Table 25.   Percent of elementary and secondary school children whose parents are involved in school activities and distribution of children by average grades, by selected child, parent, and school characteristics: 1996 Characteristics of children, parents, and schools Percent of children whose parents 1 report that they   Distribution of children, by parental reports of number of times spent helping with homework per week 2 Distribution of children, by parental reports of average grades in all subjects 2,3 Attended a general school meeting Attended parentteacher conference Attended a class event Volunteered at school Less than once per week 1 or 2 times per week 3 or 4 times per week 5 or more times per week Mostly A's Mostly B's Mostly C's Mostly D's or F's 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total .............................................. 76.4 70.6 66.1 39.6 26.7 35.1 25.8 12.3 39.5 37.7 18.5 4.2 Sex of child Male .......................................... 75.6 71.9 64.5 38.7 27.4 33.5 26.2 12.9 32.5 38.3 23.5 5.7 Female ...................................... 77.3 69.3 67.8 40.6 25.9 36.9 25.4 11.8 46.9 37.2 13.2 2.7 Race/ ethnicity of child White, non Hispanic ................. 78.5 71.2 70.9 44.5 28.2 37.0 24.8 10.1 43.7 36.1 16.5 3.7 Black, non Hispanic .................. 71.9 68.0 56.0 29.5 21.9 30.0 28.6 19.5 27.0 41.0 26.2 5.8 Hispanic .................................... 72.7 70.7 54.8 27.7 25.4 31.1 27.9 15.6 31.9 43.6 19.6 4.9 Other, non Hispanic ................. 72.6 71.4 63.4 36.2 24.3 37.5 26.1 12.0 44.7 33.7 17.1 4.5 Highest education level of parents Less than high school .............. 57.6 62.5 42.4 18.3 28.7 30.0 24.5 16.7 29.0 39.0 23.9 8.1 High school graduate ............... 71.1 68.2 59.5 31.1 26.4 34.2 25.7 13.6 30.5 40.5 23.1 5.9 Some postsecondary ................ 77.4 71.1 68.4 40.2 26.4 35.8 26.1 11.6 36.9 40.1 19.1 3.9 College graduate ...................... 86.1 75.1 75.5 52.2 25.4 38.8 25.3 10.5 52.5 32.9 12.7 1.9 Graduate/ professional .............. 87.6 75.1 81.0 56.8 27.9 35.1 26.8 10.2 58.2 30.9 9.8 1.1 Family Income Less than $ 5,000 ...................... 67.0 68.3 49.8 27.0 23.7 28.3 27.7 20.4 28.9 38.8 23.3 8.9 $ 5,001 to $ 10,000 .................... 63.8 67.4 49.6 24.4 26.7 32.1 27.6 13.7 26.6 41.9 24.6 6.9 $ 10,001 to 15,000 .................... 67.4 66.9 60.3 29.9 26.8 36.0 22.7 14.6 28.0 39.8 26.0 6.2 $ 15,001 to 20,000 .................... 69.1 67.4 55.8 26.8 27.7 33.3 23.4 15.6 32.7 38.4 21.6 7.3 $ 20,001 to 25,000 .................... 69.0 68.7 58.5 29.2 25.9 34.9 26.5 12.7 34.4 40.8 20.6 4.2 $ 25,001 to 30,000 .................... 72.0 69.2 61.7 33.0 28.1 34.8 27.3 9.8 33.0 42.0 19.8 5.2 $ 30,001 to 35,000 .................... 79.0 69.1 68.8 41.6 27.9 35.6 24.8 11.6 40.0 38.0 18.1 3.9 $ 35,001 to 40,000 .................... 78.9 72.8 69.6 41.7 24.9 37.3 27.0 10.7 40.4 37.3 19.4 2.8 $ 40,001 to 50,000 .................... 80.7 73.9 72.8 45.3 27.1 35.3 25.3 12.4 43.2 36.0 16.8 4.0 $ 50,001 to 75,000 .................... 83.9 72.2 75.0 49.1 25.9 37.0 26.3 10.8 50.2 32.7 14.9 2.2 Over $ 75,000 ............................ 88.2 73.8 79.1 57.3 28.3 36.6 25.1 9.9 51.0 36.8 10.9 1.3 Child attending public schools 4 ................................ 75.3 70.6 64.8 35.4 26.6 35.9 25.4 12.1 38.2 37.9 19.3 4.6 Elementary ( kindergarten to grade 8) 4 .......................... 80.2 79.8 67.8 39.4 15.5 35.1 33.2 16.2 43.2 36.6 16.3 3.9 Secondary ( grades 9 to 12) 4 ... 63.2 47.7 57.5 25.5 52.0 37.7 7.7 2.5 29.6 40.2 24.5 5.7 Child attending private schools 4 ................................ 90.2 82.3 82.8 66.4 27.2 28.7 29.2 14.9 50.8 36.1 11.8 1.3 Elementary ( kindergarten to grade 8) 4 .......................... 92.2 87.8 86.1 70.8 14.5 28.5 37.0 19.9 55.7 35.3 7.5 1.4 Secondary ( grades 9 to 12) 4 ... 85.0 67.4 73.7 54.4 57.4 29.0 10.8 2.8 40.9 37.7 20.4 1.0 1 The respondent was the parent most knowledgeable about the child's education. The responding parent reported on their own and their spouse's or other household adults' activities. Except where noted, includes children enrolled in nursery school through grade 12.

2 Includes children enrolled in grades 1 through 12.

3 Excludes children whose programs have no classes with lettered grades.

4 Excludes home schooled children. NOTE.   Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Survey, 1996, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared December 1998.) 31 ALL LEVELS: OPINIONS ON EDUCATION Table 26.   Percent of elementary school children whose parents are involved in education related activities, by selected child, parent, and school characteristics: 1996 Characteristics of children, parents, and schools Percent of children 1 whose parents report that they did the following things in the past month   Percent of children 2 whose families have rules about   Percent of children whose parents involved them in the following activities during the past week 1 Visited a library Went to a play, concert, or other live show Visited an art gallery museum or historical site Visited a zoo or aquarium Talked about family history or ethnic heritage Attended an event sponsored by a community religious or ethnic group Time for bed on school nights Amount of time child is allowed to watch television Television programs child is allowed to watch Told a story Worked on art or crafts Played a game or sport together Built or made project or fixed something 3 Worked on household chores 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total ........................................... 48.7 32.5 21.2 15.7 56.4 53.3 97.2 80.0 92.0 70.4 67.0 91.3 65.0 96.5 Sex of child Male ....................................... 48.5 30.3 20.6 15.3 55.8 52.6 97.8 80.3 92.0 69.8 64.2 91.9 66.6 96.1 Female ................................... 49.0 34.7 21.8 16.0 57.0 53.9 96.6 79.8 92.1 71.0 70.0 90.7 63.3 97.0 Race/ ethnicity of child White, non Hispanic .............. 51.7 32.2 21.0 13.3 52.1 54.9 97.7 77.3 93.4 71.1 68.5 92.4 68.1 97.4 Black, non Hispanic ............... 43.9 38.1 22.2 21.6 69.5 54.6 97.3 88.5 90.8 66.9 63.5 92.5 59.6 97.0 Hispanic ................................. 38.9 26.6 19.6 19.3 58.4 44.3 95.1 83.5 88.0 70.0 63.3 84.7 56.9 91.8 Other, non Hispanic .............. 52.3 33.2 24.3 18.3 64.8 49.6 95.5 78.6 89.0 73.8 68.5 90.8 61.9 94.9 Highest education level of parents Less than high school ........... 30.1 25.6 16.7 18.9 53.5 37.8 95.2 80.1 85.8 66.1 59.7 81.9 56.9 91.3 High school graduate ............ 40.0 27.9 15.0 14.4 50.9 44.7 97.0 80.1 91.7 66.8 65.7 92.0 63.2 97.2 Some postsecondary ............. 49.7 33.3 20.4 15.4 57.1 54.9 97.8 80.8 93.5 71.8 67.5 91.6 65.9 97.4 College graduate ................... 60.1 35.8 27.3 16.3 59.5 63.6 97.7 77.7 93.3 72.7 71.1 93.9 69.1 96.7 Graduate/ professional ........... 65.3 41.6 32.5 16.3 65.4 67.2 97.2 81.0 92.6 75.4 69.0 92.5 68.2 96.3 Family Income Less than $ 5,000 ................... 40.4 38.1 19.8 19.2 57.4 43.1 97.7 85.5 90.9 70.3 64.1 89.0 62.9 94.9 $ 5,001 to $ 10,000 ................. 37.2 27.3 16.1 17.0 58.2 41.9 93.6 81.0 88.7 67.1 67.3 89.3 60.4 95.9 $ 10,001 to 15,000 ................. 37.3 29.6 16.8 15.6 57.5 48.0 95.8 78.1 88.7 65.3 60.9 86.6 53.6 95.2 $ 15,001 to 20,000 ................. 41.1 25.7 13.9 16.8 55.7 47.0 98.0 79.2 89.8 66.7 60.5 88.5 64.8 97.1 $ 20,001 to 25,000 ................. 42.3 30.8 20.9 14.9 58.2 48.4 97.3 82.1 93.3 73.1 64.5 91.8 62.1 95.6 $ 25,001 to 30,000 ................. 43.3 27.1 17.7 16.0 54.6 50.4 97.1 80.3 90.5 69.3 67.1 91.7 65.1 95.2 $ 30,001 to 35,000 ................. 50.5 30.0 21.3 15.9 54.4 56.9 98.1 78.6 91.4 72.0 69.3 92.4 68.1 97.7 $ 35,001 to 40,000 ................. 56.4 32.6 17.3 13.2 53.5 55.8 97.8 81.3 95.0 71.8 69.3 92.4 70.0 96.8 $ 40,001 to 50,000 ................. 55.1 32.7 21.1 13.2 54.1 58.3 98.6 80.1 93.9 69.2 69.6 93.5 66.6 97.7 $ 50,001 to 75,000 ................. 55.5 33.3 25.1 13.4 54.9 59.7 97.8 78.9 94.4 71.7 68.5 92.0 67.3 97.5 Over $ 75,000 ......................... 59.6 42.6 31.4 19.0 60.5 62.2 97.3 77.7 92.2 73.9 70.0 93.8 68.8 96.6 Child attending public schools 4 ................................ 48.3 31.7 19.9 14.7 57.1 51.9 97.3 79.9 91.5 66.7 64.4 90.5 63.9 97.3 Child attending private schools 4 ................................ 58.2 37.2 27.8 16.9 61.3 66.9 96.3 79.6 95.5 74.2 67.2 91.7 70.9 96.5 1 Includes children enrolled in nursery school through grade 5. 2 Includes children enrolled in kindergarten through grade 5. 3 Includes children enrolled in 1st through 5th grade. 4 Excludes nursery school and home schooled children. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Survey, 1996, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared December 1998.)

Table 27.   Teachers' perceptions about serious problems in their schools, by type and control of school: 1990   91 and 1993   94 Problem area Percent of teachers indicating item is a serious problem Public school teachers Private school teachers 1990   91 1993   94 1990   91 1993   94 Total Total Elementary schools Secondary schools Combined schools Total Total Elementary schools Secondary schools Combined schools 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Student tardiness .......................... 11.2 10.5 6.3 18.3 7.8 3.4 2.6 1.8 4.3 2.6 Student absenteeism .................... 14.1 14.4 7.2 27.1 15.0 2.6 2.2 0.8 5.2 2.7 Teacher absenteeism ................... 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.9 2.0 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.2 0.9 Students cutting class ................... 4.6 5.1 1.3 11.9 4.6 0.7 0.7 0.2 2.4 0.7 Physical conflicts among students 6.5 8.2 7.8 8.6 8.1 1.1 1.5 0.9 2.1 2.1 Robbery or theft ............................ 3.4 4.1 3.0 5.8 3.6 0.8 0.8 0.4 1.4 1.1 Vandalism of school property ....... 5.4 6.7 5.2 9.0 5.9 0.9 1.2 0.9 2.0 1.2 Student pregnancy ........................ 6.4 7.3 1.1 18.4 10.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 1.1 0.4 Student use of alcohol .................. 8.2 9.3 1.6 23.1 14.2 2.4 3.1 0.3 11.0 2.7 Student drug abuse ...................... 4.2 5.7 1.0 14.2 7.1 0.5 1.3 0.2 4.0 1.4 Student possession of weapons ... 1.2 2.8 1.2 5.6 2.7 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.3 Verbal abuse of teachers ............. 7.5 11.1 8.6 14.8 14.3 1.7 2.3 0.7 2.8 4.4 Student disrespect for teachers .... 13.0 18.5 15.3 23.6 20.3 2.9 3.4 2.2 4.2 4.7 Students dropping out .................. 6.3 5.8 1.2 14.1 7.7 0.2 0.6 0.3 1.3 0.7 Student apathy .............................. 20.6 23.6 15.6 38.0 28.9 4.1 4.5 2.2 9.7 5.1 Lack of academic challenge ......... 5.7 6.5 4.2 10.4 9.9 1.3 1.5 1.0 2.5 1.6 Lack of parental involvement ........ 25.4 27.6 23.0 34.5 35.5 4.3 4.0 2.8 7.1 4.7 Parental alcoholism/ drug abuse ... 12.0 13.1 12.9 12.3 18.7 2.2 2.6 1.6 4.2 3.4 Poverty .......................................... 17.1 19.5 20.8 15.9 26.8 2.0 2.7 2.2 3.2 3.0 Racial tension ............................... 3.8 5.1 4.0 6.7 5.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 1.7 0.8 Students come unprepared to learn ..........................................   28.8 24.3 36.0 30.9   4.1 2.6 7.6 4.6   Data not available. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey,'' 1990   91 and 1993   94. ( This table was prepared September 1996.) 32 ALL LEVELS: OPINIONS ON EDUCATION Table 28.   Teachers' perceptions about teaching and school conditions, by type and control of school: 1993   94 Statement Percent of teachers somewhat agreeing or strongly agreeing with statement Public school teachers Private school teachers Total Elementary schools Secondary schools Combined schools Total Elementary schools Secondary schools Combined schools 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The school administration's behavior toward the staff is supportive ... 79.2 80.7 76.8 77.0 88.2 89.4 83.3 88.7 My principal enforces school rules for student conduct and backs me up when I need it .............................................................................. 80.8 82.0 78.6 81.4 88.4 89.3 84.4 88.5 The principal lets staff members know what is expected of them ....... 85.6 86.9 83.5 82.1 88.2 89.1 86.6 88.2 Principal talks to me frequently about my instructional practices ........ 44.3 49.0 35.6 45.7 54.0 58.3 41.2 53.7 Goals and priorities for the school are clear ........................................ 82.8 85.4 78.1 79.3 90.2 90.9 88.3 90.2 Teachers in this school are evaluated fairly ........................................ 87.9 88.6 86.6 85.3 89.8 90.4 87.3 90.3 In this school, staff members are recognized for a job well done ....... 67.9 71.7 61.7 62.6 81.1 82.4 74.7 82.1 Principal knows what kind of school he/ she wants and has communicated it to the staff ............................................................. 80.5 82.8 76.7 77.1 88.6 89.1 85.5 89.9 Principal does a poor job in getting resources for this school ............. 16.1 15.1 18.1 19.6 10.5 10.6 12.9 8.7 Most of my colleagues share my beliefs and values about what the central mission of the school should be ........................................... 84.2 87.3 79.1 81.4 93.2 95.0 88.4 93.7 Teachers participate in making most of the important education decisions in this school ..................................................................... 58.3 62.8 50.3 58.4 74.0 75.1 66.1 75.3 There is a great deal of cooperative effort among staff ....................... 77.5 80.9 71.8 76.3 90.5 90.3 86.2 93.0 I receive a great deal of support from parents for the work I do ......... 52.5 58.4 43.2 47.4 84.6 87.3 77.7 83.1 I make a conscious effort to coordinate the content of my courses with that of other teachers ................................................................ 85.0 88.0 79.8 82.9 85.2 86.6 78.5 86.1 Routine duties and paperwork interfere with my job of teaching ......... 70.8 70.9 71.4 65.7 40.1 40.5 45.2 36.2 I have to follow rules in this school that conflict with my best professional judgement ..................................................................... 24.2 22.0 27.4 26.4 15.0 15.1 19.1 13.0 Level of student misbehavior in this school interferes with my teaching ............................................................................................. 44.1 42.9 45.5 43.9 22.4 22.7 20.2 25.1 Amount of student tardiness and class cutting in this school interferes with my teaching ............................................................... 27.9 18.4 45.3 24.6 8.6 6.4 13.4 9.2 Rules for student behavior are consistently enforced by teachers in this school, even for students who are not in their classes ............. 61.8 70.9 45.8 59.5 77.6 83.1 63.6 77.0 I am satisfied with my class sizes ........................................................ 64.9 62.9 68.2 78.1 84.4 82.2 84.0 89.3 I am satisfied with my teaching salary ................................................. 44.9 44.1 47.2 43.1 41.6 35.5 43.6 49.5 I sometimes feel it is a waste of time to try to do my best as a teacher .............................................................................................. 26.8 23.4 32.6 30.8 13.4 12.1 16.5 13.7 I plan with the librarian/ media specialist for the integration of services into my teaching ................................................................. 66.9 67.8 65.8 64.5 60.6 58.6 65.4 61.2 Library/ media materials are adequate to support my instructional objectives .......................................................................................... 65.6 64.9 67.7 59.9 61.0 56.4 67.2 63.4 Necessary materials are available as needed by staff ........................ 73.1 73.7 73.0 72.3 85.7 84.5 85.3 87.3 SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94.'' ( This table was prepared September 1996.) 33 ALL LEVELS: OPINIONS ON EDUCATION Table 29.   Public's level of confidence in various institutions: 1996 and 1998 Institution Percent of respondents by levels of confidence Percent of respondents by levels of confidence 1996 1998 A great deal Quite a lot Some Very little No opinion A great deal Quite a lot Some Very little No opinion 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Private higher education ........................................................... 18.3 38.7 28.3 7.5 7.1           Small businesses ...................................................................... 15.3 40.8 32.6 7.6 3.6 25.0 31.0 34.0 9.0 1.0 Religious organizations ............................................................. 23.6 31.1 31.3 12.3 1.7 34.0 25.0 26.0 12.0 2.0 The military ............................................................................... 16.9 37.0 31.0 12.1 3.1 33.0 31.0 25.0 8.0 2.0 Public higher education ............................................................ 15.0 36.4 34.2 11.6 2.8           Private elementary or secondary education ............................. 15.1 35.3 33.4 9.7 6.5           Youth development and recreation .......................................... 14.8 35.2 32.7 11.6 5.7           Public elementary or secondary education .............................. 13.3 31.7 37.2 15.3 2.4 16.0 21.0 40.0 20.0 1.0 Health organizations ................................................................. 10.8 28.2 42.0 15.9 3.1           Federated charitable appeals, e. g., United Way ...................... 12.6 26.3 34.9 21.6 4.5           Human services organizations ................................................. 9.1 28.1 42.6 15.1 5.0           Arts, culture, and humanities organizations ............................. 9.3 26.7 39.8 14.3 9.9           Recreation for adults ................................................................ 7.8 27.5 41.9 13.4 9.4           Environmental organizations .................................................... 9.4 23.1 41.0 20.3 6.2           Private and community foundations ......................................... 7.6 24.0 42.3 13.5 12.6           Local government ..................................................................... 5.4 25.9 43.3 23.1 2.3           Public/ society benefit, e. g., civil rights, social justice, community improvement organizations ................................ 7.5 22.7 43.4 20.8 5.6           Media, e. g., newspapers, TV, radio ......................................... 6.3 22.7 39.5 29.7 1.8           Television news ........................................................................           15.0 19.0 40.0 24.0 1.0 Work related organizations ....................................................... 6.1 21.5 47.2 17.4 7.9           State government ..................................................................... 4.1 22.2 44.9 26.4 2.5           International/ foreign, e. g., culture exchange, relief organizations ....................................................................................... 6.3 19.1 37.5 24.2 12.8           Organized labor ........................................................................ 6.6 17.7 40.9 29.3 5.6 11.0 15.0 45.0 22.0 5.0 Major corporations .................................................................... 4.9 18.7 44.2 27.4 4.8           Federal government .................................................................. 5.2 17.5 43.9 31.1 2.2           Organizations that advocate a particular cause ....................... 4.0 15.7 42.7 29.5 8.1           Congress ................................................................................... 3.4 12.4 41.7 39.0 3.5 10.0 18.0 48.0 20.0 2.0 Political organizations, e. g., Republican or Democratic parties 3.8 10.8 39.2 42.6 3.7           Data not available.

NOTE.   Institutions are listed in rank order as determined by the combined responses of `` a great deal'' and `` quite a lot'' of confidence for 1996. SOURCE: Independent Sector, The Gallup Organization, Giving and Volunteering in the United States, 1996 and 1998. ( This table was prepared September 1998.)

Table 30.   Percentage of households contributing to education and other charitable organizations and average annual donation, by type of charity: 1989, 1991, 1993, and 1995 Type of charity 1989 1991 1993 1995 Percentage of total households 1 Average annual contribution Percentage of total households 1 Average annual contribution Percentage of total households 1 Average annual contribution Percentage of total households 1 Average annual contribution Per contributing household Per total household Per contributing household Per total household Per contributing household Per total household Per contributing household Per total household 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10111213 Total ................................................................ 75.1 $ 978 $ 734 72.2 $ 899 $ 649 73.4 $ 880 $ 646 68.5 $ 1,017 $ 696 Religious ............................................................. 53.2 896 477 51.3 800 410 49.2 817 402 48.0 868 417 Health .................................................................. 32.4 143 46 32.9 154 51 25.7 139 36 27.3 214 58 Human services .................................................. 23.0 263 60 27.5 260 71 26.7 208 56 25.1 271 68 Youth development ............................................. 21.6 129 28 22.1 114 25 17.9 106 19 20.9 137 29 Education ............................................................ 19.1 291 56 21.1 225 47 17.5 424 74 20.3 318 65 Environment ........................................................ 13.4 88 12 16.3 99 16 11.6 89 10 11.5 106 12 Arts, culture, and humanities .............................. 9.6 193 19 9.4 194 18 8.1 139 11 9.4 216 20 Public and societal benefit .................................. 11.2 120 13 11.2 132 15 11.2 160 18 10.3 122 13 Private and community foundations ................... 6.4 116 7 6.0 113 7 5.3 144 8 6.1 181 11 Recreation, adults ............................................... 6.2 135 8 6.3 164 10 4.6 193 9 7.0 161 11 International, foreign ........................................... 4.2 202 8 3.5 198 7 2.8 ( 2) ( 2) 6.1 283 17 Other ................................................................... 3.0 195 6 2.8 233 7 4.7 81 4 2.1 160 3 1 Percents do not add to total because of respondents giving to more than one type of charity. 2 Sample size too small for reliable data.

NOTE.   Details for total households do not add to total because details only include households which reported a donation amount for the particular type of charity. The percentage of total includes households who reported giving donations, but did not specify amount.

SOURCE: Independent Sector, The Gallup Organization, Giving and Volunteering in the United States, 1989, 1991, 1993, and 1996. ( This table was prepared April 1997.) 34 ALL LEVELS: FINANCES Table 31.   Total expenditures of educational institutions related to the gross domestic product, by level of institution: 1959   60 to 1997   98 Year Gross domestic product ( in billions) School year Total expenditures for education ( amounts in millions of current dollars)

All educational institutions All elementary and secondary schools All colleges and universities Amount As a percent of gross domestic product Amount As a percent of gross domestic product Amount As a percent of gross domestic product 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1959 ................................ $ 507.2 1959   60 $ 23,860 4.7 $ 16,713 3.3 $ 7,147 1.4 1961 ................................ 544.8 1961   62 28,503 5.2 19,673 3.6 8,830 1.6 1963 ................................ 617.4 1963   64 34,440 5.6 22,825 3.7 11,615 1.9 1965 ................................ 719.1 1965   66 43,682 6.1 28,048 3.9 15,634 2.2 1967 ................................ 833.6 1967   68 55,652 6.7 35,077 4.2 20,575 2.5 1969 ................................ 982.2 1969   70 68,459 7.0 43,183 4.4 25,276 2.6 1970 ................................ 1,035.6 1970   71 75,741 7.3 48,200 4.7 27,541 2.7 1971 ................................ 1,125.4 1971   72 80,672 7.2 50,950 4.5 29,722 2.6 1972 ................................ 1,237.3 1972   73 86,875 7.0 54,952 4.4 31,923 2.6 1973 ................................ 1,382.6 1973   74 95,396 6.9 60,370 4.4 35,026 2.5 1974 ................................ 1,496.9 1974   75 108,664 7.3 68,846 4.6 39,818 2.7 1975 ................................ 1,630.6 1975   76 118,706 7.3 75,101 4.6 43,605 2.7 1976 ................................ 1,819.0 1976   77 126,417 6.9 79,194 4.4 47,223 2.6 1977 ................................ 2,026.9 1977   78 137,042 6.8 86,544 4.3 50,498 2.5 1978 ................................ 2,291.4 1978   79 148,308 6.5 93,012 4.1 55,296 2.4 1979 ................................ 2,557.5 1979   80 165,627 6.5 103,162 4.0 62,465 2.4 1980 ................................ 2,784.2 1980   81 182,849 6.6 112,325 4.0 70,524 2.5 1981 ................................ 3,115.9 1981   82 197,801 6.3 120,486 3.9 77,315 2.5 1982 ................................ 3,242.1 1982   83 212,081 6.5 128,725 4.0 83,356 2.6 1983 ................................ 3,514.5 1983   84 228,597 6.5 139,000 4.0 89,597 2.5 1984 ................................ 3,902.4 1984   85 247,657 6.3 149,400 3.8 98,257 2.5 1985 ................................ 4,180.7 1985   86 269,485 6.4 161,800 3.9 107,685 2.6 1986 ................................ 4,422.2 1986   87 291,974 6.6 175,200 4.0 116,774 2.6 1987 ................................ 4,692.3 1987   88 313,375 6.7 187,999 4.0 125,376 2.7 1988 ................................ 5,049.6 1988   89 346,883 6.9 209,377 4.1 137,506 2.7 1989 ................................ 5,438.7 1989   90 381,525 7.0 230,970 4.2 150,555 2.8 1990 ................................ 5,743.8 1990   91 412,652 7.2 248,930 4.3 163,722 2.9 1991 ................................ 5,916.7 1991   92 432,987 7.3 261,255 4.4 171,732 2.9 1992 ................................ 6,244.4 1992   93 456,070 7.3 274,335 4.4 181,735 2.9 1993 ................................ 6,558.1 1993   94 477,237 7.3 287,507 4.4 189,730 2.9 1994 ................................ 6,947.0 1994   95 503,925 7.3 302,400 4.4 201,525 2.9 1995 ................................ 7,269.6 1 1995   96 529,561 7.3 318,211 4.4 211,350 2.9 1996 ................................ 7,661.6 2 1996   97 559,500 7.3 336,000 4.4 223,500 2.9 1997 ................................ 8,110.9 2 1997   98 583,800 7.2 351,300 4.3 232,500 2.9 1 Preliminary. 2 Estimated.

NOTE.   Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools include current expenditures, interest on school debt, and capital outlay. Data for private elementary and secondary schools are estimated. Total expenditures for colleges and universities include current fund expenditures and additions to plant value. Excludes expenditures of noncollegiate postsecondary institutions. Data for 1995   96 through 1997   98 are for 4 year and 2 year degree granting institutions that were eligible to participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Some data revised from previously published figures. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education; Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education; Common Core of Data survey; Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' survey, Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS) `` Finance'' survey, and unpublished data; Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Indicators; and National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics, various years. ( This table was prepared November 1998.) 35 ALL LEVELS: FINANCES Table 32.   Total expenditures of educational institutions, by level and control of institution: 1899   1900 to 1997   98 [ In millions of current dollars]

School year Total Elementary and secondary schools Colleges and universities Total Public Private 1 Total Public Private 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 1899   1900 ...........................     $ 215         1909   10 ...............................     426         1919   20 ...............................     1,036         1929   30 ...............................     2,317   $ 632 $ 292 $ 341 1939   40 ...............................     2,344   758 392 367 1949   50 ............................... $ 8,911 $ 6,249 5,838 $ 411 2,662 1,430 1,233 1951   52 ............................... 10,735 7,861 7,344 517 2,874 1,565 1,309 1953   54 ............................... 13,147 9,733 9,092 641 3,414 1,912 1,502 1955   56 ............................... 15,907 11,727 10,955 772 4,180 2,348 1,832 1957   58 ............................... 20,055 14,525 13,569 956 5,530 3,237 2,293 1959   60 ............................... 23,860 16,713 15,613 1,100 7,147 3,904 3,244 1961   62 ............................... 28,503 19,673 18,373 1,300 8,830 4,919 3,911 1963   64 ............................... 34,440 22,825 21,325 1,500 11,615 6,558 5,057 1965   66 ............................... 43,682 28,048 26,248 1,800 15,634 9,047 6,588 1967   68 ............................... 55,652 35,077 32,977 2,100 20,575 12,750 7,824 1969   70 ............................... 68,459 43,183 40,683 2,500 25,276 16,234 9,041 1970   71 ............................... 75,741 48,200 45,500 2,700 27,541 18,028 9,513 1971   72 ............................... 80,672 50,950 48,050 2,900 29,722 19,538 10,184 1972   73 ............................... 86,875 54,952 51,852 3,100 31,923 21,144 10,779 1973   74 ............................... 95,396 60,370 56,970 3,400 35,026 23,542 11,484 1974   75 ............................... 108,664 68,846 64,846 4,000 39,818 26,966 12,852 1975   76 ............................... 118,706 75,101 70,601 4,500 43,605 29,736 13,869 1976   77 ............................... 126,417 79,194 74,194 5,000 47,223 31,997 15,226 1977   78 ............................... 137,042 86,544 80,844 5,700 50,498 34,031 16,467 1978   79 ............................... 148,308 93,012 86,712 6,300 55,296 37,110 18,187 1979   80 ............................... 165,627 103,162 95,962 7,200 62,465 41,434 21,031 1980   81 ............................... 182,849 112,325 104,125 8,200 70,524 46,559 23,965 1981   82 ............................... 197,801 120,486 111,186 9,300 77,315 50,813 26,502 1982   83 ............................... 212,081 128,725 118,425 10,300 83,356 54,338 29,018 1983   84 ............................... 228,597 139,000 127,500 11,500 89,597 58,124 31,473 1984   85 ............................... 247,657 149,400 137,000 12,400 98,257 63,705 34,553 1985   86 ............................... 269,485 161,800 148,600 13,200 107,685 70,069 37,616 1986   87 ............................... 291,974 175,200 160,900 14,300 116,774 74,552 42,222 1987   88 ............................... 313,375 187,999 172,699 15,300 125,376 79,859 45,516 1988   89 ............................... 346,883 209,377 192,977 16,400 137,506 87,107 50,398 1989   90 ............................... 381,525 230,970 212,770 18,200 150,555 96,387 54,169 1990   91 ............................... 412,652 248,930 229,430 19,500 163,722 104,433 59,288 1991   92 ............................... 432,987 261,255 241,055 20,200 171,732 108,667 63,065 1992   93 ............................... 456,070 274,335 252,935 21,400 181,735 115,169 66,566 1993   94 ............................... 477,237 287,507 265,307 22,200 189,730 119,573 70,157 1994   95 ............................... 503,925 302,400 279,000 23,400 201,525 127,594 73,930 1995   96 2 ............................. 529,561 318,211 293,611 24,600 211,350 132,752 78,597 1996   97 1 ............................. 559,500 336,000 310,200 25,800 223,500 140,000 83,500 1997   98 1 ............................. 583,800 351,300 324,300 27,000 232,500 145,500 87,000 1 Estimated. 2 Preliminary.   Data not available.

NOTE.   Total expenditures for public elementary and secondary schools include current expenditures, interest on school debt, and capital outlay. Data for private elementary and secondary schools are estimated. Total expenditures for colleges and universities include current fund expenditures and additions to plant value. Excludes expenditures of noncollegiate postsecondary institutions. Higher education data for 1995   96 through 1997   98 are for 4 year and 2 year degree granting institutions that were eligible to participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Some data have been revised from published figures. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education; Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' survey; Common Core of Data survey; `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' survey; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS) `` Finance'' survey; and National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics, various years. ( This table was prepared November 1998.) 36 ALL LEVELS: FINANCES Table 33.   Estimated total expenditures of educational institutions, by level, control of institution, and source of funds: 1979   80 to 1995   96 [ In billions of current dollars]

Level and control of institution and source of funds 1979   80 1984   85 1989   90 1990   91 1994   95 1 1995   96 2 Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent Amount Percent 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 All levels Total public and private ...................... $ 165.6 100.0 $ 247.7 100.0 $ 381.5 100.0 $ 412.7 100.0 $ 503.9 100.0 $ 529.6 100.0 Federal .............................................. 18.9 11.4 21.3 8.6 31.6 8.3 34.1 8.3 43.7 8.7 45.0 8.5 State .................................................. 64.3 38.8 96.1 38.8 142.2 37.3 151.6 36.7 177.9 35.3 188.6 35.6 Local .................................................. 43.3 26.1 63.3 25.6 97.9 25.7 105.5 25.6 127.6 25.3 132.9 25.1 All other ............................................. 39.1 23.6 66.9 27.0 109.8 28.8 121.5 29.4 154.7 30.7 163.1 30.8 Total public ........................................ 137.4 100.0 200.7 100.0 309.2 100.0 333.9 100.0 406.6 100.0 426.4 100.0 Federal ........................................... 14.8 10.8 15.8 7.9 23.0 7.4 24.9 7.5 33.1 8.1 34.2 8.0 State .............................................. 63.9 46.5 95.5 47.6 140.8 45.5 150.3 45.0 176.3 43.4 187.0 43.9 Local .............................................. 43.1 31.4 63.1 31.4 97.5 31.6 105.0 31.5 127.2 31.3 132.3 31.0 All other ......................................... 15.6 11.3 26.3 13.1 47.9 15.5 53.7 16.1 70.0 17.2 72.8 17.1 Total private ...................................... 28.2 100.0 47.0 100.0 72.4 100.0 78.8 100.0 97.3 100.0 103.2 100.0 Federal ........................................... 4.1 14.5 5.5 11.7 8.6 11.9 9.2 11.6 10.6 10.9 10.8 10.5 State .............................................. 0.4 1.6 0.7 1.4 1.4 1.9 1.3 1.7 1.6 1.6 1.5 1.5 Local .............................................. 0.2 0.6 0.2 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.5 All other ......................................... 23.5 83.4 40.6 86.4 62.0 85.6 67.9 86.1 84.7 87.0 90.3 87.5 Elementary and secondary schools Total public and private ...................... 103.2 100.0 149.4 100.0 231.0 100.0 248.9 100.0 302.4 100.0 318.2 100.0 Federal .............................................. 9.4 9.1 9.1 6.1 13.0 5.6 14.2 5.7 19.0 6.3 19.5 6.1 State .................................................. 44.7 43.3 66.8 44.7 100.6 43.6 108.2 43.5 130.5 43.1 139.5 43.8 Local .................................................. 41.6 40.3 60.8 40.7 94.0 40.7 101.2 40.6 122.1 40.4 126.9 39.9 All other ............................................. 7.5 7.3 12.8 8.6 23.3 10.1 25.4 10.2 30.9 10.2 32.4 10.2 Total public ........................................ 96.0 100.0 137.0 100.0 212.8 100.0 229.4 100.0 279.0 100.0 293.6 100.0 Federal ........................................... 9.4 9.8 9.1 6.6 13.0 6.1 14.2 6.2 19.0 6.8 19.5 6.6 State .............................................. 44.7 46.6 66.8 48.7 100.6 47.3 108.2 47.2 130.5 46.8 139.5 47.5 Local .............................................. 41.6 43.3 60.8 44.3 94.0 44.2 101.2 44.1 122.1 43.8 126.9 43.2 All other ......................................... 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 3 5.1 3 2.4 3 5.9 3 2.6 3 7.5 3 2.7 3 7.8 3 2.6 Total private 4 .................................... 7.2 100.0 12.4 100.0 18.2 100.0 19.5 100.0 23.4 100.0 24.6 100.0 All other ......................................... 7.2 100.0 12.4 100.0 18.2 100.0 19.5 100.0 23.4 100.0 24.6 100.0 Institutions of higher education Total public and private ...................... 62.5 100.0 98.3 100.0 150.6 100.0 163.7 100.0 201.5 100.0 211.3 100.0 Federal .............................................. 9.5 15.2 12.2 12.4 18.6 12.3 19.9 12.2 24.8 12.3 25.5 12.1 State .................................................. 19.6 31.4 29.4 29.9 41.6 27.6 43.4 26.5 47.4 23.5 49.1 23.2 Local .................................................. 1.7 2.7 2.5 2.6 3.9 2.6 4.3 2.6 5.5 2.7 6.0 2.8 All other ............................................. 31.6 50.6 54.1 55.1 86.5 57.4 96.1 58.7 123.8 61.5 130.7 61.8 Total public ........................................ 41.4 100.0 63.7 100.0 96.4 100.0 104.4 100.0 127.6 100.0 132.8 100.0 Federal ........................................... 5.4 13.1 6.7 10.6 9.9 10.3 10.7 10.3 14.1 11.1 14.7 11.1 State .............................................. 19.2 46.3 28.7 45.1 40.2 41.7 42.1 40.3 45.8 35.9 47.6 35.8 Local .............................................. 1.5 3.7 2.3 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.9 3.7 5.1 4.0 5.5 4.1 All other ......................................... 15.3 36.9 25.9 40.7 42.7 44.3 47.7 45.7 62.6 49.0 65.0 49.0 Total private ...................................... 21.0 100.0 34.6 100.0 54.2 100.0 59.3 100.0 73.9 100.0 78.6 100.0 Federal ........................................... 4.1 19.4 5.5 15.9 8.6 15.9 9.2 15.4 10.6 14.4 10.8 13.8 State .............................................. 0.4 2.1 0.7 1.9 1.4 2.6 1.3 2.3 1.6 2.1 1.5 1.9 Local .............................................. 0.2 0.8 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.7 All other ......................................... 16.3 77.7 28.2 81.6 43.8 80.8 48.4 81.6 61.3 82.9 65.7 83.6 1 Revised from previously published data. 2 Preliminary data. 3 Revenues from individuals including fees for transportation and books and food service receipts. This expenditure includes only the individual contributions for these categories and excludes contributions from public sources. 4 Some private elementary and secondary school revenues come from federal, state, and local sources. However, comprehensive data are not available to delineate the sources of revenues for private schools.

NOTE.   Estimated distribution of expenditures by source of funds are obtained from distribution of revenue sources for current funds. Federally supported student aid that goes to higher education institutions through students' tuition payments is shown under `` All other'' rather than `` federal.'' Such payments would add substantial amounts and several percentage points to the federal share. Other federal programs, not included in this table because they do not support regular educational institutions, would increase the federal share even further. Typical examples of these payments would be federal support for libraries and museums. Additionally, the federal contribution to education through tax expenditures is not reflected in this table. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data; Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' survey; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS) `` Finance'' survey, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared November 1998.) 37 ALL LEVELS: FINANCES Table 34.   Governmental expenditures, by level of government and function: 1970   71 to 1993   94 Expenditure, by function All governments 1 Federal government State and local governments 2 1970   71 1980   81 1990   91 1992   93 1993   94 1970   71 1980   81 1990   91 1992   93 1993   94 1970   71 1980   81 1990   91 1992   93 1993   94 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 In millions General expenditures ......................................... $ 301,096 $ 827,877 $ 1,804,005 $ 1,902,366 $ 1,963,558 $ 150,422 $ 422,301 $ 1,060,407 $ 1,083,257 $ 1,107,501 $ 150,674 $ 407,449 $ 908,108 $ 1,027,488 $ 1,077,665 Selected federal programs National defense and international relations ...... 80,910 174,564 366,112 344,008 333,380 80,910 174,564 366,112 344,008 333,380           Postal service ...................................................... 8,683 20,466 43,102 44,528 46,110 8,683 20,466 43,102 44,528 46,110           Space research and technology ......................... 3,334 5,523 13,514 13,873 13,553 3,334 5,523 13,514 13,873 13,553           Education and libraries ............................................ 64,042 158,012 334,333 373,411 381,991 4,629 12,408 46,025 55,365 50,502 60,174 147,649 313,744 347,236 358,241 Social services and income maintenance.

Public welfare ...................................................... 20,446 74,643 167,681 218,655 236,033 2,220 22,395 119,135 157,130 171,112 18,226 54,121 130,402 167,046 179,829 Hospitals and health ........................................... 14,835 47,378 102,817 118,969 125,596 3,630 11,277 28,207 32,654 34,424 11,205 36,101 81,110 94,651 100,429 Social insurance administration .......................... 2,031 5,075 8,193 5,920 6,506 1,086 2,799 4,943 5,642 5,790 945 2,276 3,250 3,945 4,071 Transportation .......................................................... 23,722 46,578 84,048 90,386 95,224 4,062 7,724 23,250 26,646 29,220 19,819 39,231 75,410 80,600 85,203 Public safety Police protection .................................................. 5,706 16,851 38,942 42,778 45,231 478 1,904 6,170 7,356 7,328 5,228 14,947 32,772 36,146 38,645 Correction ............................................................ 1,979 7,806 29,297 31,768 34,603 94 413 1,941 2,422 2,587 1,885 7,393 27,356 29,614 32,270 Environment and housing Natural resources ................................................ 13,740 43,599 56,949 64,446 66,778 10,658 38,896 48,415 53,859 55,568 3,082 6,175 12,575 13,168 13,987 Housing and community development ................ 4,467 13,894 33,346 31,121 35,716 1,913 6,808 30,199 31,321 36,916 2,554 7,086 16,648 18,539 19,899 Governmental administration Financial administration ...................................... 3,612 10,944 27,204 30,841 32,324 1,341 3,714 10,209 11,647 11,788 2,271 7,230 16,995 19,309 20,577 General control 3 ................................................. 3,567 11,514 36,977 39,450 41,609 540 1,973 5,511 6,357 6,470 4,432 12,771 31,466 33,093 35,139 Interest on general debt ........................................... 21,688 97,641 247,376 253,878 257,623 16,599 80,510 195,142 198,795 202,663 5,089 17,131 52,234 55,083 54,960 Other and unallocable .............................................. 28,334 93,389 214,115 198,332 211,280 10,245 30,927 118,532 91,654 100,090 15,764 55,338 114,147 129,057 134,414 Percentage distribution General expenditures ......................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Selected federal programs National defense and international relations ...... 26.9 21.1 20.3 18.1 17.0 53.8 41.3 34.5 31.8 30.1           Postal service ...................................................... 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.3 5.8 4.8 4.1 4.1 4.2           Space research and technology ......................... 1.1 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 2.2 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2           Education and libraries ............................................ 21.3 19.1 18.5 19.6 19.5 3.1 2.9 4.3 5.1 4.6 39.9 36.2 34.5 33.9 33.4 Social services and income maintenance.

Public welfare ...................................................... 6.8 9.0 9.3 11.5 12.0 1.5 5.3 11.2 14.5 15.5 12.1 13.3 14.4 16.3 16.7 Hospitals and health ........................................... 4.9 5.7 5.7 6.3 6.4 2.4 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.1 7.4 8.9 8.9 9.2 9.4 Social insurance administration .......................... 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 Transportation .......................................................... 7.9 5.6 4.7 4.8 4.8 2.7 1.8 2.2 2.5 2.6 13.2 9.6 8.3 7.9 7.9 Public safety Police protection .................................................. 1.9 2.0 2.2 2.2 2.3 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.7 3.5 3.7 3.6 3.5 3.6 Correction ............................................................ 0.7 0.9 1.6 1.7 1.8 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.3 1.8 3.0 2.9 3.0 Environment and housing Natural resources ................................................ 4.6 5.3 3.2 3.4 3.4 7.1 9.2 4.6 5.0 5.0 2.0 1.5 1.4 1.3 1.3 Housing and community development ................ 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.6 1.8 1.3 1.6 2.8 2.9 3.3 1.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.9 Governmental administration Financial administration ...................................... 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.6 1.6 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.5 1.8 1.9 1.9 1.9 General control 3 ................................................. 1.2 1.4 2.0 2.1 2.1 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 2.9 3.1 3.5 3.2 3.3 Interest on general debt ........................................... 7.2 11.8 13.7 13.3 13.1 11.0 19.1 18.4 18.4 18.3 3.4 4.2 5.8 5.4 5.1 Other and unallocable .............................................. 9.4 11.3 11.9 10.4 10.8 6.8 7.3 11.2 8.5 9.0 10.5 13.6 12.6 12.6 12.5 1 Excludes duplicative intergovernmental transactions.

2 General expenditures include monies paid by states to the federal government, which are excluded from direct general expenditures.

3 Includes judicial and legal expenditures and expenditures on general and public buildings and other governmental administration.   Data not applicable.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared October 1998.) 38 ALL LEVELS: FINANCES Table 35.   Direct general expenditures of state and local governments for all functions and for education, by level and state: 1994   95 [ In millions]

State Total direct general expenditures 1 Education expenditures Total Elementary and secondary education Higher education Other education 3 Total Current expenditure Capital outlay 2 Total Current expenditure Capital outlay 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 United States .......... $ 1,146,188 $ 378,273 $ 264,240 $ 239,433 $ 24,808 $ 97,048 $ 86,587 $ 10,461 $ 16,984 Alabama ....................... 15,736 5,269 3,021 2,774 248 1,877 1,705 172 370 Alaska .......................... 6,253 1,502 1,136 1,006 129 298 287 11 68 Arizona ......................... 15,853 5,706 3,814 3,137 677 1,696 1,532 164 197 Arkansas ...................... 8,020 2,938 1,879 1,714 165 757 675 82 302 California ...................... 145,425 41,155 28,351 26,019 2,332 10,967 9,842 1,124 1,838 Colorado ...................... 15,678 5,700 3,669 3,170 498 1,770 1,613 157 261 Connecticut .................. 16,997 5,059 3,946 3,854 92 899 879 20 214 Delaware ...................... 3,492 1,293 756 705 50 438 434 4 99 District of Columbia ..... 4,303 706 615 583 32 92 88 4 0 Florida .......................... 57,825 17,445 13,201 11,136 2,066 3,614 3,017 597 630 Georgia ........................ 29,098 10,067 7,057 6,098 959 2,384 1,872 512 625 Hawaii .......................... 6,713 1,646 959 799 160 665 557 107 23 Idaho ............................ 4,337 1,655 1,090 953 138 473 402 71 92 Illinois ........................... 48,722 15,936 11,242 9,863 1,379 3,826 3,332 494 867 Indiana ......................... 21,144 8,517 5,633 5,000 634 2,559 2,296 263 325 Iowa ............................. 11,960 4,402 2,680 2,510 169 1,509 1,412 97 213 Kansas ......................... 10,221 3,938 2,560 2,375 186 1,234 1,104 130 144 Kentucky ...................... 13,659 4,723 3,015 2,865 149 1,316 1,163 153 393 Louisiana ...................... 18,625 5,464 3,670 3,457 213 1,482 1,381 100 312 Maine ........................... 5,196 1,670 1,221 1,154 67 372 330 42 77 Maryland ...................... 21,190 7,415 5,158 4,698 460 1,931 1,761 170 327 Massachusetts ............. 29,857 7,943 6,095 5,658 438 1,421 1,364 56 427 Michigan ....................... 41,503 16,360 11,099 10,404 695 4,643 4,042 601 619 Minnesota .................... 23,797 8,152 5,913 5,143 770 1,892 1,719 173 347 Mississippi .................... 9,635 3,468 2,190 1,963 227 1,096 993 104 182 Missouri ........................ 17,765 6,623 4,816 4,263 553 1,561 1,410 151 246 Montana ....................... 3,535 1,404 949 904 44 356 298 58 100 Nebraska ...................... 6,643 2,704 1,838 1,583 254 789 694 95 78 Nevada ......................... 6,436 1,806 1,297 1,176 121 466 401 65 43 New Hampshire ........... 4,509 1,528 1,132 1,060 72 345 320 25 51 New Jersey .................. 42,219 14,188 11,046 10,365 682 2,623 2,309 315 518 New Mexico ................. 7,370 2,574 1,492 1,327 165 965 871 94 117 New York ..................... 118,702 33,375 26,001 23,887 2,114 6,039 5,588 452 1,335 North Carolina .............. 27,438 9,764 6,102 5,504 598 3,230 2,906 325 431 North Dakota ................ 2,765 1,008 564 526 38 394 357 36 50 Ohio ............................. 44,033 15,494 10,930 10,244 686 3,874 3,433 441 690 Oklahoma ..................... 11,230 4,452 3,082 2,804 278 1,207 1,074 133 163 Oregon ......................... 14,429 4,878 3,263 3,064 199 1,424 1,263 161 191 Pennsylvania ................ 50,375 16,420 11,334 10,402 933 3,910 3,474 436 1,176 Rhode Island ................ 4,849 1,462 1,038 1,019 19 319 303 16 106 South Carolina ............. 14,286 4,902 3,232 2,965 267 1,427 1,275 152 243 South Dakota ............... 2,817 942 678 611 66 222 205 17 42 Tennessee ................... 19,063 6,121 3,968 3,546 422 1,929 1,556 373 224 Texas ........................... 67,965 25,785 18,266 16,488 1,778 6,919 6,323 596 600 Utah ............................. 7,662 3,211 1,994 1,649 346 1,109 965 144 108 Vermont ....................... 2,502 984 619 586 32 298 271 27 67 Virginia ......................... 25,106 9,315 6,322 5,725 597 2,524 2,274 250 470 Washington .................. 26,411 9,044 6,078 5,070 1,008 2,547 2,189 358 419 West Virginia ................ 7,141 2,601 1,779 1,649 131 620 576 44 202 Wisconsin ..................... 23,079 8,610 5,825 5,398 426 2,461 2,204 257 324 Wyoming ...................... 2,622 947 625 577 48 283 253 30 39 1 Includes state and local government expenditures for education services, social services and income maintenance, transportation, public safety, environment and housing, governmental administration, interest on general debt, and other general expenditures. Includes intergovernmental expenditure to the federal government.

2 Includes outlays for `` other education.''

3 Includes assistance and subsidies to individuals and private institutions for elementary secondary, and higher education, as well as miscellaneous education expenditures.   Data not applicable.

NOTE.   Current expenditure data in this table differ from figures appearing in other tables because of slightly varying definitions used in the Governmental Finances and Common Core of Data surveys. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared February 1999.) 39 ALL LEVELS: FINANCES Table 36.   Direct general expenditures per capita of state and local governments for all functions and for education, by level and state: 1994   95 State Total, all direct general expenditures per capita 1 Education expenditures Total Elementary and secondary education Higher education Other education 2 Amount per capita As a percent of all functions Amount per capita As a percent of all functions Amount per capita As a percent of all functions Amount per capita As a percent of all functions 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 United States .......... $ 4,362 $ 1,440 33.0 $ 1,006 23.1 $ 369 8.5 $ 65 1.5 Alabama ....................... 3,692 1,236 33.5 709 19.2 440 11.9 87 2.4 Alaska .......................... 10,393 2,496 24.0 1,888 18.2 495 4.8 114 1.1 Arizona ......................... 3,680 1,325 36.0 885 24.1 394 10.7 46 1.2 Arkansas ...................... 3,233 1,184 36.6 757 23.4 305 9.4 122 3.8 California ...................... 4,608 1,304 28.3 898 19.5 348 7.5 58 1.3 Colorado ....................... 4,190 1,523 36.4 981 23.4 473 11.3 70 1.7 Connecticut .................. 5,203 1,549 29.8 1,208 23.2 275 5.3 65 1.3 Delaware ...................... 4,879 1,807 37.0 1,056 21.6 612 12.5 139 2.8 District of Columbia ...... 7,792 1,279 16.4 1,113 14.3 166 2.1     Florida .......................... 4,078 1,230 30.2 931 22.8 255 6.3 44 1.1 Georgia ........................ 4,046 1,400 34.6 981 24.3 331 8.2 87 2.1 Hawaii .......................... 5,695 1,396 24.5 813 14.3 564 9.9 19 0.3 Idaho ............................ 3,723 1,421 38.2 936 25.1 406 10.9 79 2.1 Illinois ........................... 4,131 1,351 32.7 953 23.1 324 7.9 74 1.8 Indiana ......................... 3,653 1,472 40.3 973 26.6 442 12.1 56 1.5 Iowa .............................. 4,210 1,550 36.8 943 22.4 531 12.6 75 1.8 Kansas ......................... 3,978 1,532 38.5 996 25.0 480 12.1 56 1.4 Kentucky ...................... 3,542 1,225 34.6 782 22.1 341 9.6 102 2.9 Louisiana ...................... 4,303 1,262 29.3 848 19.7 342 8.0 72 1.7 Maine ........................... 4,211 1,353 32.1 989 23.5 301 7.2 62 1.5 Maryland ...................... 4,215 1,475 35.0 1,026 24.3 384 9.1 65 1.5 Massachusetts ............. 4,926 1,311 26.6 1,006 20.4 234 4.8 70 1.4 Michigan ....................... 4,298 1,694 39.4 1,149 26.7 481 11.2 64 1.5 Minnesota ..................... 5,166 1,770 34.3 1,284 24.8 411 7.9 75 1.5 Mississippi .................... 3,581 1,289 36.0 814 22.7 407 11.4 68 1.9 Missouri ........................ 3,336 1,244 37.3 904 27.1 293 8.8 46 1.4 Montana ....................... 4,069 1,616 39.7 1,092 26.8 409 10.1 115 2.8 Nebraska ...................... 4,060 1,653 40.7 1,123 27.7 482 11.9 48 1.2 Nevada ......................... 4,208 1,180 28.1 848 20.2 305 7.2 28 0.7 New Hampshire ........... 3,933 1,333 33.9 987 25.1 301 7.6 44 1.1 New Jersey .................. 5,307 1,783 33.6 1,388 26.2 330 6.2 65 1.2 New Mexico ................. 4,370 1,526 34.9 885 20.2 572 13.1 70 1.6 New York ..................... 6,542 1,839 28.1 1,433 21.9 333 5.1 74 1.1 North Carolina .............. 3,818 1,359 35.6 849 22.2 449 11.8 60 1.6 North Dakota ................ 4,312 1,571 36.4 879 20.4 614 14.2 78 1.8 Ohio .............................. 3,955 1,392 35.2 982 24.8 348 8.8 62 1.6 Oklahoma ..................... 3,433 1,361 39.6 942 27.4 369 10.7 50 1.5 Oregon ......................... 4,591 1,552 33.8 1,038 22.6 453 9.9 61 1.3 Pennsylvania ................ 4,182 1,363 32.6 941 22.5 325 7.8 98 2.3 Rhode Island ................ 4,898 1,477 30.2 1,049 21.4 322 6.6 107 2.2 South Carolina ............. 3,878 1,331 34.3 877 22.6 388 10.0 66 1.7 South Dakota ............... 3,833 1,282 33.4 922 24.1 302 7.9 58 1.5 Tennessee ................... 3,641 1,169 32.1 758 20.8 368 10.1 43 1.2 Texas ........................... 3,627 1,376 37.9 975 26.9 369 10.2 32 0.9 Utah .............................. 3,881 1,627 41.9 1,010 26.0 562 14.5 55 1.4 Vermont ........................ 4,292 1,688 39.3 1,061 24.7 511 11.9 116 2.7 Virginia ......................... 3,803 1,411 37.1 958 25.2 382 10.1 71 1.9 Washington .................. 4,859 1,664 34.2 1,118 23.0 468 9.6 77 1.6 West Virginia ................ 3,919 1,428 36.4 977 24.9 340 8.7 111 2.8 Wisconsin ..................... 4,514 1,684 37.3 1,139 25.2 481 10.7 63 1.4 Wyoming ...................... 5,478 1,979 36.1 1,307 23.9 591 10.8 82 1.5 1 Includes state and local government expenditures for education services, social services and income maintenance, transportation, public safety, environment and housing, governmental administration, interest on general debt, and other general expenditures. Includes intergovernmental expenditure to the federal government. 2 Includes assistance and subsidies to individuals and private institutions for elementary secondary, and higher education, as well as miscellaneous education expenditures.   Data not applicable. NOTE.   Per capita amounts are based on population figures as of July 1, 1995, and are computed on the basis of amounts rounded to the nearest thousand. Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared February 1999.) 40 ALL LEVELS: FINANCES Table 37.   Gross domestic product, state and local expenditures, personal income, disposable personal income, median family income, and population: 1929 to 1997 Year Gross domestic product, in billions State and local expenditures, 1 in millions Personal income, in billions Disposable personal income, in billions of chained 1992 dollars Disposable personal income per capita Median family income Total population in thousands Current dollars Chained 1992 dollars All general expenditures Education expenditures Current dollars Chained 1992 dollars Annual averages of quarterly data 2 As of July 1 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 1929 ..................... $ 103.8 790.9     $ 85.2 $ 635.3 $ 680 $ 5,213     121,878 1933 ..................... 56.2 577.3     46.8 481.6 363 3,831     125,690 1939 ..................... 91.9 866.5     72.8 687.9 539 5,250     131,028 1940 ..................... 101.2 941.2 $ 9,229 $ 2,638 78.3 734.3 575 5,558     132,122 1941 ..................... 126.7 1,101.8     96.0 845.6 697 6,339     133,402 1942 ..................... 161.6 1,308.9 9,190 2,586 123.3 952.8 872 7,065     134,860 1943 ..................... 198.3 1,523.0     151.8 995.8 982 7,282     136,739 1944 ..................... 219.7 1,644.7 8,863 2,793 165.7 1,031.3 1,062 7,452     138,397 1945 ..................... 223.2 1,626.7     171.3 1,016.8 1,077 7,267     139,928 1946 ..................... 222.6 1,447.7 11,028 3,356 179.0 1,011.0 1,136 7,150     141,389 1947 ..................... 244.6 1,430.7     191.8 974.1 1,185 6,759 $ 3,031   144,126 1948 ..................... 269.7 1,491.0 17,684 5,379 210.7 1,025.6 1,297 6,994 3,187   146,631 1949 ..................... 267.8 1,479.8     207.8 1,031.6 1,272 6,915 3,107   149,188 1950 ..................... 294.6 1,611.3 22,787 7,177 229.7 1,124.7 1,382 7,415 3,319   151,684 1951 ..................... 339.7 1,734.0     258.6 1,157.3 1,492 7,501 3,709   154,287 1952 ..................... 358.6 1,798.7 26,098 8,318 276.0 1,194.8 1,545 7,613 3,890   156,954 1953 ..................... 379.7 1,881.4 27,910 9,390 292.9 1,254.3 1,617 7,861 4,242   159,565 1954 ..................... 381.3 1,868.2 30,701 10,557 255.7 1,270.2 1,625 7,822 4,167   162,391 1955 ..................... 415.1 2,001.1 33,724 11,907 317.3 1,355.6 1,710 8,202 4,418   165,275 1956 ..................... 438.0 2,040.2 36,711 13,220 340.5 1,418.5 1,794 8,432 4,780   168,221 1957 ..................... 461.0 2,078.5 40,375 14,134 359.6 1,452.6 1,859 8,481 4,966   171,274 1958 ..................... 467.3 2,057.5 44,851 15,919 370.3 1,466.4 1,892 8,421 5,087   174,882 1959 ..................... 507.2 2,210.2 48,887 17,283 394.4 1,530.1 1,971 8,641 5,417 177,073 177,830 1960 ..................... 526.6 2,262.9 51,876 18,719 412.5 1,565.4 2,008 8,660 5,620 180,760 180,671 1961 ..................... 544.8 2,314.3 56,201 20,574 430.0 1,615.8 2,062 8,794 5,735 183,742 183,691 1962 ..................... 585.2 2,454.8 60,206 22,216 457.0 1,693.7 2,151 9,077 5,956 186,590 186,538 1963 ..................... 617.4 2,559.4 63,977 23,729 480.0 1,755.5 2,225 9,274 6,249 189,300 189,242 1964 ..................... 663.0 2,708.4 69,302 26,286 514.5 1,881.9 2,384 9,805 6,569 191,927 191,889 1965 ..................... 719.1 2,881.1 74,678 28,563 556.7 2,000.2 2,541 10,292 6,957 194,347 194,303 1966 ..................... 787.8 3,069.2 82,843 33,287 605.7 2,106.6 2,715 10,715 7,532 196,599 196,560 1967 ..................... 833.6 3,147.2 93,350 37,919 650.7 2,198.4 2,877 11,061 7,933 198,752 198,712 1968 ..................... 910.6 3,293.9 102,411 41,158 714.5 2,298.2 3,096 11,448 8,632 200,745 200,706 1969 ..................... 982.2 3,393.6 116,728 47,238 779.3 2,373.6 3,297 11,708 9,433 202,736 202,677 1970 ..................... 1,035.6 3,397.6 131,332 52,718 837.1 2,465.6 3,545 12,022 9,867 205,089 205,052 1971 ..................... 1,125.4 3,510.0 150,674 59,413 900.2 2,564.0 3,805 12,345 10,285 207,692 207,661 1972 ..................... 1,237.3 3,702.3 168,550 65,814 988.8 2,680.8 4,074 12,770 11,116 209,924 209,896 1973 ..................... 1,382.6 3,916.3 181,357 69,714 1,107.5 2,869.4 4,553 13,539 12,051 211,939 211,909 1974 ..................... 1,496.9 3,891.2 198,959 75,833 1,215.9 2,847.0 4,928 13,310 12,902 213,898 213,854 1975 ..................... 1,630.6 3,873.9 230,721 87,858 1,319.0 2,895.0 5,367 13,404 13,719 215,981 215,973 1976 ..................... 1,819.0 4,082.9 256,731 97,216 1,459.4 3,008.0 5,837 13,793 14,958 218,086 218,035 1977 ..................... 2,026.9 4,273.6 274,215 102,780 1,616.1 3,105.1 6,362 14,095 16,009 220,289 220,239 1978 ..................... 2,291.4 4,503.0 296,984 110,758 1,825.9 3,264.2 7,097 14,662 17,640 222,629 222,585 1979 ..................... 2,557.5 4,630.6 327,517 119,448 2,055.8 3,353.9 7,861 14,899 19,587 225,106 225,055 1980 ..................... 2,784.2 4,615.0 369,086 133,211 2,293.0 3,373.3 8,665 14,813 21,023 227,726 227,726 1981 ..................... 3,115.9 4,720.7 407,449 145,784 2,568.5 3,452.3 9,566 15,009 22,388 230,008 229,966 1982 ..................... 3,242.1 4,620.3 436,733 154,282 2,724.1 3,483.0 10,108 14,999 23,433 232,218 232,188 1983 ..................... 3,514.5 4,803.7 466,516 163,876 2,894.4 3,579.9 10,764 15,277 24,674 234,332 234,307 1984 ..................... 3,902.4 5,140.1 505,008 176,108 3,211.4 3,841.9 11,887 16,252 26,433 236,394 236,348 1985 ..................... 4,180.7 5,323.5 553,899 192,686 3,440.9 3,958.6 12,587 16,597 27,735 238,506 238,466 1986 ..................... 4,422.2 5,487.7 605,623 210,819 3,639.6 4,087.0 13,244 16,981 29,458 240,682 240,651 1987 ..................... 4,692.3 5,649.5 657,134 226,619 3,877.8 4,154.1 13,849 17,106 4 30,970 242,842 242,804 1988 ..................... 5,049.6 5,865.2 704,921 242,683 4,178.9 4,318.1 14,857 17,621 4 32,191 245,061 245,021 1989 ..................... 5,438.7 6,062.0 762,360 263,898 4,496.4 4,403.7 15,742 17,801 4 34,213 247,387 247,342 1990 ..................... 5,743.8 6,136.3 834,818 288,148 4,796.2 4,484.6 16,670 17,942 4 35,353 249,956 249,949 1991 ..................... 5,916.7 6,079.4 908,108 309,302 4,965.6 4,483.5 17,179 17,744 4 35,939 252,680 252,636 1992 ..................... 6,244.4 6,244.4 981,253 324,652 5,255.7 4,605.1 18,029 18,029 4 36,573 255,432 255,382 1993 ..................... 6,558.1 6,389.6 1,033,167 342,287 5,481.0 4,666.7 18,558 18,077 4 36,959 258,161 258,089 1994 ..................... 6,947.0 6,610.7 1,077,665 353,287 5,757.9 4,772.9 19,251 18,308 4 38,782 260,705 260,602 1995 ..................... 7,269.6 6,761.7 1,149,863 378,273 6,072.1 4,906.0 20,050 18,640 4 40,611 263,194 263,039 1996 ..................... 7,661.6 6,994.8 1,193,276 398,859 6,425.2 5,043.0 20,840 18,989 4 42,300 265,579 265,453 1997 ..................... 8,110.9 7,269.8     6,784.0 5,183.1 21,633 19,349 4 44,568 267,880 267,901 1 Data for years prior to 1963 include expenditures for government fiscal years ending during that particular calendar year. Data for 1963 and later years are the aggregations of expenditures for government fiscal years which ended on June 30 of the stated year. General expenditures exclude expenditures of publicly owned utilities and liquor stores, and of insurance trust activities. Intergovernmental payments between state and local governments are excluded. Payments to the federal government are included. 2 Population of the United States including Armed Forces overseas; includes Alaska and Hawaii beginning 1960. Quarterly data are averages for the period. 3 Population of the United States including Armed Forces overseas; includes Alaska and Hawaii beginning 1958. Includes revisions based on the 1990 Census. 4 Revised methodology.   Data not available.

NOTE.   Gross domestic product data are adjusted by the GDP chained weight price deflator. Personal income data are adjusted by the personal consumption deflator. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

SOURCE: Executive Office of the President, Economic Report of the President, February 1998, and Economic Indicators, September 1998; and U. S. Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census, Money Income in the United States, Series P 60, No. 200; and Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business. ( This table was prepared February 1999.) 41 ALL LEVELS: FINANCES Table 38.   Gross domestic product deflator, Consumer Price Index, education price indexes, and federal budget composite deflator: 1919 to 1998 Calendar year School year Federal fiscal year Year Gross domestic product chain weight deflator Consumer Price Index 1 Year Consumer Price Index 2 Higher Education Price Index Research and Development Index Academic Library Operations Index Year Federal budget composite deflator 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1919 ...........   17.3 1919   20 .......... 19.1       1919 ...........   1929 ...........   17.1 1929   30 .......... 17.1       1929 ...........   1934 ...........   13.4 1934   35 .......... 13.6       1934 ...........   1939 ...........   13.9 1939   40 .......... 14.0       1939 ...........   1940 ...........   14.0 1940   41 .......... 14.2       1940 ........... 0.0909 1941 ...........   14.7 1941   42 .......... 15.6       1941 ........... 0.0954 1942 ...........   16.3 1942   43 .......... 16.9       1942 ........... 0.1048 1943 ...........   17.3 1943   44 .......... 17.4       1943 ........... 0.1199 1944 ...........   17.6 1944   45 .......... 17.8       1944 ........... 0.1218 1945 ...........   18.0 1945   46 .......... 18.2       1945 ........... 0.1195 1946 ...........   19.5 1946   47 .......... 21.2       1946 ........... 0.1148 1947 ...........   22.3 1947   48 .......... 23.3       1947 ........... 0.1296 1948 ...........   24.1 1948   49 .......... 24.1       1948 ........... 0.1331 1949 ...........   23.8 1949   50 .......... 23.7       1949 ........... 0.1344 1950 ...........   24.1 1950   51 .......... 25.1       1950 ........... 0.1414 1951 ...........   26.0 1951   52 .......... 26.3       1951 ........... 0.1473 1952 ...........   26.5 1952   53 .......... 26.7       1952 ........... 0.1513 1953 ...........   26.7 1953   54 .......... 26.9       1953 ........... 0.1588 1954 ...........   26.9 1954   55 .......... 26.8       1954 ........... 0.1640 1955 ...........   26.8 1955   56 .......... 26.9       1955 ........... 0.1664 1956 ...........   27.2 1956   57 .......... 27.7       1956 ........... 0.1749 1957 ...........   28.1 1957   58 .......... 28.6       1957 ........... 0.1833 1958 ...........   28.9 1958   59 .......... 29.0       1958 ........... 0.1925 1959 ........... 23.0 29.1 1959   60 .......... 29.4       1959 ........... 0.1987 1960 ........... 23.3 29.6 1960   61 .......... 29.8 25.6 26.7   1960 ........... 0.1994 1961 ........... 23.6 29.9 1961   62 .......... 30.1 26.5 27.5   1961 ........... 0.2046 1962 ........... 23.9 30.2 1962   63 .......... 30.4 27.6 28.5   1962 ........... 0.2077 1963 ........... 24.2 30.6 1963   64 .......... 30.8 28.6 29.5   1963 ........... 0.2154 1964 ........... 24.6 31.0 1964   65 .......... 31.2 29.8 30.7   1964 ........... 0.2192 1965 ........... 25.0 31.5 1965   66 .......... 31.9 31.3 32.0   1965 ........... 0.2224 1966 ........... 25.7 32.4 1966   67 .......... 32.9 32.9 33.8   1966 ........... 0.2293 1967 ........... 26.6 33.4 1967   68 .......... 34.0 34.9 35.7   1967 ........... 0.2365 1968 ........... 27.7 34.8 1968   69 .......... 35.7 37.1 38.0   1968 ........... 0.2465 1969 ........... 29.0 36.7 1969   70 .......... 37.8 39.5 40.3   1969 ........... 0.2597 1970 ........... 30.6 38.8 1970   71 .......... 39.7 42.1 42.7   1970 ........... 0.2753 1971 ........... 32.1 40.5 1971   72 .......... 41.2 44.3 45.0   1971 ........... 0.2925 1972 ........... 33.5 41.8 1972   73 .......... 42.8 46.7 47.1   1972 ........... 0.3118 1973 ........... 35.4 44.4 1973   74 .......... 46.6 49.9 50.1   1973 ........... 0.3277 1974 ........... 38.5 49.3 1974   75 .......... 51.8 54.3 54.8   1974 ........... 0.3454 1975 ........... 42.2 53.8 1975   76 .......... 55.5 57.8 59.0 57.3 1975 ........... 0.3545 1976 ........... 44.6 56.9 1976   77 .......... 58.7 61.5 62.7 61.6 1976 ........... 0.4196 1977 ........... 47.5 60.6 1977   78 .......... 62.6 65.7 66.8 65.8 1977 ........... 0.4539 1978 ........... 50.9 65.2 1978   79 .......... 68.5 70.5 71.7 71.4 1978 ........... 0.4855 1979 ........... 55.3 72.6 1979   80 .......... 77.6 77.5 78.3 78.5 1979 ........... 0.5265 1980 ........... 60.4 82.4 1980   81 .......... 86.6 85.8 86.6 86.1 1980 ........... 0.5817 1981 ........... 66.1 90.9 1981   82 .......... 94.1 93.9 94.0 94.0 1981 ........... 0.6421 1982 ........... 70.2 96.5 1982   83 .......... 98.2 100.0 100.0 100.0 1982 ........... 0.6867 1983 ........... 73.2 99.6 1983   84 .......... 101.8 104.8 104.3 105.1 1983 ........... 0.7198 1984 ........... 75.9 103.9 1984   85 .......... 105.8 110.8 109.8 111.2 1984 ........... 0.7544 1985 ........... 78.6 107.6 1985   86 .......... 108.8 116.3 115.2 117.6 1985 ........... 0.7828 1986 ........... 80.6 109.6 1986   87 .......... 111.2 120.9 120.0 124.2 1986 ........... 0.8049 1987 ........... 83.1 113.6 1987   88 .......... 115.8 126.1 126.8 130.0 1987 ........... 0.8271 1988 ........... 86.1 118.3 1988   89 .......... 121.2 132.8 132.1 138.6 1988 ........... 0.8544 1989 ........... 89.7 124.0 1989   90 .......... 127.0 140.8 139.0 147.4 1989 ........... 0.8901 1990 ........... 93.6 130.7 1990   91 .......... 133.9 148.2 145.8 155.7 1990 ........... 0.9257 1991 ........... 97.3 136.2 1991   92 .......... 138.2 153.5 150.6 163.3 1991 ........... 0.9695 1992 ........... 100.0 140.3 1992   93 .......... 142.5 158.0 155.2 169.8 1992 ........... 1.0000 1993 ........... 102.6 144.5 1993   94 .......... 146.2 163.3 160.1 176.7 1993 ........... 1.0252 1994 ........... 105.1 148.2 1994   95 .......... 150.4 168.3 165.4 183.9 1994 ........... 1.0495 1995 ........... 107.5 152.4 1995   96 .......... 154.5 173.3 170.8 192.6 1995 ........... 1.0767 1996 ........... 109.5 156.9 1996   97 .......... 158.9       1996 ........... 1.1052 1997 ........... 111.6 160.5 1997   98 .......... 161.7       1997 ........... 1.1324 1998 ...........   163.0 1998   99 ..........         1998 ........... 1.1574 1 Index for urban wage earners and clerical workers through 1977; 1978 and later figures are for all urban consumers. 2 Consumer Price Index adjusted to a school year basis ( July through June).   Data not available.

NOTE.   Some data have been revised from previously published figures. SOURCE: Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Indicators, February 1991 and September 1998, and Economic Report of the President, February 1999; U. S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Price Index; Research Associates of Washington, `` Inflation Measures for Schools and Colleges, 1990 Update,'' and unpublished data; and U. S. Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the U. S. Government Fiscal Year 1999. ( This table was prepared February 1999.) 43 CHAPTER 2 Elementary and Secondary Education This chapter contains a variety of statistics on public and private elementary and secondary education. Data are presented for enrollments, teachers, schools, student performance, graduates, and expenditures These data are derived from surveys conducted by the National Center for Education Statistics ( NCES) and other public and private organizations The variety of information ranges from simple counts of students and schools, to opinions of teachers and students concerning the state of education today.

Enrollments Public elementary and secondary school enrollments increased by 15 percent from 1987 to 1997, but when examined separately, enrollment at the elementary and secondary levels exhibited different patterns Between 1987 and 1997, public elementary enrollment rose by 18 percent, while secondary enrollment increased by 8 percent. Secondary enrollment declined during the beginning of this period ( tables 3 and 39). Preprimary education enrollment has grown substantially Between 1987 and 1997, preprimary enrollment of 3 to 5 year olds rose by 33 percent. An important feature of the increasing participation of young children in preprimary schools is the increasing proportion in full day programs. In 1997 about 50 percent of the children attended school all day compared with 35 percent in 1987 ( table 46). Slightly increasing numbers and proportions of children are being served in programs for the disabled. During the 1980   81 school year, 10 percent of students were served in these programs compared with 13 percent in 1996   97. Much of the rise since 1980   81 may be attributed to the increasing proportion of children identified as learning disabled, which rose from 4 percent of enrollment in 1980   81 to 6 percent of enrollment in 1996   97 ( table 53).

Tuition at Private Schools The average full tuition ( highest tuition charged) for private schools was $ 3,116 in 1993   94. Schools with religious orientation charged significantly lower tuition than nonsectarian schools. Students at Catholic schools paid $ 2,178 on average and students at schools with other religious orientations paid $ 2,915 on average, compared with the average tuition of $ 6,631 for nonsectarian private schools. Mean tuition paid for private elementary school students was lower than that paid by other schools' students, with Catholic school students paying $ 1,628. Students at schools with other religious orientations paid $ 2,606, and students at nonsectarian schools paid $ 4,693. Mean tuition paid for private secondary school students was substantially higher than that for private elementary school students, averaging $ 3,643 at Catholic schools, $ 5,261 at other religiously oriented schools, and $ 9,525 at nonsectarian schools ( table 62).

Teachers and Other School Staff During the 1970s and early 1980s, public school enrollment decreased, while the number of teachers rose. As a result, the pupil/ teacher ratio fell from 22.3 in 1970 to 17.9 in 1985. After 1985, the number of pupils per teacher continued downward, reaching 17.2 in 1990. Between 1990 and 1998, enrollment rose at about the same rate as the number of teachers and the pupil/ teacher ratio was estimated at 17.2 in fall 1998 ( table 65). In 1993   94, 73 percent of public school teachers were women, 33 percent were under 40, and more than 47 percent had a master's degree or above. By comparison, about 75 percent of the 378,000 fulltime and part time private school teachers were women. About 42 percent of the private school teachers were under age 40, and 34 percent had a master's or higher degree ( table 68). Principals tended to be older and have higher level credentials than teachers. Also, they were more likely to be male. About 7 percent of the public school principals were under age 40 and 99 percent had a master's degree or above. About 35 percent of the principals were women ( table 88). In general, public school teachers have higher salaries than private school teachers. In 1993   94, the average base salary for public school teachers was $ 34,153, compared with $ 21,968 for private school teachers ( table 74). The average salary for public school teachers grew slowly during the 1990s, reaching $ 39,385 in 1997   98. After adjustment for infla 44 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION tion, teachers' salaries rose one percent between 1987   88 and 1997   98 ( table 78). The number of nonteaching staff employed by public schools grew at a faster rate than the number of pupils and teachers in the 1970s. During the 1970s, the proportion of the total staff who were teachers declined from 60 percent to 52 percent in fall 1980. From the 1980s through the mid 1990s, the number of teachers grew at about the same rate as other public school staff. In 1980, there were 9.8 pupils per staff member ( total staff) compared with 8.9 pupils per staff member in 1996. In 1993   94, the number of pupils per staff member at private schools was 9.3 ( tables 61 and 83).

Schools Over the past several decades, the trend to consolidate small schools has brought a large decline in the total number of public schools in the United States. In 1930, there were more than 262,000 public schools, compared with around 88,000 today. But this number has grown in recent years, with an increase of about 4,800 schools between 1989   90 and 1996   97 ( table 90). The shift in structure of public school systems toward middle schools ( grades 4, 5, or 6 to 6, 7, or 8) is continuing. The number of elementary schools rose by 5 percent to 62,000 between 1986   87 and 1996   97, but middle schools accounted for a disproportionate share of this increase, rising by 41 percent Meanwhile, the number of junior high schools ( grades 7 to 8 and 7 to 9) declined by 28 percent ( table 96). Elementary enrollment has risen faster than the number of schools, with the average elementary school size increasing as a result. Elementary schools grew from an average of 403 students in 1984   85 to 478 in 1996   97. During the same time period, the average secondary school size fell from 721 to 703. To some extent, the average size of secondary schools has been affected by increasing numbers of alternative schools, which tend to be small. Schools tend to be smaller in predominantly rural states, such as Nebraska, South Dakota, and Montana, and larger in states with large urban populations such as California, Hawaii, and Florida ( tables 97, 99, and 100).

Completions and Achievement The dropout rate among 16 to 24 year olds ( which counts GED recipients and special program completers as graduates) suggests some improvements have been made over the past 20 years. This dropout rate includes all persons in the 16 to 24 year old age group regardless of when they dropped out. Between 1977 and 1987, the dropout rate fell from 14.1 percent to 12.6 percent. The dropout rate for 1997 was 11.0, which is lower than the 1987 figure The dropout rate statistic is based on the civilian noninstitutionalized population, which excludes persons in prisons and persons not living in households ( table 103). Comparisons of the number of public and private high school graduates with the 17 yearold population suggest that the proportion of young people earning regular high school diplomas has not increased over the past 20 years. At its highest point in 1968   69, there were 77 graduates for every 100 persons 17 years of age. This ratio declined during the 1970s, falling to 71 in 1979   80. The ratio has fluctuated since then and was 69 in 1997   98. This indicator is not a completion rate, however, because many students complete their high school education through alternative programs, such as night schools and the General Educational Development ( GED) program ( tables 101 and 104). Student achievement has improved in a number of areas. An overall increase was seen in reading proficiency scores for 9 and 13 year olds since 1971, with 17 year olds scoring about the same in 1996 as in 1971. After significant gains during the 1970s, 9 year old reading proficiency fell during the 1980s, but the 1996 score remained above the 1971 level. The increase in reading ability was reflected by higher average proficiencies in other subjects for 9 and 13 year old students. Significant gaps in performance continue to exist between racial/ ethnic subgroups and between male and female students. Gender gaps favoring female students in reading were essentially the same in 1996 as in 1971 ( table 109). The results of assessments in average writing achievement from 1984 to 1996 reveal a shift at grades 4 and 8. After declining between 1984 and 1990, average performance at grade 8 increased, and by 1996 had again returned to the earlier level. Also, at grade 4 there was an increase in performance between 1990 and 1996, countering downward fluctuations in the 1980s, so that performance was essentially unchanged between 1984 and 1996. Overall grade 11 writing performance declined between 1984 and 1996. Females outperformed males at the 4th, 8th, and 11th grade levels ( table 115). Results from national assessments of mathematics achievement indicated a significant improvement at ages 9 and 13, between 1973 and 1996. Performance of 17 year olds declined between 1973 and 1982, but an upturn during the following decade returned average performance back up to 1973 levels. For 9, 13, and 17 year olds, there were increases in average mathematics proficiency between 1986 and 1996, including increases among black and Hispanic 9 and 17 year olds. Gender gaps in mathematics among 17 year olds narrowed between 1973 and 1996. However, the gap among 9 and 13 year 45 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION olds favoring females in 1973 reversed, and in 1996 the gap favored males ( table 120). Average science proficiency increased for 9, 13, and 17 year old black students between 1970 and 1996. Although the average science proficiency of white students at all three age groups ( ages 9, 13, and 17) remained significantly higher than the average proficiencies of black and Hispanic students, there was some evidence of gaps narrowing between 1970 and 1996. The performance gap between white and black students decreased for 9 year olds and 13 year olds between 1970 and 1996, but the gaps for 17 year olds remained about the same. The performance gaps among white and Hispanic 9 and 17 year olds was about the same in 1996 as they were in 1977 ( table 128). Gender gaps favoring 9 year old and 13 year old males in science did not narrow significantly between 1970 and 1996, but there was a narrowing of the gap between 17 year old males and females ( table 128). The Scholastic Assessment Test ( SAT, formerly known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test) was not designed as an indicator of student achievement, but rather to help predict how well students will do in college Between 1986   87 and 1996   97, mathematics SAT scores increased by 10 points, while verbal scores fell by 2 points ( table 131). Over the past 12 years, the average number of science and mathematics courses completed by public high school graduates increased substantially. The mean number of mathematics courses ( Carnegie units) completed in high school rose from 2.6 in 1982 to 3.4 in 1994, and the number of science courses rose from 2.2 to 3.0. The average number of courses in vocational technical areas completed by all high school graduates dropped gradually, from 4.7 units in 1982 to 3.9 units in 1994. As a result of the increased academic course load, the proportion of students completing the recommendations of the National Commission on Excellence ( 4 units of English, 3 units of social studies, 3 units of science, 3 units of mathematics, and .5 units of computer science) rose from 3 percent in 1982 to 32 percent in 1994 ( tables 136 and 139). Drugs and Violence Twelfth grade students at public schools were less likely to feel safe at school and were more likely to report fights between racial/ ethnic groups and gangs at school than students at Catholic and other private schools. About 10 percent of all 1992 high school seniors reported that they did not feel safe at school and 23 percent reported that there were often fights between different racial/ ethnic groups ( table 142). The proportion of public and private high school seniors who reported ever using an illicit drug rose from 55 percent in 1975 to 66 percent in 1981. After 1981, the proportion of seniors who had ever used drugs fell. After reaching 41 percent in 1992, the proportion rose again to 51 percent in 1996. Also, the proportion of high school seniors who had ever used cocaine fell from 17 percent in 1985 to 7 percent in 1996. Alcohol remained the most often used drug. The proportion of seniors who had used alcohol within the previous 30 days declined from 72 percent in 1980 to 51 percent in 1996 ( table 150).

Resources and Expenditures The state share of revenues for public elementary and secondary schools had grown steadily for many decades, but this trend began to reverse in the late 1980s. Between 1986   87 and 1995   96, the state share declined from 49.7 percent of all revenues to 47.5 percent, while the local share rose from 43.9 percent to 45.9 percent. The federal share was 6.6 percent in 1995   96, after fluctuating slightly over the period ( table 157). The expenditure per student in public schools rose significantly during the late 1980s, but increased more slowly during the first part of the 1990s. Between 1985   86 and 1990   91, current expenditures per student in average daily attendance grew 14 percent after adjustment for inflation. From 1990   91 to 1997   98, expenditures per student grew by 4 percent In 1997   98, the estimated current expenditure per student in average daily attendance was $ 6,624 ( table 169). 46 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION Total preprimary enrollment Full day enrollment SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Preprimary Enrollment, various years; and U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Current Population Survey, unpublished data. NOTE.   Data for 1994 and later years were collected using new procedures and may not be comparable with figures for earlier years. Figure 7. Preprimary enrollment of 3 to 5 year olds, by attendance status: October 1970 to October 1997 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1997 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 Year Enrollment in thousands 47 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION Elementary Secondary 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1997 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 School year beginning Current expenditures, in billions Figure 8. Enrollment, number of teachers, pupil/ teacher ratios, and expenditures in public schools: 1960   61 to 1997   98 Number of teachers Pupil/ teacher ratio In constant 1997   98 dollars In current dollars SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education; and Common Core of Data surveys. Total $ 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1997 0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 School year beginning Teachers, in thousands Pupil/ teacher ratio 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1997 0 10 20 30 40 50 School year beginning Fall enrollment, in millions 48 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION Secondary school teachers Elementary school teachers SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data surveys. Figure 9.   Percentage change in public elementary and secondary enrollment, by state: Fall 1992 to fall 1997 Increase of more than 10 percent Increase of 5 to 10 percent Increase of less than 5 percent Decrease WA MT ND OR ID WY SD UT CA NV CO KS NE AZ NM OK AK MN IA MO AR TN NC LA FL MS AL GA WI IL KY IN OH WV PA NY VA DC ME VT NH MA CT SC MI HI RI DE MD NJ TX SOURCE: National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics, latest edition 1997 98. Copyright 1998 by the National Education Association. ( All rights reserved.) $ Percent change DC MD DE RI Figure 10.   Average annual salary for public elementary and secondary school teachers: 1969   70 to 1997   98 [ In constant 1997   98 dollars]

1969   70 1974   75 1979   80 1984   85 1989   90 1997 98 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 School year Salary 49 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION Local governments State governments Federal government Constant 1996   97 dollars Current dollars SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education; and Common Core of Data surveys.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education; and Common Core of Data surveys. $ Figure 11. Sources of revenue for public elementary and secondary schools: 1970   71 to 1995 96 1970   71 1980   81 1990   91 0 20 40 60 80 School year Percent of revenue Figure 12. Current expenditure per pupil in average daily attendance in public elementary and secondary schools: 1970 71 to 1997   98 1970   71 1975   76 1980   81 1985   86 1990   91 1997 98 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 School year Per pupil expenditure 1995 96 50 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION: ENROLLMENT Table 39.   Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: 1869   70 to 1995   96 Item 1869   70 1879   80 1889   90 1899   1900 1909   10 1919   20 1929   30 1939   40 1949   50 1959   60 1969   70 1979   80 1989   90 1990   91 1994   95 1995   96 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Population, pupils, and instructional staff Total population, 1 in thousands .................. 38,558 50,156 62,622 75,995 90,490 104,514 121,878 131,028 149,188 177,830 201,385 224,567 246,819 249,440 260,292 262,761 Population aged 5   17 years, 1 in thousands 11,683 15,066 18,473 21,573 24,011 27,571 31,414 30,151 30,223 43,881 52,386 48,041 44,947 45,312 48,110 48,911 Percent of total population 5   17 ................. 30.3 30.0 29.5 28.4 26.5 26.4 25.8 23.0 20.3 24.7 26.0 21.4 18.2 18.2 18.5 18.6 Total enrollment in elementary and secondary schools, in thousands 2 ......... 3 7,562 9,867 12,723 15,503 17,814 21,578 25,678 25,434 25,112 36,087 45,550 41,651 40,543 41,217 44,111 44,840 Kindergarten and grades 1   8,

in thousands .................................... 3 7,481 9,757 12,520 14,984 16,899 19,378 21,279 18,833 19,387 27,602 32,513 28,034 29,152 29,878 31,898 32,341 Grades 9   12, in thousands ................ 3 80 110 203 519 915 2,200 4,399 6,601 5,725 8,485 13,037 13,616 11,390 11,338 12,213 12,500 Enrollment as a percent of total population 3 19.6 19.7 20.3 20.4 19.7 20.6 21.1 19.4 16.8 20.3 22.6 18.5 16.4 16.5 16.9 17.1 Enrollment as a percent of 5   to 17 year olds ............................................ 3 64.7 65.5 68.9 71.9 74.2 78.3 81.7 84.4 83.1 82.2 87.0 86.7 90.2 91.0 91.7 91.7 Percent of total enrollment in high schools ( grades 9   12 and postgraduate) ............ 3 1.1 1.1 1.6 3.3 5.1 10.2 17.1 26.0 22.8 23.5 28.6 32.7 28.1 27.5 27.7 27.9 High school graduates, in thousands .........     22 62 111 231 592 1,143 1,063 1,627 2,589 2,748 2,320 2,235 2,274 2,281 Average daily attendance, in thousands ..... 4,077 6,144 8,154 10,633 12,827 16,150 21,265 22,042 22,284 32,477 41,934 38,289 37,799 38,427 40,721 41,502 Total number of days attended by pupils enrolled, in millions ................................. 539 801 1,098 1,535 2,011 2,615 3,673 3,858 3,964 5,782 7,501 4 6,835         Percent of enrolled pupils attending daily ... 59.3 62.3 64.1 68.6 72.1 74.8 82.8 86.7 88.7 90.0 90.4 4 90.1         Average length of school term, in days ...... 132.2 130.3 134.7 144.3 157.5 161.9 172.7 175.0 177.9 178.0 178.9 4 178.5   179.8     Average number of days attended per pupil ......................................................... 78.4 81.1 86.3 99.0 113 121.2 143 151.7 157.9 160.2 161.7 4 160.8         Total instructional staff, in thousands .........           678 880 912 963 1,457 2,286 2,406 2,986 3,051 3,281 3,352 Supervisors, in thousands ......................           7 7 5                 Principals, in thousands .........................           14 31 32 43 64 91 106 126 127 120 121 Teachers, librarians, and other nonsupervisory instructional staff, 5 in thousands ......................................... 201 287 364 423 523 657 843 875 920 1,393 2,195 2,300 2,860 2,924 3,161 3,231 Men, in thousands .............................. 78 123 126 127 110 93 140 195 196 4 404 4 711 4782         Women, in thousands ......................... 123 164 238 296 413 585 703 681 724 4 989 4 1,484 4 1,518         Percent men ....................................... 38.7 42.8 34.5 29.9 21.1 14.1 16.6 22.2 21.3 4 29.0 4 32.4 4 34.0         Amounts in millions of current dollars Revenues and expenditures Total revenue receipts ................................     $ 143 $ 220 $ 433 $ 970 $ 2,089 $ 2,261 $ 5,437 $ 14,747 $ 40,267 $ 96,881 $ 208,548 $ 223,341 $ 273,149 $ 287,703 Federal government ...............................           2 7 40 156 652 3,220 9,504 12,701 13,776 18,582 19,104 State governments .................................           160 354 684 2,166 5,768 16,063 45,349 98,239 105,325 127,730 136,671 Local sources, including intermediate ....           808 1,728 1,536 3,116 8,327 20,985 42,029 97,608 104,240 126,838 131,928 Percent distribution of revenue receipts Federal government ...............................           0.3 0.4 1.8 2.9 4.4 8.0 9.8 6.1 6.2 6.8 6.6 State governments .................................           16.5 16.9 30.3 39.8 39.1 39.9 46.8 47.1 47.2 46.8 47.5 Local sources, including intermediate ....           83.2 82.7 68.0 57.3 56.5 52.1 43.4 46.8 46.7 46.4 45.9 Total expenditures for public schools ......... $ 63 $ 78 $ 141 $ 215 $ 426 $ 1,036 $ 2,317 $ 2,344 $ 5,838 $ 15,613 $ 40,683 $ 95,962 $ 212,770 $ 229,430 $ 279,000 $ 293,611 Current expenditures 6 ............................     114 180 356 861 1,844 1,942 4,687 7 12,329 7 34,218 7 86,984 7 188,229 7 202,038 7 243,878 7 255,080 Capital outlay 8 .......................................     26 35 70 154 371 258 1,014 2,662 4,659 6,506 17,781 19,771 24,456 27,548 Interest on school debt ...........................           18 93 131 101 490 1,171 1,874 3,776 4,325 5,518 6,259 Other current expenditures 9 ..................           3 10 13 36 133 636 10 598 2,983 3,296 5,149 4,725 Percent distribution of total expenditures Current expenditures 6 ............................     81.3 83.5 83.6 83.1 79.6 82.8 80.3 7 79.0 7 84.1 7 90.6 7 88.5 7 88.1 7 87.4 7 86.9 Capital outlay 8 .......................................     18.7 16.5 16.4 14.8 16.0 11.0 17.4 17.0 11.5 6.8 8.4 8.6 8.8 9.4 Interest on school debt ...........................           1.8 4.0 5.6 1.7 3.1 2.9 2.0 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 Other current expenditures 9 ..................           0.3 0.4 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.6 10 0.6 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.6 51 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION: ENROLLMENT Table 39.   Historical summary of public elementary and secondary school statistics: 1869   70 to 1995   96   Continued Item 1869   70 1879   80 1889   90 1899   1900 1909   10 1919   20 1929   30 1939   40 1949   50 1959   60 1969   70 1979   80 1989   90 1990   91 1994   95 1995   96 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Amounts in current dollars Annual salary of instructional staff11 ........... $ 189 $ 195 $ 252 $ 325 $ 485 $ 871 $ 1,420 $ 1,441 $ 3,010 $ 5,174 $ 9,047 12 $ 16,715 12 $ 32,638 12 $ 34,401 12 $ 38,441 12 $ 39,451 Personal income per member of labor force 1 .....................................................             1,732 1,318 3,391 5,769 9,653 19,586 36,337 38,177 44,193 46,490 Total school expenditures per capita of total population ........................................ 1.59 1.56 2.23 2.83 4.71 9.91 19.01 17.89 39 88 202 427 862 920 1,072 1,117 National income 1 per capita .......................             710 556 1,456 2,328 3,999 9,256 17,816 18,650 21,479 22,501 Current expenditure 6,13 per pupil in A. D. A. 14 ..................................................     13.99 16.67 27.85 53.32 86.70 88.09 210 375 816 2,272 4,980 5,258 5,989 6,146 Total expenditure 15 per pupil in A. D. A. ...... 15.55 12.71 17.23 20.21 33.23 64.16 108.49 105.74 260 471 955 2,491 5,550 5,885 6,725 6,961 National income per pupil in A. D. A. ............             4,068 3,303 9,747 12,744 19,206 54,285 116,333 121,065 137,294 142,460 Current expenditure per day 16 per pupil in A. D. A. 6 ...................................................     0.10 0.12 0.18 0.33 0.50 0.50 1.17 2.11 4.56 12.73         Total expenditure per day per pupil in A. D. A. ..................................................... 0.12 0.10 0.13 0.14 0.21 0.40 0.63 0.60 1.46 2.65 5.34 13.95         Amounts in constant 1995   96 dollars Annual salary of instructional staff 11 ..........           $ 7,061 $ 12,817 $ 15,931 $ 19,636 $ 27,206 $ 37,002 12 $ 33,265 12 $ 39,713 12 $ 39,688 12 $ 39,487 12 $ 39,451 Personal income per member of labor force 1 .....................................................             15,637 14,572 22,120 30,333 39,480 38,979 44,214 44,045 45,396 46,490 Total school expenditures per capita of total population ........................................           80 172 198 255 462 826 850 1,049 1,061 1,101 1,117 National income 1 per capita .......................             6,406 6,142 9,498 12,238 16,357 18,420 21,678 21,517 22,063 22,501 Current expenditure 6,13 per pupil in A. D. A. 14 ..................................................           432 783 974 1,370 1,973 3,337 4,521 6,059 6,066 6,152 6,146 Total expenditure15 per pupil in A. D. A. .......           520 979 1,169 1,699 2,477 3,906 4,957 6,753 6,789 6,908 6,961 National income per pupil in A. D. A. ............             36,716 36,514 63,586 67,012 78,554 108,034 141,551 139,672 141,029 142,460 Current expenditure per day 16 per pupil in A. D. A. 6 ....................................................           2.68 4.51 5.53 7.63 11.09 18.65 25.33         Total expenditure per day per pupil in A. D. A. .....................................................           2.81 4.93 5.75 8.26 12.08 18.93 24.06         1 Data on population and labor force are from the Bureau of the Census, and data on personal income and national income are from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, U. S. Department of Commerce. Population data through 1900 are based on total population from the decennial census. From 1909   10 to 1959   60, population data are total population,

including armed forces overseas, as of July 1. Data for later years are for resident population that excludes armed forces overseas.

2 Data for 1869   70 through 1959   60 are school year enrollment. Data for later years are fall enrollment.

3 Data for 1870   71.

4 Estimated by the National Center for Education Statistics.

5 Prior to 1919   20, data are for the number of different persons employed rather than number of positions.

6 Prior to 1919   20, includes interest on school debt.

7 Because of the modification of the scope of `` current expenditures for elementary and secondary schools,'' data for 1959   60 and later years are not entirely comparable with prior years.

8 Beginning in 1969   70, includes capital outlay by state and local school building authorities.

9 Includes summer schools, community colleges, and adult education. Beginning in 1959   60, also includes community services, formerly classified with `` current expenditures for elementary and secondary schools.''

10 Excludes community colleges and adult education.

11 Average includes supervisors, principals, teachers, and other nonsupervisory instructional staff. 12 Estimated by the National Education Association.

13 Excludes current expenditures not allocable to pupil costs.

14 '' ADA'' means average daily attendance in elementary and secondary schools.

15 Expenditure figure is the sum of current expenditures allocable to pupil costs, capital outlay, and interest on school debt.

16 Per day rates derived by dividing annual rates by average length of term.

  Data not collected.

NOTE.   Kindergarten enrollment includes a relatively small number of nursery school pupils. Because of rounding,

details may not add to totals. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Beginning in 1959   60, data include Alaska and Hawaii.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of State School Systems;

Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary School Systems; Revenues and Expenditures for Public Elementary and Secondary Education, FY 1980; Common Core of Data surveys; and Council of Economic Advisers, Economic Report of the President. ( This table was prepared June 1998.) 52 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ENROLLMENT Table 40.   Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by level and state: Fall 1982 to fall 1997 State or other area Fall 1982 Fall 1983 Fall 1984 Fall 1985 Fall 1986 Fall 1987 Fall 1988 Fall 1989 Fall 1990 Fall 1991 Fall 1992 Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total Total 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United States .................... 39,565,610 39,252,308 39,208,252 39,421,961 39,753,172 40,008,213 40,188,690 40,542,707 41,216,683 42,046,878 42,823,312 Alabama ................................ 724,037 721,901 712,586 730,460 733,735 729,234 724,751 723,743 721,806 722,004 731,634 Alaska 3 .................................. 89,413 98,206 104,599 107,345 107,848 106,869 106,481 109,280 113,903 118,680 122,487 Arizona .................................. 510,296 506,682 530,062 548,252 534,538 572,421 574,890 607,615 639,853 656,980 673,477 Arkansas ................................ 432,565 432,120 432,668 433,410 437,438 437,036 436,387 434,960 436,286 438,518 441,490 California ............................... 4,065,486 4,089,017 4,151,110 4,255,554 4,377,989 4,488,398 4,618,120 4,771,978 4,950,474 5,107,145 5,254,844 Colorado ................................ 545,209 542,196 545,427 550,642 558,415 560,236 560,081 562,755 574,213 593,030 612,635 Connecticut 5 ......................... 486,470 477,585 468,145 462,026 468,847 465,465 460,637 461,560 469,123 481,050 488,476 Delaware ............................... 92,646 91,406 91,767 92,901 94,410 95,659 96,678 97,808 99,658 102,196 104,321 District of Columbia ............... 91,105 88,843 87,397 87,092 85,612 86,435 84,792 81,301 80,694 80,618 80,937 Florida .................................... 1,484,734 1,495,543 1,524,107 1,562,283 1,607,320 1,664,774 1,720,930 1,789,925 1,861,592 1,932,131 1,981,407 Georgia .................................. 1,053,689 1,050,859 1,062,315 1,079,594 1,096,425 1,110,947 1,107,994 1,126,535 1,151,687 1,177,569 1,207,186 Hawaii .................................... 162,024 162,241 163,860 164,169 164,640 166,160 167,488 169,493 171,708 174,747 177,448 Idaho ...................................... 202,973 206,352 208,080 208,669 208,391 212,444 214,615 214,932 220,840 225,680 231,668 Illinois ..................................... 1,880,289 1,853,316 1,834,355 1,826,478 1,825,185 1,811,446 1,794,916 1,797,355 1,821,407 1,848,166 1,873,567 Indiana ................................... 999,542 984,384 972,659 966,106 966,780 964,129 960,994 954,165 954,525 956,988 960,630 Iowa ....................................... 504,983 497,287 491,011 485,332 481,286 480,826 478,200 478,486 483,652 491,363 494,839 Kansas ................................... 407,074 405,222 405,347 410,229 416,091 421,112 426,596 430,864 437,034 445,390 451,536 Kentucky ................................ 651,084 647,414 644,421 643,833 642,778 642,696 637,627 630,688 636,401 646,024 655,041 Louisiana ............................... 784,027 800,193 800,941 788,349 795,188 793,093 786,683 783,025 784,757 794,128 797,985 Maine ..................................... 211,986 209,753 207,537 206,101 211,752 211,817 212,902 213,775 215,149 216,400 216,453 Maryland ................................ 699,201 683,491 673,840 671,560 675,747 683,797 688,947 698,806 715,176 736,238 751,850 Massachusetts ....................... 908,984 878,844 859,391 844,330 833,918 825,320 823,428 825,588 834,314 846,155 859,948 Michigan ................................ 1,674,697 1,635,963 1,609,448 1,602,747 1,597,154 1,589,287 1,582,785 1,576,785 1,584,431 1,593,561 1,603,610 Minnesota .............................. 715,190 705,236 701,697 705,140 711,134 721,481 726,950 739,553 756,374 773,571 793,724 Mississippi ............................. 468,294 467,744 466,058 471,195 498,639 505,550 503,326 502,020 502,417 504,127 506,668 Missouri ................................. 802,535 795,453 793,793 795,107 800,606 802,060 806,639 807,934 816,558 842,965 859,357 Montana ................................. 152,335 153,646 154,412 153,869 153,327 152,207 152,191 151,265 152,974 155,779 160,011 Nebraska ............................... 269,009 266,998 265,599 265,819 267,139 268,100 269,434 270,920 274,081 279,552 282,414 Nevada .................................. 151,104 150,442 151,633 154,948 161,239 168,353 176,474 186,834 201,316 211,810 222,974 New Hampshire ..................... 160,197 159,030 158,614 160,974 163,717 166,045 169,413 171,696 172,785 177,138 181,247 New Jersey ............................ 1,172,520 1,147,841 1,129,223 1,116,194 1,107,467 1,092,982 1,080,871 1,076,005 1,089,646 1,109,796 1,130,560 New Mexico ........................... 268,632 269,711 272,478 277,551 281,943 287,229 292,425 296,057 301,881 308,667 315,668 New York ............................... 2,718,678 2,674,818 2,645,811 2,621,378 2,607,719 2,594,070 2,573,715 2,565,841 2,598,337 2,643,993 2,689,686 North Carolina ....................... 1,096,815 1,089,606 1,088,724 1,086,165 1,085,248 1,085,976 1,083,156 1,080,744 1,086,871 1,097,598 1,114,083 North Dakota ......................... 117,078 117,213 118,711 118,570 118,703 119,004 118,809 117,816 117,825 118,376 118,734 Ohio ....................................... 1,860,245 1,827,300 1,805,440 1,793,965 1,793,508 1,793,431 1,778,544 1,764,410 1,771,089 1,783,767 1,795,199 Oklahoma .............................. 593,825 591,389 589,690 592,327 593,183 584,212 580,426 578,580 579,087 588,263 597,096 Oregon ................................... 448,184 447,109 446,884 447,527 449,307 455,895 461,752 472,394 472,394 498,614 510,122 Pennsylvania ......................... 1,783,969 1,737,952 1,701,880 1,683,221 1,674,161 1,668,542 1,659,714 1,655,279 1,667,834 1,692,797 1,717,613 Rhode Island ......................... 139,959 136,412 134,610 133,949 134,690 134,800 133,585 135,729 138,813 142,144 143,798 South Carolina ....................... 608,518 604,553 602,718 606,643 611,629 614,921 615,774 616,177 622,112 627,470 640,464 South Dakota ......................... 123,897 123,060 123,314 124,291 125,458 126,817 126,910 127,329 129,164 131,576 134,573 Tennessee ............................. 828,264 822,057 817,212 813,753 818,073 823,783 821,580 819,660 824,595 833,651 855,231 Texas ..................................... 2,985,659 2,989,796 3,040,305 3,131,705 3,209,515 3,236,787 3,283,707 3,328,514 3,382,887 3,464,371 3,541,769 Utah ....................................... 370,183 378,208 390,141 403,305 415,994 423,386 431,119 438,554 446,652 456,430 463,870 Vermont ................................. 91,454 90,416 90,089 90,157 92,112 92,755 93,381 94,779 95,762 97,137 98,558 Virginia ................................... 975,727 966,110 965,222 968,104 975,135 979,417 982,393 985,346 998,601 1,016,204 1,031,925 Washington ............................ 739,215 736,239 741,177 749,706 761,428 775,755 790,918 810,232 839,709 869,327 896,475 West Virginia ......................... 375,115 371,251 362,941 357,923 351,837 344,236 335,912 327,540 322,389 320,249 318,296 Wisconsin .............................. 784,830 774,646 767,542 768,234 767,819 772,363 774,857 782,905 797,621 814,671 829,415 Wyoming ................................ 101,665 99,254 101,261 102,779 100,955 98,455 97,793 97,172 98,226 102,074 100,313 Outlying areas American Samoa ...................   10,124     11,055 11,248 11,764 12,258 12,463 13,365 13,994 Guam ..................................... 25,676 26,249   26,043 25,676 25,936 26,041 26,493 26,391 28,334 30,077 Northern Marianas .................   4,499 4,841     5,819 6,079 6,101 6,449 7,096 8,086 Puerto Rico ............................ 708,794 701,925 692,923 686,914 679,489 672,837 661,693 651,225 644,734 642,392 637,034 Virgin Islands ......................... 25,699 26,126 26,122 25,448 24,435 24,020 23,492 21,193 21,750 22,346 22,887 53 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ENROLLMENT Table 40.   Enrollment in public elementary and secondary schools, by level and state: Fall 1982 to fall 1997   Continued State or other area Fall 1993 Fall 1994 Fall 1995 Fall 1996 Estimated fall 1997 1 Total Total Kindergarten through grade 8 2 Grades 9 to 12 Total Kindergarten through grade 8 2 Grades 9 to 12 Total Kindergarten through grade 8 2 Grades 9 to 12 Total 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 United States .............. 43,464,916 44,111,482 31,898,249 12,213,233 44,840,481 32,340,501 12,499,980 45,592,213 32,758,548 12,833,665 45,953,018 Alabama .......................... 734,288 736,531 535,246 201,285 746,149 539,309 206,840 748,156 540,176 207,980 738,473 Alaska 3 ........................... 125,948 127,057 93,719 33,338 127,618 93,434 34,184 129,919 94,362 35,557 132,258 Arizona ............................ 709,453 737,424 542,904 194,520 743,566 548,526 195,040 799,250 588,409 210,841 4 859,104 Arkansas ......................... 444,271 447,565 319,282 128,283 453,257 322,440 130,817 457,349 324,448 132,901 4 461,478 California ......................... 5,327,231 5,407,475 3,955,868 1,451,607 5,536,406 4,041,224 1,495,182 5,687,901 4,131,084 1,556,817 5,640,269 Colorado .......................... 625,062 640,521 469,755 170,766 656,279 478,881 177,398 673,438 487,304 186,134 688,438 Connecticut 5 ................... 496,298 506,824 375,638 131,186 517,935 384,274 133,661 527,129 389,374 137,755 535,000 Delaware ......................... 105,547 106,813 76,819 29,994 108,461 77,028 31,433 110,549 77,981 32,568 6 111,960 District of Columbia ......... 80,678 80,450 62,126 18,324 79,802 61,836 17,966 78,648 61,138 17,510 4 77,511 Florida ............................. 2,040,763 2,111,188 1,569,666 541,522 2,176,222 1,613,510 562,712 2,242,212 1,653,162 589,050 6 2,291,681 Georgia ............................ 1,235,304 1,270,948 934,650 336,298 1,311,126 965,707 345,419 1,346,761 990,850 355,911 1,375,918 Hawaii .............................. 180,410 183,795 133,675 50,120 187,180 135,671 51,509 187,653 136,184 51,469 6 189,281 Idaho ............................... 236,774 240,448 168,887 71,561 243,097 169,556 73,541 245,252 169,419 75,833 250,300 Illinois .............................. 1,893,078 1,916,172 1,368,041 548,131 1,943,623 1,390,475 553,148 1,973,040 1,412,176 560,864 2,000,550 Indiana ............................. 965,633 969,022 678,970 290,052 977,263 684,348 292,915 983,415 689,578 293,837 988,750 Iowa ................................. 498,519 500,440 345,865 154,575 502,343 343,997 158,346 502,941 341,630 161,311 503,540 Kansas ............................ 457,614 460,838 329,211 131,627 463,008 328,701 134,307 466,293 328,023 138,270 469,740 Kentucky .......................... 655,265 657,642 467,005 190,637 659,821 468,242 191,579 656,089 466,177 189,912 639,579 Louisiana ......................... 800,560 797,933 583,892 214,041 797,366 580,348 217,018 793,296 575,318 217,978 6 780,758 Maine ............................... 216,995 212,601 155,903 56,698 213,569 156,016 57,553 213,593 155,611 57,982 217,081 Maryland .......................... 772,638 790,938 580,903 210,035 805,544 590,155 215,389 818,583 596,643 221,940 833,489 Massachusetts ................ 877,726 893,727 658,507 235,220 915,007 674,588 240,419 933,898 687,693 246,205 954,335 Michigan .......................... 1,599,377 1,614,784 1,170,251 444,533 1,641,456 1,191,671 449,785 1,684,386 1,221,755 462,631 1,728,500 Minnesota ........................ 810,233 821,693 581,426 240,267 835,166 586,080 249,086 847,204 588,752 258,452 845,700 Mississippi ....................... 505,907 505,962 366,846 139,116 506,272 366,186 140,086 503,967 363,864 140,103 504,995 Missouri ........................... 866,378 878,541 628,286 250,255 889,881 635,771 254,110 900,042 643,053 256,989 4 910,319 Montana .......................... 163,009 164,341 116,748 47,593 165,547 116,403 49,144 164,627 114,672 49,955 163,999 Nebraska ......................... 285,097 287,100 203,055 84,045 289,744 203,022 86,722 291,967 202,846 89,121 292,681 Nevada ............................ 235,800 250,747 185,336 65,411 265,041 195,892 69,149 282,131 207,724 74,407 6 296,621 New Hampshire ............... 185,360 189,319 138,851 50,468 194,171 141,721 52,450 198,308 143,880 54,428 6 196,647 New Jersey ..................... 1,151,307 1,174,206 862,331 311,875 1,197,381 880,350 317,031 4 1,208,179 4 884,389 4 323,790 4 1,231,059 New Mexico ..................... 322,292 327,248 229,168 98,080 329,640 229,239 100,401 332,632 230,012 102,620 6 316,754 New York ......................... 2,733,813 2,766,208 1,949,245 816,963 2,813,230 1,980,208 833,022 2,843,131 2,000,001 843,130 2,831,900 North Carolina ................. 1,133,231 1,156,767 847,463 309,304 1,183,090 871,320 311,770 1,210,108 886,153 323,955 6 1,226,293 North Dakota ................... 119,127 119,288 83,419 35,869 119,100 82,333 36,767 120,123 82,171 37,952 116,813 Ohio ................................. 1,807,319 1,814,290 1,295,289 519,001 1,836,015 1,297,313 538,702 1,844,389 1,298,719 545,670 1,845,000 Oklahoma ........................ 604,076 609,718 442,607 167,111 616,393 445,780 170,613 620,695 445,496 175,199 625,011 Oregon ............................ 516,611 521,945 371,967 149,978 527,914 375,966 151,948 537,854 380,239 157,615 6 540,584 Pennsylvania ................... 1,744,082 1,764,946 1,243,983 520,963 1,787,533 1,256,621 530,912 1,804,256 1,263,576 540,680 1,812,880 Rhode Island ................... 145,676 147,487 107,913 39,574 149,799 109,815 39,984 151,324 110,476 40,848 152,042 South Carolina ................ 643,696 648,725 468,850 179,875 645,586 463,305 182,281 653,011 467,885 185,126 647,430 South Dakota .................. 142,825 143,482 101,805 41,677 144,685 101,491 43,194 143,331 99,160 44,171 141,390 Tennessee ....................... 866,557 881,425 640,604 240,821 893,770 650,601 243,169 905,089 657,541 247,548 905,860 Texas ............................... 3,608,262 3,677,171 2,720,623 956,548 3,748,167 2,757,273 990,894 3,828,975 2,800,017 1,028,958 3,905,256 Utah ................................. 471,365 474,675 328,482 146,193 477,121 327,790 149,331 481,812 327,981 153,831 479,150 Vermont ........................... 102,755 104,533 75,590 28,943 105,565 75,227 30,338 106,341 76,076 30,265 105,687 Virginia ............................ 1,045,471 1,060,809 774,319 286,490 1,079,854 787,945 291,909 1,096,093 796,302 299,791 6 1,110,815 Washington ..................... 915,952 938,314 673,107 265,207 956,572 680,009 276,563 974,504 687,445 287,059 6 991,235 West Virginia ................... 314,383 310,511 212,808 97,703 307,112 211,008 96,104 304,052 208,970 95,082 6 300,737 Wisconsin ........................ 844,001 860,581 601,215 259,366 870,175 602,964 267,211 879,259 605,322 273,937 891,588 Wyoming ......................... 100,899 100,314 70,130 30,184 99,859 68,931 30,928 99,058 67,331 31,727 6 96,579 Outlying areas American Samoa ............. 14,484 14,445 11,054 3,391 14,576 11,207 3,369 14,766 11,346 3,420 6 15,220 Guam ............................... 30,920 32,185 24,189 7,996 32,960 24,877 8,083 33,393 25,217 8,176 32,923 Northern Marianas .......... 8,188 8,429 6,559 1,870 8,809 6,825 1,984 9,041 7,077 1,964 6 9,246 Puerto Rico ..................... 631,460 621,121 455,653 165,468 627,620 460,585 167,035 618,861 454,132 164,729 617,157 Virgin Islands ................... 22,752 23,126 16,659 6,467 22,737 16,342 6,395 22,385 15,703 6,682 21,714 1 Data estimated by state education agencies. 2 Includes a number of prekindergarten students. 3 Beginning in 1983, data include students enrolled in public schools on federal bases and other special arrangements. 4 Data imputed by the National Center for Education Statistics based on previous year's data. 5 Beginning in 1986, data include state vocational/ technical schools. 6 Actual data.   Data not available.

NOTE.   Some data have been revised from previously published figures.