SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, unpublished tabulations of annual averages from the Current Population Survey. ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 450 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 382.   Median annual income of year round, full time workers 25 years old and over, by level of education completed and sex: 1989 to 1999 Sex and year Total Elementary/ secondary College Less than 9th grade 9th to 12th grade, no diploma 1 High school graduate 2 Some college, no degree 3 Associate degree 4 Bachelor's degree or higher 5 Total 5 Bachelor's 6 Master's 4 Professional 4 Doctorate 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Current dollars Men 1989 .............................................. $ 30,465 $ 17,555 $ 21,065 $ 26,609 $ 31,308   $ 41,892 $ 38,565       1990 .............................................. 30,733 17,394 20,902 26,653 31,734   42,671 39,238       1991 .............................................. 31,613 17,623 21,402 26,779 31,663 $ 33,817 45,138 40,906 $ 49,734 $ 73,996 $ 57,187 1992 .............................................. 32,057 17,294 21,274 27,280 32,103 33,433 45,802 41,355 49,973 76,220 57,418 1993 .............................................. 32,359 16,863 21,752 27,370 32,077 33,690 47,740 42,757 51,867 80,549 63,149 1994 .............................................. 33,440 17,532 22,048 28,037 32,279 35,794 49,228 43,663 53,500 75,009 61,921 1995 .............................................. 34,551 18,354 22,185 29,510 33,883 35,201 50,481 45,266 55,216 79,667 65,336 1996 .............................................. 35,622 17,962 22,717 30,709 34,845 37,131 51,436 45,846 60,508 85,963 71,227 1997 .............................................. 36,678 19,291 24,726 31,215 35,945 38,022 53,450 48,616 61,690 85,011 76,234 1998 .............................................. 37,906 19,380 23,958 31,477 36,934 40,274 56,524 51,405 62,244 94,737 75,078 1999 .............................................. 40,333 20,429 25,035 33,184 39,221 41,638 60,201 52,985 66,243 100,000 81,687 Women 1989 .............................................. 20,570 12,188 13,923 17,528 21,631   28,799 26,709       1990 .............................................. 21,372 12,251 14,429 18,319 22,227   30,377 28,017       1991 .............................................. 22,043 12,066 14,455 18,836 22,143 25,000 31,310 29,079 34,949 46,742 43,303 1992 .............................................. 23,139 12,958 14,559 19,427 23,157 25,624 32,304 30,326 36,037 46,257 45,790 1993 .............................................. 23,629 12,415 15,386 19,963 23,056 25,883 34,307 31,197 38,612 50,211 47,248 1994 .............................................. 24,399 12,430 15,133 20,373 23,514 25,940 35,378 31,741 39,457 50,615 51,119 1995 .............................................. 24,875 13,577 15,825 20,463 23,997 27,311 35,259 32,051 40,263 50,000 48,141 1996 .............................................. 25,808 14,414 16,953 21,175 25,167 28,083 36,461 33,525 41,901 57,624 56,267 1997 .............................................. 26,974 14,161 16,697 22,067 26,335 28,812 38,038 35,379 44,949 61,051 53,037 1998 .............................................. 27,956 14,467 16,482 22,780 27,420 29,924 39,786 36,559 45,283 57,565 57,796 1999 .............................................. 28,844 15,098 17,015 23,061 27,757 30,919 41,747 37,993 48,097 59,904 60,079 Constant 1999 dollars Men 1989 .............................................. $ 40,931 $ 23,586 $ 28,302 $ 35,750 $ 42,064   $ 56,284 $ 51,814       1990 .............................................. 39,175 22,172 26,643 33,974 40,451   54,392 50,016       1991 .............................................. 38,669 21,556 26,179 32,756 38,730 $ 41,365 55,213 50,036 $ 60,835 $ 90,512 $ 69,951 1992 .............................................. 38,066 20,536 25,262 32,394 38,121 39,700 54,388 49,107 59,341 90,508 68,181 1993 .............................................. 37,308 19,442 25,079 31,556 36,983 38,843 55,041 49,296 59,800 92,868 72,807 1994 .............................................. 37,592 19,709 24,785 31,518 36,287 40,238 55,340 49,084 60,142 84,322 69,609 1995 .............................................. 37,770 20,064 24,252 32,260 37,040 38,481 55,185 49,484 60,361 87,090 71,424 1996 .............................................. 37,824 19,072 24,121 32,608 36,999 39,427 54,616 48,680 64,249 91,277 75,630 1997 .............................................. 38,072 20,024 25,666 32,401 37,311 39,467 55,481 50,464 64,035 88,242 79,131 1998 .............................................. 38,743 19,808 24,487 32,172 37,750 41,163 57,772 52,540 63,619 96,829 76,736 1999 .............................................. 40,333 20,429 25,035 33,184 39,221 41,638 60,201 52,985 66,243 100,000 81,687 Women 1989 .............................................. 27,637 16,375 18,706 23,550 29,062   38,693 35,885       1990 .............................................. 27,242 15,616 18,392 23,351 28,332   38,721 35,713       1991 .............................................. 26,963 14,759 17,681 23,040 27,085 30,580 38,298 35,569 42,750 57,175 52,968 1992 .............................................. 27,477 15,387 17,288 23,069 27,498 30,427 38,360 36,011 42,792 54,928 54,374 1993 .............................................. 27,243 14,314 17,739 23,016 26,582 29,842 39,554 35,968 44,517 57,890 54,474 1994 .............................................. 27,428 13,973 17,012 22,902 26,433 29,161 39,770 35,682 44,356 56,899 57,466 1995 .............................................. 27,193 14,842 17,300 22,370 26,233 29,856 38,544 35,037 44,015 54,659 52,627 1996 .............................................. 27,404 15,305 18,001 22,484 26,723 29,819 38,715 35,598 44,491 61,186 59,746 1997 .............................................. 27,999 14,699 17,332 22,906 27,336 29,907 39,484 36,724 46,657 63,371 55,053 1998 .............................................. 28,573 14,787 16,846 23,283 28,026 30,585 40,665 37,366 46,283 58,836 59,072 1999 .............................................. 28,844 15,098 17,015 23,061 27,757 30,919 41,747 37,993 48,097 59,904 60,079 Number with income ( in thousands)

Men 1989 .............................................. 44,596 2,425 3,312 16,392 9,028   13,439 7,473       1990 .............................................. 44,406 2,250 3,315 16,394 9,113   13,334 7,569       1991 .............................................. 44,199 1,807 3,083 15,025 8,034 2,899 13,350 8,456 3,073 1,147 674 1992 .............................................. 44,752 1,815 3,009 14,722 8,067 3,203 13,937 8,719 3,178 1,295 745 1993 .............................................. 45,873 1,790 3,083 14,604 8,493 3,557 14,346 9,178 3,131 1,231 808 1994 .............................................. 47,566 1,895 3,057 15,109 8,783 3,735 14,987 9,636 3,225 1,258 868 1995 .............................................. 48,500 1,946 3,335 15,331 8,908 3,926 15,054 9,597 3,395 1,208 853 1996 .............................................. 49,764 2,041 3,441 15,840 9,173 3,931 15,339 9,898 3,272 1,277 893 1997 .............................................. 50,807 1,914 3,548 16,225 9,170 4,086 15,864 10,349 3,228 1,321 966 1998 .............................................. 52,381 1,870 3,613 16,442 9,375 4,347 16,733 11,058 3,414 1,264 998 1999 .............................................. 53,062 1,993 3,295 16,589 9,684 4,359 17,142 11,142 3,725 1,267 1,008 Women 1989 .............................................. 28,056 906 1,830 11,785 6,217   7,318 4,465       1990 .............................................. 28,636 847 1,861 11,810 6,462   7,655 4,704       1991 .............................................. 29,474 733 1,819 10,959 5,633 2,523 7,807 5,263 2,025 312 206 1992 .............................................. 30,346 734 1,659 11,039 5,904 2,655 8,355 5,604 2,192 334 225 1993 .............................................. 30,683 765 1,576 10,513 6,279 3,067 8,483 5,735 2,166 323 260 1994 .............................................. 31,379 696 1,675 10,785 6,256 3,210 8,756 5,901 2,174 398 283 1995 .............................................. 32,673 774 1,763 11,064 6,329 3,336 9,406 6,434 2,268 421 283 1996 .............................................. 33,549 750 1,751 11,363 6,582 3,468 9,636 6,689 2,213 413 322 1997 .............................................. 34,624 791 1,765 11,475 6,628 3,538 10,427 7,173 2,448 488 318 1998 .............................................. 35,628 814 1,878 11,613 7,070 3,527 10,725 7,288 2,639 468 329 1999 .............................................. 37,091 886 1,883 11,824 7,453 3,804 11,242 7,607 2,818 470 346   Not available. 1 Includes 1 to 3 years high school for 1989 and 1990. 2 Includes 4 years of high school for 1989 and 1990, and equivalency certificates for the other years. 3 Includes 1 to 3 years of college and associate degrees for 1989 and 1990. 4 Not reported separately for 1989 and 1990. 5 Includes 4 or more years of college for 1989 and 1990. 6 Includes 4 years of college for 1989 and 1990. NOTE: Data for 1992 and later years are based on 1990 Census counts. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, Series P   60, `` Money Income of Households, Families, and Persons in the United States,'' `` Income, Poverty, and Valuation of Noncash Benefits,'' various years; and Series P   60, `` Money Income in the United States,'' various years. ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 451 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 383.   Total annual money income and median income of persons 25 years old and over, by educational attainment and sex: 1999 Sex, earnings, and age Total Less than 9th grade Some high school ( no diploma) High school graduate ( includes equivalency College Some college, no degree Associate degree Bachelor's or higher degree Total Bachelor's degree Master's degree Professional degree Doctor's degree 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Number, in thousands Men, 25 years old and over Total ......................................... 83,611 5,918 7,298 26,651 14,540 5,952 23,251 14,909 5,166 1,752 1,425 With income ............................. 65,412 2,833 4,608 20,656 11,908 5,175 20,232 13,057 4,462 1,480 1,233 Percentage distribution of men with income Total .................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 $ 1 to $ 4,999 or loss ................ 5.0 9.9 9.3 5.3 5.2 4.0 3.1 2.9 4.0 2.5 3.3 $ 5,000 to $ 9,999 ..................... 4.4 13.0 8.6 5.1 4.1 3.2 2.1 2.4 2.0 1.0 1.1 $ 10,000 to $ 14,999 ................. 6.4 19.1 14.5 7.2 5.2 4.7 3.1 3.6 2.0 2.0 2.0 $ 15,000 to $ 24,999 ................. 16.8 32.9 28.4 21.7 17.0 14.7 7.5 8.6 5.9 4.6 4.6 $ 25,000 to $ 34,999 ................. 17.5 13.7 19.9 22.0 19.4 18.0 11.7 13.5 9.9 5.5 6.6 $ 35,000 to $ 49,999 ................. 20.4 7.5 13.0 22.2 24.0 25.6 18.5 21.4 14.7 10.2 11.7 $ 50,000 to $ 74,999 ................. 17.1 2.8 4.9 12.4 16.8 21.6 25.9 25.8 29.9 15.7 24.1 $ 75,000 and over .................... 12.3 1.1 1.5 4.1 8.3 8.2 28.2 21.9 31.5 58.4 46.6 Median income ................... $ 34,850 $ 16,704 $ 20,604 $ 29,917 $ 34,270 $ 36,885 $ 51,815 $ 47,419 $ 57,841 $ 86,523 $ 71,531 Number, in thousands Women, 25 years old and over Total ......................................... 91,620 6,261 8,377 31,435 16,213 7,740 21,595 14,931 5,230 834 599 With income ............................. 58,225 1,673 3,489 18,756 11,483 5,844 16,980 11,548 4,238 687 507 Percentage distribution of women with income Total .................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 $ 1 to $ 4,999 or loss ................ 11.2 22.7 20.9 12.9 11.0 9.3 7.1 7.9 5.7 5.4 5.3 $ 5,000 to $ 9,999 ..................... 10.4 22.2 21.1 12.7 9.9 8.4 5.5 5.9 5.2 2.3 1.8 $ 10,000 to $ 14,999 ................. 12.3 26.6 22.1 16.0 11.9 10.4 5.6 6.7 3.3 3.6 3.6 $ 15,000 to $ 24,999 ................. 23.5 21.5 24.5 29.8 26.2 24.6 14.3 16.7 8.6 9.5 11.6 $ 25,000 to $ 34,999 ................. 18.1 4.1 8.1 17.2 20.2 22.4 19.5 21.8 16.0 11.1 8.3 $ 35,000 to $ 49,999 ................. 14.1 2.0 2.4 8.6 13.3 17.3 23.4 21.7 28.7 22.6 20.9 $ 50,000 to $ 74,999 ................. 7.5 0.7 0.7 2.3 5.5 5.9 17.3 14.1 24.6 18.6 26.2 $ 75,000 and over .................... 2.9 0.4 0.4 0.6 2.0 1.8 7.3 5.2 8.1 26.8 22.1 Median income ................... $ 21,417 $ 10,754 $ 11,432 $ 17,126 $ 21,426 $ 23,760 $ 33,370 $ 30,730 $ 40,553 $ 45,926 $ 46,949 NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports, `` Money Income in the United States: 1999.'' ( This table was prepared in April 2001.) 452 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 384.   College enrollment and labor force status of 1999 and 2000 high school graduates, by sex and race/ ethnicity: October 1999 and October 2000 [ Numbers in thousands]

Item Civilian noninstitutional population Civilian labor force 1 Not in labor force Number Percent Percent of high school graduates Number Labor force participation rate Employed Unemployed Number Percent of population Number Unemployment rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 1999 high school graduates 2 Total ........................................................... 2,897 100.0 100.0 1,749 60.4 1,536 53.0 213 12.2 1,148 Men ........................................................ 1,474 50.9 50.9 928 62.9 821 55.7 107 11.5 546 Women .................................................. 1,423 49.1 49.1 821 57.7 715 50.3 106 12.9 602 White 3 ................................................... 2,287 78.9 78.9 1,434 62.7 1,282 56.0 152 10.6 853 Black 3 .................................................... 453 15.6 15.6 235 51.8 185 40.8 50 21.3 218 Hispanic origin 4 ..................................... 329 11.4 11.4 217 66.2 158 47.9 60 27.5 111 Enrolled in college, October 1999 ......... 1,822 100.0 62.9 845 46.4 790 43.3 55 6.5 977 Men .................................................... 905 49.7 31.2 427 47.1 400 44.2 26 6.2 479 Women ............................................... 917 50.3 31.7 418 45.6 389 42.5 29 6.8 499 2 year ................................................. 609 33.4 21.0 387 63.5 366 60.0 21 5.5 222 4 year ................................................. 1,213 66.6 41.9 458 37.8 424 35.0 34 7.4 755 Full time students .............................. 1,677 92.0 57.9 715 42.7 671 40.0 44 6.1 962 Part time students .............................. 145 8.0 5.0 129 89.2 118 81.6 11 8.5 16 White 3 ................................................ 1,437 78.9 49.6 706 49.2 668 46.5 38 5.4 730 Black 3 ................................................ 268 14.7 9.3 87 32.4 75 27.9 12 13.9 181 Hispanic origin 4 ................................. 139 7.6 4.8 61 43.6 45 32.5 15 ( 6) 78 Not enrolled in college, October 1999 .. 1,075 100.0 37.1 904 84.2 746 69.4 158 17.5 170 Men .................................................... 568 52.8 19.6 501 88.1 420 73.9 81 16.1 67 Women ............................................... 506 47.1 17.5 403 79.7 326 64.4 78 19.2 103 White 3 ................................................ 851 79.2 29.4 728 85.6 614 72.2 114 15.6 123 Black 3 ................................................ 185 17.2 6.4 148 80.0 110 59.5 38 25.6 37 Hispanic origin 4 ................................. 190 17.7 6.6 157 82.7 112 59.3 44 28.3 33 2000 high school graduates 5 Total ........................................................... 2,756 100.0 100.0 1,629 59.1 1,473 53.5 155 9.5 1,127 Men ........................................................ 1,251 45.4 45.4 767 61.3 703 56.2 64 8.3 484 Women .................................................. 1,505 54.6 54.6 862 57.3 770 51.2 92 10.6 643 White 3 ................................................... 2,219 80.5 80.5 1,366 61.5 1,260 56.8 105 7.7 854 Black 3 .................................................... 404 14.7 14.7 193 47.7 159 39.4 33 17.3 212 Hispanic origin 4 ..................................... 300 10.9 10.9 208 69.2 191 63.7 16 7.9 93 Enrolled in college, October 2000 ......... 1,745 100.0 63.3 818 46.8 769 44.0 49 6.0 928 Men .................................................... 749 42.9 27.2 365 48.7 353 47.1 12 3.3 385 Women ............................................... 996 57.1 36.1 453 45.5 416 41.8 37 8.2 543 2 year ................................................. 589 33.8 21.4 380 64.5 359 61.0 21 5.5 209 4 year ................................................. 1,156 66.2 41.9 437 37.8 410 35.4 28 6.4 719 Full time students .............................. 1,592 91.2 57.8 697 43.8 650 40.8 48 6.8 895 Part time students .............................. 154 8.8 5.6 120 78.4 119 77.6 1 1.1 33 White 3 ................................................ 1,420 81.4 51.5 695 48.9 660 46.5 35 5.1 725 Black 3 ................................................ 227 13.0 8.2 84 36.8 78 34.2 6 7.0 143 Hispanic origin 4 ................................. 159 9.1 5.8 101 63.3 94 59.2 6 6.4 58 Not enrolled in college, October 2000 .. 1,010 100.0 36.6 811 80.3 705 69.7 106 13.1 199 Men .................................................... 501 49.6 18.2 402 80.1 350 69.8 52 12.9 100 Women ............................................... 509 50.4 18.5 409 80.4 354 69.6 55 13.4 100 White 3 ................................................ 799 79.1 29.0 670 83.9 601 75.1 70 10.4 129 Black 3 ................................................ 177 17.5 6.4 109 61.5 82 46.0 28 25.2 68 Hispanic origin 4 ................................. 141 14.0 5.1 107 75.8 97 68.8 10 9.3 34 1 The labor force includes all employed persons plus those seeking employment. The labor force participation rate is the percentage of persons either employed or seeking employment.

2 Includes 16 to 24 year olds who graduated from high school between January and October 1999.

3 Includes persons of Hispanic origin.

4 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.

5 Includes 16 to 24 year olds who graduated from high school between January and October 2000.

6 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000. NOTE: Data are based upon sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutional population. Percents are only shown when the base is 75,000 or greater. Even though the standard errors are large, smaller estimates are shown to permit users to combine categories in various ways. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Detail for the above race and Hispanic origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the `` other races'' groups are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, `` College Enrollment and Work Activity of 2000 High School Graduates.'' ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 453 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 385.   Labor force status of 1979   80 to 1999   2000 high school dropouts, by sex and race/ ethnicity: October 1980 to October 2000 [ Numbers in thousands]

Year, sex, and race Dropouts Dropouts in civilian labor force 1 Not in labor force Number Percent of total Number Labor force participation rate Employed Unemployed Number Percent of population Number Percent of dropouts Number Unemployment rate 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All dropouts 2 1980 ........................................................ 739 100.0 471 63.7 322 43.6 149 31.6 268 36.3 1985 ........................................................ 612 100.0 413 67.5 266 43.5 147 35.6 199 32.5 1990 ........................................................ 405 100.0 280 69.0 189 46.7 90 32.3 125 31.0 1994 ........................................................ 510 100.0 311 61.1 219 42.9 93 29.8 198 38.9 1995 ........................................................ 604 100.0 409 67.7 288 47.7 121 29.6 195 32.3 1996 ........................................................ 496 100.0 289 58.4 210 42.3 80 27.6 206 41.6 1997 ........................................................ 502 100.0 302 60.2 225 44.9 77 25.4 200 39.8 1998 ........................................................ 505 100.0 308 60.9 221 43.7 87 28.2 197 39.1 1999 ........................................................ 524 100.0 300 57.3 222 42.4 78 26.1 224 42.7 2000 ........................................................ 515 100.0 350 68.0 252 48.9 99 28.1 165 32.0 Men 1980 ........................................................ 422 57.1 305 72.3 212 50.2 93 30.5 117 27.7 1985 ........................................................ 321 52.5 261 81.3 163 50.8 98 37.5 60 18.7 1990 ........................................................ 215 53.1 173 80.2 110 51.2 63 36.2 42 19.8 1994 ........................................................ 259 50.8 198 76.5 151 58.2 47 23.9 61 23.5 1995 ........................................................ 339 56.1 251 74.0 179 52.8 72 28.7 88 26.0 1996 ........................................................ 241 48.6 178 74.0 123 51.0 56 31.1 63 26.0 1997 ........................................................ 289 57.6 207 71.8 165 57.2 42 20.3 81 28.2 1998 ........................................................ 257 50.9 164 63.9 133 51.8 31 19.0 93 36.1 1999 ........................................................ 243 46.4 162 66.8 120 49.5 42 25.8 81 33.2 2000 ........................................................ 295 57.3 220 74.4 166 56.2 54 24.5 76 25.6 Women 1980 ........................................................ 317 42.9 166 52.4 110 34.7 56 33.7 151 47.6 1985 ........................................................ 291 47.5 152 52.2 103 35.4 49 32.2 139 47.8 1990 ........................................................ 190 46.9 107 56.3 79 41.6 28 26.1 83 43.7 1994 ........................................................ 251 49.2 113 45.2 68 27.1 45 40.0 137 54.8 1995 ........................................................ 265 43.9 157 59.5 109 41.1 49 30.9 107 40.5 1996 ........................................................ 255 51.4 111 43.6 87 34.1 24 21.8 144 56.4 1997 ........................................................ 213 42.4 95 44.4 60 28.1 35 36.6 119 55.6 1998 ........................................................ 248 49.1 143 57.8 88 35.4 56 38.7 105 42.2 1999 ........................................................ 282 53.8 139 49.2 102 36.2 37 26.4 143 50.8 2000 ........................................................ 220 42.7 131 59.4 86 39.1 45 34.2 90 40.6 White 3 1980 ........................................................ 580 78.5 392 67.6 286 49.3 106 27.0 188 32.4 1985 ........................................................ 458 74.8 330 72.1 214 46.7 116 35.2 128 27.9 1990 ........................................................ 303 74.8 211 69.8 156 51.4 56 26.3 92 30.2 1994 ........................................................ 382 74.9 252 66.0 177 46.3 75 29.8 130 34.0 1995 ........................................................ 448 74.2 312 69.8 227 50.8 85 27.2 135 30.2 1996 ........................................................ 365 73.6 238 65.1 178 48.6 60 25.3 127 34.9 1997 ........................................................ 386 76.9 250 64.8 199 51.5 51 20.5 136 35.2 1998 ........................................................ 384 76.0 257 67.0 194 50.6 63 24.5 127 33.0 1999 ........................................................ 377 71.9 227 60.3 174 46.1 54 23.6 150 39.7 2000 ........................................................ 384 74.6 280 73.0 210 54.8 70 24.9 104 27.0 Black 3 1980 ........................................................ 146 19.8 73 50.0 33 22.6 40 ( 4) 73 50.0 1985 ........................................................ 132 21.6 69 52.3 39 29.5 30 ( 4) 63 47.7 1990 ........................................................ 86 21.2 56 65.3 26 29.9 30 ( 4) 30 34.7 1994 ........................................................ 100 19.6 48 47.9 34 34.1 14 ( 4) 52 52.1 1995 ........................................................ 109 18.0 66 61.0 40 36.4 27 ( 4) 42 39.0 1996 ........................................................ 111 22.4 40 35.7 23 20.7 17 ( 4) 71 64.3 1997 ........................................................ 90 17.9 41 45.1 18 20.4 22 ( 4) 49 54.9 1998 ........................................................ 98 19.4 46 47.2 24 24.2 23 ( 4) 52 52.8 1999 ........................................................ 118 22.5 59 50.0 39 33.0 20 ( 4) 59 50.0 2000 ........................................................ 111 21.5 58 51.9 31 27.5 27 ( 4) 53 48.1 Hispanic 5 1980 ........................................................ 91 12.3 60 65.9 43 47.3 17 ( 4) 31 34.1 1985 ........................................................ 106 17.3 73 68.9 40 37.7 33 ( 4) 33 31.1 1990 ........................................................ 67 16.5 32 ( 4) 22 ( 4) 10 ( 4) 35 ( 4) 1994 ........................................................ 108 21.2 51 47.5 31 28.6 20 ( 4) 57 52.5 1995 ........................................................ 174 28.8 119 68.6 84 48.5 35 29.3 55 31.4 1996 ........................................................ 105 21.2 71 67.7 57 54.5 14 ( 4) 34 32.3 1997 ........................................................ 121 24.1 88 73.1 73 60.4 15 17.4 32 26.9 1998 ........................................................ 120 23.8 82 68.5 60 50.0 22 27.1 38 31.5 1999 ........................................................ 119 22.7 85 71.4 75 62.8 10 12.0 34 28.6 2000 ........................................................ 101 19.6 62 61.1 39 39.0 22 ( 4) 39 38.9 1 The labor force includes all employed persons plus those seeking employment. The labor force participation rate is the percentage of persons either employed or seeking employment. The unemployment rate is the percent of persons in the labor force who are seeking employment.

2 Persons 16 to 24 years old who dropped out of school in the 12 month period ending in October of years shown.

3 Includes persons of Hispanic origin.

4 Data not shown where base is less than 75,000.

5 Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race. NOTE: Data are based upon sample surveys of the civilian noninstitutional population. Includes dropouts from any grade, including a small number from elementary and middle schools. Percents are only shown when the base is 75,000 or greater. Even though the standard errors are large, smaller estimates are shown to permit users to combine categories in various ways. Detail for the above race and Hispanic origin groups will not sum to totals because data for the `` other races'' group are not presented and Hispanics are included in both the white and black population groups. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, College Enrollment of High School Graduates, various years. ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 454 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 386.   Employment of 12th graders, by selected student characteristics: 1992 Employment characteristics Total Sex Race/ ethnicity Socioeconomic status 1 Location of school attended Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian American Indian Low Middle low Middle high High Urban Suburban Rural 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Percentage distribution Average hours worked per week during senior year Total ...................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Did not work during year ........................................................... 31.8 33.0 30.7 27.6 47.4 38.9 43.3 45.0 38.2 29.8 28.2 32.5 35.6 29.4 31.6 1 to 5 hours ................................................................................ 6.8 6.0 7.6 7.0 4.9 6.0 9.5 8.5 5.2 5.5 5.8 10.1 6.7 6.6 7.2 6 to 10 hours .............................................................................. 9.8 8.9 10.7 11.2 6.5 5.3 6.7 5.6 6.7 8.3 10.6 12.6 9.4 9.6 10.6 11 to 15 hours ............................................................................ 12.7 11.1 14.4 14.1 7.2 11.3 9.3 6.2 9.5 11.9 13.7 15.0 12.2 13.6 12.1 16 to 20 hours ............................................................................ 16.1 15.0 17.2 17.3 11.9 13.3 13.5 12.5 13.4 18.6 18.4 14.0 14.3 18.3 14.9 More than 20 hours ................................................................... 22.7 26.0 19.5 22.8 22.1 25.2 17.7 22.3 27.1 25.9 23.3 15.8 21.7 22.5 23.7 21 to 25 hours ....................................................................... 9.8 10.2 9.5 10.0 8.8 10.7 8.1 12.0 10.2 10.9 10.8 8.0 9.5 10.6 9.1 26 to 30 hours ....................................................................... 5.6 6.5 4.8 5.5 6.4 6.6 4.4 3.8 6.8 6.4 5.9 3.4 5.3 5.7 5.8 31 to 35 hours ....................................................................... 2.5 3.1 1.9 2.6 2.4 2.4 0.8 5.0 3.6 3.2 2.4 1.3 2.3 2.5 2.7 36 to 40 hours ....................................................................... 3.3 4.2 2.4 3.3 2.9 4.1 3.7 0.9 4.3 4.2 2.7 2.1 3.3 2.4 4.3 More than 40 hours ............................................................... 1.5 2.0 1.0 1.5 1.7 1.4 0.8 0.7 2.2 1.4 1.6 1.0 1.3 1.4 1.8 Most recent type of work for employed students Total ...................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Lawn work or odd jobs .............................................................. 2.2 4.2 0.3 2.5 0.8 0.9 1.7 5.3 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.5 1.3 2.2 2.9 Food service .............................................................................. 24.0 22.2 25.7 22.8 34.8 24.8 22.9 24.6 28.0 26.6 25.1 18.6 23.6 23.1 25.4 Delivery person .......................................................................... 1.6 2.5 0.6 1.5 1.9 1.1 3.2 1.3 0.8 1.7 1.3 2.1 1.5 1.7 1.5 Babysitter or child care .............................................................. 4.3 0.6 7.9 4.8 2.4 2.2 5.0 1.1 3.2 3.9 4.5 5.4 4.9 4.4 3.9 Camp counselor/ life guard ......................................................... 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.9 ( 2) 0.5 0.6 ( 2) 0.2 0.3 0.9 1.3 0.8 0.9 0.5 Farm worker ............................................................................... 2.2 4.4 0.1 2.7 ( 2) 1.1 ( 2) ( 2) 3.7 3.3 1.6 1.1 0.2 1.1 5.5 Mechanic .................................................................................... 1.4 2.8 ( 2) 1.5 0.7 1.5 1.0 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.5 0.6 1.0 1.3 1.9 Grocery clerk or cashier ............................................................ 14.5 12.5 16.4 14.8 15.9 11.6 8.5 25.7 15.5 16.6 14.5 12.3 14.2 13.4 16.4 Beautician .................................................................................. 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.1 1.1 0.3 ( 2) ( 2) 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.3 House cleaning .......................................................................... 0.9 0.7 1.1 0.8 0.8 2.0 0.6 ( 2) 1.5 0.6 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.6 1.4 Construction ............................................................................... 2.0 4.0 0.1 2.1 1.0 1.9 0.9 2.0 2.6 2.3 1.9 1.4 1.4 1.8 2.7 Office or clerical ......................................................................... 6.9 2.9 10.7 6.3 9.2 8.7 12.1 5.8 6.3 6.0 7.2 8.0 9.0 6.8 5.4 Health services .......................................................................... 1.6 0.9 2.3 1.6 2.1 1.1 1.0 4.5 2.5 2.0 1.4 0.9 1.5 1.6 1.7 Salesperson ............................................................................... 11.8 9.8 13.7 12.0 8.7 11.9 15.0 7.9 7.2 8.8 12.5 15.8 13.4 14.1 7.3 Warehouse worker ..................................................................... 2.1 3.9 0.4 2.2 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.3 1.7 2.5 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.3 1.9 Other .......................................................................................... 23.5 27.7 19.6 23.5 19.3 28.8 25.4 18.3 22.0 21.4 22.3 27.4 24.4 24.6 21.3 Most recent hourly wage for employed students Total ...................................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Less than $ 4.25 per hour .......................................................... 9.9 7.2 12.4 10.3 8.3 8.8 7.9 5.8 12.2 11.4 9.0 8.0 7.9 7.5 14.8 $ 4.25 to $ 6.00 per hour ............................................................. 77.5 75.6 79.2 76.7 80.9 81.1 77.0 79.3 79.0 76.8 80.0 74.8 80.1 77.0 75.8 $ 6.01 to $ 8.00 per hour ............................................................. 7.7 10.3 5.3 8.0 5.8 6.1 10.7 6.7 5.3 8.3 6.8 9.3 7.3 9.2 6.1 $ 8.01 or more per hour .............................................................. 5.0 6.9 3.2 5.1 5.0 4.0 4.5 8.3 3.5 3.5 4.1 7.9 4.8 6.3 3.4 1 Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score of parental education and occupations and family income The `` Low'' SES group is the lowest quartile.

2 Less than 0.05 percent. NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' Second Follow up survey. ( This table was prepared August 1995.) 455 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 387.   Full time employment status of bachelor's degree recipients 1 year after graduation, by field of study: 1976 to 1991 Field of study Percent employed full time Percent employed full time in a job closely related to field of study Percent employed full time in nonprofessional job 1 1974   75 graduates in May 1976 1979   80 graduates in May 1981 1983   84 graduates in June 1985 1985   86 graduates in June 1987 1989   90 graduates in April 1991 1974   75 graduates in May 1976 1979   80 graduates in May 1981 1983   84 graduates in June 1985 1985   86 graduates in June 1987 1989   90 graduates in April 1991 1974   75 graduates in May 1976 1979   80 graduates in May 1981 1983   84 graduates in June 1985 1985   86 graduates in June 1987 1989   90 graduates in April 1991 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Total .................................................. 67 71 73 74 74 35 38 38 38 39 10 12 13 14 13 Professional/ technical fields ................ 77 80 82 81 80 51 51 47 47 48 9 10 13 11 11 Arts and sciences fields ...................... 56 56 56 62 64 18 17 15 25 26 12 14 15 15 14 Other .................................................... 65 74 75 74 73 36 43 47 36 38 9 19 12 17 13 Newly qualified to teach ........................... 66 75 73 68 74 43 56 54 47 58 7 8 9 9 6 Not newly qualified to teach ..................... 67 71 73 74 73 33 36 36 37 36 12 13 13 14 14 Professional/ technical fields ................ 80 81 82 82 83 52 49 47 47 48 10 10 13 11 12 Engineering ...................................... 79 84 84 83 84 57 55 53 46 50 4 2 3 5 3 Business and management ............. 84 83 85 85 83 49 44 41 40 42 15 14 19 17 16 Health ............................................... 75 77 75 76 86 71 66 70 65 83 2 4 2 3 1 Education 2 ....................................... 66 67 63 73 67 22 29 24 57 39 12 18 16 9 11 Public affairs and services ...............   77 74 72 66   46 31 37 49   10 15 20 9 Arts and sciences fields ...................... 57 56 56 63 64 17 16 15 25 23 13 15 15 15 15 Biological sciences ........................... 56 45 43 42 50 26 18 17 15 26 6 8 11 11 8 Physical sciences and mathematics 3 .......................................... 50 58 51 76 72 19 29 20 48 48 6 2 7 9 7 Psychology ....................................... 61 56 57 66 59 22 17 12 22 22 18 17 16 19 14 Social sciences ................................ 59 61 61 61 68 12 10 13 12 16 15 21 14 17 20 Humanities ....................................... 56 55 59 59 59 12 14 17 19 11 17 18 19 19 21 Other .................................................... 68 75 77 75 73 36 43 42 36 37 10 20 14 21 14 Communications ..............................   71 76 77 75   31 31 33 29   24 16 18 17 Miscellaneous .................................. 66 76 77 74 73 35 46 46 38 38 11 19 13 23 13   Not available.

1 Includes those not working in technical, managerial, or administrative types of jobs who reported that they did not need a college degree to obtain their job.

2 Includes those who have not finished all requirements for teaching certification or were previously qualified to teach.

3 Includes computer sciences. NOTE: Data are from sample surveys of recent college graduates. Notes on methodology are included in the Guide to Sources. Data exclude bachelor's recipients from U. S. Service Schools. Deceased graduates and graduates living at foreign addresses at the time of the survey are not included.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Recent College Graduates''

surveys ( This table was prepared August 1993.) 456 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 388.   Employment status of 1992   93 bachelor's degree recipients 4 years after graduation, by field of study and occupational area: 1997 [ Percentage distribution]

Status in April 1997 All fields of study Professional/ technical fields Arts and sciences Other fields Business and management Education Engineering Health professions Public affairs and social services Biological sciences Mathematics,

computer, and physical sciences Social sciences History Humanities Psychology 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Total 1992   93 graduates .............................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Time between high school graduation and degree completion 1 4 years or less ................................................................ 31.1 27.5 28.0 21.4 18.0 24.3 47.7 35.0 45.1 43.2 34.3 36.6 29.9 More than 4, up to 5 years ............................................. 27.6 27.2 30.9 35.2 26.2 28.3 22.7 22.8 24.7 19.3 26.0 26.5 30.3 More than 5, up to 6 years ............................................. 11.2 9.4 10.5 16.2 12.7 11.9 11.7 10.1 10.1 16.8 11.0 7.2 13.3 More than 6, up to 10 years ........................................... 12.7 13.3 12.1 13.4 15.1 14.5 6.8 16.1 12.7 6.5 14.1 9.8 11.7 More than 10 years ......................................................... 17.4 22.6 18.5 13.8 28.1 21.0 11.1 15.9 7.4 14.3 14.6 20.0 14.7 Enrollment status in April 1997 Enrolled full time ............................................................. 8.5 3.7 5.5 6.6 7.6 4.1 33.9 12.6 10.9 13.8 10.5 18.8 6.3 Enrolled part time ............................................................ 9.2 5.7 16.9 11.1 6.5 9.0 8.2 8.3 11.9 9.2 8.3 7.7 8.1 Not enrolled ..................................................................... 82.4 90.7 77.7 82.3 86.0 86.9 58.0 79.2 77.3 77.1 81.2 73.4 85.8 Employment status Employed ........................................................................ 89.3 93.2 91.1 94.1 89.1 92.8 67.3 87.6 87.7 84.6 85.3 82.1 91.7 Full time ...................................................................... 81.0 89.2 80.8 91.1 76.6 83.8 56.8 80.4 79.3 76.7 71.0 71.5 82.7 Part time ..................................................................... 8.3 4.0 10.3 2.9 12.5 9.0 10.5 7.2 8.4 8.0 14.3 10.7 9.0 Unemployed 2 .................................................................. 2.7 2.1 2.1 1.2 2.6 2.0 5.2 2.4 3.5 2.9 4.0 4.4 2.3 Not in labor force 3 .......................................................... 8.1 4.6 6.8 4.8 8.4 5.3 27.5 10.0 8.8 12.5 10.7 13.5 6.0 Unemployment experiences since graduation Experienced any unemployment ..................................... 39.8 36.2 46.8 39.2 27.9 35.8 39.4 36.3 43.7 44.3 43.6 39.2 43.1 Average total number of months unemployed ................ 7.3 7.1 6.9 7.5 6.6 6.8 8.6 8.4 7.5 7.5 7.9 9.2 6.8 April 1997 unemployment rate 4 ...................................... 2.9 2.2 2.3 1.2 2.8 2.1 7.2 2.7 3.8 3.3 4.4 5.1 2.5 Total employed .............................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Occupation Business management .................................................... 20.9 39.2 6.6 5.7 16.6 11.5 11.4 11.4 26.5 16.7 16.5 18.1 20.1 Educator .......................................................................... 16.2 2.6 64.6 1.5 3.2 4.8 17.5 16.4 9.4 35.3 17.0 14.2 12.2 Engineering ..................................................................... 5.1 1.7 0.5 49.9 4.1 ( 5) 2.6 6.4 1.1 0.5 1.7 0.4 2.2 Health professions .......................................................... 7.8 1.6 3.3 0.1 62.6 5.5 15.0 3.8 2.9 4.0 3.3 8.0 3.9 Other profession 6 ........................................................... 11.1 4.3 5.5 9.1 2.5 25.3 14.4 10.0 15.1 7.0 22.5 26.4 18.0 Computer science/ programming ..................................... 5.0 5.3 0.6 11.2 1.4 1.0 3.3 25.2 2.5 2.9 5.4 2.5 3.0 Non computer technician ................................................ 0.8 0.3 0.2 1.1 1.1 0.3 6.0 1.9 0.3 2.0 0.3 ( 5) 1.4 Administrative/ clerical/ support ......................................... 13.6 19.4 8.1 2.2 3.5 17.5 9.2 11.6 17.6 10.5 16.2 14.5 16.3 Mechanic operator/ laborer .............................................. 5.6 6.7 2.9 6.0 1.4 5.1 7.5 7.8 7.0 3.1 5.8 4.3 6.9 Sales ............................................................................... 8.1 13.8 3.0 9.6 1.5 3.9 5.3 3.6 8.6 12.3 6.2 7.0 9.5 Service ............................................................................ 2.9 2.9 2.7 1.5 0.7 3.7 3.0 0.6 4.2 3.0 3.8 2.0 4.2 Military/ protective service ................................................ 2.4 1.7 1.6 2.0 0.5 20.9 1.7 1.4 3.1 2.6 0.8 1.9 1.9 Job characteristics in April 1997 Definite career potential .................................................. 57.3 60.0 51.4 65.0 58.4 47.1 50.1 64.6 58.2 55.8 52.2 50.6 59.0 Job closely related to bachelor's degree ........................ 56.0 57.6 67.7 61.2 85.0 59.6 49.0 65.6 31.2 34.6 41.0 46.3 50.1 Annual salaries 7 Less than $ 10,000 .......................................................... 1.6 1.1 2.6 1.1 0.6 0.7 1.2 0.5 2.1 8.3 1.7 2.8 1.5 $ 10,000 to $ 14,999 ......................................................... 3.7 1.9 5.4 0.7 1.4 3.5 7.6 3.8 5.1 4.3 6.4 4.2 4.2 $ 15,000 to $ 19,999 ......................................................... 8.3 5.3 16.0 1.0 3.8 13.6 9.2 4.4 5.0 7.0 10.2 9.9 12.9 $ 20,000 to $ 24,999 ......................................................... 14.2 11.9 26.6 1.8 5.1 17.3 19.0 11.5 14.5 17.6 17.4 19.1 12.7 $ 25,000 to $ 34,999 ......................................................... 33.2 29.7 39.2 13.2 29.9 38.3 37.1 26.3 34.9 35.4 37.9 40.9 39.7 $ 35,000 to $ 49,999 ......................................................... 25.8 32.8 6.3 54.9 36.5 20.2 20.7 35.4 23.3 22.6 19.3 19.2 18.0 $ 50,000 to $ 74,999 ......................................................... 10.4 13.1 2.7 24.5 21.1 6.0 4.7 12.2 9.7 4.0 5.5 3.4 7.9 $ 75,000 or more .............................................................. 3.0 4.3 1.1 2.9 1.6 0.3 0.5 6.0 5.4 1.0 1.6 0.4 3.1 Average annual salary 8 .................................................. $ 34,252 $ 37,454 $ 26,513 $ 44,524 $ 39,421 $ 30,563 $ 29,331 $ 38,418 $ 35,536 $ 28,147 $ 30,179 $ 28,197 $ 32,208 1 Data from 1994 `` First Follow up'' survey.

2 Percent not working, but looking for work.

3 Percent not working.

4 Excluding those not in the labor force.

5 Less than 0.05 percent.

6 All other professional occupations excluding business, teaching, engineering, and health.

7 Salaries for those employed full time in April 1997.

8 Respondents reporting salaries less than $ 1,000 were excluded, those reporting salaries greater than $ 500,000 were reset to $ 500,000. NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study, First and Second Follow up'' surveys. ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 457 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 389.   Enrollment status of 1992   93 bachelor's degree recipients, by undergraduate major and highest degree obtained: April 1997 Undergraduate major field of study Ever enrolled since graduation Enrolled fulltime Enrolled part time Enrolled and employed Enrolled and not employed 1 2 3 4 5 6 Percent distribution All graduates ........................................................................................................... 29.8 8.5 9.2 13.0 4.7 Professional fields .................................................................................................... 25.8 5.0 9.4 12.0 2.4 Engineering .......................................................................................................... 33.9 6.6 11.1 14.1 3.6 Business and management ................................................................................. 16.3 3.7 5.7 7.5 1.9 Health professions ............................................................................................... 26.6 7.6 6.5 9.9 4.2 Education ............................................................................................................. 38.0 5.5 16.9 20.1 2.3 Public affairs and social services ........................................................................ 26.4 4.1 9.0 12.3 0.8 Arts and sciences fields ........................................................................................... 38.5 15.1 9.3 15.2 9.2 Biological sciences .............................................................................................. 52.1 33.9 8.2 16.6 25.5 Mathematics and other sciences ......................................................................... 39.2 12.6 8.3 13.1 7.8 Psychology .......................................................................................................... 42.0 18.8 7.7 18.2 8.3 Social sciences .................................................................................................... 35.9 10.9 11.9 16.7 6.1 History .................................................................................................................. 40.8 13.8 9.2 11.8 11.2 Humanities ........................................................................................................... 31.7 10.5 8.3 13.6 5.2 Other ......................................................................................................................... 24.0 6.3 8.1 11.9 2.5 Highest degree attained by 1997 Bachelor's degree ................................................................................................   7.2 9.3 12.6 3.9 Postbaccalaureate certificate ..............................................................................   11.0 13.9 19.2 5.7 Master's degree ...................................................................................................   13.8 8.0 15.0 6.8 First professional degree .....................................................................................   33.3 0.9 8.7 25.5 Doctoral degree ...................................................................................................             Not available.

NOTE: Data are from a sample survey of recent college graduates. Notes on methodology are included in the Guide to Sources. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study, Second Follow up'' survey. ( This table was prepared April 2001.)

Table 390.   Average annual salary of bachelor's degree recipients employed full time 1 year after graduation, by field of study: 1976 to 1994 Field of study Average salary 1 of 1974   75 degree recipients in February 1976 Average salary 1 of 1979   80 degree recipients in May 1981 Average salary 1 of 1983   84 degree recipients in June 1985 Average salary of 1985   86 degree recipients in June 1987 Average salary of 1989   90 degree recipients in June 1991 Average salary 1 of 1992   93 degree recipients in April 1994 Percent change in constant dollars, 1976 to 1994 Percent change in constant dollars, 1991 to 1994 Current dollars Constant 1994 dollars Current dollars Constant 1994 dollars Current dollars Constant 1994 dollars Current dollars Constant 1994 dollars Current dollars Constant 1994 dollars 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Total ................................. $ 7,600 $ 19,800 $ 15,200 $ 24,800 $ 17,700 $ 24,400 $ 20,400 $ 26,500 $ 23,600 $ 25,700 $ 24,200 22.2   5.8 Engineering .......................... 12,200 31,800 22,400 36,500 24,100 33,200 26,600 34,700 30,900 33,600 30,900   2.8   8.0 Business and management 10,200 26,600 16,300 26,600 18,700 25,800 21,100 27,500 24,700 26,900 27,100 1.9 0.7 Health professions ............... 8,600 22,400 17,300 28,200 20,800 28,600 22,600 29,400 31,500 34,200 31,300 39.7   8.5 Education 2 ........................... 6,300 16,400 11,500 18,700 13,800 19,000 15,800 20,600 19,100 20,800 19,300 17.7   7.2 Public affairs and social services ............................     13,700 22,300 15,100 20,800 17,700 23,100 20,800 22,600 22,000     2.7 Biological sciences .............. 6,500 16,900 14,500 23,600 15,100 20,800 16,400 21,400 21,100 22,900 22,800 34.9   0.4 Mathematics and other sciences ........................... 7,000 18,200 16,300 26,600 17,500 24,100 22,500 29,400 27,200 29,500 25,400 39.6   13.9 Psychology ..........................     12,500 20,400 14,600 20,100 17,300 22,600 19,200 20,800 19,500     6.3 Social sciences .................... 6,700 17,500 14,000 22,800 15,800 21,800 20,300 26,500 22,200 24,200 22,100 26.3   8.7 History ..................................                     21,000     Humanities ........................... 5,800 15,100 12,600 20,500 14,000 19,300 16,200 21,200 19,100 20,700 21,300 41.1 2.9 Communications 3 ................         16,200 22,300               Miscellaneous ...................... 6,800 17,700 15,100 24,600 18,600 25,600 17,600 23,000 20,800 22,600 21,600 22.0   4.4   Not available.

1 Reported salaries of full time workers under $ 2,600 in 1976, $ 4,200 in 1981, $ 5,000 in 1985, and $ 1,000 in 1994 were excluded from the tabulations. Also, those with salaries over $ 500,000 in 1994 were excluded.

2 Most educators work 9 to 10 month contracts.

3 In 1994, data were not collected on Communications as a separate field of study. NOTE: Data exclude bachelor's recipients from U. S. Service Schools and graduates living at foreign addresses at the time of the survey. Constant dollar adjustments based on the Consumer Price Index.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Recent College Graduates'' surveys and `` Baccalaureate and Beyond Longitudinal Study, First Follow up'' survey. ( This table was prepared July 1997). 458 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 391.   Participation of young adults in voluntary or community service activities, by selected characteristics: 1992 to 1994 Young adult characteristics Percent participating in voluntary or community service activity Percentage distribution of volunteer hours per week Any activity Sports teams or clubs Church activities Union, farm,

trade, or professional associations Educational organizations Youth organizations Political clubs Organized volunteer work 1 Other voluntary group None 2 Less than 2 hours 2 to 4 hours 4 to 6 hours 6 hours or more 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total ......................................... 37.2 7.2 11.8 1.8 6.0 10.3 3.0 10.4 7.3 62.7 15.2 7.9 5.8 8.3 Sex Male .......................................... 36.8 9.5 11.1 1.9 4.6 11.2 2.9 8.3 7.3 63.2 14.7 7.7 5.6 8.8 Female ...................................... 37.9 4.9 12.7 1.6 7.1 9.4 3.2 12.6 7.3 62.2 15.8 8.2 6.1 7.9 Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic .................. 38.5 7.5 11.3 2.0 5.8 10.3 3.1 11.6 7.8 61.5 17.1 8.0 5.5 7.9 Black, non Hispanic .................. 35.9 6.3 15.8 1.1 6.4 11.5 3.1 5.8 6.2 64.1 9.6 8.1 7.7 10.6 Hispanic .................................... 31.7 6.3 11.2 0.8 6.5 9.6 2.3 6.7 5.4 68.4 9.8 7.3 6.0 8.5 Asian ......................................... 35.8 5.7 10.5 1.4 7.1 8.1 3.4 13.0 8.4 64.2 14.9 8.7 4.3 8.0 American Indian ........................ 34.1 12.1 14.6 3.6 6.1 11.9 3.8 5.1 3.9 65.9 8.7 6.3 8.1 11.1 Socioeconomic status 3 Low ........................................... 26.4 5.0 10.4 0.9 4.0 7.4 1.5 5.9 5.0 73.6 8.2 5.8 4.5 7.9 Low middle ................................ 30.4 6.3 10.8 1.3 3.9 8.3 2.1 7.1 6.3 69.6 11.0 6.0 5.9 7.5 High middle ............................... 38.6 7.0 13.0 2.0 5.8 10.9 3.3 9.2 7.5 61.4 16.9 7.9 6.1 7.8 High ........................................... 51.1 9.2 14.7 2.7 9.7 14.2 4.9 18.0 10.3 48.9 24.6 11.4 5.9 9.2 1 E. g., hospital volunteer.

2 Not a volunteer.

3 Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income The `` low'' SES group is the lowest quartile. NOTE: Sample survey in 1994 based on people who were high school seniors in spring 1992. Respondents to the survey were asked about their voluntary participation in selected organizations over the previous 24 month period.

Some persons participated in more than one organization.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` National Education Longitudinal Study, Third Follow up.'' ( This table was prepared July 1995.) 459 OUTCOMES OF EDUCATION Table 392.   Literacy skills of adults, 16 years old and over, by selected characteristics: 1992 Selected characteristics Prose literacy 1 Document literacy 2 Quantitative literacy 3 Average score Percent of adults with proficiency at level Average score Percent of adults with proficiency at level Average score Percent of adults with proficiency at level 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Total ................................................ 272 21 27 32 17 3 267 23 28 31 15 3 271 22 25 31 17 4 Sex Male .................................................... 272 22 26 31 18 4 269 23 27 31 17 3 277 21 23 31 20 5 Female ............................................... 273 20 28 33 17 3 265 23 30 31 14 2 266 23 28 31 15 3 Age 16 to 18 years old .............................. 271 16 35 38 11 1 274 15 34 38 12 1 268 20 35 33 12 1 19 to 24 years old .............................. 280 14 29 37 18 2 280 14 29 37 18 2 277 16 28 37 16 2 25 to 39 years old .............................. 284 15 24 34 22 5 282 16 25 35 21 4 283 17 23 33 21 5 40 to 54 years old .............................. 286 15 23 34 22 5 278 17 27 33 19 3 286 16 22 33 23 6 55 to 64 years old .............................. 260 26 31 30 12 1 249 30 34 26 8 1 261 25 30 30 13 2 65 years old and older ....................... 230 44 32 19 5 1 217 53 32 13 2 ( 4) 227 45 26 20 7 2 Race/ ethnicity White .................................................. 286 14 25 36 21 4 280 16 27 34 19 3 287 14 24 35 21 5 Black ................................................... 237 38 37 21 4 ( 4) 230 43 36 18 3 ( 4) 224 46 34 17 3 ( 4)

Asian or Pacific Islander .................... 242 36 25 25 12 2 245 34 25 28 12 2 256 30 23 27 16 4 American Indian ................................. 254 25 39 28 7 1 254 27 37 29 7 ( 4) 250 33 32 28 7 1 Hispanic, Mexican .............................. 206 54 25 16 5 ( 4) 205 54 25 16 4 ( 4) 205 54 25 17 4 ( 4)

Hispanic, Cuban ................................. 211 53 24 17 6 1 212 48 30 16 4 2 223 46 20 25 6 3 Hispanic, Puerto Rican ...................... 218 47 32 17 3 ( 4) 215 49 29 18 3 ( 4) 212 51 28 17 3 1 Hispanic, Central/ South American ..... 207 56 22 17 4 ( 4) 206 53 25 16 4 ( 4) 203 53 25 18 4 ( 4)

Hispanic, other ................................... 260 25 27 33 13 2 254 28 26 32 12 2 246 31 25 31 11 1 Highest level of education Still in high school .............................. 271 16 36 37 11 ( 4) 274 15 35 38 12 1 269 19 35 32 12 1 0 to 8 years, not enrolled ................... 177 75 20 4 ( 4) ( 4) 170 79 18 3 ( 4) ( 4) 169 76 18 5 1 ( 4)

9 to 12 years, not enrolled ................. 231 42 38 17 2 ( 4) 227 46 37 15 2 ( 4) 227 45 34 17 3 ( 4)

GED .................................................... 268 14 39 39 7 ( 4) 264 17 42 34 7 ( 4) 268 16 38 35 10 1 High school diploma ........................... 270 16 36 37 10 1 264 20 38 33 9 1 270 18 33 37 12 1 Some college ..................................... 294 8 23 45 22 3 290 9 27 42 20 2 295 8 23 42 23 4 Associate degree ............................... 308 4 19 41 32 4 299 6 23 43 25 3 307 4 19 43 29 5 Bachelor's degree .............................. 322 4 11 35 40 10 314 4 15 37 36 8 322 4 12 35 38 12 Graduate studies/ degree .................... 336 2 7 28 47 16 326 3 10 34 41 12 334 2 9 30 42 17 Region Northeast ............................................ 270 22 28 31 16 3 264 24 29 30 14 2 267 24 25 31 16 4 Midwest .............................................. 279 16 28 35 18 3 274 19 30 33 16 2 280 17 26 34 19 4 South .................................................. 267 23 28 30 15 3 262 26 29 29 14 2 265 25 27 29 15 4 West ................................................... 276 20 23 33 21 4 271 22 24 32 18 3 276 20 22 32 20 5 Prison population .................................... 246 31 37 26 6 ( 4) 240 33 38 25 4 ( 4) 236 40 32 22 6 1 1 Prose literacy is the ability to understand and use information contained in various kinds of textual material. A level 1 task rated 0 to 225 requires the reader to locate a single piece of information in a short text. A level 2 task rated 226 to 275 requires the reader to locate a single piece of information in the text with several distractors or to make low level inferences. A level 3 task rated 276 to 325 requires the reader to make literal or synonymous matches between the text and information given in the task, or to make low level inferences. A level 4 task rated 326 to 375 requires the reader to perform multiple feature matches and to integrate or synthesize information from complex passages A level 5 task rated 376 to 500 requires the reader to search for information in dense text which contains a number of distractors.

2 Document literacy reflects the knowledge and skills used to process information from documents. A level 1 task rated 0 to 225 requires the reader to locate pieces of information based on a literal match. A level 2 task rated 226 to 275 requires the reader to match a single piece of information among several distractors. A level 3 task rated 276 to 325 requires the reader to integrate multiple pieces of information from one or more documents. A level 4 task rated 326 to 375 requires the performance of multiple feature matches, cycling through documents, and integrating information A level 5 task rated 376 to 500 requires the reader to search through complex displays that contain multiple distractors, to make high level text based inferences.

3 Quantitative literacy is the ability to perform numerical operations in everyday life. A level 1 task rated 0 to 225 requires the reader to perform a single, relatively simple, arithmetic operation. A level 2 task rated 226 to 275 requires the reader to perform a single operation using numbers that are either stated in the task or easily located in the material A level 3 task rated 276 to 325 requires the reader to use two or more numbers to solve the problem. A level 4 task rated 326 to 375 requires the reader to perform two or more sequential operations or a single operation in which the quantities are found in different types of displays. A level 5 task rated 376 to 500 requires the reader to perform multiple operations sequentially. They must extract the features of the problem from text or rely on background knowledge to determine the quantities or operations needed.

4 Less than .5 percent.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Adult Literacy Survey,

Adult Literacy in America, 1992, prepared by Educational Testing Service. ( This table was prepared February 1994.) 461 CHAPTER 6 International Comparisons of Education This chapter offers a broad perspective on education across the nations of the world. It also provides an international context for examining the condition of education in the United States. Insights into the educational practices and outcomes of the United States are obtained by comparing them with those of other countries. The National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES) carries out a variety of these activities to provide statistical data for international comparisons of education. In the early 1990s, the NCES expanded its role in collecting international data by serving as the national research center for the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement ( IEA) Reading Literacy Study. In addition, NCES has provided funding for international research studies comparing mathematics and science education, including the Third International Mathematics and Science Study ( TIMSS). NCES is also cooperating with international agencies in the compilation of statistics and the development of education indicators. Some of the data in this chapter were drawn from materials prepared by the United Nations Educational Scientific, and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO), the Institute of International Education, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD), and the International Assessment of Educational Progress ( IAEP). The basic summary data on enrollments, teachers, enrollment ratios, and finances were synthesized from information appearing in Education at a Glance published by OECD. Even though OECD tabulations are very carefully prepared, international data users should be cautioned about the many problems of definition and reporting involved in the collection of data about the educational systems in the world. This chapter provides information from TIMSS and TIMSS   R, carried out by the IEA. Data in 1995 were collected for the two adjacent grades containing the most 9 year olds ( Population 1) and the two adjacent grades containing the most 13 year olds ( Population 2). Data are reported for the higher grade for each population, which was 4th grade in most nations for Population 1 and 8th grade in most nations for Population 2. The mathematics and science performance of 4th grade students in 26 countries, and 8th grade students in 41 countries, was studied through assessments administered during 1994   95. The mathematics and science performance of students at the end of secondary schooling ( 12th grade in the United States) was also assessed at the same time in 21 countries. The 1999 Third International Mathematics and Science Study   Repeat ( TIMSS   R) is a successor to the 1995 TIMSS and focuses on the mathematics and science achievement of 8th grade students in participating nations. It provides a second data point in a regular cycle of international assessments of mathematics and science that are planned to chart trends in achievement over time. The role that the United States plays in the world of higher education is illuminated by data on foreign students enrolled in U. S. institutions of higher education The Institute of International Education provides estimates of the number of foreign students and their countries of origin. Further information on survey methodologies is in the `` Guide to Sources'' in the appendix and in the publications cited in the source notes.

Population The percent of young people in a population can influence the proportion of national income spent per student. Countries with a greater proportion of young people set aside larger proportions of domestic product for their education to have the same expenditure per student as a country with a lower proportion of young people. Among the OECD countries, Turkey had the largest percentage of young people ages 5 to 14   at 21 percent in 1999. The closest followers were Iceland ( 16), New Zealand ( 15), the United States ( 15), and Ireland ( 15). Countries with relatively small numbers of persons in this age group included Spain, Italy, and Japan at 10 percent ( table 393).

Enrollments In 1997, 1.2 billion students were enrolled in schools around the world. Of these students, 668 million were in elementary level programs, 398 million were in secondary programs, and 88 million were in higher education programs ( table 392). Between 1990 and 1997, enrollment changes varied from region to region. Elementary enrollment changes ranged from increases of 24 percent in Afri 462 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION ca and 12 percent in Central and South America to a 5 percent decrease in Europe. Enrollment increases at the secondary level outpaced increases at the primary ( elementary) level, especially in Africa ( 38 percent), Oceania ( 68 percent), Asia ( 31 percent and Central and South America ( 31 percent). Secondary level enrollment increased in Europe by 10 percent. Enrollment in Northern America ( defined in Unesco tabulations as including United States, Canada, and Greenland) rose by 15 percent ( table 395). At the postsecondary level, developing areas of the world had substantial increases in enrollment between 1990 and 1997. Postsecondary enrollment rose by 68 percent in Africa and by 49 percent in Asia. Postsecondary enrollment in Oceania increased by 99 percent, Central and South America increased by 30 percent, followed by Europe at 15 percent and Northern America at 3 percent. These increases are due to growth both in the proportion of the people attending postsecondary institutions and increases in the populations ( tables 395 and 396). Postsecondary enrollment varied among countries partially due to differing definitions of postsecondary education and at what age it begins. In 1999, among the OECD countries, Greece reported the highest proportion of 18 to 21 year olds enrolled in postsecondary education at 54 percent, followed by Korea ( 51 percent), Belgium ( 42 percent), the United States ( 36 percent), and France ( 35 percent). In the 22 to 25 age group, Finland's enrollment rate was highest at 35 percent, with Norway following at 28 percent, Denmark at 27 percent, Korea at 26 percent, and Sweden at 25 percent ( table 394). In 1999   2000, there were about 515,000 foreign students studying at U. S. colleges and universities. Approximately 54 percent of these students were from Asian countries ( table 416). Between 1990 and 1999, the proportion of students at U. S. colleges who were nonresident aliens, rose from 2.8 to 3.5 percent ( table 208).

Achievement The 1995 TIMSS assessed the mathematics and science performance of U. S. students in comparison to their peers in other nations at three different grade levels. The 1995 TIMSS assessments revealed that U. S. 4th graders performed well in both mathematics and science in comparison to students in other nations and U. S. 12th graders scored below the international average and among the lowest of the TIMSS nations in mathematics and science general knowledge ( tables 405, 406, 407, and 408). In 1999, U. S. 8th graders exceeded the international average of 38 nations in mathematics and science. In mathematics, U. S. 8th grade students outperformed their peers in 17 nations, performed similarly to their peers in 6 nations, and performed lower than their peers in 14 nations in 1999 ( table 399). In science, U. S. 8th grade students outperformed their peers in 18 nations, performed similarly to their peers in 5 nations, and performed lower than their peers in 14 nations in 1999 ( table 401).

Degrees Ratios of bachelor's degrees conferred per hundred persons at the typical year of graduation in 1999 ranged from 10 in Turkey and 11 in the Czech Republic and Mexico to 37 in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. The ratio for the United States was 33. In 1996, women had higher bachelor's degree ratios than men in 14 out of 19 countries reporting data ( table 411). The percentage of undergraduate degrees awarded in science fields ( including natural sciences, mathematics and computer science, and engineering) reported by OECD countries ranged from 13 to 37 percent for 1999. Korea, Germany, and Finland were over 30 percent, while Canada, Australia, Japan, New Zealand, the United States, Hungary, Poland, the Netherlands, Iceland, and Norway were 20 percent or less ( table 412). The proportion of graduate degrees awarded in science fields also ranged widely across countries in 1999. Among the countries with the highest proportions were Korea ( 48 percent), and Japan, Switzerland, and Sweden with 42 percent. Among the countries with the lowest proportions were Poland ( 3 percent), Italy ( 13 percent), Hungary ( 14 percent) and the United States ( 14 percent) ( table 413).

Finances In general, higher income countries spend more public funds per student than lower income countries. At the primary level of education, Denmark, Switzerland Austria, and the United States ranked at the upper end of public per pupil expenditures in 1998. For primary education per student, Denmark spent about $ 6,713 per student, Switzerland spent $ 6,470, Austria spent $ 6,065, and the United States spent $ 6,043 per student. At the secondary level, Switzerland Austria, the United States, Norway, and Denmark had expenditures over $ 7,000 per student. The governments of the United States, Switzerland, Canada and Sweden spent relatively large amounts per student in higher education. The United States spent $ 19,802, Switzerland spent $ 16,563, Canada spent $ 14,579, and Sweden spent $ 13,224 ( table 414). These expenditures were adjusted to U. S. dollars using the purchasing power parity ( PPP) Index. This index is considered more stable and comparable than using currency exchange rates. 463 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION A comparison of public expenditures on education as a percent of gross domestic product ( GDP) in OECD countries shows that national investment in education in 1998 ranged from 3.0 percent of GDP in Turkey to 5.1 percent in the United States to 8.3 percent in Denmark ( table 415).

28.5 67.5 49.5 15.2 30.0 2.6 17.0 27.5 18.1 3.1 17.0 11.4 0.0 20.0 40.0 60.0 80.0 Percent change Figure 28.   Percent change in enrollment, by area of the world and level of education: 1990 to 1997 Central and South America North America Europe Asia Africa World SOURCE: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris, Statistical Yearbook, various years. Elementary and secondary education Postsecondary education Area of the world 464 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION NOTE: Includes all government expenditures for education institutions .

NOTE: Includes graduates of any age. 27.0 29.3 33.9 24.9 16.0 26.0 16.0 29.0 33.9 27.2 20.5 36.8 33.2 Australia Canada Finland France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Norway Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States Country 0 10 20 30 40 Percentage of population Figure 30.   Bachelor's degree recipients as a percentage of the population of the theoretical age of graduation: Selected countries, 1999 4.8 5.0 5.7 6.0 4.6 4.5 4.9 3.5 4.2 7.2 7.7 5.7 4.5 8.0 5.5 4.9 5.1 Australia Belgium Canada France Germany Ireland Italy Japan Mexico New Zealand Norway Portugal Spain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom United States Country 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Percentage of GDP Figure 29.   Public direct expenditures for education as a percentage of the gross domestic product: Selected countries, 1998 SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Education at a Glance, 2001.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, unpublished data. 465 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Fourth grade ( in most nations) End of secondary education Average scores not significantly different from the United States Average scores significantly lower than the United States Singapore Korea Japan Hong Kong ( Netherlands) Czech Republic ( Austria)

( Slovenia) Ireland ( Hungary) ( Australia)

( Latvia) Scotland England Cyprus Norway New Zealand Greece ( Thailand) ( Netherlands) Sweden ( Denmark) Switzerland ( Iceland) ( Norway) ( France) New Zealand ( Australia) ( Canada) ( Austria) ( Slovenia) ( Germany) Hungary ( Italy) ( Russian Federation) ( Lithuania) Czech Republic ( Cyprus) ( South Africa)

Fourth grade ( in most nations) End of secondary education Average scores significantly higher than the United States Korea Japan ( Austria) ( Australia) ( Netherlands) Czech Republic England Canada Singapore ( Slovenia) Ireland Scotland Hong Kong ( Hungary) New Zealand Norway ( Latvia) ( Israel) Iceland Greece Portugal Cyprus ( Thailand) Iran, Islamic Republic ( Kuwait) Sweden ( Canada) ( Austria) ( Netherlands) New Zealand ( Slovenia) ( Iceland) ( Australia) ( Denmark) ( Norway) Switzerland ( Germany) ( France) Czech Republic ( Russian Federation)

( Cyprus) ( South Africa) Canada ( Israel)

( Italy) Hungary ( Lithuania) Portugal Iceland Iran, Islamic Republic ( Kuwait) Figure 31.   Average mathematics performance of other countries compared with the United States: 1995 Figure 32.   Average science performance of other countries compared with the United States: 1995 Average scores significantly higher than the United States Average scores not significantly different from the United States Average scores significantly lower than the United States SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Pursuing Excellence: A Study of U. S. Fourth Grade Mathematics and Science Achievement in International Context, 1997 and Pursuing Excellence: A Study of U. S. Twelfth Grade Mathematics and Science Achievement in International Context, 1998 . SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Pursuing Excellence: A Study of U. S. Fourth Grade Mathematics and Science Achievement in International Context, 1997 and Pursuing Excellence: A Study of U. S. Twelfth Grade Mathematics and Science Achievement in International Context, 1998 .

Average scores significantly higher than the United States Average scores significantly higher than the United States Average scores not significantly different from the United States Average scores not significantly different from the United States Average scores significantly lower than the United States Average scores significantly lower than the United States NOTE: Nations not meeting international guidelines are shown in parentheses. NOTE: Nations not meeting international guidelines are shown in parentheses. 466 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 393.   School age populations as a percent of total population: Selected countries, 1985 to 1999 Country 5 to 14 year olds as a percent of total population 15 to 19 year olds as a percent of total population 1985 1 1990 1 1995 1 1996 1998 1999 1985 2 1990 2 1995 2 1996 1998 1999 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Australia ............................ 14.5 13.1 12.9 14.0 14.0 14.0 6.6 6.4 5.6 7.0 7.0 7.0 Belgium ............................. 11.4 10.9 10.7 12.0 12.0 12.0 5.8 5.1 4.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 Canada .............................. 12.8 12.4 12.2 13.0 14.0 14.0 6.1 5.5 5.4 7.0 7.0 7.0 Czech Republic .................     11.6 13.0 13.0 12.0     6.5 8.0 8.0 7.0 Denmark ............................ 12.0 10.1 9.7 11.0 11.0 12.0 5.8 5.7 4.7 6.0 6.0 5.0 Finland .............................. 11.5 11.8 11.4 13.0 13.0 13.0 5.6 4.9 5.1 6.0 6.0 6.0 France ............................... 12.8 12.1 12.0 13.0 13.0 13.0 6.2 5.8 5.3 7.0 7.0 7.0 Germany 3 ......................... 9.1 8.7 10.0 11.0 11.0 11.0 6.1 4.1 4.3 5.0 6.0 6.0 Greece ..............................     10.7 12.0 11.0 11.0   5.5 5.8 7.0 7.0 7.0 Iceland ............................... 15.7 15.0 14.3 16.0 16.0 16.0 6.7 6.8 6.4 8.0 8.0 8.0 Ireland ............................... 17.9 17.5 15.2 17.0 16.0 15.0 7.7 8.0 7.8 9.0 9.0 9.0 Italy .................................... 12.7 10.3 9.1 10.0 10.0 10.0 6.5 6.0 4.8 6.0 6.0 5.0 Japan ................................ 14.0 11.8 10.2 11.0 11.0 10.0 6.2 6.5 5.4 7.0 6.0 6.0 Korea .................................     14.5 15.0 14.0 14.0     7.1 9.0 9.0 8.0 Luxembourg ...................... 10.2 10.1 10.5 12.0 12.0 12.0 5.5 4.4 4.4 5.0 6.0 6.0 Netherlands ....................... 12.0 10.7 10.8 12.0 12.0 12.0 6.8 5.4 4.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 New Zealand ..................... 15.3 13.5 13.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 7.5 6.7 5.7 7.0 7.0 7.0 Norway .............................. 12.5 11.0 11.2 13.0 13.0 13.0 6.4 5.8 4.9 6.0 6.0 6.0 Portugal ............................. 15.3 14.3 10.9 12.0 12.0 11.0 6.9 6.8 6.1 8.0 7.0 7.0 Russian Federation ...........     14.3 16.0   14.0     5.8 7.0   8.0 Spain ................................. 15.0 12.9 10.2 11.0 11.0 10.0 6.8 6.8 6.2 8.0 7.0 7.0 Sweden ............................. 11.3 10.2 10.8 12.0 13.0 13.0 5.4 5.2 4.6 6.0 6.0 6.0 Switzerland ........................ 10.6 10.1 10.4 12.0 12.0 12.0 5.8 4.8 4.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 Turkey ............................... 20.6 20.6 19.7 20.0 21.0 21.0 8.7 8.9 8.8 11.0 11.0 11.0 United Kingdom ................ 11.4 11.1 11.6 13.0 13.0 13.0 6.3 5.2 4.8 6.0 6.0 6.0 United States .................... 12.6 12.8 13.0 15.0 14.0 15.0 6.2 5.4 5.5 7.0 7.0 7.0   Not available.

1 Data are for the 5 to 13 year old population.

2 Data are for the 14 to 17 year old population. 3 Data for 1985 are for the former West Germany.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Education at a Glance, various years; and unpublished data. ( This table was prepared June 2001.)

Table 394.   Percent of population enrolled in secondary and postsecondary institutions, by age group: Selected countries, 1985, 1990, and 1999 Country Secondary schools, 16 years old 1 Secondary schools, 17 years old 1 Postsecondary institutions 1999 1999 18 to 21 years old 22 to 25 years old 26 to 29 years old 1985 1990 1999 1985 1990 1999 1985 1990 1999 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Australia ............................... 92.0 78.2     30.7     15.0     8.0 Austria .................................. 91.9 75.9     15.1     20.3     11.8 Belgium 2 .............................. 95.0 92.7 24.5   41.7 7.2   14.7 1.5   3.0 Canada ................................ 93.4 75.1     27.3     17.9     6.7 Czech Republic ................... 99.8 83.3     17.1     11.5     4.2 Denmark .............................. 92.8 81.6 7.4 7.4 8.3 16.3 17.9 26.6 8.2 9.3 14.8 Finland ................................. 93.6 95.8 9.3 13.6 22.8 17.3 20.7 35.1 7.9 10.2 18.3 France .................................. 95.3 88.8 19.3 24.6 35.4 10.0 11.8 20.5 4.3 3.9 5.1 Germany 3 ............................ 96.7 91.7 8.8 8.5 11.1   15.9 18.7 8.9 10.3 10.8 Greece ................................. 92.3 65.5     54.1     7.2     2.2 Hungary ............................... 92.8 87.0     19.7     13.7     5.2 Iceland ................................. 89.7 76.7     7.3     21.3     9.2 Ireland .................................. 91.5 72.0   20.5 32.7     11.5     2.9 Italy ...................................... 78.7 73.3     22.1     20.5     7.0 Japan ................................... 95.1 93.6                   Korea, Republic of ............... 97.7 92.9     51.4     26.2     5.8 Mexico ................................. 43.0 32.0     12.4     7.6     1.0 Netherlands ......................... 107.3 91.0 14.4 17.9 26.3 11.9 13.4 19.9 5.7 4.7 4.9 New Zealand ....................... 89.4 71.3   20.7 29.2   14.8 14.4     7.6 Norway ................................. 94.2 92.7 8.6 13.5 19.2 13.9 17.4 28.0 6.2 7.5 11.7 Poland .................................. 89.7 88.9     21.2     20.5     5.3 Portugal ............................... 82.7 80.3 5.9   24.7 5.4   17.5 2.3   6.5 Spain .................................... 85.4 74.7 15.0 21.3 32.1 10.7 13.5 23.5 4.0 4.5 7.7 Sweden ................................ 96.8 96.6 7.8 8.7 15.7 11.3 11.4 24.6 6.5 6.1 12.5 Switzerland .......................... 90.5 84.1 5.7 6.4 9.7 10.6 12.1 17.1 5.2 6.4 9.1 Turkey .................................. 37.2 21.9   7.3 13.6   4.3 9.0   2.2 4.5 United Kingdom ................... 84.5 71.1 15.0 16.1 29.3 7.4 10.6 12.0     6.4 United States 4 ..................... 88.5 81.0 33.2 35.6 35.9 14.6 17.3 18.5 8.2 8.6 10.9   Not available.

1 Includes full time and part time enrollment.

2 Data for Flemish Belgium only.

3 Data for 1985 are for the former West Germany.

4 Postsecondary includes higher education only. NOTE: Some increases in enrollment rates may be due to more complete reporting by countries.

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Education at a Glance, various years; and unpublished data. ( This table was prepared August 2001.) 467 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 395.   Estimated population, school enrollment, and teachers in major areas of the world: 1980 to 1997 Item World total 1 Major areas of the world Africa 2 Asia 3 Europe 4 Central and South America 5 Northern America 5 Oceania 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1980 Population, all ages, 7 in thousands .................................................................... 4,447,090 475,714 2,641,312 693,075 359,307 255,109 22,573 Enrollment, all levels, in thousands .................................................................... 856,971 78,036 495,155 131,633 87,291 60,041 4,815 First ( primary) level 8 ...................................................................................... 541,556 62,134 336,174 52,471 65,414 22,611 2,752 Second level 9 ................................................................................................. 264,379 14,360 144,755 62,734 16,969 23,913 1,647 Third level 10 ................................................................................................... 51,037 1,542 14,227 16,428 4,908 13,516 416 Teachers, all levels, in thousands ...................................................................... 38,285 2,338 19,641 8,225 3,730 4,079 272 First ( primary) level 8 ...................................................................................... 19,044 1,661 10,874 2,541 2,260 1,580 129 Second level 9 ................................................................................................. 15,398 584 7,554 4,387 1,083 1,679 112 Third level 10 ................................................................................................... 3,843 94 1,213 1,297 387 820 31 Public expenditures on education, in millions of U. S. dollars ............................ $ 516,400 $ 22,900 $ 93,800 $ 200,600 $ 33,500 $ 155,100 $ 10,400 As a percent of gross national product ............................................................... 4.8 5.3 4.0 11 5.1 3.8 5.2 5.6 1990 Population, all ages, 7 in thousands .................................................................... 5,281,986 629,389 3,184,342 722,109 437,822 282,020 26,304 Enrollment, all levels, in thousands .................................................................... 980,474 107,871 569,179 131,255 104,968 62,007 5,194 First ( primary) level 8 ...................................................................................... 596,853 80,640 364,213 48,968 75,505 24,810 2,717 Second level 9 ................................................................................................. 315,008 24,378 181,652 63,366 22,194 21,569 1,849 Third level 10 ................................................................................................... 68,613 2,853 23,314 18,922 7,269 15,628 628 Teachers, all levels, in thousands ...................................................................... 47,105 3,791 24,455 9,398 5,131 4,000 330 First ( primary) level 8 ...................................................................................... 22,626 2,390 12,692 2,812 3,006 1,582 143 Second level 9 ................................................................................................. 19,380 1,241 9,947 5,076 1,520 1,449 146 Third level 10 ................................................................................................... 5,100 160 1,816 1,509 605 969 41 Public expenditures on education, in millions of U. S. dollars ............................ $ 986,500 $ 25,700 $ 199,800 $ 367,500 $ 44,600 $ 330,300 $ 18,600 As a percent of gross national product ............................................................... 4.8 5.6 3.7 11 5.1 4.1 5.4 5.6 1995 Population, all ages, 7 in thousands .................................................................... 5,686,775 719,497 3,437,791 728,034 476,641 296,644 28,168 Enrollment, all levels, in thousands .................................................................... 1,105,367 130,308 646,855 137,836 116,672 66,511 7,186 First ( primary) level 8 ...................................................................................... 650,876 95,667 395,725 47,367 82,490 26,500 3,127 Second level 9 ................................................................................................. 373,200 30,698 220,333 69,453 25,841 23,984 2,891 Third level 10 ................................................................................................... 81,291 3,944 30,796 21,016 8,342 16,026 1,167 Teachers, all levels, in thousands ...................................................................... 52,081 4,474 26,977 10,104 5,816 4,269 439 First ( primary) level 8 ...................................................................................... 24,340 2,802 13,515 2,848 3,366 1,649 161 Second level 9 ................................................................................................. 21,759 1,468 11,283 5,561 1,703 1,528 217 Third level 10 ................................................................................................... 5,981 205 2,180 1,696 747 1,092 61 1996 Population, all ages, 7 in thousands .................................................................... 5,767,443 738,740 3,488,028 728,561 484,309 299,250 28,555 Enrollment, all levels, in thousands .................................................................... 1,130,667 134,843 663,394 137,522 120,429 67,122 7,357 First ( primary) level 8 ...................................................................................... 659,106 98,356 400,405 46,866 83,596 26,736 3,147 Second level 9 ................................................................................................. 386,386 32,127 229,981 69,103 27,815 24,355 3,005 Third level 10 ................................................................................................... 85,175 4,360 33,008 21,554 9,018 16,031 1,204 Teachers, all levels, in thousands ...................................................................... 53,081 4,642 27,596 10,107 5,983 4,305 447 First ( primary) level 8 ...................................................................................... 24,622 2,881 13,630 2,842 3,446 1,661 162 Second level 9 ................................................................................................. 22,375 1,538 11,719 5,556 1,785 1,552 224 Third level 10 ................................................................................................... 6,084 223 2,247 1,709 752 1,093 61 1997 Population, all ages, 7 in thousands ....................................................................               Enrollment, all levels, in thousands .................................................................... 1,154,721 138,714 679,366 137,645 123,778 67,689 7,528 First ( primary) level 8 ...................................................................................... 668,450 100,226 406,661 46,304 85,177 26,906 3,176 Second level 9 ................................................................................................. 398,116 33,708 237,861 69,547 29,153 24,746 3,101 Third level 10 ................................................................................................... 88,156 4,780 34,844 21,794 9,448 16,038 1,251 Teachers, all levels, in thousands ...................................................................... 54,120 4,754 28,288 10,141 6,138 4,342 456 First ( primary) level 8 ...................................................................................... 24,818 2,927 13,763 2,814 3,474 1,674 165 Second level 9 ................................................................................................. 23,017 1,585 12,185 5,568 1,874 1,577 228 Third level 10 ................................................................................................... 6,284 242 2,339 1,759 789 1,092 62   Not available. 1 Enrollment and teacher data exclude the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. 2 Excludes Rodrigues and other small islands. 3 Includes 5 countries of the former U. S. S. R., the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Arab states, and both the Asian and the European portions of Turkey. 4 Includes all countries of the former U. S. S. R. except Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Takjikistan, and Turkmenistan. 5 Northern America includes Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, St. Pierre and Miquelon, and the United States of America. Hawaii is included in Northern America rather than Oceania. Central and South America includes Latin America and the Caribbean. 6 Includes American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Niue, Norfolk Island, Pacific Islands, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, and the Republic of Vanuatu. 7 Estimate of midyear population.

8 First level enrollment generally consists of elementary school, grades 1   6.

9 Second level enrollment includes general education, teacher training ( at the second level), and technical and vocational education. This level generally corresponds to secondary education in the United States, grades 7   12.

10 Third level enrollment includes college and university enrollment, and technical and vocational education beyond the high school level. There is considerable variation in reporting from country to country.

11 This figure is for Europe, not including the former U. S. S. R.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Paris, 1999 Statistical Yearbook. ( This table was prepared July 2000.) 468 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 396.   Selected statistics for countries with populations over 10 million, by continent: 1980, 1990, and 1997 Country 1 Population in millions Persons per square kilometer in 1997 First level 2 1980 1990 1997 Enrollment in thousands Enrollment ratio 5 1980 1990 1997 1980 1990 1997 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 World total 6 ................................................................... 4,447.1 5,282.0 5,817.2 45 541,556 596,853 668,450 96 99 102 Africa Algeria 7 ............................................................................... 18.7 24.9 29.3 12 3,119 4,189 8 4,675 94 100 8 107 Angola ................................................................................. 7.0 9.2 11.7 9 1,301 10 990   175 92   Burkina Faso ....................................................................... 6.9 9.1 10.5 38 202 504 9 701 17 33 9 40 Cameroon ........................................................................... 8.7 11.5 13.9 30 1,379 1,964 8 1,921 98 101 8 85 Cote d'Ivoire ........................................................................ 8.2 11.7 14.2 45 1,025 1,415 8 1,736 75 67 8 71 Democratic Rep of the Congo ............................................ 27.0 37.4 46.7 21 4,196 4,562 10 5,418 92 70 10 72 Egypt 7 ................................................................................. 43.7 56.3 60.4 61 4,663 6,964 7,499 73 94 101 Ethiopia ............................................................................... 36.4 48.1 59.8 60 2,131 2,466 8 4,008 37 33 8 43 Ghana 7 ............................................................................... 10.8 15.0 18.0 79 12 1,378 1,945 10 2,155 79 75 10 79 Kenya 7 ................................................................................ 16.6 23.5 28.6 50 3,927 5,392 9,15 5,545 115 95 9 85 Madagascar ........................................................................ 9.1 12.6 14.2 24 1,724 1,571 9 1,638 130 103 9 92 Malawi ................................................................................. 6.2 9.3 10.3 109 810 1,401 9 2,887 60 68 9 134 Mali ..................................................................................... 6.9 7.9 10.3 8 291 395 863 26 26 49 Morocco 7 ............................................................................ 19.4 24.0 27.3 61 2,172 2,484 8 3,161 83 67 8 86 Mozambique 7 ..................................................................... 12.1 14.2 16.6 21 19 1,387 1,260 9 1,415   67 9 60 Nigeria 8 .............................................................................. 72.0 96.2 117.7 129 12,117 13,607 10 16,191 109 91 10 98 South Africa ........................................................................ 29.2 37.1 40.7 33 15 4,353 6,952 9 8,159 90 122 9 133 Sudan 7 ............................................................................... 18.7 24.1 27.7 12 1,464 2,043 8 3,000 50 53 8 51 Uganda ............................................................................... 13.1 16.6 20.3 102 23 1,292 15,23 2,470 9 2,912 50 74 9 74 United Republic of Tanzania .............................................. 18.6 25.5 31.3 35 3,368 3,379 4,058 93 70 66 Zimbabwe ........................................................................... 7.1 9.9 11.5 30 1,235 2,116 2,511 85 116 112 Asia Afghanistan 7 ....................................................................... 16.1 14.8 24.1 37 1,116 623 9 1,312 34 27 9 49 Bangladesh ......................................................................... 88.2 109.8 123.6 950 8,240 11,940   61 72   Cambodia ............................................................................ 6.5 8.7 11.2 64 1,328 1,330 2,012   121 113 China ................................................................................... 998.9 1,155.3 1,227.2 132 146,270 122,414 139,954 113 125 123 Hong Kong .......................................................................... 5.0 5.7 6.5 6568 540 525 9 468 107 102 9 94 India .................................................................................... 688.9 850.8 962.4 324 73,873 99,118 8 110,390 83 97 8 100 Indonesia ............................................................................ 151.0 182.8 200.4 111 25,537 29,754 8 29,236 107 115 8 113 Iran, Islamic Republic of ..................................................... 39.3 59.2 60.9 38 4,799 9,370 8 9,238 26 98 112 8 98 Iraq ...................................................................................... 13.0 18.1 21.9 50 2,616 3,328 9 2,904 113 111 9 85 Japan .................................................................................. 116.8 123.5 126.1 335 11,827 9,373 7,855 101 100 101 Kazakhstan ......................................................................... 14.9 16.7 15.8 6 1,064 1,197 8 1,342 84 87 8 98 Korea, North ( DPR) ............................................................ 17.7 20.4 22.9 190             Korea, South ( Republic of) ................................................. 38.1 42.9 46.0 466 5,658 4,869 3,794 110 105 94 Malaysia .............................................................................. 13.8 17.9 21.7 66 2,009 2,456 15 2,841 93 94 101 Myanmar ............................................................................. 33.8 41.4 43.9 67 4,148 5,385 9 5,414 91 106 9 121 Nepal 7 ................................................................................ 14.5 18.8 22.3 156 1,068 2,789 8 3,448 86 108 8 113 Pakistan .............................................................................. 85.3 119.1 128.5 167 28 5,474 28 11,451   40 61   Philippines ........................................................................... 48.3 60.8 73.5 247 12 8,034 10,427 12,159 112 111 117 Saudi Arabia ....................................................................... 9.6 16.0 20.1 9 927 1,877 8 2,256 61 73 8 76 Sri Lanka 7 .......................................................................... 14.8 17.1 18.6 287 2,081 2,112 8 1,844 103 106 8 109 Syrian Arab Republic .......................................................... 8.7 12.4 14.9 81 1,556 2,452 8 2,690 100 108 8 101 Thailand .............................................................................. 46.7 55.6 60.6 119 7,393 6,957 5,928 99 99 8 87 Turkey ................................................................................. 44.4 56.1 62.5 81 5,656 6,862 8 6,389 96 99 8 107 Uzbekistan .......................................................................... 16.0 20.5 23.7 57 1,391 1,778 10 1,906 81 81 10 78 Viet Nam ............................................................................. 53.7 66.7 75.5 232 7,887 8,862 10,431 109 103 113 Yemen ................................................................................. 8.2 11.6 16.1 31   21 2,679 8 2,700   21 79 8 70 Europe Belarus 7 .............................................................................. 9.7 10.3 10.3 49 750 615 8 625 104 95 8 98 Belgium ............................................................................... 9.9 10.0 10.2 310 842 719 9 743 104 101 9 103 Czech Republic ................................................................... 10.3 10.3 10.3 133 647 546 9 542 96 96 9 104 France ................................................................................. 53.9 56.7 58.6 107 4,610 4,149 9 4,005 111 108 8 105 Germany 31 ......................................................................... 78.3 79.4 82.1 235 3,636 3,431 8 3,859   101 8 104 Greece ................................................................................ 9.6 10.2 10.5 81 901 813 8 652 103 98 8 93 Hungary 7 ............................................................................ 10.7 10.4 10.2 110 1,162 1,131 9 507 96 95 9 103 Italy 7 ................................................................................... 56.4 57.0 57.5 196 4,423 3,056 8 2,810 100 103 8 101 Netherlands 7 ...................................................................... 14.1 15.0 15.6 460 1,333 1,082 8 1,231 100 102 8 108 Poland 7 ............................................................................... 35.6 38.1 38.7 127 4,167 5,189 9 5,021 100 98 9 96 Romania 7 ........................................................................... 22.2 23.2 22.6 98 3,308 1,253 8 1,405 104 91 8 103 Russian Federation ............................................................. 138.7 148.3 147.3 9 6,009 7,596 10 7,849 102 109 10 107 Spain 7 ................................................................................. 37.5 39.3 39.3 79 3,610 2,820 15 2,610 109 109 8 109 Ukraine 7 ............................................................................. 50.0 51.9 50.7 88 3,592 3,991 21 2,659 102 89 21 87 United Kingdom 7 ................................................................ 56.3 57.6 59.0 244 4,911 4,533 8 5,328 103 104 8 116 Yugoslavia, Federal Republic 7 ........................................... 9.5 10.2 10.6 104   32 467 8 438   72 8 69 North America Canada ............................................................................... 24.6 27.8 30.0 3 2,185 2,376 9 2,448 99 103 9 102 Cuba ................................................................................... 9.7 10.6 11.1 101 1,469 888 8 1,095 106 98 8 106 Guatemala .......................................................................... 6.9 9.2 10.5 97 803 1,165 1,545 71 78 88 Mexico ................................................................................. 67.6 83.2 94.3 49 14,666 14,402 8 14,651 120 114 8 114 United States ...................................................................... 230.4 254.1 267.7 29 20,420 22,429 9 24,046 99 102 9 102 South America Argentina ............................................................................. 28.1 32.5 35.7 13 3,917 4,965 5,153 106 106 8 113 Brazil ................................................................................... 121.7 148.0 163.7 19 22,598 28,944 34,229 98 106 125 Chile .................................................................................... 11.1 13.1 14.6 20 2,185 1,991 8 2,242 109 100 8 101 Colombia ............................................................................. 26.5 32.6 40.0 39 4,168 4,247 8,15 4,917 112 102 8 113 Ecuador ............................................................................... 8.0 10.3 11.9 43 1,534 1,846 8,32 1,888 117 116 8 127 Peru .................................................................................... 17.3 21.6 24.4 19 3,161 3,855 4,163 114 118 123 Venezuela ........................................................................... 15.1 19.5 22.8 26 3,158 4,053 8 4,262 93 96 8 91 Oceania Australia 7 ............................................................................ 14.6 16.9 18.5 2 1,718 1,583 1,856 112 108 101   Not available. 1 Selection based on total population for midyear 1997. 2 First level enrollment generally consists of elementary school, grades 1   6. 3 Second level enrollment includes general education, teacher training ( at the second level), and technical and vocational education. This level generally corresponds to secondary education in the United States, grades 7   12. 4 Third level enrollment includes college and university enrollment, and technical and vocational education beyond the high school level. There is considerable variation in reporting from country to country. 5 Data represent the total enrollment of all ages in the school level divided by the population of the specific age groups that correspond to the school level. Adjustments have been made for the varying lengths of first and second level programs. Ratios may exceed 100 because some countries have many students from outside the normal age range. 6 Enrollment totals and ratios exclude Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Data do not include adult education or special education provided outside regular schools. 7 Classification or data coverage of levels have been revised. Data by level may not be comparable over time.

8 Data for 1996   97.

9 Data for 1995   96.

10 Data for 1994   95.

11 Data for 1991   92.

12 Excludes private institutions.

13 Data refer to universities and exclude Al Azhar.

14 Excludes non university institutions ( such as teacher training colleges and technical colleges) and excludes distance learning universities.

15 Estimated. 469 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 396.   Selected statistics for countries with populations over 10 million, by continent: 1980, 1990, and 1997   Continued Second level 3 Third level 4 Age for compulsory attendance Enrollment in thousands Enrollment ratio 5 Enrollment in thousands Enrollment ratio 5 1980 1990 1997 1980 1990 1997 1980 1990 1997 1980 1990 1997 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 264,379 315,008 398,116 47 52 60 51,037 68,613 88,156 12 14 17   1,029 2,176 8 2,618 33 61 8 63 79 286 9 347 6 11 9 12 6   15 191 186   21 12   2 7   0.4 1   7   15 28 99   3 7   2 5 8 9 0.3 1 81   234 500   18 28 10 27 12 33   2 3   6   12 198 361 8 534 19 22 25 20 11 30 10 52 3     7   13 862 11 1,097 10 1,514 24 11 21 10 26 28 80 10 93 1 2 102   2,929 5,507 8 6,727 50 76 78 716 12,13 628 12,13 850 16 16 9 20 6   14 426 866 9 819 9 14 8 12 14 34 8 42 0.4 1 8 1 7   13 693     41 36   8 14 10   2 1   6   14 428 16 618 9,15 632 20 24 9 24 13 14 35   1 2   6   14   16 323 16 302   18 9 16 23 36 27 3 3 9 2 6   13 26 61 9 142 5 8 9 17 3 5 96 1 1 91     84 188 8 7 13 174 5 14 1 1 1   8 797 1,194 8 1,442 26 35 8 39 112 256 8 312 6 11 8 11 7   16 16 90 160 9 185 5 8 9 7 15 1 20 5 87 1 3 8 1 7   14 1,865 2,908 10 4,451 18 25 10 33 150 14,21 208   3 20,21 4   6   12   2,742 10 3,571   74 9 95   22 439 10 618   13 9 19 7   16 384 732 8 406 16 24 8 21 29 14 60   2 3   6   13 16,2373 16,23 245 16,23 256 5 13 9 12 6 18 8,24 35 1 1 82   79 167 235 3 5 6   11 7 18 0.3 0.3 1 7   14 75 661 806 8 50 50 8 49 8,12 47 1 5 8 7 7   15 137 182 9 513 10 9 8 22   24     2   7   13 2,659 3,593   18 19   240 434   3 4   5   10 16 18 264 313   32 24 1 7 9   1 1   56,778 52,386 71,883 46 49 70 1,663 3,822 6,075 2 3 6 7   15 469 16,25 431 9 474 64 80 9 73 14 12 11 85 21 97 10 11 19 21 22   32,748 16 54,180 8 68,872 30 44 8 49 3,545 4,951 8 6,060 5 6 8 7 6   14 5,722 10,965 8 14,210 29 44 8 56 543 11 1,773 9 2,303 4 9 8 11 7   15 2,718 5,085 8 8,777 26 45 55 8 77 12,26 184 12 312 8,12 579 265 10 8 18 6   11 1,033 16 1,024 9 1,160 57 47 9 42 107 26 170   9 26 12   6   12 9,558 11,026 10 9,879 93 97 9 103 2,412 11 2,899 10 3,918 31 30 10 41 6   15 1,996 2,144 8 1,921 93 98 8 87 525 537 10 483 34 40 9 33 6   17                         5   15 4,286 4,560 8 4,662 78 90 8 102 648 1,691 8 2,542 15 39 68 6   15 1,084 1,456 12 1,795 48 56 64 58 121 9 211 4 7 9 12   1,066 1,281 16 1,923 22 23 10 30 163 11 196 10,27 245 5 4 10 5 5   10 512 709 8 1,121 22 33 8 42 12 34 94 8 106 3 5 8 5 6   11 2,166 4,345   14 23   26 268     262 3     2,929 4,034 4,980 64 73 78 1,276 1,709 9 2,022 24 28 9 29 6   12 349 893 8 1,543 29 44 8 61 62 154 8 274 7 12 8 16   1,267 2,082 9 2,314 55 74 9 75 26 59 11,29 55 9,29 64 3 5 9 5 5   15 604 914 8 958 46 52 8 42 140 222 10 216 17 18 10 16 6   12 1,920 2,230 4,097 29 30 8 56 17 911 20 1,156 1,522 15 20 19 8 22 7   15 2,218 3,808 8 4,761 35 47 8 58 246 750 8 1,434 5 13 8 21 6   14 2,879 3,195 10 3,319 105 99 10 94 516 603   28 30     16 3,847 6 3,236 16 6,642 42 32 57 115 130 8 509 2 2 8 7 6   11   21 212 8 354   21 23 8 34   11 53 8 66   11 4 8 4 6   15 760 968 8 1,065 98 93 8 93 340 335 8 329 39 48 8 44 6   15 836 769 9 1,059 91 103 9 146 196 276 9 358 26 40 9 56 6   18 26 1,161 1,268 9 1,191 99 91 9 99 30 118 30 118 8 207 17 16 8 24 6   15 5,014 5,522 8 5,980 85 99 8 111 1,077 1,699 8 2,062 25 40 8 51 6   16 8,457 7,398 8 8,382   98 8 104 1,624 2,049 8 2,132 27 34 8 47 6   18 740 851 8 818 81 93 8 95 121 283 8 363 17 36 8 47 6   15 357 514 9 1,112 70 79 9 98 101 102 9 195 14 14 9 24 6   16 5,308 5,118 8 4,602 72 83 8 95 1,118 1,452 8 1,893 27 32 8 47 6   14 1,391 1,402 8 1,416 93 120 8 132 360 479 8 469 29 40 8 47 5   18 1,674 1,888 9 2,539 77 81 9 98 589 545 9 720 18 22 9 25 7   15 1,148 2,838 8 2,212 94 92 8 78 193 193 8 412 12 10 8 23 7   14 12,991 13,956 21 13,732 96 93 21 87 5,700 5,100 10 4,458 46 52 10 43 6   15 3,977 4,755 8 3,852 87 104 8 120 698 1,222 8 1,684 23 37 8 51 6   16 3,406 3,408 21 4,731 94 93 21 91 1,684 1,652 9 1,541 42 47 9 42 6   15 5,342 4,336 8 6,549 83 85 8 129 827 1,258 9 1,821 19 30 8 52 5   16   788 8 815   63 8 62   11 133 8 172   11 18 8 22 7   15 2,323 2,292 9 2,505 88 101 9 105 33 1,173 1,917 9 1,763 57 95 9 88 6   16 1,146 1,002 8 713 81 89 8 81 152 242 8 112 17 21 8 12 6   16 172 11 295 385 19 11 23 26 51 20 70 9 80 8 20 8 9 8 7   14 4,742 6,704 8 7,914 49 53 8 64 930 1,311 8 1,612 14 15 8 16 6   14 21,585 19,270 9 21,474 91 93 9 97 12,097 13,710 9 14,262 56 75 9 81 6   16 1,327 2,160 8 2,594 56 71 8 77 491 11 1,008 10 1,070 22 11 38 10 36 6   14 2,819 3,499 6,405 33 38 62 1,409 34 1,540 8,34 1,869 11 11 8 15 7   14 538 720 8 739 53 73 8 75 145 11 262 381 12 11 21 31 6   13 1,733 11 2,378 8 3,318 39 50 8 67 272 487 8 644 9 13 8 17 6   12 592 16,35 786   53 55 10 50 270 207   35 20   5   15 1,203 1,698 1,970 59 67 72 306 678 658 17 30 26 6   12 222 281 8 378 21 35 8 40 307 550   21 29   6   15 1,100 1,278 2,368 71 82 153 36 324 36 485 1,042 25 36 80 6   15 16 General education enrollment only. Excludes teacher training and vocational education enrollments. 17 Data for 1981   82 18 Does not include professional schools. 19 Includes initiation classes where students learn Portuguese. 20 Data for 1992   93. 21 Data for 1993   94. 22 Not including the former Independent States of Transke, Bophuthatswana, Venda, and Ciskei. 23 Data refer to government aided and maintained schools only. 24 Not including private non university institutions. 25 Day schools only. 26 Data for 1985   86 27 Does not include medical science. 28 Includes preprimary education. 29 Excludes some non university institutions. 30 Includes full time students only.

31 Data include both former East and West Germany.

32 Data refer to the end of school year.

33 Not including part time students at community colleges.

34 Not including ISCED level 7.

35 Including vocational education.

36 Data do not include Vocational Education and Training Institutes ( VETS).

NOTE: Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO), Paris, Statistical Yearbook, 1999; World Bank, World Development Indicators 2000. ( This table was prepared September 2000.) 470 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 397.   Pupils per teacher in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by level of education: Selected countries, 1985 to 1999 Country Elementary Junior high schools ( lower secondary) Senior high schools ( upper secondary)

1985 1990 1994 1996 1998 1999 1985 1990 1994 1996 1998 1999 1985 1990 1994 1996 1998 1999 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Australia .................... 1 13.8   18.5 18.1 17.9 17.3         14.7 2 13.7 3.2       16.8 2 10.8 Austria ....................... 11.3 11.6 11.9 12.7 12.7 14.5 9.2 7.7 8.3 9.2 9.3 9.6 15.2 12.4 7.8 8.5 9.7 10.0 Belgium .....................     13.3   14.0 13.9                         Canada ..................... 18.1 17.1 16.5 17.0 21.0 18.7 16.0 15.5 19.1 20.0 21.0 18.7 16.0 15.3 19.1 19.5 23.1 20.0 Denmark ................... 12.7 11.2 11.0 11.2   10.6 10.2 9.3 9.0 10.1   11.6 14.8 13.3 9.1 12.1   13.2 France .......................     19.6 19.5   19.6           12.9           12.7 Germany 3 ................. 20.7 20.3 20.5 20.9 21.6 21.0 16.9 14.6 15.7 16.0 16.3 16.4 23.7 21.0 12.0 13.1 13.6 12.4 Ireland .......................     24.3 22.6 22.6 21.6             7.2 8.3         Italy ........................... 12.8 10.7 10.2 11.2   11.3 9.6 8.5 8.0 10.8   10.3 10.8 10.7 8.9 9.8   10.2 Japan ........................   1 20.8 19.2 19.7 21.4 21.2   18.6 16.2 16.2 17.3 17.1   16.2 15.8 15.6 14.4 14.1 Netherlands ............... 20.2 19.2 22.4 20.0 17.8 16.6 12.7 12.4 16.9           16.5       New Zealand ............. 20.1 19.1 20.2 22.0 24.7 20.5     16.7 18.1 25.9 19.8     13.2 14.1 16.8 12.8 Norway ......................         12.6 12.6         10.1 10.1         8.1 9.9 Portugal .....................     12.2                               Spain ......................... 26.8 21.2 19.2 18.0 16.0 15.4 21.4 18.8 18.2 17.8     15.3 14.8 14.8 14.2     Sweden ..................... 11.6 10.6 12.5 12.7 13.4 13.3 10.8 10.2 10.9 12.2 13.2 13.3 13.1 11.9 14.6 15.2 17.0 15.5 Turkey ....................... 31.1 30.6 27.4     30.0 41.3 48.4 45.6       11.0 12.1 14.1     16.1 United Kingdom ........ 19.7 22.0 20.7 21.3 22.0 22.5   18.5 16.9 16.0 16.7 17.4 11.1 13.9 15.1 15.3 16.7 2 12.4 United States ............ 17.0 15.6   16.9 16.5 16.3 16.5 15.9   17.5 17.1 16.8 16.2 15.8   14.7 14.7 14.5   Not available. 1 Public schools only. 2 Includes only general programs. 3 Data for 1985 are for the former West Germany. SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Education at a Glance, various years; and unpublished data. ( This table was prepared June 2001.)

Table 398.   Geography proficiency of 13 year olds in educational systems participating in the International Assessment of Educational Progress: 1991 Country Average percent correct All geography items 1 Geographic skills and tools 2 Physical geography items 3 Cultural geography items 4 1 2 3 4 5 Hungary ............................................................ 69.8 ( 0.6) 76.3 ( 0.5) 67.8 ( 0.7) 65.0 ( 0.7) Slovenia ............................................................ 65.3 ( 0.6) 67.9 ( 0.5) 63.6 ( 0.7) 64.3 ( 0.9) Canada 5 ........................................................... 63.0 ( 0.5) 69.5 ( 0.4) 61.0 ( 0.6) 58.2 ( 0.6) Former U. S. S. R. 6 ............................................. 62.6 ( 1.1) 72.2 ( 0.9) 61.2 ( 1.0) 53.4 ( 1.8) United States 7 .................................................. 61.9 ( 0.8) 69.4 ( 0.6) 58.3 ( 1.0) 58.1 ( 1.0) Spain 8 ............................................................... 60.1 ( 0.7) 62.4 ( 0.9) 58.9 ( 0.7) 58.9 ( 1.1) Korea ................................................................ 59.7 ( 0.5) 67.8 ( 0.5) 52.1 ( 0.7) 60.3 ( 0.6) Ireland ............................................................... 58.5 ( 0.6) 62.7 ( 0.6) 59.5 ( 0.8) 52.3 ( 0.8) Scotland 7 .......................................................... 58.3 ( 0.6) 66.2 ( 0.5) 57.1 ( 0.8) 50.6 ( 0.8)

1 All 24 geography items. 2 Eight items testing ability to use maps, charts, and globes. 3 Nine items testing knowledge of location of physical features and concepts of climate. 4 Seven items testing knowledge of cultural entities and interactions between people and their environment. 5 Eight provinces. 6 Schools in 14 republics where instruction is in Russian. 7 Combined school and student participation rate below 80 percent but at least 70 percent 8 Schools where instruction is in Spanish, in all regions except Cataluna.

NOTE: Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, International Assessment of Educational Progress, Learning About The World, 1992. ( This table was prepared May 1993.) 471 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 399.   Average 8th grade mathematics scores by content areas, and average time spent studying out of school, by country: 1999 Country Average achievement scale score Distribution of daily out of school study time in mathematics, with mean mathematics scores Mathematics overall Fractions and number sense Geometry Algebra Data representation analysis and probability Measurement No time Less than 1 hour One hour or more Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 International average 1 ................... 487 ( 0.7) 487 ( 0.7) 487 ( 0.7) 487 ( 0.7) 487 ( 0.7) 487 ( 0.7) 10 ( 0.1) 455 ( 1.7) 50 ( 0.2) 495 ( 0.8) 40 ( 0.2) 486 ( 0.9)

Australia ........................................... 525 ( 4.8) 519 ( 4.3) 497 ( 5.7) 520 ( 5.1) 522 ( 6.3) 529 ( 4.9) 15 ( 1.0) 493 ( 6.3) 63 ( 1.1) 537 ( 5.0) 22 ( 1.0) 515 ( 6.3)

Belgium ( Flemish) ............................ 558 ( 3.3) 557 ( 3.1) 535 ( 4.1) 540 ( 4.6) 544 ( 3.8) 549 ( 4.0) 3 ( 0.8) 476 ( 21.8) 50 ( 1.0) 573 ( 3.8) 47 ( 1.2) 550 ( 3.1)

Bulgaria ............................................ 511 ( 5.8) 503 ( 6.6) 524 ( 5.9) 512 ( 5.1) 493 ( 6.1) 497 ( 6.6) 12 ( 1.2) 494 ( 9.5) 45 ( 1.3) 516 ( 5.5) 43 ( 1.7) 521 ( 7.9)

Canada ............................................. 531 ( 2.5) 533 ( 2.5) 507 ( 4.7) 525 ( 2.4) 521 ( 4.5) 521 ( 2.4) 11 ( 0.8) 527 ( 5.2) 61 ( 1.0) 542 ( 2.8) 28 ( 1.0) 510 ( 3.3)

Chile ................................................. 392 ( 4.4) 403 ( 4.9) 412 ( 5.4) 399 ( 4.3) 429 ( 3.8) 412 ( 4.9) 17 ( 0.8) 384 ( 5.9) 54 ( 0.7) 400 ( 4.7) 29 ( 1.0) 394 ( 7.1)

Chinese Taipei ................................. 585 ( 4.0) 576 ( 4.2) 557 ( 5.8) 586 ( 4.4) 559 ( 5.1) 566 ( 3.4) 31 ( 1.3) 529 ( 4.8) 44 ( 0.8) 604 ( 3.5) 25 ( 1.0) 627 ( 4.7)

Cyprus .............................................. 476 ( 1.8) 481 ( 3.0) 484 ( 4.6) 479 ( 1.6) 472 ( 4.6) 471 ( 4.0) 9 ( 0.6) 425 ( 7.2) 51 ( 1.1) 496 ( 2.7) 40 ( 1.1) 469 ( 2.4)

Czech Republic ................................ 520 ( 4.2) 507 ( 4.8) 513 ( 5.5) 514 ( 4.0) 513 ( 5.9) 535 ( 5.0) 12 ( 1.0) 525 ( 9.2) 68 ( 1.3) 528 ( 4.6) 20 ( 1.1) 493 ( 5.2)

England ............................................ 496 ( 4.1) 497 ( 3.8) 471 ( 4.2) 498 ( 4.9) 506 ( 8.0) 507 ( 3.8)                         Finland ............................................. 520 ( 2.7) 531 ( 3.8) 494 ( 6.0) 498 ( 3.1) 525 ( 3.8) 521 ( 4.7) 7 ( 0.6) 506 ( 8.1) 85 ( 0.8) 525 ( 2.5) 8 ( 0.7) 486 ( 6.8)

Hong Kong ....................................... 582 ( 4.3) 579 ( 4.5) 556 ( 4.9) 569 ( 4.5) 547 ( 5.4) 567 ( 5.8) 25 ( 1.2) 552 ( 6.1) 51 ( 0.9) 591 ( 3.9) 24 ( 1.1) 600 ( 4.8)

Hungary ............................................ 532 ( 3.7) 526 ( 4.2) 489 ( 4.3) 536 ( 4.1) 520 ( 5.9) 538 ( 3.5) 4 ( 0.4) 497 ( 9.9) 71 ( 1.0) 540 ( 3.6) 25 ( 1.1) 514 ( 5.0)

Indonesia .......................................... 403 ( 4.9) 406 ( 4.1) 441 ( 5.1) 424 ( 5.7) 423 ( 4.4) 395 ( 5.1) 10 ( 0.8) 396 ( 8.4) 38 ( 1.0) 405 ( 5.6) 51 ( 1.4) 406 ( 5.4)

Iran, Islamic Republic ...................... 422 ( 3.4) 437 ( 4.5) 447 ( 2.9) 434 ( 4.9) 430 ( 6.0) 401 ( 4.7) 3 ( 0.3) 375 ( 14.1) 22 ( 0.8) 425 ( 3.7) 75 ( 1.0) 427 ( 3.7)

Israel 2 .............................................. 466 ( 3.9) 472 ( 4.4) 462 ( 5.4) 479 ( 4.5) 468 ( 5.1) 457 ( 5.1) 8 ( 0.6) 436 ( 11.3) 48 ( 1.1) 491 ( 4.2) 44 ( 1.4) 454 ( 4.3)

Italy ................................................... 479 ( 3.8) 471 ( 5.0) 482 ( 5.6) 481 ( 3.6) 484 ( 4.5) 501 ( 5.0) 5 ( 0.5) 400 ( 9.5) 39 ( 1.2) 488 ( 4.5) 57 ( 1.3) 482 ( 4.0)

Japan ............................................... 579 ( 1.7) 570 ( 2.6) 575 ( 5.1) 569 ( 3.3) 555 ( 2.3) 558 ( 2.4) 26 ( 1.2) 558 ( 3.8) 54 ( 0.9) 586 ( 2.0) 20 ( 0.9) 585 ( 2.5)

Jordan .............................................. 428 ( 3.6) 432 ( 3.2) 449 ( 7.1) 439 ( 5.3) 436 ( 7.8) 438 ( 4.4) 8 ( 0.6) 374 ( 9.8) 33 ( 0.8) 441 ( 4.6) 60 ( 1.0) 445 ( 4.3)

Korea ................................................ 587 ( 2.0) 570 ( 2.7) 573 ( 3.9) 585 ( 2.7) 576 ( 4.2) 571 ( 2.8) 34 ( 1.0) 560 ( 2.6) 45 ( 0.7) 598 ( 2.0) 21 ( 0.9) 610 ( 4.1)

Latvia ( Latvian speaking schools) 2 505 ( 3.4) 496 ( 3.7) 522 ( 5.6) 499 ( 4.3) 495 ( 4.8) 505 ( 3.5) 3 ( 0.4) 480 ( 13.8) 58 ( 1.3) 516 ( 4.1) 40 ( 1.3) 493 ( 4.1)

Lithuania 2 ........................................ 482 ( 4.3) 479 ( 4.3) 496 ( 5.8) 487 ( 3.7) 493 ( 3.6) 467 ( 4.0) 3 ( 0.5) 417 ( 15.8) 68 ( 1.4) 486 ( 4.4) 29 ( 1.3) 483 ( 5.3)

Macedonia, Republic of ................... 447 ( 4.2) 437 ( 4.7) 460 ( 6.1) 465 ( 4.0) 442 ( 6.2) 451 ( 5.2) 6 ( 0.4) 429 ( 9.2) 49 ( 1.1) 461 ( 4.6) 45 ( 1.2) 448 ( 4.1)

Malaysia ........................................... 519 ( 4.4) 532 ( 4.7) 497 ( 4.4) 505 ( 4.8) 491 ( 4.0) 514 ( 4.6) 2 ( 0.2) ( 3) ( 3) 28 ( 0.9) 523 ( 6.5) 71 ( 1.0) 519 ( 4.2)

Moldova ............................................ 469 ( 3.9) 465 ( 4.2) 481 ( 5.0) 477 ( 3.7) 450 ( 5.7) 479 ( 4.9) 8 ( 0.7) 452 ( 7.6) 48 ( 1.4) 476 ( 4.1) 44 ( 1.6) 473 ( 5.0)

Morocco ........................................... 337 ( 2.6) 335 ( 3.6) 407 ( 2.2) 353 ( 4.7) 383 ( 3.5) 348 ( 3.5) 13 ( 0.9) 324 ( 8.0) 29 ( 0.9) 341 ( 6.6) 58 ( 1.5) 350 ( 3.2)

Netherlands ...................................... 540 ( 7.1) 545 ( 7.1) 515 ( 5.5) 522 ( 7.7) 538 ( 7.9) 538 ( 5.8) 8 ( 1.1) 559 ( 14.0) 78 ( 1.3) 546 ( 6.7) 14 ( 1.5) 507 ( 12.2)

New Zealand .................................... 491 ( 5.2) 493 ( 5.0) 478 ( 4.2) 497 ( 4.7) 497 ( 5.0) 496 ( 5.3) 14 ( 0.9) 444 ( 6.7) 66 ( 1.2) 507 ( 5.3) 20 ( 1.2) 480 ( 6.6)

Philippines ........................................ 345 ( 6.0) 378 ( 6.3) 383 ( 3.4) 345 ( 5.8) 406 ( 3.5) 355 ( 6.2) 5 ( 0.4) 288 ( 13.2) 42 ( 0.8) 363 ( 6.2) 53 ( 0.8) 347 ( 6.7)

Romania ........................................... 472 ( 5.8) 458 ( 5.7) 487 ( 6.4) 481 ( 5.2) 453 ( 4.7) 491 ( 4.9) 9 ( 0.7) 417 ( 7.7) 25 ( 1.5) 457 ( 6.2) 66 ( 1.8) 494 ( 5.4)

Russian Federation .......................... 526 ( 5.9) 513 ( 6.4) 522 ( 6.0) 529 ( 4.9) 501 ( 4.8) 527 ( 6.0) 6 ( 0.5) 483 ( 10.0) 49 ( 1.3) 537 ( 6.7) 45 ( 1.5) 530 ( 5.2)

Singapore ......................................... 604 ( 6.3) 608 ( 5.6) 560 ( 6.7) 576 ( 6.2) 562 ( 6.2) 599 ( 6.3) 5 ( 0.5) 562 ( 10.7) 34 ( 1.0) 612 ( 7.6) 61 ( 1.1) 604 ( 5.7)

Slovak Republic ............................... 534 ( 4.0) 525 ( 4.8) 527 ( 7.3) 525 ( 4.6) 521 ( 4.6) 537 ( 3.3) 6 ( 0.6) 535 ( 8.3) 70 ( 0.8) 542 ( 3.9) 23 ( 0.9) 513 ( 4.7)

Slovenia ........................................... 530 ( 2.8) 527 ( 3.7) 506 ( 6.2) 525 ( 2.9) 530 ( 4.2) 523 ( 3.7) 8 ( 0.7) 530 ( 7.7) 63 ( 1.1) 541 ( 3.3) 29 ( 1.0) 511 ( 4.1)

South Africa ..................................... 275 ( 6.8) 300 ( 6.0) 335 ( 6.6) 293 ( 7.7) 356 ( 3.8) 329 ( 4.8) 10 ( 0.8) 241 ( 14.1) 37 ( 0.7) 293 ( 8.6) 53 ( 1.1) 273 ( 7.9)

Thailand ........................................... 467 ( 5.1) 471 ( 5.3) 484 ( 4.4) 456 ( 4.9) 476 ( 4.0) 463 ( 6.2) 6 ( 0.4) 424 ( 5.6) 45 ( 1.1) 459 ( 5.8) 49 ( 1.2) 482 ( 5.8)

Tunisia .............................................. 448 ( 2.4) 443 ( 2.8) 484 ( 4.4) 455 ( 2.7) 446 ( 5.1) 442 ( 3.1) 7 ( 0.5) 439 ( 5.3) 27 ( 0.8) 452 ( 3.4) 66 ( 0.9) 450 ( 2.9)

Turkey .............................................. 429 ( 4.3) 430 ( 4.3) 428 ( 5.7) 432 ( 4.6) 446 ( 3.3) 436 ( 6.5) 6 ( 0.6) 398 ( 7.1) 41 ( 1.0) 422 ( 4.4) 52 ( 1.4) 448 ( 4.7)

United States ................................... 502 ( 4.0) 509 ( 4.2) 473 ( 4.4) 506 ( 4.1) 506 ( 5.2) 482 ( 3.9) 15 ( 1.1) 466 ( 4.8) 58 ( 0.7) 514 ( 4.0) 27 ( 1.1) 505 ( 4.5)

  Not available.

1 Data are for 8th grade or equivalent in most countries.

2 Countries not meeting all International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement's sampling specifications NOTE: Standard errors appear in parentheses. Because results are rounded to the nearest whole number some totals may appear inconsistent. SOURCE: International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement, Third International Mathematics and Science Study, 1999, TIMSS 1999 International Mathematics Report, by Ina V. S. Mullis et al. Copyright   2000 International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement ( IEA). ( This table was prepared May 2001.) 472 INTERNATIONAL COMPARISONS OF EDUCATION Table 400.   Instructional practices and time spent teaching mathematics in 8th grade, by country: 1999 Country Percent of students reporting almost always or pretty often Number of hours mathematics is taught weekly We discuss our completed homework Teacher shows us how to do mathematics We work on worksheets or textbooks on our own We work on mathematics projects We begin our homework Less than 2 hours At least 2, but less than 3.5 hours At least 3.5, but less than 5 hours 5 hours or more Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score Percent Mean score 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Australia ........................................... 44 ( 1.8) 93 ( 0.7) 91 ( 1.2) 25 ( 1.7) 56 ( 1.6) 3 ( 1.4) 565 ( 30.5) 50 ( 4.6) 517 ( 6.7) 44 ( 4.4) 534 ( 7.7) 3 ( 1.7) 530 ( 46.0)

Belgium ( Flemish) ............................ 43 ( 1.4) 69 ( 0.9) 64 ( 1.0) 16 ( 1.1) 20 ( 1.4) 13 ( 3.4) 502 ( 18.9) 43 ( 3.8) 544 ( 7.7) 40 ( 2.8) 595 ( 4.1) 4 ( 1.0) 590 ( 11.7)

Bulgaria ............................................ 48 ( 1.9) 89 ( 1.0) 32 ( 1.2) 15 ( 1.0) 21 ( 1.4) 14 ( 3.3) 543 ( 9.0) 73 ( 4.6) 498 ( 5.0) 8 ( 2.3) 525 ( 27.0) 4 ( 3.0) 606 ( 29.5)

Canada ............................................. 62 ( 1.4) 92 ( 0.5) 92 ( 0.5) 28 ( 1.1) 82 ( 1.2) 1 3 ( 0.9) 503 ( 6.3) 1 26 ( 2.7) 523 ( 6.1) 155 ( 3.2) 544 ( 3.9) 1 17 ( 2.2) 520 ( 6.4)

Chile ................................................. 47 ( 1.3) 89 ( 0.9) 40 ( 1.1) 46 ( 1.6) 55 ( 1.2) 1 ( 0.7)     3 ( 1.3) 414 ( 12.7) 83 ( 2.8) 391 ( 5.0) 13 ( 2.4) 394 ( 13.7)

Chinese Taipei ................................. 55 ( 1.0) 91 ( 0.5) 59 ( 1.2) 55 ( 1.2) 34 ( 1.0) 0 ( 0.0)     51 ( 4.5) 577 ( 5.5) 48 ( 4.4) 592 ( 5.8) 1 ( 1.1)     Cyprus .............................................. 72 ( 1.1) 92 ( 0.7) 67 ( 1.0) 29 ( 1.0) 52 ( 2.3) 0 ( 0.0)     100 ( 0.0) 476 ( 1.8) 0 ( 0.0)     0 ( 0.0)     Czech Republic ................................ 42 ( 1.8) 86 ( 1.1) 51 ( 2.4) 8 ( 0.6) 16 ( 1.6) 0 ( 0.0)     44 ( 4.4) 517 ( 6.4) 52 ( 4.4) 517 ( 5.3) 4 ( 2.1) 600 ( 28.1)

England ............................................ 62 ( 1.5) 93 ( 0.7) 88 ( 1.5) 35 ( 1.4) 27 ( 1.6) 2 0 0.2     2 95 ( 2.0) 512 ( 5.3) 2 3 ( 1.4) 481 ( 10.2) 2 2 ( 1.2)     Finland .............................................. 37 ( 1.3) 67 ( 1.3) 90 ( 1.0) 7 ( 0.8) 47 ( 2.0) 4 ( 1.5) 518 ( 12.2) 87 ( 2.9) 520 ( 2.9) 7 ( 2.4) 535 ( 14.0) 1 ( 0.9)     Hong Kong, SAR ............................. 35 ( 1.1) 91 ( 0.6) 69 ( 1.2) 67 ( 1.4) 40 ( 1.1) 3 ( 1.5) 553 ( 16.7) 17 ( 3.1) 587 ( 11.1) 71 ( 4.0) 583 ( 5.6) 9 ( 2.3) 579 ( 15.2)

Hungary ............................................ 71 ( 1.5) 87 ( 1.0) 63 ( 1.7) 96 ( 0.4) 18 ( 1.2) 1 ( 0.8)     80 ( 2.9) 531 ( 3.9) 15 ( 2.7) 522 ( 12.6) 3 ( 1.1) 583 ( 34.4)

Indonesia .......................................... 48 ( 1.0) 88 ( 0.6) 36 ( 1.5) 86 ( 0.9) 13 ( 0.7) 3 ( 1.2) 409 ( 27.4) 1 ( 0.2)     76 ( 3.8) 408 ( 6.1) 21 ( 3.7) 384 ( 9.4)

Iran, Islamic Republic ....................... 56 ( 1.0) 82 ( 0.7) 45 ( 0.9) 30 ( 1.1) 34 ( 1.3) 24 ( 4.0) 429 ( 5.7) 50 ( 4.8) 423 ( 4.9) 14 ( 2.9) 413 ( 8.9) 12 ( 2.6) 419 ( 11.4)

Israel ................................................ 64 ( 1.3) 90 ( 0.6) 72 ( 1.2) 20 ( 1.0) 65 ( 1.5) 1 2 ( 1.2)     1 29 ( 3.9) 481 ( 8.5) 1 65 ( 4.1) 464 ( 5.8) 1 4 ( 1.5) 470 ( 28.7)

Italy ................................................... 64 ( 1.4) 80 ( 1.2) 34 ( 1.2) 22 ( 1.3) 39 ( 2.3) 6 ( 1.8) 484 ( 10.3) 29 ( 4.0) 475 ( 7.4) 55 ( 3.8) 483 ( 5.3) 9 ( 2.1) 469 ( 11.5)

Japan ............................................... 19 ( 1.2) 88 ( 0.7) 38 ( 1.5) 6 ( 0.7) 20 ( 1.3) 2 ( 0.9)     95 ( 2.0) 577 ( 2.1) 2 ( 1.3)     1 ( 1.3)     Jordan .............................................. 76 ( 0.9) 92 ( 0.6) 45 ( 1.1) 40 ( 1.4) 59 ( 1.1) 0 ( 0.0)     88 ( 2.8) 424 ( 3.7) 7 ( 2.2) 439 ( 20.1) 5 ( 1.9) 463 ( 21.0)

Korea ................................................ 10 ( 0.5) 85 ( 0.8) 29 ( 0.7) 46 ( 1.2) 17 ( 0.7) 3 ( 1.1) 587 ( 11.7) 93 ( 1.8) 587 ( 2.1) 3 ( 1.1) 602 ( 9.6) 2 ( 0.9)     Latvia ( Latvian speaking schools) .... 48 ( 1.8) 86 ( 1.0) 54 ( 1.2)     28 ( 1.6) 0 ( 0.0)     31 ( 4.2) 491 ( 5.6) 62 ( 3.9) 516 ( 4.6) 7 ( 2.5) 487 ( 17.2)

Lithuania 3 .........................................                                                     Macedonia, Republic of ................... 72 ( 1.3) 86 ( 0.8) 66 ( 1.6) 37 ( 1.1) 30 ( 1.4) 1 ( 0.6)     97 ( 1.2) 447 ( 4.4) 2 ( 1.0)     0 ( 0.0)     Malaysia ........................................... 61 ( 1.0) 92 ( 0.5) 13 ( 0.7) 68 ( 1.1) 67 ( 1.3) 5 ( 1.8) 533 ( 24.0) 93 ( 2.1) 520 ( 4.6) 2 ( 1.2)     0 ( 0.0)     Moldova ............................................ 61 ( 1.3) 91 ( 0.8) 66 ( 1.7) 52 ( 1.6) 32 ( 1.6) 7 ( 1.9) 467 ( 19.7) 5 ( 1.5) 485 ( 18.0) 80 ( 3.3) 466 ( 4.5) 8 ( 2.4) 481 ( 17.9)

Morocco ........................................... 4 69 ( 0.8) 86 ( 0.6) 4 53 ( 1.0) 4 49 ( 1.1) 4 53 ( 1.2) 1 ( 0.6)     3 ( 1.0) 338 ( 10.5) 0 0.0     96 ( 1.1) 337 ( 2.9)