 5.23 30.13 94 Reading Magazines/ N. A. 13.72 31.73 16.33 46.24 17.18 51.01 95 Reading Newspapers 12.03 22.65 12.19 34.96 26.01 44.47 96 Conversations 18.68 28.59 15.45 35.27 14.57 34.60 97 Letters 2.83 12.23 1.61 10.80 1.96 12.59 98 Other Passive Leisure 9.72 25.02 17.24 57.21 15.28 47.86 99 Travel: Passive Leisure 1.26 5.44 1.32 6.80 1.72 9.87 Source: Hill, 1985. Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15A 24 August 1997 Table 15A 6. Weighted Mean Hours Per Week by Gender: 87 Activities and 10 Subtotals Men Women Men and women N= 410 N= 561 N= 971 Activity Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev.

01  Normal work 29.78 20.41 14.99 17.62 21.82 20.33 02  Unemployment acts 0.14 1.06 0.08 0.75 0.11 0.90 05  Second job 0.73 3.20 0.17 1.62 0.43 2.49 06  Lunch at work 1.08 1.43 0.65 1.21 0.85 1.33 07  Before/ after work 0.51 1.27 0.23 0.69 0.36 1.01 08  Coffee breaks 0.57 1.05 0.36 1.03 0.46 1.04 09  Travel: to/ from work 2.98 2.87 1.45 2.17 2.16 2.63 10  Meal preparation 1.57 2.61 7.25 5.04 4.63 4.98 11  Meal cleanup 0.33 0.83 2.30 2.19 1.39 1.97 12  Indoor cleaning 0.85 2.01 5.03 5.05 3.10 4.46 13  Outdoor cleaning 1.59 3.59 0.56 1.59 1.03 2.75 14  Laundry 0.13 0.72 2.44 3.34 1.38 2.75 16  Repairs/ maintenance 2.14 4.29 0.68 3.43 1.35 3.92 17  Gardening/ pet care 0.94 2.78 1.00 2.19 0.97 2.48 19  Other household 0.92 2.42 0.72 1.84 0.81 2.13 20  Baby care 0.24 1.20 0.90 3.04 0.60 2.40 21  Child care 0.24 0.78 0.99 2.11 0.64 1.68 22  Helping/ teaching 0.07 0.61 0.15 0.76 0.11 0.70 23  Reading/ talking 0.07 0.35 0.30 0.86 0.19 0.68 24  Indoor playing 0.13 0.69 0.18 0.82 0.16 0.76 25  Outdoor playing 0.06 0.37 0.12 0.72 0.09 0.58 26  Medical care  child 0.01 0.09 0.09 0.67 0.05 0.50 27  Babysitting/ other 0.14 0.78 0.64 2.58 0.41 1.98 29  Travel: child care 0.23 0.67 0.50 1.21 0.38 1.00 30  Everyday shopping 1.45 2.18 2.78 3.25 2.17 2.89 31  Durables/ house shopping 0.19 1.39 0.08 0.51 0.13 1.01 32  Personal care services 0.06 0.42 0.35 1.14 0.22 0.90 33  Medical appointments 0.15 0.75 0.37 1.63 0.27 1.31 34  Govt/ financial services 0.15 0.44 0.19 0.61 0.17 0.54 35  Repair services 0.11 0.45 0.17 0.78 0.14 0.65 37  Other services 0.11 0.61 0.13 0.61 0.12 0.61 38  Errands 0.04 0.41 0.06 0.68 0.05 0.57 39  Travel: goods/ services 1.60 2.02 2.14 2.17 1.89 2.12 ( Continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 25 Table 15A 6. Weighted Mean Hours Per Week by Gender: 87 Activities and 10 Subtotals ( continued)

Men Women Men and women N= 410 N= 561 N= 971 Activity Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev.

40  Washing/ dressing 4.33 2.39 5.43 3.24 4.92 2.93 41  Medical care  adults 0.09 0.67 0.18 1.00 0.14 0.86 42  Help and care 1.02 2.84 1.30 3.04 1.17 2.95 43  Meals at home 6.59 3.87 6.32 3.53 6.44 3.69 44  Meals out 2.72 3.48 2.24 2.73 2.46 3.10 45  Night sleep 55.76 8.43 56.74 8.49 56.29 8.47 46  Naps/ resting 2.94 5.18 3.19 4.70 3.08 4.93 48  N. A. activities 1.77 6.12 1.99 5.70 1.89 5.89 49  Travel: personal 2.06 2.59 1.61 2.51 1.82 2.56 50  Students' classes 0.92 4.00 0.38 2.51 0.63 3.29 51  Other classes 0.23 1.68 0.15 1.05 0.18 1.38 54  Homework 0.76 3.48 0.38 1.87 0.56 2.74 56  Other education 0.11 0.86 0.02 0.22 0.06 0.61 59  Travel: education 0.29 1.07 0.16 1.06 0.22 1.07 60  Professional/ union 0.04 0.46 0.04 0.62 0.04 0.55 organizations 61  Identity organizations 0.14 0.97 0.18 1.55 0.16 1.31 62  Political/ citizen 0.01 0.08 0.02 0.15 0.01 0.12 organizations 63  Volunteer/ helping 0.02 0.32 0.14 1.05 0.09 0.80 organizations 64  Religious groups 0.38 1.82 0.41 1.61 0.40 1.71 65  Religious practice 0.89 2.05 1.31 2.97 1.12 1.60 66  Fraternal organizations 0.16 1.17 0.05 0.66 0.10 0.93 67  Child/ family organizations 0.10 0.88 0.21 1.33 0.16 1.15 68  Other organizations 0.34 2.40 0.32 1.53 0.32 1.98 69  Travel: organizations 0.43 1.04 0.52 1.02 0.48 1.03 70  Sports events 0.30 1.31 0.26 1.28 0.28 1.29 71  Miscellaneous events 0.07 0.52 0.08 0.59 0.07 0.56 72  Movies 0.31 1.25 0.26 1.13 0.28 1.19 73  Theatre 0.13 0.93 0.06 0.48 0.09 0.72 74  Museums 0.04 0.37 0.03 0.35 0.03 0.36 75  Visiting with others 4.24 5.72 5.84 6.42 5.10 6.16 76  Parties 0.64 2.05 0.44 1.65 0.53 1.84 77  Bars/ lounges 0.71 2.21 0.46 2.09 0.57 2.15 78  Other events 0.12 0.72 0.18 1.18 0.15 0.99 79  Travel: events/ social 1.40 1.82 1.26 1.67 1.32 1.74 ( Continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15A 26 August 1997 Table 15A 6. Weighted Mean Hours Per Week by Gender: 87 Activities and 10 Subtotals ( continued)

Men Women Men and women N= 410 N= 561 N= 971 Activity Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev. Mean Std. dev.

80  Active sports 1.05 2.62 0.50 1.68 0.76 2.18 81  Outdoors 1.49 4.59 0.48 1.67 0.94 3.39 82  Walking/ biking 0.52 1.31 0.23 0.98 0.36 1.16 83  Hobbies 0.69 3.88 0.06 0.43 0.35 2.67 84  Domestic crafts 0.30 1.59 2.00 4.72 1.21 3.93 85  Art/ literature 0.05 0.45 0.13 1.03 0.09 0.81 86  Music/ drama/ dance 0.06 0.49 0.07 0.47 0.07 0.48 87  Games 0.60 2.00 0.99 3.16 0.81 2.69 88  Classes/ other 0.41 1.75 0.28 1.50 0.34 1.62 89  Travel: active leisure 0.76 1.91 0.43 1.43 0.58 1.68 90  Radio 0.39 1.40 0.39 1.55 0.39 1.49 91  TV 14.75 12.14 13.95 10.67 14.32 11.38 92  Records/ tapes 0.46 2.35 0.33 2.13 0.39 2.23 93  Reading books 0.37 1.52 0.56 1.83 0.47 1.70 94  Reading magazines/ N. A. 1.32 2.81 1.97 3.67 1.67 3.32 95  Reading newspapers 1.86 2.72 1.47 2.27 1.65 2.49 96  Conversations 1.61 2.19 2.18 2.74 1.91 2.52 97  Letters 0.20 1.06 0.31 1.12 0.26 1.10 98  Other passive leisure 1.68 3.53 1.41 3.32 1.53 3.42 99  Travel: passive leisure 0.18 0.49 0.13 0.49 0.15 0.49 Source: Hill, 1985. Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 27 Table 15A 7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure Median years of Occupation occupational tenure Barbers 24.8 Farmers, except horticultural 21.1 Railroad conductors and yardmasters 18.4 Clergy 15.8 Dentists 15.7 Telephone line installers and repairers 15.0 Millwrights 14.8 Locomotive operating occupations 14.8 Managers; farmers, except horticultural 14.4 Telephone installers and repairers 14.3 Airplane pilots and navigators 14.0 Supervisors: police and detectives 13.8 Grader, dozer, and scraper operators 13.3 Tailors 13.3 Civil engineers 13.0 Crane and tower operators 12.9 Supervisors, n. e. c. 12.9 Teachers, secondary school 12.5 Teachers, elementary school 12.4 Dental laboratory and medical applicance technicians 12.3 Separating, filtering, and clarifying machine oeprators 12.1 Tool and die makers 12.0 Lathe and turning machine operators 11.9 Machinists 11.9 Pharmacists 11.8 Stationary engineers 11.7 Mechanical engineers 11.4 Chemists, except biochemists 11.1 Inspectors, testers, and graders 11.0 Electricians 11.0 Operating engineers 11.0 Radiologic technicians 10.9 Electrical power installers and repairers 10.8 Supervisors; mechanics and repairers 10.7 Heavy equipment mechanics 10.7 Bus, truck, and stationary engine mechanics 10.7 Physicians 10.7 Construction inspectors 10.7 Cabinet makers and bench carpenters 10.6 Industrial machinery repairers 10.6 Automobile body and related repairers 10.4 ( Continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15A 28 August 1997 Table 15A 7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure ( continued)

Median years of Occupation occupational tenure Electrical and electronic engineers 10.4 Plumbers, pipefitters, and steamfitters 10.4 Licensed practical nurses 10.3 Brickmasons and stonemasons 10.2 Truck drivers, heavy 10.1 Tile setters, hard and soft 10.1 Lawyers 10.1 Supervisors: production occupations 10.1 Administrators, education and related fields 10.1 Engineers, n. e. c. 10.0 Excavating and loading machine operators 10.0 Firefighting occupations 10.0 Aircraft engine mechanics 10.0 Police and detectives, public service 9.7 Counselors, educational and vocational 9.7 Architects 9.6 Stuctural metal workers 9.6 Aerospace engineers 9.6 Miscellaneous aterial moving equipment operators 9.4 Dental hygienists 9.4 Automobile mechanics 9.3 Registered nurses 9.3 Speech therapists 9.3 Binding and twisting machine operators 9.3 Managers and administrators, n. e. c. 9.1 Personnel and labor relations managers 9.0 Office machine repairer 9.0 Electronic repairers, commercial and industrial equipment 9.0 Welders and cutters 9.0 Punching and stamping press machine operators 9.0 Sheet metal workers 8.9 Administrators and officials, public administraion 8.9 Hairdressers and cosmetologists 8.9 Industrial engineers 8.9 Librarians 8.8 Inspectors and compliance officers, except construction 8.8 Upholsterers 8.6 Payroll and timekeeping clerks 8.6 Furnace, kiln, and oven operators, except food 8.6 Surveying and mapping technicians 8.6 Chemical engineers 8.6 ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 29 Table 15A 7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure ( continued)

Median years of Occupation occupational tenure Sheriffs, bailiffs, and other law enforcement officers 8.6 Concrete and terrazzo finishers 8.6 Sales representatives, mining, manufacturing, and wholesale 8.6 Supervisors: general office 8.6 Specified mechanics and repairers, n. e. c. 8.5 Stenographers 8.5 Typesetters and compositors 8.5 Financial managers 8.4 Psychologists 8.4 Teachers: special education 8.4 Statistical clerks 8.3 Designers 8.3 Water and Sewage Treatment plant operators 8.3 Printing machine operators 8.2 Heating, air conditioning, and refrigeration mechanics 8.1 Supervisors; distribution, scheduling, and adjusting clerks 8.1 Insurance sales occupations 8.1 Carpenters 8.0 Public transportation attendants 8.0 Drafting occupations 8.0 Butchers and meatcutters 8.0 Miscellaneous electrical and electronic equipment repairers 7.9 Dressmakers 7.9 Musicians and composers 7.9 Supervisors and proprietors; sales occupations 7.9 Painters, Sculptors, craft artists, and artist printmakers 7.9 Mechanics and repairers, not specified 7.7 Engineering technicians, n. e. c. 7.7 Clinical laboratory technologists and technicians 7.7 Purchasing managers 7.7 Purchasing agents and buyers, n. e. c. 7.7 Photographers 7.6 Chemical technicians 7.6 Managers; properties and real estate 7.6 Accountants and auditors 7.6 Religious workers, n. e. c. 7.6 Secretaries 7.5 Social workers 7.5 Operations and systems researchers and analysts 7.4 Postal clerks, except mail carriers 7.4 Managers; marketing, advertising, and public relations 7.3 ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15A 30 August 1997 Table 15A 7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure ( continued)

Median years of Occupation occupational tenure Farm workers 7.3 Managers; medicine and health 7.2 Data processing equipment repairers 7.2 Bookkeepers, accounting and auditing clerks 7.1 Grinding, abrading, buffing, and polishing machine operators 7.0 Management related occupations, n. e. c. 7.0 Supervisiors; cleaning and building service workers 7.0 Management analysts 7.0 Science technicians, n. e. c. 7.0 Mail carriers, postal service 7.0 Knitting, looping, taping, and weaving machine operators 6.9 Electrical and electronic technicians 6.9 Painting and paint spraying machine operators 6.9 Postsecondary teachers, subject not specified 6.8 Crossing guards 6.8 Inhalation therapists 6.7 Carpet installers 6.7 Computer systems analysts and scientists 6.6 Other financial officers 6.6 Industrial truck and tractor equipment operators 6.6 Textile sewing machine operators 6.6 Correctional institution officers 6.5 Teachers, prekindergarten and kindergarten 6.4 Supervisors; financial records processing 6.4 Miscellaneous Textile machine operators 6.4 Production inspectors, checkers, and examiners 6.3 Actors and directors 6.3 Health technologists and technicians, n. e. c. 6.3 Miscellaneous machine operators, n. e. c. 6.2 Private household cleaners, and servants 6.2 Buyers, wholesale and retail trade, excluding farm products 6.0 Real estate sales occupations 6.0 Electrical and electronic equipment assemblers 6.0 Bus drivers 6.0 Editors and reporters 6.0 Laundering and dry cleaning machine operators 6.0 Meter readers 5.9 Painters, construction and maintenance 5.9 Driver sales workers 5.9 Teachers, n. e. c. 5.9 Order clerks 5.8 Physicians' assistants 5.8 ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 31 Table 15A 7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure ( continued)

Median years of Occupation occupational tenure Billing clerks 5.8 Drywall installers 5.7 Construction trades, n. e. c. 5.7 Telephone operators 5.7 Authors 5.6 Nursing aides, orderlies, and attendants 5.6 Dental assistants 5.6 Timber cutting and logging occupations 5.5 Molding and casting machine operators 5.5 Miscellaneous hand working occupations 5.5 Production coordinators 5.5 Public relations specialists 5.5 Personnel clerks, except payroll and bookkeeping 5.4 Assemblers 5.4 Securities and financial services sales occupations 5.4 Salesworkers, furniture and home furnishings 5.4 Insurance adjusters, examiners, and investigators 5.3 Pressing machine operators 5.3 Roofers 5.3 Graders and sorters, except agricultural 5.3 Supervisors; related agricultural occupations 5.2 Typists 5.2 Supervisors; motor vehicle operators 5.2 Personnel, training, and labor relations specialists 5.2 Legal assistants 5.2 Physical therapists 5.2 Advertising and related sales occupations 5.1 Records clerks 5.1 Economists 5.1 Technicians, n. e. c. 5.0 Expediters 5.0 Sales occupations, other business services 4.9 Computer operators 4.8 Computer programmers 4.8 Investigators and adjusters, except insurance 4.8 Underwriters 4.8 Salesworkers, parts 4.8 Artists, performers, and related workers, n. e. c. 4.8 Teachers' aides 4.6 Maids and housemen 4.6 Sawing machine operators 4.6 Machine operators, not specified 4.5 Weighers, measurers, and checkers 4.5 ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15A 32 August 1997 Table 15A 7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure ( continued)

Median years of Occupation occupational tenure Traffic, shipping, and receiving clerks 4.5 Salesworkers, hardware and building supplies 4.5 Biological technicians 4.4 Athletes 4.4 Bill and account collectors 4.4 Taxicab drivers and chauffeurs 4.4 Slicing and cutting machine operators 4.3 Administrative support occupations, n. e. c. 4.3 Mixing and blending machine operators 4.3 Waiters and waitresses 4.2 Janitors and cleaners 4.2 Production helpers 4.1 General office clerks 4.0 Machine feeders and offbearers 3.9 Interviewers 3.9 Bartenders 3.9 Eligibility clerks, social welfare 3.9 Bank tellers 3.8 Cooks, except short order 3.8 Health aides, except nursing 3.7 Laborers, except construction 3.7 Welfare service aides 3.7 Salesworkers, motor vehicles and boats 3.7 Cost and rate clerks 3.6 Construction laborers 3.6 Hand packers and packagers 3.5 Transportation ticket and reservation agents 3.5 Animal caretakers, except farm 3.5 Photographic process machine operators 3.5 Freight, stock, and material movers, hand, n. e. c. 3.4 Data entry keyers 3.4 Bakers 3.4 Dispatchers 3.3 Guards and police, except public service 3.3 Packaging and filling machine operators 3.3 Receptionists 3.3 Library clerks 3.3 Truckdrivers, light 3.2 Salesworkers, radio, television, hi fi, and appliances 3.2 Salesworkers, apparel 3.1 Sales counter clerks 3.1 Salesworkers, other commodities 3.1 ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15A Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15A 33 Table 15A 7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure ( continued)

Median years of Occupation occupational tenure Small engine repairers 3.1 Supervisors, food preparation and service occupations 3.0 Health record technologists and technicians 2.9 Helpers, construction trades 2.9 Attendants, amusement and recreation facilities 2.8 Street and door to door salesworkers 2.7 Child care workers, private household 2.7 Child care workers, except private household 2.7 Information clerks, n. e. c. 2.7 Hotel clerks 2.7 Personal service occupations, n. e. c. 2.7 Salesworkers, shoes 2.6 Garage and service station related occupations 2.6 Short order cooks 2.5 File clerks 2.5 Cashiers 2.4 Mail clerks, except postal service 2.3 Miscellaneous food preparation occupations 2.3 News vendors 2.3 Vehicle washers and equipment cleaners 2.3 Messengers 2.3 Kitchen workers, food preparation 2.1 Stock handlers and baggers 1.9 Waiters and waitresses assistants 1.7 Food counter, fountain, and related occupations 1.5 n. e. c.  not elsewhere classified a Source: Carey, 1988. Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15B APPENDIX 15B ACTIVITY PATTERNS CODES AND OCCUPATIONAL TENURE DATA Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15B Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15B 3 Table 15B 1. Annual Geographical Mobility Rates, by Type of Movement for Selected 1 Year Periods: 1960 1992 ( numbers in thousands)

Residing in the United States at beginning of period Residing outside the Different Different County United States house, at the Mobility Total same Same Different Different beginning of period movers Total county Total State State Region period NUMBER 1991 92 42,800 41,545 26,587 14,957 7,853 7,105 3,285 1,255 1990 91 41,539 40,154 25,151 15,003 7,881 7,122 3,384 1,385 1989 90 43,381 41,821 25,726 16,094 8,061 8,033 3,761 1,560 1988 89 42,620 41,153 26,123 15,030 7,949 7,081 3,258 1,467 1987 88 42,174 40,974 26,201 14,772 7,727 7,046 3,098 1,200 1986 87 43,693 42,551 27,196 15,355 8,762 6,593 3,546 1,142 1985 86 43,237 42,037 26,401 15,636 8,665 6,791 3,778 1,200 1984 85 46,470 45,043 30,126 14,917 7,995 6,921 3,647 1,427 1983 84 39,379 38,300 23,659 14,641 8,198 6,444 3,540 1,079 1982 83 37,408 36,430 22,858 13,572 7,403 6,169 3,192 978 1981 82 38,127 37,039 23,081 13,959 7,330 6,628 3,679 1,088 1980 81 38,200 36,887 23,097 13,789 7,614 6,175 3,363 1,313 1970 71 37,705 36,161 23,018 13,143 6,197 6,946 3,936 1,544 1960 61 36,533 35,535 24,289 11,246 5,493 5,753 3,097 988 PERCENT 1991 92 17.3 16.8 10.7 6.0 3.2 2.9 1.3 0.5 1990 91 17.0 16.4 10.3 6.1 3.2 2.9 1.4 0.6 1989 90 17.9 17.3 10.6 6.6 3.3 3.3 1.6 0.6 1988 89 17.8 17.2 10.9 6.3 3.3 3.0 1.4 0.6 1987 88 17.8 17.3 11.0 6.2 3.3 3.0 1.3 0.5 1986 87 18.6 18.1 11.6 6.5 3.7 2.8 1.5 0.5 1985 86 18.6 18.0 11.3 6.7 3.7 3.0 1.6 0.5 1984 85 20.2 19.6 13.1 6.5 3.5 3.0 1.6 0.6 1983 84 17.3 16.8 10.4 6.4 3.6 2.8 1.6 0.5 1982 83 16.6 16.1 10.1 6.0 3.3 2.7 1.4 0.4 1981 82 17.0 16.6 10.3 6.2 3.3 3.0 1.6 0.5 1980 81 17.2 16.6 10.4 6.2 3.4 2.8 1.5 0.6 1970 71 18.7 17.9 11.4 6.5 3.1 3.4 2.0 0.8 1960 61 20.6 20.0 13.7 6.3 3.1 3.2 1.7 0.6 Source: U. S. Bureau of Census, 1993. Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15B Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15B 4 August 1997 Table 15B 2. Mobility of the Resident Population by State: 1980 Percent distribution  residence in 1975 a Persons Same 5 years house old, and in Different Different Different over 1980 house, county, county, b Region, division, 1980 as same same different and state ( 1,000) 1975 county state state United States 210,323 53.6 25.1 9.8 9.7 Northeast 46,052 61.7 22.3 8.0 6.1 New England 11,594 59.1 23.4 6.7 9.2 Maine 1,047 56.9 24.0 7.5 10.8 New Hampshire 857 51.6 22.8 6.2 18.5 Vermont 476 54.4 23.9 6.5 14.3 Massachusetts 5,398 61.0 22.7 7.6 7.0 Rhode Island 891 60.5 23.9 5.0 8.7 Connecticut 2,925 59.0 24.4 5.5 9.3 Middle Atlantic 34,458 62.6 21.9 8.4 5.0 New York 16,432 61.5 22.6 9.3 3.8 New Jersey 6,904 61.5 20.0 8.6 7.8 Pennsylvania 11,122 65.0 22.0 7.1 5.2 Midwest 54,513 55.4 26.4 10.2 7.0 East North Central 38,623 56.0 27.4 9.6 6.0 Ohio 10,015 56.7 27.9 9.0 5.7 Indiana 5,074 54.8 27.5 9.6 7.6 Illinois 10,593 55.5 28.5 8.1 6.1 Michigan 8,582 56.4 26.2 11.3 5.1 Wisconsin 4,360 56.2 25.5 11.0 6.7 West North Central 15,890 53.9 24.0 11.8 9.4 Minnesota 3,770 55.6 22.8 13.3 7.3 Iowa 2,693 55.6 25.0 10.9 7.9 Missouri 4,564 54.0 24.1 11.8 9.4 North Dakota 598 51.7 23.1 11.4 12.7 South Dakota 633 52.9 23.2 12.1 11.1 Nebraska 1,448 53.1 24.4 11.0 10.5 Kansas 2,184 50.2 25.1 10.7 12.6 ( Continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15B Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 15B 5 Table 15B 2. Mobility of the Resident Population by State: 1980 ( continued)

Percent distribution  residence in 1975 a Persons Same 5 years house old, and in Different Different Different over 1980 house, county, county, b Region, division, 1980 as same same different and state ( 1,000) 1975 county state state South 69,880 52.4 24.1 10.0 12.0 South Atlantic 34,498 52.7 22.4 9.7 13.6 Delaware 555 57.0 26.3 2.0 13.3 Maryland 3,947 55.5 21.9 10.3 10.4 District of Columbia 603 58.2 22.7 NA 16.3 Virginia 4,99i 51.0 17.9 15.0 13.9 West Virginia 1,806 60.9 23.4 6.6 8.6 North Carolina 5,476 56.9 23.5 8.9 9.8 South Carolina 2,884 57.5 22.3 7.7 11.5 Georgia 5,052 52.5 22.8 12.2 11.5 Florida 9,183 46.2 23.7 7.8 19.6 East South Central 13,556 56.0 25.9 7.9 9.5 Kentucky 3,379 54.4 27.2 8.6 9.0 Tennessee 4,269 54.2 27.2 7.4 10.6 Alabama 3,601 57.6 25.3 7.4 8.9 Mississippi 2,307 59.0 22.5 8.6 9.2 West South Central 21,826 49.6 25.6 11.8 11.0 Arkansas 2,113 53.1 24.8 9.1 12.4 Louisiana 3,847 57.0 24.3 9.2 8.4 Oklahoma 2,793 47.6 24.9 12.3 13.7 Texas 13,074 47.3 26.2 12.9 11.0 West 39,879 43.8 28.3 11.0 13.4 Mountain 10,386 42.7 25.1 9.1 21.1 Montana 722 47.3 24.5 12.3 15.0 Idaho 852 44.4 24.7 9.5 20.0 Wyoming 425 38.4 23.6 8.6 28.3 Colorado 2,676 39.8 22.7 14.8 20.6 New Mexico 1,188 50.3 23.2 7.2 17.4 Arizona 2,506 41.9 27.1 5.0 23.9 Utah 1,272 45.8 27.8 8.4 16.0 Nevada 745 34.8 27.4 3.6 31.5 ( continued on the following page) Volume III  Activity Factors Appendix 15B Page Exposure Factors Handbook 15B 6 August 1997 Table 15B 2. Mobility of the Resident Population by State: 1980 ( continued)

Percent distribution  residence in 1975 a Persons Same 5 years house old, and in Different Different Different over 1980 house, county, county, b Region, division, 1980 as same same different and state ( 1,000) 1975 county state state Pacific 29,493 44.2 29.4 11.6 10.7 Washington 3,825 43.7 27.7 10.1 16.2 Oregon 2,437 41.4 26.6 13.4 16.9 California 21,980 44.6 30.2 12.1 8.5 Alaska 363 32.2 27.6 8.7 29.1 Hawaii 888 49.3 25.2 2.8 16.9 Survey assessed changes in residence between 1975 and 1980. a Includes persons residing abroad in 1975. b NA = not applicable.

Source: U. S. Bureau of the Census, Statistical Abstract, 1984.