This survey provides basic economic information about the financial performance of boats in the commercial reef fish fishery in the Florida Keys. Respondents were characterized with regard to their dependence on the commercial reef fish fishery as a source of household income. Boats were described in terms of their physical and financial characteristics. Some boats fished in one kind of activity year round whereas others rotated among several kinds of fishing trips according to seasonal availability of fish, seasonal variation in prices, fishery regulations and so forth. An important objective of the survey was to estimate average net operating revenues per boat per trip and per boat per year that were earned on the most important kinds of fishing trips taken by reef fish boats. Yellowtail snapper was the most commonly sought species by commercial reef fish boats in the Florida Keys. Spiny lobster was the second most frequently cited species as being most important in terms of annual revenues, and generated the highest net returns among the activities examined in this study. Black grouper and mutton snapper were commonly mentioned as the second, third, fourth or lower ranked species in terms of the generation of annual revenues, principally in the Upper and Lower Keys. Fishing for greater amberjack was the highest volume activity examined in this study. Overall financial performance was measured as the boat's gross revenues and net income before taxes for all fishing activities combined. Net incomes per boat averaged $ 11,129 based on revenues of $ 49,581 in the Upper Keys, $ 3,301 based on revenues of $ 13,714 in the Middle Keys, and $ 6,653 based on revenues of $ 28,027 in the Lower Keys. The estimated total revenues for the sampled population of reef fish boats in the Keys were $ 18.4 million, with aggregate net incomes of $ 4.3 million.

Waters, James R., Raymond J. Rhodes, Wayne Waltz, and Robert Wiggers ( 1997).  An Economic Survey of Commercial Reef Fish Boats Along the U. S. South Atlantic Coast.  U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 101 7 2 0 Piver's Island Road, Beaufort, NC 28516 and South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Marine Resources Division, Office of Fisheries Management, P. O. Box 12559, Charleston, SC, November, 117 pp.

This study summarizes the results of a survey designed to provide economic information about the financial status of commercial snapper grouper boats with home ports between Dare County, North Carolina and Dade County, Florida. A survey questionnaire was administered in the summer and fall of 1994 by interviewers in face to face meetings with owners or operators of randomly selected boats. Fishermen were asked for background information about themselves and their boats, their capital investments in boat and equipment, and about their average catches, revenues and costs per trip for their two most important kinds of fishing trips for species in the snapper grouper complex during 1993. Respondents were characterized with regard to their dependence on the commercial snapper grouper fishery as a source of household income. Boats were described in terms of their physical and financial characteristics. The different kinds of fishing trips were identified by the species that generated the greatest revenue and grouped into six general categories: trips for temperate, mid shelf species; trips for tropical snappers; trips for deep water groupers and tilefish; trips with pots for black sea bass; trips for greater amberjack; and trips for king mackerel. Average catches, revenues, routine trip costs and net operating revenues per boat per trip and per boat per year were estimated for each category of fishing trips. This survey constitutes the first, comprehensive source of baseline information about the financial status of snapper grouper boats along the Atlantic seaboard. In addition to its descriptive value, data collected during this study will aid in future examinations of the economic effects of various regulations on commercial snapper grouper fishermen.

Watson, John W. ( 1983). " FY 1982 Project Report, Sea Turtle Excluder Trawl." Draft report, Division of Harvesting Systems and Surveys, Mississippi Laboratories, Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service.

The turtle excluder trawl project goal for FY 1982 was to encourage and accelerate voluntary use of the TED technology in the southeastern shrimp fishery by documenting and demonstrating potential benefits to the shrimping industry. Potential benefits of TED technology include reduction of unwanted and troublesome bycatch organisms including finfish, decreases in trawl drag due to improved water flow resulting in fuel savings, and increases in shrimp catch rates and quality of shrimp catch.

Watson, John W. ( 1983). " FY 1983 Project Report, Sea Turtle Excluder Trawl." Draft report, Division of Harvesting Systems and Surveys, Mississippi Laboratories, Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service.

Research was completed on the energy aspects of the TED and a model study and field testing aboard a chartered shrimp vessel completed in November, 1982. Lighter designs for TEDs were researched. Modifications to the TED resulted in finfish separation rates of as much as 53% during the day but only 10% or less at night.

Watson, John W. ( 1981). " Sea Turtle Excluder Trawl Project." Milestone Report, Division of Harvesting Systems and Surveys, Mississippi Laboratories, Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service. 7 2 1 This report presents the progress and status of the sea turtle excluder trawl development projects and describes the research objectives planned for FY81. Data are presented on comparative catch rates between two turtle excluder designs and standard shrimp trawls. Data are also presented on the effect of reduced tow time and resuscitation of comatose turtles on sea turtle mortality in shrimp trawls.

Watson, John W. ( 1984). " Sea Turtle Excluder Trawl, FY 1984 Project Report." Draft report, Division of Harvesting Systems and Surveys, Mississippi Laboratories, Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service.

The TED project goal for FY 1984 was to encourage and accelerate voluntary use of the TED technology in the southeastern shrimp fishery by improving the handling and operational characteristics of the TED and improve and demonstrate the finfish reduction potential of the TED during both nocturnal and diurnal periods.

Watson, John W., John F. Mitchell, and Arvind K. Shah ( 1985). " Trawling Efficiency Device: A New Concept for Selective Shrimp Trawling Gear." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Mississippi Laboratories, Pascagoula, MS.

The Trawl Efficiency Device ( TED) is inserted between the body and cod end of a shrimp trawl. A steel grid and trap door ejects unwanted shrimp bycatch such as turtles, sharks, rays, jellyfish, crabs, sponge, etc. The TED also can be used to reduce finfish bycatch by employing a finfish deflector grid, leading panels, and exit openings. The device eliminates finfish by taking advantage of the difference in swimming ability and behavior between finfish and shrimp. Shrimp are carried into the cod end by accelerating water flow through the device with a webbing funnel. Finfish are stimulated into an escape reaction by a finfish deflector grid and are guided to exit openings by leading panels. Finfish separation rates averaging 78 percent and 53 percent were achieved during day trawling and night trawling, respectively, with no significant difference in shrimp catch rates. Finfish separation rates varied by species and total separation varied as a function of catch composition. The TED is being introduced into the shrimp fishery in the southeastern United States to reduce incidental turtle captures, conserve finfish resources discarded by the shrimp fleet, and increase trawling efficiency.

Watson, John W., John F. Mitchell, and Arvind K. Shah ( 1986). " Trawling Efficiency Device: A New Concept for Selective Shrimp Trawling Gear." Marine Fisheries Review, 48( 1): 1 9.

The Trawling Efficiency Device ( TED) is inserted between the body and cod end of a shrimp trawl. A steel grid and trap door ejects unwanted shrimp bycatch such as turtles, sharks, rays, jellyfish, crabs, sponge, etc. The TED also can be used to reduce finfish bycatch by employing a finfish deflector grid, leading panels, and exit openings. The device eliminates finfish by taking advantage of the difference in swimming ability and behavior between finfish and shrimp. Shrimp are carried into the cod end by accelerating water flow through the device with a webbing funnel. Finfish are stimulated into an escape reaction by a finfish deflector grid and are guided to exit openings by leading panels. Finfish separation rates averaging 78 percent and 53 percent were achieved during day trawling and night trawling, respectively, with no significant difference in shrimp catch rates. Finfish separation rates varied by species and total separation varied as a function of catch composition. The TED is being introduced into the shrimp fishery in the southeastern United States to reduce incidental turtle captures, conserve finfish resources 7 2 2 discarded by the shrimp fleet, and increase trawling efficiency.

Watson, John W., Ian Workman, Dan Foster, Charles Taylor, Arvind K. Shah, James Barbour, and Dominy Hataway ( 1993). " Status Report on the Potential of Gear Modifications to Reduce Finfish Bycatch in Shrimp Trawls in the Southeastern United States, 1990 1992." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFSC 327, March, 131 pp.

This status report presents data from scuba diver evaluations and bycatch reduction/ shrimp retention test results for prototype bycatch reduction device ( BRD) designs. Fish bycatch and shrimp retention data are presented for 30 prototype BRD designs. Of these, 12 have demonstrated overall fish bycatch reduction rates between 43% and 67% and 7 had shrimp retention rates between 90% and 100%. Prototype designs that show the best potential for achieving a 50% reduction in total fish bycatch with better than 90% shrimp retention are the large mesh funnel design, the extended funnel design, the HSB design, and the fisheye design.

Watts, Noel H. and Gilmore J. Pellegrin, Jr. ( 1982). " Comparison of Shrimp and Finfish Catch Rates and Ratios for Texas and Louisiana." Marine Fisheries Review, 44( 9 10): 44 49.

A comparison was made between 1980 and 1981 commercial fishing to judge effects of the Texas closure on shrimp and finfish catches off Texas and Louisiana. Historical data ( 1973 78) for the two areas was used as baseline, and comparisons were made of finfish/ shrimp catch ratios and species composition. Mean shrimp catch rates ( heads on) standardized to 100 foot trawls for Texas and Louisiana in 1980 were 42.56 pounds/ hour and 42.53 pounds/ hour, respectively, and in 1981 were 89.03 pounds/ hour and 62.20 pounds/ hour. Mean finfish catch rates for Texas and Louisiana in 1980 were 333.90 pounds/ hour and 242.84 pounds/ hour, respectively, and in 1981 were 156.19 pounds/ hour and 408.88 pounds/ hour. Average finfish/ shrimp ratios for Texas were 12.94 in 1980 and 2.55 in 1981. For Louisiana, the average finfish/ shrimp ratios were 22.15 in 1980 and 37.23 in 1981. Differences between 1980 and 1981 shrimp catch rates off Texas and Louisiana, and between Texas and Louisiana in 1981, were significant at the 95 percent confidence level. Finfish catch rates off both states were significantly influenced by depth, with no significant differences found between years for either state when the effect of depth was removed. Species composition of the bycatch was removed. Species composition of the bycatch in waters 10 fathoms or less was relatively consistent regardless of state or year. The composition of bycatch from deeper waters was much more variable and significantly different from catches made in the shallower waters. Overall, the analyses supported a hypothesis of increased shrimp catch rates due to the Texas closure. Finfish catch rates and compositions, however, were not shown to change as a result of the closure. This latter conclusion assumes the distribution of fishing effort by depth zone was unaffected by the closure.

Webb, Michael G. and Martin J. Ricketts ( 1980). The Economics of Energy. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

The objective of this book is to provide an integrated and reasonably comprehensive introduction to the economics of energy. The analytical framework of the book is that of Paretian welfare economics. An extensive reference section is included in the book.

Weber, Karen L. ( 1994). " Analysis of Decisionmaking Processes in the Ivoirian Maritime Fisheries Sector." C. M. 1994/ T: 24, Theme Session 7 2 3 on Improving the Link Between Fisheries Science and Management: Biological, Social, and Economic Considerations, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 82nd Statutory Meeting, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, September, 4 pp.

This paper addresses the interface of the artisanal fishing community, the industrial fishermen, and the government in the decision making processes that so intricately operate in the Ivoirian maritime fisheries sector.

Weber, Michael ( 1989). " Presentation to the National Academy of Sciences' Committee on Sea Turtle Conservation." Center for Marine Conservation, Jekyll Island, Georgia, June 28, 14 pp.

A presentation to the National Academy of Science concerning sea turtle conservation efforts by the Center for Marine Conservation and the National Academy of Science's study of marine turtle mortality in shrimp otter trawls.

Weber, Michael ( 1997). " Effects of Japanese Government Subsidies of Distant Water Tuna Fleets: A Case Study." World Wildlife Fund, 1250 Twenty Fourth Street, NW, Washington, D. C., January, 18 pp.

This paper describes subsidy programs of Japan that have built and maintained the distant water tuna fleet. The paper then outlines the principal features of access agreements in the South Pacific region, focusing upon access agreements between Japan and the Solomon Islands. A general description of Japanese development assistance to Pacific Island countries leads to a specific description of some aid projects with the Solomon Islands specifically. Economic returns on the subsidies provided by the government of Japan are analyzed, and the role of Japanese trading companies in the expansion of tuna fishing in the South Pacific is described. The paper ends with a discussion of likely future developments in tuna fishing in the South Pacific region.

Weber, Michael ( 1997). " Effects of Japanese Government Subsidies of Distant Water Tuna Fleets." In World Wildlife Fund  s Subsidies and Depletion of World Fisheries, WWF  s Endangered Seas Campaign, 1250 Twenty Fourth St., NW, Washington, D. C., 136 pp.

This paper describes subsidy programs of Japan that have built and maintained the distant water tuna fleet. The paper then outlines the principal features of access agreements in the South Pacific region, focusing upon access agreements between Japan and the Solomon Islands. A general description of Japanese development assistance to Pacific Island countries leads to a specific description of some aid projects with the Solomon Islands specifically. Economic returns on the subsidies provided by the government of Japan are analyzed, and the role of Japanese trading companies in the expansion of tuna fishing in the South Pacific is described. The paper ends with a discussion of likely future developments in tuna fishing in the South Pacific region.

Weber, Michael, Deborah Crouse, Robert Irvin, and Suzanne Ludicello ( 1995). " Delay and Denial: A Political History of Sea Turtles and Shrimp Fishing." Center for Marine Conservation.

A management history of the turtle excluder device ( TED) fishery management regulation. While accurately portraying events, causation is often confused and misguided. For example, the authors attempt to argue that fishery managers used short run economic criteria to justify not protecting 7 2 4 sea turtle stocks which is in fact a ludicrous argument.

Weil, Ernesto M. and Roger G. Laughlin ( 1984).  Biology, Population Dynamics, and Reproduction of the Queen Conch Strombus Gigas Linne  in the Archipelago De Los Roques National Park.  Journal of Shellfish Research, 4( 1): 45 62.

Data relating to the distribution, population dynamics, and reproduction of the queen conch Strombus gigas Linne  at the Archipielago Los Roques National Park, Venezuela are presented.

Weisbrod, Burton A. ( 1968). " Income Redistribution Effects and Benefit Cost Analysis." In S. C. ( ed.) Problems in Public Expenditure Analysis, The Brookings Institution, Washington, D. C.

This paper considers the conceptual case for integrating income distributional effects and allocative efficiency effects in the evaluation of public expenditure projects.

Weintraub, E. Roy ( 1982). Mathematics for Economists. Cambridge University Press, New York.

This book is written out of the belief that a student's intuition should be involved in the study of mathematical techniques in economics. The book is designed to develop an understanding of the optimization problem and concludes with chapters on classical programming and linear and nonlinear programming.

Weisberg, Herbert F. ( 1978). " Evaluating Theories of Congressional Roll Call Voting." American Journal of Political Science, 22( 3): 554 577.

Criteria are developed to evaluate recent theories of roll call voting in the House of Representatives. Since tests of these very different theories find high levels of predictive success, we must decide how to choose among them. Baseline models are developed to show the extent to which the votes could be predicted with minimal information. The 80 90 percent of the individual votes correctly predicted by the theories is found to be little improvement over the baseline models predicting voting along with the House or party majority. Since the statistical criterion is found to be indeterminate, the importance of verisimilitude to the process being studied is stressed. Simulation studies have done a good job of portraying the process aspects, and they could be usefully combined with statistical studies of long term forces and interviewing studies of short term forces affecting the voting. Theory development in the field should move to a more longitudinal perspective, as well as combining the long term and short term elements into a single overarching theory.

Weiskel, T. C. ( 1991). " Muddles in the Models: Ecosystemic Process, Cultural Understandings and the Limits of Human Metaphor in Devising Public Policy for Global Environmental Change." Presented at the GSA Meetings, San Diego, California, October.

Scientific understanding of the earth's ecosystem has developed through a series of successive metaphors or models, each of which has proved to be more inclusive than its predecessors in explaining natural phenomena. While these metaphors or models help to extend our ecological understanding, it is important to realize that a substantially different set of metaphors inform the cultural beliefs and guide the collective behavior of human communities. In short, the gap between what people know and how they act can be quite 7 2 5 pronounced, and it can vary considerably from culture to culture depending upon the institutional matrix and the vision of public leadership in any given society. The time lag involved in the cultural appropriation of new scientific knowledge becomes a critical issue in trying to devise appropriate public policy for the global environment. Human communities perceive problems and devise public policies largely on the basis of metaphors derived from their historical experience. When confronted with new circumstances, the culturally dominant metaphors available to guide and motivate action may prove to be inappropriate or dysfunctional, engendering collective behavior that hastens ecosystemic collapse rather than that which might preserve system wide integrity and continuity. This paper examines some of the disparities between emerging scientific models and the dominant cultural metaphors which continue to condition the development of public policy on environmental issues.

Weitzman, Martin L. ( 1974). " Free Access vs. Private Ownership as Alternative Systems for Managing Common Property." Journal of Economic Theory, 8: 225 234.

This paper develops a formal model to characterize and compare the alternative static allocations of resources that occur under conditions of free access and of private property ownership. There turns out to be a definite limitation on the amount of inefficiency that can be introduced into a competitive situation when property is freely accessible. That bound has an interesting welfare interpretation. The variable factor will always be better off with ( inefficient) free access rights to the fixed factor than under ( efficient) private ownership of property.

Weitzman, Martin L. ( 1974). " Prices vs. Quantities." Review of Economic Studies, 41( 128): 477 491.

For one particular economic variable that needs to be regulated, what is the best way to implement control for the benefit of the organization as a whole? Is it better to directly administer the activity under scrutiny ( quantities) or to fix transfer prices and rely on self interested profit or utility maximization to achieve the same ends in decentralized fashion.

Wellman, Katharine F. ( 1990). " Chicken of the Sea?: The U. S. Consumer Retail Demand for Fish Products." Ph. D. Dissertation, Department of Economics, University of Washington.

The principle objectives of this study are ( 1) to address the limitations of past U. S. fish demand research at the retail level through the development of a variation of the almost ideal demand system model of disaggregate fish products; ( 2) to address relevant model specification and estimation issues including the choice of an appropriate functional form, the incorporation of non economic variables and household quality choice, and the determination of an estimation procedure for a system of demand equations given a sample with censored dependent variables; and ( 3) to address the importance of this economic analysis in the context of fisheries management and market development and promotion.

Weninger, Quinn R.( 1998).  Assessing Efficiency Gains from Individual Transferable Quotas: An Application to the Mid Atlantic Surf Clam and Ocean Quahog Fishery.  American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 80( 4): 750 764.

Delayed fishing fleet restructuring complicates the assessment of efficiency gains from individual transferable quota ( ITQ) fisheries management 7 2 6 programs. This article presents a methodology to estimate harvest sector efficiency gains in lieu of incomplete fleet restructuring. The methodology is applied to assess the efficiency gains in the Mid Atlantic surf clam and ocean quahog fishery ITQ program. While roughly 128 vessels harvested clams under the previous management regime, the analysis suggests that 21 25 vessels will remain under ITQs. The efficiency gains are estimated to be between $ 11.1 million and $ 12.8 million annually ( 1990 dollars).

Weninger, Quinn R. and Richard E. Just ( 1997).  An Analysis of Transition From Limited Entry to Transferable Quota: Non Marshallian Principles for Fisheries Management.  Natural Resource Modeling, 10( 1): 53 83.

Static analysis shows that individual transferable quotas ( ITQs) can dramatically increase economic efficiency comparable to a limited entry ( LE) management by releasing excess capital. However, the transition from LE to ITQ management presents further efficiency questions. This paper shows that the rate of retirement of excess capital is determined by the opportunity cost of holding ITQ harvest rights on cost inefficient vessels. While restructuring is immediate with perfect foresight delayed exit occurs with uncertainty and low opportunity costs of holding ITQ. Nearly cost efficient fishers anticipate increasing their payoff by waiting for higher ITQ prices, e. g., game theoretic principles rather than static Marshallian principles apply. The results raise policy questions about allocating ITQ to incumbent fishers at no charge. The Mid Atlantic surf clam and ocean quahog fishery which switch from LE to ITQ management in 1990 is analyzed as a case study. Results show that a large surplus was possible but unattained under LE management but also that adjustment has been slow and costly, consistent with the results of this paper.

Wesney, David ( 1989). " Applied Fisheries Management Plans: Individual Transferable Quotas and Input Controls." In Neher, Philip A., Ragnar Arnason, and Nina Mollett ( eds.). Rights Based Fishing, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston.

This paper examines two different management systems which have been applied in recent years to two of Australia's major fisheries, the southern bluefin tuna ( SBT) fishery and the northern prawn fishery ( NPF). These Australian fisheries have been closely managed from the onset of commercial exploitation and have produced good results from both biological and economic perspectives.

Wespestad, Vidar G. and Joseph M. Terry ( 1984). " Biological and Economic Yields for Eastern Bering Sea Walleye Pollock under Differing Fishing Regimes." North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 4: 204 215.

A bioeconomic simulation was conducted to evaluate the alternative management strategies. The simulation model was an age structured population model to which economic functions were added. Four alternative fishing regimes were evaluated in the analysis: the current fishery, a fishery directed toward small fillet pollock, a fishery directed toward large fillet pollock, and a fishery directed primarily toward small pollock for fish paste ( surimi). Each fishing regime was simulated over a 20 year period. To account for stochastic variation in the recruitment function, each fishing regime was repeated five times.

Wessells, Cathy R ( 1998).  Barriers to International Trade in Fisheries.  Discussion paper prepared for the FAO E Mail Conference on Fisheries Trade and Food Security, Department of Environmental and Natural 7 2 7 Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, May, 10 pp.

This paper presents a brief background on the Hazard Analysis of Critical Control Points ( HACCP) Programmes, which have been adopted by many developed nations to ensure a safe seafood supply, and on the recent trend toward use of eco labels to indicate which fisheries products have environmentally desirable properties. The final section focuses on the potential of each of these programmes to create either inadvertent or blatant seafood trade barriers, and compare and contrast the effects of the programmes of developed versus developing nations.

Wessells, Cathy Roheim and James L. Anderson ( 1991). " Innovations and Progress in Seafood Demand and Market Analysis." Draft report, Department of Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, May, pp. 21.

This paper reviews several economic studies that present a spectrum of interesting and creative approaches to analyzing the demand for and markets of fish and seafood. We do so in an effort to illustrate the potential of this area of research in the decisions that promote efficient use of the worlds' fisheries resources. Each approach has its merits and limitations, depending on the issue at hand, quality of the data and skills of the researcher. The approaches are delineated by categorizing them either as demand analysis studies following more traditional commodity analysis methods, or as market research studies, following approaches used by the business marketing profession.

Wessells, Cathy R., Holger Donath, and Robert J. Johnston ( 1999).  U. S. Consumer Preferences for Ecolabeled Seafood, Results of a Consumer Study.  Sea Grant No. NA86RG0076, University of Rhode Island, Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, Kingston, RI, September, 68 pp.

The potential acceptance of consumers for a seafood products ecolabeling program was evaluated. A telephone survey of 1,640 seafood consumers across the contiguous U. S. was administered between September and October 1998. A contingent choice survey was used to elicit choice of ecolabeled versus nonecolabeled seafood products. The results of the survey indicate that with sufficient market research and consumer education, certifying and ecolabeling some seafood products may be a feasible long run approach to promoting sustainable fisheries.

Wessells, Cathy Roheim, Christopher J. Miller, and Priscilla M. Brooks ( 1995).  Toxic Algae Contamination and Demand for Shellfish: A Case Study of Demand for Mussels in Montreal.  Marine Resource Economics, 10( 2): 143 159.

Toxic algae blooms are a worldwide phenomena, which appear to be increasing in frequency and severity. These natural events cause product contaminations that often have significant economic consequences, including supply interruptions due to closed fishing grounds, losses from human illness, and losses due to a decline in demand for the affected products. This paper evaluates the impacts of a toxic algae bloom contamination event on demand for unaffected shellfish. As an empirical example of the economic losses the shellfish industry experiences for these events, demand for mussels in Montreal is estimated using firm level data and proxies for consumer information, during and after domoic acid contamination of Prince Edward Island mussels. Sales losses due to decreased demand are calculated. 7 2 8 Implications of this issue for seafood safety and management policies are discussed.

Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council ( 1998).  Amendment 5, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Mau Zone Limited Access System, Fishery Management Plan for the Bottomfish and Seamount Groundfish Fisheries of the Western Pacific Region.  Western Pacific Regional Fishery Management Council, 1164 Bishop Street, Suite 1400, Honolulu, Hawaii, August, 75 pp.

Yhis amendment will establish limited access system for the Mau Zone.

Weymark, John A. ( 1980). " Duality Results in Demand Theory." European Economic Review, 14: 377 395.

Four results in demand theory are considered: the Ville Roy Identity, the Hotelling Wold Identity, the Shephard Lemma, and the Shephard Hanoch Lemma. It is shown how all four theorems can be stated using the same functional form and can be illustrated using the same graphical technique. Consideration is also given to the nature of the compensations employed in movements along compensated and inverse compensated demand functions.

White, David R. M. ( 1990). " Sea Turtles and Resistance to TEDs Among Shrimp Fishermen of the U. S. Gulf Coast." Report, Environmental Affairs Division, Southern California Edison Company.

The National Marine Fisheries Service has issued regulations requiring southeast Atlantic and Gulf Coast shrimp fishermen to use Turtle Excluder Devices ( TEDs) on their nets. Significant opposition has developed among Gulf Coast shrimpers. Ethnographic data, including observations of turtle capture and mortality, suggest reasons for resistance to the regulations.

Whitehead, John C. ( 1992).  Ex Ante Willingness to Pay with Supply and Demand Uncertainty: Implications for Valuing a Sea Turtle Protection Programme.  Applied Economics, 24: 981 988.

It is argued that ex ante willingness to pay is appropriately measured as a function of subjective supply and demand probabilities. An exploratory case study of a loggerhead sea turtle protection programme is used to show how estimates of these probabilities can be obtained from a sample survey and how a change in probabilities determines contingent choice. Empirical results confirm that subjective probabilities are important when explaining ex ante willingness to pay. Attempts to estimate the determinants of ex ante willingness to pay without controlling for subjective probabilities will result in specification bias. It is important that subjective probability information is gleaned from contingent valuation survey respondents and included in empirical models of contingent choice.

Whitmarsh, David J. and James A. Young ( 1985). " Management of the UK Mackerel Fisheries, An Economic Perspective." Marine Policy, July: 220 236.

The mackerel fisheries in the Northeast Atlantic have undergone radical development in recent years. The largest EEC participant, the UK, has introduced a number of control measures designed to regulate these fisheries. The article highlights the practical difficulties of fisheries management, drawing attention particularly to the objectives pursued, how closely they have been attained and the adverse effects of regulation. In the final section the proposition is made that economically oriented techniques offer a 7 2 9 new direction that management can take in the future.

Whittle, Peter ( 1982). Optimization Over Time, Volumes I and II. John Wiley and Sons, New York.

An introduction to optimization over time ( dynamic programming or stochastic control) that gives a unified account of the method of dynamic programming as an analytic tool for the solution of temporal optimization problems, considers applications of this and related methods to major areas such as control and inference, and investigates a number of interesting cases in detail.

Whittlesey, Norman K. and Philip R. Wandschneider ( 1992). " Salmon Recovery: As Viewed by Two Economists." Choices, Second Quarter: 3 5.

The value society places on salmon has changed over time. Values of salmon were quite low relative to other uses during the period of irrigation, hydropower, and navigation development. This short sighted view of resource values leaves a dwindling number of salmon and a legacy of property rights which are difficult to change even though they may be viewed as inappropriate for the future. Recently, the Endangered Species Act ( ESA) has been involved to halt the population decline. However, the ESA is a narrow and inflexible tool to apply to complicated biological and environmental problems.

Wieland, Robert ( 1992). " Why People Catch Too Many Fish: A Discussion of Fishing and Economic Incentives." Draft report for The Center for Marine Conservation, January.

The report explains the causes of overfishing and lays out some management alternatives for commercial and recreational fishermen, policy makers, and environmentalists; needs work.

Wieland, Robert ( 1992). Why People Catch Too Many Fish: A Discussion of Fishing and Economic Incentives. The Center for Marine Conservation, Washington, D. C.

The book explains the causes of overfishing and lays out some management alternatives for commercial and recreational fishermen, policy makers, and environmentalists. The text contains an error in its discussion of sole owner fishery models and does not seem to understand individual transferable quota management measures very well or the implications for effort limitation programs, total quotas, or seasonal closures when the common property externality exists in the fishery.

Weise, Craig ( 1990).  Borrowing, A Guide for Alaska Commercial Fishermen.  Marine Advisory Bulletin No. 30, Alaska Sea Grant College Program, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 138 Irving II, Fairbanks, Alaska.

A guide for borrowing money for use in financing a commercial fishing venture in Alaska. A list of lenders and guidance in filing out loan application forms is provided along with loan payment tables. Information on how to conduct a break even analysis and an example of how to conduct one is presented.

Wigley, Roland L. ( 1973). " Fishery for Northern Shrimp, Pandalus borealis, in the Gulf of Maine." Marine Fisheries Review, 35( 3 4): 9 15. 7 3 0 A fishery for northern shrimp in the Gulf of Maine has grown rapidly during the last decade to become one of the most valuable fisheries in New England. American landings of this shrimp in the period 1962 to 1972 increased from 388,000 pounds to 24,295,000 pounds; correspondingly, value increased from $ 57,000 to $ 4,577,000. Trends in the total catch of northern shrimp in the past few years, plus decreased catch per unit effort during the past year, indicate the maximum utilization of this stock was attained in 1969. This paper briefly reviews the history and development of the fishery, landings, vessel types and gear, processing, and recent development in the fishery.

Wigley, Susan E. and Wendy L. Gabriel ( 1991).  Distribution of Sexually Immature Components of 10 Northwest Atlantic Groundfish Species Based on Northeast Fisheries Center Bottom Trawl Surveys, 1968 86.  NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS F/ NEC 80, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, January, 17 pp.

Analysis of data obtained from research vessel survey cruises over a 19 year period reveal distinctive patterns in the geographic occurrence of immature fish. These occurrences provide qualitative evidence for potentially significant fishing mortality of the sexually immature components of 10 species in the Gulf of Maine Georges Bank Southern New England region, where substantial overlap exists between unregulated mesh/ exempted fishing areas and the distributions of these immature fish.

Wigner, Martha F. ( 1973). " Disaggregated Mode Choice Models of Downtown Trips in the Chicago Region." Chicago Area Transportation Study, 230 North Michigan Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60601, January, 38 pp.

Mode choice models that combine both regional and behavioral aspects were successfully developed and calibrated for the Chicago area. The regional aspects include the coverage of trip origins over the entire Chicago area and the zonal nature of the data. The form of the dependent variable, a dummy indicating the mode chosen, and the analytic functions ( logit and probit), both yielding " S" shaped curves are the aspects of the models typical of disaggregated and behavioral mode choice models. Using a dummy for the dependent variable solves the problem of errors in the dependent variable and of aggregation over values of the independent variables. Probit and logit analysis restrict the value of the dependent variable suitably, and are consistent with expected behavioral patterns. The independent variables chosen reflect characteristics of travelers, and of the modal options available for a particular trip.

Wilen, J. E. ( 1979). " Fisherman Behavior and the Design of Efficient Fisheries Regulation Programs." J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 36: 855 858.

This paper examines the importance of hypotheses about fisherman behavior for predicting, understanding, and designing efficient fisheries regulation programs. Particular attention is paid to flexible technology fisheries where individuals are free to alter several dimensions of effort. It is suggested that the appropriate hypothesis of share focused behavior ensures that there will always be an incentive to combine inputs inefficiently although technical conditions may limit or block the actual ability to do so. Some observations on the success of existing programs are also offered.

Wilen, J. E. ( 1985). " Towards a Theory of the Regulated Fishery." Marine Resource Economics, 1( 4): 369 388. 7 3 1 This paper develops a model of a modern regulated fishery in which direct biological controls such as gear restrictions and shortened seasons are used to control allowable harvest. Individual fishermen are assumed to make decisions regarding potential fishing and capacity in light of how they anticipate fellow fishermen and regulators to act. An equilibrium occurs in which there is excess capacity that is controlled at the fishery level to ensure aggregate harvest targets are not exceeded. Some discussion of alternative mechanisms such as direct limitations or taxes on potential effort and on individual fishermen is also presented.

Wilen, J. E. ( 1988). " Limited Entry Licensing: A Retrospective Assessment." Marine Resource Economics, 5( 4): 313 324.

This article takes a retrospective look at experience with limited entry licensing with particular attention to events of the past decade since the Powell River Conference of 1978. The perspective is set by reviewing some of the issues raised early on in these programs' histories. This is followed with a synthesis of some of the important trends and characteristics of limited entry license programs. Finally, some speculative thought is offered regarding future directions for limited entry license programs and their roles in fisheries management. Limited area license programs are proposed as a means to reduce the fisherman pool to a size where cooperative agreements to harvest can be reached.

Wilen, J. E. ( 1993). " Enhancing Economic Analysis for Fishery Management: Discussion." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 75( 5): 1198 1199.

The papers by Milon " U. S. Fisheries Management and Economic Analysis: Implications of the Alaskan Groundfish Controversy," Hanemann and Strand " Natural Resource Damage Assessment: Economic Implications for Fisheries Management," and Sutinen " Recreational and Commercial Fisheries Allocation with Costly Enforcement" are discussed.

Wilen, James E., Tqy Ning Chen, and Frances Homans ( 1991). " Fishermen and Labor Markets: Participation, Earnings, and Alternatives in Pacific Coast Fisheries." Final Report, Contract No. 50 ABNF 6 0016, Southwest Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, August, 55 pp.

This report summarizes an investigation of labor participation and choices by fishermen involved in commercial fishing in California. The project arose out of both practical and basic questions about fishermen, their labor markets, and their opportunities outside of fishing. Little concrete knowledge exists about fishing as an occupation and as an alternative or complement to other nonfishing jobs. Thus a primary objective of the study has been to describe the fundamental nature of fishing as an employment alternative on the Pacific coast. A secondary objective has been to attempt to measure alternative wages of fishermen who participate in Pacific coast commercial fisheries.

Williams, Joel Sylvan ( 1976). " An Economic Analysis of Alternative Management Strategies for the Spiny Lobster Industry." Ph. D. Dissertation, Food and Resource Economics Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 164 pp.

This dissertation was designed to evaluate the current level of resource use, determine the maximum sustainable and economic yield levels, and analyze alternative lobster management programs. Bioeconomic and firm harvest 7 3 2 analytical models were developed and estimated. Maximum sustainable yield was estimated to be approximately seven million pounds while maximum economic yield was estimated to be 5.8 million pounds annually, slightly above current levels. Optimum levels of input use are 215 lobster firms each fishing 795 traps. These levels require a 47 percent reduction in the number of firms in the industry with no reduction in number of traps fished. Specific management programs considered in the analysis include licensing, quotas, and a harvest rebate program. For each program, maximum yield levels, costs, revenues and profits were determined. For the harvest rebate program alternative levels of administrative costs and related sources of revenue were analyzed.

Williams, Joel Sylvan and Fred J. Prochaska ( 1976). " The Florida Spiny Lobster Fishery: Landings, Prices, and Resource Productivity." Florida Sea Grant Program, Report Number 12, Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida, February, 50 pp.

The report analyses the trends in the quality and value of spiny lobster landings in Florida, trends in resource inputs ( fishermen, fishing craft, and gear) employed, and presents productivity trends.

Williams, Joel Sylvan and Fred J. Prochaska ( 1977). " Maximum Economic Yield and Resource Allocation in the Spiny Lobster Industry." Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics, July: 145 149.

A maximum economic yield model is developed for the spiny lobster industry and is used to determine the level of economic resources required for the most efficient level of fishing effort with a discussion of management implications.

Williams, Mark L., Harold A. Brusher, Barbara J. Palko, and Lee Trent ( 1984). " Catch and Effort Data from a Sample Survey of Charterboat Captains in the Southeastern United States, 1983." NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS SEFC 139, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, May.

A sample survey of recreational fishing catch and effort by charterboats in the southeastern United States was conducted by personnel of the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS), Southeast Fisheries Center, Panama City Laboratory during 1983. The 1983 survey followed a pilot study in 1982 in which nine captains, who conducted chartered fishing trips off the southeastern United States coast, were contracted to provide daily records of their catch and effort ( Williams, Brusher, and Trent, 1984. NOAA TECh. Mem. NMFS SEFC 129). Since the pilot study was successful, coverage was expanded in 1983. The purpose of this report is to make the detailed 1983 data available.

Williams, Ted ( 1996).  Attack on the Sharks.  Audubon, July August, pp: 30 40.

Shark populations in U. S. waters are perilously low.

Williams, Ted ( 1997).  Murder in the Nursery.  Fly Rod & Reel, Nov. Dec., 4 pp.

The slaughter of juvenile fish by commercial trawl fishermen in inshore North Carolina waters must be stopped to protect fishery resources on the entire eastern coast of the United States. 7 3 3 Willig, Robert D. ( 1976). " Consumer's Surplus Without Apology." The American Economic Review, 66( 4): 589 597.

Precise upper and lower bounds on the percentage errors of approximating the compensating and equivalent variations with consumer surplus are derived. These bounds can be explicitly calculated from observable demand data and it is clear that in most applications the error of approximation will often be less than the errors involved in estimating the demand curve. The results in no way depend upon arguments about the constancy of the marginal utility of income.

Willig, Robert D. ( 1979). " Consumer's Surplus Without Apology: Reply." The American Economic Review, 69( 3): 469 474.

A reply to McKenzie ( 1979) criticism of Willig's ( 1976) article on calculating consumer surplus measures.

Willmann, R. and S. Garcia ( 1985). " Bioeconomic Model for the Analysis of Net Economic Benefits of Artisanal and Industrial Sequential Fisheries for Tropical Shrimp ( Example of the Fisheries of Suriname). Draft report, 31 pp.

The paper presents the design and parameterization of a bioeconomic model for the analysis of net economic benefits of artisanal and industrial sequential fisheries for tropical shrimp. The model has been applied to the analysis of the artisanal and industrial shrimp fishery of Suriname. The main conclusions to be drawn from the simulation results are that an expansion of the artisanal dragnet fishery for juvenile penaeid shrimp in coastal swamps can have a strong negative impact on the industrial shrimp fishery and that Suriname's shrimp industry is overcapitalized.

Willmann, R. and S. Garcia ( 1985). " Bioeconomic Model for the Analysis of Net Economic Benefits of Artisanal and Industrial Sequential Fisheries for Tropical Shrimp ( With a Case Study of the Suriname Shrimp Fisheries). FIPP/ FIRM/ T270, FAO Fisheries Technical Paper 270, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 49 pp.

The paper presents the design and parameters of a bioeconomic model for the analysis of net economic benefits of artisanal and industrial sequential fisheries for tropical shrimp. The model has been applied to the analysis of the artisanal and industrial shrimp fishery of Suriname. The main conclusions to be drawn from the simulation results are that an expansion of the artisanal dragnet fishery for juvenile penaeid shrimp in coastal swamps can have a strong negative impact on the industrial shrimp fishery and that Suriname's shrimp industry is overcapitalized.

Wilmot, David ( 1996).  Statement of the Ocean Wildlife Campaign Prepared for the Atlantic Shark operations Team Meeting, August 27 28, 1996.  Ocean Wildlife Campaign, 666 Pennsylvania Avenue, SE Washington, DC, August, 2 pp.

Comments call for a 50% reduction in the commercial large coastal shark quota to be taken immediately, reduced bag limit for recreational fishermen, protected species status for basking and whale sharks, multinational management, data collection, and scheduling of a new assessment workshop for small coastal and pelagic shark species.

Wilson, Charles A. ( 19??). " Surface Longlining for Yellowfin Tuna in 7 3 4 the Gulf of Mexico." Draft report.

This report briefly summarizes available yellowfin tuna landings data from the Gulf of Mexico and then describes the basic components of a longlining operation.

Wilson, Charles A. and Virginia Van Sickle ( 19??). " The Louisiana Artificial Reef Plan." Draft report prepared for the Louisiana Artificial Reef Council.

The emplacement of oil and gas platforms off the Louisiana coast has resulted in the creation of this country's most extensive artificial reef system. By the year 2000, it has been estimated that over 40% of the remaining oil and gas structures in the Gulf of Mexico will have been removed at a major loss to Louisiana fishermen. It was, therefore, imperative that the state of Louisiana recognize this potential loss of habitat and plan to offset it either by creating new artificial reefs or by preserving those that already existed. In this report, sites were selected, permitting procedures established, and a list of acceptable materials generated.

Wilson, C. D. and M. A. Guttormsen ( 1997).  Echo Integration Trawl Survey of Pacific Whiting, Merluccius productus, off the West Coasts of the United States and Canada During July September 1995.  NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS AFSC 74, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Fisheries Science Center, June, 70 pp.

Results of the seventh triennial echo integration trawl survey of Pacific whiting along the west coasts of the United States and Canada are presented. The coast wide biomass for Pacific whiting was estimated at 1.39 million ton using a new model of target strength to length. Justification for the use of the new model is discussed and estimates based on both models are compared.

Wilson, James A. ( 1982). " The Economical Management of Multispecies Fisheries." Land Economics, 58( 4): 417 434.

This paper develops an economic analysis appropriate to the biological and social characteristics of highly variable, multiple species systems with biological and social dynamics that are imperfectly understood and parameters that are difficult to measure. The argument ( alien to traditional treatment of fisheries economics) is that ( 1) the imperfections of our knowledge and the uncontrollable variations in fisheries systems severely constrain the range of economically feasible management options; ( 2) the social cost of rule making and enforcement are high when a complex, uncertain, and highly variable environment is the target of management; and ( 3) efficiency in this kind of environment is much more closely related to the adaptive, learning behavior of individual economic actors than to the traditional notion of input cost minimization.

Wilson, James A. ( 1992). " Self Governance in the Maine Lobster Fishery." Draft report, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maine, Orono, Maine.

The Maine lobster fishery has long been described as a classic case of over fishing; both biologically and economically. To the discomfort of standard management theory the fishery continues to produce high sustained yields; in terms of biological performance it may be one of the best managed fisheries in the world. This result occurs without resort to limited entry 7 3 5 or individual transferable quotas ( ITQs). This paper argues there are strong biological, social, and economic reasons to be skeptical that limited entry will ever solve the fisheries conservation problem. It suggests that the reasons for the lobster fishery's continued success can be found in the institutions of virtual user self governance that have evolved over the years. Self governance forces a consensus with regard to the kinds of rules used in the fishery, assures wide spread perception of their fairness and efficacy, and leads to a situation where social sanctions are widely used for their enforcement. Self governance in this fishery has led to mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon and mutually enforced.

Wilson, James( ( 1994).  Self Governance in the Maine Lobster Fishery.  In Karyn L. Gimbel ( ed.) Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation, Center for Marine Conservation and the World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D. C.

The Maine lobster fishery has long been described as a classic case of over fishing  both biologically and economically. To the discomfort of standard management theory the fishery continues to produce high sustained yields; as for biological performance it may be one of the best managed fisheries in the world. This paper suggests that the reasons for the fishery  s continued success can be found in the institutions of virtual user self governance that have evolved over the years. Self governance forces a consensus about the kinds of rules used in the fishery, assures widespread perception of their fairness and efficacy, and leads to a situation where social sanctions are widely used for their enforcement. Self governance in this fishery has led to mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon and mutually enforced.

Wilson, James A. and Ralph Townsend ( 19??). " Simulation Model of a Stochastic Multiple Species Fishery System with High Search Costs." Proposal, Departments of Economics and Physics, University of Maine, Orono, Maine.

The proposed research uses simulation modeling of multispecies fisheries systems to reevaluate the desirability of certain management regimes.

Wilson, James A., James M. Acheson, Mark Metcalfe, and Peter Kleban ( 1994). " Chaos, Complexity and Community Management of Fisheries." Marine Policy, 18( 4): 291 305.

For several decades, fisheries management has been based on stock recruitment models, leading to policies designed to control the amount of effort and the quantity of fish caught. This approach has not been notably successful. In this paper we take the view that this problem arises from the complex and likely chaotic nature of fisheries. This attribute of fisheries creates a very difficult and costly information problem, which renders attempts to control the long term numerical abundance of individual species virtually impossible. We argue that feasible management must address the relatively stable parameters of fisheries systems  habitat and basic biological processes, and that this demands management attention to the fine as well as the broad scale attributes of the system. Attention to detail at these differing scales implies the need for a layered or hierarchical management structure. The need to minimize information costs also suggests an emphasis on decentralized, community based approaches to management. A review of the anthropological literature shows that such approaches are common in many societies.

Wilson, James A., R. Townsend, P. Kelban, S. McKay, and J. French 7 3 6 ( 1990). " Managing unpredictable resources: traditional policies applied to chaotic populations." Ocean and Shoreline Management, 13, pp. 179 197.

Conventional theory for the management of living ocean resources assumes a predictable link between current management actions and the future state of managed populations. As a practical matter, however, it is very hard to establish this kind of predictable relationship. It is possible that the dynamics of these populations exhibit chaotic variation. This paper addresses the question of appropriate management policies in a regime characterized by chaotic population dynamics. The problem is approached through a bioeconomic simulator that has chaotic properties. With light fishing, policies that alter the conditions of fishing perform better than policies dependent upon population predictions. A lightweight paper that discusses the project in general terms. It does not present the model or any explanation of how the results were derived. The dissertation by Susan McKay (?) may be a better source for the actual model used in this paper.

Wilson, James R. ( 1997).  Peer Review of the Economics of Management Strategies for Red Snapper in the Gulf of Mexico.  Draft report for U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 63 du Sommet est, Rimouski, Quebec G5L 7B5, Canada, September, 62 pp.

A review of the social science analyses relating to red snapper management of the directed fishery, the recreational fishery, and the incidental catch issue associated with the shrimp fishery.

Wilson, James R. and Rebecca Lent ( 1993). " Economic Perspective and the Evolution of Fisheries Management Methods: Towards Subjectivist Methodology." Presented at the International Conference on Fisheries Economics, Os, Norway, May 26 28.

This paper attempts to explain, using neo institutional economics, why some of the most vaulted and comprehensive management programs have been failures while others have been qualified successes. It is argued that the failures often occur with programs that take a more constructivist approach to public management, proposing integrated solutions to common pool problems that surpass the ability of managers and managed to foresee and predict outcomes.

Wilson, James R. and Rebecca Lent ( 1994). " Economic Perspective and the Evolution of Fisheries Management Methods: Towards Subjectivist Methodology." Marine Resource Economics, 9( 4): 353 373.

Some perspectives of neo institutional economics are used to reexamine the common pool fishery. Applications of property rights theory in models simulating the evolution of fisheries management suggest that even in the presence of positive information and transactions costs ( ITCs), resource users may have incentives to sequentially negotiate rules of common pool use. Such a result might imply that fisheries managers should be more concerned with ITCs than inefficiencies due to overcapitalization. This impression is further reinforced in collective choice examples taken from U. S. fisheries management. These comparative cases of public decision making in New England and Alaska suggest that variations in the style of public management as well as other aspects such as fleet heterogeneity might cause variations in management effectiveness. These variations in effectiveness may be related to the ITC environment internal to the public agencies, as well as to the external ITC environment they face. 7 3 7 Wilson, Robert R., Russell G. Thompson, and Richard W. Callen ( 1970). " Optimal Investment and Financial Strategies in Shrimp Fishing." TAMU SG 71 701, Institute of Statistics, Texas A& M University, Dec.

In this study a deterministic optimal control model of a shrimp fishing firm ( Thompson, Callen, and Wolken) is extended by requiring the purchase of integer ( positive) numbers of vessels and is used in developing optimal investment strategies for shrimp fishermen.

Wise, John P. ( 1991). Federal Conservation & Management of Marine Fisheries in the United States, Center for Marine Conservation, 1725 DeSales St., NW, Washington, DC 20036.

The elimination of gross foreign overfishing, and increased production and consumption of marine fisheries products in the U. S. mask serious institutional failures. Application the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act has in fact exacerbated U. S. fisheries problems with the result of replacement of foreign overfishing by domestic overfishing.

Witzig, John F. ( 1988). " Estimation of Recreational Fishing Trips, Catch, and Participation." Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D. C. 20235, May, 13 pp.

This report describes the methods and calculations used in the current MRFSS programs to estimate the total number of fishing trips and catch from the telephone and intercept surveys. The variable names used throughout this report are keyed to similarly named variables in the SAS program. Explanations of the variables are given where they are first encountered.

Witzell, Wayne N. ( 1994).  The Origin, Evolution, and Demise of the U. S. Sea Turtle Fisheries.  Marine Fisheries Review, 56( 4): 8 23.

Fishing methods, landings and value by area fished, and reasons for the demise of the U. S. Sea Turtle fishery are reviewed in this insightful article.

Wohlgenant, Michael K. and Richard C. Haidacher ( 1991). " Retail to Farm Linkage of System of Food Commodities." Commodity Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Technical Bulletin No. 1775.

A new conceptual model is needed to estimate the impact of demand, supply, and marketing margins on retail food prices and farm prices. This model should be theoretically consistent with group behavior. The present study critiques past approaches to modeling farm to retail price spread behavior, to emphasize the need for a larger framework for the analysis of retail to farm linkages. This enlarged model consists of reduced form retail and farm price equations derived from the behavior relationships that characterize aggregate output supply and input demand responses of the marketing sector. The model is then applied empirically to a set of eight food commodities. The results are generally consistent with theory that indicates compatibility with competitive behavior and an aggregate constant returns to scale technology of food processing. The results also show the need to allow for variable factor proportions between farm and marketing inputs. Farm level derived demand elasticities are more than 40 percent larger than those obtained by assuming fixed proportions.

Wohlgenant, Michael K. and Richard C. Haidacher ( 1991). " Approaches to Modeling Retail Farm Price Spreads and Derived Demand Relationships for Food Commodities: A Selected, Annotated Bibliography." 7 3 8 Commodity Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Staff Report No. AGES 9136.

Eighty eight theoretical and empirical studies that focus on various aspects related to modeling the economic linkage between retail demand and farm level demand for food commodities and related inputs are reviewed. The focus of each study and its more salient features and conclusions related to the retail to farm demand linkage are summarized.

Wolfe, Philip ( 1959). " The Simplex Method for Quadratic Programming." Econometrica, 27( 3): 381 398.

A computational procedure is given for finding the minimum of a quadratic function of variables subject to linear inequality constraints. The procedure is analogous to the Simplex Method for linear programming being based on the Barankin Dorfman procedure for this problem.

Wolff, Maury ( 1972). " A Study of North Carolina Scrap Fishery." Special Scientific Report No. 20, Division of Commercial and Sports Fisheries, North Carolina Department of Natural and Economic Resources, March, 29 pp.

A total of 18,955 fish were tagged in an effort to obtain movement, growth, and mortality characteristics of young Atlantic croaker ( Micropogon undulatus), Spot ( Leiostomus xanthurus), and Weakfish ( Cynoscion regalis). Samples were taken from trawler landed scrapfish. Sixty three species of fish were identified. Spot, croaker, and weakfish comprised 48.2% by weight of the total scrap. Seventeen edible species totaled 71.0% of the trawler discard. Comparison of landings and discard samples indicated that nearly 100%, 65%, and 43% of landed spot, croaker, and weakfish, respectively, are discarded as scrap. Samples were collected to determine the ratio of discarded fish to shrimp and the species composition of the fish discard. Fifty one species of fish were identified in the samples. Spot, croaker, and weakfish totaled 66.8% by weight of the discard. Fifteen edible species accounted for 84.2% of the discard. The overall fish/ shrimp discard ratio expressed in pounds was determined to be 5.4: 1. The ratio for night samples was 46: 1, while that for day samples was 6.3: 1. Samples of spot, croaker, and weakfish were retained during tagging operations for age analyses. Forty one percent of all spot, 49% of all croaker, and 81% of all weakfish discarded as scrap were 0 age.

Woodland, A. D. ( 1979). " Stochastic Specification and the Estimation of Share Equations." Journal of Econometrics, 10: 361 383.

The standard stochastic specification for a system of share equations is obtained by assuming that the shares have a joint normal distribution with means depending upon exogenous variables and a constant covariance matrix. This specification ignores the requirement that shares be between zero and unity by giving positive probability to shares outside this range. An alternative stochastic specification involving the Dirichlet distribution, that automatically limits shares to the unit simplex, is suggested. A comparison of results obtained from the two specifications is made using sampling experiments and data from three different empirical studies. The sampling experiments and empirical applications show that the results are generally quite close, thus providing some justification for the continued use of the normal distribution specification in the estimation of share equations.

The World Bank ( 1991). " Staff Appraisal Report, Republic of Maldives, Third Fisheries Project." Report No. 9880 MAL, Agricultural Operations Division, Country Department V, Asia Regional Office. 7 3 9 The six year project will assist the government of the Maldives ( GOM) to: increase fish production, government revenues, and foreign exchange earnings, at a lower processing cost; increase incomes of fishing households to alleviate relative poverty; reduce migration to the capital, Male, through balanced regional growth; and create the environment for increased private sector participation in the fisheries sector. The project is intended to reinforce the existing system of artisanal fisheries and small scale fish collection.

Working, Holbrook A. ( 1948). " Theory of the Inverse Carrying Charge in Futures Markets." Journal of Farm Economics, 30: 1 28.

The paper presents four alternative explanations for inverse carrying charges in futures markets and the other market conditions that accompany them.

Workman, Ian and J. Watson ( 1991). " Shrimp Trawl Bycatch Reduction Annual Report." In 1991 Marfin Annual Report: Small Pelagics ( Butterfish, Coastal Herrings and Associated Species), Shrimp Trawl Bycatch Reduction, Ted Technology Transfer, USDOC, NOAA, NMFS, SEFC, Mississippi Laboratories.

Report on the effectiveness of bycatch reduction devices in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery.

Workman, Ian, John Watson, Dan Foster, Arvind Shah, Charles Taylor, and James Barbour ( 1994). " Status of Gear Modifications to Reduce Shrimp Trawl Finfish Bycatch in the Southeastern United States." 1993 Annual Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Mississippi Laboratories, Pascagoula Facility, P. O. Drawer 1207, Pascagoula, MS, March.

A report on the fourth year of research into methods of reducing bycatch in the southeastern shrimp trawl fishery. Proof of concept bycatch reduction devices were found to reduce finfish bycatch rates between 43% and 67% with shrimp retention rates between 90% and 100%.

World Wildlife Fund ( 1997). Subsidies and Depletion of World Fisheries, WWF  s Endangered Seas Campaign, 1250 Twenty Fourth St., NW, Washington, D. C., 136 pp.

Because a careful accounting of the costs and benefits of fisheries subsidy programs is a prerequisite for an informed discussion of future policy options, World Wide fund for Nature commissioned four case studies on Euro African fishing agreements, the Newfoundland fishery, vessel buyback programs, and Japanese subsidies of distant water tuna fleets. They examine the connection between government aid to the fisheries and the array of problems confronting world fisheries, in the context of selected subsidy programs. They demonstrate both the  disconnect  between the rhetoric of fisheries reform and the reality of government economic policy, as well as the complexity inherent in reshaping these programs in a way that will promote a transition to more sustainable fishing.

World Wildlife Fund and the Center for Marine Conservation ( 1992). Managing Marine Fisheries by Limiting Access, Workshop, Annapolis, Maryland, September 20 22, 1992.

Briefing book for the conference that contains abstracts of the presentations and a list of reprinted references. 7 4 0 World Wildlife Fund and the Center for Marine Conservation ( 1993). Limited Access Management: A Guidebook To Conservation, Draft Report for the Workshop held in Annapolis, Maryland, September 20 22, 1992.

A draft report of the workshop on limiting access to the fisheries.

Wright, Gavin ( 1990). " The Origins of American Industrial Success, 1879 1940." American Economic Review, 80( 4): 651 668.

The United States became the world's preeminent manufacturing nation at the turn of the twentieth century. This study considers the bases for this success by examining the factor content of trade in manufactured goods. Surprisingly, the most distinctive characteristic of U. S. manufacturing exports was intensity in nonreproducible natural resource; furthermore, this relative intensity was increasing between 1880 and 1920. The study then asks whether resource abundance reflected geological endowment or greater exploitation of geological potential. It was mainly the latter.

Wright, Sam ( 1981). " Contemporary Pacific Salmon Fisheries Management." North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 1: 29 40.

Successful salmon fisheries management requires effective data systems, advance planning, well supported spawning escapement objectives, dependable population size determinations and recognition of practical differences between recreational and commercial fisheries. Ocean fisheries must be managed to ensure an escapement from the ocean that will support viable " inside" fisheries as well as meet spawning requirements, while the key to commercial net fisheries management inside is the ability to make accurate, in season assessments of the runs. A manager's primary client must be the resource, not user groups. In this context, an adequate surplus of fish is required before a fishery is permitted rather than proof of overfishing before a fishery is closed. Management should normally attempt to maximize sustained yields, but this can be legitimately modified by economic considerations in both recreational and commercial fisheries management. Management of mixed stocks of hatchery and wild fish is a major challenge for today's manager who needs to be directly involved in salmon enhancement planning.

Yahaya, Jahara ( 1988). " Fishery Management and Regulation in Peninsular Malaysia: Issues and Constraints." Marine Resource Economics, 5( 2): 83 98.

In Malaysia, the official view held by fishery managers is that fishery resources in the inshore waters ( 0 12 miles) have been biologically overfished. This has prompted the introduction of new management policies such as license limitation, allocation of fishing grounds, and mesh size regulation. The paper examines a number of issues and constraints confronting the implementation of these policies. In most tropical fisheries countries like Malaysia, these issues and constraints are more complicated than mere operational difficulties ( enforcement problems, bureaucratic inefficiencies, etc.) commonly associated with fishery management in the developed countries. This stems from not only the dualistic nature of the Malaysian fisheries sector  that is, large scale commercialized fisheries on the one hand, and traditional small scale artisal fisheries on the other  but also the glaring socioeconomic inequalities between the two. Worse still, while the majority of the commercialized fishermen are Chinese, the artisanal fishermen are predominantly malays  and the New Economic Policy ( NEP) seeks to reduce the economic imbalance between races in the country. The paper also examines the potential effects of the license limitation, allocation of fishing grounds and 7 4 1 mesh size regulation policies on productivity of the individual fishermen, employment, cost of fishing, and pressure on fish stock.

Yamamoto, Tadashi ( 1993). " A Fishing Right to Coop as a Basis for Community Based Fisheries Management." Presented at the International Conference on Fisheries Economics, Os, Norway, May 26 28.

In Japan, a fishing right is granted to a group of coastal fishermen who are organized at the community level. Such a fishing right system has been developed over the past 250 years. During this period there were three fishery laws in effect. Under the first two fishery laws ( Ura and the old fishery law), the fishing right was granted in an attitude that the government was the resource manager. Conversely, under the current fishery law, fishermen are allowed to participate in the formulation of a coastal fisheries management plan within a legal framework set out by the law. This has given a great motive to fishermen to create their own community based coastal fisheries management systems.

Yamamoto, Tadashi ( 1995). " Development of a Community Based Fishery Management System in Japan." Marine Resource Economics, 10( 1): 21 34.

The development of Japan  s community based fishery management system is described. Over the past 250 years, three fishery laws were in effect. These fishery laws commonly adopted a fishing rights system as a tool for coastal fisheries management. During the feudal era until 1867, the fishing right system was used mainly to collect a fishery tax. The fishing right system established by the Old Fishery Law ( 1901 1947) helped to reduce conflicts between fishermen exploiting the same resources with different gears. The Current Fishery Law, enacted in 1949, has led to  Territorial Use Rights in Fisheries  by limiting its coverage to sedentary resources and non mobile gear. At the same time, the Current Fishery Law created a system to establish coastal fishery management plans through fishing rights and licenses. These innovations have motivated fishermen to create the community based coastal fisheries management system. Since the inception of the Current Fishery Law in 1949, the number of fishery management organizations created increased annually to a total of 1524 in 1993.

Ye, Yimin and John R. Beddington ( 1996). " Bioeconomic Interactions Between the Capture Fishery and Aquaculture.  Marine Resource Economics, 11( 2): 105 123.

This paper builds on the work of Anderson ( 1985a). Interactions between the capture fishery and aquaculture are modeled in two different cases: ( 1) cultured fish has the same market value as wild fish, and ( 2) cultured fish has only a substitute value for wild fish. In agreement with Anderson  s conclusions, it is found that the entry of aquaculture lowers market price, increases total supply, reduces fishing effort, and raises natural fish stocks. When culture cost is reduced in some way, the fish price will decrease and fishing effort will decline. This may represent another way to reduce pressure on capture fisheries, with the advantage that the market equilibrium has a higher supply and lower price than other effort control measures. The interactions in both cases are similar, but impacts of aquaculture on price, supply, and effort in the second case are weaker than the first. Dynamic simulations are carried out and show more clearly the process of dynamic iterations between the capture fishery and aquaculture.

Yeto, Susan Cabrera, Rosario Gomez Garcia, and Gumersindo Ruiz Bravo ( 1997). 7 4 2  Potential Gains from Cooperation for Vessels and Countries.  Marine Resource Economics, 12( 2): 145 158.

In this paper, we consider a model in which fishing boats or firms share the stock of fish in a fishing ground. The catches made by each firm reduce the stock available for the rest of the firms, which directly affects their profits. We aim to quantify in a static framework the gain in welfare obtained by the firms if they decide to cooperate to attain an individually rational efficient outcome. One of the main results is that both the incentives for the firms to cooperate and the minimum level of catches which permits any gain in welfare decrease as real wage increases. On the other hand, the greater the asymmetry among boats or firms, the more difficult it will be to reach any cooperative agreement.

Yew, Tai Shzee and Terry Heaps ( 1996). " Effort Dynamics and Alternative Management Policies for the Small Pelagic Fisheries of Northwest Peninsular Malaysia.  Marine Resource Economics, 11( 2): 85 103.

The dynamics of fish stocks are an important consideration in determining appropriate fishery management policy. Equally crucial are the dynamics of fishing effort. Both these dynamics have been incorporated in a simulation model to analyze the bio socioeconomic impacts of four alternative limited entry management policies for the multispecies, multigear small pelagic fishery of northwest Peninsular Malaysia. Fishing effort dynamics are determined by the difference in profits and opportunity costs. Several management alternatives are evaluated at equilibrium. Performance variables such as equilibrium catch, social profits, consumer surplus, social benefits, direct fishery employment and income of individual crew are used in the evaluation. The implications for policy makers are discussed.

Yohe, Gary W. ( 1984). " Regulation Under Uncertainty: An Intuitive Survey and Application to Fisheries." Marine Resource Economics, 1( 2): 171 192.

This paper surveys the issues involved in setting or improving regulatory activity in the presence of uncertainty. It is conducted in a way that will bring forth the underlying intuitions of the existing literature so that the various policy options can easily be distinguished on grounds of efficiency, as well as distributional and international considerations. This approach not only fits well into a section outlining the need for regulatory review, but also provides a basis for suggesting the issues involved in regulation fisheries. Intuition more than modeling aids in initially applying general analysis to specific areas, and the fisheries example illustrates how that application can be scientifically accomplished.

Yohe, Gary W. ( 1991). " The Cost of Not Holding Back the Sea Economic Vulnerability." Ocean & Shoreline Management, 15: 233 255.

A method for quantifying the economic vulnerability of developed shoreline to the threat of greenhouse induced sea level rise is described and applied to Long Beach Island, New Jersey, USA. While the method carefully accounts for structure, land and beach vulnerability along arbitrary sea level rise scenarios from tax maps and careful geographical accounting, it does not produce opportunity cost estimates for abandonment. The data generated here are, nonetheless, the foundation from which such cost estimates can be constructed given market and individual reactions to subjective perceptions of the threat and its timing.

Young, Richard H. ( 1982). " Strategy for Shrimp By Catch Utilization." 7 4 3 FAO Fisheries Circular No. 745, Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome, March, 19 pp.

This paper summarizes conclusions based on field experience gained in various regions of the world on problems of bycatch utilization and on the recommendations emanating from the Technical Consultation on Shrimp Bycatch Utilization held in Georgetown, Guyana, 27 30 October 1981. In view of the considerable experience already gained, the paper proposes a strategy to promote a fuller use of shrimp bycatch and outlines the objectives and the structure of an initial two year coordinating project to achieve it.

Young, Robert A. and Robert H. Haveman ( 1985). " Economics of Water Resources: A Survey." Chapter 11 in Kneese, Allen V. and James L. Sweeney ( ed.). Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics, Vol. II, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.

This chapter reviews the application of economic concepts to the study of the consumption, supply, and allocation water resources. The authors aim is to direct attention to the more significant of the economic aspects of water resource management.

Young, Ron ( 1984). " The Rising Tide." Chapter 7 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

A recreational fisherman imparts what he perceives to be the principal impediments to gaining his objectives.

Yucel, Mine Kuban ( 1989). " Severance Taxes and Market Structure in an Exhaustible Resource Industry." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 16: 134 148.

This paper compares the effects of a severance tax on profit maximizing competitive and monopolistic firms that explore and produce an exhaustible resource. The producers' response to the tax are studied and the deadweight losses from the tax are calculated. Time paths of exploratory effort, extraction, and price are computed. Severance taxes lead both producers to reduce production and exploration and cause a shift in the time path for prices. The deadweight losses from the tax are low, especially in competition. The losses in the monopoly case are relatively higher, with the tax burden falling mainly on the monopolistic producer.

Zarembka, Paul ( ed.) ( 1974). Frontiers in Econometrics. Academic Press, New York.

The contributions is this volume define a number of frontiers in econometric theory. Most of them illustrate with empirical applications. It is often through econometrics that theoretical hypotheses are confronted with data, and it is often through econometrics that economists attempt to use theory for purposes of quantitative policy. While applied research cannot be better than the underlying economic theory and available data, it also cannot be better than statistical procedures utilized.

Zeckhauser, Richard ( 1981). " Preferred Policies When There is a Concern for Probability of Adoption." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 8: 215 237. 7 4 4 A theory of effective policy choice is developed that recognizes that the probability that a policy is adopted depends on who gains from it, who loses, and by how much. Ten pieces of recent environmental legislation are assessed to see how mechanisms such as coupling with other legislation, phased implementation, and the manipulation of uncertainty can spread benefits and costs. Several optimizing models are presented that explicitly incorporate the probability of adoption.

Zeeman, E. C. ( 1974). " Levels of Structure in Catastrophe Theory Illustrated by Applications in the Social and Biological Sciences." Proceedings of the International Congress of Mathematicians, 2: 533 546.

Catastrophe theory offers two attractions: on the one had it sometimes provides the deepest level of insight and lends a simplicity of understanding. On the other hand, in very complex systems such as occur in biology and the social sciences, it can sometimes provide a model where none was previously thought possible. This paper discusses various levels of structure that can be superimposed upon an underlying catastrophe and illustrate them with an assortment of examples.

Zein Eldin, Zoula P. and Maurice L. Renaud ( 1986). " Inshore Environmental Effects on Brown Shrimp, Penaeus aztecus, and White Shrimp, P. setiferus, Populations in Coastal Waters, Particularly of Texas." Marine Fisheries Review, 48( 3): 9 19.

Our discussion compares and contrasts responses of the two species to single factors and their interactions, giving only limited literature citations. Implications for the two species are then explored. The purposes of this paper are to 1) provide, in an easily accessed tabular format, representative information and literature sources relating environmental factors to several inshore life stages of brown and white shrimp and 2) bring attention to those factors, their interactions, and life stages for which information is lacking.

Zellner, Arnold and Tong Hun Lee ( 1965). " Joint Estimation of Relationships Involving Discrete Random Variables." Econometrica, 33( 2): 382 394.

In this paper we present several models that have been utilized to explain the variation of proportions. For these models, we review single equation estimation techniques that yield asymptotically efficient estimators. We then go on to consider the analysis of a set of correlated sample proportions and develop a joint estimation procedure that yields asymptotically efficient estimators. The joint estimation procedure, by taking account of heteroscedasticity as well as the correlations existing between proportions, produces estimators with smaller asymptotic variances than do single equation techniques that take account only of heteroscedasticity. Data on consumer decisions with respect to durable purchases and use of instalment credit are analyzed to illustrate one use of these techniques in economics.

Zhang, Zhengkun and Richard S. Johnston ( 199?).  An Analysis of Pricing Strategies for a Multiproduct Monopolist in a Discrete Choice Model.  Draft Report, Oregon State University.

Supermarkets are multi product sellers. Under combined influences of shopping complementarity, consumption complementarity and consumption substitution, their pricing strategy could generate perfectly price inelastic 7 4 5 input demands and cause a product  s output and input prices to move in opposite directions. This may explain some observed behavior of seafood processors.

Zhou, Ying Qi ( 1998).  Some Consideration on Fisheries management and Fishing Capacity Control.  Draft Report, Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, FAO, La Jolla CA, April 15 18, 2 pp.

A set of observations on market conditions, fisheries management, and the control of fishing capacity from an international perspective. Lack of property rights are recognized as the underlying cause of excess capacity. Correcting this market failure is cited as the only approach that will reduce capacity.

Ziemer, Rod F., Wesley N. Musser, and R. Carter Hill ( 1980).  Recreation Demand Equations: Functional Form and Consumer Surplus.  American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 62( 1): 136 141.

A set of decision criteria for the choice between three popular functional forms that have been employed previously in recreation demand equations is presented. The choice between linear and quadratic forms can be made via conventional hypothesis testing procedures. The Box and Cox transformation procedure often allows choice between linear, semilog, and other power transformations of the dependent variable. The consequences of the choice of a particular functional form on consumer surplus also are investigated.

Zimmerman, Roger ( 1993). " A Forecast for the 1993 Brown Shrimping Season in the Western Gulf of Mexico, from the Mississippi River to the U. S. Mexico Border." Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Galveston Laboratory, 4700 Avenue U, Galveston, Texas, June, 2 pp., 7 tables.

The 1993 indices of postlarval and juvenile shrimp abundance indicate a below average brown shrimp harvest off both Texas and Louisiana for the July 1993 June 1994 season.

Zimmerman, Steven and Mariamna D. Melovidov ( 1987). " The 1986 Subsistence Harvest of Northern Fur Seals, Callorhinus ursinus, on St. Paul Island, Alaska." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 3): 70 72.

There has been no commercial harvesting of northern fur seals on the Pribilof Islands, Alaska since the Interim Convention on Conservation of North Pacific Fur Seals expired in 1948. During 1985 and 1986, northern fur seals were harvested on St. Paul and St. George Islands to meet only the dietary ( subsistence) needs of Aleut residents. A summary of the 1985 subsistence harvest on St. Paul Island is found in Zimmerman and Leacher ( 1986). This paper summarizes the 1986 harvest on St. Paul Island and contrasts the two years.

Zuboy, J. R., A. C. Jones, and T. J. Costello ( 1980). " Lobster Fishery Management Under the Fishery Conservation and Management Act." Fisheries, 5( 4): 50 52.

The Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 ( PL 94 265) created a new era in fishery management, featuring development of comprehensive fishery management plans by regional fishery management councils and management for " optimum yield." In this paper we discuss the main features of the Act, consider the development of fishery management plans in general, and 7 4 6 briefly describe management plans for lobsters.

Zuboy, J. R. and A. C. Jones ( 1980). " Everything You Always Wanted to Know About MSY and OY ( But Were Afraid to Ask)." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SEFC 17, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida, June, 19 pp.

The eight fishery management councils established by the Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 are mandated to manage U. S. marine fisheries resources occurring in the fishery conservation zone based on the concepts of maximum sustainable yield and optimum yield. Fulfilling the mandate requires a thorough understanding of these concepts. It is the purpose of this paper to present a nontechnical discussion of maximum sustainable yield and optimum yield to facilitate understanding by the councils, that are composed largely of laypersons, so that they may carry out their duties under the Act.

Zweifel, James R. ( 1984). " Description of Procedures for Collecting Effort, CPUE and Biological Data in the Creel Survey and Biological Sampling Plan ( CSBSP)." Memorandum, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami, Florida, May, 90 pp.

This manual describes the CSBSP data base.

Zweifel, James R. and Beany Slater ( 19??). " Some Comments on the Estimation of Swordfish Growth and Mortality Rates and a Proposed Sample Design for the Collection of Catch Data from the Commercial Fishery." SEFC/ SAW/ BSS/ 8, U. S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida.

There is no obvious method for relating sample size in terms of numbers of fishing trips to be sampled to any quantitative measure or index of efficiency which encompasses the totality of information on size, age, sex composition, and distribution by time and area or to the estimate of yield per recruit ( YPR). Estimation of the growth parameters and variances as well as the YPR require nonlinear iterative solutions. Further, given the greater precision in estimation of the Gompertz growth parameters, considerable improvement in estimating natural mortality would also be expected using the same model. The same is true of natural mortality. Pauly ( 1980) used the parameters of the von Bertalanffy equation to determine his empirical relationship. Similar methods using the Gompertz equation would likely result in both improved accuracy and precision. More importantly, variability in the parameter estimates is a function of the unknown size ( and age) distribution in the population and the sample. When so little is known, it is too early to ask and impossible to answer how much better a 20% sample would be than a 10%, etc. The primary goal of the sampling design proposed here is to obtain a representative sample of size, sex and age over the study area.