Federal action and not merely the immediate area involved in the action.
 At the initial screening-level, the risk assessment considers broadly
described taxonomic groups and conservatively assumes that listed
species within those broad groups are located on or adjacent to the
treated site and aquatic organisms are assumed to be located in a
surface water body adjacent to the treated site.  The assessment also
assumes that the listed species are located within an assumed area which
has the relatively highest potential exposure to the pesticide, and that
exposures are likely to decrease with distance from the treatment area.

If the assumptions associated with the screening-level action area
result in RQs that are below the listed species LOCs, a "no effect"
determination conclusion is made with respect to listed species in that
taxa, and no further refinement of the action area is necessary.
Furthermore, RQs below the listed species LOCs for a given taxonomic
group indicate no concern for indirect effects upon listed species that
depend upon the taxonomic group covered by the RQ as a resource.
However, in situations where the screening assumptions lead to RQs in
excess of the listed species LOCs for a given taxonomic group, a
potential for a "may affect" conclusion exists and may be associated
with direct effects on listed species belonging to that taxonomic group
or may extend to indirect effects upon listed species that depend upon
that taxonomic group as a resource.  In such cases, additional
information on the biology of listed species, the locations of these
species, and the locations of use sites could be considered to determine
the extent to which screening assumptions regarding an action area apply
to a particular listed organism.  These subsequent refinement steps
could consider how this information would impact the action area for a
particular listed organism and may potentially include areas of exposure
that are downwind and downstream of the pesticide use site.

	b.  Taxonomic Groups Potentially at Risk

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 The Level I screening assessment process for
listed species uses the generic taxonomic group-based process to make
inferences on direct effect concerns for listed species.  The first
iteration of reporting the results of the Level I screening is a listing
of pesticide use sites and taxonomic groups for which RQ calculations
reveal values that meet or exceed the listed species LOCs (for more
information see, USEPA 2004).  Specific levels of concern could not be
evaluated for the supported use of allethrin because RQs were not
calculated in this assessment, however, acute risks from allethrin
outdoor uses to listed species are not expected due to low application
rates and the types of uses being assessed (see Table 10).  The
potential for acute risk to aquatic animals from indoor uses, however,
cannot be dismissed because of the potential for exposure via
wastewater.  Furthermore, the potential for chronic risk to any listed
animal cannot be dismissed at this time because of a lack of available
data.

Table 10.  Listed species acute risks associated with direct or
indirect effects due to applications of allethrins for all residential
uses (indoor or outdoor)1.

Listed Taxon	Direct Effects	Indirect Effects2

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants – monocots	None3	Possible2

Terrestrial and semi-aquatic plants - dicots	None3	Possible

Insects	None	Possible

Birds	No acute/ Possible chronic2 	Possible

Terrestrial phase amphibians	No acute/ Possible chronic2	Possible

Reptiles	No acute/ Possible chronic2	Possible

Mammals	None	Possible

Aquatic vascular plants	None3	Possible

Freshwater fish	Possible acute/ Possible chronic2 	Possible

Aquatic phase amphibians	Possible acute/ Possible chronic2	Possible

Freshwater crustaceans	Possible acute/ Possible chronic2	Possible

Mollusks	Possible acute/ Possible chronic2	Possible

Marine/estuarine fish	Possible acute/ Possible chronic4	Possible

Marine/estuarine crustaceans	Possible acute/ Possible chronic4	Possible

1Although, LOCs were not calculated, exposures are expected to be below
all Agency acute LOCs for all outdoor uses.

2 Because of a lack of chronic data for all taxa except mammals, the
potential for chronic direct effects or indirect effects cannot be
dismissed.

3 No guideline data were submitted to evaluate the risk of allethrin
exposure to non-target plants, however, the allethrins are not expected
to induce phytotoxic effects because of their neural toxic mode of
action.

4 No acute or chronic data are available.

Description of Assumptions, Limitations, Uncertainties, Strengths, and
Data Gaps

	Although this assessment focuses on esbiol, esbiothrin, bioallethrin,
and pynamin forte, data from all of the allethrin compounds (including
allethrin) were bridged, since the allethrin compounds are nearly
identical except in the ratios and amounts of the major isomers in the
mixtures, and we assume that the isomers are equipotent due to a lack of
conclusive data demonstrating otherwise.  Additionally, to more fully
characterize the environmental fate and transport of the allethrins,
some of the data for the structurally similar but naturally occurring
compound pyrethrin 1 have been considered in addition to the submitted
data for the allethrins.  Using surrogate data in the absence of direct
data on the active ingredient being assessed decreases confidence in the
assessment.

Another major uncertainty in this assessment is that standard use rates
typically reported for agricultural chemicals (i.e., lb a.i./acre) are
not applicable for allethrin end use products, and, in most cases,
maximum application rates cannot be calculated from label language.  For
example, label use rates are reported as duration per area for sprays
(e.g., “20 seconds/1000 cu ft” or “spray 6-8 seconds into nest
hole”), “spray as needed”, or “spray until wet”.

The allethrins do not have agricultural uses and cannot be modeled using
the standard Agency scenarios generated for agricultural crops or turf.
This comprises an uncertainty in this risk assessment, as EECs could not
be calculated for residential (urban), outdoor uses.  However, the
potential for the allethrins to reach non-target areas in concentrations
large enough to cause environmental risk is considered minimal based on
the supported uses (inclusive of use type, formulations, and application
type and rates).  While it is likely that pesticide in runoff in urban
areas is impacted by inadvertent application of lawn-care products to
impermeable surfaces or other treatments that could result in runoff
(driveways, sidewalks or road surfaces adjacent to lawns), a standard
method for assessing exposure from such uses has not been developed, and
data on deposition/degradation/resuspension and washoff from impermeable
surfaces are not available.

Many end-use products that contain an allethrin also contain synergists
like   SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 piperonyl butoxide or other residual
pyrethroids.  Piperonyl butoxide has been shown to enhance the toxicity
of the formulations and can increase the sensitivity of aquatic and
terrestrial taxa to pyrethroids (Adams, 1998; Casida and Quistad, 1995;
Federle and Collins, 1976), however, the magnitude of its effects when
mixed with allethrins is not known.

Additionally, the allethrins can cause paralysis in animals at lower
concentrations than those causing death, and such paralysis could lead
to mortality not directly related to the toxicity of the compound (e.g.,
predation).  Therefore, the acute endpoints used in this assessment
which do not account for such sub-lethal effects may not be conservative
in this respect.

A variety of terrestrial and aquatic organisms are more sensitive to
pyrethroids at lower temperatures (i.e., pyrethoids have negative
temperature coefficients of toxicity) (e.g., Cremlyn 1978; Hill 1985;
Li, et al. 2006); however, the magnitude of the effects of temperature
on allethrin toxicity is not known at this time.

No allethrin toxicity data are available for estuarine/marine animals.
Data are also lacking for chronic exposure for all taxa except mammals.
Furthermore, no guideline data were submitted to evaluate the risk of
allethrin exposure to plants.  As noted above, no phytotoxicity data are
available, but risks to plants are not expected, due to the mode of
action of allethrins.

The environmental fate database for the allethrins is extremely sparse,
with a single acceptable study (mobility) submitted to date.  Data gaps
include photodegradation on soil, aquatic metabolism (both aerobic and
anaerobic), and bioaccumulation in fish.  The aqueous photolysis study
was not acceptable, but provides some information on the expected rate
of photodegradation.  The hydrolysis study was classified
“supplemental”.  Also, the two submitted aerobic soil metabolism
studies, while scientifically valid on an individual basis, are both
classified “supplemental” due to discrepancies between the results
of the two studies.  Bridging data for the structurally similar but
naturally occurring compound pyrethrin 1 indicate that the potential for
bioaccumulation in fish may be high, but also indicate that photolysis
of the allethrins should occur rapidly in shallow clear water.

	Despite these assumptions and uncertainties, the supported outdoor
allethrin uses are expected to result in exposure levels below Agency
acute LOCs for non-target organisms in both aquatic and terrestrial
environments.  Therefore, the likelihood of adverse effects from acute
exposure is concluded to be low.  The likelihood of adverse effects from
chronic exposure to mammals is also considered low, however, the
potential risk to all other taxa from chronic exposure to allethrins
cannot be assessed at this time due to a lack of data.  Additionally,
the potential risk to aquatic organisms from acute exposure in surface
water resulting from indoor uses (e.g., pet shampoos being washed down
the drain) could not be dismissed.

V.  Literature Cited

2004-2005 Water and Sediment Quality Monitoring Data Summary for Chollas
Creek, Final Report. (2006).  Response to Monitoring in Chollas Creek,
Investigation Order No. R9-2004-0277.  Proposition 13, PRISM Grant
Agreement No. 04-17-559-0.  San Diego Region Integrated Pest Management
(IPM) Education and Outreach Project.

Adams, M. (1998).  The use of piperonyl butoxide in grain protection.
In Piperonyl Butoxide.  Edited by D. Glynne Jones.  Academic Press; San
Diego, CA. Pp. 261 – 282.

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). (2003).
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Department of Health and Human Services.  Public Health Service.

Casida, J.E., and G. B. Quistad (1995).  Pyrethrum Flowers: Production,
Chemistry, Toxicology, and Uses. Oxford Univ. Press; New York.  Pp. 356.

Cremlyn, R.  (1978). Pesticides: Preparation and Mode of Action, John
Wiley and Sons, Chichester, UK.

Dureja P., J.E. Casida, and L.O. Ruzo (1984).  Dinitroanilines as
photostabilizers for pyrethroids.  J Agric Food Chem, 32: 246-50.

Federle, P. F., and W. J. Collins (1976). Insecticide toxicity to three
insects from Ohio ponds. Ohio J. Sci., 76: 19-24.

Franke C., G. Studinger, G. Berger, S. Bohling, U. Bruckman, D.
Cohors-Fresenborg, and U. Johncke (1994). The assessment of
bioaccumulation. Chemosphere 29: 1501-14.

Goring, C.A.I., D.A. Laskowki, J.H. Hamaker, and R.W. Meikle (1975).
Principles of pesticide degradation in soil.  In Environmental Dynamics
of Pesticides, R. Haque and V.H. Freed, eds.  Plenum Press; New York.
Pp. 135-172

Hazardous Substances DataBank (  HYPERLINK "http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov"
http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov  ). 2006.  Entries for allethrin, resmethrin
and cypermethrin.

Hill, I.R. (1985).  Effects on non-target organisms in terrestrial and
aquatic environments. In: J.P. Leahey, Editor, The Pyrethroid
Insecticides, Taylor and Francis, London, UK.

USEPA: 2004.  Overview of the ecological Risk assessment Process in the
Office of Pesticide Programs, U.S. Environmental Protetion Agency:
Endangered and Threatened Species Effects Determinations.  Office of
Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic Substances; Office of Pesticide
Programs; Washington, DC.

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Hoerger, F., and E.E. Kenaga (1972).  Pesticide
residues on plants: Correlation of representative data as a basis for
estimation of their magnitude in the environment.  In F. Coulston and F.
Korte, eds., Environmental Quality and Safety: Chemistry, Toxicology,
and Technology, Georg Thieme Publ, Stuttgart, West Germany. Pp. 9-28.

Li, Haiping, Tao Feng, Pei Liang, Xueyan Shi, Xiwu Gao and Hui Jiang
(2006).  Effect of temperature on toxicity of pyrethroids and
endosulfan, activity of mitochondrial Na+–K+-ATPase and
Ca2+–Mg2+-ATPase in Chilo suppressalis (Walker) (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae).  Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology, 86(3): 151-156.

Mayer, D., and C. Johansen (1990). Pollinator Protection: A Bee &
Pesticide Handbook. Wicwas Press; Cheshire, Conn. Pp. 161.

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 U.S. EPA.  (2004).  Overview of the Ecological
Risk Assessment Process in the Office of Pesticide Programs.  U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Endangered and Threatened Species
Effects Determinations, Office of Prevention, Pesticides and Toxic
Substances Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, D.C.  100 pgs.
January 23.

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 USEPA Memo: 1-23-1997.  Allethrin Stereoisomers:
AgrEvo Environmental Health (AEH) Rebuttal of Agency requirements
Concerning the Test Substance for Plant Metabolism Studies.  From
William O. Smith (HED) to Paula Deschamp (HED).  DP Barcode - 222638.

USEPA: 1987.  Bioallethrin, Toxicology Chapter of the Registration
Standard.  From Pamela Hurley (HED) to Richard King (RD) through Robert
Zendziah (HED) and William Burnam (HED). Record No.: 005862.

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 USEPA Memo: 11-12-1986.  Bioallethrin Registration
Standard: Selection of Isomers To Be Included in the Standard.  From
Pamela Hurley (HED) to Richard King (RD) through Edwin Budd (HED),
Robert Zendzian (HED) and William Burman (HED).  TXR # - 0052388.

Worthing, C. R. (ed.) (1979).  Pesticide Manual. 6th ed. British Crop
Protection Council, l979; Worcestershire, England. Pp.7.

Environmental Fate   SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 MRID Studies Cited in the RA

MRID 41504401

Estigoy, L., K. Shepler, and L.O. Ruzo.  1990.  Hydrolysis of
[alc-14C]-d-trans-allethrin at pH 5, 7 and 9.  PTRL Report No. 196W-1.
Unpublished study performed by Pharmacology and Toxicology Research
Laboratory-West, Richmond, CA, and submitted by Sumitomo Chemical
Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan.

MRID 41504402

Chari, S., K. Shepler, and L.O. Ruzo.  1990.  Sunlight photodegradation
of [alc-14C]-d-trans-allethrin in a buffered aqueous solution at pH 5.
PTRL Report No. 197W-1.  Unpublished study performed by Pharmacology and
Toxicology Research Laboratory, Richmond, CA, and submitted by Sumitomo
Chemical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan.

MRID 41900401

Dykes, J.  1990.  Soil/sediment adsorption-desorption with
14C-allethrin.  ABC Final Report No. 38539.  Unpublished study performed
by Analytical Bio-Chemistry Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, MO, and
submitted by Roussel Bio Corporation, Lincoln Park, NJ, for Sumitomo
Chemical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan.

MRID 42336501

Schmidt, J.M.  1992a.  Aerobic soil metabolism study of
[Acid-14C]-d-trans-Allethrin.  Project No. 38484.  Unpublished study
performed by ABC Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, MO, and submitted by
Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan.

MRID 42336502

Schmidt, J.M.  1992b.  Aerobic soil metabolism study of
[Alc-14C]-d-trans-Allethrin.  Project No. 38484.  Unpublished study
performed by ABC Laboratories, Inc., Columbia, MO, and submitted by
Sumitomo Chemical Company, Ltd., Osaka, Japan.

Ecological Effects   SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 MRID Studies Cited in the RA

MRID: 27546

Raltech Scientific Services, Incorporated (1979). Aquatic Inverte- brate
Toxicity Study--Daphnia: RT No. 8084240. (Unpublished study received Dec
13, 1979 under 1021-1422; submitted by McLaughlin, Gormley, King Co.,
Minneapolis, Minn.; CDL:241520-B).

MRID: 27548

Beavers, J.B.; Fink, R.; Brown, R. (1978). Final Report: Eight-Day
Dietary LC50--Mallard Duck: Project No. 163-104. (Unpublished study
received Dec 13, 1979 under 1021-1422; prepared by Wild- life
International, Ltd. in cooperation with Washington College, submitted by
McLaughlin, Gormley, King Co., Minneapolis, Minn.; CDL:241520-D).

MRID: 31368

Rausina, G. (1974). Report to McLaughlin Gormley King Company: Four- Day
Static Fish Toxicity Studies with X-2840-74 in Rainbow Trout and
Bluegills: IBT No. 621-05281. (Unpublished study received Dec 17, 1975
under 1021-88; prepared by Industrial Bio-Test Lab- oratories, Inc.,
submitted by McLaughlin, Gormley, King Co., Minneapolis, Minn.;
CDL:221996-M).

MRID: 31369

Fletcher, D. (1974). Report to McLaughlin Gormley King Company: 8- Day
Dietary LCI50^ Study with X-2840-74 in Mallard Ducklings: IBT No.
651-05280. (Unpublished study received Dec 17, 1975 un- der 1021-88;
prepared by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., submitted by
McLaughlin, Gormley, King Co., Minneapolis, Minn.; CDL:221996-N).

MRID: 47080

Fletcher, D. (1973). Report to McLaughlin Gormley King Company: 8-Day
Dietary LCI50^ Study with S-Bioallethrin in Bobwhite Quail: IBT No.
651-02851. (Unpublished study received Apr 11, 1973 under unknown amdin.
no.; prepared by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., submitted by
McLaughlin, Gormley, King Co., Minneapolis, Minn.; CDL:133033-A).

MRID: 49254

Atkins, E.L., Jr.; Anderson, L.D. (1967). Toxicity of Pesticides and
Other Agricultural Chemicals to Honey Bees: Laboratory Studies. By Univ.
of California--Riverside, Dept. of Entomology. River- side, Calif.: UC,
Agricultural Extension Service. (M-16; sub- mitter report no. 22259,
also~In~unpublished submission received Mar 22, 1976 under 3125-71;
submitted by Mobay Chemical Corp, Kansas City, Mo.; CDL:224114-K).

MRID: 55509

Fletcher, D. (1974). Report to Mc Laughlin Gormley King Company: 8-Day
Dietary LCI50^ Study with X-2840-74 in Mallard Ducklings: IBT No.
651-05280. (Unpublished study received Dec 17, 1975 under 1021-88;
prepared by Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories, Inc., submitted by
McLaughlin, Gormley, King Co., Minneapolis, Minn.; CDL:221996-N).

MRID: 122546

Mauck, W.; Olson, L.; Marking, L. (1976). Toxicity of natural pyrethrins
and five pyrethroids to fish. Archives of Environ- mental Contamination
and Toxicology 4:18-29. (Also In unpub- lished submission received Feb
11, 1977 under 1021-24; submitted by McLaughlin Gormley King Co.,
Minneapolis, MN; CDL:228070-A).

MRID: 123339

Fink, R.; Beavers, J.; Grimes, J.; et al. (1978). Acute Oral LD50:
Bobwhite Quail: D-Trans Allethrin, Technical: Project No. 163- 106.
Final rept. (Unpublished study received Feb 8, 1979 under 1021-1217;
prepared by Wildlife International, Ltd., submitted by McLaughlin
Gormley King Co., Minneapolis, MN; CDL:238863-A).

MRID: 162751

Stevenson, J. (1968) Laboratory studies on the acute contact and oral
toxicities of insecticides to honeybees. Ann. appl. Biol. 61:467-472.

MRID: 40098001

Mayer, F.L., and M.R. Ellersieck (1986). Manual of Acute Toxicity:
Interpretation and Data Base for 410 Chemicals and 66 Species of
Freshwater Animals. United States Department of the Interior, U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, Resource Publication 160.

MRID: 151449

Glomot, R. (1979). Esbiothrin: Acute Oral Toxicity Study in the Rat:
Ref. RU-EBT-79828/A and Ref. 79.828. Unpublished study prepared by
Roussel Uclaf. 27 p.

MRID: 41246801

Hoberman, A. (1989). Reproductive Effects of Pynamin Forte Administered
Orally in Feed to Crl:COBS CD (SD)BR Rats for Two Genera- tions: Argus
Research Laboratories Protocol 1119-002. Unpub- lished study prepared by
Argus Research Laboratories, Inc. 1203 p.

APPENDIX A:

Environmental Fate Study Summaries

Hydrolysis

	Cyclopentenyl ring-labeled [3-14C]d-trans allethrin
[(4'RS)-3-allyl-2-methyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-enyl
(1R)-trans-chrysanthemate] transformed rapidly with a half-life of 4.3
days in sterile aqueous pH 9 buffered solutions that were incubated at
25 C in the dark for up to 16 days; the compound was essentially stable
in pH 5 and 7 solutions incubated under similar conditions for 32 days
(MRID 41504401).  At pH 9, [14C] d-trans allethrin was 98.6-99.2% of the
applied radioactivity immediately posttreatment, 64.2-64.4% at 48 hours,
39.8-41.1% at 101.5 hours, and 8.0% at 389.5 hours.  Three major
degradates were identified in the pH 9 solutions.  Allethrolone was
present at 11.0% by 48 hours, was a maximum of 18.9% of the applied at
171 hours and was still present at 18.8% at 389.5 hours (study
termination).  Compound 1A was present at 17.4% by 101.5 hours, and a
maximum of 34.9% at 389.5 hours.  Compound 2A was present at 15.5% by 48
hours, was a maximum of 28.7% at 171 hours, and was 24.0% of the applied
by 389.5 hours.  Unidentified compounds were generally <1.6% throughout
the study, but were a total of 9.05% at 389.5 days.  Although structures
were presented for compounds 1A and 2A, the chemical names were not
provided.  Both compounds were identified as isomeric bicyclic ketones.
This study is classified as supplemental, as the pH 9 experiment was not
conducted for a sufficient length of time to identify the patterns of
formation and decline for the degradates, one of which was at its
maximum at the end of the study period.

Aqueous Photolysis

	Cyclopentenyl ring-labeled [3-14C]d-trans allethrin
[(4'RS)-3-allyl-2-methyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-enyl
(1R)-trans-chrysanthemate; radiochemical purity 99.3%, specific activity
44.2 mCi/mMol, Sumitomo] degraded with a half-life of approximately 48
hours in a buffered (pH 5) aqueous solution that was maintained at 25 oC
while irradiated outdoors in California (37.45(N, 122.26(W; during
December 1989 and January 1990) for 48 hours (MRID 41504402).  Two major
degradates were identified in the irradiated solutions.  Allethrolone
ranged from 2.4 to 3.7% of the applied with no discernable pattern
between 3 and 48 hours posttreatment, and was 9.8% at 72 and 120 hours.
Dihydroxy-allethrolone was 6% and 6.1% of the applied at 24 and 48 hours
posttreatment, respectively, then was 22.4% at 72 hours, and 34.9% at
120 hours.  In the dark controls, allethrolone was <1.6% of the applied
(maximum at 120 hours), and dihydroxy-allethrolone was not detected.  Up
to 27 "unknowns," totaling a maximum of 37.6% of the applied, were
isolated from the irradiated and dark control solutions; no single
unknown was present at >10%.  14CO2 totaled 3.8 and 4.9% of the applied
from the irradiated and dark control solutions at 48 hours,
respectively; and was 2.4 and 2.1% from the irradiated and dark control
solutions at 120 hours, respectively.  This study is classified as
unacceptable, as an accurate photodegradation half-life cannot be
calculated from the data provided.  The experiment was conducted in two
parts, and insufficient information was provided to allow the data to be
combined.  Neither experiment was in itself sufficient to meet data
requirements.  The 48-hour exposure experiment was terminated before the
half-life of bioallethrin occurred; the 120-hour experiment was sampled
only at 72 and 120 hours, and the application rate was not confirmed.
Also, the results of the dark control (pH 5) solutions are not in
agreement with those of the submitted hydrolysis study (MRID 41504401),
in which it was demonstrated that bioallethrin is stable to hydrolysis
at pH 5.  In this photolysis study, however, (unexplained) degradation
was observed in the pH 5 dark control solutions.  Thus, it could not be
confirmed that the degradation observed in the irradiated samples was
due solely to photodegradation, and a corrected (to account for
hydrolysis) photodegradation half-life could not be determined.  It is
most probable that the apparent “degradation” observed in the dark
controls, which did not follow a discernable pattern, was actually due
to material loss.  While the study is somewhat useful in that it shows
that photodegradation of the compound likely occurs rapidly in water,
the data obtained in the studies was insufficient to show the patterns
of formation and decline for the degradates.

Aerobic Soil Metabolism

	The biodegradation of acid-labeled and alcohol-labeled [3-14C]d-trans
allethrin [(4'RS)-3-allyl-2-methyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-enyl
(1R)-trans-chrysanthemate was studied separately at 1.5 ppm (approx. 26
times the maximum field rate) in aerobic sandy loam soils that were
incubated in darkness for 6 months at 25 C while maintained at 75% of
0.33 bar moisture content.  Both studies were initially classified as
unacceptable due to discrepancies in the degradation rates between the
studies.  For the purposes of assessing risks, however, and because each
study is scientifically valid on an individual basis, the studies are
now classified as “supplemental.”  Under the persistence scale of
Goring et al. (1994), half-lives from both studies indicate that the
allethrins will be slightly persistent in soil.

	The acid-labeled d-trans allethrin degraded with a half-life of
16.9-22.0 days (MRID 42336501).  The major degradate (1R,
3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3- carboxycyclopropanecarboxylic acid (COOH-CA), which
was present at day 1, was a maximum of 31.0% of the applied at 2 months
and decreased to 26.5% by 6 months.  The major degradate CO2 38.7% of
the applied by 6 months, and bound residues accounted for >40% of the
applied by that time.  The minor degradate (1R, 3R)-2,2-dimethyl-3-
(2-methylprop-1-enyl)cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (d-t-CRA) was present
at day 1, was a maximum of 6.0% of the applied at 4 months and was 3.01%
at 6 months.

	The alcohol-labeled d-trans allethrin degraded with a half-life of
40.1-42.5 (MRID 42336502).  The major degradate
4-allyl-2-hydroxy-3-methyl-5-oxocyclopentene (dl-ALON) was present at
day 0, was a maximum of 27.6% of the applied by day 7, and was 7.04% by
6 months.  The major degradate CO2 was present at approximately 71% of
the applied at 6 months.  Bound residues accounted for a maximum of
19.4% of the applied by 4 months.

Leaching & Adsorption/Desorption

	The mobility of cyclopentenyl ring-labeled [3-14C]d-trans allethrin
[(4'RS)-3-allyl-2-methyl-4-oxocyclopent-2-enyl (1R)-trans-chrysanthemate
was studied in silt loam, clay loam, sandy loam, and sand soils in a
batch equilibrium experiment (MRID 41900401).  The soils were
equilibrated in 1:20 (w:v) soil:0.01 M calcium chloride solution
slurries in the dark for 24 hours at 25oC.  Freundlich Kads values were
4.1 mL/g for the sand soil, 6.2 mL/g for the sandy loam soil, 15.8 mL/g
for the silt loam soil, and 25.9 mL/g for the clay loam soil; respective
Koc values were 1409, 1358, 1134, and 1718.  Based on the McCall
Classification, these Koc values indicate that d-trans allethrin can be
expected to have low mobility in soil.  Freundlich Kdes values were 9.3
mL/g for the sand soil, 8.8 mL/g for the sandy loam soil, 22.1 mL/g for
the silt loam soil, and 37.0 mL/g for the clay loam soil; Koc values for
desorption ranged from 1592 to 3212.  This study is classified as
acceptable and provides adequate data for the risk assessment.

APPENDIX B:

Chemical Structure of the Allethrin Isomers

d-trans chrysanthemic acid of d-allethrolone (most insecticidally active
isomer)

d-trans chrysanthemic acid of l-allethrolone

l-trans chrysanthemic acid of d-allethrolone

l-trans chrysanthemic acid of l-allethrolone

d-cis chrysanthemic acid of d-allethrolone

d-cis chrysanthemic acid of l-allethrolone

l-cis chrysanthemic acid of d-allethrolone

l-cis chrysanthemic acid of l-allethrolone

APPENDIX C:

Summary of Submitted Toxicity Studies for Animals Exposed to Allethrins

Aquatic Organisms:

SPECIES	CHEM./

(PC CODE)	END-POINT	DUR-ATION (hrs)	CONC. MEAN (ppb)	EXPO-SURE TYPE
CATEGORY	MRID #

Freshwater Fish

Salmo gairdneri

Rainbow Trout	Allethrin/

004001	LC50	96	19.0	Static (S)	Supplemental1	40098001

	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	96	13.9

(11.8 – 17.9)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	17.5

(13.1 – 23.4)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	9.7

(8.0 – 11.6)	Flow-through (F)	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	--	S	Invalid2	31368

Oncorhynchus mykiss

Steelhead Trout	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	96	17.5

(13.1 – 23.4)	S	Supplemental	122546

LC50	96	9.7

(8.0 – 11.6)	F	Supplemental	122546

Oncorhynchus kisutch

Coho Salmon	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	96	22.2

(20.6 – 23.9)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	2.6*

(1.8 – 3.5)	F	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	22.2

(20.6 – 23.9)	S	Supplemental	122546

LC50	96	9.4

(7.91 – 11.2)	F	Supplemental	122546

Salvelinus namaycush

Lake Trout	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	96	17.3

(14.9 – 20.0)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	16.0*

(14.3 – 17.8)	F	Supplemental	40098001

Esox lucius

Northern Pike	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	96	3.3*

(3.0 – 3.6)	F	Supplemental	40098001

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Lepomis macrochirus

Bluegill Sunfish	Allethrin/

004001	LC50	96	56.0	S	Supplemental	40098001

	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	96	47.0

(39.8 – 55.5)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	47.0

(40.0 – 55.2)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	35.0

(31.4 – 39.0)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	56.0

(47.3 – 66.3)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	56

(44.5 – 70.5)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	60.0

(52.1 – 69.1)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	49.0

(42.7 – 56.2)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	49.0

(42.7 – 56.2)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	42.5

(33.4 – 54.1)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	22.5

(20.5 – 24.7)	F	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	40.0

(36.0 – 44.4)	7 day degra	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	34.3

(30.8 – 38.2)	7 day degra	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	74.0

(64.5 – 85.9)	7 day degra	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	--	S	Invalid2	31368

	Esbiol/

004004	LC50	96	23.6

(18.8 – 29.6)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	27.6

(24.5 – 31.1)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	39.0

(33.5 – 45.4)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	30.0

(25.4 – 35.4)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	36.0

(32.2 – 40.3)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	>25	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	>25	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	33.8

(30.4 – 37.6)	7 day degra	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	44.3

(38.2 – 51.3)	7 day degra	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	53.8

(42.9 – 67.4)	7 day degra	Supplemental	40098001

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Pimephales promelas

Fathead Minnow	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	96	48.0

(34.9 – 66.0)	F	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	69.0

(53.8 – 88.4)	F	Supplemental	40098001

	Esbiol/

004004	LC50	96	80.0

(65.9 – 97.1)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	53.0

(35.8 – 78.3)	F	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	80.0

(65.9 – 97.1)	S	Supplemental	122546

Catostomus commersoni

White Sucker	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	96	12.4*

(10.5 – 14.6)	F	Supplemental	40098001

Ictalurus punctatus

Channel Catfish	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	96	>30.0	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	27.0

(22.4 – 32.6)	F	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	>30.1	S	Supplemental	122546

LC50	96	27.0

(22.4 – 32.6)	F	Supplemental	122546

	Esbiol/

004004	LC50	96	14.6

(10.1 – 21.0)	F	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	14.6

(10.1 – 21.1)	F	Supplemental	122546

Perca flavescens

Yellow Perch	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	96	9.9*

(9.17 – 10.7)	F	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	9.9*

(9.17 – 10.7)	F	Supplemental	122546

	Esbiol/

004004	LC50	96	7.8

(6.5 – 9.4)	S	Supplemental	40098001

LC50	96	7.8

(6.5 – 9.3)	S	Supplemental	122546

Micropterus dolomieui

Smallmouth Bass	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	96	7.7*

(5.8 – 10.2)	F	Supplemental	40098001

Micropterus salmoides

Largemouth Bass	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	96	>12*	F	Supplemental	40098001

Freshwater Invertebrates

Daphnia pulex

Waterflea	Allethrin/

004001	EC50	48	21.0

(19.0 -35.0)	S	Supplemental	40098001

	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	96	33

(10.0 – 70.0)	S	Invalid3	27546

	Esbiothrin/

004007	EC50	48	8.9

(7.5 – 11)	S	Acceptable	43235801

Simocephalus serrulatus

Waterflea	Allethrin/

004001	EC50	48	56

(40.0 -78.0)	S	Supplemental	40098001

Gammarus fasciatus

Scud	Allethrin/

004001	LC50	96	84

(5.0 – 12.0)	S	Supplemental	40098001

Pteronarcys californica

Stonefly	Allethrin/

004001	LC50	96	2.15

(1.5 – 2.9)	S	Supplemental	40098001

* Refers to data from fingerlings

1 Although results from Mayer and Ellersieck (1986) (MRID: 40098001)
have traditionally been considered ‘core’ or ‘acceptable’ by
EFED, EFED is currently re-evaluating the data from these studies to
determine if they meet current guideline requirements.  Until this is
completed, data from this volume will be considered ‘supplemental’.

2 These studies are deemed ‘invalid’ because they were performed by
Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc., prior to 1976 when it was
determined that the laboratory falsified test results.

3 This study is invalid because: more than 10% of the controls died
during testing; the temperature during the study varied more than 1o C
(range: 17 – 21o C); information regarding pH, DO, and the actual
concentration of the chemical in test treatments was not provided; the
amount of a.i. in the technical was not provided.

- Italicized data are assumed to be duplicates (i.e., they are also
reported in Mayer and Ellersieck 1986, MRID 40098001)

4 In the Allethrin data table in Mayer and Ellersieck (1986), the 96-hr
LC50 for Gammarus fasciatus is listed as 11 µg/L with a 95% CI of 8.0 -
15.0 µg/L.  However, based on the original data source (Sanders, 1972;
ECOTOX ref.: 887), this is the LC50 for pyrethrum (and not allethrin).
The LC50 for allethrin should be 8 µg/L with a 95% CI of 5 - 12 µg/L.

5 In the Allethrin data table in Mayer and Ellersieck (1986), the 96-hr
LC50 for Pteronarcys californica is listed as 5.6 µg/L with a 95% CI of
4.9 – 6.4 µg/L.  However, based on the original data source (Sanders
and Cope, 1968; ECOTOX ref.: 889), this is the 48-hr LC50.  The 96-hr
LC50 for allethrin should be 2.1 µg/L with a 95% CI of 1.5 – 2.9
µg/L.

Terrestrial Organisms:

SPECIES	CHEM./

(PC CODE)	END-POINT	DUR-ATION (days)	CONC. MEAN 	EXPO-SURE TYPE	CATEGORY
MRID #

Birds

Colinus virginianus

Bobwhite Quail	Esbiol/ 004004	LC50	8	>5,000 mg/kg-diet	N/A	Invalid1
47080

	Bioallethrin/

004003	LD50	14	2030

mg/kg-bw

(1504 – 2738)	N/A	Acceptable	123339

Anas platyrhynchos

Mallard Duck	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	8	>5,000 mg/kg-diet	N/A	Invalid1	55509

LC50	8	>5,000 mg/kg-diet	N/A	Invalid1	31369

	Pynamin Forte/

004005	LC50	8	>5,620 mg/kg-diet	N/A	Acceptable	27548

Mammals

Laboratory rat	Esbiothrin/ 004007	LD50	14	378 mg/kg-bw	N/A	Acceptable
00151449

Laboratory rat	Pynamin Forte/

004005	NOAEL	2 generation	13 mg/kg-bw	N/A	Acceptable	41246801

Terrestrial Invertebrates

Apis mellifera

Honey Bee	Allethrin/

004001	LD50	1

(24 hr)	3.4 µg/bee	Contact	Supplemental	162751

LD50	1

(24 hr)	4.6 µg/bee	Oral	Invalid2	162751

LD50	1

(24 hr)	9.1 µg/bee	Oral	Supplemental	162751

LD50	2

(48 hr)	> 10 µg/bee	Contact	Supplemental	49254

1 These studies are deemed ‘invalid’ because they were performed by
Industrial BIO-TEST Laboratories, Inc., prior to 1976 when it was
determined that the laboratory falsified test results.

2 The results from several studies are reported; the data from 1965 are
classified as invalid because of   SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 the high rate of
control mortality noted in that year.

APPENDIX D:

Summary of Toxicity Studies from ECOTOX for Animals Exposed to
Allethrins

Aquatic Organisms:

SPECIES	CHEM./

(PC CODE)	END-POINT	DUR-ATION (hrs)	CONC. MEAN (ppb)	EXPO-SURE TYPE
CATEGORY	REFERENCE/ECOTOX NO.

Freshwater Invertebrate

Peltodytes spp.

Crawling Water Beetle	Allethrin/

004001	LC50	96	50.0	Static	Supplemental	Federle and Collins (1976)/7775

Gammarus lacustris

Scud	Allethrin/

004001	LC50	96	11

(8.0 – 15.0)	Static	Supplemental	Sanders (1969)/885

Notonecta undulate

Backswimmer	Allethrin/

004001	LC50	48	> 20	Static	Supplemental	Mills et al. (1969)/4807

Notonecta undulate

Backswimmer	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	48	> 20	Static	Supplemental	Mills et al. (1969)/4807

Aedes aegypti

Mosquito (larvae)	Bioallethrin/

004003	LC50	24	24 (at 20o C)

40 (at 30o C)	Static	Supplemental	Cutkomp and Subramanyam (1986)/12051

Chironomus riparius

Midge	Allethrin/

004001	LC50	24	41.9

(38.6 - 45.3)	Static	Supplemental	Estenik and Collins (1979)/6830

Chironomus tentans

Midge (3rd or 4th instar)	Allethrin/

004001	LC50	24	11.5	Static	Supplemental	Karnak and Collins (1974)/6267

Terrestrial Invertebrate

Spodoptera littoralis

Cotton Leafworm (3rd instar)	Allethrin/

004001	LD50	24	31.1 µg/g	Topical	Supplemental	El-Sebae et al.
(1985)/70687 (duplicated under 81547)

Aedes taenorhynchus

Mosquito (adult)	Esbiothrin 004007 	EC50 (knock-down)

LC50	1

24	10.4

(7.4 – 13.1)

81.8

(69.2 – 96.4)

	Exposed to 0.5 ml of each dilution for 10 seconds in wind tunnel
Supplemental	Floore et al. (1992)/69764

Culex quinquefasciatus

Mosquito (adult)	Esbiothrin 004007	EC50 (knock-down)

LC50	1

24	7.7

(4.8 – 10.1)

95.5

(65.7 -122)

	Exposed to 0.5 ml of each dilution for 10 seconds in wind tunnel
Supplemental	Floore et al. (1992)/69764

Mammal

Mouse

(species not identified)	Allethrin/

004001	LD50	24	920 mg/kg bw	Oral	Supplemental	El-Sebae et al.
(1985)/70687 (duplicated under 81547)

The remaining studies identified by ECOTOX that were ‘Acceptable for
ECOTOX and OPP’ were not considered for assessment endpoints because:

REASON FOR NOT BEING CONSIDERED FOR ASSESSMENT ENDPOINTS	TAXA	CHEM./

(PC CODE)	REFERENCE/ECOTOX NO.	COMMENTS

The data were already considered in the submitted data	Freshwater fish
and invertebrates	Allethrin/

004001 and

Bioallethrin/

004003	Mayer and Ellersieck (1986)/6797	MRID: 40098001

The data are duplicated in Mayer and Ellersieck (1986)	Freshwater
invertebrates	Allethrin/

004001	Sanders (1972)/887	--

	Freshwater invertebrates	Allethrin/

004001	Sanders and Cope (1968)/889	--

The studies were rejected upon further evaluation:	Rats	Allethrin/

004001	Carpenter et al. (1950)/81170	Vehicle used in dosing (Deo-base)
showed toxic effects – mortality

	Tobacco budworm	Allethrin/

004001	McCutchen, et al. (1997)/74124	The allethrin toxicity data
reported, without the addition of Baculoviruses, are secondary data

The study is scientifically valid but the study design is substantially
different from guidelines and the results could not be adequately
compared to  standard acute or chronic endpoints (these studies were
considered in the Risk Description section of the assessment)	Aedes
aegypti Mosquitoes (adult)	Esbiothrin/

004007 and Bioallethrin/

004003	Birley et al. (1987)/80904	Coils (0.044 and 0.099% esbiothrin;
and 0.20% bioallethrin) were tested in the laboratory and field (huts in
Kenya) for knockdown and bite-inhibition.  In the cylinder test, 95%
were knocked-down (KT95) in 3.55 minutes (KT50 – 2.44 min); in the 25
m3 room test, the KT95 was 13.0 minutes (KT50 – 9.3 min) (both,
bioallethrin coils)

	Culex quinquefasciatus, Aedes aegypti, and Anopheles stephensi

Mosquitoes (adult)	Bioallethrin/

004003, Esbiothrin/ 004007, and Allethrin/ 004001	Amalraj et al.
(1996)/81346	Coils and mats (4% allethrin, 2% bioallethrin, and 1%
esbiothrin) tested in laboratory (2’ 2’ 2’ m chamber).  Quickest
LT50 = 0.001 hr (allethrin mat, Aedes sp. and Anopheles sp.).  Knockdown
time also reported.

	Aedes

Mosquitoes (adult)	Bioallethrin/

004003	Warui (1992)/70105	Various conc. tested in mats (0.0002, 0.2,
2.0, 20, 30, and 60 mg a.i./mat) in laboratory chamber. Percentages
knocked-down after 45 min = 6.3, 56, 85.4, 87.6, 95.4, and 94.6 at each
conc. level, respectively.

	Culex quinquefasciatus

Mosquitoes (adult)	Esbiothrin 004007, and Pynamin Forte/004005	Ammen et
al. (1993)/81166	Coils and mats (0.22% pynamin forte, 0.12% esbiothrin)
were tested in laboratory – 1 g product burned for 30 min before
mosquitoes exposed, mosquitoes exposed for 18 min, mortality measured at
24 hr.  Esbiothrin – 36%, and pynamin forte – 22% mortality
(knockdown also reported)

	Culex quinquefasciatus

and Anophales

Mosquitoes

(Adults)	Allethrin/

004001	Sharma et al. (1993)	Measured number of mosquitoes caught around
adult male lying on a cot in room in India.  Statistically significantly
fewer mosquitoes were caught in room with heated allethrin (4%) mat when
compared to control.

	Aedes aegypti

Mosquito

 (Adult female)	Allethrin/

004001	Vartak and Sharma (1993)/80899	A mat with 80 mg of allethrin was
burned in 60 x 60 x 60 cm chamber.  KT50 min = 22.91 (therefore 50 %
were knocked down by 23 min).

	Rat

(adult males)	Allethrin/

004001	Stein et al. (1987)/81175	Rats trained for behavioral tests
before exposure; during testing, injected (IP) immediately before
testing at various conc. (highest dose – 32 mg/kg bw) for
dose-response test.  Dose-dependent response suppression observed.  In
time course experiment (dose = 16 mg/kg bw), operant response
suppression evident immediately following injection; effects disappeared
by 15 min after injection.

	Mice

(neonates)	Bioallethrin/ 004003	Erikksson and Nordberg (1990)/81177
Neonates exposed to 0.7 mg/kg bw for 7 days (once a day, gavage) on days
10 – 16; tested 24 hr after last treatment.  Increases in muscarinic
cholinergic receptor density in the cortex at lowest rate tested (0.71
mg/kg bw)

	Mice

(neonates and adults, males and females)	Bioallethrin/ 004003	Erikksson
and Fredriksson (1991)/81176	Neonates exposed to 0.7 mg/kg bw for 7 days
(once a day, gavage) on days 10 – 16; tested at 4 months on age.
Decreases in MAChR (muscarinic cholinergic receptors in the brain)
density and behavior (locomotion, rearing and total activity) reported
at 4 months.  Concluded that, “… disturbances of the cholinergic
system during rapid development in the neonatal mouse can lead to
permanent changes…” (p. 78)

	Mice

(neonates and adults, males)	Bioallethrin/ 004003	Talts et al.
(1998)/80906	Neonates exposed to 0.7 mg/kg bw for 7 days (once a day,
gavage) on days 10 – 16; repeated at 5-months of age (for 7 days).
Behavioral effects/changes in MAChR density noted when tested at 5 and 7
months in groups exposed neonatally and neonatally/5-months (no effects
noted in controls and groups dosed only as adults); effects more extreme
in group dosed neonatally and at 5 months.

	Mice

(neonates and adults, males and females)	Bioallethrin/ 004003	Ahlbom et
al. (1994)/80905	Neonates exposed to 0.7 mg/kg bw for 7 days (once a
day, gavage at various conc. – 0.21, 0.42, 0.70, 4.2 mg/kg bw) on days
10 – 16; tested at 4 months on age.  Effects seen at all treatment
levels (behavior and MAChR density).

	Mice

(neonates and adults, males and females)	Esbiol/004004	Pauluhn and
Schmuck (2003)/ 80907	Neonates exposed to 0.7 mg/kg bw for 7 days (once
a day, gavage) on days 10 – 16; exposed to different temperatures (21,
25, and 30o C); tested at 4 months on age.  Changes in MAChR (muscarinic
cholinergic receptors in the brain) density and body and brain weights.
Effects greater at lower temperatures.

	Rat

(Adult Sprague-Dawley)	Allethrin/

004001	Hossain et al. (2004)/80710	Rats injected with 20, 35, or 60
mg/kg of a.i.  Tested until 180 min after exposure.  Clinical symptoms
only seen at 60 mg/kg (tremors, diarrhea); release of acetylcholine
(Ach) from hippocampus increased at 20 and 35 mg/kg, peaked at 60 min,
and returned to normal by 180 min.  Release of ACh decreased at 60 mg/kg
level and did not return to normal levels.

	Mice

(Adult)	Allethrin/

004001	Lawrence and Casida (1982)/72270	Mouse brains directly injected.
LD50  = 290 µg/g brain wt (can be converted to mg/kg bw by multiplying
by 1.4 x 10 -2 = 4.06 mg/kg bw).

APPENDIX E:

List of ECOTOX References for Allethrins Categorized as ‘Acceptable
for ECOTOX and OPP’

Ahlbom, J., Fredriksson, A., and Eriksson, P. (1994). Neonatal Exposure
to a Type-L Pyrethroid (Bioallethrin) Induces Dose-Response Changes in
Brain Muscarinic Receptors and Behaviour in Neonatal and Adult Mice.
Brain Res. 645: 318-324.

EcoReference No.: 80905

Amalraj, D. D., Sivagnaname, N., Boopathidoss, P. S., and Das, P. K.
(1996). Bioefficacy of Mosquito Mat, Coil and Dispenser Formulations
Containing Allethrin Group of Synthetic Pyrethroids Against Mosquito
Vectors.  J.Commun.Dis. 28: 85-93.

EcoReference No.: 81346

Ameen, M. U., Banu, N. N., Hossain, M. I., and Ahmed, T. U. (1993).
Laboratory Evaluation of Some Smoke Producing Repellents Against Culex
quinquefasciatus (Say) (Diptera:  Culicidae).  Bangladesh J.Zool. 21:
1-10.

EcoReference No.: 81166

Birley, M. H., Mutero, C. M., Turner, I. F., and Chadwick, P. R. (1987).
The Effectiveness of Mosquito Coils Containing Esbiothrin Under
Laboratory and Field Conditions.  Ann.Trop.Med.Parasitol. 81: 163-171.

EcoReference No.: 80904

Carpenter, C. P., Weil, C. S., Pozzani, U. C., and Smyth, H. F. Jr.
(1950). Comparative Acute and Subacute Toxicities of Allethrin and
Pyrethrins.  A.M.A.Arch.Ind.Hyg.Occup.Med. 2: 420-432.

EcoReference No.: 8117.

Cutkomp, L. K. and Subramanyam, B. (1986). Toxicity of Pyrethroids to
Aedes aegypti Larvae in Relation to Temperature.  J.Am.Mosq.Control
Assoc. 2: 347-349.

EcoReference No.: 12051

El-Sabae, A. H., Enan, E. E., Daoud, A. S., and Zeid, M. I. (1985).
Selective Toxicity of Synthetic Pyrethroids and Some Synergists to Mice
and Cotton and Leafworm in Relation to Mice Biochemical Enzymes
Activities.  Meded.Fac.Lanbouwwet.Rijsuniv.Gent 50: 939-950.

EcoReference No.: 81547

El-Sebae, A. H., Enan, E. E., Daoud, A. S., and Zeid, M. I. (1985).
Selective Toxicity of Synthetic Pyrethroids and Some Synergists to Mice
and Cotton Leafworm in Relation to Some Biochemical Enzymes Activities.
Meded.Fac.Landbouwkd.Rijksuniv.Gent 50: 939-950.

EcoReference No.: 70687

Eriksson, P. and Fredriksson, A. (1991). Neurotoxic Effects of Two
Different Pyrethroids, Bioallethrin and Deltamethrin, on Immature and
Adult Mice:  Changes in Behavioral and Muscarinic Receptor Variables .
Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 108: 78-85.

EcoReference No.: 81176

Eriksson, P. and Nordberg, A. (1990). Effects of Two Pyrethroids,
Bioallethrin and Deltamethrin, on Subpopulations of Muscarinic and
Nicotinic Receptors in the Neonatal Mouse Brain.
Toxicol.Appl.Pharmacol. 102 : 456-463.

EcoReference No.: 81177

Estenik, J. F. and Collins, W. J. (1979). In Vivo and In Vitro Studies
of Mixed-Function Oxidase in an Aquatic Insect, Chironomus riparius.
In: M.A.Q.Khan, J.J.Lech, and J.J.Menn (Eds.), Pesticide and Xenobiotic
Metabolism in Aquatic Organisms, ACS (Am.Chem.Soc.) Symp.Ser.99 349-370
(Author Communication Used).

EcoReference No.: 6830.

Federle, P. F. and Collins, W. J. (1976). Insecticide Toxicity to Three
Insects from Ohio Ponds.  Ohio J.Sci. 76: 19-24.

EcoReference No.: 7775

Floore, T. G., Rathburn, C. B. Jr., Boike, A. H. Jr., Coughlin, J. S.,
and Greer, M. J. (1992). Comparison of the Synthetic Pyrethroids
Esbiothrin and Bioresmethrin with Scourge and Cythion Against Adult
Mosquitoes in a Laboratory Wind Tunnel.  J.Am.Mosq.Control Assoc. 8:
58-60.

EcoReference No.: 69764

Hossain, M. M., Suzuki, T., Sato, I., Takewaki, T., Suzuki, K., and
Kobayashi, H. (2004). The Modulatory Effect of Pyrethroids on
Acetylcholine Release in the Hippocampus of Freely Moving Rats.
Neurotoxicology 25: 825-833.

EcoReference No.: 80710

Karnak, R. E. and Collins, W. J. (1974). The Susceptibility to Selected
Insecticides and Acetylcholinesterase Activity in a Laboratory Colony of
Midge Larvae, Chironomus tentans (Diptera:  Chironomidae).
Bull.Environ.Contam.Toxicol. 12: 62-69.

EcoReference No.: 6267

Lawrence, L. J. and Casida, J. E. (1982). Pyrethroid Toxicology:  Mouse
Intracerebral Structure-Toxicity Relationships.  Pestic.Biochem.Physiol.
18: 9-14.

EcoReference No.: 72270

Mayer, F. L. Jr. and Ellersieck, M. R. (1986). Manual of Acute Toxicity:
Interpretation and Data Base for 410 Chemicals and 66 Species of
Freshwater Animals.  Resour.Publ.No.160, U.S.Dep.Interior, Fish
Wildl.Serv., Washington, DC 505 p. (USGS Data File).

EcoReference No.: 6797

McCutchen, B. F., Hoover, K., Preisler, H. K., Betana, M. D., Herrmann,
R., Robertson, J. L., and Hammock, B. D. (1997). Interactions of
Recombinant and Wild-Type Baculoviruses with Classical Insecticides and
Pyrethroid-Resistant Tobacco Budworm (Lepidoptera:  Noctuidae).
J.Econ.Entomol. 90: 1170-1180.

EcoReference No.: 74124

Mills, G. D. Jr., J.H.Fales, and Durbin, C. G. Jr. (1969). Comparison of
the Effect of Six Pyrethroids Against a Backswimmer, Notonecta undulata
Say.  Mosq.News 29: 690-691.

EcoReference No.: 4807

Mills, G. D. Jr., J.H.Fales, and Durbin, C. G. Jr. (1969). Comparison of
the Effect of Six Pyrethroids Against a Backswimmer, Notonecta undulata
Say.  Mosq.News 29: 690-691.

EcoReference No.: 4807

Pauluhn, J. and Schmuck, G. (2003). Critical Analysis of Potential Body
Temperature Confounders on Neurochemical Endpoints Caused by Direct
Dosing and Maternal Separation in Neonatal Mice:  A Study of
Bioallethrin and Deltamethrin Interactions with Temperature on Brain
Muscarinic Receptors.  J.Appl.Toxicol. 23: 9-18.

EcoReference No.: 80907

Sanders, H. O. (1969). Toxicity of Pesticides to the Crustacean Gammarus
lacustris.  Tech.Pap.No.25, U.S.D.I., Bur.Sports Fish.Wildl., Fish
Wildl.Serv., Washington, D.C. 18 p. (Author Communication Used)(Used
with Reference 732) (Publ in Part As 6797).

EcoReference No.: 885

Sanders, H. O. (1972). Toxicity of Some Insecticides to Four Species of
Malacostracan Crustaceans.  Tech.Pap.No.66, Bur.Sports Fish.Wildl., Fish
Wildl.Serv., U.S.D.I., Washington, D.C. 19 p. (Publ in Part As 6797).

EcoReference No.: 887

Sanders, H. O. and Cope, O. B. (1968). The Relative Toxicities of
Several Pesticides to Naiads of Three Species of Stoneflies.
Limnol.Oceanogr. 13: 112-117 (Author Communication Used) (Publ in Part
As 6797).

EcoReference No.: 889

Sharma, V. P., Nagpal, B. N., and Srivastava, A. (1993). Effectiveness
of Neem Oil Mats in Repelling Mosquitoes.  Trans.R.Soc.Trop.Med.Hyg. 87:
626.

EcoReference No.: 80709

Stein, E. A., Washburn, M., Walczak, C., and Bloom, A. S. (1987).
Effects of Pyrethroid Insecticides on Operant Responding Maintained by
Food.  Neurotoxicol.Teratol. 9: 27-31.

EcoReference No.: 81175

Talts, U., Fredriksson, A., and Eriksson, P.  (1998). Changes in
Behavior and Muscarinic Receptor Density After Neonatal and Adult
Exposure to Bioallethrin.  Neurobiol.Aging 19: 545-552.

EcoReference No.: 80906

Vartak, P. H. and Sharma, R. N. (1993). Vapour Toxicity & Repellence of
Some Essential Oils & Terpenoids to Adults of Aedes aegypti (L)
(Diptera:  Culicidae).  Indian J.Med.Res.Sect.A 97:  122-127.

EcoReference No.: 80899

Warui, C. M. (1992). A Laboratory Evaluation of Pyrethrins and
Bioallethrin in Vaporising Mats for Mosquito Control.  Pyrethrum Post
18: 131-139.

EcoReference No.: 70105

APPENDIX F:

List of ECOTOX References for Allethrins Categorized as ‘Acceptable
for ECOTOX but not OPP’

The most common reasons why a study was excluded by OPP were that it did
not include an endpoint and/or a control.  Other reasons for exclusion
included: the study did not report the duration of exposure, the study
did not provide results on a contaminant of concern, the study reported
the results from a mixture of chemicals, the study was in a foreign
language, or the study results were from a secondary source.

Amalraj, D. D., Kalyanasundaram, M., and Das, P. K. (1992). Evaluation
of EMD Vaporizers and Bioallethrin Vaporizing Mats Against Mosquito
Vectors.  Southeast.Asian J.Trop.Med.Public Health 23: 474-478.

EcoReference No.: 80712

Cole, L. M. and Casida, J. E. (1983). Pyrethroid Toxicology in the Frog.
 Pestic.Biochem.Physiol. 20: 217-224.

EcoReference No.: 12018

Cope, O. B. (1965). Sport Fishery Investigations.  In: Fish and
Wildl.Serv.Cicr.226, Effects of Pesticides on Fish and Wildlife - 1964
Research Findings of the Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
51-63 (Publ in Part As 6797).

EcoReference No.: 2871

Eriksson, P. (1991). DDT and Pyrethroids - Ecotoxicological
Considerations.  Comp.Biochem.Physiol.C 100: 269-270.

EcoReference No.: 81203

Gaaboub, I. A. and Abu-Hashish, T. A. (1981). Susceptibility of Egyptian
Culex pipiens L. to Six Synthetic Pyrethroids.  Insect Sci.Appl. 1:
297-301.

EcoReference No.: 14708

Gill, S. S. (1977). Larvicidal Activity of Synthetic Pyrethroids Against
Aedes albopictus (Skuse).  Southeast Asian J.Trop.Med.Public Health 8:
510-514.

EcoReference No.: 70142

Gupta, A., Nigam, D., Gupta, A., Shukla, G. S., and Agarwal, A. K.
(1999). Effect of Pyrethroid-Based Liquid Mosquito Repellent Inhalation
on the Blood-Brain Barrier Function and Oxidative Damage in Selected
Organs of Developing Rats.  J.Appl.Toxicol. 19: 67-72.

EcoReference No.: 76704

Hashimoto, Y. and Fukami, J. I. (1969). Toxicity of Orally and Topically
Applied Pesticide Ingredients to Carp, Cyprinus carpio Linne.  Sci.Pest
Control (Botyu-Kagaku) 34: 63-66.

EcoReference No.: 9038

Itoh, T., Marijani, J. H., Keto, A. J., and Matsushita, T. (1988).
Control of Anopheles Mosquitoes by Ultra-Low Volume Applications of
d-Allethrin and d-Phenothrin in Combination with Larvicidings of
Fenitrothion in Tanzania.  J.Am.Mosq.Control Assoc. 4: 563-564.

EcoReference No.: 80707

Jamnback, H. and Frempong-Boadu, J. (1966). Testing Blackfly Larvicides
in the Laboratory and in Streams.  Bull.W.H.O. 34: 405-421.

EcoReference No.: 2837

Jones, K. H., Sanderson, D. M., and Noakes, D. N. (1968). Acute Toxicity
Data for Pesticides (1968).  World Rev.Pest Control 7: 135-143.

EcoReference No.: 70074

Krishna, D., Murty, U. S., Sriram, K., Jamil, K., and Reddy, P. J.
(1993). Vapour Toxicity of Aerosol Formulation, Allethrin on Culex
quinquefasciatus (Diptera:  Culicidae), Say & Musca domestica (Diptera:
Muscidae) N.  Indian J.Med.Res.Sect.A 97: 212-214.

EcoReference No.: 80910

Liu, W., Todd, R. G., and Gerberg, E. J. (1986). Effect of Three
Pyrethroids on Blood Feeding and Fecundity of Aedes aegypti.
J.Am.Mosq.Control Assoc. 2: 310-313.

EcoReference No.: 64805

Lukwa, N. and Manokore, V. (1997). Biological Activity of Permethrin,
Phenothrin/Allerthrin and d-Phenothrin on Periplaneta americana and
Blattella germanica Cockroaches.  East Afr.Med.J. 74: 252-254.

EcoReference No.: 72918

Martin, R. L., Pittendrigh, B., Liu, J., Reenan, R., Ffrench-Constant,
R., and Hanck, D. A. (2000). Point Mutations in Domain III of a
Drosophila neuronal Na Channel Confer Resistance to Allethrin.  Insect
Biochem.Mol.Biol. 30: 1051-1059.

EcoReference No.: 59557

Mauck, W. L., Olson, L. E., and Marking, L. L. (1976). Toxicity of
Natural Pyrethrins and Five Pyrethroids to Fish.
Arch.Environ.Contam.Toxicol.  4: 18-29 (Author Communication Used) (Publ
in Part As 6797).

EcoReference No.: 835

Mulla, M. S. (1980). New Synthetic Pyrethroids - Effective Mosquito
Larvicides.  Proc.Pap.Annu.Conf.Calif.Mosq.Vector Control Assoc. 48:
92-93.

EcoReference No.: 66468

Nishimura, M., Obana, N., Yagasaki, O., and Yanagiya, I. (1984).
Involvement of Adrenergic and Serotonergic Nervous Mechanisms in
Allethrin-Induced Tremors in Mice.  J.Toxicol.Sci. 9: 131-142.

EcoReference No.: 80751

Office of Pesticide Programs (2000). Pesticide Ecotoxicity Database
(Formerly:  Environmental Effects Database (EEDB)).  Environmental Fate
and Effects Division, U.S.EPA, Washington, D.C.

EcoReference No.: 344

Rongsriyam, Y., Prownebon, S., and Hirakoso, S. (1968). Effects of
Insecticides on the Feeding Activity of the Guppy, a Mosquito-Eating
Fish, in Thailand.  Bull.W.H.O. 39: 977-980.

EcoReference No.: 3663

Sabaliunas, D., Lazutka, J., Sabaliuniene, I., and Soedergren, A.
(1998). Use of Semipermeable Membrane Devices for Studying Effects of
Organic Pollutants:  Comparison of Pesticide Uptake by Semipermeable
Membrane Devices and Mussels.  Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 17: 1815-1824.

EcoReference No.: 80708

Satoh, T. (1991). Release of Liver Microsomal BETA-Glucuronidase from
Hepatocytes In Vitro and In Vivo by Organophosphates and Hepatotoxic
Agents.  J.Toxicol.Sci. 16: 133-142.

EcoReference No.: 80752

Senbo, S., Akik, S., Kawada, H., Ito, T., and Abe, Y. (1992). The
Influence of Smoke Density on Knockdown Efficacy of Mosquito Coil
Against Adults of Culex pipiens pallens.  Jpn.J.Sanit.Zool. 43: 71-76.

EcoReference No.: 81201

Shinjo, G., Yamaguchi, T., Tsuda, S., Yoshida, K., and Okuno, Y. (1981).
A Study on the Insecticidal Activity of d-Tetramethrin.
Jpn.J.Sanit.Zool. 32: 221-228.

EcoReference No.: 81200

Sun, F. (1987). Evaluating Acute Toxicity of Pesticides to Aquatic
Organisms: Carp, Mosquito Fish and Daphnids.  Plant Prot.Bull.(Chih Wu
Pao Hu Hsueh Hui Hui K'an) 29: 385-396 (CHI) (ENG ABS).

EcoReference No.: 13451

Talts, U., Talts, J. F., and Eriksson, P. (1998). Differential
Expression of Muscarinic Subtype mRNAs After Exposure to Neurotoxic
Pesticides.  Neurobiol.Aging 19: 553-559 .

EcoReference No.: 80912

Ujihara, K., Mori, T., Iwasaki, T., Sugano, M., Shono, Y., and Matsuo,
N. (2004). Metofluthrin:  A Potent New Synthetic Pyrethroid with High
Vapor Activity Against Mosquitoes.  Biosci.Biotechnol.Biochem. 68:
170-174.

EcoReference No.: 80911

Verschoyle, R. D. and Barnes, J. M. (1972). Toxicity of Natural and
Synthetic Pyrethrins to Rats.  Pestic.Biochem.Physiol. 2: 308-311.

EcoReference No.: 70627

Yamaguchi, T., Shinjo, G., Tsuda, S., Yoshida, K., Inaba, E., and Okuno,
Y. (1981). Insecticidal Activity of a New Synthetic Pyrethroid
"Terallethrin".  Jpn.J.Sanit.Zool. 32: 59-66.

EcoReference No.: 81202

Yap, H. H., Lee, Y. W., Zairi, J., Jahangir, K., and Adanan, C. R.
(2001). Indoor Thermal Fogging Application of Pesguard FG 161, a Mixture
of d-Tetramethrin and Cyphenothrin, Using Portable Sprayer Against
Vector Mosquitoes in the Tropical Environment.  J.Am.Mosq.Control Assoc.
17: 28-32.

EcoReference No.: 80753

Yap, H. H., Tan, H. T., Yahaya, A. M., Baba, R., Loh, P. Y., and Chong,
N. L. (1990). Field Efficacy of Mosquito Coil Formulations Containing
d-Allethrin and d-Transallethrin Against Indoor Mosquitos Especially
Culex quinquefasciatus Say.  Southeast.Asian J.Trop.Med.Public Health
21: 558-563.

EcoReference No.: 80909

APPENDIX G:

List of ECOTOX References for Allethrins Categorized as ‘Excluded by
ECOTOX’

The most common reason why a study was excluded by EXOTOX was that it
involved in vitro analyses.  Other reasons for exclusion included: no
toxicity data were reported, the study is a methods paper, the study did
not report the duration of exposure, the study subjects were bacteria,
the study involved human health, the exposure route involved inhalation,
the species was not reported, the study did not provide results on a
contaminant of concern, the reference is for an abstract, the reference
is for a review paper, the study reported the results from a mixture of
chemicals, the study is in a foreign language, the reported results are
from modeled data, or the study results are from a secondary source.

Abalis, I M, Eldefrawi, M E, and Eldefrawi, A T (1986). Effects of
insecticides on GABA-induced chloride influx into rat brain microsacs.
Journal Of Toxicology And Environmental Health 18: 13-23.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Abbassy, M A, Eldefrawi, M E, and Eldefrawi, A T (1982). Allethrin
interactions with the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel.  Life
Sciences 31: 1547-1552.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Abbassy, M. A., Eldefrawi, M. E., and Eldefrawi, A. T. (1983).
Pyrethroid action on the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor/channel.
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 19: 299-308.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Akkermans, L. M. A., van den Bercken, J., and Versluijs-Helder, M.
(1975). Comparative effects of DDT, allethrin, dieldrin and
aldrin-transdiol on sense organs of Xenopus laevis.  Pesticide
Biochemistry and Physiology 5: 451-457.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Al-Rajhi, Deifalla H. (1990). Properties of Ca2+ + Mg2+-ATPase from rat
brain and its inhibition by pyrethroids.  Pesticide Biochemistry and
Physiology 37: 116-120.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

ANDO, T., KOSEKI, N., YASUHARA, I., MATSUO, N., and ISHIWATARI, T.
(1992). Synthesis of fluorinated pyrethroids: Conversion of pyrethroid
metabolites into some insecticidal fluorinated derivatives.  BIOSCI
BIOTECHNOL BIOCHEM; 56: 1581-1583.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

ANON (1985). REPORT OF THE WORKING GROUP OF THE PLANNING COMMISSION ON
PESTICIDES INDUSTRY FOR THE SEVENTH FIVE YEAR PLAN.  PESTICIDES
(BOMBAY); 19 (9). 1985 (RECD. 1986). 11-20.

Rejection Code:  NO TOX DATA.

AZMI MA, NAQVI, S. NH, KHAN MF, AKHTAR, K., and KHAN FY (1998).
Comparative toxicological studies of RB-a (Neem extract) and coopex
(Permethrin+Bioallethrin) against Sitophilus oryzae with reference to
their effects on oxygen consumption and got, Gpt activity.  TURKISH
JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY; 22: 307-310 .

Rejection Code:  NO MIXTURE.

Birdie, N. S., Banerji, R. K., and Chauhan, A. K. (1986(Recd1987)). GAS
LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF PYRETHRINS FROM SOME SYNTHETIC
PYRETHROIDS IN FORMULATIONS.  Pyrethrum Post 16 .

Rejection Code:  NO SPECIES.

BLADE RJ, BURT PE, HART RJ, and MOSS, M. DV (1985). THE ACTION OF
INSECTICIDAL ISOBUTYLAMIDE COMPOUNDS ON THE INSECT NERVOUS SYSTEM.
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON NEUROPHARMACOLOGY AND PESTICIDE ACTION HELD
AT NEUROTOX '85, BATH, ENGLAND, MAR. 31-APR. 4, 1985. PESTIC SCI; 16:
554.

Rejection Code:  ABSTRACT.

Bragieri, Matteo, Liverani, Alessandra, Zanotti, Maria Cristina,
Borzatta, Valerio, Fiori, Jessica, Cavrini, Vanni, and Andrisano,
Vincenza (2004). GC-FID/MS method for the impurity profiling of
synthetic d-allethrin.  J Sep Sci 27: 89-95.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Bramwell, A. F., Crombie, L., Hemesley, P., Pattenden, G., Elliott, M.,
and Janes, N. F. (1969). Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the
natural pyrethrins and related compounds.  Tetrahedron 25: 1727-1741.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

BRIDGES, P M (1957). Absorption and metabolism of [14C] allethrin by the
adult housefly, Musca domestica L.  The Biochemical Journal 66: 316-320.

Rejection Code:  NO METABOLISM.

Brooks, J. E., Savarie, P. J., and Bruggers, R. L. (1998). The Toxicity
of Commercial Insecticide Aerosol Formulations to Brown Tree Snakes.
Snake 28: 23-27.

Rejection Code:  MIXTURE.

Brooks, Matthew W. and Clark, J. Marshall (1987). Enhancement of
norepinephrine release from rat brain synaptosomes by alpha cyano
pyrethroids.  Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 28: 127-139.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Bullivant, Michael J. and Pattenden, Gerald (1973). Photolysis of
bio-allethrin.  Tetrahedron Letters 14: 3679-3680.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Burr, Steven A and Ray, David E (2004). Structure-activity and
interaction effects of 14 different pyrethroids on voltage-gated
chloride ion channels.  Toxicological Sciences: An Official Journal Of
The Society Of Toxicology 77: 341-346.

Rejection Code:  QSAR.

CASIDA JE and RUZO LO (1986). REACTIVE INTERMEDIATES IN PESTICIDE
METABOLISM PERACID OXIDATIONS AS POSSIBLE BIOMIMETIC MODELS.  ISSX
(INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR THE STUDY OF XENOBIOTICS) FIRST EUROPEAN
MEETING ON FOREIGN COMPOUND METABOLISM, MALTA, ITALY, 1985. XENOBIOTICA;
16: 1003-1016.

Rejection Code:  QSAR.

Cassano, G., Bellantuono, V., Ardizzone, C., and Lippe, C. (2003).
Pyrethroid Stimulation of Ion Transport Across Frog Skin.
Environ.Toxicol.Chem. 22: 1330-1334.

Rejection Code :  IN VITRO.

Chalmers, Alison E. and  Osborne, Michael P. (1986). The crayfish
stretch receptor organ: A useful model system for investigating the
effects of neuroactive substances :  I. The effect of DDT and
pyrethroids.  Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 26: 128-138.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Chambers, J (1980). An introduction to the metabolism of pyrethroids.
Residue Reviews 73: 101-124.

Rejection Code:  REVIEW.

CHANG J-Y and LIN J-M (1998). Aliphatic aldehydes and allethrin in
mosquito-coil smoke.  CHEMOSPHERE; 36: 617-624.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Cheng, V., Lee, H. R., and Chen, C. S. (1992). Morphological changes in
the respiratory system of mice after inhalation of mosquito-coil smoke.
Toxicology Letters 62: 163-177.

Rejection Code:  INHALE.

Choi, Jin-Sung and Soderlund, David M. ( Structure-activity
relationships for the action of 11 pyrethroid insecticides on rat Nav1.8
sodium channels expressed in Xenopus oocytes.  Toxicology and Applied
Pharmacology In Press, Corrected Proof.

Rejection Code:  QSAR.

Chung, E and Van Woert, M H (1984). DDT myoclonus: sites and mechanism
of action.  Experimental Neurology 85: 273-282.

Rejection Code:  NO COC.

Clark, J. Marshall and Matsumura, F. (1982). Two different types of
inhibitory effects of pyrethroids on nerve Ca- and Ca + Mg-ATPase
activity in the squid, Loligo pealei.  Pesticide Biochemistry and
Physiology 18: 180-190.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Cory-Slechta, D. A. (1994). Neurotoxicant-Induced Changes in
Schedule-Controlled Behavior.  In: L.W.Chang (Ed.), Principles of
Neurotoxicology, Chapter 26, Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY 313-344.

Rejection Code:  REVIEW.

De With K and Wolf, H. U. (1996). INVESTIGATION OF SEVEN COMMONLY USED
PYRETHROIDS IN THE IN-VITRO PORCINE BRAIN TUBULIN ASSEMBLY ASSAY.  37th
Spring Meeting of the German Society for Experimental and Clinical
Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mainz, Germany, March 12-14, 1996.
Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Archives of Pharmacology 353 : R123.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Di Muccio, A., Barbini, D. A., Generali, T., Pelosi, P., Ausili, A.,
Vergori, F., and Camoni, I. ( Clean-up of aqueous acetone vegetable
extracts by solid-matrix partition for pyrethroid residue determination
by gas chromatography-electron-capture detection.  Journal of
Chromatography A, 765 (1) pp. 39-49, 1997.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Di Muccio, A., Pelosi, P., Barbini, D. A., Generali, T., Ausili, A., and
Vergori, F. ( Selective extraction of pyrethroid pesticide residues from
milk by solid-matrix dispersion.  Journal of Chromatography A, 765 (1)
pp. 51-60, 1997.

Rejection Code:  NO SPECIES.

Diel, F., Horr, B., Borck, H., Savtchenko, H., Mitsche, T., and Diel, E.
( Pyrethroids and piperonyl-butoxide affect human T-lymphocytes in
vitro.  Toxicology Letters [Toxicol. Lett.]. Vol. 107, no. 1-3, pp.
65-74. 30 Jun 1999.

Rejection Code:  HUMAN HEALTH.

Doherty, J D, Morii, N, Hiromori, T, and Ohnishi, J (1988). Pyrethroids
and the striatal dopaminergic system in vivo.  Comparative Biochemistry
And Physiology. C, Comparative Pharmacology And Toxicology 91: 371-375.

Rejection Code:  NO SPECIES.

Doherty, J. D., Salem, N. Jr, Lauter, C. J., and Trams. E.G. ( Mn
super(2+) and Ca super(2+) ATPases in Lobster Axon Plasma Membranes and
their Inhibition by Pesticides.  Comparative Biochemistry and
Physiology, C. Vol. 69, no. 2, pp. 185-190. 1981.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Eitzer, B D (1991). Cycling of indoor air concentrations of
d-trans-allethrin following repeated pesticide applications.  Bulletin
Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology 47: 406-412.

Rejection Code:  SURVEY.

ELLIOTT, M. (1989). THE PYRETHROIDS EARLY DISCOVERY RECENT ADVANCES AND
THE FUTURE.  PESTIC SCI; 27: 337-352.

Rejection Code:  NO TOX DATA.

Elliott, M, Janes, N F, Pulman, D A, Gaughan, L C, Unai, T, and Casida,
J E ( Radiosynthesis and metabolism in rats of the 1R isomers of the
insecticide permethrin.  Journal Of Agricultural And Food Chemistry 24:
270-276.

Rejection Code:  NO METABOLISM.

ENZ, A. and POMBO-VILLAR, E. (1997). Class II pyrethroids:
Non-inhibitors calcineurin.  BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY; 54: 321-323.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

ERDMANN, F., BROSE, C., and SCHUETZ, H. (1990). A TLC screening program
for 170 commonly used pesticide using the corrected Rf value (Rcf
value).   INT J LEG MED; 104: 25-32.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

ERIKSSON, P. (1989). EFFECTS OF TWO DIFFERENT TYPES OF PYRETHROIDS ON
SUBPOPULATIONS OF MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS IN THE NEONATAL MOUSE BRAIN.
FOURTH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON SUBTYPES OF MUSCARINIC RECEPTORS,
WIESBADEN, WEST GERMANY, JULY 20-22, 1989. TRENDS PHARMACOL SCI; 0: 104.

Rejection Code:  ABSTRACT.

ERIKSSON, P., FREDRIKKSON, A., and NORDBERY, A. (1991). NEONATAL
EXPOSURE TO PYRETHROIDS AND NICOTINE INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF
CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR SUBTYPES AND BEHAVIOR IN YOUNG AND ADULT MICE.
EIGHTH INTERNATIONAL NEUROTOXICOLOGY CONFERENCE ON THE ROLE OF TOXICANTS
IN NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS, LITTLE ROCK, ARKANSAS, USA, OCTOBER 1-4,
1990. NEUROTOXICOLOGY (LITTLE ROCK); 12 (1). 1991. 133-134.

Rejection Code:  ABSTRACT.

Eriksson, P, Johansson, U, Ahlbom, J, and Fredriksson, A (1993).
Neonatal exposure to DDT induces increased susceptibility to pyrethroid
(bioallethrin) exposure at adult age.--Changes in cholinergic muscarinic
receptor and behavioural variables.  Toxicology 77: 21-30.

Rejection Code:  MIXTURE.

Eriksson, P. and Talts, U. ( Neonatal exposure to neurotoxic pesticides
increases adult susceptibility: A review of current findings.
Neurotoxicology [Neurotoxicology]. Vol. 21, no. 1-2, pp. 37-48. Feb-Apr
2000.

Rejection Code:  REVIEW.

Fakata, K L, Swanson, S A, Vorce, R L, and Stemmer, P M (1998).
Pyrethroid insecticides as phosphatase inhibitors.  Biochemical
Pharmacology  55: 2017-2022.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

FEINSTEIN, L (1952). A new reaction and color test for allethrin and
pyrethrins.  Science 115: 245-246.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Ferrari, Federico, Sanusi, Astrid, Millet, Maurice, and Montury, Michel
(2004). Multiresidue method using SPME for the determination of various
pesticides with different volatility in confined atmospheres.
Analytical And Bioanalytical Chemistry 379: 476-483.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Ford, Martyn G, Hoare, Neil E, Hudson, Brian D, Nevell, Thomas G, and
Banting, Lee (2002). QSAR studies of the pyrethroid insecticides. Part
3. A putative pharmacophore derived using methodology based on molecular
dynamics and hierarchical cluster analysis.  Journal Of Molecular
Graphics & Modelling 21: 29-36 .

Rejection Code:  QSAR.

FREY, J. and NARAHASHI, T. (1990). PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES BLOCK CALCIUM
AND NMDA-ACTIVATED CURRENTS IN CULTURED MAMMALIAN NEURONS.
THIRTY-FOURTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BIOPHYSICAL SOCIETY, BALTIMORE,
MARYLAND, USA, FEBRUARY 18-22, 1990. BIOPHYS J; 57 (2 PART 2). 1990.
520A. AB - BIOSIS COPYRIGHT: BIOL ABS. RRM ABSTRACT RAT HIPPOCAMPAL
NEURON RAT NEOCORTICAL NEURON DELTAMETHRIN ALLETHRIN FENVALERATE
INSECTICIDE N METHYL-D-ASPARTATE.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Furuta, R., Nakazawa, H., and Doi, T. (1991). Determination of
pyrethroidal insecticides by titration.  Agric Biol Chem 55 : 819-824.

Rejection Code:  NO SPECIES.

Gammon, Derek W. (1985). Correlations between in vitro and in vivo
mechanisms of pyrethroid insecticide action.  Fundamental and Applied
Toxicology 5: 9-23.

Rejection Code:  QSAR.

Garey, J. and Wolff, M. S. ( Estrogenic and Antiprogestagenic Activities
of Pyrethroid Insecticides.  Biochemical and Biophysical Research
Communications [Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun.]. Vol. 251, no. 3, pp.
855-859. 29 Oct 1998.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Garg, Pankaj and Garg, Prahlad (2004). Mosquito coil (allethrin)
poisoining in two brothers.  Indian Pediatrics 41: 1177-1178.

Rejection Code:  HUMAN HEALTH.

Garrett, Neil E., Stack, H. Frank, and Waters, Michael D. (1986).
Evaluation of the genetic activity profiles of 65 pesticides.  Mutation
Research/Reviews in Genetic Toxicology 168: 301-325.

Rejection Code:  NO SPECIES.

Ginsburg, K and Narahashi, T (1999). Time course and temperature
dependence of allethrin modulation of sodium channels in rat dorsal root
ganglion cells.  Brain Research 847: 38-49.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Ginsburg, K S and Narahashi, T (1993). Differential sensitivity of
tetrodotoxin-sensitive and tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channels to the
insecticide allethrin in rat dorsal root ganglion neurons.  Brain
Research 627: 239-248.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Go, V., Garey, J., Wolff, M. S., and Pogo BGT* ( Estrogenic potential of
certain pyrethroid compounds in the MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cell
line.  Environmental Health Perspectives [Environ. Health Perspect.].
Vol. 107, no. 3, pp. 173-177. Mar 1999.

Rejection Code:  HUMAN HEALTH.

Grosman, Nina and Diel, Friedhelm (2005). Influence of pyrethroids and
piperonyl butoxide on the Ca(2+)-ATPase activity of rat brain
synaptosomes and leukocyte membranes.  International Immunopharmacology
5: 263-270.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Gupta, A., Nigam, D., Gupta, A., Shukla, G. S., and Agarwal, A. K.
(1999). Effect of Pyrethroid-Based Liquid Mosquito Repellent Inhalation
on the Blood-Brain Barrier Function and Oxidative Damage in Selected
Organs of Developing Rats.  J.Appl.Toxicol. 19: 67-72.

Rejection Code:  INHALE.

Gusovsky, F, Padgett, W L, Creveling, C R, and Daly, J W (1992).
Interaction of pumiliotoxin B with an "alkaloid-binding domain" on the
voltage-dependent sodium channel.  Molecular Pharmacology 42: 1104-1108.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Gusovsky, F, Secunda, S I, and Daly, J W (1989). Pyrethroids:
involvement of sodium channels in effects on inositol phosphate
formation in guinea pig synaptoneurosomes.  Brain Research  492: 72-78.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Herrera, A and Laborda, E (1988). Mutagenic activity in synthetic
pyrethroids in Salmonella typhimurium.  Mutagenesis 3: 509-514.

Rejection Code:  BACTERIA.

Hoffmann, Michael P., Gardner, Jeffrey, and Curtis, Paul D (2003).
Fiber-supported pesticidal compositions.  41 pp.

Rejection Code:  NO TOX DATA.

Holan, G, O'keefe, D F, Virgona, C, and Walser, R (1978). Structural and
biological link between pyrethroids and DDT in new insecticides.  Nature
272: 734-736.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Hossain, Muhammad Mubarak, Suzuki, Tadahiko, Sato, Itaru, Takewaki,
Tadashi, Suzuki, Koichi, and Kobayashi, Haruo (2005). Neuromechanical
effects of pyrethroids, allethrin, cyhalothrin and deltamethrin on the
cholinergic processes in rat brain.  Life Sciences 77: 795-807.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Hour, T. C., Chen, L., and Lin, J. K. (1998). Comparative investigation
on the mutagenicities of organophosphate, phthalimide, pyrethroid and
carbamate insecticides by the Ames and lactam tests.  Mutagenesis 13:
157-166.

Rejection Code:  BACTERIA.

IHARA, H. (1995). MODE OF ACTION OF DELTA-ENDOTOXIN FROM BACILLUS
THURINGIENSIS VAR. AIZAWAI AU  - HIMENO M.  CLARK, J. M. (ED.). ACS
SYMPOSIUM SERIES, 591. MOLECULAR ACTION OF INSECTICIDES ON ION CHANNELS;
207TH NATIONAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SAN DIEGO,
CALIFORNIA, USA, MARCH 13-17, 1994. X+356P. AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY:
WASHINGTON, DC, USA. ISBN 0-8243-3165-6.; 0: 330-343.

Rejection Code:  BACTERIA.

ISHIDATE, M. JR, HARNOIS MC, and SOFUNI, T. (1988). A COMPARATIVE
ANALYSIS OF DATA ON THE CLASTOGENICITY OF 951 CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES TESTED
IN MAMMALIAN CELL CULTURES.   MUTAT RES; 195: 151-213.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Isobe, Naohiko, Matsuo, Masatoshi, and Miyamoto, Junshi (1984). Novel
photoproducts of allethrin.  Tetrahedron Letters 25: 861-864.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Jantan, I., Zaki, Z. M., Ahmad, A. R., and Ahmad, R. (1999). Evaluation
of smoke from mosquito coils containing Malaysian plants against Aedes
aegypti.  Fitoterapia 70: 237-243. Rejection Code:  NO TOXICANT.

JOHANSSON, U., EBENDAL, T., and ERIKSSON, P. (1995). INCREASED
EXPRESSION OF MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR SUBTYPE M4 MRNA IN MICE EXPOSED
NEONATALLY TO DDT AND RECEIVING BIOALLETHRIN AS ADULTS.  25TH ANNUAL
MEETING OF THE SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE, SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, USA,
NOVEMBER 11-16, 1995. SOCIETY FOR NEUROSCIENCE ABSTRACTS; 21: 751.

Rejection Code:  ABSTRACT.

Johansson, U. and Eriksson, P. (1994). Muscarinic receptor subtype m4
mRNA expression is increased in Rejection Code:  MIXTURE.

Johansson, U., Fredriksson, A., and Eriksson, P. (1993). Increased
Susceptibility to Pyrethroid (Bioallethrin) Exposure in the Adult Mouse
Neonatally Exposed to DDT -- Alterations in Muscarinic Cholinergic
Receptors and Behavioral Variables.  Life Sci. 52: 590 (ABS).

Rejection Code:  ABSTRACT.

Johansson, Ulrika, Fredriksson, Anders, and Eriksson, Per (1995).
Bioallethrin causes permanent changes in behavioural and muscarinic
acetylcholine receptor variables in adult mice exposed neonatally to
DDT.  European Journal of Pharmacology: Environmental Toxicology and
Pharmacology 293: 159-166.

Rejection Code:  MIXTURE.

Joy, Robert M., Albertson, Timothy E., and Ray, David E. (1989). Type I
and type II pyrethroids increase inhibition in the hippocampal dentate
gyrus of the rat.  Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 98: 398-412.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

KACMAR, P., PISTL, J., and MIKULA, I. (1999). Immunotoxicology and
veterinary medicine.  ACTA VETERINARIA BRNO; 68: 57-79.

Rejection Code:  NO TOX DATA.

KATSUDA, Y. (1999). Development of and future prospects for pyrethroid
chemistry.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Khan, A. R., Ahmad, I., Naqvi, S. N. H., Majeed, I., Hafeez, A., and
Jahan, M. ( Determination of toxicity of RB-a (crude methanolic extract
of ripe berries kernel of neem) and SDS (neem formulation) as compared
with Coopex (permethrin and bioallethrin) against adult Tribolium
castaneum (Herbst.).  Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology. Vol.
14, pp. 33-37. 1994.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Kimmel, E. C., Casida, J. E., and Ruzo, L. O. ( Identification of
mutagenic photoproducts of the pyrethroids allethrin and terallethrin.
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry [J. AGRIC. FOOD CHEM.]. Vol.
30, no. 4, pp. 623-626. 1982.

Rejection Code:  BACTERIA.

Klunker, R (1990). The appearance of insecticide resistance in Blattella
germanica in the German Democratic Republic.  Angewandte Parasitologie
31: 79-93.

Rejection Code:  HUMAN HEALTH.

Krief, A., Dumont, W., Pasau, P., and Lecomte, Ph. (1989).
Stereoselective synthesis of methyl (1R) - and (1R) -hemicaronaldehydes
from natural tartaric acid: Application to the synthesis of
s-bioallethrin and deltamethrin insecticides S.  Tetrahedron 45:
3039-3052 .

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Laufer, J., Roche, M., Pelhate, M., Elliott, M., Janes, N. F., and
Sattelles, D. B. (1984). Pyrethroid insecticides: Actions of
deltamethrin and related compounds on insect axonal sodium channels.
Journal of Insect Physiology 30: 341-349.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Leake, L. D., Buckley, D. S., Ford, M. G., and Salt, D. W. (1985).
Comparative Effects of Pyrethroids on Neurons of Target and Non-target
Organisms.  Neurotoxicology 6: 99-116.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Lees, G (1998). Effects of pyrethroid molecules on rat nerves in vitro:
potential to reverse temperature-sensitive conduction block of
demyelinated peripheral axons.  British Journal Of Pharmacology 123:
487-496.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Leibowitz, M D, Sutro, J B, and Hille, B (1986). Voltage-dependent
gating of veratridine-modified Na channels.  The Journal Of General
Physiology 87: 25-46.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

LEIBOWITZ MD, SUTRO JB, and HILLE, B. (1985). 4 LIPID-SOLUBLE TOXINS
MODIFY SODIUM CHANNEL GATING.  29TH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE BIOPHYSICAL
SOCIETY, BALTIMORE, MD., USA, FEB. 24-28, 1985. BIOPHYS J; 47: 32A.

Rejection Code:  ABSTRACT.

LEPINE FL (1991). Effects of ionizing radiation on pesticides in a food
irradiation perspective: A bibliographic review.  J AGRIC FOOD CHEM; 39:
2112-2118.

Rejection Code:  NO SPECIES.

Li, Gwo-Chen, Wong, Sue-San, and Tsai, Mei-Chen (2002). Safety
evaluation and regulatory control of pesticide residues in Taiwan.
Yaowu Shipin Fenxi 10: 269-277.

Rejection Code:  HUMAN HEALTH.

Lisi, P. (1992). SENSITIZATION RISK OF PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES.  Contact
Dermatitis 26 : 349-350.

Rejection Code:  HUMAN HEALTH.

Liu, W. K., Wong, M. H., and Mui, Y. L. (1987). Toxic Effects of
Mosquito Coil (a Mosquito Repellent) Smoke on Rats:  I.  Properties of
the Mosquito Coil and Its Smoke.  Toxicol.Lett. 39: 223-230.

Rejection Code:  NO SPECIES.

Lund, A E and Narahashi, T (1982). Dose-dependent interaction of the
pyrethroid isomers with sodium channels of squid axon membranes.
Neurotoxicology 3: 11-24.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Luo, Ma and Bodnaryk, Robert P. (1988). The effect of insecticides on
(Ca2+ + Mg2+)-ATPase and the ATP-dependent calcium pump in moth brain
synaptosomes and synaptosome membrane vesicles from the bertha armyworm,
Mamestra configurata Wlk.  Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 30:
155-165.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Majeed, I., Ahmad, I., Naqvi, S. N. H., Khan, A. R., Tabassum, R., and
Qureshi, I. ( Determination of toxicity of neem extracts (NfC and N-7)
and Coopex 25 EC (permethrin + bioallethrin) on pulse beetle
Callosobruchus analis.  Proceedings of Pakistan Congress of Zoology.
Vol. 14, pp. 43-49. 1994.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

MATSUDA, K., OKIMOTO, H., HAMADA, M., NISHIMURA, K., and FUJITA, T.
(1993). Neurophysiological effects of insecticidal pyrethroids and
methoxychlor and of the anticalmodulin agent W-7.  COMP BIOCHEM PHYSIOL
C COMP PHARMACOL TOXICOL; 104: 181-186.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

MATSUO, N. (1998). Synthetic pyrethroids containing a C-C triple bond.
PESTICIDE SCIENCE; 52: 21-28.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Matsuoka, A, Hayashi, M, and Ishidate, M Jr (1979). Chromosomal
aberration tests on 29 chemicals combined with S9 mix in vitro.
Mutation Research 66: 277-290.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Miyake, S., Beppu, R., Yamaguchi, Y., Kaneko, H., and Ohkawa, H. (1998).
Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies specific to the chrysanthemic acid
moiety of pyrethroid insecticides.  Pesticide Science 54 : 189-194.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Miyamoto, J (1976). Degradation, metabolism and toxicity of synthetic
pyrethroids.   Environmental Health Perspectives 14: 15-28.

Rejection Code:  NO TOX DATA.

MIYAMOTO, J. (1989). STEREOSELECTIVE METABOLISM AND TOXICOLOGY OF
PYRETHROIDS.  HOLMSTEDT, B., H. FRANK AND B. TESTA (ED.). CHIRALITY AND
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY; INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM, TUEBINGEN, WEST GERMANY,
APRIL 5-8, 1988. XVI+283P. ALAN R. LISS, INC.: NEW YORK, NEW YORK, USA.
ILLUS. ISBN 0-471-56226-2.; 0: 153-168.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

MOSS MO (1991). INFLUENCE OF AGRICULTURAL BIOCIDES ON MYCOTOXIN
FORMATION IN CEREALS.  CHELKOWSKI, J. (ED.). DEVELOPMENTS IN FOOD
SCIENCE, VOL. 26. CEREAL GRAIN: MYCOTOXINS, FUNGI AND QUALITY IN DRYING
AND STORAGE. XXII+607P. ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V.: AMSTERDAM,
NETHERLANDS; (DIST. IN THE USA AND CANADA BY ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING
CO., INC.: NEW YORK, NEW YORK, USA). ILLUS. MAPS. ISBN 0-444-88554-4.; 0
(0). 1991. 281-295.

Rejection Code:  NO TOX DATA.

Moya-Quiles, M R, Munoz-Delgado, E, and Vidal, C J (1993). Effects of
allethrin on the thermotropic properties of phospholipid vesicles.
Biochemical Society Transactions 21: 107S.

Rejection Code:  NO SPECIES.

Moya-Quiles, M R, Munoz-Delgado, E, and Vidal, C J (1994). Interactions
of the pyrethroid insecticide allethrin with liposomes.  Archives Of
Biochemistry And Biophysics 312: 95-100.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Murayama, K, Abbott, N J, Narahashi, T, and Shapiro, B I (1972). Effects
of allethrin and Condylactis toxin on the kinetics of sodium conductance
of crayfish axon membranes.  Comparative And General Pharmacology 3:
391-400.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

NAKAGAWA, S., TAKAISHI, N., INAMOTO, Y., MASUDA, S., and YAMASHITA, O.
(1987). INSECTICIDAL TRICYCLOALKANECARBOXYLIC ESTERS.  AGRIC BIOL CHEM;
51: 1355-1364.

Rejection Code:  QSAR.

Narahashi, T ( Cellular and molecular mechanisms of action of
insecticides: neurophysiological approach.  Neurobehavioral Toxicology
and Teratology 4: 753-758.

Rejection Code:  NO SPECIES.

NARAHASHI, T (1962). Effect of the insecticide allethrin on membrane
potentials of cockroach giant axons.  Journal of Cellular And
Comparative Physiology 59: 61-65.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

NARAHASHI, T. (1986). MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF PYRETHROIDS ON SODIUM AND
CALCIUM CHANNEL GATING.  FORD, M. G., ET AL. (ED.). ELLIS HORWOOD SERIES
IN BIOMEDICINE: NEUROPHARMACOLOGY AND PESTICIDE ACTION; NEUROTOX '85,
BATH, ENGLAND, 1985. 512P. VCH PUBLISHERS, INC.: NEW YORK, NEW YORK,
USA; WEINHEIM, WEST GERMANY; ELLIS HORWOOD LTD.: CHICHESTER, ENGLAND
(DIST. IN THE USA AND CANADA BY VCH PUBLISHERS: DEERFIELD BEACH,
FLORIDA, USA) Rejection Code:  NO SPECIES.

Narahashi, T (1969). Mode of action of DDT and allethrin on nerve:
cellular and molecular mechanisms.  Residue Reviews 25: 275-288.

Rejection Code:  REVIEW.

Narahashi, T (1982). Modification of nerve membrane sodium channels by
the insecticide pyrethroids.  Comparative Biochemistry And Physiology.
C: Comparative Pharmacology 72: 411-414.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Narahashi, T (1981). Modulation of nerve membrane sodium channels by
chemicals.  Journal De Physiologie 77: 1093-1101.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

NARAHASHI, T. (1986). MULTIPLE TARGET SITES OF INSECTICIDES.  191ST
AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY NATIONAL MEETING, NEW YORK, N.Y., USA, APR.
13-18, 1986. ABSTR PAP AM CHEM SOC; 191: NO PAGINATION.

Rejection Code:  ABSTRACT.

NARAHASHI, T (1962). Nature of the negative after-potential increased by
the insecticide allethrin in cockroach giant axons.  Journal Of Cellular
And Comparative Physiology 59: 67-76.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

NARAHASHI, T. (1996). Neuronal ion channels as the target sites of
insecticides.  PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY; 79: 1-14.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

NARAHASHI, T. (1994). ROLE OF ION CHANNELS IN NEUROTOXICITY.  CHANG, L.
W. (ED.). NEUROLOGICAL DISEASE AND THERAPY, 26. PRINCIPLES OF
NEUROTOXICOLOGY. XVIII+800P. MARCEL DEKKER, INC.: NEW YORK, NEW YORK,
USA; BASEL, SWITZERLAND. ISBN 0-8247-8836-2.; 0: 609-658.

Rejection Code:  NO SPECIES.

Narahashi, T (1986). Toxins that modulate the sodium channel gating
mechanism.  Annals Of The New York Academy Of Sciences 479: 133-151.

Rejection Code:  NO TOX DATA.

Narahashi, T (1991). Transmitter-activated ion channels as the target of
chemical agents.  Advances In Experimental Medicine And Biology 287:
61-73.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Narahashi, T and Anderson, N C (1967). Mechanism of excitation block by
the insecticide allethrin applied externally and internally to squid
giant axons.  Toxicology And Applied Pharmacology 10: 529-547 .

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Narahashi, T., Frey, J. M., Ginsburg, K. S., and Roy, M. L. (1992).
Sodium and GABA-activated channels as the targets of pyrethroids and
cyclodienes.  Toxicology Letters 64-65: 429-436.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

NARAYANAN KS and CHAUDHURI RK (1993). N ALKYL PYRROLIDONE REQUIREMENT
FOR STABLE WATER-BASED MICROEMULSIONS.  DEVISETTY, B. N., D. G. CHASIN
AND P. D. BERGER (ED.). ASTM (AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND
MATERIALS) SPECIAL TECHNICAL PUBLICATION, NO. 1146. PESTICIDE
FORMULATIONS AND APPLICATION SYSTEMS: 12TH VOLUME; TWELFTH SYMPOSIUM,
SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, USA, OCTOBER 16-17, 1991. VIII+381P. ASTM
(AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS): PHILADELPHIA,
PENNSYLVANIA, USA. ISBN 0-8031-1439-7.; 0 (0). 1993. 85-104.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Oortgiesen, Marga, van Kleef, Regina G. D. M., and Vijverberg, Henk P.
M. (1989). Effects of pyrethroids on neurotransmitter-operated ion
channels in cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells.  Pesticide Biochemistry
and Physiology 34: 164-173.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Orchard, I. (1980). The effects of pyrethroids on the electrical
activity of neurosecretory cells from the brain of Rhodnius prolixus.
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 13: 220-226.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

OSBORNE MP (1986). INSECT NEUROSECRETORY CELLS STRUCTURAL AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS INDUCED BY INSECTICIDES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS.
FORD, M. G., ET AL. (ED.). ELLIS HORWOOD SERIES IN BIOMEDICINE:
NEUROPHARMACOLOGY AND PESTICIDE ACTION; NEUROTOX '85, BATH, ENGLAND,
1985. 512P. VCH PUBLISHERS, INC.: NEW YORK, NEW YORK, USA; WEINHEIM,
WEST GERMANY; ELLIS HORWOOD LTD.: CHICHESTER, ENGLAND (DIST. IN THE USA
AND CANADA BY VCH PUBLISHERS: DEERFIELD BEACH, FLORIDA, USA) ILLUS. ISBN
0-89573-424-9; ISBN 3-527-26340-3.; 0 (0). 1986. 203-243.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Pang, G. F., Fan, C. L., Chao, Y. Z., and Zhao, T. S. (1994). Rapid
Method for the Determination of Multiple Pyrethroid Residues in Fruits
and Vegetables by Capillary Column Gas Chromatography.  J.Chromatogr.A
667: 348-353.

Rejection Code:  NO DURATION.

Payne, N B, Herzberg, G R, and Howland, J L (1973). Influence of some
insecticides on the ATPase of mouse liver mitochondria.  Bulletin Of
Environmental Contamination And Toxicology 10: 365-367.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

PEARSON HA, LEES, G., and WRAY, D. (1993). Calcium channel currents in
neurones from locust Schistocerca gregaria thoracic ganglia.  J EXP
BIOL; 177: 201-221.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Pichon, Y (1995). Pharmacological induction of rhythmical activity and
plateau action potentials in unmyelinated axons.  Journal Of Physiology,
Paris 89: 171-180.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Ramadan, Adel A., Bakry, Nabila M., Marei, Abdel-Salam M., Eldefrawi,
Amira T., and Eldefrawi, Mohyee E. ( 1988). Action of pyrethroids on
K+-stimulated calcium uptake by, and [3H]nimodipine binding to, rat
brain synaptosomes.  Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 32: 114-122.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Ramadan, Adel A., Bakry, Nabila M., Marei, Abdel-Salam M., Eldefrawi,
Amira T., and Eldefrawi, Mohyee E. (1988). Actions of pyrethroids on the
peripheral benzodiazepine receptor.  Pesticide Biochemistry and
Physiology 32: 106-113.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

RAMOS TOMBO GM and BELLUS, D. (1991). Chirality and crop protection.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Reddy, G. P. V. and Murthy, M. M. K. (1989). Integrated Pest Management
in Rice.  Pesticides 23: 32F-32I.

Rejection Code:  NO TOX DATA.

Rickett, F E and Henry, P B (1974). Quantitative determination of the
enantiomeric purity of synthetic pyrethroids. II. S-Bioallethrin.  The
Analyst 99: 330-337.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Rojakovick, Arnold S. and March, Ralph B. (1976). Insecticide cyclic
nucleotide interactions :  I. Quinoxalinedithiol derivatives: A new
group of potent phosphodiesterase inhibitors.  Pesticide Biochemistry
and Physiology 6: 10-19.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

ROY ML and GINSBURG KS (1994). Recent advances in the study of mechanism
of action of marine neurotoxins. AU  - NARAHASHI T.  NEUROTOXICOLOGY
(LITTLE ROCK); 15: 545-554.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Rueegg, Willy T (2004). Synergistic herbicidal compositions comprising
insecticides.  380 pp.

Rejection Code:  NON-ENGLISH.

Rueegg, Willy T (2004). Synergistic herbicidal compositions comprising
insecticides.  380 pp. Rejection Code:  NON-ENGLISH.

Rueegg, Willy T (2004). Synergistic herbicidal compositions comprising
isoxazolinylsulfonylbenzoylpyrazole derivs. in combination with
insecticides.  49 pp.

Rejection Code:  NO TOX DATA.

Ruegg, Willy T (2004). Selective synergistic herbicidal compositions.
524 pp.

Rejection Code:  NON-ENGLISH.

Ruigt, G. Sf and Van, D. E. N. Bercken J (1986). Action of pyrethroids
on a nerve-muscle preparation of the clawed frog, Xenopus laevis.
Pestic Biochem Physiol 25 : 176-187.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Saito Koichi, Tomigahara Yoshitaka, Ohe Norihisa , Isobe Naohiko,
Nakatsuka Iwao, and Kaneko Hideo ( Lack of Significant Estrogenic or
Antiestrogenic Activity of Pyrethroid Insecticides in Three in Vitro
Assays Based on Classic Estrogen Receptor alpha -Mediated Mechanisms.
Toxicological Sciences [Toxicol. Sci.]. Vol. 57, no. 1, pp. 54-60. Sep
2000.

Rejection Code:  HUMAN HEALTH.

SATOH, T., SUZUKI, S., KAWAI, N., NAKAMURA, T., and HOSOKAWA, M. (1999).
Toxicological significance in the cleavage of
esterase-beta-glucuronidase complex in liver microsomes by
organophosphorus compounds.  CHEMICO-BIOLOGICAL INTERACTIONS; 119-120:
471-478.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Schneider, R P (1975). Mechanism of inhibition of rat brain (Na +
K)-adenosine triphosphatase by
2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT).  Biochemical
Pharmacology 24: 939-946.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

SCOTT JG (1988). PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES.  ISI ATLAS SCI PHARMACOL; 2:
125-128.

Rejection Code:  REVIEW.

Settlemire, C T, Huston, A S, Jacobs, L S, Havey, J C, and Howland, J L
(1974). Action of some insecticides on membranes of mouse liver
mitochondria.  Bulletin Of Environmental Contamination And Toxicology
11: 169-173.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Sherby, Shebl M., Eldefrawi, Amira T., Deshpande, Sharad S.,
Albuquerque, Edson X., and Eldefrawi, Mohyee E. (1986). Effects of
pyrethroids on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding and function.
Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology 26: 107-115.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Singh, M. (2003). Biochemical Changes due to the Toxic Effects of
Mosquito Repellent Mats on Mice.  J.Ecotoxicol.Environ.Monit. 13:
123-127 .

Rejection Code:  INHALE.

Sinha, C., Agrawal, A. K. *., Islam, F., Seth, K., Chaturvedi, R. K.,
Shukla, S., and Seth, P. K. ( Mosquito repellent (pyrethroid-based)
induced dysfunction of blood-brain barrier permeability in developing
brain.  International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience [Int. J.
Dev. Neurosci.]. Vol. 22, no. 1, pp. 31-37. Feb 2004.

Rejection Code:  INHALE.

SPERELAKIS, N. (1992). CHEMICAL AGENT ACTIONS ON ION CHANNELS AND
ELECTROPHYSIOLOGY OF THE HEART.  ACOSTA, D. JR. (ED.). TARGET ORGAN
TOXICOLOGY SERIES: CARDIOVASCULAR TOXICOLOGY, SECOND EDITION. XII+560P.
RAVEN PRESS: NEW YORK, NEW YORK, USA. ILLUS. ISBN 0-88167-937-2.; 0:
283-338.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Stan, Hans-Jurgen (2000). Pesticide residue analysis in foodstuffs
applying capillary gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection.
State-of-the-art use of modified DFG-multi-method S19 and automated data
evaluation.  Journal of Chromatography, A 892: 347-377.

Rejection Code :  CHEM METHODS.

Starkus, John G. and Narahashi, Toshio (1978). Temperature dependence of
allethrin-induced repetitive discharges in nerves.  Pesticide
Biochemistry and Physiology 9: 225-230.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Stelzer, K J and Gordon, M A (1984). Effects of pyrethroids on
lymphocyte membrane lipid packing order.   Journal Of Immunopharmacology
6: 389-410.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Stelzer, K J and Gordon, M A (1984). Effects of pyrethroids on
lymphocyte mitogenic responsiveness.  Research Communications In
Chemical Pathology And Pharmacology 46: 137-150.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Stelzer, K J and Gordon, M A (1988). Interactions of pyrethroids with
gramicidin-containing liposomal membranes.  Biochimica Et Biophysica
Acta 938:  114-120.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Stelzer, K J and Gordon, M A (1985). Interactions of pyrethroids with
phosphatidylcholine bilayers: comparisons in liposomal systems
exhibiting large or small radii of curvature.  Chemico-Biological
Interactions 54: 105-116.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Stelzer, K J and Gordon, M A (1985). Interactions of pyrethroids with
phosphatidylcholine liposomal membranes.  Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
812:  361-368. Rejection Code:  METHODS.

STIMMANN MW and FERGUSON MP (1990). PROGRESS REPORT VICE PRESIDENT'S
TASK FORCE ON PEST CONTROL ALTERNATIVES POTENTIAL PESTICIDE USE
CANCELLATIONS IN CALIFORNIA USA.  CALIF AGRIC; 44: 12-16.

Rejection Code:  NO TOX DATA.

Sumer, S, Diril, N, and Izbirak, A (1990). The mutagenicity of some
insecticides in the Salmonella/microsome test system.  Mikrobiyoloji
Bulteni 24: 103-110.

Rejection Code:  BACTERIA.

Sumida, K., Saito, K., Ooe, N., Isobe, N., Kaneko, H., and Nakatsuka, I.
( Evaluation of in vitro methods for detecting the effects of various
chemicals on the human progesterone receptor, with a focus on pyrethroid
insecticides.  Toxicology Letters [Toxicol. Lett.]. Vol. 118, no. 3, pp.
147-155. 3 Jan 2001.

Rejection Code:  HUMAN HEALTH.

Takeno, K, Tsurukame, T, and Yanagiya, I (1983). Involvement of
cholinergic mechanism in the action of allethrin in insect CNS.  The
Journal Of Toxicological Sciences 8: 269-278.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Tasaki, I (1978). Further studies of periodic miniature response in
squid giant axons.  Japanese Journal Of Physiology 28: 89-108.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Tice, Colin M (2002). Selecting the right compounds for screening: use
of surface-area parameters.  Pest Management Science 58: 219-233.

Rejection Code:  CHEM METHODS.

Tsuji, Ryozo, Kobayashi, Kumiko, Ikeda, Maya, Yoshioka, Takafumi,
Yamada, Tomoya, Seki, Takaki , Okuno, Yasuyoshi, Nakatsuka, Iwao,
Tsuruo, Yoshihiro, and Kishioka et, al. ( Lack of changes in brain
muscarinic receptor and motor activity of mice after neonatal inhalation
exposure to d-allethrin.  Journal Of Applied Toxicology: JAT 22:
423-429.

Rejection Code:  INHALE.

Ueda, K, Gaughan, L C, and Casida, J E ( Photodecomposition of
resmethrin and related pyrethroids.  Journal Of Agricultural And Food
Chemistry 22: 212-220.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Utunomiya, A., Hasegawa, K., and Mori, Y. (1997). Analysis of pyrethroid
pesticides, synergists and repellent in moth/mite-proofed household
products and their mutagenicity.  Japanese Journal of Toxicology and
Environmental Health [JAP.J.TOXICOL.ENVIRON.HEALTH] 43: 366-375.

Rejection Code:  NO SPECIES.

Van den Bercken, J. (1977). The Action of Allethrin on the Peripheral
Nervous System of the Frog.  Pestic Sci 8: 692-699.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Van den Bercken, J., Akkermans, L. M. A., and Van der Zalm, J. M.
(1973). DDT-Like Action of Allethrin in the Sensory Nervous System of
Xenopus laevis.  Eur.J.Pharmacol. 21: 95-106.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Van den Bercken, J. and Vijverberg, H. P. M.  (1980). Voltage Clamp
Studies on the Effects of Allethrin and DDT on the Sodium Channels in
Frog Myelinated Nerve Membrane.  Proc.Soc.Chemical Industry Symp.,
Soc.Chem.Ind., London, England 79-85.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Vandewalle, M. and Madeleyn, E. (1970). Cyclopentanones--III :  A new
synthesis of (+/-) allethrolone.  Tetrahedron 26: 3551-3554.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

VARMA, J. and DUBEY NK (1999). Prospectives of botanical and microbial
products as pesticides of tomorrow.  CURRENT SCIENCE (BANGALORE); 76:
172-179.

Rejection Code:  BACTERIA.

Vashkov, V I, Volkov, Iu P, Volkova, A P, Zubova, G M, Polishchuk, L A,
Starkov, A V, and Shenkman, I A (1966). Pyrethrins and related
compounds. Insecticidal properties of allethrin.  Zhurnal Mikrobiologii,
Epidemiologii, i Immunobiologii 43: 114-117.

Rejection Code:  NO TOX DATA.

Vijverberg, H P, van der Zalm, J M, and van der Bercken, J (1982).
Similar mode of action of pyrethroids and DDT on sodium channel gating
in myelinated nerves.  Nature 295: 601-603.

Rejection Code:  NO SPECIES.

VIJVERBERG, H. PM, DE WEILLE JR, RUIGT, G. SF, and VAN DEN BERCKEN J
(1986). THE EFFECT OF PYRETHROID STRUCTURE ON THE INTERACTION WITH THE
SODIUM CHANNEL IN THE NERVE MEMBRANE.  FORD, M. G., ET AL. (ED.). ELLIS
HORWOOD SERIES IN BIOMEDICINE: NEUROPHARMACOLOGY AND PESTICIDE ACTION;
NEUROTOX '85, BATH, ENGLAND, 1985. 512P. VCH PUBLISHERS, INC.: NEW YORK,
NEW YORK, USA; WEINHEIM, WEST GERMANY; ELLIS HORWOOD LTD.: CHICHESTER,
ENGLAND (DIST. IN THE USA AND CANADA BY VCH PUBLISHERS: DEERFIELD BEACH,
FLORIDA, USA) ILLUS. ISBN 0-89573-424-9; ISBN 3-527-26340-3.; 0 (0).
1986. 267-286.

Rejection Code:  QSAR.

Vijverberg, Henk P. M.,  Ruigt, GeS. F., and van den Bercken, Joep
(1982). Structure-related effects of pyrethroid insecticides on the
lateral-line sense organ and on peripheral nerves of the clawed frog,
Rejection Code:  QSAR.

Waerngaard Lars and Flodstroem Sten ( Effects of tetradecanoylphorbol
acetate, pyrethroids and ddt in the v79.  Cell Biology and Toxicology
(1989), 5(1), 67-75 Coden: Cbtoe2; Issn: 0742-2091.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Wang, C M, Narahashi, T, and Scuka, M (1972). Mechanism of negative
temperature coefficient of nerve blocking action of allethrin.  The
Journal Of Pharmacology And Experimental Therapeutics 182: 442-453.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Wang, J H and Stelzer, A (1994). Inhibition of phosphatase 2B prevents
expression of hippocampal long-term potentiation.  Neuroreport 5:
2377-2380.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

WANG Y-Z (1991). SYNTHESIS AND ACTIVITY OF A NEW TYPE PYRETHROID JS-88.
FOURTH CHEMICAL CONGRESS OF NORTH AMERICA, NEW YORK, NEW YORK, USA,
AUGUST 25-30, 1991. ABSTR PAP AM CHEM SOC; 202: AGRO 15.

Rejection Code:  METHODS/ABSTRACT.

Warngard, L and Flodstrom, S (1989). Effects of tetradecanoyl phorbol
acetate, pyrethroids and DDT in the V79.  Cell Biology And Toxicology 5:
67-75.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

WATSON JE (1996). PESTICIDES AS A SOURCE OF POLLUTION.  PEPPER, I. L.,
C. P. GERBA AND M. L. BRUSSEAU (ED.). POLLUTION SCIENCE. XXIV+397P.
ACADEMIC PRESS, INC.: SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA, USA; LONDON, ENGLAND, UK.
ISBN 0-12-550660-0.; 0: 253-266.

Rejection Code:  NO TOX DATA.

WATSON, P. and FORD MG (1992). THE KINETICS OF INSECTICIDE FLUX ACROSS
ISOLATED INSECT CUTICLE.  MEETING OF THE PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL
PANEL OF THE SCI PESTICIDES GROUP, LONDON, ENGLAND, UK, MARCH 26, 1991.
PESTIC SCI; 34: 91-92.

Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Wild, A., Oberweis, A. L., and Ruehle, W. (1977). The Effect of the
Insecticides Allethrin, Lindane, and "Jacutin-Fogetten" Sublimate on the
Photosynthetic Electron Transport (Wirkung der Insektizide Allethrin,
Lindan und Jacutin-Fogetten-Sublimat auf den Photosynthetischen
Elektronentransport).  Z Pflanzenp 82: 161-172.

Rejection Code:  NON-ENGLISH.

Wing, K D and Hammock, B D (1979). Stereoselectivity of a
radioimmunoassay for the insecticide S-bioallethrin.  Experientia 35:
1619-1620.

Rejection Code:  METHODS.

Wing, K D, Hammock, B D, and Wustner, D A ( Development of an
S-bioallethrin specific antibody.  Journal Of Agricultural And Food
Chemistry 26: 1328-1333.

Rejection Code:  NO TOX DATA.

WORTHING CR (1991). THE PESTICIDE MANUAL A WORLD COMPENDIUM 9TH EDITION.
 WORTHING, C. R. (ED.). THE PESTICIDE MANUAL: A WORLD COMPENDIUM, 9TH
EDITION. XLVII+1141P. BRITISH CROP PROTECTION COUNCIL: FARNHAM, ENGLAND,
UK. ILLUS. ISBN 0-948404-42-6.; 0: XLVII+1141P.

Rejection Code:  ABSTRACT.

Wouter, W., Van den Bercken, J., and Van Ginneken, A. (1977).
Presynaptic Action of the Pyrethroid Insecticide Allethrin in the Frog
Motor End Plate.  Eur.J.Pharmacol. 43: 163-171.

Chem Codes:  Chemical of Concern: ATN,PYT  Rejection Code:  IN VITRO.

Yamamoto, I, Elliott, M, and Casida, J E (1971). The metabolic fate of
pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, and allethrin.  Bulletin Of The World Health
Organization 44: 347-348.

Rejection Code:  NO METABOLISM.

Yang, X (1989). Study on inhibiting effect of 14 insecticides on
esterase of Culex tritaeniorhynchus from five geographic populations.
Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi = Zhonghua Liuxingbingxue Zazhi 10:
164-166.

Rejection Code:  NON-ENGLISH.

Yap, H. H., Chong, A. S. C., Adanan, C. R., Chong, N. L., Rohaizat, B.,
Malik, Y. A., and Lim, S. Y. (1997). Performance of ULV Formulations
(Pesguard 102/Vectobac 12AS) Against Three Mosquito Species.
J.Am.Mosq.Control Assoc. 13: 384-388.

Rejection Code:  BIOLOGICAL TOXICANT/MIXTURE.

APPENDIX H:

Rat Acute Oral Toxicity Data for Formulated Products Containing
Allethrins: Based on Data from the OPP Integrative Hazard Assessment
Database (IHAD)

The following table includes 6-pack rat oral studies on allethrin
formulations from studies that were deemed acceptable by HED reviewer:

PRODUCT NAME/

REGISTRATION NO.	ACTIVE INGREDIENTS/ PERCENT OF FORMULATED PRODUCT	RAT
LD50	MRID

RAID WASP & HORNET KILLER AD/ 04822-00451 and SPIN OUT SPRAY/
67690-00028	Chlorpyrifos 	                        0.25%

d-Trans-Allethrin                         0.20%

	>5,000 mg/kg	439144-07

4822-LRG RAID FIK FORMULA H1A/ 04822-00513 and RAID FLK FORMULA H1A/
04822-00513	Permethrin                                   0.10%

Tetramethrin                                0.35%

d-cis/trans allethrin                      0.10%	>5,000 mg/kg	44817404

D-PHENOTHRIN 2% INSECTICIDE AEROSOL/ 39398-00001 and NS 4/1 WB/
39398-00010	Sumithrin                                     1.00%

By-products of sumithrin             0.08%

Pynamin forte                              1.00%

By-products of allethrin               0.07%

Tetramethrin                                1.00%

By-products of tetramethrin         0.05%

Repellent                                      3.00%	>16 ml/kg	00054529

TC 96/ 00499-00412	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Pyrethrins
               1.00%

d-trans allethrin                            1.00%

Piperonyl butoxide                       4.00%

n-Octyl bicycloheptene

     dicarboximide                         4.33%	4,890 mg/kg	430124-02

MULTICIDE FOGGING FORMULA 2170/ 01021-01402 and RAOG/ EVERCIDE®
Residual Pump Spray 2641/ 01021-01693	Neo-pynamin
       0.14%

Sumithrin                                     0.23%

MGK-264                                    2.00%

Piperonyl butoxide                      2.00%

d-trans allethrin                           0.23%	2,100 mg/kg	00111991

HARTZ 2 IN 1 FLEA KILLER FOR DOGS WITH ALLETHRIN/ 02596-00097 and HARTZ
2 IN 1 FLEA & TICK KILLER FOR CATS WITH ALLETHRIN/ 2596-00098	d-trans
Allethrin                           0.05%

3-phenoxybenzyl-2,2dimethyl-

      392-methylprop-l-enyl           0.05% cylopropanecarboxylate N-

      octyl bicycloheptane

      dicarboximide                        0.19%

	>5,000 mg/kg	41657302

BENGAL INDOOR FOGGER 92/<PHONE_NUMBER>6	3-phenoxybenzyl-(1RS, 3RS;

      1RS, 3SR)-2,2-dimethyl-3-

      (2-methylprop-l-enyl)

      cyclopropanecarboxylate       2.00%

d-trans allethrin                            1.50%

Piperonyl butoxide                       0.40%	> 5000 mg/kg	425098-03

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Chemsico Aerosol Spray A/ 09688-00112	  SEQ
CHAPTER \h \r 1 Permethrin	                        0.20%						0.20

d-trans Allethrin	                        0.05%					0.05

n-alkyl (60% C14,  30% C16,   5%

      C12 , 5% C 18) dimethyl benzyl

      ammonimum chlorides (40%)

      and n-alkyl (50% C12,   30% C14

         17% C16, 3% C18) dimethyl

      ethylbenzyl ammonium

      chlorides (40%)                     0.20%	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1
>5050 mg/kg	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 43748404

CHEMSICO WASP & HORNET KILLER T/ 09688-00117	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1
Tralomethrin                                0.01%

d-trans Allethrin                           0.05%	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1
>5050 mg/kg	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 440420-03

CHEMSICO AEROSOL INSECTICIDE LD/ 09688-00230	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1
d-trans Allethrin	                        0.05%						0.05

Lambda-Cyhalothrin	          0.01%	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 > 5000 mg/kg
SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 46466204.

DURSBAN WB05 III/ 62719-00197	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Chlorpyrifos
                        0.49%

MGK-264                                     0.17%

Piperonyl butoxide                       0.10%

d-trans allethrin                            0.05%	> 5000 mg/kg	  SEQ
CHAPTER \h \r 1 43994303

BENGAL WATER-BASED WASP & HORNET KILLER/ 68543-00011	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r
1 Permethrin                                   0.10%

Piperonyl butoxide                       0.40%

d-trans-Allethrin	                        0.05%	> 5000 mg/kg	  SEQ
CHAPTER \h \r 1 43338903

MULTICIDE SUMITHRIN 90% CONCENTRATE/ 01021-01383; MULTICIDE FOGGING
FORMULA 2170/ 01021-01402; BLACK FLAG PROFESSIONAL POWER HOUSE & GARDEN
INSECT KILLER-FORMULA "D”/ 69421-00013; and BLACK FLAG TRIPLE ACTIVE
BUG KILLER/ 69421-00014	Neo-pynamin                               1.00%

Sumithrin                                     1.67%

MGK-264                                    15.0%

Piperonyl butoxide                      15.0%

d-trans allethrin                           1.67%	2,100 mg/kg	00111991

BLACK FLAG ANT & ROACH KILLER FORMULA F/ 69421-00080	d-trans allethrin
                         0.09%

Permethrin                                   0.24%

Piperonyl butoxide                       0.59%	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 >
5000 mg/kg	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 426966-06

SBP-1382/BIOALLETHRIN AQUEOUS PRESSURIZED SPRAY/ 73049-00085	  SEQ
CHAPTER \h \r 1 Resmethrin	                        0.20%

d-trans-Allethrin		          0.15%	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 >5050 mg/kg
43261101

D-TRANS INTERMEDIATE 1808/ 01021-01026	d-trans Allethrin
           0.2%

Piperonyl butoxide                      1.00%

Methoxychlor                              1.00%

2-Hydroxyethyl-n-octyl sulfide   0.95%

Petroleum distillate                      5.99%	11.3 ml/kg	00073659

BIORAM 7.5% - 12.5% INSECTICIDE CONCENTRATE/ 73049-00120	  SEQ CHAPTER
\h \r 1 d-trans-Allenthrin	         12.5% Permethrin
              7.50%	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 4866 mg/kg	43260901

BIORAM 0.15% + 0.25% INSECTICIDE AQUEOUS PRESSURIZED SPRAY/ 73049-00121
d-trans-Allenthrin	          0.15% Permethrin
       0.25%	> 5 ml/kg	242582 (ACC. No.)

SBP-1382/ ESBIOTHRIN/ PIPERONYL BUTOXIDE INSECT. CONC. 5%-10%-40% FORM
I/ 73049-00137 and DS 205 INSECTICIDE/ 73049-00177	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1
Piperonyl butoxide	         40.0%

S-Bioallethrin		         10.0%

Resmethrin	                        05.0%	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 2132
mg/kg	43261001

BUG STOMPER 4-3/ 74621-00002	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Resmethrin
                      4.00%

d-trans allethrin                           3.00%	>   SEQ CHAPTER \h \r
1 5000 mg/kg	45267201

AMERICARE PET POUR-ON/ 04691-RLI	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Fenoxycarb
                          5.00%

N-Octyl bicycloheptene

       Dicarboximide                      4.00%

Piperonyl butoxide                       2.00%

S-Bioallethrin                               0.80%

Permethrin, mixed cis,trans         0.80%	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 > 5010
mg/kg	43658203

DS 530 INSECTICIDE/ 73049-00180 and ULTRATEC KD AC/ 73049-00184	  SEQ
CHAPTER \h \r 1 S-Bioallethrin	                        0.15%

Deltamethrin                                0.02%

	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 > 5050 mg/kg	44445904

DSP 0.25 - 2.5 - 25 AC/ 73049-00210	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Piperonyl
butoxide	         25.0%						25.00

S-Bioallethrin		         2.50%							  2.50

Deltamethrin		         0.25%	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 >5000   mg/kg
45034504

DS 0.572 - 2.86 OB AC/ 73049-00354	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 S- Bioallethrin
                        2.86%

Deltamethrin	                        0.57%	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 5000
mg/kg	45066104

DS  105-OB Insecticide/ 73049-00390	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Deltamethrin
         0.01%					0.01

S-Bioallethrin		          0.05%	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 > 5000 mg/kg
45065705

DSP  515 Insecticide/ 73049-GIO	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 Deltamethrin
     0.01%					0.005

S-Bioallethrin		          0.10%					0.100

Piperonyl Butoxide	          0.50%	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 > 5000 mg/kg
45034604

RAID FORMULA 5 FLYING INSECT KILLER/ 04822-00284	  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1
D-cis/trans allethrin                     0.14%

3-phenoxybenzyl d-cis and

      trans 2,2-dimethyl  3- (2-

      methylpropenyl

      cyclopropanecarboxylate       0.14%

Piperonyl Butoxide                      0.50%	> 5000 mg/kg	43751905

PYNAMIN FORTE MOSQUITO COIL/ 10308-00017	d-cis, trans allethrin
           0.26%

Other isomers                               0.01%	> 5000 mg/kg	00141405

APPENDIX I:

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 T-REX (Version 1.2.3) Input Parameters and Outputs
for Allethrins at Various Application Rates

Chemical Name:	ALLETHRIN

Use	Wasp and Hornet Spray

Application Rate 	13.76 lbs a.i./acre

Half-life 	35 days

Endpoints

Avian	Bobwhite quail 	LD50 (mg/kg-bw)	2030.00

Upper Bound Kenaga Residues For RQ Calculation

Dietary-based EECs  (ppm)	Kenaga Values

Short Grass 	3302.40

Tall Grass 	1513.60

Broadleaf plants/sm Insects	1857.60

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	206.40

Avian Results

Dose-based RQs

(Dose-based EEC/adjusted LD50)		Avian Acute RQs

		20 g	100 g	1000 g

Short Grass	2.57	1.15	0.37

Tall Grass		1.18	0.53	0.17

Broadleaf plants/sm insects	1.45	0.65	0.21

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	0.16	0.07	0.02

Mean Kenaga Residues For RQ Calculation

Dietary-based EECs  (ppm)	Kenaga Values

Short Grass 	1169.60

Tall Grass 	495.36

Broadleaf plants/sm Insects	619.32

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	96.32

Avian Results

Dose-based RQs

(Dose-based EEC/adjusted LD50)		Avian Acute RQs

		20 g	100 g	1000 g

Short Grass	0.91	0.41	0.13

Tall Grass		0.39	0.17 	0.05

Broadleaf plants/sm insects		0.48	0.22	0.07

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	0.08	0.03	0.01

Chemical Name:	ALLETHRIN

Use	Wasp and Hornet Spray

Application Rate 	2.7 lbs a.i./acre

Half-life 	35 days

Endpoints

Avian	Bobwhite quail 	LD50 (mg/kg-bw)	2030.00

Upper Bound Kenaga Residues For RQ Calculation

Dietary-based EECs  (ppm)	Kenaga Values

Short Grass 	648.00

Tall Grass 	297.00

Broadleaf plants/sm Insects	364.50

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	40.50

Avian Results

Dose-based RQs

(Dose-based EEC/adjusted LD50)		Avian Acute RQs

		20 g	100 g	1000 g

Short Grass	0.50	0.23	0.07

Tall Grass		0.23	0.10	0.03

Broadleaf plants/sm insects	0.28	0.13	0.04

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	0.03	0.01	0.00

Chemical Name:	ALLETHRIN

Use	Wasp and Hornet Spray

Application Rate 	0.5 lbs a.i./acre

Half-life 	35 days

Endpoints

Avian	Bobwhite quail 	LD50 (mg/kg-bw)	2030.00

Upper Bound Kenaga Residues For RQ Calculation

Dietary-based EECs  (ppm)	Kenaga Values

Short Grass 	120.00

Tall Grass 	55.00

Broadleaf plants/sm Insects	67.50

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	7.50

Avian Results

Dose-based RQs

(Dose-based EEC/adjusted LD50)		Avian Acute RQs

		20 g	100 g	1000 g

Short Grass	0.09	0.04	0.01

Tall Grass		0.04	0.02	0.01

Broadleaf plants/sm insects	0.05	0.02	0.01

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	0.01	0.00	0.00

Chemical Name:	ALLETHRIN

Use	Wasp and Hornet Spray

Application Rate 	0.4 lbs a.i./acre

Half-life 	35 days

Endpoints

Mammal	Rat 	LD50 (mg/kg-bw)		378

 		NOAEL (mg/kg-bw)	13

		NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)	260

Upper Bound Kenaga Residues For RQ Calculation

Dietary-based EECs  (ppm)	Kenaga Values

Short Grass 	96.00

Tall Grass 	44.00

Broadleaf plants/sm Insects	54.00

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	6.00

Mammalian Results

Dose-based RQs

(Dose-based EEC)			Mammalian Acute RQs

		15 g	35 g	1000 g

Short Grass	0.11	0.09	0.05

Tall Grass		0.05	0.04	0.02

Broadleaf plants/sm insects	0.06	0.05	0.03

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	0.01	0.01	0.00

Seeds	0.00	0.00	0.00

Chemical Name:	ALLETHRIN

Use	Wasp and Hornet Spray

Application Rate 	0.13 lbs a.i./acre

Half-life 	35 days

Endpoints

Mammal	Rat 	LD50 (mg/kg-bw)		378

 		NOAEL (mg/kg-bw)	13

		NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)	260

Upper Bound Kenaga Residues For RQ Calculation

Dietary-based EECs  (ppm)	Kenaga Values

Short Grass 	31.20

Tall Grass 	14.30

Broadleaf plants/sm Insects	17.55

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	1.95

Mammalian Results

Dose-based RQs

(Dose-based EEC)			Mammalian Chronic RQs

		15 g	35 g	1000 g

Short Grass	1.04	0.89	0.48

Tall Grass		0.48	0.41	0.22

Broadleaf plants/sm insects	0.59	0.50	0.27

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	0.07	0.06	0.03

Seeds	0.01	0.01	0.01

Chemical Name:	ALLETHRIN

Use	Wasp and Hornet Spray

Application Rate 	1.1 lbs a.i./acre

Half-life 	35 days

Endpoints

Mammal	Rat 	LD50 (mg/kg-bw)		378

 		NOAEL (mg/kg-bw)	13

		NOAEC (mg/kg-diet)	260

Dietary-based RQs

(Dietary-based EEC)

Mammalian Chronic RQs

Short Grass		1.02

Tall Grass		0.47

Broadleaf plants/sm insects	0.57

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	0.06

Chemical Name:	ALLETHRIN

Use	Wasp and Hornet Spray

Application Rate 	0.18 lbs a.i./acre

Half-life 	35 days

Upper Bound Kenaga Residues For RQ Calculation

Dietary-based EECs  (ppm)	Kenaga Values

Short Grass 	43.20

Tall Grass 	19.80

Broadleaf plants/sm Insects	24.30

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	2.70

Chemical Name:	ALLETHRIN

Use	Outdoor Fogger

Application Rate 	0.0026 lbs a.i./acre

Half-life 	35 days

Endpoints

Avian	Bobwhite quail 	LD50 (mg/kg-bw)	2030.00

Upper Bound Kenaga Residues For RQ Calculation

Dietary-based EECs  (ppm)	Kenaga Values

Short Grass 	0.62

Tall Grass 	0.29

Broadleaf plants/sm Insects	0.35

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	0.04

Avian Results

Dose-based RQs

(Dose-based EEC/adjusted LD50)		Avian Acute RQs

		20 g	100 g	1000 g

Short Grass	0.00	0.00	0.00

Tall Grass		0.00	0.00	0.00

Broadleaf plants/sm insects	0.00	0.00	0.00

Fruits/pods/seeds/lg insects	0.00	0.00	0.00

 The amount of diet eaten in a day for the different avian weight
classes were obtained from T-REX.

 PAGE   49

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Birds, Mammals, Reptiles, Terrestrial-Phase Amphibians, Terrestrial
Invertebrates

Acute Effects

(Mortality)

Chronic Effects (Reduced Growth, Survival, Reproduction)

Spray Drift

Ingestion    Dermal Uptake

Ingestion    Dermal Uptake

FIGURE 1:  Conceptual plan diagram depicting sources of exposure,
potential receptors and adverse effects from the supported uses of
allethrins.

Public Owned Treatment Works (POTW)

Runoff

Disposal of Shampoo/Dip

Down Drain

Fish, Aquatic-Phase Amphibians, Aquatic Invertebrates