Serve. To perform the duties and discharge the responsibilities
required under this part.
    Simulated fire. An artificial duplication of smoke or flame used to
create various aircraft firefighting scenarios, such as lavatory,
galley oven, and aircraft seat fires.
    Special training. A category of training necessary to address
changes to the certificate holder's operations or to correct
deficiencies identified by the certificate holder's continuous analysis
process. Special training is temporary and is integrated into the
approved training program.
    Training. Instruction, practice or review.
    Training center evaluator. An individual who meets the requirements
of Sec.  142.55 of this chapter.
    Training or evaluation duty position. Flight instructors, flight
attendant instructors, check persons, IOE captains, and persons
authorized to conduct flight attendant proficiency tests.
    Training program. A certificate holder's training curriculums,
personnel, facilities, equipment, and other resources used to meet the
training requirements under this subpart.
    Transition (check persons and persons authorized to conduct flight
attendant proficiency tests). A curriculum category required to qualify
check persons and persons authorized to conduct flight attendant
proficiency tests to serve in a training or evaluation duty position on
an aircraft type for the certificate holder when they have previously
served in the same training or evaluation duty position on a different
aircraft type in the same group for that certificate holder.
    Transition (flight attendants). A curriculum category that allows a
flight attendant to qualify on an aircraft type if the flight attendant
has been qualified for at least 180 days and served in the previous 180
days on an aircraft as a flight attendant for that certificate holder.
    Transition (flightcrew members). A curriculum category used to
qualify a flightcrew member when that person has qualified and served
in that crewmember position on another aircraft in the same group.
    Upgrade. A curriculum category required to qualify flightcrew
members as either PIC or SIC in an aircraft in which they have been
previously qualified and served as SIC or flight engineer,
respectively, for that certificate holder.

Sec.  121.1206  Designation of related aircraft.

    In order to seek approval of a training program under Sec.
121.1215(b), or a deviation under Sec.  121.1230, a certificate holder
must submit an application for related aircraft designation, and obtain
approval of that application. The application must be submitted through
the FAA office responsible for approval of the certificate holder's
operations specifications, to the Division Manager of the Air
Transportation Division of Flight Standards Service.

Sec.  121.1207  Certification requirements: Crewmembers, flight
instructors, check pilots, check captain, and check flight engineers.

    No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person serve,
as a crewmember, flight instructor, check pilot, check captain, or
check flight engineer in a training program or in operations under this
part, unless that person meets the following requirements, as
applicable:
    (a) Pilots. (1) For pilots serving as pilot in command, or as
second in command of an aircraft that requires three or more pilots in
a flag or supplemental operation, a pilot must hold an airline
transport pilot certificate and an appropriate type, category, and
class rating for that aircraft.
    (2) For pilots serving as second in command of an aircraft that
requires only two pilots in flag operations or in international
supplemental operations, a pilot must hold at least a commercial pilot
certificate with appropriate type, category, and class ratings for that
aircraft, and an instrument rating.
    (3) For pilots serving as second in command of an aircraft in
domestic operations, a pilot must hold at least a commercial pilot
certificate with appropriate category and class ratings

for that aircraft, and an instrument rating.
    (b) Flight engineers. To serve as a flight engineer, a person must
hold a flight engineer certificate with the appropriate aircraft class
rating.
    (c) Flight instructors, check pilots, check captains, and check
flight engineers. No person may use, nor may any person serve, as a
flight instructor, check pilot, check captain, or check flight engineer
in a training program or in operations under this part, with respect to
the aircraft type involved, unless the person holds the airman
certificates and ratings required to serve as a pilot in command or
flight engineer, as applicable, in operations under this part.
    (d) Flight attendant. A person is considered to hold a Certificate
of Demonstrated Proficiency and is eligible to serve as a flight
attendant once the Administrator is notified by a certificate holder
that the person has the demonstrated proficiency to be a flight
attendant.
    (e) Certification of persons currently serving. A person who is
currently serving as a pilot or flight engineer for the certificate
holder or a person who is engaged in training and evaluation activities
for the certificate holder (as described in Sec.  121.1331(d)) may be
issued the appropriate certificate or type rating if that person meets
the following requirements:
    (1) The applicable eligibility, aeronautical knowledge, and
experience required by part 61 or part 63 of this chapter.
    (2) The applicable training requirements of this subpart.
    (3) The proficiency test requirements of Sec.  121.1365(b)(1). The
FAA or an APD must administer the proficiency test.

Sec.  121.1209  English language requirement.

    (a) No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person
serve, as a flightcrew member, flight attendant, or person acquiring
flight attendant operating experience in operations under this part,
unless that person has demonstrated to an individual qualified to
conduct evaluations under this part, that he or she can:
    (1) Read, write, speak, and understand the English language.
    (2) Have his or her English language and verbal and written
communications understood.
    (b) Compliance with this section may be shown by:
    (1) Completion of a certificate holder's approved training program
conducted solely in English, or
    (2) An airman certificate with an English language endorsement.

Sec.  121.1211  Medical certificate requirements.

    (a) No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person
serve, on an aircraft as a required flightcrew member in operations
under this part unless that person has a valid medical certificate
required by Sec.  61.23 or Sec.  63.31 of this chapter, as appropriate
for the duty being performed.
    (b) No medical certificate is required to serve in an FSTD.

Sec.  121.1213  Pilot monitoring (not flying) duties.

    Each pilot who is seated at the pilot controls of the aircraft or
FSTD, while not flying the aircraft or FSTD, is required to accomplish
pilot monitoring duties as appropriate in accordance with the FCOM.
Pilot monitoring duties are subject to the same oversight and
evaluation as pilot flying duties.

Sec.  121.1215  Modification of training program.

    (a) Differences: Modification of training program. If the
certificate holder finds that differences exist between the aircraft on
which a crewmember will serve as a required crewmember and an aircraft
of the same type or series aircraft on which the crewmember has
satisfactorily completed qualification training, the certificate holder
must consider the differences between the aircraft of the same type and
report such differences to the Administrator. The report must include
recommendations for the training necessary to ensure that each
crewmember is adequately trained to perform their assigned duties.
Differences training and evaluation for crewmembers must consist of at
least the following as applicable to their assigned duties and
responsibilities:
    (1) Each appropriate subject or task required for the academic
training and evaluation for the aircraft unless the Administrator finds
that particular subjects are not necessary.
    (2) Each appropriate maneuver or procedure required for the job
performance training and evaluation for the aircraft unless the
Administrator finds that particular maneuvers or procedures are not
necessary.
    (3) The number of programmed hours of academic and job performance
training and evaluation determined by the Administrator to be necessary
for the aircraft, the operation, and the duty position. The programmed
hours required for differences training and evaluation are in addition
to other required programmed hours.
    (b) Modification of flightcrew member training program based on
related aircraft classification. (1) If the FAA determines under Sec.
121.1206 that a certificate holder is operating related aircraft, the
certificate holder may submit a request for approval of a training
program that includes modifications of the flightcrew member training
program requirements specified in Sec. Sec.  121.1221, 121.1223, and
121.1239, and the applicable QPS requirements. The request for approval
must include the following:
    (i) Each appropriate subject or task required for the academic
training and evaluation for the related aircraft.
    (ii) Each appropriate maneuver or procedure required for the job
performance training and evaluation for the related aircraft.
    (iii) The number of programmed hours of academic and job
performance training and evaluation necessary based on review of the
related aircraft, the operation, and the duty position.
    (iv) For recurrent curriculum category, provide for the 9-month
cycle as prescribed under 121.1223, and ensure, during each cycle, that
the individual is provided all of the following:
    (A) Job performance training on one of the related aircraft;
    (B) Applicable academic or job performance training for the
differences, as determined by the FAA, on that aircraft and the other
aircraft determined to be related; and
    (C) Evaluation for the aircraft on which the individual did not
receive the job performance training during that same 9-month cycle.
    (2) The request for approval must be submitted to the certificate
holding district office and a copy sent to the Director of Flight
Standards Service.

Flightcrew Member

Sec.  121.1221  Flightcrew member: Training and evaluation.

    (a) Requirements to serve as a flightcrew member. Except as
approved by the FAA under Sec.  121.1215(b), no certificate holder may
use any person, nor may any person serve, as a required flightcrew
member in operations under this part unless that person has completed
the required curriculum for the appropriate training categories for the
aircraft type and crewmember duty position, including the programmed
hours for training and evaluation, as specified in Sec.  121.1335, the
appropriate QPS, and the following curriculum categories:
    (1) New hire, as prescribed in Sec.  121.1363.
    (2) Initial, conversion, transition, or upgrade, as prescribed in
Sec.  121.1365, as applicable.

    (3) Differences, if necessary, as prescribed in Sec.  121.1215(a).
    (4) Recurrent, as prescribed in Sec.  121.1367, according to the
schedule prescribed in Sec.  121.1223.
    (5) Requalification if necessary, as prescribed in Sec.  121.1239.
    (6) Special, if necessary, as prescribed in Sec.  121.1337.
    (b) Continuity of training and evaluation. Within 120 days of
beginning qualification a person must have completed in the following
order:
    (1) The required new hire academic and job performance training and
evaluation as described in paragraph (a)(1) of this section, if the
person is qualifying for the first time for the certificate holder.
    (2) The required initial, conversion, transition, or upgrade
academic and job performance training and evaluation described in
paragraph (a)(2) of this section, as applicable; and differences as
described in paragraph (a)(3) of this section, if applicable.
    (3) A proficiency test as prescribed in Sec.  121.1365(b)(1).
    (4) A qualification LOFT as prescribed in Sec.  121.1365(b)(2).
    (c) Failure to complete the academic and job performance training
and evaluation prescribed in paragraph (b) of this section within 120
days. If a person fails to complete the required training and
evaluation curriculum category within the 120 days, as required by
paragraph (b) of this section, the person must repeat the entire
academic and job performance training and evaluation requirements of
the curriculum category.
    (d) Requirements to complete job performance training: Complete
flightcrew. Except as provided in paragraph (e) of this section, and as
provided in paragraph (d)(3) of this section allowing for the absence
of a flight engineer in an airplane requiring a flight engineer, a
complete flightcrew is required for flightcrew member job performance
training and evaluation under this part. Each pilot flightcrew member
duty position must be filled by a person prescribed in paragraph (d)(1)
or (d)(2) of this section.
    (1) A student training to serve in that crewmember duty position;
or
    (2) Another person qualified to serve in that duty position, as
follows.
    (i) A line qualified crew member;
    (ii) A check pilot;
    (iii) An IOE pilot;
    (iv) A flight instructor;
    (v) An APD;
    (vi) A simulator-only instructor;
    (vii) A designated relief pilot authorized to relieve a pilot
serving in that crewmember duty position; or
    (viii) Another individual qualified to occupy that seat.
    (ix) To be considered ``qualified'' to serve in the duty position
under paragraph (d)(2) of this section, a medical certificate is not
required to serve in the FSTD in accordance with Sec.  121.1211(b)(2).
    (3) For aircraft certificated for two pilots and a flight engineer:
When using an FSTD, at the discretion of the instructor, after the
flight engineer completes the minimum hours of job performance
training, flightcrew member job performance training, on specific
piloting tasks may be conducted without the flight engineer duty
position being filled. In these situations, the FSTD flight engineer
panel must be properly set for the pilot training tasks and must not
require further monitoring or adjustment. The flight engineer is
required for job performance evaluation.
    (4) Substitution for complete flight crew: job performance training
only.
    (i) If a certificate holder is not able to meet the complete
flightcrew requirements of paragraphs (d)(1) through (2) of this
section for planned job performance training, the certificate holder
must submit a request for approval of an amendment to the training
program. The request for amendment must be submitted to the certificate
holding district office at least 30 days prior to the planned job
performance training. That request must include at least the following:
    (A) A justification for granting the amendment, including reasons
why the requirements of paragraphs (d)(1) through (2) of this section
cannot be met.
    (B) The proposed composition of the training crews for the planned
job performance training.
    (C) The duration of the amendment, which must not exceed the time
necessary to complete the planned job performance training.
    (ii) If, due to circumstances beyond the control of the certificate
holder (such as unexpected illness of an individual, unsuccessful
training progression, transportation issues, simulator mechanical
failure), a complete flight crew as prescribed in paragraphs (d)(1)
through (2) of this section is not available for job performance
training, the certificate holder may allow students training for the
same duty position to function as a complete flight crew. If the
certificate holder allows for substitution under this paragraph, the
certificate holder must notify the certificate holding district office
within 30 days of the substitution.
    (e) Completion of programmed hours. Notwithstanding the
requirements for programmed hours of academic or job performance
training set forth in this subpart, the programmed hours for the
curriculum categories described in paragraphs (a)(2) and (a)(3) of this
section are not required to be completed by the individual flightcrew
member provided that flightcrew member has:
    (1) Demonstrated satisfactory knowledge in each academic area
applicable to the crewmember position involved to a qualified
instructor at least once during training and the instructor has
determined that the flightcrew member is knowledgeable and may take the
knowledge test; or
    (2) Demonstrated satisfactory skill on each of the tasks applicable
to the crewmember position involved to a qualified instructor or check
pilot at least once during training and the instructor or check pilot
has determined that the flightcrew member is proficient on each
applicable task, and may take the proficiency check or test.

Sec.  121.1223  Flightcrew member: Recurrent training and evaluation
schedule for continuing qualification.

    (a) Except as provided in Sec.  121.1215(b), to serve as a
flightcrew member, a person must complete the recurrent training and
evaluation for each aircraft type, as prescribed in Sec.  121.1367, in
accordance with the associated programmed hours specified in Sec.
121.1335 and the requirements in the applicable QPS, by the end of the
eligibility period.
    (b) The eligibility period includes the month before and the month
following the base month. The base month is one of the following:
    (1) The ninth month following the month during which the
proficiency test required in Sec.  121.1365(b)(1) is completed.
    (2) The ninth month following the month in which the proficiency
test authorized in Sec.  121.1239 is completed.
    (3) The ninth month following the completion of the recurrent
academic and job performance training and evaluation when adjusting the
base month in accordance with Sec.  121.1223(f).
    (c) A flightcrew member who has not completed recurrent curriculum
category by the end of the base month may continue to serve until the
end of the eligibility period. However, if the recurrent curriculum
category is not completed during the eligibility period, the person is
unqualified for that flightcrew member duty position on the first day
of the month following the eligibility period. The unqualified person
may not serve in that flightcrew member duty position until the person
completes the applicable phase of the

requalification curriculum category in accordance with Sec.  121.1239.
    (d) Whenever a flightcrew member who is required to take recurrent
training or evaluation, completes the training or evaluation in the
calendar month before or after the calendar month in which that
training or evaluation is required, he or she is considered to have
completed the training or evaluation in the calendar month in which it
was required.
    (e) Except as provided in paragraph (f) of this section, time
required to complete recurrent training:
    (1) Academic training. A flightcrew member may initiate recurrent
academic training at any time during the recurrent cycle.
    (2) Job performance training. A flightcrew member must initiate job
performance training within the eligibility period.
    (i) Once flight training is initiated, it must end within 96 hours
from the beginning of the training.
    (ii) A flightcrew member may initiate recurrent aircraft emergency
equipment training drills at any time during the recurrent cycle.
    (f) A certificate holder may adjust a base month established in
paragraph (b) of this section by requiring the person to complete the
required recurrent academic and job performance training prior to the
beginning of the eligibility period established under one of the
methods in paragraph (b) of this section.

Sec.  121.1225  Flightcrew member: Operating experience.

    (a) Except as authorized by a deviation granted under Sec.
121.1230, no certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person
serve, as a required flightcrew member on an aircraft, unless the
person has completed the operating experience and operating cycles
required by this section for that aircraft type and in that duty
position in operations under this part. The certificate holder must
ensure that the flightcrew member completing operating experience and
operating cycles is current and qualified for the duty position in
accordance with this part.
    (b) Pilots must complete operating experience and operating cycles
as follows:
    (1) General. Operating experience must include at least four
operating cycles and 21 hours in operations under this part and meet
the following requirements:
    (i) At least one cycle must be flown as the pilot monitoring the
aircraft.
    (ii) At least two cycles must be flown as the pilot flying the
aircraft.
    (iii) At least one of the cycles flown as the pilot flying the
aircraft must be flown with the automatic pilot disengaged after
takeoff until departing the terminal area and prior to approach upon
entering the terminal area, provided this does not require the flight
crew to operate contrary to published or otherwise required departure
or arrival procedures. If at least one cycle is not flown with the
automatic pilot disengaged after takeoff until departing the terminal
area and prior to approach upon entering the terminal area during the
required operating experience, this fact must be recorded in the
crewmember's record.
    (iv) A pilot will receive one hour of credit towards the 21 hours
required by this paragraph for each operating cycle completed in excess
of the four operating cycles required.
    (v) Operating experience must be started no later than 60 days and
completed within 120 days of completing the proficiency test given at
the end of initial, transition, upgrade, or conversion training. If
operating experience is not started within 60 days or completed within
120 days of completing the proficiency test or check, a proficiency
check is required to re-initiate operating experience.
    (2) Pilot in command. (i) A qualifying pilot in command completing
operating experience and operating cycles must complete all of the
following:
    (A) Serve as the second in command of record.
    (B) Perform the duties of a pilot in command under the supervision
of a check pilot or IOE pilot, except as provided in paragraph (d) of
this section.
    (C) Be given a line check conducted by a qualified line check pilot
when the IOE pilot or check pilot determines that the pilot has reached
an adequate level of proficiency. The line check must consist of at
least two operating cycles. During one of the cycles the qualifying
pilot in command must perform the duties of the pilot flying the
aircraft. In the other cycle, the qualifying pilot in command must
perform the pilot monitoring duties.
    (D) For a pilot qualifying as pilot in command for the certificate
holder for the first time, when the pilot receives operating experience
after completing initial, conversion, or upgrade training, the pilot
must perform the duties of a pilot in command during at least one
operating cycle under the observation of an APD authorized to conduct
these observations or an FAA aviation safety inspector. For the pilot's
subsequent qualifications as PIC for the certificate holder, the
observation must be observed by an FAA aviation safety inspector, APD,
or qualified line check pilot.
    (ii) Except as provided in paragraph (d) of this section, the check
pilot or IOE pilot supervising operating experience must serve as the
pilot in command and occupy a pilot station under the following
requirements:
    (A) While supervising the transitioning or converting pilot in
command until the qualifying pilot in command has completed the
following, at which time the check pilot or IOE pilot may occupy the
observer's seat for the remaining portion of the operating experience:
    (1) Made at least two takeoffs and landings in the aircraft;
    (2) Satisfactorily demonstrated to the check pilot or IOE pilot the
ability to perform the duties of a pilot in command of that aircraft
type.
    (B) While supervising an initial or upgrading pilot in command.
    (3) Second in command. A second in command pilot must perform the
duties of a second in command under the supervision of a qualified line
check pilot or IOE pilot.
    (c) A flight engineer must perform the duties of a flight engineer
for at least 10 hours of operating experience in operations under this
part under the supervision of a check flight engineer, a check pilot, a
IOE pilot, or a flight engineer who is authorized by the FAA to
supervise operating experience.
    (d) During operating experience following transition, conversion,
or upgrade training, the check pilot or IOE pilot may take a rest
period during the en route cruise portion of flight, if the following
conditions are met:
    (1) The pilot obtaining operating experience meets the requirements
of paragraphs (b)(2)(ii)(A)(1) and (2) of this section.
    (2) The relief pilot meets the requirements in Sec.
121.1241(b)(3).
    (e) In the case of an aircraft not previously used by the
certificate holder in operations under this part, operating experience
for pilots and flight engineers completed in the aircraft during
proving flights or ferry flights may be used to meet this requirement.
    (f) Credit for operating experience hours may only be taken while
the pilot or flight engineer is under the direct supervision of the
check pilot or IOE pilot.

Sec.  121.1227  Pilot: Consolidation.

    (a) Pilots completing the proficiency check or test given at the
end of initial, transition, or conversion training must complete at
least 100 hours of line flight time for consolidation in that aircraft

type for the certificate holder, unless otherwise authorized by
deviation issued under Sec.  121.1230 for operation of related
aircraft. The consolidation hours must be completed within 120 days
after completing the proficiency check or test.
    (1) If the consolidation flight time in an aircraft type is
interrupted by flight time in another aircraft type, the pilot must
complete an FFS course of instruction to refresh the pilot's knowledge
and skills, as provided in the certificate holder's approved training
program. The FFS course of instruction must be completed in the
aircraft type in which consolidation was started before continuing the
consolidation. The FFS course of instruction must be conducted by a
pilot flight instructor (includes simulator instructor) or check pilot
(includes simulator check pilot) qualified under this part.
    (2) Consolidation must be started no later than 60 days after
completion of the proficiency check or test given at the end of
initial, transition, or conversion training. If consolidation is not
started within 60 days of completing the proficiency check or test,
another proficiency check or test is required to re-initiate
consolidation.
    (b) If consolidation is not completed within 120 days of completing
the proficiency check or test given at the end of initial, transition,
or conversion training, the certificate holder may extend the 120-day
period to no more than 150 days if the pilot continues to meet all
other requirements of this subpart and one of the following conditions
is met:
    (1) On or before the 120th day the pilot completes an FFS course of
instruction conducted by a qualified and authorized pilot flight
instructor (includes simulator instructor) or check pilot (includes
simulator check pilot) to refresh the pilot's knowledge and skills, as
provided in the certificate holder's approved training program.
    (2) A check pilot determines that the pilot has retained an
adequate level of proficiency after observing that pilot in a
supervised line operating flight.
    (c) If consolidation is not completed within 150 days of completing
the proficiency check or test given at the end of initial, transition,
or conversion training, the certificate holder may extend the 150-day
period to no more than 210 days if both of the following conditions are
met:
    (1) The pilot continues to meet all other applicable requirements
of this subpart.
    (2) On or before the 150th day the pilot completes a proficiency
check or test in a Level C or D FFS.
    (d) If consolidation is not completed within 210 days of completing
the proficiency check or test given at the end of initial, transition,
or conversion training, the remaining line flight time that is
necessary to complete consolidation must be supervised by a check
pilot.
    (e) If consolidation is not completed by the time the proficiency
check or test required by Sec.  121.1223 is completed for the first
recurrent period, consolidation must start over.

Sec.  121.1229  Pilot: Recent experience.

    (a) Except as authorized by deviation under Sec.  121.1230, no
certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person serve, as a
required pilot unless the person has made, within the preceding 90
days, at least three takeoffs and landings as the pilot flying in the
aircraft type in which the person is to serve. The three takeoffs and
landings required by this paragraph must be satisfied by compliance
with either of the following:
    (1) Use of aircraft. The pilot must complete three takeoffs and
three landings in the aircraft type in which the pilot serves.
    (2) Use of a full flight simulator (FFS). Provided the FFS is
qualified in accordance with part 60 of this chapter and approved for
takeoff and landing maneuvers, the pilot must complete in a single
simulator session at least three takeoffs and three landings. One
takeoff and one landing must be completed in a LOFT environment
training. The three takeoffs and three landings must include the
following:
    (i) At least one takeoff with a simulated failure of the most
critical engine.
    (ii) At least one landing from a precision category approach to the
lowest minimums authorized for the certificate holder.
    (iii) At least one landing to a full stop.
    (iv) At least one visual traffic pattern and landing.
    (b) If it has been 90 days or less since the pilot's recency has
lapsed (the last takeoff landing occurred 91 to 180 day previously),
the pilot may regain recency only by completing in a LOFT environment
as provided in Sec.  121.1353, the three takeoffs and landings as
required by paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
    (c) If it has been more than 90 days since the pilot's recency has
lapsed (the last takeoff landing occurred more than 180 day
previously), the pilot may regain recency only by completing the
requirements in paragraph (b) of this section and an FFS course of
instruction. Completing the FFS course of instruction to reestablish
recency of experience does not change the pilot's recurrent training
base month.

Sec.  121.1230  Deviation from Sec. Sec.  121.1225, 121.1227, and
121.1229.

    (a) The Administrator may authorize a deviation from the following
based on classification of related aircraft:
    (1) Operating experience requirements of Sec.  121.1225.
    (2) Consolidation requirements of Sec.  121.1227.
    (3) Recency requirements of Sec.  121.1229.
    (b) Before issuing a deviation from these requirements, the
Administrator will determine whether the certificate holder can
demonstrate an equivalent level of safety. The deviation request must
include at least the following:
    (1) Identification of aircraft operated by the certificate holder
that may be classified as related aircraft.
    (2) Hours of operating experience and number of operating cycles
necessary based on review of the related aircraft, the operation, and
the duty position.
    (3) Consolidation hours necessary based on review of the related
aircraft, the operation, and the duty position.
    (4) The number of takeoffs, landings, maneuvers and procedures
necessary to maintain or reestablish recency based on review of the
related aircraft, the operation, and the duty position.
    (c) The request for deviation must be submitted to the Director of
Flight Standards Service. If granted, the Director of Flight Standards
Service may, at any time, terminate a grant of deviation authority
issued under this section.

Sec.  121.1231  Flight engineer: Recent experience.

    (a) No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person
serve, as a required flight engineer unless, within the preceding 90
days, the person has performed the duties of a flight engineer during
at least three takeoffs and landings in the aircraft type in which the
person is to serve. If it has been more than 90 days since the flight
engineer has completed the recency requirements in this paragraph the
flight engineer is considered to have lapsed in recency. The three
takeoffs and landings required by this paragraph must be satisfied by
compliance with either of the following:
    (1) Use of aircraft. The flight engineer must perform the duties of
a flight engineer during at least three takeoffs and landings in the
aircraft type in which the flight engineer serves.
    (2) Use of a Full Flight Simulator. Provided the FFS is qualified
in

accordance with part 60 of this chapter and approved for takeoff and
landing maneuvers, the flight engineer must in a single simulator
session perform the duties of a flight engineer during three takeoffs
and landings. One takeoff and one landing must be included in a LOFT
environment under Sec.  121.1353. The three takeoffs and three landings
must include the following:
    (i) At least one takeoff with a simulated failure of the most
critical engine.
    (ii) At least one landing from a precision category approach to the
lowest minimums authorized for the certificate holder.
    (iii) At least one landing to a full stop.
    (iv) At least one visual traffic pattern and landing.
    (b) Lapse of recency: 90 days or less. If it has been 90 days or
less since the flight engineer's recency has lapsed (the last takeoff
landing occurred 91 to 180 day previously), the flight engineer may
regain recency only by completing in a LOFT environment as provided in
Sec.  121.1353, all the three takeoffs and landings as required by
paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
    (c) Lapse of recency: More than 90 days. If it has been more than
90 days since the flight engineer last completed the recency
requirements in accordance with paragraph (a)(1) or (a)(2) of this
section, the flight engineer is considered to have lapsed in recency.
To reestablish recency, the flight engineer must, in a LOFT environment
as provided in Sec.  121.1353, perform the duties of a flight engineer
during the three takeoffs and landings as required by paragraph (a)(2)
of this section.
    (d) Lapse of recency: More than 90 days since lapsing. If it has
been more than 90 days since the flight engineer's recency has lapsed
(the last takeoff landing occurred more than 180 day previously), the
flight engineer may regain recency only by completing the requirements
in paragraph (b) of this section and an FFS course of instruction.
Completing the FFS course of instruction to reestablish recency of
experience does not change the flight engineer's recurrent training
base month.

Sec.  121.1233  Line checks.

    (a) No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person
serve, as a pilot in command, unless:
    (1) Within the preceding 24 months, that person has completed a
line check for that certificate holder in the aircraft type in which he
or she is to serve. To serve as pilot in command in aircraft that have
been determined by the FAA to be related aircraft, within the preceding
24 months, that person must complete a line check for the certificate
holder in one of the related aircraft. During the line check, the
person must perform the duties and responsibilities of a pilot in
command;
    (2) For a pilot who has attained 60 years of age, to continue to
serve in operations under this part, the certificate holder must
evaluate the pilot's performance every 6 months, through a line check.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, a certificate holder is not required to
conduct for a 6-month period a line check under this paragraph of a
pilot serving as a second-in-command if the pilot has undergone a
regularly scheduled simulator evaluation during that period.
    (b) A pilot in command line check for domestic and flag operations
must be administered by a check pilot or APD who is current and
qualified on both the route and the aircraft type. A pilot in command
line check for supplemental operations must be administered by a check
pilot or APD who is current and qualified in the aircraft type and must
be conducted on an instrument flight rules flight plan.
    (c) A line check conducted under this part must consist of at least
two operating cycles during operations under this part. In one of the
cycles the pilot in command must perform the duties of the pilot flying
the aircraft. In the other cycle, the pilot in command must perform the
pilot monitoring duties.
    (d) The check pilot or APD conducting the line check must evaluate
the entire flight crew in the performance of their duties during the
line check of the pilot in command required by paragraph (a) of this
section. The check pilot or APD must record the evaluation of the pilot
in command and any other required flightcrew member that demonstrates a
lack of proficiency. If any required flightcrew member performs in a
way that is inconsistent with policies and procedures, and the check
pilot or APD determines that the performance inconsistency can be
corrected during the post-flight debriefing, the required flightcrew
member may continue operations. If any required flightcrew member
performs below standard on any tasks, and the check pilot or APD
determines that the performance deficiency is not correctable through a
post-flight debriefing, the flightcrew member may not serve as a
required flightcrew member in operations under this part until he or
she receives training on such tasks, and completes a proficiency test
in those tasks. These actions and their completion must be entered into
the flightcrew member's record.
    (e) Check pilots or APDs conducting line checks must conduct a
post-flight debriefing of the flight crew that includes technical and
resource management competencies.
    (f) On flights with a flight engineer as a required crewmember,
check pilots or APDs who meet the qualification requirements of this
subpart to conduct pilot in command line checks will evaluate flight
engineer performance during the line check. The check pilot or APD is
not required to hold a flight engineer certificate to conduct flight
engineer evaluations during line checks.
    (g) If a pilot does not receive the line check required by
paragraph (a) of this section, the pilot may not serve as pilot in
command in operations under this part until he or she completes a line
check. The check pilot or APD must serve as the pilot in command during
the line check and must occupy a pilot duty station.
    (h) If, during a line check required by paragraph (a) of this
section, a flightcrew member demonstrates a lack of knowledge or a lack
of skills such that the person conducting the line check determines the
flightcrew member should be removed from the flight, that flightcrew
member may not serve in operations under this part until he or she
successfully completes requalification in accordance with Sec.
121.1239. These actions and their completion must be entered into the
crewmember's record.

Sec.  121.1235  Pilot: Routes and airports.

    (a) No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person
serve, as a pilot, unless that pilot has current information provided
by the certificate holder regarding routes, airports and terminal areas
into which that pilot operates. The certificate holder must ensure that
each pilot has adequate knowledge and skill to use the information. The
certificate holder must provide information on at least the following
subjects:
    (1) Weather.
    (2) Navigation facilities.
    (3) Communication procedures, including airport visual aids.
    (4) Terrain and obstructions.
    (5) Minimum safe flight levels.
    (6) En route and terminal area arrival and departure procedures,
holding procedures and authorized instrument approach procedures for
the airports involved.
    (7) Congested areas and physical layout of each airport in the
terminal area in which the pilot will operate.
    (8) Notices to Airmen.

    (b) Each certificate holder must provide a system acceptable to the
Administrator for disseminating the information required by paragraph
(a) of this section to the pilots and appropriate flight operations
personnel. The system must also provide an acceptable means for showing
compliance with pilot qualification for special areas, routes, and
airports.
    (c) The Administrator may determine that certain airports (due to
items such as surrounding terrain, obstructions, or complex approach or
departure procedures) are special airports requiring special airport
qualifications and that certain areas or routes require a special type
of navigation qualification. If the Administrator makes such a
determination,no certificate holder may use any person, nor may any
person serve, as a pilot in special airport operations unless, within
the preceding 18 months, the pilot has met one of the following
requirements:
    (1) Served as a pilot flying or pilot monitoring during a takeoff
and landing at the special airport.
    (2) Qualified by using photographs and diagrams acceptable to the
Administrator for the special airport.
    (3) Qualified by using written descriptions and diagrams of the
special characteristics of the airport only in those cases where the
country in which the airport is located does not allow photographs to
be taken of the airport. The written descriptions and diagrams must be
acceptable to the Administrator.

Sec.  121.1237  Pilot: Operating limitations and crew pairing.

    (a) No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person
serve, as a pilot in operations under this part unless either the pilot
in command or the second in command has at least 75 hours of line
flight time in the aircraft being operated.
    (b) If the second in command has fewer than 100 hours of flight
time as second in command in operations under this part in the aircraft
being operated and the pilot in command is not an appropriately
qualified check pilot, the pilot in command must make all takeoffs and
landings in any of the following conditions:
    (1) The prevailing visibility value in the latest weather report
for the airport is below \3/4\ mile.
    (2) The runway visual range for the runway to be used is below
4,000 feet.
    (3) The runway to be used has water, snow, slush or similar
conditions that may adversely affect aircraft performance.
    (4) The braking action on the runway to be used is reported to be
less than good.
    (5) The crosswind component for the runway to be used is in excess
of 15 knots.
    (6) Windshear is reported in the vicinity of the airport.
    (7) Any time the pilot in command determines it to be necessary to
make the takeoffs and landings.
    (c) Except for check pilots, newly qualifying PIC in the aircraft
type, and as described in paragraph (d) of this section, no certificate
holder may use any person, nor may any person serve, as a PIC or SIC in
operations under this part unless the PIC has been trained for, is
assigned to, and operates the aircraft from the left hand pilot's seat,
and the SIC has been trained for, is assigned to, and operates the
aircraft from the right hand seat.
    (d) A certificate holder may authorize an assigned PIC to operate
the aircraft from the right hand pilot seat and to authorize the
assigned SIC to operate the aircraft from the left hand pilot seat
provided the pilots have completed either a training program for that
pilot seat or the seat dependent task training for that pilot seat in
accordance with the Pilot QPS. The responsibilities of the PIC and SIC
who exchange operating seats as described in this paragraph, remain
unchanged regardless of the pilot seat being occupied. Duties and
functions of the pilot flying and the pilot monitoring will change only
due to the limitations and requirements imposed by occupying the
opposite pilot seat.
    (e) On flights requiring an augmented crew, the pilot in command
may take a rest break as authorized in Sec.  121.1241(b)(4) provided
pilot in command meeting the requirements of Sec.  121.1241(b)(3) is
designated by the pilot in command. The acting pilot in command must
then remain on the flight deck during the absence of the pilot in
command and may occupy either the left hand or the right hand pilot
seat.

Sec.  121.1239  Flightcrew Member: Requalification.

    (a) No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person
serve, as a pilot or flight engineer if that person has become
unqualified by failing to complete the recurrent curriculum category,
including proficiency tests or proficiency checks, as required by Sec.
121.1223.
    (b) To be requalified, the person must complete the initial
curriculum category requirements of Sec.  121.1365 in accordance with
the applicable QPS including operating experience and proficiency test,
or the person must meet the requirements of this paragraph in
accordance with the appropriate requalification phase. The
requalification phases are based on the number of months after the end
of the person's base month for recurrent training.
    (1) Phase I requalification.
    (i) Eligibility for phase I requalification. An unqualified
flightcrew member may requalify by completing the phase I
requalification program if it has been less than 9 months since the end
of the person's base month for recurrent training.
    (ii) Phase I requalification program. The flightcrew member must
complete phase I requalification in accordance with the applicable QPS.
The academic training requirements must be completed within 30 days of
beginning requalification training. The job performance training
requirements must be completed within 96 hours of initiating job
performance training. The flightcrew member must complete all phase I
requalification academic training and job performance training
requirements in less than 9 months from the end of the person's base
month for recurrent training.
    (2) Phase II requalification.
    (i) Eligibility for phase II requalification. An unqualified
flightcrew member may requalify by completing the phase II
requalification program if it has been 9 months or more, but less than
27 months since the end of the person's base month for recurrent
training.
    (ii) Phase II requalification program. The flightcrew member must
complete the following phase II requalification requirements within 60
days of beginning requalification training and less than 27 months from
the end of the person's base month for recurrent training:
    (A) The flightcrew member must complete phase II requalification in
accordance with the applicable QPS. A pilot in command must also
complete a line check.
    (B) The flightcrew member's recurrent base month must be changed as
appropriate to correspond to the month in which the proficiency test
was completed.
    (3) Phase III requalification.
    (i) Eligibility for phase III requalification. An unqualified
flightcrew member must complete the phase III requalification program
if it has been 27 months or more since the end of the person's base
month for recurrent training.

    (ii) Phase III requalification program. The flightcrew member must
complete the following phase III requalification requirements within 90
days of beginning requalification training:
    (A) The flightcrew member must complete phase III requalification
in accordance with the applicable QPS.
    (B) The flightcrew member must complete a qualification LOFT.
    (C) The pilot in command must complete a line check.
    (D) The flightcrew member's recurrent base month must be changed as
appropriate to correspond to the month in which the proficiency test
was completed.

Sec.  121.1241  Flightcrew members at controls.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, each
required flightcrew member on flight deck duty must remain at the
assigned duty station with seat belt fastened while the aircraft is
taking off or landing, and while it is en route.
    (b) A required flightcrew member may leave the assigned duty
station only in the following situations:
    (1) If the crewmember's absence is necessary for the performance of
duties in connection with the operation of the aircraft.
    (2) If the crewmember's absence is in connection with physiological
needs.
    (3) If the crewmember (PIC or SIC) is taking a rest period, and
relief is provided during the en route cruise portion of the flight by
a pilot who meets all of the following:
    (i) Holds an airline transport pilot certificate and a type rating
on the aircraft.
    (ii) Is qualified as pilot in command or second in command on the
aircraft.
    (iii) Has completed operating experience in accordance with Sec.
121.1225.
    (iv) Has completed line operating flight time for consolidation, if
applicable, within the time prescribed in Sec.  121.1227.
    (v) Has completed either of the following:
    (A) Training for the duty station to be occupied.
    (B) Seat dependent task training described in the pilot QPS.
    (vi) Is maintaining recency in accordance with Sec.  121.1229.

Check Pilot and Check Flight Engineer Qualification

Sec.  121.1251  Eligibility: Check pilot, check flight engineer,
Aircrew Program Designee (APD), and Flight Instructor.

    To be eligible to enter training as a check pilot, check flight
engineer, APD, or Flight Instructor, a person must meet the following
requirements:
    (a) For pilots:
    (1) Have an ATP certificate and a rating for the aircraft type in
which they are to serve.
    (2) Have served in one of the following capacities for at least 1
year in an aircraft of the same group in which that person is
authorized to instruct or evaluate:
    (i) A flight instructor in a certificate holder's approved training
program.
    (ii) A pilot in command.
    (iii) A Training Center Evaluator (TCE).
    (iv) A second in command.
    (3) Have completed the certificate holder's academic and job
performance training and evaluation for pilot in command, in accordance
with Sec. Sec.  121.1365 and 121.1367, for the aircraft type on which
they are to serve as an instructor, check pilot, or APD.
    (b) For flight engineers:
    (1) Have a flight engineer certificate and a rating for the
aircraft type in which they are to serve.
    (2) Have served as a flight engineer for at least 1 year in an
aircraft of the same group in which that person is authorized to
instruct or evaluate.
    (3) Have completed the certificate holder's academic and job
performance training and evaluation for flight engineer in accordance
with Sec. Sec.  121.1365 and 121.1367, for the aircraft type on which
they are to serve as a check flight engineer.

Sec.  121.1253  Check pilot and check flight engineer: Training,
evaluation, approval and recent experience.

    No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person serve,
as a check pilot or check flight engineer in a training program
established under this subpart, with respect to the aircraft type
involved, unless the person has satisfied the requirements of this
section.
    (a) Training:
    (1) For check pilots, the following:
    (i) The certificate holder's approved academic and job performance
training for check pilots, as required by Sec. Sec.  121.1381 and
121.1383.
    (ii) The seat dependent task training from both seats, in
accordance with the QPS.
    (2) For check flight engineers, the certificate holder's approved
academic and job performance training for check flight engineers, as
required by Sec. Sec.  121.1381 and 121.1383.
    (b) Evaluation:
    (1) For check pilots, the following observation checks:
    (i) To be authorized to conduct proficiency tests or proficiency
checks, the person must be observed conducting either a proficiency
test or a proficiency check in an FFS by an FAA aviation safety
inspector or an APD, and the pilot undergoing that proficiency test or
proficiency check for this observation must be signed off by the FAA
aviation safety inspector or the APD as the instructor or evaluator of
record.
    (ii) To be authorized to conduct line checks, the person must be
observed conducting a line check by an FAA aviation safety inspector or
an APD, and the pilot undergoing the line check for this observation
must be signed off by the FAA aviation safety inspector or the APD as
the evaluator of record.
    (2) For check pilots to be authorized to conduct line checks, prior
to conducting line checks from one of the pilot operating seats, the
person must, initially, and thereafter once each 24 months, complete
the following qualification requirements:
    (i) At least two operating cycles in the aircraft during line
operations, one operating cycle in each pilot seat, under the
supervision of a check pilot authorized to conduct operating experience
and line checks, who must occupy the opposite pilot seat. Satisfaction
of this requirement will also satisfy the line check requirements of
Sec.  121.1233.
    (ii) At least one operating cycle in the aircraft during line
operations under the supervision of an FAA aviation safety inspector or
an APD designated to conduct the observation of a check pilot
conducting PIC line checks.
    (3) For check flight engineers, to be authorized to conduct
proficiency tests or proficiency checks, the person must be observed
conducting a proficiency test or proficiency check in an FFS by an FAA
aviation safety inspector or an APD, and the flight engineer undergoing
the proficiency test or proficiency check for this observation must be
signed off by the FAA aviation safety inspector or the APD as the
instructor or evaluator of record.
    (c) Approval:
    (1) For check pilots, after completing the requirements of
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, the check pilot may be issued
an FAA letter of authorization to conduct the following:
    (i) Proficiency tests and proficiency checks, in an FFS, unless the
check pilot is authorized to conduct these activities in an airplane.
    (ii) Line checks.
    (2) For check flight engineers, after completing the requirements
of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, the check flight engineer
may be issued an FAA letter of authorization to

conduct proficiency tests and proficiency checks.
    (3) Check pilots and check flight engineers may conduct only those
activities listed on the FAA letter of authorization.
    (4) For those check pilots and flight engineers who have reached
their 65th birthday or who do not hold medical certificates, the check
pilot or check flight engineer may be authorized to conduct only
proficiency tests, checks, or line checks, but may not serve as
flightcrew members in operations under this part.
    (5) For a certificate holder to continue to use, and a person to
continue to serve as a check pilot or check flight engineer under a
letter of authorization issued under paragraph (c) of this section, the
person must satisfactorily complete one of the authorized activities
under the observation of an FAA aviation safety inspector or the APD,
once every 24 months after the date of issuance of the letter of
authorization. The observations required under this paragraph are
considered to have been completed in the month required if completed in
the calendar month before, or the calendar month after, the month in
which it is due.
    (d) Recent experience:
    (1) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(2)(iii)(B) of this section,
check pilots and check flight engineers must maintain recency as a
pilot or flight engineer as required by Sec.  121.1229 or Sec.
121.1231, as applicable.
    (2) After a person has been a check pilot or a check flight
engineer for 12 months:
    (i) The person may not serve as a check pilot or a check flight
engineer unless in the preceding 12 months the person has completed at
least 6 evaluation activities for the certificate holder. The minimum
of 6 activities must include at least one of each activity he or she is
authorized to conduct in accordance with the applicable QPS.
    (ii) If the check pilot or check flight engineer fails to conduct
at least 6 activities, that person may not serve as a check pilot or
check flight engineer until the person is re-observed by an FAA
aviation safety inspector or an APD while conducting a proficiency test
or proficiency check.
    (iii) If the person has conducted six activities but one or more of
the authorized activities have not been conducted:
    (A) The check pilot or check flight engineer may not serve as a
check pilot or check flight engineer for any activity until re-observed
by an FAA aviation safety inspector or an APD while conducting a
proficiency test or proficiency check; or
    (B) The certificate holder must request that the FAA update the
check pilot's or check flight engineer's letter of authorization by
removing the activities that were not conducted from the
authorizations.
    (iv) Within the 12 months preceding performing the duties of a
check pilot or check flight engineer, the check pilot or check flight
engineer must have completed the following:
    (A) Attended the standardization meetings required by Sec.
121.1355(b) for each aircraft type in which the person is authorized to
conduct check pilot or check flight engineer duties; and
    (B) If the check pilot or check flight engineer meets the
requirements of paragraph (d)(1) of this section by completing Sec.
121.1229(a)(1) or Sec.  121.1231(a) through aircraft operations other
than line operations under this part, or by completing Sec.
121.1229(a)(2) or Sec.  121.1231(a)(2) in a qualified and approved FFS,
the check pilot or check flight engineer must have observed the line
operations of the certificate holder in the airplane for which the
check pilot or check flight engineer is to perform evaluation duties.
This observation must be part of an FAA-approved line-observation
program.

Sec.  121.1255  IOE pilot: Additional training requirements.

    (a) No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person
serve, as an IOE pilot in operations under this part with respect to
the aircraft type involved, unless the person is current and qualified
as a pilot in command for the part 119 certificate holder with the
appropriate certificates and ratings and has satisfied the following
requirements:
    (1) Received training on safety measures to be taken from either
pilot seat for emergency situations that are likely to develop during
flight operations.
    (2) Received training on potential consequences of improper,
untimely or unexecuted safety measures during flight operations.
    (3) Completed the seat dependent task training described in the
QPS.
    (4) Been observed initially, and at least every 24 months
thereafter, conducting at least two cycles of IOE by an APD or check
pilot authorized by the FAA to conduct IOE.
    (b) Recurrent training for IOE pilot must be completed in
accordance with Sec.  121.1223, and must include the following:
    (1) The safety measures to be taken from either pilot seat for
emergency situations that are likely to develop during flight
operations.
    (2) The potential consequences of improper, untimely or unexecuted
safety measures during flight operations.
    (3) Seat dependent task training from both seats, in accordance
with the QPS.

Sec.  121.1257  Check airmen: Initial cadre.

    (a) This section establishes the requirements for initial cadre
check airmen and requirements for the instructors, check airmen, and
APDs who will train the initial cadre check airmen. A certificate
holder may use a person as a check airman even though the person does
not meet the experience, recency, crew pairing, or consolidation
requirements of this subpart, if the person meets the initial cadre
check airmen requirements of this section. The FAA will determine the
period of initial cadre status and may terminate initial cadre status
entirely or for an individual check airman, if necessary. In no case
will initial cadre status exceed a period of 24 months.
    (b) Initial cadre check airmen: Qualification. To be an initial
cadre check airman for a part 119 certificate holder and to continue to
serve in that capacity for the authorized period, a person must meet
all of the following requirements:
    (1) Be employed by the part 119 certificate holder.
    (2) Have served at least 3 years in the past 6 years as a pilot in
command or as a flight engineer, as applicable, on an aircraft of the
same group in which the person is to perform duties as an initial cadre
check airman.
    (3) Have the appropriate certificates and ratings for the aircraft
type and pilot or flight engineer position.
    (4) Have completed the academic and job performance training and
evaluation of the applicable curriculum categories, as approved by the
FAA for the part 119 certificate holder that are required to serve as a
pilot in command or flight engineer, as applicable. For initial cadre
check pilots, seat dependent task training must be completed.
    (5) Perform each of the duties to be accomplished as a check pilot
or check flight engineer under the observation of an FAA aviation
safety inspector. When an observed activity must be made part of a
training record, the people undergoing the observed activities must be
signed off by the FAA aviation safety inspector as the evaluator of
record.
    (6) Be approved by the FAA for the specific check airman duties to
be performed.
    (c) Initial cadre check airmen: Operating experience. Initial cadre
check airmen may obtain aircraft

operating experience while supervising or being supervised by other
initial cadre check airmen, and while being observed by the FAA.
    (1) Operating experience for initial cadre check airmen may be
obtained during revenue passenger operations or during aircraft
delivery flights, ferry flights, repositioning flights, or proving
flights.
    (2) An initial cadre check airman may not gain operating experience
in operations under this part unless there is at least one initial
cadre check pilot on that flight who has the following experience in
the aircraft type:
    (i) Has at least 5 hours of operating experience at the pilot
controls; and
    (ii) Has made at least two takeoffs and landings within the
previous 60 days.
    (d) Training initial cadre check airmen. The part 119 certificate
holder may use current employees, employees of part 142 certificate
holders, employees of other part 119 certificate holders, or aircraft
manufacturers as instructors, check airmen, and aircrew program
designees (APDs) for training initial cadre check airmen. The part 119
certificate holder must receive FAA approval for the instructors, check
airmen, and aircrew program designees (APDs) used to train initial
cadre check airmen. The FAA must complete all evaluation of the initial
cadre check airmen.
    (e) Initial cadre check airmen: Consolidation. Notwithstanding
contrary provisions of Sec.  121.1227 for consolidation of knowledge
and skills (including operating experience required under Sec.
121.1225), an initial cadre check pilot may delay initiating line
flight time for consolidation. The initiation of consolidation may be
delayed until 180 days after completing the proficiency test at the end
of the initial or transition curriculum category, or until 10 days
after the initial cadre status is terminated by the FAA, whichever is
sooner. Once consolidation is initiated, the pilot must acquire 100
hours of line operating experience within 120 days. If consolidation is
not completed as required by this paragraph, the pilot must restart
consolidation in accordance with Sec.  121.1227.
    (f) Initial cadre check airmen: Recency. Notwithstanding contrary
provisions of Sec.  121.1229 for recent takeoff and landing experience,
an initial cadre check pilot may perform the duties of a pilot in
command or second in command in operations under this part if the
initial cadre check pilot has satisfied the following two requirements:
    (1) Has accumulated at least 5 hours of operating experience as
pilot flying in the aircraft type.
    (2) Has made at least two takeoffs and landings as pilot flying
within the previous 60 days in the aircraft type.
    (g) Initial cadre check airmen: Operating limitations.
Notwithstanding contrary provisions of Sec.  121.1237 for crew pairing,
an initial cadre check pilot may perform the duties of a pilot in
command or second in command in operations under this part without
respect to the minimum number of hours of line flight time in that
aircraft type accumulated by the pilot occupying the other pilot
position if the initial cadre check pilot has satisfied the following
two requirements:
    (1) Has accumulated at least 5 hours of operating experience as the
pilot flying in the aircraft type.
    (2) Has made at least two takeoffs and landings as the pilot flying
within the previous 60 days in the aircraft type.

Aircrew Program Designee Qualification

Sec.  121.1271  Aircrew Program Designee (APD): Training, evaluation,
and recent experience.

    No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person serve,
as a pilot APD or a flight engineer APD in a training program
established under this subpart, with respect to the aircraft type
involved, unless the person meets the requirements of Sec.  121.1251
and has satisfied the requirements of this section.
    (a) Training:
    (1) For pilot APDs, the following:
    (i) The certificate holder's approved academic and job performance
training for check pilots, as required by Sec. Sec.  121.1381 and
121.1383.
    (ii) The seat dependent task training from both seats, in
accordance with the QPS.
    (2) For flight engineer APDs, the certificate holder's approved
academic and job performance training for check flight engineers, as
required by Sec. Sec.  121.1381 and 121.1383.
    (b) Evaluation:
    (1) For pilot APDs, the APD must be observed conducting a
proficiency test by an FAA aviation safety inspector. The pilot
undergoing the proficiency test for this observation must be signed off
by the FAA aviation safety inspector as the evaluator of record.
    (2) For flight engineer APDs, to be authorized to conduct
proficiency tests, the person must be observed conducting a proficiency
test in an FFS by an FAA aviation safety inspector, and the flight
engineer undergoing the proficiency test for this observation must be
signed off by the FAA aviation safety inspector as the evaluator of
record.
    (c) Approval:
    (1) For pilot APDs, after completing the requirements of paragraphs
(a) and (b) of this section, the pilot APD may be issued an FAA
certificate of designation and certificate of authority under Sec.
183.13(b) of this chapter to conduct proficiency tests, proficiency
checks or line checks.
    (2) For flight engineer APDs, after completing the requirements of
paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, the flight engineer APD may be
issued an FAA letter of authorization and a certificate of designation
to conduct proficiency tests.
    (d) Recent experience:
    (1) APDs must maintain recency as a pilot or flight engineer as
required by Sec.  121.1229 or Sec.  121.1231, as applicable.
    (2) After a person has been an APD for 12 months, within the 12
months preceding performing the duties of a pilot or flight engineer
APD, the APD must:
    (i) Have attended the standardization meetings as required by Sec.
121.1355(a)(2) for each aircraft type in which the person is authorized
to conduct APD duties; and
    (ii) If the APD has met the requirements of paragraph (d)(1) of
this section by completing Sec.  121.1229(c) or Sec.  121.1231(c),
complete an FAA approved line-observation program by observing the
certificate holder's line operations from the observer seat.

Flight Instructor Qualification

Sec.  121.1281  Instructor (Academic and Job Performance): Training,
evaluation, and recent experience.

    No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person serve,
as an instructor in a training program established under this subpart,
with respect to the aircraft type involved, unless the person has
satisfied the requirements of this section. Pilot and flight engineer
flight instructors who have reached their 65th birthday or who do not
hold an appropriate medical certificate may function as flight
instructors, but may not serve as flightcrew members in operations
under this part.
    (a) Training:
    (1) Ground instructor (pilot or flight engineer). Must complete
training that includes the following:
    (i) Training policies and procedures.
    (ii) Instructor duties, functions and responsibilities.
    (iii) The applicable regulations of this chapter and the
certificate holder's policies and procedures.

    (iv) Appropriate methods, procedures and techniques for conducting
academic training.
    (v) Evaluation of student performance.
    (vi) Appropriate action in the case of unsatisfactory performance.
    (vii) The approved methods, procedures and limitations for
instructing and evaluating in the required normal, abnormal and
emergency procedures applicable to the aircraft.
    (viii) Curriculum review.
    (2) Pilot flight instructor. Must satisfy the requirements of Sec.
121.1251 and complete the following:
    (i) The FAA-approved training program for the certificate holder in
the appropriate category of academic and job performance training for
pilots, as required by Sec.  121.1365; and, when applicable, the
recurring academic and job performance training for pilots, as required
by Sec.  121.1367.
    (ii) The part 119 certificate holder's approved academic training
for pilot flight instructors, as required by Sec.  121.1377, and the
part 119 certificate holder's job performance training for pilot flight
instructors, as required by Sec.  121.1379.
    (iii) The seat-dependent task training from both seats, in
accordance with the QPS.
    (3) Flight engineer flight instructor. Must complete the following:
    (i) The FAA-approved training program for the certificate holder in
the appropriate category of academic and job performance training for
flight engineers, as required by Sec.  121.1365; and, when applicable,
the recurring academic and job performance training for flight
engineers, as required by Sec.  121.1367.
    (ii) The part 119 certificate holder's approved academic training
for flight engineer flight instructors, as required by Sec.  121.1377,
and the part 119 certificate holder's job performance training for
flight engineer flight instructors, as required by Sec.  121.1379.
    (4) Subject matter expert. A person who is a subject matter expert
with specific technical knowledge on a subject may be used to conduct
flightcrew member training in accordance with Sec.  121.1339.
    (b) Evaluation:
    (1) Pilot and flight engineer ground instructors must be observed
by an accepted pilot or flight engineer ground instructor, as
appropriate, conducting a representative number of academic subjects.
    (2) For pilot flight instructors, the following observation checks:
    (i) To be authorized to conduct flight training:
    (A) The flight instructor must be observed conducting flight
training in an FFS by a check pilot.
    (B) The pilot undergoing the flight training for this observation
must be signed off by the check pilot as the instructor of record.
    (ii) To be authorized to conduct proficiency reviews:
    (A) The flight instructor must be observed conducting a proficiency
review by a check pilot.
    (B) The pilot undergoing the proficiency review for this
observation must be signed off by the check pilot as the evaluator of
record.
    (3) For flight engineer flight instructors, to be authorized to
conduct flight training:
    (i) The flight instructor must be observed conducting flight
training in an FFS by a check flight engineer; and
    (ii) The flight engineer undergoing the flight training for this
observation must be signed off by the check flight engineer as the
instructor of record.
    (4) Pilot and flight engineer instructors must be re-observed at
least once every 24 months:
    (i) For ground instructors, by an accepted pilot or flight engineer
ground instructor, as appropriate, conducting a representative number
of academic subjects.
    (ii) For flight instructors, by a check pilot or check flight
engineer, as appropriate, conducting flight training in an FFS.
    (c) Acceptance of ground and flight instructors: The certificate
holder must submit a list of all ground and flight instructors
including the activities each would be authorized to perform, to the
FAA. These instructors must be acceptable to the FAA.
    (d) Recent experience:
    (1) Flight instructors must maintain recency as a pilot or flight
engineer as required by Sec.  121.1229 or Sec.  121.1231, as
applicable. If this recency is maintained in accordance with Sec.
121.1229(a)(1) or Sec.  121.1231(a) through aircraft operations other
than line operations under this part, or by completing Sec.
121.1229(a)(2) or Sec.  121.1231(a)(2) in a qualified and approved FFS,
the flight instructor must have observed the line operations of the
certificate holder in the airplane for which the flight instructor is
to perform flight instruction duties. This observation must be part of
an FAA-approved line-observation program.
    (2) After a person has been an instructor for 12 months:
    (i) The person may not serve as a pilot or flight engineer ground
instructor, as appropriate, unless in the preceding 12 months the
person has completed at least 1 initial, transition, upgrade, or
conversion ground school or at least six recurrent ground school
sessions. If the person fails to conduct at least 1 initial,
transition, upgrade, or conversion ground school or at least six
recurrent ground schools within the previous 12-month period, that
person may not serve as a pilot or flight engineer ground instructor,
as appropriate, until the person is observed by an accepted pilot or
flight engineer ground instructor, as appropriate, conducting a
representative number of academic subjects.
    (ii) The person may not serve as a flight instructor unless in the
preceding 12 months the person has completed at least six instructor
activities for the certificate holder. The minimum of six instructor
activities must include at least one LOFT and one FFS course of
instruction. If the person fails to conduct at least six activities
within the previous 12-month period, that person may not serve as a
flight instructor until the person is observed conducting a LOFT or an
FFS course of instruction by a check pilot, or check flight engineer,
as appropriate. This observation will allow the person to conduct LOFT
or the FFS course of instruction. During this observation the check
pilot, or check flight engineer, as appropriate, must be the instructor
of record.

Flight Attendant Instructor Qualification

Sec.  121.1291  Flight attendant instructor: Qualification and
training.

    (a) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no
certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person serve, as a
flight attendant instructor in a training program established under
this subpart unless that person meets the following requirements:
    (1) A person may provide instruction only in those performance
drills that the person can perform at the time of instruction.
    (2) Within the past 12 months completed initial or recurrent flight
attendant instructor training for the certificate holder as follows:
    (i) Training policies and procedures.
    (ii) Instructor duties, functions and responsibilities.
    (iii) The applicable regulations of this chapter and the
certificate holder's policies and procedures.
    (iv) Appropriate methods, procedures and techniques for conducting
academic training to include performance drills.
    (v) Evaluation of student performance.
    (vi) Appropriate action in the case of unsatisfactory performance.
    (vii) The approved methods, procedures and limitations for

instructing and evaluating in the required normal, abnormal and
emergency procedures applicable to the aircraft.
    (viii) Curriculum review, including amendments to the certificate
holders approved training program.
    (b) A person who is a subject matter expert with specific technical
knowledge on a subject may be used to conduct flight attendant training
in accordance with the Flight Attendant QPS.

Flight Attendant

Sec.  121.1301  Flight attendant: Training and evaluation.

    No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person serve,
as a required flight attendant in operations under this part unless
that person has completed the required curriculum for that aircraft
type and crewmember duty position.
    (a) A curriculum consists of the programmed hours, including
training and evaluation, as specified in Sec.  121.1335 and in the
Flight Attendant QPS, and the following curriculum categories.
    (1) New hire as prescribed in Sec.  121.1363.
    (2) Initial as prescribed in Sec.  121.1369.
    (3) Emergency as prescribed in Sec.  121.1373.
    (4) Differences as prescribed in Sec.  121.1391.
    (5) Transition as prescribed in Sec.  121.1369 for flight
attendants eligible under Sec.  121.1371.
    (6) Recurrent as prescribed in Sec.  121.1375, according to the
schedule prescribed in Sec.  121.1303.
    (7) Requalification, if necessary, as prescribed in Sec.  121.1309.
    (8) Special, if necessary, as prescribed in Sec.  121.1337.
    (b) Continuity of training. Within 120 days of beginning first time
qualification for the certificate holder, a person must have completed
the following curriculum categories:
    (1) New hire as prescribed in Sec.  121.1363.
    (2) Initial as prescribed in Sec.  121.1369.
    (3) Emergency as prescribed in Sec.  121.1373.
    (4) Aircraft Operating Experience on at least one aircraft type as
prescribed in Sec.  121.1305.
    (c) Failure to complete training within 120 days. If a person fails
to complete the requirements of paragraph (b) within the 120 days, the
person must repeat the required training categories. No credit is given
for any of the training previously completed if the entire curriculum
is not completed within 120 days.

Sec.  121.1303  Flight attendant: Continuing qualification.

    No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person serve,
as a flight attendant unless the person has completed the training
required by paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section within the
previous 12 months:
    (a) New hire training, initial training, transition training,
emergency training, and differences training, as applicable, as
described in Sec.  121.1301(a)(1) through (5).
    (b) Recurrent training as required by Sec.  121.1375.
    (1) A flight attendant must complete recurrent academic and job
performance training by the end of the eligibility period. The
eligibility period consists of the base month, the month before the
base month and the month after the base month.
    (2) A flight attendant who has not completed recurrent training by
the end of the base month may continue to serve until the end of the
eligibility period.
    (c) Requalification training as prescribed in Sec.  121.1309.
    (d) The eligibility period includes the month before and the month
following the base month. The base month is one of the following:
    (1) The 12th month following the month during which the person
completes new hire training, initial training, transition training,
emergency training, and differences training, as applicable, as
described in Sec.  121.1301(a)(1) through (5).
    (2) The 12th month following the month in which the person last
completed the recurrent training authorized in Sec.  121.1375.
    (3) The month as prescribed in Sec.  121.1309.
    (e) Whenever a flight attendant who is required to take recurrent
training or evaluation completes the training or evaluation in the
calendar month before or after the calendar month in which that
training or evaluation is required, he or she is considered to have
completed the training or evaluation in the calendar month in which it
was required.
    (f) A flight attendant who has not completed recurrent training by
the end of the base month may continue to serve until the end of the
eligibility period. However, if the recurrent training is not completed
during the eligibility period, the person is unqualified for that
flight attendant duty position on the first day of the month following
the eligibility period. The unqualified person may not serve in that
flight attendant duty position until the person completes the
applicable phase of the requalification curriculum category as
prescribed in Sec.  121.1309.

Sec.  121.1305  Flight attendant: Aircraft operating experience.

    (a) No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person
serve, as a flight attendant, unless that person has completed, for the
certificate holder, the aircraft operating experience required by this
section and the Flight Attendant QPS.
    (1) A qualifying flight attendant may not begin aircraft operating
experience for a specific aircraft type until the qualifying flight
attendant has completed initial training for the aircraft type.
    (2) A qualifying flight attendant receiving aircraft operating
experience must perform the duties of a flight attendant on at least
two operating cycles in the aircraft type under the supervision of a
check flight attendant.
    (3) A qualifying flight attendant receiving aircraft operating
experience must perform the assigned duties of a flight attendant for a
combined total of at least 5 hours of aircraft operating experience.
    (4) A qualifying flight attendant must complete aircraft operating
experience for the aircraft type on which the qualifying flight
attendant is to serve as a flight attendant.
    (5) A qualifying flight attendant receiving aircraft operating
experience may not serve as a required crewmember on that aircraft
type.
    (6) Aircraft operating experience must be completed in passenger
carrying operations under this part or in proving flights conducted
under part 91 of this chapter.
    (b) Notwithstanding the requirements of paragraph (a) of this
section, within 180 days of completing the training required by Sec.
121.1301(a)(1) through (4), flight attendants may serve as required
crewmembers on any aircraft type for which they have not completed AOE
provided the following conditions are met:
    (1) The flight attendant must have met the requirements of
paragraph (a) of this section for at least one type aircraft for that
certificate holder;
    (2) When flight attendants serve as required crewmembers on any
type aircraft for which they have not accomplished AOE, they must be
supervised by a check flight attendant for the first two operating
cycles in that aircraft type; and
    (3) The supervised experience must be completed in passenger
carrying operations under this part or in proving flights conducted
under part 91 of this chapter.

    (c) While a check flight attendant is conducting supervision, the
following requirements apply:
    (1) A check flight attendant may not supervise more than four
persons on any one operating cycle.
    (2) Not more than two check flight attendants may provide
supervision on any one operating cycle.
    (3) The number of persons receiving supervision on a particular
aircraft may not exceed twice the number of flight attendants required
by Sec.  121.391 for that aircraft.
    (d) Flight attendants completing transition training are not
subject to the aircraft operating experience requirements of this
section.

Sec.  121.1309  Flight Attendant: Requalification.

    No certificate holder may use any person, nor may any person serve,
as a flight attendant if that person has become unqualified by failing
to meet the recurrent training requirements of Sec.  121.1303(b). The
requalification requirements for each phase must be completed before
the end of the applicable phase of requalification. To be requalified
the person must repeat the training required by Sec.  121.1301(a)(1)
through (a)(5), or satisfy one of the following requirements:
    (a) Phase I Requalification program. If less than 24 months have
elapsed since the end of the person's base month for recurrent
training, the person may be requalified by completing the following:
    (1) Complete the current recurrent flight attendant training cycle.
The base month for recurrent training may be changed.
    (2) Receive training on tasks that were missed and all policies,
procedures, and security requirements, applicable to flight attendant
duties that have been updated, modified, or implemented since the last
time the flight attendant completed recurrent.
    (3) For flight attendants qualified in extended overwater
operations, participate in a cabin preparation and evacuation drill
(ditching), if not part of the current recurrent flight attendant
training cycle.
    (b) Phase II Requalification program. If 24 months or more have
elapsed since the end of the person's base month for recurrent
training, the person may be requalified by completing the requirements
of this paragraph. The base month for recurrent may be changed.
    (1) New hire, initial, transition, emergency, and differences
curriculum categories, as applicable, as described in Sec.  121.1301.
    (2) After satisfactorily completing phase II requalification, one
of the following conditions must be met for the first two operating
cycles:
    (i) The flight attendant may not serve as a required flight
attendant; or
    (ii) The flight attendant may serve as a required flight attendant
under the supervision of a check flight attendant.
    (3) For the purposes of phase II requalification, the Administrator
determines the number of programmed hours required for each curriculum
category listed in paragraph (b)(1) of this section.

Check Flight Attendant Qualification

Sec.  121.1321  Check flight attendant: Eligibility, approval,
qualification, and continuing qualification.

    (a) Eligibility for training. To be eligible for training as a
check flight attendant for an aircraft type, a person must meet the
following requirements:
    (1) Have been qualified for at least 180 days and served in the
previous 180 days on an aircraft as a flight attendant for the part 119
certificate holder.
    (2) Be current and qualified to serve as a flight attendant on that
aircraft type for the part 119 certificate holder.
    (b) Initial qualification. No certificate holder may use any
person, nor may any person serve, as a check flight attendant for the
first time on the aircraft type, unless the person meets the following
requirements for the part 119 certificate holder:
    (1) Continue to meet the requirements of paragraph (a) of this
section.
    (2) Complete the check flight attendant training requirements in
accordance with Sec.  121.1381.
    (3) Supervise operating experience for at least one operating cycle
on the aircraft type under the observation of a check flight attendant
or an FAA aviation safety inspector. The person undergoing operating
experience must be signed off by the check flight attendant or the FAA
aviation safety inspector conducting the observation.
    (c) Continuing qualification. No certificate holder may use a check
flight attendant, nor may any check flight attendant serve as a check
flight attendant, unless the check flight attendant meets the following
requirements for the part 119 certificate holder:
    (1) Within the preceding 12 months, has completed recurrent check
flight attendant training in accordance with Sec.  121.1381(c)(1) and
(c)(3).
    (2) Within the preceding 12 months, has completed at least one
operating cycle as a flight attendant or check flight attendant.
    (d) Reestablishing recent experience. If the requirements of
paragraph (c)(2) of this section are not met, the person may not serve
as a check flight attendant until the person is observed supervising
aircraft operating experience in the aircraft type for at least one
cycle by another check flight attendant or an FAA aviation safety
inspector.
    (e) Acceptance of check flight attendants. The certificate holder
must maintain a current list of all check flight attendants and submit
that list to the FAA. The check flight attendants must be acceptable to
the FAA.

Sec.  121.1323  Check flight attendant: Initial cadre.

    (a) A certificate holder may use a person as a check flight
attendant even though the person does not meet the experience
requirements of Sec.  121.1321 if the person meets the initial cadre
requirements of this section. The FAA will determine the period of
initial cadre status and may terminate initial cadre status entirely or
for an individual check flight attendant, if necessary. In no case will
initial cadre status exceed a period of 24 months.
    (b) To be an initial cadre check flight attendant for a part 119
certificate holder, and to continue to serve in that capacity for the
authorized period, a person must meet all of the following
requirements:
    (1) Be employed by the part 119 certificate holder.
    (2) Have served at least 3 years in the past 6 years as a flight
attendant in part 121 operations.
    (3) Have completed the training as specified in Sec.
121.1301(a)(1) through (6), as appropriate.
    (4) Complete the check flight attendant training requirements in
accordance with Sec.  121.1381.
    (5) Perform the duties of a check flight attendant for the new part
119 certificate holder or a certificate holder transitioning to a new
aircraft type under the observation of an FAA aviation safety
inspector. This observation check can be conducted during operations
under this part or during proving flights conducted under part 91 of
this chapter. When an observed activity must be made part of a training
record, the people undergoing the observed activities must be signed
off by the FAA aviation safety inspector as the evaluator of record.
    (c) If the certificate holder wants FAA approval for a person to be
an initial cadre check flight attendant but that person has not met the
requirements of Sec.  121.1305, he or she can satisfy those
requirements by meeting the following:
    (1) Being observed by the FAA while supervising other flight
attendants, while supervising other check flight

attendants, or while performing the duties of a flight attendant; and
    (2) During operations conducted under this part or during proving
flights conducted under part 91 of this chapter.
    (d) Only employees of a part 142 certificate holder, part 119
certificate holder, or the aircraft manufacturer may administer the
training and evaluation activities for initial cadre check flight
attendants, in accordance with the Flight Attendant QPS and as approved
by the FAA. In addition, current and qualified check flight attendants
for the part 119 certificate holder that is adding a new aircraft type
do not need to meet the observation requirements of paragraph (c)(2) of
this section for the new aircraft type.
    (e) Acceptance of initial cadre check flight attendants: The
certificate holder must maintain a current list of all initial cadre
check flight attendants and submit that list to the FAA. The initial
cadre check flight attendants must be acceptable to the FAA.

General Training Program Requirements

Sec.  121.1331  Training program: General.

    (a) Each certificate holder must establish and maintain a current
training program for each aircraft type used. Each curriculum in a
training program must be kept current with respect to any changes in
the requirements of this chapter or the certificate holder's policies
and operation pertinent to crewmember duties. Each certificate holder
must obtain initial and final approval of its training program, as
specified in Sec.  121.1337.
    (b) The training program must contain all of the following:
    (1) The requirements of this subpart.
    (2) The requirements of the crewmember QPS, as applicable.
    (3) The operating procedures for each required task in the
crewmember's QPS. These operating procedures are contained in the
information, duties, and responsibilities of crewmembers that are
contained in the manual required by Sec.  121.134.
    (4) For flightcrew members, the procedures, limitations, and
performance information from the Flightcrew Member Operating Manual
required by Sec. Sec.  121.134 and 121.136.
    (c) Each certificate holder is responsible for ensuring that its
crewmembers are adequately trained and crewmember training and
evaluation is conducted in accordance with the certificate holder's
approved training program.
    (d) Persons other than employees of the certificate holder may be
trained by the certificate holder for the purpose of instructing in the
certificate holder's training program, conducting evaluations in the
certificate holder's training program, or conducting evaluations of the
certificate holder's training program.
    (e) A certificate holder's training program must provide the
following, as applicable:
    (1) Curriculums and curriculum category requirements applicable for
use for the specific certificate holder as required by this subpart and
approved by the Administrator.
    (2) A sufficient number of academic and job performance
instructors, trained and qualified in accordance with this subpart, to
provide the approved training and evaluation.
    (3) A sufficient number of check pilots, check flight engineers and
check flight attendants, trained and qualified in accordance with this
subpart, to complete the training and evaluations required by this
subpart.
    (4) FSTD required by this subpart and approved for use by the
Principal Operations Inspector responsible for approving the
certificate holder's training program. FSTD must be available in
sufficient quantity to conduct the training program as approved.
    (5) Training equipment other than flight simulation training
devices in accordance with Sec.  121.1351. This training equipment must
be available in sufficient quantity to conduct the training program as
approved.
    (6) Adequate academic and job performance training facilities.
    (7) Current training materials, examinations, forms, instructions,
and procedures for use in conducting the training and evaluation
required by this part with respect to each aircraft type, and if
applicable, the particular variations within that aircraft type.
    (f) No certificate holder may use a person as a crewmember, unless
the person responsible for instructing or evaluating an academic
training subject or job performance training task or environment, has
certified in a manner approved by the Administrator that the crewmember
is knowledgeable and proficient in the specific subject, task, or
environment.
    (1) The documentation required by this paragraph (f) must be made a
part of the crewmember's record required by subpart V of this part.
    (i) For flight attendants, the record must show that the individual
has satisfactorily completed each of the training categories in Sec.
121.1301, as appropriate.
    (ii) For flightcrew members, the record must show if the individual
satisfactorily or unsatisfactorily completed each of the training
categories in Sec.  121.1221, as appropriate. In addition, the record
must show if the individual satisfactorily or unsatisfactorily
completed each of the proficiency tests, proficiency checks, or
proficiency reviews required by this part. Records of unsatisfactory
results must include the specific items for which performance was
unsatisfactory.
    (2) When the record of certification required by this paragraph (f)
is made by an entry in a computerized recordkeeping system, the
identity of the certifying instructor, check pilot, check flight
engineer, or check flight attendant must be recorded, and the record of
the certification must be completed by a means approved by the
Administrator.

Sec.  121.1333  Training program: General curriculum requirements.

    (a) Each certificate holder must establish and maintain a current
written training program curriculum for each aircraft type operated by
that certificate holder under this part. Curriculums must be available
for each crewmember position required for that aircraft type. Each
curriculum must include curriculum categories containing the
appropriate subjects, tasks, and environments required by this subpart
and the appropriate QPS.
    (b) Each training program curriculum must provide training and
evaluation as necessary to ensure that each crewmember:
    (1) Has demonstrated proficiency with respect to each aircraft
type, crewmember position, and type of operation in which the
crewmember serves.
    (2) Has demonstrated proficiency in the duties and responsibilities
for the aircraft type that are contained in the manual required by
Sec.  121.134 as outlined in Sec.  121.136.
    (3) Has demonstrated that they are knowledgeable in the current
operating limitations, procedures, loading, and performance sections of
the current Flight Crew Operating Manual.
    (4) Qualifies in new equipment, facilities, procedures, and
techniques, including modifications to aircraft. Pilots must also
qualify in designated special airports and navigation routes and areas
as required by Sec.  121.1235.
    (5) Has demonstrated understanding of the nature and effects of
safety hazards, and for flightcrew members, periodic weather extremes
and their effect on operations.

    (6) Has demonstrated, through knowledge and application, through
all phases of flight, crew resource management skills identified in the
QPS.
    (c) Each curriculum category must include all of the following:
    (1) A list of academic training and evaluation including the
subjects that are provided.
    (2) A list of all job performance training and evaluation including
the tasks and environments. The list must include the level(s) of FSTD
in which each job performance task must be performed and in which each
environment may be encountered, unless the certificate holder has been
granted a deviation from the FSTD requirements of this subpart in
accordance with Sec.  121.1345.
    (3) Detailed descriptions or pictorial displays of the approved
standard operating procedures, abnormal procedures, non-normal
procedures, and emergency procedures that will be performed during job
performance training and evaluation. For a certificate holder that has
been granted a deviation under Sec.  121.1345, detailed descriptions or
pictorial displays of the approved normal, abnormal, and emergency
maneuvers, procedures, and functions that will be performed during each
job performance training or during each proficiency test, check, or
review, indicating those maneuvers, procedures and functions that are
to be performed during job performance training and during each
proficiency test, check, or review.
    (4) An outline of each curriculum category that includes academic
and job performance training and evaluation by subject, task, and
environment, as applicable.
    (5) Differences that relate to the variations of a particular
aircraft type to be included in all academic and relevant job
performance training for purposes of training and evaluation.
    (6) A list of all the FSTD, and other training and evaluation
equipment that the certificate holder will use, including approval for
particular tasks or functions.
    (7) The approved programmed hours for each curriculum category.
    (8) A copy of each statement issued by the Administrator under
Sec.  121.1335(c) for reduction of baseline programmed hours.

Sec.  121.1335  Training program: Curriculum category programmed hours.

    (a) Each certificate holder's training program submitted for
initial approval under this subpart must have at least the programmed
baseline hours of training as specified in the applicable crewmember
QPS. Training programmed hours include training and evaluation.
    (1) Academic training hours must be in a classroom provided by the
certificate holder unless otherwise approved by the Administrator.
Proposals for a training environment other than a classroom provided by
the certificate holder must be accompanied by a plan for assessing the
knowledge and cognitive skill requirements to be supported by the
proposed alternative environment, and for providing the testing of each
student to ensure the knowledge and skill requirements are met.
    (2) Programmed hours for flightcrew member job performance training
are for FSTD lessons for a specific duty position in a curriculum
category.
    (3) Programmed hours for flight attendant job performance training
must be completed in an environment that complies with the requirements
of the Flight Attendant QPS.
    (b) The certificate holder must have programmed hours approved by
the Principal Operations Inspector. A certificate holder may apply for
a reduction of training programmed hours based on the factors outlined
in Sec.  121.1337(g). The Administrator will not approve a reduction of
programmed hours below the minimum hours set forth in the applicable
crewmember QPS.
    (c) If approval of a reduction in training programmed hours is
granted, the Administrator provides the certificate holder with a
statement of the basis for the approval.
    (d) The Administrator may grant a deviation to certificate holders
described in Sec.  135.3(b) and (c) of this chapter to allow reduced
programmed hours of academic training if the Administrator determines
that a reduction is warranted based on the certificate holder's
operations and the complexity of the make, model, and series of the
aircraft used.
    (e) The certificate holder must have the required programmed hours
approved by the Principal Operations Inspector for initial, transition,
and recurrent academic training and evaluation for flight instructors,
check pilots, check flight engineers, check flight attendants, flight
attendant instructors, and persons authorized to conduct flight
attendant proficiency checks.

Sec.  121.1337  Training program: Approval and amendment process.

    (a) Each training program described in this subpart must be
approved by the Administrator. To obtain initial or final approval of a
training program, each certificate holder must provide the
Administrator the following information in a form acceptable to the
Administrator:
    (1) An outline of the proposed program, including an outline of the
proposed curriculum required in Sec.  121.1333 for a preliminary
evaluation of the proposed training program.
    (2) Curriculums and curriculum categories applicable for use by the
certificate holder as required by this subpart.
    (3) A list of the FSTD that are to be used in the training program.
    (4) A list of training equipment, other than FSTD, that is to be
used in the training program.
    (5) A description of the academic and job performance training
facilities.
    (6) A synopsis of the materials, examinations, forms, instructions,
and procedures to be used for the training and evaluation required by
this subpart with respect to each aircraft type, and if applicable, the
particular variations within that aircraft type. Upon request, the
certificate holder must make the items required in this paragraph
available to the FAA for review.
    (7) If training is to be conducted by persons other than the part
119 certificate holder's employees, a statement that training will be
provided by persons other than the part 119 certificate holder's
employees in accordance with Sec.  121.1339.
    (8) The continuous analysis process established in accordance with
Sec.  121.1355.
    (9) Additional relevant information requested by the Administrator.
    (b) To request a revision to an approved training program, each
certificate holder must provide the Administrator the relevant
information in paragraph (a) of this section that has not already been
provided to the Administrator. The information must be in a form
acceptable to the Administrator.
    (c) If the proposed training program or proposed revision complies
with this subpart, the Administrator grants initial approval in
writing, after which the certificate holder may conduct the training
and evaluation in accordance with that program. The Administrator then
evaluates the effectiveness of the initially approved training program
and advises the certificate holder of any deficiencies that must be
corrected.
    (d) A revision to an approved training program may be proposed as a
special curriculum category that reflects changes to the certificate
holder's operation, or as a differences curriculum

category that reflects differences in configuration within an aircraft
type.
    (1) The proposed special curriculum category will include training
and evaluation. This training and evaluation will be initially approved
and evaluated. Upon satisfactory evaluation, the special curriculum
category will receive final approval and be integrated into the
existing curriculum categories, if appropriate. If integrated, it will
no longer be called a special curriculum category, but will be part of
the approved training program. The Principal Operations Inspector will
determine if the number of submitted programmed hours is sufficient.
    (2) The proposed differences curriculum category will include
training and evaluation. This training and evaluation will be initially
approved, evaluated and, upon satisfactory evaluation, added to the
previously approved differences curriculum category. The Principal
Operations Inspector will determine if the number of submitted
programmed hours is sufficient.
    (e) The Administrator grants final approval of a training program
if the certificate holder shows that the training and evaluation
conducted under the initial approval obtained under paragraph (c) of
this section ensures that each person who completes the training and
evaluation is adequately trained to perform his or her assigned duties.
    (f) The Administrator may require revisions to an approved training
program anytime the FAA finds that revisions are necessary in the
interest of safety or security. If the FAA finds that revisions are
necessary for the continued adequacy of a training program that has
been granted initial or final approval, the certificate holder must,
after notification by the FAA, make all changes in the program that the
FAA finds necessary.
    (1) Within 30 days after the certificate holder receives a notice
to revise the program, it may file a petition with the Director of
Flight Standards to reconsider the notice. The filing of a petition to
reconsider stays the notice pending a decision by the Director of
Flight Standards.
    (2) If the FAA finds that there is an emergency that requires
immediate action in the interest of safety or security, the FAA may,
upon a statement of the reasons, require a change effective without
stay.
    (g) The Administrator considers the following factors in approving
revisions or requiring revisions to a training program:
    (1) The pass and fail rate in the curriculum under consideration.
    (2) The quality and effectiveness of the teaching-learning process
(e.g., quality of instructors, training equipment, methods, and
procedures listed in the certificate holder's curriculum required by
Sec.  121.1333).
    (3) The experience levels of the student population.
    (4) The experience levels of the instructors and check persons.
    (5) The type and scope of operations conducted by the certificate
holder.
    (6) The complexity of make, model, and series of aircraft used.

Sec.  121.1339  Training program: Contract training requirements.

    Only another part 119 certificate holder or a training center
certificated under part 142 of this chapter may provide training or
evaluation as allowed by this subpart under contract or other
arrangement when the following requirements are met:
    (a) The curriculum, curriculum categories, programmed hours,
manuals, and checklists are approved by the FAA for the part 119
certificate holder.
    (b) The facilities, personnel, FSTD, other training equipment, and
courseware meet the applicable requirements of this subpart.
    (c) Flightcrew members. The instructors and check persons selected
by the part 119 certificate holder must, in addition to meeting the
requirements of Sec.  121.1253 or Sec.  121.1281, as appropriate, must
be eligible and qualified under this subpart for the specific
instruction or evaluation requested by the certificate holder, and must
meet one of the following criteria:
    (1) For another part 119 certificate holder, be an authorized
instructor, check airman, or APD for that part 119 certificate holder;
or
    (2) For a part 142 training center, be a flight instructor
authorized to conduct training for that training center, or be a check
airman authorized to conduct evaluations for that training center, in
accordance with the part 119 Certificate Holder's FAA-approved training
program. In addition, when the evaluation requires or provides for the
issuance of airline transport pilot certificate or an appropriate type
rating, the person conducting the evaluation must be authorized to
conduct the ATPC practical test or the type rating practical test for
that training center in accordance with Sec.  61.157 of this chapter,
where both authorizations may be exercised simultaneously.
    (d) The use of subject matter experts.
    (1) Flightcrew members: Under Sec.  121.1281, a subject matter
expert, with specific technical knowledge on a subject, may be used to
conduct training on specific tasks, however, a qualified instructor
must be present during the training.
    (2) Flight attendants: Under Sec.  121.1291, a subject matter
expert, with specific technical knowledge on a subject, may be used to
conduct training on specific tasks, in accordance with the following:
    (i) Except as provided in paragraph (d)(2)(ii) of this section,
when flight attendant training is provided by a subject matter expert,
a qualified flight attendant instructor must be present.
    (ii) Subject matter experts may provide flight attendant training
on the following specific tasks without a qualified flight attendant
instructor present:
    (A) Firefighting and firefighting equipment.
    (B) Emergency medical events and emergency medical equipment.
    (C) Hazardous materials recognition.

Sec.  121.1341  Training program: Individuals administering training or
evaluation and unauthorized use of equipment and facilities in training
programs.

    (a) No certificate holder may use a person to administer, nor may
any person administer, training, evaluation, or operating experience,
except:
    (1) In accordance with this section; or
    (2) If applicable, as provided in the initial cadre requirements of
Sec. Sec.  121.1257 and 121.1323.
    (b) Persons who administer training or evaluation must be
knowledgeable in the facilities, equipment, and procedures, as
appropriate.
    (c) Persons who administer training or evaluation must use only the
equipment and the facilities that are specifically approved for the
certificate holder's training program.
    (d) Training and evaluation is not successfully completed, even if
the individual successfully completed the activity, when the
certificate holder does one of the following:
    (1) Uses facilities, equipment, and materials that are not
specifically approved for that activity as part of the certificate
holder's approved training program.
    (2) Uses persons who are not authorized to administer the activity
as specified in the applicable crewmember QPS or who do not meet the
requirements of this subpart.

Sec.  121.1343  Training program: Academic evaluation.

    (a) The certificate holder must establish a method to develop
written, oral, or electronic tests of the knowledge obtained during
academic training that is approved by the Administrator as part

of the approved training program. The training program must include
development and maintenance of the academic evaluation, methods to
establish the validity of the academic evaluation, required student
remediation, and adjustment of instruction when required.
    (b) The QPS provides job tasks and related areas of required
instruction. Each area of instruction is provided with subjects that
must be trained and evaluated. An academic evaluation must include the
minimum number of questions indicated in the QPS for each subject.
Students must achieve a performance of 80% in each area of instruction.
    (1) Student performance is at least 80%. Student performance of at
least 80% in an area of instruction must be corrected to 100%. This
correction must include a discussion of the correct answer and why the
person's original answer was incorrect. Re-evaluation is not required.
    (2) Student performance below 80%. Student performance below 80% in
an area of instruction must be corrected to 100%. This correction must
include a discussion of the correct answer and why the person's
original answer was incorrect. Upon completion of this correction, the
person must be re-evaluated.
    (c) A test question repository must be developed to include a
minimum number of questions for each subject, as required by the QPS.
    (d) The certificate holder must use the repository to create tests
that allow random selection of questions from which alternative tests
will be created.

Sec.  121.1345  Training program: Mandatory use of flight simulation
training devices.

    (a) Mandatory use of FSTDs in Training Program. All flight training
and evaluation must be completed in FSTD, approved by the
Administrator, in accordance with the applicable Pilot or Flight
Engineer QPS. Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, no
credit will be given in the QPS for training and evaluation conducted
in an aircraft.
    (1) Each FSTD used in an approved training program required under
this part must be evaluated, qualified, and maintained in accordance
with part 60 of this chapter and approved by the Administrator for
training or evaluating tasks required by the applicable QPS.
    (2) The qualification level of the FSTD required to be used by an
applicant to demonstrate flightcrew member task proficiency is
specified in the applicable QPS.
    (3) The level of FSTD that may be used for initial training and
evaluation is dependent on the pilot's experience requirements as
specified in the Pilot QPS.
    (b) Deviation from use of FSTD.
    (1) A certificate holder may request a deviation from paragraph (a)
of this section to conduct training and evaluation activities in an
aircraft only if one of the following applies:
    (i) The certificate holder has an approved program or has submitted
a training program for review and approval prior to [date 120 days
after publication of final rule]. The certificate holder must request
the deviation no later than [date 40 months after the publication date
of the final rule].
    (ii) The certificate holder requests the deviation as part of a
request for approval of an initial cadre program. If approved, the
deviation will become effective at the same time as the initial cadre
program.
    (2) Deviation requests must be submitted to the FAA for review and
approval, and must include:
    (i) The number of FSTD training hours the certificate holder's
flightcrew members would need to meet the training requirements in this
part.
    (ii) An FSTD availability assessment, including hours by specific
FSTD and location of the FSTD.
    (iii) An FSTD shortfall analysis that includes the tasks and
environments that cannot be completed in an FSTD qualified at the level
specified in the applicable QPS.
    (iv) Proposed alternative means to address the shortfall in task
training and evaluation. The requester must identify the tasks that can
be completed in an FSTD qualified at a lower level than that specified
in the applicable QPS or can be completed in the aircraft.
    (v) An alternative training program for using the aircraft instead
of an FSTD or using an aircraft in combination with an FSTD, including
methods of achieving an acceptable level of safety.
    (3) A certificate holder may request an extension of a deviation
issued under this section.
    (4) Deviations or extensions to deviations will be issued for a
period not to exceed 12 months.

Sec.  121.1349  Training program: Limitations on the use of flight
simulation training devices.

    (a) An FSTD may not be used for credit for the following:
    (1) The pilot in command line check required by Sec.  121.1233.
    (2) Exterior preflight checks.
    (3) The pilot and flight engineer operating experience required by
Sec.  121.1225.
    (4) Consolidation required by Sec.  121.1227.
    (b) To receive credit for training and evaluation of required tasks
and LOFT, the flightcrew member must complete these activities in FSTD
that are approved for those tasks and LOFT as part of the certificate
holder's training program.

Sec.  121.1351  Training program: Training equipment other than flight
simulation training devices.

    Training equipment, other than FSTD qualified under part 60 of this
chapter, used in an approved training program required under this part
must be approved and used in accordance with the following:
    (a) The FAA must approve training equipment used to functionally
replicate aircraft equipment for the certificate holder and the
crewmember duty or procedure involved.
    (b) The certificate holder must demonstrate that the training
equipment meets all of the following:
    (1) The form, fit, function, and weight, as appropriate, of the
equipment
    (2) Normal operation (and abnormal and emergency operation, if
appropriate) including the following:
    (i) The required force, actions and travel of the equipment.
    (ii) Variations in equipment operated by the certificate holder, if
applicable.
    (3) Operation of the equipment under adverse conditions, if
appropriate.
    (c) Training equipment must be modified to ensure that it maintains
the performance and function of the aircraft type or aircraft equipment
replicated.
    (d) All training equipment must have a method of documenting
discrepancies in close proximity. The documenting system must be
readily available for review by each instructor or check person prior
to conducting training or evaluation with that equipment.
    (1) Each instructor or check person conducting training or
evaluation, and each person conducting an inspection of the equipment
who discovers a discrepancy, including any missing, malfunctioning, or
inoperative components, must write or cause to be written a description
of that discrepancy into the documenting system at the end of the
inspection or the training session.
    (2) All corrections to discrepancies must be recorded when the
corrections are made, and the dates of the discrepancies and
corrections must be recorded.
    (3) A record of a discrepancy must be maintained for at least 60
days.
    (e) No person may use, allow the use of, or offer the use of
training equipment with a missing, malfunctioning, or

inoperative component to meet the crewmember training or evaluation
requirements of this chapter for tasks that require the use of the
correctly operating component.

Sec.  121.1353  Training program: Line Oriented Flight Training (LOFT),
and Full Flight Simulator (FFS) Course of Instruction.

    (a) Line Oriented Flight Training (LOFT). LOFT must meet the
following requirements:
    (1) LOFT must be administered by a pilot flight instructor, a check
pilot qualified in accordance with this subpart, or an APD. A flight
engineer flight instructor or a check flight engineer may assist the
pilot flight instructor, check pilot, or APD.
    (2) LOFT must be accomplished in an FFS that has the qualification
level specified in the applicable QPS.
    (3) LOFT must include flight training as described in the
appropriate QPS. Each LOFT must include the following:
    (i) At least two operating cycles representative of the certificate
holder's operation.
    (ii) A pilot flying cycle and a pilot monitoring cycle for each
qualifying pilot.
    (iii) Normal line operations.
    (iv) Abnormal, non-normal, or emergency flight operations.
    (4) Except as authorized in Sec.  121.1221(e), LOFT must be
conducted with a complete flight crew as described in Sec.
121.1221(d).
    (5) LOFT must be conducted as a line operation with minimal
interruption during the session.
    (6) Any person serving in a flightcrew member position during a
LOFT who does not perform satisfactorily may not serve as a required
crewmember in operations under this part without receiving training to
correct the deficiencies and demonstrating that the deficiencies have
been corrected. Corrections of performance deficiencies that require
demonstration must be completed during the LOFT. Corrections of other
deficiencies related to understanding of procedures may be completed
during the post-flight debriefing of the flightcrew, as appropriate.
    (b) FFS Course of instruction.
    (1) An FFS course of instruction must be administered by a pilot
flight instructor, a check pilot, or an APD qualified in accordance
with this subpart. A flight engineer flight instructor or a check
flight engineer may assist the pilot flight instructor, check pilot, or
APD.
    (2) An FFS course of instruction must be accomplished in an FFS
that is qualified in accordance with part 60 of this chapter and that
has the qualification level specified in the applicable QPS.
    (3) The FFS course of instruction must include flight training as
described in the applicable QPS .
    (4) Except as authorized in Sec.  121.1221(e), FFS course of
instruction must be conducted with a complete flight crew as described
in Sec.  121.1221(d).
    (5) Any person serving in a flightcrew member position during an
FFS course of instruction who does not perform satisfactorily may not
serve as a required crewmember in operations under this part without
receiving training to correct the deficiencies and demonstrating that
the deficiencies have been corrected. Corrections of performance
deficiencies that require demonstration must be completed during the
FFS course of instruction. Corrections of other deficiencies related to
understanding of procedures may be completed during the post-flight
debriefing of the flightcrew, as appropriate.

Sec.  121.1355  Training program: Continuous analysis process.

    (a) Each certificate holder must develop and submit to the FAA for
approval a program that provides for the continuous monitoring and
regular analysis of the performance and effectiveness of its training
program(s) and operation that will:
    (1) Ensure that each training program and the standards of
qualification for each duty position are documented;
    (2) Provide for the review of training program content,
application, and results through at least two standardization meetings
annually for those persons required to attend such meetings in
accordance with Sec. Sec.  121.1251 and 121.1271;
    (3) Ensure the persons completing the training program(s) are
competent and qualified to perform the duties for which they have been
trained;
    (4) Provide for the regular analysis of crewmember performance on
proficiency tests and checks to identify and correct any deficiencies
in either crewmember performance or operation of the training
program(s). Additionally, for flightcrew members provide for the
regular analysis of flightcrew member performance in LOFTs and FFS
courses of instruction to identify and correct any deficiencies in
either flightcrew member performance or operation of the training
program(s).
    (5) Provide for the monitoring of persons having completed remedial
training or re-evaluation due to the failure of a proficiency test or
check or unsatisfactory performance during a LOFT or FFS course of
instruction, as appropriate; and
    (6) Provide a means for changing or updating the program(s) as
changes are required.
    (b) The monitoring conducted under paragraph (a)(5) of this section
must continue until the crewmember satisfactorily completes the next
recurrent training session to ensure the crewmember's competent
performance during this period.

Curriculum Category Requirements

Sec.  121.1363  Curriculum category requirements: Crewmember new hire.

    (a) Each training program must include new hire training for all of
the following individuals:
    (1) Each person who is qualifying for the first time as a
crewmember for the certificate holder.
    (2) Each person who is required to complete flight attendant phase
II requalification in accordance with Sec.  121.1309(b) and the Flight
Attendant QPS.
    (b) The content of the new hire curriculum category must include
the following:
    (1) The subjects listed in the Pilot QPS that are representative of
the certificate holder's operations, and approved by the POI as such;
    (2) The subjects listed in the flight engineer QPS that are
representative of the certificate holder's operations, and approved by
the POI as such;
    (3) The subjects listed in the Flight Attendant QPS that are
representative of the certificate holder's operations, and approved by
the POI as such.
    (4) An academic evaluation of the new hire subjects identified in
paragraph (b) of this section.

Sec.  121.1365  Curriculum category requirements: Pilot and flight
engineer initial, conversion, transition, and upgrade, academic and job
performance training.