Page 1 Appendix H Risk Data Page 2 Chemicals of Low Toxicological Concern Page 3 Fate Data of Solvent G CAS #: 64742 94 5 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 4 Toxicological Profile of Solvent G CAS #: 64742 94 5 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 35  80 deg ° C Form: No data Solubility: Insoluble in water at 20 deg ° C OSHA PEL: Not established Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling point and Solubility were found in the same source, a Material Safety Data Sheet [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

OSHA PEL

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity There are no known chronic effects associated with this chemical.

No known chronic data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Carcinogenicity According to the IARC Cancer Review, there is limited evidence of animal carcinogenicity. Page 5 Data from the above section can be found in the following source:

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on limited evidence of animal carcinogenicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 6 Fate Profile for Trichlorotluoromethane ( CFC 11) CAS #: 75 69 4 Overview Trichlorofluoromethane ( Freon 11) was primarily released to the environment during its use as a propellant in aerosol sprays. From modeling studies, 99.97% of trichlorofluoromethane should partition into the air compartment. However, this use was banned in the US on Dec. 15, 1978. Other sources of emissions include its use as a refrigerant, foaming agent for polyurethane foams, solvent and degreaser, and fire extinguishing agent.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, trichlorofluoromethane may also pass through the soil, where it is likely to persist for long periods of time. Due to its extremely high vapor pressure ( 766.8 mm Hg at 24.02 deg ° C) and negligible adsorption trichlorofluoromethane will evaporate rapidly from soil.

Fate in Water If released to water, trichlorofluoromethane will be lost almost exclusively by evaporation ( half life 6.1 hr in a typical river). Abiotic degradation, biodegradation, and adsorption to sediment will be insignificant. Trichlorofluoromethane has an extremely high Henry's Law constant, 5.0 atm cu m/ mol, as a result of which, it is predicted to have a volatilization half life of 6.1 hr from a river 1 m deep with a 3 m/ sec wind and 1 m/ sec current. The rate of evaporation for chemicals of such high Henry's Law constants will be limited by the rate of diffusion in the aqueous compartment.

Concentration profiles in oceans show that trichlorofluoromethane is primarily in surface layers, suggesting that the oceans are not a sink for this chemical. Bioconcentration in fish is unlikely.

Fate in Air If released into the atmosphere, the troposphere is apparently also not a sink for trichlorofluoromethane since estimates of its half life range from 52 to 207 years. Some trichlorofluoromethane will be lost due to rainout but will return to the atmosphere as a result of evaporation. In fact, the only major sink for trichlorofluoromethane is its slow diffusion into the stratosphere where photolysis occurs and subsequent reactions destroy the ozone. As a result of its stability, trichlorofluoromethane is transported long distances, being found even at the South Pole, and its concentration is fairly uniform around the globe away from known sources. Since Page 7 there are no major tropospheric sinks, the concentration of trichlorofluoromethane had been increasing by about 10% a year in the late 1970' s, a trend that seems to be leveling off as a result of its ban in aerosols.

. Page 8 Toxicological Profile of Trichloromethane ( CFC 11) CAS #: 75 69 4 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 23.7 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: 1 g sol in 1 L water @ 25 deg   C; sol in alc, ether, other organic solvents. OSHA PEL: 8 hr Time Weighted avg: 1,000 ppm; 5,600 mg/ cu m.

CFC 11 used as a propellant in aerosol sprays was banned in the US on Dec. 15, 1978 because of their depleting effect on the stratospheric ozone.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia ofChemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1517 Form  Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biological Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1517 American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:, p. 598 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June1994., p. 146 Solubility  From Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Inc., 1989., p. 1517 National Research Council. Drinking Water and Health. Volume 3. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1980., p. 167 Page 9 OSHA PEL  American Conference of Government Industrial hygenists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinatti, OH: ACGIH and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. osha slc. gov. OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ Table_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity No data regarding the chronic toxicity effects were found at the time of this review. Based on the fact that the aerosol stays in the upper parts of the atmosphere, it is highly unlikely that any chronic effects will be seen in humans.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 3081 Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 3085 Gosselin, R. E., R. P. Smith, H. C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984. II 160 WHO; Environmental Health Criteria 113: Fully Halogenated Chlorofluorocarbons p. 101 ( 1990)

Grant, W. M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 941 Gosselin, R. E., R. P. Smith, H. C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984. II 159 Campell DD et al; Br J Ind Med 43: 107 11 ( 1986) Page 10 Carcinogenicity Based on the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ( ACGIH), CFC 11 is not classifiable as a human carcinogen ( Group A4).

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 3E 01 I Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 2E 01 A Any information regarding the above data can be found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet sitehttp www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen OSHA rating: A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen ( ACGIH)

Data regarding the OSHA rating may be found in the following source: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Page 11 Fate Profile for Acetone CAS #: 67 64 1 Overview Acetone is produced in large quantities and may be released to the environment as stack emissions, fugitive emissions, and in waste water in its production and use as a chemical intermediate and solvent. Most acetone used in solvents will be ultimately released into the air. Acetone is a product of the photooxidation of some alkanes and alkenes that are found in urban air and it is also released from volcanoes and forest fires. It is a metabolic product, released by plants and animals.

Fate in Soil If released on soil, acetone will both volatilize and leach into the ground. Acetone readily biodegrades and there is evidence suggesting that it biodegrades fairly rapidly in soils. Adsorption to sediment should not be significant.

Fate in Water If released into water, acetone will probably biodegrade. It is readily biodegradable in screening tests, although data from natural water are lacking. The Henry's Law Constant for acetone is 3.7X10 5 atm cu m/ mole. Using this Henry's Law Constant, one can estimate a half life for volatilization from a model river 1 m deep with 1m/ sec current and a 3 m/ sec wind of 20 hr. Based on experimentally determined mass transfer coefficient relative to oxygen at different mixing rates ranging from 0.074 to 0.335, the half life of acetone in a model river and lake is estimated to be 2 10 and 16 186 days, respectively. Bioconcentration in aquatic organisms should not be significant.

Fate in Air If released to the atmosphere, acetone will be lost by photolysis and reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals. Half life estimates from these combined processes are 79 and 13 days in January and June, respectively, for an overall annual average of 22 days. Therefore considerable dispersion should occur. Being miscible in water, wash out by rain should be an important removal process. Page 12 Toxicological Profile of Acetone CAS #: 67 64 1 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 56.2 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: Soluble in benzene; miscible in water and alcohol, dimethylformamide, ether, most oils. OSHA PEL: 750 ppm; 1800 mg/ cu m Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Hazardous Substance Database:

Weast, R. C. ( ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 67th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1986 87. C 51 Form  Hazardous Substance Database:

Sax, N. I. and R. J. Lewis, Sr. ( eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 8 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 2 Solubility  Hazardous Substance Database:

Weast, R. C. ( ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 67th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Inc., 1986 87. C 51 The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 10 Riddick, J. A., W. B. Bunger, Sakano T. K. Techniques of Chemistry 4th ed., Volume II. Organic Solvents. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons., 1985., p. 336 Page 13 OSHA PEL

American Conference of Government Industrial hygenists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinatti, OH: ACGIH and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov. OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ Table_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic exposure to the vapors of acetone may cause respiratory irritation, headaches and stomach and duodenal inflammation. Prolonged and/ or repeated dermal contact may cause defatting of the skin and dermatitis. Acetone may enhance the hepatoxicity of chlorinated hydrocarbons. There have been no reports that prolonged inhalation of low vapor concentrations result in any serious chronic effects in humans.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Gosselin, R. E., R. P. Smith, H. C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984. III 168 International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I& II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 38 Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 4720 Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 150 Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed., Volumes 1 26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978 1984. 1( 78) 186 Page 14 Carcinogenicity Based on the IRIS database, acetone has a D classification ( not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity).

Basis for classification: Based on lack of data concerning carcinogenicity in humans or animals.

Human carcinogenicity data: None. Animal carcinogenicity data: None.

Data from the above section can be found in the following source:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System ( IRIS) on acetone from the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET System, August 15, 1994 Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 1E 01 I Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can be found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet sitehttp www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low concern Carcinogenicity: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity OSHA rating: Non toxic Data regarding the OSHA rating may be found in the following source: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Page 15 Fate Profile for Isobutane CAS #: 75 28 5 Overview Isobutane is a component of petroleum and natural gas and may be released as evaporative emissions or in wastewater resulting from the refining, storage and distribution of gasoline. It is also released in vehicle exhaust. Consumer products may contain isobutane which will be released to the atmosphere when these products are used.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, isobutane is estimated to have a very low adsorptivity to soil. Since isobutane is a gas and has a very high Henry's Law, 4.08 atm cu m/ mole, ( calculated from its vapor pressure and water solubility ( 48.9 mg/ l)), high vapor pressure, 2611 mm Hg at 25 deg ° C, and low adsorptivity to soil indicate that volatilization will be an important fate process from both moist and dry soil surfaces. An estimated Koc value of 35, derived from a molecular structure estimation method, suggests that isobutane will have very high mobility in soil. Isobutane is biodegradable, especially under acclimated conditions, and may biodegrade in soil.

Fate in Water If released to water, isobutane would readily volatilize; estimated half lives for a model river and model lake are 2.2 hr and 3.0 days, respectively. The Henry's Law constant for isobutane estimated from its vapor pressure, 2611 mm Hg at 25 deg ° C, and water solubility, 48.9 mg/ l, is 4.08 atm cu m/ mol. Using this value for the Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half life for isobutane in a model river 1 m deep flowing at 1 m/ s with a wind speed of 3 m/ s is estimated to be 2.2 hr. Similarly, the volatilization half life of isobutane from a model lake 1 m deep, with a 0.05 m/ s current and a 0.5 m/ s wind is estimated to be 3.0 days.

Microcosm experiments designed to replicate conditions in Narragansett Bay, RI indicate that volatilization will be the dominant removal mechanism for isobutane from the water column following a hypothetical input. Its volatilization half lives in natural estuaries are estimated to be 4.4 and 6.8 days at 20 and 10 deg ° C, respectively. Isobutane also biodegrades in the microcosm with an initial rate commensurate with half lives of 16 26 days at 20 deg ° C, significantly slower than the loss predicted by gas exchange. However, after acclimation of 2 4 weeks, the biodegradation rate increases markedly so that in the case of continuous environmental releases, biodegradation may become the dominant removal mechanism. Isobutane is not expected to bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms. Page 16 Fate in Air If released into the atmosphere, isobutane is degraded by a reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals; the half life for this reaction in air is 6.9 days. Page 17 Toxicological Profile of Isobutane CAS #: 75 28 5 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point:  11.7 deg   C Form: Colorless gas Solubility: In water: 48.9 mg/ L @ 25 deg   C; Sol in alcohol, ether, and chloroform. OSHA PEL: Not established Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  From Hazardous Substance Database:

Lide, D. R. ( ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 75th ed. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press Inc., 1994 1995. 3 275 Form  From Hazardous Substance Database:

Lewis, R. J., Sr ( Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. NewYork, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 651 Solubility  From Hazardous Substance Database:

Lide, D. R. ( ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 75th ed. Boca Raton, Fl: CRC Press Inc., 1994 1995. 3 275 McAuliffe C; J Phys Chem 70: 1267 75 ( 1966)

Chronic Toxicity Occupation exposure will be by inhalation and dermal contact related to the use of fuel products and inhalation of engine exhaust.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. Page 18 3183 Gosselin, R. E., H. C. Hodge, R. P. Smith, and M. N. Gleason. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1976. II 103 Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 19 Fate Profile for Propane CAS #: 74 98 6 Overview Propane is a highly volatile, constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas. Propane gas is released to the environment via the manufacture, use and disposal of many products associated with the petroleum and natural gas industries. Extensive data show release of propane into ambient air from waste incinerators and the combustion of gasoline, natural gas and polyethylene.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, photolysis or hydrolysis of propane gas is not expected to be important in soils. The biodegradation of propane may occur in soils; however, primarily volatilization is expected to be the dominant fate process. To a lesser extent, adsorption may occur. A calculated Koc range of 450 to 460 indicates a medium mobility class for propane in soils. Based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 7.07X10 1 atm cu m/ mole at 25 deg ° C, propane is expected to rapidly volatilize from most surface soils.

Fate in Water If released to water, propane may partition from the water column to organic matter contained in sediments and suspended materials. A Henry's Law constant of 7.07X10 1 atm cu m/ mole at 25 deg ° C suggests extremely rapid volatilization of propane from environmental waters. The volatilization half lives from a model river and a model pond, the latter considers the effect of adsorption, have been estimated to be 1.9 hr and 2.3 days, respectively.

Photolysis or hydrolysis of propane gas in aquatic systems is not expected to be important. The bioconcentration factor ( log BCF) for propane has been estimated to range from 1.56 to 1.78 suggesting bioconcentration is not an important factor in aquatic systems. An estimated range for Koc from 450 to 460 indicates propane may partition from the water column to organic matter contained in sediments and suspended materials.

Fate in Water Propane is expected to exist almost entirely in the vapor phase in ambient air. Reactions with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere have been shown to occur ( average half life of 13 days). Data also suggests that nighttime reactons with radical species and Page 20 nitrogen oxides may contribute to the atmospheric transformation of propane. Extensive monitoring data indicates propane is a widely occurring atmospheric pollutant. Page 21 Toxicological Profile of Propane CAS #: 74 98 6 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point:  42.1 deg   C Form: Colorless gas Solubility: 62.4 ppm in water at 25 deg   C; slightly sol in acetone; > 10% in benzene, ether, ethanol, and chloroform. OSHA PEL: 1000 ppm; 1800 mg/ cu m Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 1124 Form  Hazardous Substance Database:

Sax, N. I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984., p. 2292 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 262 Solubility  Hazardous Substance Database:

McAuliffe C; J Phys Chem 70: 1267 75 ( 1966)

Weast, R. C. ( ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979. C 446 Weast, R. C. and M. J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on OrganicCompounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985. V2 140 The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 1124 Page 22 OSHA PEL:

American Conference of Government Industrial hygenists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinatti, OH: ACGIH and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov. OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ Table_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity No toxicity or abnormalities were observed in animals exposed to the test material for > 3 months.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 3181 Snyder, R. ( ed.) Ethyl Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume 1: Hydrocarbons. Amsterdam  New York  Oxford: Elsevier, 1987., p. 263 Gosselin, R. E., R. P. Smith, H. C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984. II 150 Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 23 Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 24 Fate Data of Nitrogen CAS #: 7727 37 9 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 25 Toxicological Profile of Nitrogen CAS #: 7727 37 9 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point:  195.79 deg   C Form: Colorless gas; colorless liquid; solid cubic crystals; gas condenses to liquid; solidifies to snow white mass. Solubility: 100 vol water absorbs 2.4 vol nitrogen @ 0 deg   C; water absorbs 1.6 vol nitrogen @ 20 deg   C; soluble in liquid ammonia; 1 vol alcohol dissolves 0.1124 vol nitrogen @ 20 deg   C. OSHA PEL: Not established Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1044 Form  Hazardous Substance Database:

Lide, D. R. ( ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd ed. Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991 1992. 4 79 Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1044 Solubility  Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1044 Chronic Toxicity No chronic effects were found at the time of this review. Used as a food additive also as a propellant in food production. Page 26 Data from the above section can be found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Rockswold G, Buran DJ; Ann Emerg Med 11( 10): 553 5 ( 1982)

Rogers WH, Moeller G; Undersea Biomedical Research 16 ( 3): 227 32 ( 1989)

Data may also be found in the following sources:

The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989.

Doull, John, M. D., Ph. D., et al. 1980. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology, The Basic Science of Poisons ( second edition). Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effect in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern ( based on use) Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 27 Fate Data of Medium Aliphatic Naptha CAS #: 64742 88 7 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 28 Toxicological Profile of Medium Aliphatic Naphtha CAS #: 64742 88 7 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: Unknown Form: No data Solubility: No data OSHA PEL: Not established No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Chronic Toxicity Expect poor absorbtion by all routes. Chronic effects may include dermal irritation.

Data from the above section can be found in the following source:

a Material Safety Data Sheet [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effect in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  Page 29 http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 30 Fate Data of Propylene Dichloride CAS #: 563 54 2 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 31 Toxicological Profile of Propylene Dichloride ( 1,2 Dichloropropene) CAS #: 563 54 2 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 75 deg   C Form: Liquid Solubility: Water solubility = 4400 mg/ l ( est) OSHA PEL: 75 ppm; 350 mg/ cu m Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Hazardous Substance Database:

Sax, N. I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984., p. 963 Form  Hazardous Substance Database:

Sax, N. I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984., p. 963 Solubility  Hazardous Substance Database:

SRC; Jaber HM et al; Data Acquisition for Environ Transport and Fate Screening USEPA 600/ 6 84 009 p312 ( 1984)

OSHA PEL:

American Conference of Government Industrial hygenists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinatti, OH: ACGIH and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 MineralDusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov. OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ Table_ Z 1. html] Page 32 Chronic Toxicity No data regarding the chronic effects was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Carcinogenicity Based on the America Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ( ACGIH), propylene dichloride is not classifiable as a human carcinogen ( Class A4)

Data from the above section can be found in the following source:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern ( based on Low to Mild Acute Toxicity) Carcinogenicity: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity OSHA rating: A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen ( ACGIH)

Data regarding the OSHA rating may be found in the following source: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Page 33 Fate Data of Citric Acid CAS #: 77 92 9 Citric acid is widely distributed in plants and in animals tissues and fluids. Produced by mycological fermentation on an industrial scale using crude sugar solutions, such as molasses and strains of Aspergillus niger. Also extracted form citrus fruits ( lemon juice contains 5% to 8%) and from pineapple wastes. Citric acid will react with the enzyme citratase/ citratelyase/ to yield oxaloacetic acid & acetic acid.

No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 34 Toxicological Profile of Citric Acid CAS #: 77 92 9 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: Not established Melting Point: 153 deg ° C Form: Colorless, translucent crystals Solubility: In water 59.2% wt/ wt @ 20 deg   C; 64.3% wt/ wt @ 30 deg   C; soluble in alcohol and ether. OSHA PEL: Not established Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Hazardouse Substance Database:

Lide, D. R. ( ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 73rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1992 1993. 3 183 Melting Point  Hazardous Substance Database:

Lide, D. R. ( ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 73rd ed. Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1992 1993. 3 183 Form  Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 363 Osol, A. and J. E. Hoover, et al. ( eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 1260 Lide, D. R. ( ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 73rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1992 1993. 3 183 Solubility  From the Hazardous Substance Database:

Weast, R. C. ( ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979. C 251 Page 35 Budavari, S. ( ed.). Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 363 Lide, D. R. ( ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry Physics. 73rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: Press Inc., 1992 1993. 3 183 Chronic Toxicity Chronic exposure to citric acid caused no harmful effects on growth, reproduction, blood values, pathology, or calcium levels. A 5% dosage in the diet did not depress food intake but caused loss in body weight gain and reduced survival time in mice. Chronic ingestion may cause tooth erosion and local irritation. Used as an acidulant in beverages, confectionery, effervescent salts and pharmaceutical syrups.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 4947 Goodman, L. S., and A. Gilman. ( eds.) The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 806 Hannig M et al; Drug Invest 4 ( 6): 484 91 ( 1992)

Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 4946 Carcinogenicity No data available to assess the carcinogenic potential of this agent.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 36 Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on use) OSHA rating: Not established Page 37 Fate Profile for Methyl Ethyl Ketone CAS #: 78 93 3 Overview Large quantities of methyl ethyl ketone ( MEK) are used as a solvent especially in the coatings industry. MEK will be discharged into the atmosphere from this and other industrial uses. It will also be discharged in waste water. In addition, high atmospheric MEK levels are associated with photochemical smog episodes although it is generally absent from ambient air. It is formed as a result of the natural photooxidation of olefinic hydrocarbons which get in the air from automobiles, etc. Milk cultures of five Leuconostoc dextranicum strains have been shown to be capable of reducing MEK to 2 butyl alcohol.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, methyl ethyl ketone will partially evaporate into the atmosphere and partially leach into the ground. Its degradation in soil is unknown. No information concerning the adsorption of methyl ethyl ketone could be found in the literature but its low partition coefficient ( log P = 0.29) indicates that soil adsorption will be low.

Fate in Water If released to water, methyl ethyl ketone will evaporate into the atmosphere with expected half lives of 3 and 12 days in rivers and lakes, respectively. It will also biodegrade slowly in both fresh and salt water. Due to its high vapor pressure, volatilization from soil will be rapid. No information is available concerning its fate in groundwater but biodegradability studies in anaerobic systems suggest that it may degrade slowly after a long acclimation period. Adsorption to sediment will not be a significant loss process.

Fate in Air If released into the atmosphere, methyl ethyl ketone will degrade principally by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals ( half life 2.3 days). Under photochemical smog situations, degradation may be slightly faster. Page 38 Toxicological Profile of Methyl Ethyl Ketone ( MEK) CAS #: 96 29 7 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 79.6 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: 353 g/ L water @ 10 deg   C; soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone and benzene. OSHA PEL: 200 ppm; 590 mg/ cu m Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 870 Form  Hazardous Substance Database:

Sax, N. I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984., p. 549 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 36 Solubility  Hazardous Substance Database:

Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 850 Weast, R. C. ( ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988 1989. C 353 OSHA PEL

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. Page 39 CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects to liquid via the skin may cause defatting of the skin and dermatitis. No untoward effects have been reported for chronic exposure to low concentrations. May increase the toxic effects of kidney and liver caused by haloginated aliphatic compounds ( such as chloroform and carbon tetrachloride).

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 4728 International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I& II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 1171 Bang KM; Health Hazards in the Occupational Environment 7 ( 3): 15 29 ( 1984)

Alterkirch H et al; J Neurology 214: 137 52 ( 1977)

Carcinogenicity The IRIS database gives this chemical a classification of D which means that is is not classifiable as to human carcingenicity. This is based on no human carcinogenicity data and inadequate animal.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System ( IRIS) on methyl ethyl ketone ( 78 93 3) from the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET System, August 29, 1994 Page 40 Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 6E 01 I Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 2.86E 01 I Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity OSHA rating: Not established Page 41 Fate Data of Titanium Dioxide CAS #: 13463 67 7 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 42 Toxicological Profile of Titanium Dioxide CAS #: 13463 67 7 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 2500 3000 deg   C Form: Colorless, tetragonal crystals; amorphous, infusible powder. Solubility: Soluble in hot concn sulfuric acid, in hydrofluoric acid; insoluble in hydrochloric acid, nitric acid or diluted sulfuric acid; insoluble in organic solvents; soluble in alkali; insoluble in water. OSHA PEL: 8 hr Time Weighted avg: 15 mg/ cu m / Titanium dioxide, total dust/

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Hazardous Substance Database:

Weast, R. C. ( ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988 1989. B 140 Form  Hazardous Substance Database:

Weast, R. C. ( ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988 1989. B 138 Osol, A. ( ed.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 16th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1980., p. 733 Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1492 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 310 Solubility  Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1492 Page 43 American Hospital Formulary Service. Volumes I and II. Washington, DC: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, to 1984. 84: 2412 Weast, R. C. ( ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988 1989. B 140 OSHA PEL

American Conference of Government Industrial hygenists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinatti, OH: ACGIH and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov. OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ Table_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic exposure to the vapors of titanium dioxide may cause mild pulmonary irritation, and bronchitis. Most available studies suggest that inhaled titanium dioxide is biologically inert. The biocompatibility is high as shown by its vast use as an implant material in orthopedics, oral surgery and neurosurgery. The small amounts of titanium occasionally released from implants into adjacent tissues have not caused any adverse effects. When fed to animals, titanium dioxide coated mica displayed no evidence of either carcinogenic or toxicologic effect at dietary concentrations as high as 5.0%.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 1978 Friberg, L., Nordberg, G. F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V. B. ( eds). Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., 1986. V2 594 Friberg, L., Nordberg, G. F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V. B. ( eds). Handbook of the Toxicology of Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., 1986. V2 602 Page 44 Bernard BK et al; J Toxicol Environ Health 28 ( 4): 415 26 ( 1989)

Carcinogenicity According to IARC, there is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of titanium dioxide in humans. There is limited evidence for the carcinogenicity of titanium dioxide in experimental animals.

Overall evaluation: Titanium dioxide is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans ( Group 3).

Data from the above section can be found in the following source:

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity OSHA rating: A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen ( ACGIH)

Data regarding the OSHA rating may be found in the following source: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Page 45 Fate Profile for Cyclohexane CAS #: 10 82 7 Overview Cyclohexane occurs naturally in crude oil and may be released wherever petroleum products are refined, stored, and used. Another large source of general release is in exhaust gases from motor vehicles. It is also produced in large quantities primarily as an intermediate in the manufacture of nylon and releases in wastewater, and as fugitive emissions, can be expected in connection with its manufacture and use. Various bacterial systems oxidize cyclohexane to cyclohexanol.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, cyclohexane will be lost through volatilization and should leach into groundwater in view of the high vapor pressure ( 97.6 torr at 25 deg ° C). While cyclohexane is resistant to biodegradation, degradation occurs slowly in groundwater in the presence of other petrochemicals. The Koc for cyclohexane estimated from its solubility ( 54.8 mg/ 1) by a recommended regression equation is 480, indicating a moderate adsorptivity to soil.

Fate in Water If released to water, volatilization ( estimated half life 2 hr in a model river) should be the most important fate process occurring in aquatic systems. This is true because the Henry's Law constant for cyclohexane, 7.9, indicates that it will volatilize rapidly from water with the rate being controlled by diffusion through the liquid phase. While bioconcentration in aquatic organisms and adsorption to sediment is estimated to occur to a moderate extent, vaporization should be so rapid that they will not contribute significantly to cyclohexane's fate in water.

Fate in Air If released to the atmosphere, cyclohexane will degrade by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals ( half life 52 hr). The half life is much faster under photochemical smog conditions with half lives as low as 6 hr being reported. Page 46 Toxicological Profile of Cyclohexane CAS #: 10 82 7 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 80.7 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, & benzene; miscible with olive oil. OSHA PEL: 300 ppm; 1050 mg/ cu m Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 391 Form  Hazardous Substance Database:

Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: American Elsevier, 1965., p. 130 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 82 Solubility  Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 391 Weast, R. C. ( ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 66th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1985 1986. C 224 Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: American Elsevier, 1965., p. 130 The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 391 Page 47 OSHA PEL:

American Conference of Government Industrial hygenists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinatti, OH: ACGIH and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov. OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ Table_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic or repeated exposure to cyclohexane may result in skin irritation due to defatting of the skin. No other human chronic data available. No adverse clinical observations were found in rats subjected to 2500 ppm cyclohexane exposed ( 9 10 hr/ day, 5 6 days/ week) to controlled concentrations of the test material in ambient air.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 390 Frontali N et al; Clin Toxicol 18 ( 12): 1357 67 ( 1981)

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 48 Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 49 Fate Profile for 2 Propanol CAS #: 67 63 0 Overview Isopropanol will enter the environment as emissions from its manufacture and use as a solvent. It naturally occurs as a plant volatile and is released during the microbial degradation of animal wastes. Isopropanol will oxidize to acetone.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, isopropanol will both evaporate quickly and leach into the ground due to its high vapor pressure and low adsorption to soil. Degradation in soil and groundwater has not been determined. If soil degradation is not rapid, it is apt to leach into the groundwater. No information on the adsorption of isopropanol on soils and sediments could be found in the literature but its low octanol/ water partition coefficient ( log p= 0.34) indicates that its adsorption will be low.

Fate in Water If released to water, isopropyl alcohol will volatilize ( estimated half life approximately 5.4 days) and may biodegrade. Although it is readily degradable in a number of laboratory tests, no data on its degradability in natural waters could be found.

The estimated half life for evaporation of isopropanol from water 1 m deep with a 1 m/ sec current and 3 m/ sec wind is 5.4 days. Isopropanol is relatively volatile ( vapor pressure 0.32X10+ 2 torr ( 20 deg ° C) and 57 torr ( 30 deg ° C) and would therefore readily evaporate from soil and surfaces.

Fate in Air If released into the atmosphere, isopropanol will photodegrade with an estimated half life ranging from one to several days. Due to its solubility in water, rainout may be significant. Page 50 Toxicological Profile of Isopropanol ( 2 Propanol) CAS #: 67 63 0 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 82.5 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: Soluble in benzene; > 10% in water and alcohol; miscible in most solvents OSHA PEL: 400 PPM; 980 mg/ cu m Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 749 Form  Hazardous Substance Database:

Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 4562 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 180 Solubility  Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 749 Weast, R. C. ( ed.) Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 69th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1988 1989. C 455 Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 4562 Weast, R. C. and M. J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985. V1 798 Page 51 OSHA PEL:

American Conference of Government Industrial hygenists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinatti, OH: ACGIH and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov. OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ Table_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic exposure to liquids via the skin may cause mild central nervous system ( CNS) depression. Conclusive evidence for liver damage is non existent, but isopropyl alcohol may enhance hepatotoxicity of carbon tetrachloride in animals. Isopropyl alcohol has been given a Reproductive Hazard Rating of B: there is evidence of few reproductive effects having been demonstrated in animals and no human data are available at this time. ( Reprotext( R)( 1995).

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Reynolds, J. E. F., Prasad, A. B. ( eds.) Martindale The Extra Pharmacopoeia. 28th ed. London: The Pharmaceutical Press, 1982., p. 40 Gosselin, R. E., R. P. Smith, H. C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984. III 218 Dreisbach, R. H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed. Norwalk, CT: Appleton and Lange, 1987., p. 178 IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, V15 234 ( 1977)

Shepard, T. H. Catalog of Teratogenic Agents. 5th ed. Baltimore, MD: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986., p. 329 Lyon Rc et Al; J Pharmacol Exp Ther ( 3) 218: 669 75 ( 1981) Page 52 Carcinogenicity According to IARC, isopropyl alcohol is classified as having inadequate evidence in humans as well as inadequate evidence in animals.

This chemical is given an overall evaluation of carcinogenic risk to humans of a Group 3: This agent is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans. At this time, there is insufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and animals.

Data from the above section can be found in the following source:

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, V42 207 ( 1987)

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans OSHA rating: Not established Page 53 Fate Profile for Heptane CAS #: 142 82 5 Overview n Heptane is a highly volatile constituent in the paraffin fraction of crude oil and natural gas. n Heptane is released to the environment via the manufacture, use and disposal of many products associated with the petroleum and gasoline industries. Extensive data show release of n heptane into the environment from printing pastes, paints, varnishes, adhesives and other coatings; landfills and waste incinerators; vulcanization and extrusion operations during rubber and synthetic production; and the combustion of gasoline fueled engines.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, photolysis or hydrolysis of n heptane are not expected to be important in soils. The biodegradation of n heptane may occur in soils; however, volatilization and adsorption are expected to be far more important fate processes. A high Koc indicates n heptane will be slightly mobile to immobile in moist soils. n Heptane is also expected to rapidly volatilize from surface soils based upon an estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.06 atm cu m/ mole. Based on a water solubility of 2.93 mg/ l and a log Kow of 4.66, the Koc of n heptane has been calculated to range from 2400 to 8100 from various regression derived equations. These Koc values indicate n heptane will be slightly mobile to immobile in soils.

Fate in Water If released to water, photolysis or hydrolysis of n heptane in aquatic systems is not expected to be important. The biodegradation of n heptane may occur in aquatic environments; however, volatilization and adsorption are expected to be far more important fate processes. The log bioconcentration factor ( log BCF) for n heptane has been estimated to range from 2.53 to 3.31 suggesting bioconcentrations may be an important factor in aquatic systems. A high Koc indicates n heptane may strongly absorb to carbon and may partition from the water column to organic matter contained in sediments and suspended solids. An estimated Henry's Law constant of 2.06 atm cu m/ mole at 25 deg ° C suggests rapid volatilization of n heptane from environmental waters. Based on this Henry's Law constant, the volatilization half life from a model river has been estimated to be 2.9 hr. The volatilization half life from an model pond, which considers the effect of adsorption, can be estimated to be about 13 days. Page 54 Fate in Air If released to the atmosphere, n heptane is expected to exist entirely in the vapor phase in ambient air based on a vapor pressure of 45.8 mm Hg at 25 deg ° C. Direct photolysis of n heptane in the atmosphere is not expected to be important. However, vapor phase reactions with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere have been shown to be important. The rate constant for n heptane was measured to be 7.18X10 12 cu cm/ molecule sec at 26 deg ° C which corresponds to an atmospheric half life of about 2.2 days at an atmospheric concentration of 5X10+ 5 hydroxyl radicals per cu cm. Experimental data showed that 30.9% of the n heptane fraction in a dark chamber reacted with NO 3 to form the corresponding alkyl nitrate, suggesting nighttime reactions with nitrate radicals may contribute to the atmospheric transformation of n heptane, especially in urban environments. Page 55 Toxicological Profile of Heptane CAS #: 142 82 5 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 98.4 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: 3 ug/ ml in water @ 20 deg   C; soluble in alcohol; > 10% in acetone, ether, and chloroform. OSHA PEL: 500 ppm; 2000 mg/ cu m Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989.

Form  The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989.

Hazardous Substance Database:

NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 156 Solubility  The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989.

Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 674 Weast, R. C. and M. J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985. V1 682 Snyder, R. ( ed.) Ethyl Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume 1: Hydrocarbons. Amsterdam  New York  Oxford: Elsevier, Page 56 1987., p. 297 Verschueren, K. Handbook of Environmental Data of Organic Chemicals. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1983., p. 709 Mackay D, Shiu WY; J Phys Chem Ref Data 19: 1175 99 ( 1981)

OSHA PEL  American Conference of Government Industrial hygenists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinatti, OH: ACGIH and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov. OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ Table_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic or repeated exposure can result in skin irritation due to defatting of the skin. In chronic rat assays, there may be a significant increase in serum alkaline phosphatase levels in female rats exposed to 3000 ppm n heptane, but serum glutamine pyruvic transaminase ( SPGT) levels were normal.

Data from the above section can be found in the following source within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Snyder, R. ( ed.) Ethyl Browning's Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. 2nd ed. Volume 1: Hydrocarbons. Amsterdam  New York  Oxford: Elsevier, 1987., p. 302 Carcinogenicity Based on the Iris database, acetone has a D classification ( not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity).

Basis for classification: Based on lack of data concerning carcinogenicity in humans or animals.

Human carcinogenicity data: None. Animal carcinogenicity data: None.

Data from the above section can be found in the following source: Page 57 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System ( IRIS) on heptane from the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET System Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity OSHA rating: Not established Page 58 Fate Data of Hydrogen Sulfate Sodium Salt CAS #: 1847 55 8 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 59 Toxicological Profile of Hydrogen Sulfate Sodium Salt CAS #: 1847 55 8 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 102 deg ° C Form: Orange liquid Solubility: Soluble in 20 deg ° C OSHA PEL: Not established Data from the above section may be found in the following source:

Boiling point, Form and Solubility were found in the same source, a Material Safety Data Sheet [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

Chronic Toxicity There are no known chronic effects associated with this chemical.

No known chronic effects regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 60 Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 61 Fate Profile for Isobutyl Alcohol CAS #: 78 83 1 Overview Isobutyl alcohol will enter the environment as emissions from its manufacture and use as a solvent and release in fermentation. It naturally occurs as a plant volatile and is released during the microbial degradation of animal wastes.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, isobutyl alcohol will both evaporate and leach into the ground due to its relatively high vapor pressure and low adsorption to soil. Isobutyl alcohol has a very low log octanol/ water partition coefficient ( 0.76) and therefore would not be expected to significantly adsorb to soil. Although it readily degrades in laboratory tests, its degradation in soil has not been determined. If degradation is not rapid, it is apt to leach into ground water.

Fate in Water If released to water, isobutyl alcohol will volatilize ( half life in a river approximately 4 days) and biodegrade. Although it is readily degradable in laboratory tests and is reported to degrade in natural waters, no data on its rate of degradation in surface waters could be found. Its degradation in ground water is unknown.

Fate in Air If released into the atmosphere, isobutyl alcohol will photodegrade with a half life ranging from hours in polluted urban atmospheres, to days in cleaner atmospheres. Page 62 Toxicological Profile of Isobutyl Alcohol CAS #: 78 83 1 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 108 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: Soluble in about 20 parts water; miscible in alcohol and ether. OSHA PEL: 100 ppm; 300 mg/ cu m Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point

The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989.

Form  Hazardous Substance Database:

Browning, E. Toxicity and Metabolism of Industrial Solvents. New York: American Elsevier, 1965., p. 348 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 176 Solubility

The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989.

OSHA PEL

American Conference of Government Industrial hygenists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinatti, OH: ACGIH and; Page 63 U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov. OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ Table_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects from repeated inhalations of isobutyl alcohol cause no significant injury. No adverse effects found besides slight skin irritation.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 3E 01 I Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can be found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet sitehttp www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 64 Fate Data of Silicon Dioxide CAS #: 7631 86 9 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 65 Toxicological Profile of Silicon Dioxide ( Silica) CAS #: 7631 86 9 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 2230.05 deg   C Form: Transparent crystals or amorphous powder; Transparent to gray powder. Solubility: Soluble in hot potassium hydroxide and hot sodium hydroxide solutions. Insoluble in ethanol; practically insoluble in water or acids, except hydrofluoric acid; very slightly sol in alkali. OSHA PEL: 0.05 mg/ cu m Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  From Hazardous Substance Database:

Daubert, T. E., R. P. Danner. Physical and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure Chemicals Data Compilation. Washington, D. C.: Taylor and Francis, 1989.

Form  From Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1346 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 276 Solubility  From Hazardous Substance Database:

Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 1346 Lide, D. R. ( ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 73rd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1992 1993. 4 95 Hartley, D. and H. Kidd ( eds.). The Agrochemicals Handbook. 2nd ed. Lechworth, Herts, England: The Royal Society of Chemistry, 1987. Page 66 OSHA PEL:

American Conference of Government Industrial hygenists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinatti, OH: ACGIH and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. osha slc. gov. OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ Table_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Silicon dioxide is chemically & biologically inert when ingested in any of its many physical forms, such as crystalline quartz, amorphous siliceous earth ( diatomaceous earth, diatomite, kieselguhr) or colloidal silica gels. The chronic inhalation of certain samples of crystalline quartz, however, may cause a progressive pneumoconiosis commonly known as silicosis. The planar arrangement of silica also determines its toxic effect to some extent. Quartz is the most stable and common crystalline form of silica.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Gosselin, R. E., R. P. Smith, H. C. Hodge. Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 5th ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1984. II 95 Casarett, L. J., and J. Doull. Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., 1975., p. 214 Carcinogenicity According to the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists ( ACGIH) Silica  quartz is considered to be an animal carcinogen ( A3) but other types of silica are considered to be not classifiable as a human carcinogen.

Data from the above section can be found in the following source:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Page 67 Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: High Concern for quartz but Low Concern for all other types of silica. OSHA rating: Silica  quartz is considered to be an animal carcinogen ( A3) but other types of silica are considered to be not classifiable as a human carcinogen ( ACGIH).

Data regarding the OSHA rating may be found in the following source: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Page 68 Fate Profile for n Butanol CAS #: 71 36 3 Overview Release of n butanol to the environment is expected to result from its use as a solvent in a variety of products. It may also be released by the action of anaerobic microorganisms.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, n butanol may result in volatilization from the soil surface and biodegradation is expected to be significant. n Butanol should not bind strongly to soil and so is expected to leach into groundwater. A Koc of 71.6 suggests that n butanol will be moderately to highly mobile in the soil.

Fate in Water If released to water, n butanol is expected to biodegrade. Volatilization from the water surface is expected to occur with estimated half lives of 2.4 hr, 3.9 hr and 125.9 days in streams, rivers and lakes. The actual tendency of n butanol to volatilize depends upon the temperature, turbulence, wind speed, current velocity and the depth of the water bodies. n Butanol is not expected to bind strongly to suspended sediments. Bioconcentration is not expected to be significant.

The rates of volatilization from lakes, rivers and streams have been estimated to be 2.4 hr, 3.9 hr, and 3022.5 hr ( 125.9 days) based on current velocities of 0.01, 1 and 2 m/ sec, respectively.

Fate in Air If released to the atmosphere, the half life of n butanol in a sunlit urban atmosphere was estimated to be 5 hr. The half life for the reaction of vapor phase n butanol in the atmosphere with photochemically generated hydroxyl radicals is estimated to be 2.30 days. Page 69 Toxicological Profile of 2 Butanol CAS #: 71 36 3 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 117.2 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: 9.1 ml/ 100 ml of water at 25 deg   C; miscible with many organic solvents; > 10% in benzene, ether, ethanol or acetone. OSHA PEL: Ceiling value of 50 ppm ( 150 mg/ cu m)

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Hazardous Substance Database:

Weast, R. C. and M. J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985. V1 347 Form  Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 214 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 38 Solubility  Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 214 Weast, R. C. and M. J. Astle. CRC Handbook of Data on Organic Compounds. Volumes I and II. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc. 1985. V1 347 Mackison, F. W., R. S. Stricoff, and L. J. Partridge, Jr. ( eds.). NIOSH/ OSHA  Occupational Health Guidelines for Chemical Hazards. DHHS( NIOSH) Publication, p. 2 No. 81 123 ( 3 VOLS). Washington, DC: U. S. Government Printing Office, Jan. 1981 Page 70 OSHA PEL

American Conference of Government Industrial hygenists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinatti, OH: ACGIH and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov. OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ Table_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic exposure to butyl alcohols have produced few cases of poisoning in industry because of their low volatility. The metabolic products of n butanol are not a major cause of toxicity.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Sax, N. I. Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials. 6th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1984., p. 564 Carcinogenicity Based on the Iris database, acetone has a D classification ( not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity).

Basis for classification: Based on lack of data concerning carcinogenicity in humans or animals. Human carcinogenicity data: None. Animal carcinogenicity data: None.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System ( IRIS) on 2 butanol from the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET System, August 15, 1994 Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 71 Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 1E 01 I Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can be found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet sitehttp www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity OSHA rating: Not established Page 72 Fate Data of VM& P Naphtha ( Ligroine) CAS #: 8032 32 4 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 73 Toxicological Profile of VM& P Naphtha ( Ligroine) CAS #: 8032 32 4 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 120  135 deg C ( Ligroine) Form: Clear, colorless liquid Solubility: Negligible (< 0.1%) in water OSHA PEL: 300 ppm; 1350 mg/ cu m Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling point, Form and Solubility were found in the same source, Material Safety Data Sheets with the following internet addresses:

http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom http:// www. goper. mq. edu. au: 70 Data is also found in KR ScienceBase OSHA PEL

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include dermal irritation and possible central nervous system ( CNS) depression.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources: Page 74 Material Safety Data Sheets with the following internet addresses:

http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom http:// www. goper. mq. edu. au: 70 KR ScienceBase Environmental Protection Agency's Structure Activity Team Report Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): No data Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): No data Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): No data Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): No data Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: No data Page 75 Fate Data of Calcium Carbonate CAS #: 471 34 1 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 76 Toxicological Profile of Calcium Carbonate CAS #: 471 34 1 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 800 deg ° C Form: Fine, white, microcrystalline powder Solubility: Practically insoluble in water at 20 deg ° C; soluble in diluted acids OSHA PEL: Not established Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Data were found in the following source, a Material Safety Data Sheet on calcium carbonate [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

Form  Hazardous Substance Database: Osol, A. and J. E. Hoover, et al. ( eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 733 The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976., p. 210 Solubility  Hazardous Substance Database: Osol, A. and J. E. Hoover, et al. ( eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 733 The Merck Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck & Co., Inc., 1976., p. 210 Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include dermal irritation. No other chronic health effects have been identified concerning this chemical.

The above data may be found in the followin Material Safety Data Sheet: calcium carbonate [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review. Page 77 No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 78 Fate Profile for n Butyl Acetate CAS #: 123 86 4 Fate in Soil If released to soil, n butyl acetate may be susceptible to significant biodegradation based on its demonstrated biodegradability with a screening test using a natural river water seed suggests that microbial decomposition in soil may occur. Chemical hydrolysis in moist alkaline soils ( pH approaching 9 or higher) is expected to be important, but not in neutral or acidic soils. n Butyl acetate may be subject to moderate to high leaching based on estimated Koc values of 34 and 233. Volatilization from dry soil surfaces is likely to be rapid.

Fate in Water If released to water, biodegradation is expected to be the important removal mechanism. BOD studies using either a sewage inoculum or a natural river water inoculum have demonstrated that n butyl acetate is significantly biodegradable. The Henry's Law constant for n butyl acetate at 25 deg ° C is about 3.2X10 4 atm cu m/ mole; this value suggests that volatilization is probably significant from environmental bodies of water. The volatilization half life from a river one meter deep flowing 1 m/ sec with a wind velocity of 3 m/ sec has been estimated to be 6.1 hours hours; the volatilization half life from a similar river 10 m deep has been estimated to be 7.4 days. The hydrolysis half lives of n butyl acetate at pHs 7.0, 8.0, and 9.0 are about 3.1 years, 114 days and 11.4 days, respectively, at 20 deg ° C indicating that hydrolysis will be important only in very alkaline environmental waters. Aquatic adsorption and bioconcentration are not expected to be significant.

Fate in Air If released into the atmosphere, n butyl acetate will exist almost entirely in the vapor phase in the ambient atmosphere. The dominant removal mechanism in the atmosphere will be the vapor phase reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals which has an estimated half life of about 6 days in an average atmosphere indicating that this reaction will be the dominant removal mechanism. Page 79 Toxicological Profile of N butyl Acetate CAS #: 123 86 4 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 125 126 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: In water  14,000 mg/ L at 20 deg   C; 5,000 mg/ L at 25 deg   C; soluble in most hydrocarbons; soluble in alcohol, ether, acetone, & benzene. OSHA PEL: 150 ppm; 710 mg/ cu m Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling point, Form and Solubility were found in the same source: The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989.

OSHA PEL  American Conference of Government Industrial hygenists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinatti, OH: ACGIH and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov. OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ Table_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Evidence of chronic systemic toxicity is inconclusive. Prolonged overexposure may produce irritation of the skin.

Data from the above section can be found in the following source:

The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989. Page 80 Carcinogenicity Notice of Intended Change: The ACGIH has listed chemicals for which a limit has been proposed for the first time, or for which a change in the " Adopted" listing has been proposed. The proposed limits should be considered trial limits that will remain in the listing for a period of at least two years. If, after two years no evidence comes to light that questions the appropriateness of the values herein, the values will be reconsidered for the " Adopted" list. Nbutyl acetate is now considered to be a part of Group A4. A4= Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen OSHA rating: A4: Not Classifiable as a Human Carcinogen Data regarding the OSHA rating may be found in the following source: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Page 81 Fate Profile for Ethyl Benzene CAS #: 100 41 4 Overview Ethylbenzene will enter the atmosphere primarily from fugitive emissions and exhaust connected with its use in gasoline. More localized sources will be emissions, waste water and spills from its production and industrial use.

Fate in Soil If released onto soil, part of the ethylbenzene will evaporate into the atmosphere. It has a moderate adsorption and will significantly hydrolyze in soil. Its vapor pressure of 9.53 mm Hg at 25 deg ° C suggest that ethylbenzene may evaporate fairly rapidly from soil. While there are no direct data concerning its biodegradability in soil, it is likely that it may biodegrade slowly after acclimation of ambient microorganisms. It will not hyrolyze in soil or groundwater.

Fate in Water If released into water, ethylbenzene will evaporate fairly rapidly into the atmosphere with a half life ranging from hrs to a few weeks. Biodegradation will also be rapid ( half life 2 days) after a population of microorganisms capable of degrading toluene becomes established which will depend on the particular body of water and the temperature. Some ethylbenzene will be adsorbed by the sediment but significant bioconcentration in fish is not expected to occur based upon its octanol/ water partition coefficient. There is evidence that ethylbenzene slowly biodegrades in groundwater. It will not significantly photolyze or hydrolyze. Releases into water will decrease in concn by evaporation and biodegradation. The time for this decrease and the primary loss processes will depend on the season, and the turbulence and microbial populations in the particular body of water. Representative half lives are several days to 2 weeks.

Ethylbenzene has a Henry's Law constant of 8.44X10 3 atm cu m/ mole at 25 deg ° C and will evaporate rapidly from water; a half life for evaporation from water with 1 m/ sec current, 3 m/ sec wind, and 1 m depth is 3.1 hr. In a mesocosm experiment using simulated conditions for Narragansett Bay, MA, and seasonal conditions, the loss of ethylbenzene was primarily by evaporation in winter ( t1/ 2 13 days). Page 82 Fate in Air If ethylbenzene is released to the atmosphere, it will exist predominantly in the vapor phase based on its vapor pressure. It will be removed from the atmosphere principally by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals ( half life, 0.5 hr to days) and partially return to earth in rain. It will not be expected to directly photolyze. Page 83 Toxicological Profile of Ethyl Benzene CAS #: 100 41 4 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 136.2 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: Solubility in water @ 15 deg   C, 0.014 g/ 100 ml; sol in all proportions in ethyl alcohol and ethyl ether; miscible with usual organic solvents. OSHA PEL: 100 ppm; 435 mg/ cu m Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Hazardous Substances Database: Lide, D. R. ( ed). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 72nd ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991 1992. 3 239 Form  Hazardous Substances Database: Sax, N. I. and R. J. Lewis, Sr. ( eds.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 11th ed. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., 1987., p. 479 NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS ( NIOSH) Publication No. 94 116. Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, June 1994., p. 132 Solubility  Hazardous Substances Database:

International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I& II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 2114 Patty, F. ( ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed. New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963., p. 1223 Budavari, S. ( ed.). The Merck Index  Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs and Biologicals. Rahway, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1989., p. 595 OSHA PEL

American Conference of Government Industrial hygenists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Page 84 Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinatti, OH: ACGIH and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov. OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ Table_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic exposure in humans may cause fatigue, sleepiness, headache, and irritation of the eyes and respiratory tract. Prolonged exposure to vapors may result in functional disorders, increase in deep reflexes, hematological disorders ( leukopenia and lymphocytosis, in particular) and hepatobiliary complaints.

Data from the above section may be found in the following sources within the Hazardous Substance Database:

International Labour Office. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I& II. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1983., p. 2114 Carcinogenicity Based on the Iris database, ethyl benzene has a D classification ( not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity).

Basis for classification: Chemical is non classifiable due to lack of animal bioassays and human studies.

Human carcinogenicity data: None. Animal carcinogenicity data: None.

Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System ( IRIS) on ethyl benzene ( 100 41 4) from the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET System Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not Established Page 85 Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not Established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 1E 01 I Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 2.86 E 01 I Any information regarding the above data can be found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet sitehttp www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity OSHA rating: Not Established Page 86 Fate Profile for Xylene CAS #: 1330 20 7 Overview Xylenes will enter the atmosphere primarily from fugitive emissions and exhaust connected with their use in gasoline. Industrial sources include emissions from petroleum refining and their use as solvents and chemical intermediates. Discharges and spills on land and waterways result from their use in diesel fuel and gasoline, and storage and transport of petroleum products.

Fate in Air If released into the atmosphere, most of the xylenes may photochemically degrade by reaction with hydroxyl radicals ( half life 1 18 hr). The dominant removal process in water is volatilization.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, xylenes are moderately mobile in soil and may leach into groundwater where they are known to persist for several years, despite some evidence that they biodegrade in both soil and groundwater. The extent of the degradation will undoubtedly depend on their concentration, residence time in the soil, the nature of the soil, and whether resident microbial populations have been acclimated. Bioconcentration is not expected to be significant.

Fate in Water If released to water, xylenes biodegrade and have been observed to degrade in seawater. There is insufficient data to access the rate of this process in surface waters. Although they have been observed to degrade in groundwater in one study, they are known to persist for many years in groundwater at least at sites where the concentration might have been quite high. Page 87 Toxicological Profile of Xylene CAS #: 1330 20 7 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 139.3 deg   C Form: Clear liquid Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in acetone, benzene, alcohol, and ether. OSHA PEL: 100 ppm; 435 mg/ cu m Data from the above sections may be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  From Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 1448 Form  From Hazardous Substance Database:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:, p. 6370 Solubility  From Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 1448 OSHA PEL

American Conference of Government Industrial hygenists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinatti, OH: ACGIH and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. osha slc. gov. OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ Table_ Z 1. html] Page 88 Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects in rats may cause an inhibition of the phagocytic activity of leukocytes.

Data from the above section can be found in the following source within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 3298 Carcinogenicity IARC states that there is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of xylene in humans. There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of xylene in experimental animals.

Overall evaluation: Xylene is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans ( Group 3).

Data from the above sections may be found in the following source:

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, V42 207 ( 1987)

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 2H Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 2E 01 W Any information regarding the above data can be found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet sitehttp www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern ( based on lack of chronic data) Carcinogenicity: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity Page 89 OSHA rating: A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen ( Xylene) Data regarding the OSHA rating may be found in the following source: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Page 90 Fate Profile for m Xylene CAS #: 108 38 3 m Xylene will enter the atmosphere primarily from fuel emissions and exhausts linked with its use in gasoline. Industrial sources include emissions from petroleum refining and its use as a solvent and chemical intermediate. The primary source of exposure is from air, especially in areas with high ( vehicular) traffic. Discharges and spills on land and waterways result from its use in diesel fuel and gasoline and the storage and transport of petroleum products.

Fate in Soil If released to soil, m xylene will volatilize and leach into the ground and may be degraded during its passage through soil. The extent of the degradation will depend on its concentration, residence time in the soil, the nature of the soil, and whether resident microbial populations have been acclimated. Some adsorption to sediment will occur. Although it has been observed to degrade in groundwater in one study, it is known to persist for many years in groundwater, at least at sites where the concentration might have been quite high. Bioconcentration is not expected to be significant.

Fate in Water If released to water, volatilization appears to be the dominant removal process ( half life 1 5.5 days). Using the Henry's law constant = 0.314, the half life for evaporation of m xylene from water with a wind speed of 3 m/ sec, a current of 1 m/ sec, and a depth of 1 m is calculated to be 3.1 hr. An experiment which measured the rate of evaporation of m and p xylene from a 1: 1000 jet fuel: water mixture found that it averaged 0.64 times the oxygen reaeration rate. Combining this ratio with the oxygen rearation rates of typical bodies of water, one estimates that the half life for evaporation from a typical river and pond is 27 and 135 hr, respectively.

Fate in Air If released into the atmosphere, m xylene may degrade by reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals ( half life 1.0 hr in summer and 10 hr in winter). However, ambient levels are detected because of large emissions. Page 91 Toxicological Profile of M xylene CAS #: 108 38 3 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 139.3 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in acetone, benzene, alcohol, and ether. OSHA PEL: 100 ppm; 435 mg/ cu m Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling Point  Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 1448 Form  Hazardous Substance Database:

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Documentation of the Threshold Limit Values and Biological Exposure Indices. 5th ed. Cincinnati, OH:, p. 6370 Solubility  Hazardous Substance Database:

The Merck Index. 10th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck Co., Inc., 1983., p. 1448 OSHA PEL  American Conference of Government Industrial hygenists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinatti, OH: ACGIH and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov. OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ Table_ Z 1. html] Page 92 Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects in rats may cause an inhibition of the phagocytic activity of leukocytes.

Data from the above section can be found in the following source within the Hazardous Substance Database:

Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton ( eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981 1982., p. 3298 Carcinogenicity IARC states that there is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of xylene in humans. There is inadequate evidence for the carcinogenicity of xylene in experimental animals.

Overall evaluation: Xylene is not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans ( Group 3).

Data from the above section can be found in the following source:

IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 47 146 ( 1989)

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): 2H Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): 2E 01 W Any information regarding the above data can be found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet sitehttp www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern ( based on lack of chronic data) Page 93 Carcinogenicity: Not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity OSHA rating: A4: Not classifiable as a human carcinogen ( Xylene)

Data regarding the OSHA rating may be found in the following source: American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH Page 94 Fate Data of Nonylphenol Surfactant CAS #: 68412 54 4 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 95 Toxicological Profile of Nonylphenol Surfactant CAS #: 68412 54 4 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: Unknown Melting Point:  13 deg ° C Form: Clear, light colored liquid Solubility: Dispersible in water OSHA PEL: Not established Data from the above section can be found in the following source:

Boiling point, Form and Solubility were found in the same source, a Material Safety Data Sheet on Buffalo Wax Remover [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

Chronic Toxicity There are no known chronic effects associated with this chemical.

No known chronic data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 96 Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 97 Fate Data of Isobutyl Isobutyrate CAS #: 97 85 8 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 98 Toxicological Profile of Isobutyl Isobutyrate CAS #: 97 85 8 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 147 deg   C Form: Colorless liquid Solubility: Insoluble in water OSHA PEL: Not established Data from the above section can be found in the following source:

Boiling point, Form and Solubility were found in the same source, a Material Safety Data Sheet on Isobutyl Isobutyrate, 3499000 [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include dermal irritation.

Data from the above section can be found in the following source:

a Material Safety Data Sheet on Isobutyl Isobutyrate, 3499000 [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 99 Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 100 Fate Data of Gum Arabic ( Acacia) CAS #: 9000 01 5 Acacia is the dried gummy exudation from the stems and branches of the Acacia senegal. The gums from Acacia verek from the plantations in the Kordofan province ( Sudan) is considered the best commercial variety. Grades of Kordofan gum which are clear, white ( sun bleached) and tasteless are preferred for food preparations and pharmaceuticals. Also used in mucilage, tables, emulsifiers, candy and other foods as a colloidal stabilizer.

No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 101 Toxicological Profile of Gum Arabic ( Acacia) CAS #: 9000 01 5 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: No data Form: Spheroidal tears up to 32 mm in diameter; also flakes and powder; colorless or has a yellowish brownish hue. Solubility: Readily soluble in water; insoluble in most organic solvents. OSHA PEL: Not established.

The data for the above section can be found in the following source for both form and solubility: The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989 Chronic Toxicity No chronic health concerns have been identified concerning this chemical. This material is used in food preparations and in pharmaceuticals.

The data for the above section can be found in the following sources:

The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989;

Doull, John, M. D., Ph. D., et al. 1980. Casarett and Doull's Toxicology, The Basic Science of Poisons ( second edition). Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc.;

The Merck Index Online( SM). 1997 Merck & Co., Inc., and;

The KR ScienceBase. A database found through Dialog.

Carcinogenicity According to NTP, there is no evidence of carcinogenicity in the mouse or rat. Page 102 The data for the above section can be found in the following source:

The KR ScienceBase. A database found through Dialog.

The Merck Index Online( SM). 1997 Merck & Co., Inc Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern OSHA rating: Not established Page 103 Fate Data of Stoddard Solvent CAS #: 8052 41 3 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 104 Toxicological Profile of Stoddard Solvent CAS #: 8052 41 3 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 149 182 deg   C Form: Clear liquid Solubility: Negligible in water OSHA PEL: 500 ppm; 2900 mg/ cu m The data from the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling point, Form and Solubility were found in the same source, a Material Safety Data Sheet on DAP  50903 Woodlife F Clear [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include defatting of the skin and mucous membranes.

The data from the above section were found in the following source:

Environmental Protection Agency. Structure Activity Team Report.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review. Page 105 Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 106 Fate Data of Petroleum Mineral Oil CAS #: 64742 06 9 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 107 Toxicological Profile of Petroleum Mineral Oil CAS #: 64742 06 9 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 500 deg ° F Form: Clear amber liquid Solubility: No data OSHA PEL: 5 mg/ cu m Data from the above section can be found in the following sources:

Boiling point, and Form were found in the same source, a Material Safety Data Sheet on American Grease Stick  827 2529 Cutting and Grinding oil [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. osha slc. gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may cause dermal irritation.

Data for the above section were found in a Material Safety Data Sheet [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page. Page 108 Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): No data Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): No data Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): No data Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): No data Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: No data Page 109 Fate Data of Petroleum Distillate CAS #: 8002 05 9 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 110 Toxicological Profile of Petroleum Distillate CAS #: 8002 05 9 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 157 deg ° C Form: Clear, light yellow liquid Solubility: Insoluble in water OSHA PEL: 500 ppm ( 2000 mg/ cu m)

The data for the above section were found in the following sources:

Boiling point, Form and Solubility were found in the same source, a Material Safety Data Sheet [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity No chronic health concerns have been identified concerning this chemical.

Data Source: Environmental Protection Agency. Structure Activity Team Report.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page. Page 111 Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 112 Fate Data of non Phenolic Ethoxylates CAS #: 26027 38 3 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 113 Toxicological Profile of non Phenol Ethoxylates ( Glycols, polyethylene, mono( p nonylphenyl) ether)/ ( Nonoxynol) CAS #: 26027 38 3 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 250 deg   C Form: Lower adducts ( n < 15) are yellow to almost colorless liquids; higher adducts ( n > 20) are pale yellow to off white pastes or waxes. [ n = number of ethyl oxide units] Solubility: Lower adducts ( n < 6) are soluble in oil; higher ones are soluble in water. OSHA PEL: Not established Boiling point, Form and Solubility were found in the same source: The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989.

Chronic Toxicity No data regarding the chronic toxicity effects was found at the time of this review. This material is used in detergents, emulsifiers, defoaming agents, spermaticide, and pharmaceutical aids ( surfactants).

Sources:

No data regarding the chronic toxicity of this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

The data for the above uses were found in The Merk Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Eleventh edition. Merk & Co. 1989.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page. Page 114 Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern ( based on uses) Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 115 Fate Data of Solvent Naphta CAS #: 64742 95 6 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 116 Toxicological Profile of Solvent Naphtha CAS #: 64742 95 6 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 158 deg ° C Form: Liquid Solubility: Negligible in water OSHA PEL: 100 ppm Boiling point, Form and Solubility were found in the same source, a Material Safety Data Sheet on 3M Engine Degreaser, Part No. 08965  Degreaser [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

Chronic Toxicity Chronic effects may include defatting of the skin.

The data in the above section were found in the following source: a Material Safety Data Sheet on 3M Engine Degreaser, Part No. 08965  Degreaser [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ hazcom]

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.

No data regarding this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Risk Based Concentrations Carcinogenic Potency Slope Oral ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Carcinogenic Potency Slope Inhalation ( risk per mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Oral ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Reference Dose Inhalation ( mg/ kg/ day): Not established Page 117 Any information regarding the above data can found in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Region III Risk Based Concentration ( RBC) Table. [ Internet site  http:// www. epa. gov/ reg3hwmd/ risk/ rbc971. htm]

Toxicity Concern Chronic Toxicity: Low Concern Carcinogenicity: Low Concern ( based on Chronic Toxicity) OSHA rating: Not established Page 118 Fate Data of Methylcyclohexanone CAS #: 1331 22 2 No data regarding the fate, mobility, biodegradation, or bioconcentration of this chemical in the soil, water or air was found at the time of this review. Page 119 Toxicological Profile of Methylcyclohexanone CAS #: 1331 22 2 Physical/ Chemical Properties Boiling Point: 160 170 deg   C Form: Water white to pale yellow liquid Solubility: Insoluble in water, soluble in ether and alcohol. OSHA PEL: 100 ppm Data from the above section may be found in the following sources:

Boiling point, Form and Solubility were found in the same source, a Material Safety Data Sheet on o methylcyclohexanone [ Internet Address  http:// www. pdc. cornell. edu/ msds/ msdsdod/ a190]

OSHA PEL  American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. Threshold Limit Values ( TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices ( BEIs) for 1995 1996. Cincinnati, OH: ACGIH, and;

U. S. Department of Labor. Occupational Safety and Health Administration. CFR 1910.1000 Table Z 1 Limits for Air Contaminants, Table Z 2, and Table Z 3 Mineral Dusts. [ Internet Address: http:// www. oshaslc gov/ OshStd_ data/ 1910.1000_ TABLE_ Z 1. html]

Chronic Toxicity There are no known chronic effects associated with this chemical.

No data regarding the chronic toxicity of this material were found in any of the sources listed on the reference page.

Carcinogenicity No data regarding the carcinogenic effects in humans was found at the time of this review.