4,192
                                     9,442
                                     7,189
                                      481
                                      MO
                                    10,075
                                    34,935
                                    105,916
                                     3,617
                                      MS
                                     3,631
                                     5,208
                                      30
                                     1,240
                                      MT
                                     3,908
                                     8,760
                                     3,527
                                     1,426
                                      NC
                                     7,175
                                    15,984
                                     6,443
                                     2,720
                                      ND
                                     8,053
                                    19,276
                                    26,188
                                     1,265
                                      NE
                                     8,670
                                    20,274
                                    45,869
                                     1,530
                                      NH
                                      224
                                      483
                                      159
                                      93
                                      NJ
                                     1,969
                                     4,032
                                      915
                                      729
                                      NM
                                     1,266
                                     1,987
                                       0
                                      304
                                      NV
                                     1,577
                                     3,017
                                       0
                                      901
                                      NY
                                     6,248
                                    11,693
                                     1,526
                                     1,649
                                      OH
                                     9,200
                                    27,031
                                    46,780
                                     4,543
                                      OK
                                     2,412
                                     3,426
                                       2
                                      828
                                      OR
                                     1,122
                                     2,145
                                      29
                                      455
                                      PA
                                    12,386
                                    23,965
                                     9,685
                                     3,785
                                      RI
                                      233
                                      476
                                       0
                                      68
                                      SC
                                     3,251
                                     7,134
                                     6,292
                                     2,082
                                      SD
                                      478
                                     1,054
                                      889
                                      55
                                      TL*
                                     1,337
                                     2,970
                                     6,953
                                     1,329
                                      TN
                                      790
                                     2,100
                                     1,231
                                      845
                                      TX
                                    16,548
                                    27,164
                                    19,169
                                     5,027
                                      UT
                                     3,571
                                    10,915
                                    11,040
                                      693
                                      VA
                                     3,607
                                     7,270
                                      820
                                     1,805
                                      VT
                                       2
                                       4
                                       0
                                       4
                                      WA
                                     11,78
                                     2,532
                                      158
                                      384
                                      WI
                                     2,097
                                     4,304
                                      821
                                     1,084
                                      WV
                                     7,479
                                    21,450
                                    28,513
                                     2,180
                                      WY
                                     5,026
                                    11,036
                                     8,725
                                      629
* TL represents emissions occurring on tribal lands
Examples of the magnitude and spatial extent of ozone and PM2.5 contributions are provided in Figure 8-2 through Figure 8-5 for EGUs in California, Texas, Iowa, and Ohio. These figures show how the magnitude and the spatial patterns of contributions of EGU emissions to ozone and PM2.5 component species depend on multiple factors including the magnitude and location of emissions as well as the atmospheric conditions that influence the formation and transport of these pollutants. For instance, NOX emissions are a precursor to both ozone and PM2.5 nitrate. However, ozone and nitrate form under very different types of atmospheric conditions, with ozone formation occurring in locations with ample sunlight and ambient VOC concentrations while nitrate formation requires colder and drier conditions and the presence of gas-phase ammonia. California's complex terrain that tends to trap air and allow pollutant build-up combined with warm sunny summer and cooler dry winters and sources of both ammonia and VOCs make its atmosphere conducive to formation of both ozone and nitrate. While the magnitude of EGU NOX emissions in Iowa and California are similar in the 2026 modeling (Table 8-1) the emissions from California lead to larger contributions to the formation of those pollutants due to the conducive conditions in that state. Texas and Ohio both had larger NOX emissions than California or Iowa. While maximum ozone impacts shown for Texas and Ohio EGUs are similar order of magnitude to maximum ozone impacts from California EGUs, nitrate impacts are much smaller in Ohio and negligible in Texas due to less conducive atmospheric conditions for nitrate formation in those locations. California EGU SO2 emissions in the 2026 modeling are several orders of magnitude smaller than SO2 emissions in Ohio and Texas (Table 8-1) leading to much smaller sulfate contributions from California EGUs than from Ohio and Texas EGUs. PM2.5 organic aerosol EGU contributions in this modeling come from primary PM2.5 emissions rather than secondary atmospheric formation. Consequently, the impacts of EGU emissions on this pollutant tend to occur closer to the EGU sources than impacts of secondary pollutants (ozone, nitrate, and sulfate) which have spatial patterns showing a broader regional impacts. These patterns demonstrate how the model is able to capture important atmospheric processes which impact pollutant formation and transport from emissions sources.

Figure 8-2	Maps of California EGU Tag Contributions to a) April-September Seasonal Average MDA8 Ozone (ppb); b) Annual Average PM2.5 Nitrate (ug/m[3]); c) Annual Average PM2.5 Sulfate (ug/m[3]); d) Annual Average PM2.5 Organic Aerosol (ug/m[3])

Figure 8-3	Maps of Texas EGU Tag Contributions to a) April-September Seasonal Average MDA8 Ozone (ppb); b) Annual Average PM2.5 Nitrate ug/m[3]); c) Annual Average PM2.5, Sulfate (ug/m[3]); d) Annual Average PM2.5 Organic Aerosol (ug/m[3])

Figure 8-4	Maps of Iowa EGU Tag contributions to a) April-September Seasonal Average MDA8 Ozone (ppb); b) Annual Average PM2.5 Nitrate (ug/m[3]); c) Annual Average PM2.5 Sulfate (ug/m[3]); d) Annual Average PM2.5 Organic Aerosol (ug/m[3])

Figure 8-5	Maps of Ohio EGU Tag Contributions to a) April-September Seasonal Average MDA8 Ozone (ppb); b) Annual Average PM2.5 Nitrate (ug/m[3]); c) Annual Average PM2.5 Sulfate (ug/m[3]); d) Annual Average PM2.5 Organic Aerosol (ug/m[3])

Applying Modeling Outputs to Create Spatial Fields
In this section we describe the method for creating spatial fields of AS-MO3 and annual average PM2.5 based on the 2016 and 2026 modeling. The foundational data include (1) ozone and speciated PM2.5 -  concentrations in each model grid cell from the 2016 and 2026 modeling, (2) ozone and speciated PM2.5 contributions in 2026 of EGUs emissions from each state in each model grid cell, (3) 2026 emissions from EGUs that were input to the contribution modeling (Table 8-1) and (4) the EGU emissions from IPM for baseline and the two regulatory options in each analytic year. The method to create spatial fields applies scaling factors to gridded source apportionment contributions based on emissions changes between 2026 projections and the baseline and the two regulatory options to the 2026 contributions. This method is described in detail below.
Spatial fields of ozone and PM2.5 -  in 2026 were created based on "fusing" modeled data with measured concentrations at air quality monitoring locations. To create the spatial fields for each future emissions scenario these fused 2026 model fields are used in combination with 2026 state-EGU source apportionment modeling and the EGU emissions for each scenario and analytic year. Contributions from each state-EGU contribution "tag" were scaled based on the ratio of emissions in the year/scenario being evaluated to the emissions in the modeled 2026 scenario. Contributions from tags representing sources other than EGUs are held constant at 2026 levels for each of the scenarios and year. For each scenario and year analyzed, the scaled contributions from all sources were summed together to create a gridded surface of total modeled ozone and PM2.5 - . The process is described in a step-by-step manner below starting with the methodology for creating AS-MO3 spatial fields followed by a description of the steps for creating annual PM2.5 spatial fields.
Ozone:
 Create fused spatial fields of 2026 AS-MO3 incorporating information from the air quality modeling and from ambient measured monitoring data. The enhanced Voronoi Neighbor Average (eVNA) technique (Ding et al., 2016; Gold et al., 1997; U.S. EPA, 2007)was applied to ozone model predictions in conjunction with measured data to create modeled/measured fused surfaces that leverage measured concentrations at air quality monitor locations and model predictions at locations with no monitoring data.
 The AS-MO3 eVNA spatial fields are created for the 2016 base year with EPA's software package, Software for the Modeled Attainment Test  -  Community Edition (SMAT-CE) (U.S. EPA, 2022f) using three years of monitoring data (2015-2017) and the 2016 modeled data.
 The model-predicted spatial fields (i.e., not the eVNA fields) of AS-MO3 in 2016 were paired with the corresponding model-predicted spatial fields in 2026 to calculate the ratio of AS-MO3 between 2016 and 2026 in each model grid cell.
 To create a gridded 2026 eVNA surfaces, the spatial fields of 2016/2026 ratios created in step 1.2 were multiplied by the corresponding eVNA spatial fields for 2016 created in step 1.1 to produce an eVNA AS-MO3 spatial field for 2026 using (Eq-1).
eVNAg, 2026=eVNAg,2016xModelg,2026Modelg,2016
Eq-1
 eVNAg,2026 is the eVNA concentration of AS-MO3 or PM2.5 component species in grid-cell, g, in the 2026 future year
 eVNAg,2016 is the eVNA concentration of AS-MO3 or PM2.5 component species in grid-cell, g, in 2016
 Modelg,2026 is the CAMx modeled concentration of AS-MO3 or PM2.5 component species in grid-cell, g, in the 2026 future year
 Modelg,2016 is the CAMx modeled concentration of AS-MO3 or PM2.5 component in grid-cell, g, in 2016
 Create gridded spatial fields of total EGU AS-MO3 contributions for each combination of scenario and analytic year evaluated.
 Use the EGU ozone season NOX emissions for the 2028 baseline and the corresponding 2026 modeled EGU ozone season emissions (Table 8-1) to calculate the ratio of 2028 baseline emissions to 2026 modeled emissions for each EGU state contribution tag (i.e., an ozone scaling factor calculated for each state). These scaling factors are provided in Table 8-2.
 Calculate adjusted gridded AS-MO3 EGU contributions that reflect differences in state-EGU NOX emissions between 2026 and the 2028 baseline by multiplying the ozone season NOX scaling factors by the corresponding gridded AS-MO3 ozone contributions from each state-EGU tag.
 Add together the adjusted AS-MO3 contributions for each EGU-state tag to produce spatial fields of adjusted EGU totals for the 2028 baseline.
 Repeat steps 2.1 through 2.3 for the two 2028 regulatory options and for the baseline and regulatory options for each additional analytic year. All scaling factors for the baseline scenario and the regulatory control alternatives are provided in Table 8-2.
 Create a gridded spatial field of AS-MO3 associated with IPM emissions for the 2028 baseline by combining the EGU AS-MO3 contributions from step 2.3 with the corresponding contributions to AS-MO3 from all other sources. Repeat for each of the EGU contributions created in step 2.4 to create separate gridded spatial fields for the baseline and two regulatory options for the two other analytic years.
Steps 2 and 3 in combination can be represented by equation 2:

AS˗MO3g,i,y=eVNAg,2026xCg,BCCg,Tot+Cg,intCg,Tot+Cg,bioCg,Tot+Cg,firesCg,Tot+Cg,USanthroCg,Tot+ t=1TCEGUVOC,g,tCg,Tot+ t=1TCEGUNOx,g,t SNOx,t,i,yCg,Tot
Eq-2

 AS˗MO3g,i,y is the estimated fused model-obs AS-MO3 for grid-cell, "g," scenario, "i," and year, "y;"
 eVNAg,2026 is the 2026 eVNA future year AS-MO3 concentration for grid-cell "g" calculated using Eq-1.
 Cg,Tot is the total modeled AS-MO3 for grid-cell "g" from all sources in the 2026 source apportionment modeling
 Cg,BC is the 2026 AS-MO3 modeled contribution from the modeled boundary inflow;
 Cg,int is the 2026 AS-MO3 modeled contribution from international emissions within the modeling domain;
 Cg,bio is the 2026 AS-MO3 modeled contribute/on from biogenic emissions;
 Cg,fires is the 2026 AS-MO3 modeled contribution from fires;
 Cg,USanthro is the total 2026 AS-MO3 modeled contribution from U.S. anthropogenic sources other than EGUs;
 CEGUVOC,g,t is the 2026 AS-MO3 modeled contribution from EGU emissions of VOCs from state, "t";
 CEGUNOx,g,t  is the 2026 AS-MO3 modeled contribution from EGU emissions of NOX from state, "t"; and
 SNOx,t,i,y is the EGU NOX scaling factor for state, "t," scenario, "i," and year, "y."
PM2.5
 Create fused spatial fields of 2026 annual PM2.5 component species incorporating information from the air quality modeling and from ambient measured monitoring data. The eVNA technique was applied to PM2.5 component species model predictions in conjunction with measured data to create modeled/measured fused surfaces that leverage measured concentrations at air quality monitor locations and model predictions at locations with no monitoring data.
 The quarterly average PM2.5 component species eVNA spatial fields are created for the 2016 base year with EPA's SMAT-CE software package using three years of monitoring data (2015-2017) and the 2016 modeled data.
 The model-predicted spatial fields (i.e., not the eVNA fields) of quarterly average PM2.5 component species in 2016 were paired with the corresponding model-predicted spatial fields in 2026 to calculate the ratio of PM2.5 component species between 2016 and 2026 in each model grid cell.
 To create a gridded 2026 eVNA surfaces, the spatial fields of 2016/2026 ratios created in step 4.2 were multiplied by the corresponding eVNA spatial fields for 2016 created in step 4.1 to produce an eVNA annual average PM2.5 component species spatial field for 2026 using Eq-1.
 Create gridded spatial fields of total EGU speciated PM2.5 contributions for each combination of scenario and analytic year evaluated.
 Use the EGU annual total NOX, SO2 and PM2.5 emissions for the 2028 baseline scenario and the corresponding 2026 modeled EGU NOX,SO - 2 and PM2.5 emissions from Table 8-1 to calculate the ratio of 2028 baseline emissions to 2026 modeled emissions for each EGU state contribution tag (i.e., annual nitrate, sulfate and directly emitted PM2.5 scaling factors calculated for each state). These scaling factors are provided in Table 8-3 through Table 8-5.
 Calculate adjusted gridded annual PM2.5 component species EGU contributions that reflect differences in state-EGU NOX, SO2 and primary PM2.5 emissions between 2026 and the 2028 baseline by multiplying the annual nitrate, sulfate and directly emitted PM2.5 scaling factors by the corresponding annual gridded PM2.5 component species contributions from each state-EGU tag.
 Add together the adjusted PM2.5 contributions of for each EGU state tag to produce spatial fields of adjusted EGU totals for each PM2.5 component species.
 Repeat steps 5.1 through 5.3 for the two regulatory options in 2028 and for the baseline and regulatory options for each additional analytic year. The scaling factors for all PM2.5 component species for the baseline and regulatory control alternatives are provided in Table 8-3 through Table 8-5.
 Create gridded spatial fields of each PM2.5 component species for the 2028 baseline by combining the EGU annual PM2.5 component species contributions from step 5.3 with the corresponding contributions to annual PM2.5 component species from all other sources. Repeat for each of the EGU contributions created in step 5.4 to create separate gridded spatial fields for the baseline and three regulatory control alternatives for all other analytic years.
 Create gridded spatial fields of total PM2.5 mass by combining the component species surfaces for sulfate, nitrate, organic aerosol, elemental carbon and crustal material with ammonium, and particle-bound. Ammonium and particle-bound water concentrations are calculated for each scenario based on nitrate and sulfate concentrations along with the ammonium degree of neutralization in the base year modeling (2016) in accordance with equations from the SMAT-CE modeling software (U.S. EPA, 2022f).
Steps 5 and 6 result in Eq-3 for PM2.5 component species: sulfate, nitrate, organic aerosol, elemental carbon and crustal material.
PMs,g,i,y=eVNAs,g,2026xCs,g,BCCs,g,Tot+Cs,g,intCs,g,Tot+Cs,g,bioCs,g,Tot+Cs,g,firesCs,g,Tot+Cs,g,USanthroCs,g,Tot+ t=1TCEGUs,g,t Ss,t,i,yCs,g,Tot
Eq-3

 PMs,g,i,y is the estimated fused model-obs PM component species "s" for grid-cell, "g," scenario, "i," and year, "y;"
 eVNAs,g,2026 is the 2026 eVNA PM concentration for component species "s" in grid-cell "g" calculated using Eq-1.
 Cs,g,Tot is the total modeled PM component species "s" for grid-cell "g" from all sources in the 2026 source apportionment modeling
 Cs,g,BC is the 2026 PM component species "s" modeled contribution from the modeled boundary inflow;
 Cs,g,int is the 2026 PM component species "s" modeled contribution from international emissions within the modeling domain;
 Cs,g,bio is the 2026 PM component species "s" modeled contribution from biogenic emissions;
 Cs,g,fires is the 2026 PM component species "s" modeled contribution from fires;
 Cs,g,USanthro is the total 2026 PM component species "s" modeled contribution from U.S. anthropogenic sources other than EGUs;
 CEGUs,g,t  is the 2026 PM component species "s" modeled contribution from EGU emissions of NOX, SO2, or primary PM2.5 -  from state, "t"; and
 Ss,t,i,y is the EGU scaling factor for component species "s," state "t," scenario "i," and year "y." Scaling factors for nitrate are based on annual NOx emissions, scaling factors for sulfate are based on annual SO2 emissions, scaling factors for primary PM2.5 components are based on primary PM2.5 emissions
Scaling Factors Applied to Source Apportionment Tags
Table 8-2	Ozone Scaling Factors for EGU Tags in the Baseline, the Proposed Rule, and More Stringent Alternative
                                   State Tag
                                   Baseline
                          Proposed Regulatory Option
                       More Stringent Regulatory Option

                                     2028
                                     2030
                                     2035
                                     2028
                                     2030
                                     2035
                                     2028
                                     2030
                                     2035
                                      AL
                                     0.85
                                     0.85
                                     0.85
                                     0.89
                                     0.89
                                     0.89
                                     0.58
                                     0.59
                                     0.58
                                      AR
                                     0.38
                                     0.38
                                     0.33
                                     0.27
                                     0.27
                                     0.28
                                     0.20
                                     0.20
                                     0.20
                                      AZ
                                     1.28
                                     1.29
                                     1.27
                                     2.05
                                     2.04
                                     2.05
                                     2.80
                                     2.81
                                     2.82
                                      CA
                                     0.69
                                     0.69
                                     0.69
                                     0.37
                                     0.37
                                     0.37
                                     0.27
                                     0.28
                                     0.28
                                      CO
                                     0.71
                                     0.72
                                     0.61
                                     0.16
                                     0.16
                                     0.16
                                     0.16
                                     0.16
                                     0.16
                                      CT
                                     0.71
                                     0.71
                                     0.72
                                     0.70
                                     0.70
                                     0.70
                                     0.66
                                     0.66
                                     0.66
                                      DC
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      DE
                                     1.68
                                     1.68
                                     1.68
                                     1.68
                                     1.68
                                     1.68
                                     0.96
                                     0.95
                                     0.95
                                      FL
                                     1.09
                                     1.09
                                     1.03
                                     1.02
                                     1.02
                                     1.01
                                     0.91
                                     0.91
                                     0.88
                                      GA
                                     1.23
                                     1.23
                                     1.29
                                     1.32
                                     1.32
                                     1.36
                                     0.70
                                     0.70
                                     0.70
                                      IA
                                     1.28
                                     1.28
                                     1.28
                                     0.96
                                     0.96
                                     0.96
                                     0.05
                                     0.04
                                     0.04
                                      ID
                                     1.06
                                     1.09
                                     1.10
                                     1.16
                                     1.19
                                     1.19
                                     0.37
                                     0.43
                                     0.43
                                      IL
                                     0.42
                                     0.41
                                     0.42
                                     0.40
                                     0.40
                                     0.40
                                     0.27
                                     0.27
                                     0.27
                                      IN
                                     0.75
                                     0.74
                                     0.70
                                     0.55
                                     0.55
                                     0.51
                                     0.22
                                     0.22
                                     0.22
                                      KS
                                     1.02
                                     1.02
                                     1.03
                                     0.16
                                     0.16
                                     0.16
                                     0.06
                                     0.06
                                     0.06
                                      KY
                                     0.36
                                     0.36
                                     0.36
                                     0.40
                                     0.39
                                     0.32
                                     0.20
                                     0.20
                                     0.14
                                      LA
                                     0.47
                                     0.47
                                     0.46
                                     0.46
                                     0.46
                                     0.46
                                     0.32
                                     0.32
                                     0.32
                                      MA
                                     1.20
                                     1.20
                                     1.22
                                     1.21
                                     1.21
                                     1.21
                                     1.17
                                     1.17
                                     1.17
                                      MD
                                     0.74
                                     0.74
                                     0.83
                                     0.74
                                     0.74
                                     0.73
                                     0.70
                                     0.69
                                     0.70
                                      ME
                                     1.63
                                     1.63
                                     1.63
                                     1.14
                                     1.14
                                     1.14
                                     1.07
                                     1.07
                                     1.07
                                      MI
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.60
                                     0.74
                                     0.73
                                     0.70
                                     0.57
                                     0.57
                                     0.56
                                      MN
                                     0.67
                                     0.67
                                     0.67
                                     0.31
                                     0.31
                                     0.31
                                     0.14
                                     0.14
                                     0.13
                                      MO
                                     0.53
                                     0.53
                                     0.54
                                     0.25
                                     0.25
                                     0.27
                                     0.04
                                     0.03
                                     0.03
                                      MS
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.62
                                     0.57
                                     0.57
                                      MT
                                     1.01
                                     1.01
                                     1.01
                                     0.97
                                     0.97
                                     0.97
                                     0.93
                                     0.01
                                     0.12
                                      NC
                                     0.56
                                     0.56
                                     0.57
                                     0.36
                                     0.36
                                     0.36
                                     0.33
                                     0.34
                                     0.34
                                      ND
                                     1.46
                                     1.46
                                     1.20
                                     1.07
                                     1.07
                                     0.87
                                     0.50
                                     0.50
                                     0.50
                                      NE
                                     1.15
                                     1.15
                                     1.12
                                     0.91
                                     0.91
                                     0.88
                                     0.13
                                     0.14
                                     0.11
                                      NH
                                     1.25
                                     1.24
                                     1.33
                                     1.30
                                     1.30
                                     1.30
                                     1.04
                                     1.04
                                     1.04
                                      NJ
                                     1.06
                                     1.06
                                     1.03
                                     1.07
                                     1.07
                                     1.07
                                     0.96
                                     0.96
                                     0.95
                                      NM
                                     0.58
                                     0.58
                                     0.58
                                     0.58
                                     0.60
                                     0.61
                                     0.46
                                     0.46
                                     0.46
                                      NV
                                     0.74
                                     0.75
                                     0.68
                                     1.12
                                     1.13
                                     1.10
                                     0.98
                                     1.04
                                     1.04
                                      NY
                                     0.89
                                     0.89
                                     0.90
                                     0.85
                                     0.85
                                     0.85
                                     0.64
                                     0.64
                                     0.64
                                      OH
                                     0.78
                                     0.78
                                     0.79
                                     0.59
                                     0.60
                                     0.53
                                     0.32
                                     0.33
                                     0.33
                                      OK
                                     0.74
                                     0.74
                                     0.69
                                     0.67
                                     0.67
                                     0.62
                                     0.12
                                     0.12
                                     0.12
                                      OR
                                     0.33
                                     0.33
                                     0.34
                                     0.10
                                     0.10
                                     0.10
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                      PA
                                     0.65
                                     0.65
                                     0.61
                                     0.74
                                     0.75
                                     0.73
                                     0.57
                                     0.58
                                     0.58
                                      RI
                                     1.26
                                     1.26
                                     1.27
                                     1.26
                                     1.26
                                     1.26
                                     1.13
                                     1.13
                                     1.13
                                      SC
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.61
                                     0.61
                                     0.60
                                     0.43
                                     0.43
                                     0.43
                                      SD
                                     1.33
                                     1.33
                                     1.37
                                     1.06
                                     1.06
                                     1.17
                                     0.08
                                     0.08
                                     0.08
                                      TL
                                     1.08
                                     1.08
                                     1.08
                                     1.03
                                     1.02
                                     1.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                      TN
                                     1.99
                                     1.99
                                     2.00
                                     0.92
                                     0.92
                                     0.82
                                     0.57
                                     0.57
                                     0.57
                                      TX
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.64
                                     0.64
                                     0.64
                                     0.44
                                     0.44
                                     0.44
                                      UT
                                     1.02
                                     1.02
                                     1.01
                                     1.10
                                     1.10
                                     1.10
                                     0.97
                                     1.08
                                     1.09
                                      VA
                                     1.22
                                     1.21
                                     1.20
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     0.89
                                     0.88
                                     0.84
                                      VT
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      WA
                                     0.71
                                     0.71
                                     0.71
                                     0.79
                                     0.78
                                     0.78
                                     0.49
                                     0.49
                                     0.49
                                      WI
                                     1.29
                                     1.29
                                     1.29
                                     0.96
                                     0.96
                                     0.96
                                     0.51
                                     0.51
                                     0.51
                                      WV
                                     1.03
                                     1.01
                                     1.04
                                     0.82
                                     0.77
                                     0.85
                                     0.28
                                     0.27
                                     0.28
                                      WY
                                     0.70
                                     0.70
                                     0.49
                                     0.61
                                     0.61
                                     0.38
                                     0.62
                                     0.62
                                     0.38
*TL = tribal lands
**Scaling factors of 1.00 were applied to tags that had less than 100 tons per year (tpy) emissions assigned in the original source apportionment modeling. Any emissions changes in that state were assigned to a nearby state. For NOX, the following emissions change assignments were applied: DC  MD, VT  NY.

Table 8-3	Nitrate Scaling Factors for EGU Tags in the Baseline, the Proposed Rule, and More Stringent Alternative
                                   State Tag
                                   Baseline
                          Proposed Regulatory Option
                       More Stringent Regulatory Option

                                     2028
                                     2030
                                     2035
                                     2028
                                     2030
                                     2035
                                     2028
                                     2030
                                     2035
                                      AL
                                     1.08
                                     1.07
                                     1.07
                                     1.13
                                     1.13
                                     1.13
                                     0.63
                                     0.63
                                     0.62
                                      AR
                                     0.43
                                     0.43
                                     0.44
                                     0.34
                                     0.34
                                     0.34
                                     0.17
                                     0.17
                                     0.17
                                      AZ
                                     1.36
                                     1.36
                                     1.30
                                     1.66
                                     1.66
                                     1.66
                                     1.80
                                     1.81
                                     1.81
                                      CA
                                     0.59
                                     0.59
                                     0.59
                                     0.42
                                     0.42
                                     0.42
                                     0.30
                                     0.30
                                     0.30
                                      CO
                                     0.57
                                     0.57
                                     0.52
                                     0.16
                                     0.16
                                     0.16
                                     0.18
                                     0.18
                                     0.18
                                      CT
                                     0.68
                                     0.68
                                     0.68
                                     0.65
                                     0.65
                                     0.64
                                     0.58
                                     0.58
                                     0.58
                                      DC
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      DE
                                     1.66
                                     1.65
                                     1.66
                                     1.66
                                     1.65
                                     1.66
                                     0.94
                                     0.93
                                     0.94
                                      FL
                                     1.15
                                     1.15
                                     1.06
                                     1.04
                                     1.04
                                     1.04
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.96
                                      GA
                                     1.30
                                     1.30
                                     1.51
                                     1.28
                                     1.28
                                     1.30
                                     0.72
                                     0.72
                                     0.72
                                      IA
                                     1.28
                                     1.28
                                     1.31
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.99
                                     0.04
                                     0.04
                                     0.04
                                      ID
                                     0.98
                                     1.02
                                     1.03
                                     1.07
                                     1.10
                                     1.11
                                     0.66
                                     0.70
                                     0.71
                                      IL
                                     0.41
                                     0.41
                                     0.41
                                     0.40
                                     0.40
                                     0.40
                                     0.21
                                     0.20
                                     0.21
                                      IN
                                     0.77
                                     0.77
                                     0.69
                                     0.57
                                     0.57
                                     0.51
                                     0.15
                                     0.15
                                     0.15
                                      KS
                                     1.73
                                     1.73
                                     1.63
                                     0.20
                                     0.20
                                     0.19
                                     0.09
                                     0.09
                                     0.09
                                      KY
                                     0.47
                                     0.47
                                     0.45
                                     0.41
                                     0.41
                                     0.32
                                     0.25
                                     0.25
                                     0.17
                                      LA
                                     0.62
                                     0.62
                                     0.63
                                     0.60
                                     0.60
                                     0.60
                                     0.35
                                     0.35
                                     0.35
                                      MA
                                     1.22
                                     1.22
                                     1.24
                                     1.22
                                     1.22
                                     1.22
                                     1.18
                                     1.18
                                     1.18
                                      MD
                                     0.84
                                     0.84
                                     0.90
                                     0.81
                                     0.81
                                     0.81
                                     0.72
                                     0.71
                                     0.72
                                      ME
                                     1.49
                                     1.49
                                     1.49
                                     1.08
                                     1.08
                                     1.08
                                     0.93
                                     0.93
                                     0.93
                                      MI
                                     0.70
                                     0.70
                                     0.57
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.68
                                     0.47
                                     0.47
                                     0.47
                                      MN
                                     0.62
                                     0.62
                                     0.63
                                     0.27
                                     0.27
                                     0.27
                                     0.13
                                     0.13
                                     0.12
                                      MO
                                     0.83
                                     0.83
                                     0.83
                                     0.56
                                     0.56
                                     0.63
                                     0.05
                                     0.05
                                     0.05
                                      MS
                                     0.88
                                     0.88
                                     0.87
                                     0.99
                                     0.99
                                     0.99
                                     0.66
                                     0.63
                                     0.62
                                      MT
                                     1.05
                                     1.05
                                     1.05
                                     1.01
                                     1.01
                                     1.01
                                     1.06
                                     0.64
                                     0.69
                                      NC
                                     0.75
                                     0.75
                                     0.69
                                     0.32
                                     0.32
                                     0.32
                                     0.30
                                     0.30
                                     0.30
                                      ND
                                     1.48
                                     1.47
                                     1.20
                                     1.01
                                     1.01
                                     0.90
                                     0.52
                                     0.52
                                     0.52
                                      NE
                                     1.11
                                     1.11
                                     1.08
                                     0.88
                                     0.88
                                     0.85
                                     0.14
                                     0.15
                                     0.14
                                      NH
                                     1.11
                                     1.11
                                     1.16
                                     1.13
                                     1.13
                                     1.13
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      NJ
                                     1.06
                                     1.06
                                     1.05
                                     1.08
                                     1.08
                                     1.08
                                     0.87
                                     0.87
                                     0.87
                                      NM
                                     0.56
                                     0.56
                                     0.56
                                     0.57
                                     0.59
                                     0.59
                                     0.48
                                     0.48
                                     0.48
                                      NV
                                     0.58
                                     0.58
                                     0.57
                                     0.88
                                     0.88
                                     0.89
                                     0.76
                                     0.78
                                     0.79
                                      NY
                                     0.94
                                     0.93
                                     0.95
                                     0.92
                                     0.92
                                     0.92
                                     0.70
                                     0.70
                                     0.70
                                      OH
                                     0.83
                                     0.83
                                     0.80
                                     0.57
                                     0.57
                                     0.51
                                     0.30
                                     0.31
                                     0.29
                                      OK
                                     0.85
                                     0.85
                                     0.81
                                     0.80
                                     0.79
                                     0.76
                                     0.18
                                     0.18
                                     0.17
                                      OR
                                     0.54
                                     0.54
                                     0.56
                                     0.24
                                     0.24
                                     0.24
                                     0.12
                                     0.12
                                     0.12
                                      PA
                                     0.65
                                     0.65
                                     0.63
                                     0.75
                                     0.75
                                     0.74
                                     0.54
                                     0.54
                                     0.54
                                      RI
                                     1.19
                                     1.19
                                     1.22
                                     1.19
                                     1.19
                                     1.19
                                     1.07
                                     1.07
                                     1.07
                                      SC
                                     1.01
                                     1.01
                                     1.01
                                     0.63
                                     0.63
                                     0.62
                                     0.49
                                     0.49
                                     0.49
                                      SD
                                     1.28
                                     1.28
                                     1.30
                                     1.01
                                     1.01
                                     1.06
                                     0.04
                                     0.04
                                     0.04
                                      TL
                                     0.93
                                     0.93
                                     0.93
                                     0.93
                                     0.93
                                     0.93
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                      TN
                                     1.58
                                     1.57
                                     1.57
                                     0.69
                                     0.69
                                     0.66
                                     0.48
                                     0.47
                                     0.47
                                      TX
                                     0.97
                                     0.97
                                     0.98
                                     0.85
                                     0.85
                                     0.85
                                     0.54
                                     0.54
                                     0.54
                                      UT
                                     0.56
                                     0.56
                                     0.56
                                     0.60
                                     0.59
                                     0.60
                                     0.56
                                     0.59
                                     0.60
                                      VA
                                     1.29
                                     1.27
                                     1.27
                                     1.08
                                     1.08
                                     1.08
                                     0.89
                                     0.89
                                     0.87
                                      VT
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      WA
                                     0.72
                                     0.72
                                     0.73
                                     0.97
                                     0.97
                                     0.98
                                     0.94
                                     0.88
                                     0.88
                                      WI
                                     1.46
                                     1.46
                                     1.48
                                     1.02
                                     1.02
                                     1.02
                                     0.45
                                     0.45
                                     0.45
                                      WV
                                     1.08
                                     1.07
                                     1.04
                                     0.70
                                     0.68
                                     0.75
                                     0.30
                                     0.30
                                     0.31
                                      WY
                                     0.68
                                     0.68
                                     0.50
                                     0.59
                                     0.59
                                     0.37
                                     0.61
                                     0.61
                                     0.38
*TL = tribal lands
**Scaling factors of 1.00 were applied to tags that had less than 100 tpy emissions assigned in the original source apportionment modeling. Any emissions changes in that state were assigned to a nearby state. For NOX, the following emissions change assignments were applied: DC  MD, VT  NY.

Table 8-4	Sulfate Scaling Factors for EGU Tags in the Baseline, the Proposed Rule, and More Stringent Alternative
                                   State Tag
                                   Baseline
                          Proposed Regulatory Option
                       More Stringent Regulatory Option

                                     2028
                                     2030
                                     2035
                                     2028
                                     2030
                                     2035
                                     2028
                                     2030
                                     2035
                                      AL
                                     1.88
                                     1.88
                                     1.88
                                     1.79
                                     1.79
                                     1.83
                                     0.61
                                     0.62
                                     0.64
                                      AR
                                     0.06
                                     0.06
                                     0.08
                                     0.01
                                     0.01
                                     0.01
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                      AZ
                                     1.02
                                     0.91
                                     1.18
                                     1.86
                                     1.86
                                     1.86
                                     3.55
                                     3.55
                                     3.55
                                      CA
                                     2.42
                                     2.42
                                     2.42
                                     0.43
                                     0.43
                                     0.43
                                     0.40
                                     0.40
                                     0.40
                                      CO
                                     0.16
                                     0.16
                                     0.17
                                     0.04
                                     0.04
                                     0.04
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                      CT
                                     0.55
                                     0.55
                                     0.55
                                     0.55
                                     0.55
                                     0.55
                                     0.55
                                     0.55
                                     0.55
                                      DC
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      DE
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                      FL
                                     1.50
                                     1.50
                                     0.64
                                     0.99
                                     0.99
                                     0.83
                                     0.81
                                     0.81
                                     0.77
                                      GA
                                     3.61
                                     3.61
                                     4.84
                                     2.75
                                     2.75
                                     3.14
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                      IA
                                     1.23
                                     1.23
                                     1.25
                                     0.95
                                     0.95
                                     0.96
                                     0.04
                                     0.04
                                     0.04
                                      ID
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      IL
                                     0.29
                                     0.29
                                     0.29
                                     0.22
                                     0.22
                                     0.22
                                     0.09
                                     0.09
                                     0.09
                                      IN
                                     1.18
                                     1.17
                                     1.14
                                     0.64
                                     0.64
                                     0.62
                                     0.16
                                     0.16
                                     0.16
                                      KS
                                     3.03
                                     3.03
                                     2.92
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                      KY
                                     0.31
                                     0.31
                                     0.27
                                     0.31
                                     0.31
                                     0.18
                                     0.17
                                     0.18
                                     0.08
                                      LA
                                     0.18
                                     0.18
                                     0.18
                                     0.03
                                     0.03
                                     0.03
                                     0.03
                                     0.03
                                     0.03
                                      MA
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                      MD
                                     2.62
                                     2.62
                                     3.95
                                     1.99
                                     1.99
                                     1.99
                                     0.99
                                     0.99
                                     0.99
                                      ME
                                     1.11
                                     1.11
                                     1.11
                                     0.88
                                     0.88
                                     0.88
                                     0.81
                                     0.81
                                     0.81
                                      MI
                                     0.24
                                     0.24
                                     0.20
                                     0.41
                                     0.41
                                     0.40
                                     0.40
                                     0.40
                                     0.40
                                      MN
                                     0.61
                                     0.61
                                     0.61
                                     0.47
                                     0.47
                                     0.47
                                     0.13
                                     0.13
                                     0.13
                                      MO
                                     0.43
                                     0.43
                                     0.43
                                     0.31
                                     0.31
                                     0.43
                                     0.03
                                     0.03
                                     0.04
                                      MS
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      MT
                                     1.36
                                     1.36
                                     1.36
                                     1.15
                                     1.15
                                     1.15
                                     1.10
                                     0.69
                                     0.74
                                      NC
                                     0.65
                                     0.65
                                     0.61
                                     0.10
                                     0.10
                                     0.12
                                     0.05
                                     0.05
                                     0.05
                                      ND
                                     1.10
                                     1.09
                                     1.14
                                     0.95
                                     0.95
                                     1.02
                                     0.71
                                     0.71
                                     0.71
                                      NE
                                     1.05
                                     1.05
                                     1.01
                                     0.97
                                     0.97
                                     0.93
                                     0.17
                                     0.17
                                     0.16
                                      NH
                                     0.52
                                     0.52
                                     0.52
                                     0.52
                                     0.52
                                     0.52
                                     0.52
                                     0.52
                                     0.52
                                      NJ
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      NM
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      NV
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      NY
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                      OH
                                     0.70
                                     0.70
                                     0.65
                                     0.45
                                     0.45
                                     0.30
                                     0.07
                                     0.07
                                     0.06
                                      OK
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      OR
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      PA
                                     0.78
                                     0.78
                                     0.80
                                     0.58
                                     0.56
                                     0.60
                                     0.30
                                     0.27
                                     0.30
                                      RI
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      SC
                                     1.44
                                     1.43
                                     1.44
                                     0.55
                                     0.55
                                     0.55
                                     0.24
                                     0.24
                                     0.24
                                      SD
                                     1.33
                                     1.33
                                     1.33
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.05
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                      TL
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                      TN
                                     2.33
                                     2.32
                                     2.34
                                     0.19
                                     0.19
                                     0.13
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                      TX
                                     1.48
                                     1.47
                                     1.74
                                     0.66
                                     0.66
                                     0.67
                                     0.72
                                     0.72
                                     0.72
                                      UT
                                     0.89
                                     0.89
                                     0.89
                                     1.03
                                     1.03
                                     1.03
                                     1.03
                                     1.03
                                     1.03
                                      VA
                                     1.13
                                     1.13
                                     1.13
                                     1.13
                                     1.13
                                     1.12
                                     0.93
                                     0.93
                                     0.93
                                      VT
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      WA
                                     0.34
                                     0.34
                                     0.34
                                     0.21
                                     0.21
                                     0.21
                                     0.21
                                     0.21
                                     0.21
                                      WI
                                     2.83
                                     2.83
                                     2.94
                                     1.00
                                     0.99
                                     1.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                      WV
                                     1.15
                                     1.15
                                     1.06
                                     0.58
                                     0.57
                                     0.66
                                     0.17
                                     0.17
                                     0.16
                                      WY
                                     1.30
                                     1.30
                                     0.99
                                     0.99
                                     0.98
                                     0.53
                                     1.07
                                     1.07
                                     0.53
*TL = tribal lands
**Scaling factors of 1.00 were applied to tags that had less than 100 tpy emissions assigned in the original source apportionment modeling. Any emissions changes in that state were assigned to a nearby state. For SO2, the following emissions change assignments were applied: DC  MD, ID  MT, MS  AL, NV  UT, NM  AZ, OK  TX, OR  WA, RI  CT, VT  NY.

Table 8-5	Primary PM2.5 Scaling Factors for EGU Tags in the Baseline, the Proposed Rule, and More Stringent Alternative
                                   State Tag
                                   Baseline
                          Proposed Regulatory Option
                       More Stringent Regulatory Option

                                     2028
                                     2030
                                     2035
                                     2028
                                     2030
                                     2035
                                     2028
                                     2030
                                     2035
                                      AL
                                     1.06
                                     1.06
                                     1.05
                                     1.08
                                     1.08
                                     1.08
                                     0.80
                                     0.80
                                     0.80
                                      AR
                                     0.85
                                     0.85
                                     0.89
                                     0.73
                                     0.73
                                     0.74
                                     0.39
                                     0.39
                                     0.40
                                      AZ
                                     1.14
                                     1.14
                                     1.02
                                     1.59
                                     1.59
                                     1.59
                                     1.45
                                     1.45
                                     1.46
                                      CA
                                     0.68
                                     0.68
                                     0.68
                                     0.54
                                     0.54
                                     0.54
                                     0.40
                                     0.40
                                     0.40
                                      CO
                                     0.63
                                     0.63
                                     0.58
                                     0.34
                                     0.34
                                     0.34
                                     0.35
                                     0.35
                                     0.35
                                      CT
                                     0.59
                                     0.59
                                     0.61
                                     0.53
                                     0.53
                                     0.53
                                     0.39
                                     0.39
                                     0.39
                                      DC
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      DE
                                     1.35
                                     1.34
                                     1.35
                                     1.36
                                     1.34
                                     1.34
                                     0.96
                                     0.96
                                     0.96
                                      FL
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.91
                                     0.93
                                     0.93
                                     0.92
                                     0.89
                                     0.89
                                     0.88
                                      GA
                                     0.86
                                     0.86
                                     0.88
                                     0.91
                                     0.91
                                     0.90
                                     0.76
                                     0.76
                                     0.76
                                      IA
                                     1.45
                                     1.42
                                     1.40
                                     1.20
                                     1.17
                                     1.16
                                     0.18
                                     0.18
                                     0.18
                                      ID
                                     0.99
                                     1.05
                                     1.07
                                     1.15
                                     1.20
                                     1.23
                                     0.78
                                     0.85
                                     0.86
                                      IL
                                     0.41
                                     0.41
                                     0.41
                                     0.42
                                     0.42
                                     0.42
                                     0.25
                                     0.25
                                     0.25
                                      IN
                                     0.77
                                     0.77
                                     0.71
                                     0.61
                                     0.61
                                     0.57
                                     0.32
                                     0.32
                                     0.32
                                      KS
                                     1.06
                                     1.06
                                     0.94
                                     0.12
                                     0.12
                                     0.12
                                     0.05
                                     0.05
                                     0.05
                                      KY
                                     0.14
                                     0.14
                                     0.14
                                     0.13
                                     0.13
                                     0.12
                                     0.09
                                     0.09
                                     0.09
                                      LA
                                     0.87
                                     0.87
                                     0.87
                                     0.87
                                     0.87
                                     0.86
                                     0.68
                                     0.68
                                     0.68
                                      MA
                                     0.99
                                     0.99
                                     1.01
                                     0.99
                                     0.99
                                     0.99
                                     0.85
                                     0.85
                                     0.85
                                      MD
                                     0.67
                                     0.67
                                     0.73
                                     0.65
                                     0.65
                                     0.65
                                     0.51
                                     0.50
                                     0.50
                                      ME
                                     1.08
                                     1.08
                                     1.09
                                     1.03
                                     1.03
                                     1.03
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                      MI
                                     0.58
                                     0.58
                                     0.60
                                     0.65
                                     0.65
                                     0.66
                                     0.49
                                     0.49
                                     0.51
                                      MN
                                     1.02
                                     1.02
                                     1.02
                                     0.44
                                     0.44
                                     0.43
                                     0.26
                                     0.26
                                     0.26
                                      MO
                                     0.46
                                     0.46
                                     0.45
                                     0.29
                                     0.29
                                     0.31
                                     0.07
                                     0.07
                                     0.07
                                      MS
                                     1.11
                                     1.11
                                     1.09
                                     1.14
                                     1.14
                                     1.13
                                     0.84
                                     0.83
                                     0.83
                                      MT
                                     0.97
                                     0.74
                                     0.74
                                     0.96
                                     0.72
                                     0.72
                                     0.97
                                     0.46
                                     0.49
                                      NC
                                     0.94
                                     0.94
                                     0.89
                                     0.53
                                     0.53
                                     0.53
                                     0.53
                                     0.53
                                     0.53
                                      ND
                                     2.03
                                     2.02
                                     1.71
                                     1.51
                                     1.51
                                     1.43
                                     0.62
                                     0.62
                                     0.59
                                      NE
                                     0.39
                                     0.39
                                     0.38
                                     0.26
                                     0.26
                                     0.25
                                     0.05
                                     0.05
                                     0.05
                                      NH
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      NJ
                                     1.17
                                     1.17
                                     1.15
                                     1.20
                                     1.20
                                     1.21
                                     0.92
                                     0.92
                                     0.92
                                      NM
                                     0.46
                                     0.46
                                     0.46
                                     0.45
                                     0.46
                                     0.46
                                     0.57
                                     0.57
                                     0.57
                                      NV
                                     0.66
                                     0.67
                                     0.69
                                     0.76
                                     0.76
                                     0.78
                                     0.70
                                     0.70
                                     0.70
                                      NY
                                     1.07
                                     1.06
                                     1.08
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     0.68
                                     0.68
                                     0.68
                                      OH
                                     0.78
                                     0.79
                                     0.78
                                     0.65
                                     0.66
                                     0.63
                                     0.50
                                     0.51
                                     0.51
                                      OK
                                     0.70
                                     0.70
                                     0.67
                                     0.70
                                     0.70
                                     0.67
                                     0.12
                                     0.12
                                     0.12
                                      OR
                                     0.64
                                     0.63
                                     0.68
                                     0.32
                                     0.32
                                     0.32
                                     0.17
                                     0.18
                                     0.18
                                      PA
                                     0.98
                                     0.98
                                     0.97
                                     0.97
                                     0.97
                                     0.97
                                     0.84
                                     0.84
                                     0.84
                                      RI
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      SC
                                     0.96
                                     0.95
                                     0.96
                                     0.74
                                     0.74
                                     0.74
                                     0.68
                                     0.68
                                     0.68
                                      SD
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      TL
                                     1.31
                                     1.31
                                     1.31
                                     1.31
                                     1.31
                                     1.31
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                     0.00
                                      TN
                                     1.17
                                     1.17
                                     1.17
                                     0.50
                                     0.50
                                     0.49
                                     0.41
                                     0.41
                                     0.41
                                      TX
                                     1.29
                                     1.29
                                     1.27
                                     1.09
                                     1.09
                                     1.05
                                     0.74
                                     0.74
                                     0.69
                                      UT
                                     1.20
                                     1.20
                                     1.22
                                     1.26
                                     1.24
                                     1.26
                                     1.23
                                     1.26
                                     1.27
                                      VA
                                     0.95
                                     0.95
                                     0.95
                                     0.94
                                     0.94
                                     0.93
                                     0.69
                                     0.66
                                     0.65
                                      VT
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                     1.00
                                      WA
                                     1.39
                                     1.39
                                     1.43
                                     1.77
                                     1.75
                                     1.76
                                     1.78
                                     1.69
                                     1.68
                                      WI
                                     0.66
                                     0.66
                                     0.66
                                     0.59
                                     0.59
                                     0.58
                                     0.43
                                     0.43
                                     0.43
                                      WV
                                     1.14
                                     1.14
                                     0.95
                                     0.81
                                     0.81
                                     0.82
                                     0.08
                                     0.08
                                     0.08
                                      WY
                                     1.24
                                     1.24
                                     0.89
                                     1.41
                                     1.41
                                     0.99
                                     1.56
                                     1.55
                                     1.11
*TL = tribal lands
**Scaling factors of 1.00 were applied to tags that had less than 100 tpy emissions assigned in the original source apportionment modeling. Any emissions changes in that state were assigned to a nearby state. For primary PM2.5, the following emissions change assignments were applied: DC  MD, NH  ME, RI  CT, SD  ND, VT  NY.
Air Quality Surface Results
The spatial fields of baseline AS-MO3 and Annual Average PM2.5 in 2028, 2030 and 2035 are presented in Figure 8-6 through Figure 8-11. It is important to recognize that ozone is a secondary pollutant, meaning that it is formed through chemical reactions of precursor emissions in the atmosphere. As a result of the time necessary for precursors to mix in the atmosphere and for these reactions to occur, ozone can either be highest at the location of the precursor emissions or peak at some distance downwind of those emissions sources. The spatial gradients of ozone depend on a multitude of factors including the spatial patterns of NOX and VOC emissions and the meteorological conditions on a particular day. Thus, on any individual day, high ozone concentrations may be found in narrow plumes downwind of specific point sources, may appear as urban outflow with large concentrations downwind of urban source locations or may have a more regional signal. However, in general, because the AS-MO3 metric is based on the average of concentrations over more than 180 days in the spring and summer, the resulting spatial fields are rather smooth without sharp gradients, compared to what might be expected when looking at the spatial patterns of MDA8 ozone concentrations on specific high ozone episode days. PM2.5 is made up of both primary and secondary components. Secondary PM2.5 species sulfate and nitrate often demonstrate regional signals without large local gradients while primary PM2.5 components often have heterogenous spatial patterns with larger gradients near emissions sources.
Figure 8-6 through Figure 8-11 also present the model-predicted air quality changes between the baseline and the two regulatory options in 2028, 2030 and 2035 for AS-MO3 and PM2.5. Air quality changes in these figures are calculated as the regulatory option minus the baseline. The spatial patterns shown in the figures are a result of (1) the spatial distribution of EGU sources that are predicted to have changes in emissions and (2) the physical or chemical processing that the model simulates in the atmosphere. The spatial fields used to create these maps serve as an input to the benefits analysis and the EJ analysis.
While total U.S. NOX emissions are predicted to decrease in both the proposed policy scenario and the more stringent policy scenario for all years when compared to the baseline, predicted NOX emissions changes are heterogeneous across the country with increases predicted in some states. Figure 8-6 and Figure 8-7 show that the two policy options are predicted to predominantly result in ozone decreases in 2028 and 2030 with the largest predicted ozone decreases in the proposed policy option occuring due to decreased NOX emissions in West Virginia and the largest predicted ozone decreases in the more stringent policy option occuring due to decreased NOX emissions across multiple states in the Northern Plains and Midwest regions. Figure 8-8 shows that for 2035, increased NOX emissions that are predicted in both policy options in Nevada and Utah would result in ozone increases in those states while decreases in predicted NOX emissions would result in ozone decreases in other parts of the country. For the proposed policy option, the 2035 NOX emissions decreases and resulting ozone decreases are largest in Mississippi and Montana, while for the more stringent policy option, the 2035 NOX emissions decreases and resulting ozone decreases are predicted to occur over a large number of states in the Northern Plains and the Eastern U.S.
Both secondary and primary PM2.5 contribute to the spatial patterns shown in Figure 8-9 through Figure 8-11. For the proposed policy option, the predicted PM2.5 decreases evident in the Northwestern U.S. and Northern Plains regions are predominantly driven by predicted primary PM2.5 emissions reductions in 2028 and 2030 and by a mix of predicted primary PM2.5 and SO2 emissions reductions in 2035. For the proposed policy option, SO2 emissions reductions play an important role in the predicted ambient PM2.5 reductions in the Ohio Valley and Mid-Atlantic regions. For the more stringent policy option, the PM2.5 -  decreases evident in Montana and North Dakota are primarily driven by predicted changes in primary PM2.5 emissions. PM2.5 -  decreases evident from the more stringent policy option in Wyoming are driven by a mix of primary PM2.5 and SO2 emissions decreases and the PM2.5 changes in other areas of the country are primary driven by predicted changes in SO2 emissions. In 2028 and 2030, SO - 2 emissions are predicted to decrease when totaled across the U.S. but are predicted to increase in some locations and decrease in others, leading to predictions of heterogeneous ambient PM2.5 changes. Specifically, predicted increases in SO2 emissions in Texas and Georgia lead to predicted local PM2.5 increases in 2028 and predicted increases in SO2 emissions in Missouri lead to predicted local PM2.5 increases in 2030. Predicted 2028 SO2 decreases greater than 1,000 tpy in Florida, Indiana, Michigan, Nebraska, Ohio, West Virginia, and Wyoming lead to predicted PM2.5 decreases in those locations. Predicted 2030 SO2 decreases greater than 1,000 tpy in Florida, Kentucky, Nebraska, Ohio, and Wyoming lead to predicted PM2.5 decreases in those locations. Predicted 2035 SO2 decreases greater than 1,000 tpy in Kentucky, Montana, and Wyoming lead to predicted PM2.5 decreases in those locations.

Figure 8-6	Maps of ASM-O3 in 2028. Baseline ozone concentrations (ppb) shown in left panel. Change in ozone in proposed policy option compared to baseline values (ppb) shown in center panel. Change in ozone in more stringent policy option compared to baseline values (ppb) shown in right panel.

Figure 8-7	Maps of ASM-O3 in 2030. Baseline ozone concentrations (ppb) shown in left panel. Change in ozone in proposed policy option compared to baseline values (ppb) shown in center panel. Change in ozone in more stringent policy option compared to baseline values (ppb) shown in right panel.

Figure 8-8	Maps of ASM-O3 in 2035. Baseline ozone concentrations (ppb) shown in left panel. Change in ozone in proposed policy option compared to baseline values (ppb) shown in center panel. Change in ozone in more stringent policy option compared to baseline values (ppb) shown in right panel.

Figure 8-9	Maps of PM2.5 in 2028. Baseline PM2.5 concentrations (ug/m[3]) shown in left panel. Change in PM2.5 in proposed policy option compared to baseline values (ug/m[3]) shown in center panel. Change in PM2.5 in more stringent policy option compared to baseline values (ug/m[3]) shown in right panel.

Figure 8-10	Maps of PM2.5 in 2030. Baseline PM2.5 concentrations (ug/m[3]) shown in left panel. Change in PM2.5 in proposed policy option compared to baseline values (ug/m[3]) shown in center panel. Change in PM2.5 in more stringent policy option compared to baseline values (ug/m[3]) shown in right panel.

Figure 8-11	Maps of PM2.5 in 2035. Baseline PM2.5 concentrations (ug/m[3]) shown in left panel. Change in PM2.5 in proposed policy option compared to baseline values (ug/m[3]) shown in center panel. Change in PM2.5 in more stringent policy option compared to baseline values (ug/m[3]) shown in right panel.
Uncertainties and Limitations of the Air Quality Methodology
One limitation of the scaling methodology for creating ozone and PM2.5 surfaces associated with the baseline or regulatory control alternatives described above is that the methodology treats air quality changes from the tagged sources as linear and additive. It therefore does not account for nonlinear atmospheric chemistry and does not account for interactions between emissions of different pollutants and between emissions from different tagged sources. The method applied in this analysis is consistent with how air quality estimations have been made in several prior regulatory analyses (U.S. EPA, 2012, 2019, 2020a). We note that air quality is calculated in the same manner for the baseline and for the regulatory control alternatives, so any uncertainties associated with these assumptions is propagated through results for both the baseline and the regulatory control alternatives in the same manner. In addition, emissions changes between baseline and regulatory control alternatives are relatively small compared to modeled 2026 emissions that form the basis of the source apportionment approach described in this appendix. Previous studies have shown that air pollutant concentrations generally respond linearly to small emissions changes of up to 30 percent Cohan (Cohan et al., 2005; Cohan and Napelenok, 2011; Dunker et al., 2002; Koo et al., 2007; Napelenok et al., 2006; Zavala et al., 2009). A second limitation is that the source apportionment contributions are informed by the spatial and temporal distribution of the emissions from each source tag as they occur in the 2026 modeled case. Thus, the contribution modeling results do not allow us to consider the effects of any changes to spatial distribution of EGU emissions within a state between the 2026 modeled case and the baseline and regulatory control alternatives analyzed in this RIA. Finally, the 2026 CAMx-modeled concentrations themselves have some uncertainty. While all models have some level of inherent uncertainty in their formulation and inputs, the base-year 2016 model outputs have been evaluated against ambient measurements and have been shown to adequately reproduce spatially and temporally varying concentrations (U.S. EPA, 2022a).
References
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Cohan, D. S., & Napelenok, S. L. (2011). Air Quality Response Modeling for Decision Support. Atmosphere, 2(3), 407-425. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/2/3/407
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Napelenok, S. L., Cohan, D. S., Hu, Y., & Russell, A. G. (2006). Decoupled direct 3D sensitivity analysis for particulate matter (DDM-3D/PM). Atmospheric Environment, 40(32), 6112-6121. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.05.039
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United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Health and Environmental Impacts Division
Research Triangle Park, NC
Publication No. EPA-452/R-23-002
April 2023