Economic Analysis Appendices for the Final Lead and Copper Rule Revisions

Office of Water (4607M)
EPA 816-R-20-008a
December 2020

Table of Contents
Appendix A : LSLR Unit Costs	A-1
A.1	Introduction	A-1
A.2	Lead Service Line Replacement Unit Costs	A-1
A.2.1	Data Sources	A-2
A.2.1.1	AWWA 2011 Survey	A-5
A.2.1.2	Sandvig et al. 2008	A-6
A.2.1.3	2007 Needs Survey	A-6
A.2.1.4	AWWA 2005; Black & Veatch 2004	A-6
A.2.1.5	Utility Data	A-7
A.2.2	Adjustment for Planned LSLR	A-8
A.2.3	Final Low and High Estimates	A-9
A.2.4	Applicability of LSLR Unit Costs under the Previous Rule and Final LCRR	A-10
A.2.4.1	Previous Rule	A-10
A.2.4.2	Final LCRR	A-13
A.3	References	A-15
Appendix B : Modeling Costs in the SafeWater LCR Model and Economic Impact and Analysis of the Previous Rule	B-1
B.1	Introduction	B-1
B.2	Baseline Conditions and Modeling Assumption for both the Previous LCR and Final LCRR	B-1
B.2.1	Model-PWSs	B-1
B.2.1.1	Very Large Systems	B-3
B.2.2	Analysis Period and Discount Rates	B-5
B.2.3	Rule Implementation Schedule	B-7
B.3	Estimating Compliance Activity under the Final LCRR	B-7
B.3.1	Change in source water or treatment technology	B-9
B.3.2	Small CWS and NTNCWS flexibility	B-12
B.3.3	Corrosion control and point-of-use technology	B-12
B.3.4	Lead service line replacements	B-15
B.3.5	Find-and-fix	B-17
B.4	Estimating Compliance Activity Under the Previous LCR	B-21
B.4.1	Corrosion control technology	B-22
B.4.2	Lead service line replacements	B-24
B.5	Estimating Public Water System Costs under Previous LCR	B-27
B.5.1	PWS Sampling Costs	B-30
B.5.1.1	Lead Tap Sampling	B-30
B.5.1.2	Lead Water Quality Parameter Monitoring	B-45
B.5.1.3	Copper Water Quality Parameter Monitoring	B-49
B.5.1.4	Source Water Monitoring	B-50
B.5.2	PWS Corrosion Control Costs	B-55
B.5.2.1	CCT Installation	B-55
B.5.2.2	Re-optimization of Existing Corrosion Control Treatment	B-60
B.5.2.3	Lead CCT Routine Costs	B-63
B.5.3	PWS Lead Service Line Replacement-Related Costs	B-65
B.5.3.1	Lead Service Line Replacements	B-65
B.5.3.2	Ancillary Lead Service Line Replacement Activities	B-69
B.5.4	PWS Lead Public Education and Outreach Costs	B-79
B.6	Estimating Primacy Agency Costs under the Existing LCR	B-83
B.6.1	Primacy Agency Administrative Costs	B-85
B.6.2	Primacy Agency Sampling Related Costs	B-87
B.6.2.1	Primacy Agency Lead Tap Sampling Costs	B-87
B.6.2.2	Primacy Agency Lead WQP Sampling Costs	B-91
B.6.2.3	Primacy Agency Copper WQP Monitoring Costs	B-91
B.6.2.4	Primacy Agency Source Water Monitoring Costs	B-92
B.6.3	Primacy Agency CCT-Related Costs	B-93
B.6.3.1	Primacy Agency CCT Installation Costs	B-94
B.6.3.2	Primacy Agency CCT Re-optimization Costs	B-96
B.6.3.3	Primacy Agency Lead CCT Routine Costs	B-98
B.6.4	Primacy Agency Lead Service Line Testing and Replacement	B-99
B.6.5	Primacy Agency Lead Public Education and Outreach	B-101
B.7	References	B-103
Appendix C : Detailed Costs Results	C-1
C.1	Introduction	C-1
C.2	System Counts and Population Impacted	C-1
C.3	National Annualized Rule Costs	C-57
C.3.1	3 Percent Discount Rate	C-57
C.3.2	7 Percent Discount Rate	C-95
C.4	National Annualized Sampling Costs	C-134
C.4.1	3 Percent Discount Rate	C-134
C.4.2	7 Percent Discount Rate	C-157
C.5	National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs	C-184
C.5.1	3 Percent Discount Rate	C-184
C.5.2	7 Percent Discount Rate	C-238
C.6	National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs	C-293
C.6.1	3 Percent Discount Rate	C-293
C.6.2	7 Percent Discount Rate	C-335
C.7	Annualized Incremental Cost per Water System	C-377
C.7.1	CWS-level costs by system size and source water	C-377
C.7.2	NTNCWS-Level costs by system size and source water	C-380
Appendix D : Adverse Health Effects Associated with Lead Exposures	D-1
D.1	Cardiovascular Effects	D-2
D.1.1	Blood Pressure and Hypertension	D-2
D.1.1.1	Adults	D-3
D.1.1.2	Children	D-3
D.1.2	Electrocardiogram Abnormalities	D-3
D.1.2.1	Adults	D-3
D.1.2.2	Children	D-4
D.1.3	Clinical Cardiovascular Conditions	D-4
D.1.4	Cardiovascular Mortality	D-5
D.2	Renal Effects	D-6
D.2.1.1	Adults	D-7
D.2.1.2	Children	D-8
D.3	Reproductive and Developmental Effects	D-8
D.3.1	Delayed Puberty	D-8
D.3.2	Postnatal Growth	D-9
D.3.3	Sperm Parameters	D-9
D.3.4	Fertility and Time to Conception	D-10
D.3.5	Spontaneous Abortions	D-10
D.3.6	Reduced Fetal Growth/Low Birth Weight	D-11
D.3.7	Preterm Birth and Gestational Age	D-12
D.4	Immune Effects	D-13
D.5	Increased Hypersensitivity and Allergy Response	D-13
D.5.1.1	Adults	D-13
D.5.1.2	Children	D-13
D.6	Resistance to Bacterial Infection	D-14
D.6.1.1	Adults	D-14
D.6.1.2	Children	D-14
D.7	Neurological Effects	D-14
D.7.1	Cognitive Function	D-15
D.7.1.1	Adults	D-15
D.7.1.2	Children: IQ	D-16
D.7.1.3	Children: Academic Achievement	D-17
D.7.2	Attention-Related Behavior	D-19
D.7.3	Conduct Disorders	D-21
D.7.4	Internalizing Behaviors	D-22
D.7.5	Psychological Effects	D-22
D.7.6	Neurodegeneration	D-23
D.7.7	Auditory Function	D-24
D.7.7.1	Adults	D-24
D.7.7.2	Children	D-24
D.7.8	Motor Function	D-25
D.8	Cancer	D-25
D.9	References	D-26
Appendix E : Adverse Health Effects Associated with Copper Exposures	E-1
E.1	Acute Gastrointestinal Distress	E-1
E.2	Chronic Liver Toxicity	E-2
E.2.1	Wilson's Disease	E-2
E.2.2	Infants and Children with Genetic Susceptibilities	E-3
E.3	References	E-4
Appendix F : Water Lead Level Analysis and Simulation	F-1
F.1	Approach to data selection and identification of LSL and CCT categories	F-1
F.2	Spline fitting and knot placement	F-3
F.3	Selection of post-stagnation volume for simulation of BLL	F-4
F.4	Comparisons with compliance data for estimating CCT benefit in locations without LSL	F-5
F.5	References	F-9
Appendix G : Sensitivity Analysis for Blood Lead and IQ Benefits in Children	G-1
G.1	Additional Estimates of Blood Lead in Children	G-1
G.1.1	SHEDS-IEUBK Distributional Information	G-1
G.1.2	Alternative Assumptions for Drinking Water Inputs When No Lead Service Line is Present	G-5
G.1.3	Alternate Models for Estimating Blood Lead Levels in Children	G-7
G.2	Alternative Concentration-Response Functions for Lead and IQ	G-9
G.3	Alternative Valuation of Avoided IQ Loss	G-11
G.4	Sensitivity Based on an Alternative First Liter Compliance Sampling Protocol	G-11
G.5	Results of the Sensitivity Analysis for Benefits in Children	G-11
G.6	References	G-29
Appendix H : Alternative Approaches to Estimating Changes in Blood Lead Levels in Adults	H-30
H.1	Blood Lead in Adults	H-30
H.1.1.1	Blood Lead Estimates from the All Ages Lead Model	H-33
H.2	References	H-35
Appendix I : Discussion of Additional Potentially Reduced Adverse Health Endpoints in Children	I-1
I.1	Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	I-1
I.1.1	Estimates of Blood Lead in Children Aged 8-15	I-2
I.1.2	Concentration-Response Function for Lead and ADHD	I-4
I.2	Reductions in Birth Weight	I-5
I.2.1	Estimates of Blood Lead Levels in Pregnant Women	I-5
I.2.2	Concentration-Response Function for Maternal Blood Lead and Reduced Birth Weight	I-6
I.3	References	I-6
Appendix J : Detailed Summaries of Studies That May Potentially Inform Concentration-Response Functions	J-1
J.1	Decreases in Intelligence Quotient	J-1
J.1.1.1	Lanphear et al. (2005)	J-1
J.1.1.2	Crump et al. (2013)	J-2
J.1.1.3	Kirrane and Patel (2014)	J-4
J.1.1.4	Budtz-Jørgensen et al. (2013)	J-6
J.1.1.5	Jusko et al. (2008) and Min et al. (2009)	J-6
J.1.1.6	Lanphear et al. (2019) Erratum	J-6
J.2	Increases in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	J-7
J.2.1.1	Froehlich et al. (2009)	J-7
J.3	Increases in Cardiovascular Mortality	J-8
J.3.1	Cardiovascular Mortality Study Summaries	J-8
J.3.1.1	Menke et al. (2006)	J-9
J.3.1.2	Aoki et al. (2016)	J-10
J.3.1.3	Ruiz-Hernandez et al. (2017)	J-12
J.3.1.4	Lanphear et al. (2018)	J-13
J.3.2	Cardiovascular Mortality Uncertainty Discussion	J-14
J.3.2.1	Bone and Blood Lead Biomarkers	J-14
J.3.2.2	Mode of Action and Timing of Effects	J-15
J.3.2.3	Implications for Benefits Modeling	J-16
J.3.2.4	Applicability of Observed Concentration-Response Functions to the General Population	J-17
J.4	Low Birth Weight	J-17
J.4.1.1	Zhu et al. (2010)	J-17
J.5	References	J-19
Appendix K : Estimated Value of an IQ Point	K-1
K.1	IQ and Earnings	K-1
K.2	Education and Earnings	K-5
K.3	Uncertainties and Areas for Future Research	K-6
K.4	Implications for Regulatory Analysis	K-8
K.5	Reanalysis of the IQ Effect on Lifetime Earnings	K-9
K.6	Reanalysis of Salkever (1995) Using NLSY 1997 Data	K-10
K.7	Critical Review of Salkever's Estimates	K-14
K.8	Method for Estimating Lifetime Earnings Stream	K-14
K.8.1	Educational Attainment	K-14
K.8.1.1	Primary and Secondary School Attainment	K-15
K.8.1.2	Postsecondary School Attainment	K-15
K.8.2	Average Annual Earnings	K-16
K.8.2.1	Topcodes	K-16
K.8.2.2	Real Earnings Growth Rate	K-16
K.8.3	Life Tables	K-16
K.8.4	Present Value of Lifetime Earnings	K-16
K.9	Effects on Earnings from Changes in IQ	K-17
K.9.1	Total Value of an IQ Point	K-18
K.9.2	Additional Education: Costs and Lost Earnings	K-18
K.9.2.1	Education Costs	K-18
K.9.2.2	Lost Earnings	K-19
K.9.2.3	Summary of Additional Education Costs	K-19
K.9.3	Net Value of an IQ Point	K-19
K.10	Limitations	K-20
K.10.1	Nonmarket Work	K-20
K.10.2	Multiple Degrees	K-20
K.10.3	Earnings Growth Rate	K-20
K.10.4	Income vs. Earnings	K-20
K.10.5	Benefits	K-20
K.10.6	Impact of Ability on Earnings	K-21
K.11	References	K-21

List of Exhibits
Exhibit A-1: Summary of LSLR Costs from Surveys and Other Sources ($/LSLR, 2016$)[1]	A-4
Exhibit A-2: Summary of LSLR Costs from Surveys ($/LSLR, 2016$)	A-8
Exhibit A-3: Low and High Estimates for LSLR Unit Costs (2016$)	A-10
Exhibit A-4: Derivation of Percent of LSLR that are Tested Out, Utility-Side, and Full LSLR for CWSs under the Previous Rule	A-12
Exhibit A-5: Likelihood of LSLR Type by Replacement Requirement	A-14
Exhibit B-1: Select Baseline Characteristics Assigned from Distributional Information to Model-PWSs	B-3
Exhibit B-2: Summary of SDWIS/Fed and AWWA Data for PWS Systems Serving more than 1M People	B-5
Exhibit B-3: Weighted Average Cost of Capital by PWS Ownership and Size Category	B-6
Exhibit B-4: Simulating Change in Source Water or Treatment Technology in SafeWater LCR	B-11
Exhibit B-5: Simulating Corrosion Control and Point-of-Use Technology under Final LCRR in SafeWater LCR	B-14
Exhibit B-6: Simulating Lead Service Line Replacements under Final LCRR in SafeWater LCR	B-17
Exhibit B-7: Likelihood That a Single Tap Water Sample Will Be Above 15 ug/L	B-18
Exhibit B-8: Simulating Find-and-fix Requirements under the Final Rule in SafeWater LCR	B-20
Exhibit B-9: Simulating Corrosion Control under the Previous LCR in SafeWater LCR	B-23
Exhibit B-10: Simulating Lead Service Line Replacements under the Previous LCR in SafeWater LCR	B-26
Exhibit B-11: PWS Cost Components, Subcomponents, and Activities Organized by Section1	B-28
Exhibit B-12: PWS Lead Tap Sampling Unit Burden and Cost Estimates[1]	B-31
Exhibit B-13: Non-Labor Costs for CWS to Provide Test Kits (per Sample)	B-34
Exhibit B-14: PWS Lead Tap Sampling Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-36
Exhibit B-15: PWS Lead WQP Monitoring Unit Burden and Cost Estimates	B-46
Exhibit B-16: PWS Copper WQP Monitoring Unit Burden and Cost Estimates	B-50
Exhibit B-17: PWS Source Monitoring Burden and Cost Estimates	B-51
Exhibit B-18: PWS Source Water Monitoring Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-52
Exhibit B-19: PWS CCT Installation-Related Unit Burden and Cost Estimates	B-57
Exhibit B-20: Likelihood of CCT Study (p_cct_study)	B-57
Exhibit B-21: CCT Study Costs	B-58
Exhibit B-22: Likelihood of Demonstration Study vs. a Desktop Study (p_demo_study)	B-59
Exhibit B-23: PWS Ancillary CCT Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-59
Exhibit B-24: PWS CCT Ancillary Re-optimization Unit Burden and Cost Estimates	B-62
Exhibit B-25: PWS CCT Ancillary Re-optimization Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-63
Exhibit B-26: PWS Lead CCT Routine Unit Burden and Cost Estimates	B-63
Exhibit B-27: PWS Lead CCT Routine Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-64
Exhibit B-28: Likelihood of Type of Replacement	B-66
Exhibit B-29: Estimated Unit Costs for LSLR	B-67
Exhibit B-30: Estimated System Unit Costs for LSLR ($2016)	B-68
Exhibit B-31: Lead Service Line Replacement Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1,2]	B-68
Exhibit B-32: PWS LSL Replacement Ancillary Unit Burden and Cost Estimates	B-70
Exhibit B-33: CWS Unit Burden for LSLR-Related Sample Collection	B-73
Exhibit B-34: Lead Service Line Inventory Ancillary Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1,2]	B-75
Exhibit B-35: PWS Public Education Burden in Response to Lead ALE	B-79
Exhibit B-36: PWS Lead Public Education Unit Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-81
Exhibit B-37: Primacy Agency Cost Components, Subcomponents, and Activities Organized by Section1	B-83
Exhibit B-38: Primacy Agency Annual Administration Activities and Unit Burden Estimates	B-85
Exhibit B-39: Primacy Agency Administration and Rule Implementation Costing Approach in SafeWater LCR (by Activity)[1]	B-86
Exhibit B-40: Primacy Agency Lead Tap Sampling Burden Estimates	B-87
Exhibit B-41: Primacy Agency Lead Tap Sampling Unit Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-88
Exhibit B-42: Primacy Agency Lead WQP Monitoring Burden Estimates	B-91
Exhibit B-43: Primacy Agency Copper WQP Monitoring Burden Estimates	B-91
Exhibit B-44: Primacy Agency Source Monitoring Burden Estimates	B-92
Exhibit B-45: Primacy Agency Source Water Monitoring Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-92
Exhibit B-46: Primacy Agency CCT Installation-Related Burden Estimates	B-94
Exhibit B-47: Estimated Burden to Determine CCT for Systems with No Study	B-95
Exhibit B-48: Primacy Agency CCT Installation Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-95
Exhibit B-49: Primacy Agency CCT Re-Optimization-Related Burden Estimates	B-96
Exhibit B-50: Primacy Agency CCT Re-optimization Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-97
Exhibit B-51: Primacy Agency Lead CCT Routine Burden Estimates	B-98
Exhibit B-52: Primacy Agency Lead CCT Routine Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1]	B-99
Exhibit B-53: Primacy Agency Ongoing LSL Testing and Replacement-Related Costs Burden Estimates[1]	B-100
Exhibit B-54: Primacy Agency Lead Service Line Replacement Cost Estimation in SafeWater LCR by Activity[1,2]	B-101
Exhibit B-55: Primacy Agency PE Burden in Response to Lead ALE	B-101
Exhibit B-56: Primacy Agency Lead Public Education Costing Approach in SafeWater LCR (by Activity)[1,2]	B-102
Exhibit C.1: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - All PWSs	C-1
Exhibit C.2: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis)  -  CWSs	C-2
Exhibit C.3: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis)  -  NTNCWSs	C-3
Exhibit C.4: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private PWS	C-5
Exhibit C.5: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis)  -  Public PWS	C-6
Exhibit C.6: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water	C-7
Exhibit C.7: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water	C-8
Exhibit C.8: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water	C-9
Exhibit C.9: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water	C-10
Exhibit C.10: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water	C-11
Exhibit C.11: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water	C-12
Exhibit C.12: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water	C-13
Exhibit C.13: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water	C-14
Exhibit C.14: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water	C-15
Exhibit C.15: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water	C-16
Exhibit C.16: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water	C-17
Exhibit C.17: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water	C-18
Exhibit C.18: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water	C-19
Exhibit C.19: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water	C-20
Exhibit C.20: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water	C-21
Exhibit C.21: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water	C-22
Exhibit C.22: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water	C-23
Exhibit C.23: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water	C-24
Exhibit C.24: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water	C-25
Exhibit C.25: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water	C-26
Exhibit C.26: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water	C-27
Exhibit C.27: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water	C-28
Exhibit C.28: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water	C-29
Exhibit C.29: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water	C-30
Exhibit C.30: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water	C-31
Exhibit C.31:System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water	C-32
Exhibit C.32: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water	C-33
Exhibit C.33: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water	C-34
Exhibit C.34: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water	C-35
Exhibit C.35: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water	C-36
Exhibit C.36: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water	C-37
Exhibit C.37: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water	C-38
Exhibit C.38: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWSs of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water	C-39
Exhibit C.39: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - Public CWSs of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water	C-40
Exhibit C.40: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis)  -  Public CWSs of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water	C-41
Exhibit C.41: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water	C-42
Exhibit C.42: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water	C-43
Exhibit C.43: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water	C-44
Exhibit C.44: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water	C-45
Exhibit C.45: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water	C-46
Exhibit C.46: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water	C-47
Exhibit C.47: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) -  NTNCWSs of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water	C-48
Exhibit C.48: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water	C-49
Exhibit C.49: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water	C-50
Exhibit C.50: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water	C-51
Exhibit C.51: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water	C-52
Exhibit C.52: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water	C-53
Exhibit C.53: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water	C-54
Exhibit C.54: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water	C-55
Exhibit C.55: System Counts and Population Impacted (Over 35 Year Period of Analysis) - NTNCWSs of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water	C-56
Exhibit C.56: National Annualized Rule Costs - All PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-57
Exhibit C.57: National Annualized Rule Costs - CWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-57
Exhibit C.58: National Annualized Rule Costs - NTNCWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-58
Exhibit C.59: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-59
Exhibit C.60: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-60
Exhibit C.61: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-60
Exhibit C.62: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-62
Exhibit C.63: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-62
Exhibit C.64: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-63
Exhibit C.65: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-64
Exhibit C.66: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-65
Exhibit C.67: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-65
Exhibit C.68: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-66
Exhibit C.69: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-67
Exhibit C.70: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-67
Exhibit C.71: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-68
Exhibit C.72: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-69
Exhibit C.73: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-69
Exhibit C.74: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-70
Exhibit C.75: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-70
Exhibit C.76: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-71
Exhibit C.77: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-72
Exhibit C.78: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-73
Exhibit C.79: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-73
Exhibit C.80: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-74
Exhibit C.81: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-75
Exhibit C.82: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-75
Exhibit C.83: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-76
Exhibit C.84: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-77
Exhibit C.85: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-77
Exhibit C.86: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-78
Exhibit C.87: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-79
Exhibit C.88: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-79
Exhibit C.89: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-80
Exhibit C.90: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-80
Exhibit C.91: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-81
Exhibit C.92: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-82
Exhibit C.93: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-83
Exhibit C.94: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-83
Exhibit C.95: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-84
Exhibit C.96: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-85
Exhibit C.97: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-85
Exhibit C.98: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-86
Exhibit C.99: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-86
Exhibit C.100: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-87
Exhibit C.101: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-88
Exhibit C.102: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-88
Exhibit C.103: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-89
Exhibit C.104: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-90
Exhibit C.105: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-90
Exhibit C.106: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-91
Exhibit C.107: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-92
Exhibit C.108: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-92
Exhibit C.109: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-93
Exhibit C.110: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-94
Exhibit C.111: National Annualized Rule Costs - All PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-95
Exhibit C.112: National Annualized Rule Costs - CWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-95
Exhibit C.113: National Annualized Rule Costs - NTNCWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-96
Exhibit C.114: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-97
Exhibit C.115: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-98
Exhibit C.116: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-98
Exhibit C.117: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-100
Exhibit C.118: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-100
Exhibit C.119: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-101
Exhibit C.120: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-102
Exhibit C.121: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-102
Exhibit C.122: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-103
Exhibit C.123: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-104
Exhibit C.124: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-104
Exhibit C.125: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-105
Exhibit C.126: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-106
Exhibit C.127: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-106
Exhibit C.128: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-107
Exhibit C.129: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-108
Exhibit C.130: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-108
Exhibit C.131: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-109
Exhibit C.132: National Annualized Rule Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-110
Exhibit C.133: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-110
Exhibit C.134: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-111
Exhibit C.135: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-112
Exhibit C.136: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-112
Exhibit C.137: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-114
Exhibit C.138: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-114
Exhibit C.139: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-115
Exhibit C.140: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-116
Exhibit C.141: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-116
Exhibit C.142: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-117
Exhibit C.143: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-118
Exhibit C.144: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-118
Exhibit C.145: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-119
Exhibit C.146: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-120
Exhibit C.147: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-120
Exhibit C.148: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-121
Exhibit C.149: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-122
Exhibit C.150: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-122
Exhibit C.151: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-123
Exhibit C.152: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-124
Exhibit C.153: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-124
Exhibit C.154: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-125
Exhibit C.155: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-126
Exhibit C.156: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-126
Exhibit C.157: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-127
Exhibit C.158: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-128
Exhibit C.159: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-128
Exhibit C.160: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-129
Exhibit C.161: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-130
Exhibit C.162: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-130
Exhibit C.163: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-131
Exhibit C.164: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-132
Exhibit C.165: National Annualized Rule Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-132
Exhibit C.166: National Annualized Sampling Costs - All PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-134
Exhibit C.167: National Annualized Sampling Costs - CWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-134
Exhibit C.168: National Annualized Sampling Costs - NTNCWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-135
Exhibit C.169: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-135
Exhibit C.170: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-135
Exhibit C.171: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-136
Exhibit C.172: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-136
Exhibit C.173: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-137
Exhibit C.174: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-137
Exhibit C.175: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-138
Exhibit C.176: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-138
Exhibit C.177: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-138
Exhibit C.178: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-139
Exhibit C.179: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-139
Exhibit C.180: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-140
Exhibit C.181: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-140
Exhibit C.182: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-140
Exhibit C.183: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-141
Exhibit C.184: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-141
Exhibit C.185: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-142
Exhibit C.186: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-142
Exhibit C.187: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-142
Exhibit C.188: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-143
Exhibit C.189: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-143
Exhibit C.190: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-144
Exhibit C.191: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-144
Exhibit C.192: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-144
Exhibit C.193: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-145
Exhibit C.194: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-145
Exhibit C.195: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-146
Exhibit C.196: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-146
Exhibit C.197: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-146
Exhibit C.198: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-147
Exhibit C.199: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-147
Exhibit C.200: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-148
Exhibit C.201: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-148
Exhibit C.202: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-148
Exhibit C.203: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-149
Exhibit C.204: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-150
Exhibit C.205: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-150
Exhibit C.206: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-150
Exhibit C.207: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-151
Exhibit C.208: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-151
Exhibit C.209: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-152
Exhibit C.210: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-152
Exhibit C.211: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-152
Exhibit C.212: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-153
Exhibit C.213: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-153
Exhibit C.214: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-154
Exhibit C.215: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-154
Exhibit C.216: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-154
Exhibit C.217: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-155
Exhibit C.218: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-155
Exhibit C.219: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-156
Exhibit C.220: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-156
Exhibit C.221: National Annualized Sampling Costs - All PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-157
Exhibit C.222: National Annualized Sampling Costs - CWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-157
Exhibit C.223: National Annualized Sampling Costs - NTNCWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-157
Exhibit C.224: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-158
Exhibit C.225: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-158
Exhibit C.226: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-159
Exhibit C.227: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-159
Exhibit C.228: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-160
Exhibit C.229: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-160
Exhibit C.230: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-161
Exhibit C.231: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-161
Exhibit C.232: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-162
Exhibit C.233: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-162
Exhibit C.234: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-163
Exhibit C.235: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-163
Exhibit C.236: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-164
Exhibit C.237: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-164
Exhibit C.238: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-165
Exhibit C.239: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-165
Exhibit C.240: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-166
Exhibit C.241: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-166
Exhibit C.242: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-167
Exhibit C.243: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-167
Exhibit C.244: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-168
Exhibit C.245: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-168
Exhibit C.246: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-169
Exhibit C.247: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-169
Exhibit C.248: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-170
Exhibit C.249: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-170
Exhibit C.250: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-171
Exhibit C.251: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-171
Exhibit C.252: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-172
Exhibit C.253: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-172
Exhibit C.254: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-173
Exhibit C.255: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-173
Exhibit C.256: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-174
Exhibit C.257: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-174
Exhibit C.258: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-175
Exhibit C.259: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-175
Exhibit C.260: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-175
Exhibit C.261: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-176
Exhibit C.262: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-176
Exhibit C.263: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-177
Exhibit C.264: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-177
Exhibit C.265: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-178
Exhibit C.266: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-178
Exhibit C.267: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-179
Exhibit C.268: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-179
Exhibit C.269: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-180
Exhibit C.270: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-180
Exhibit C.271: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-181
Exhibit C.272: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-181
Exhibit C.273: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-182
Exhibit C.274: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-182
Exhibit C.275: National Annualized Sampling Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-183
Exhibit C.276: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - All PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-184
Exhibit C.277: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - CWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-185
Exhibit C.278: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - NTNCWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-186
Exhibit C.279: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-187
Exhibit C.280: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-188
Exhibit C.281: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-189
Exhibit C.282: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-190
Exhibit C.283: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-191
Exhibit C.284: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-192
Exhibit C.285: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-193
Exhibit C.286: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-194
Exhibit C.287: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-195
Exhibit C.288: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-196
Exhibit C.289: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-197
Exhibit C.290: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-198
Exhibit C.291: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-199
Exhibit C.292: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-200
Exhibit C.293: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-201
Exhibit C.294: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-202
Exhibit C.295: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-203
Exhibit C.296: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-204
Exhibit C.298: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-205
Exhibit C.299: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-206
Exhibit C.300: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-207
Exhibit C.301: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-208
Exhibit C.302: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-209
Exhibit C.303: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-210
Exhibit C.304: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-211
Exhibit C.305: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-212
Exhibit C.306: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-213
Exhibit C.307: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-214
Exhibit C.308: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-215
Exhibit C.309: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-216
Exhibit C.310: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-217
Exhibit C.311: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-218
Exhibit C.312: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-219
Exhibit C.313: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-220
Exhibit C.314: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-221
Exhibit C.315: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-222
Exhibit C.316: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-223
Exhibit C.317: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-224
Exhibit C.318: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-225
Exhibit C.319: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-226
Exhibit C.320: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-227
Exhibit C.321: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-228
Exhibit C.322: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-229
Exhibit C.323: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-230
Exhibit C.324: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-231
Exhibit C.325: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-232
Exhibit C.326: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-233
Exhibit C.327: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-234
Exhibit C.328: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-235
Exhibit C.329: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-236
Exhibit C.330: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-237
Exhibit C.331: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - All PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-238
Exhibit C.332: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - CWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-239
Exhibit C.333: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - NTNCWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-240
Exhibit C.334: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-241
Exhibit C.335: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-242
Exhibit C.336: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-243
Exhibit C.337: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-244
Exhibit C.338: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-245
Exhibit C.339: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-246
Exhibit C.340: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-247
Exhibit C.341: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-248
Exhibit C.342: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-249
Exhibit C.343: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-250
Exhibit C.344: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-251
Exhibit C.345: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-252
Exhibit C.346: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-253
Exhibit C.347: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-254
Exhibit C.348: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-255
Exhibit C.349: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-256
Exhibit C.350: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-257
Exhibit C.351: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-258
Exhibit C.352: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-259
Exhibit C.353: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-260
Exhibit C.354: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-261
Exhibit C.355: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-262
Exhibit C.356: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-263
Exhibit C.357: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-264
Exhibit C.358: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-265
Exhibit C.359: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-266
Exhibit C.360: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-267
Exhibit C.361: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-268
Exhibit C.362: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-269
Exhibit C.363: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-270
Exhibit C.364: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-271
Exhibit C.365: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-272
Exhibit C.366: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-273
Exhibit C.367: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-274
Exhibit C.368: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-275
Exhibit C.369: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-276
Exhibit C.370: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-277
Exhibit C.371: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-278
Exhibit C.372: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-279
Exhibit C.373: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-280
Exhibit C.374: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-281
Exhibit C.375: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-282
Exhibit C.376: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-283
Exhibit C.377: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-284
Exhibit C.378: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-285
Exhibit C.379: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-286
Exhibit C.380: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-287
Exhibit C.381: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-288
Exhibit C.382: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-289
Exhibit C.383: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-290
Exhibit C.384: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-291
Exhibit C.385: National Annualized Lead Service Line Replacement Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-292
Exhibit C.386: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - All PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-293
Exhibit C.387: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - CWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-294
Exhibit C.388: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - NTNCWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-294
Exhibit C.389: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-295
Exhibit C.390: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public PWS at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-296
Exhibit C.391: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-297
Exhibit C.392: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-298
Exhibit C.393: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-298
Exhibit C.394: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-299
Exhibit C.395: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-300
Exhibit C.396: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-300
Exhibit C.397: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-301
Exhibit C.398: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-302
Exhibit C.399: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-302
Exhibit C.400: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-303
Exhibit C.401: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-304
Exhibit C.402: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-304
Exhibit C.403: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-305
Exhibit C.404: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-306
Exhibit C.405: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-306
Exhibit C.406: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-308
Exhibit C.407: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-308
Exhibit C.408: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-309
Exhibit C.409: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-310
Exhibit C.410: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-311
Exhibit C.411: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-311
Exhibit C.412: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-312
Exhibit C.413: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-313
Exhibit C.414: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-314
Exhibit C.415: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-315
Exhibit C.416: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-315
Exhibit C.417: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-316
Exhibit C.418: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-317
Exhibit C.419: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-318
Exhibit C.420: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-318
Exhibit C.421: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-320
Exhibit C.422: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-320
Exhibit C.423: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-321
Exhibit C.424: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-323
Exhibit C.425: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-323
Exhibit C.426: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-324
Exhibit C.427: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-325
Exhibit C.428: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-326
Exhibit C.429: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-326
Exhibit C.430: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-327
Exhibit C.431: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-328
Exhibit C.432: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-328
Exhibit C.433: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-329
Exhibit C.434: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-330
Exhibit C.435: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-330
Exhibit C.436: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-331
Exhibit C.437: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-332
Exhibit C.438: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-332
Exhibit C.439: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-333
Exhibit C.440: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-334
Exhibit C.441: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - All PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-335
Exhibit C.442: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - CWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-336
Exhibit C.443: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - NTNCWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-337
Exhibit C.444: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-337
Exhibit C.445: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public PWS at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-338
Exhibit C.446: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-339
Exhibit C.447: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-340
Exhibit C.448: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-340
Exhibit C.449: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-341
Exhibit C.450: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-342
Exhibit C.451: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-342
Exhibit C.452: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-343
Exhibit C.453: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-344
Exhibit C.454: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-344
Exhibit C.455: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-345
Exhibit C.456: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-346
Exhibit C.457: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-346
Exhibit C.458: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-347
Exhibit C.459: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-348
Exhibit C.460: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-348
Exhibit C.461: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-350
Exhibit C.462: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Private CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-350
Exhibit C.463: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-351
Exhibit C.464: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-352
Exhibit C.465: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-353
Exhibit C.466: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-353
Exhibit C.467: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-354
Exhibit C.468: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-355
Exhibit C.469: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-356
Exhibit C.470: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-357
Exhibit C.471: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-357
Exhibit C.472: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-358
Exhibit C.473: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-359
Exhibit C.474: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-360
Exhibit C.475: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-361
Exhibit C.476: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-361
Exhibit C.477: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-362
Exhibit C.478: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-363
Exhibit C.479: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-364
Exhibit C.480: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public CWS of Size Greater than 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-365
Exhibit C.481: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-365
Exhibit C.482: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-367
Exhibit C.483: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-367
Exhibit C.484: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-368
Exhibit C.485: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-369
Exhibit C.486: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-369
Exhibit C.487: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Ground Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-370
Exhibit C.488: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100 and Fewer Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-371
Exhibit C.489: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 101 to 500 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-371
Exhibit C.490: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 501 to 1,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-372
Exhibit C.491: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 1,001 to 3,300 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-373
Exhibit C.492: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 3,301 to 10,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-373
Exhibit C.493: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 10,001 to 50,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-374
Exhibit C.494: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 50,001 to 100,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-375
Exhibit C.495: National Annualized Corrosion Control Technology Costs - Public NTNCWS of Size 100,001 to 1,000,000 Treating Surface Water at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	C-375
Exhibit C.496: Annualized Incremental Cost per Community Water System Category - Low Costs (2016$)	C-377
Exhibit C.497: Annualized Incremental Cost per Community Water System Category- High Costs (2016$)	C-378
Exhibit C.498: Annualized Incremental Cost per NonTransient Non-Community Water System Category- Low Costs (2016$)	C-380
Exhibit C.499: Annualized Incremental Cost per Non Transient Non- Community Water System Category- High Costs (2016$)	C-381
Exhibit G.1: 25[th] Percentile Estimates of SHEDS-IEUBK Modeled Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures	G-1
Exhibit G.2: 75[th] Percentile Estimates of SHEDS-IEUBK Modeled Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures	G-3
Exhibit G.3: 95[th] Percentile Estimates of SHEDS-IEUBK Modeled Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures	G-4
Exhibit G.4: 99[th] Percentile Estimates of SHEDS-IEUBK Modeled Blood Lead Levels in Children Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures	G-5
Exhibit G.5: Geometric Mean Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) at 1.15 ug/L CCT Sensitivity Analysis	G-6
Exhibit G.6: Geometric Mean Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) at 1.86 ug/L CCT Sensitivity	G-7
Exhibit G.7: Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) in Children Estimated Using the AALM and the Arithmetic Mean of SHEDS Exposure	G-8
Exhibit G.8: Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) in Children Estimated Using the AALM and the Geometric Mean of SHEDS Exposure	G-9
Exhibit G.9: Regression Coefficients (β), Linear Slopes, and Cut Points for Lifetime Blood Lead from EPA (2007) Log-Linear Function with Low-Dose Linearization	G-10
Exhibit G.10: National Annual Benefits for Sensitivity with GM of 1.15 μg/L at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)[a]	G-12
Exhibit G.11: National Annual Benefits for Sensitivity with GM of 1.15 μg/L at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)[a]	G-13
Exhibit G.12: National Annual Benefits for CCT Sensitivity with GM of 1.86 μg/L at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-14
Exhibit G.13: National Annual Benefits for CCT Sensitivity with GM of 1.86 μg/L at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)[a]	G-15
Exhibit G.14: Summary of National Annual Benefits Using the Alternative Concentration-Response Function from EPA (2007b)[a] with Low-Dose Linearization and 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-16
Exhibit G.15: Summary of National Annual Benefits using Alternative Concentration-Response Function from EPA (2007b)[a] without Low Dose Linearization and 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-17
Exhibit G.16: Summary of National Annual Benefits using Alternative Concentration-Response Function from EPA (2007b)[a] with Low Dose Linearization and 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-18
Exhibit G.17: Summary of National Annual Benefits using Alternative Concentration-Response Function from EPA (2007b)[a] without Low Dose Linearization and 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-19
Exhibit G.18: Summary of National Annual Benefits Using Alternative IQ Valuation from Lin et al. (2018) and 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-20
Exhibit G.19: Summary of National Annual Benefits using Alternative IQ Valuation from Lin et al. (2018) and 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-22
Exhibit G.20: Summary of Geometric Mean Water Lead Concentration Changes Resulting from Rule Implementation, and Associated Number of People for Each Treatment Combination Change over 35-Year Analysis Period (Alternative First Liter Compliance Sampling Option, Low Cost Scenario)	G-23
Exhibit G.21: Summary of Geometric Mean Water Lead Concentration Changes Resulting from Rule Implementation, and Associated Number of People for Each Treatment Combination Change over 35-Year Analysis Period (Alternative First Liter Compliance Sampling Option, High Cost Scenario)	G-24
Exhibit G.22: National Annual Benefits - All PWS Alternative First Liter Compliance Sampling Option at 3% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-27
Exhibit G.23: National Annual Benefits - All PWS Alternative First Liter Compliance Sampling Option at 7% Discount Rate (2016$)	G-28
Exhibit H-1: ALM Estimates of Blood Lead Levels in Adults Based on Estimates of Daily Lead Intake from SHEDS	H-30
Exhibit H-2: Average of Male and Female Blood Lead Levels from Exhibit 6-31	H-31
Exhibit H-3: Estimates of Blood Lead Levels in Adults Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures at the 25th Percentile using the Adult Lead Methodology	H-32
Exhibit H-4: Estimates of Blood Lead Levels in Adults Associated with Background and Drinking Water Lead Exposures at the 75th Percentile using the Adult Lead Methodology	H-32
Exhibit H-5: AALM Estimated Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) in Adults (20-80) Using 5[th] Liter SHEDS Arithmetic Mean Exposure Estimates	H-33
Exhibit H-6: AALM Estimated Blood Lead Levels (ug/dL) in Adults (20-80) Using 5[th] Liter SHEDS Geometric Mean Exposure Estimates	H-34
Exhibit I.1 Geometric Mean Blood Lead in 8- to 15-Year-Olds Based on SHEDS-IEUBK Coupling	I-2
Exhibit I.2: AALM Estimated Blood Lead Levels in 8- to 15-Year-Olds from 5[th] Liter SHEDS Arithmetic Mean Exposure Estimates	I-3
Exhibit I.3: AALM Estimated Blood Lead Levels in 8- to 15-Year-Olds from 5[th] Liter SHEDS Geometric Mean Exposure Estimates	I-4
Exhibit I.4: Geometric Mean Estimates of Blood Lead in Pregnant Women	I-6
Exhibit J.1: Mean Unadjusted and Adjusted* Changes in Full-Scale IQ Score Associated with an Increase in Blood Lead Concentration (Log Scale), from the 5th to 95th Percentile of the Concurrent Blood Lead at the Time of IQ Testing	J-2
Exhibit J.2: Comparison of Adjusted[a] Coefficients from Lanphear et al. (2005) to Those Obtained in the Crump et al. (2013) Reanalysis and Independent Analysis	J-3
Exhibit J.3: Statistics Associated with Lanphear et al. (2005) that were Recalculated by EPA Kirrane and Patel (2014)	J-4
Exhibit J.4: Statistics from Lanphear et al (2019) Erratum as the corrected analysis of 2005 data	J-7
Exhibit J.5: Hazard Ratios and 95% Confidence Intervals of CVD Mortality Associated with Tertile of Lead (Menke et al., 2006)	J-10
Exhibit J.6: Rate Ratios for Cardiovascular and Coronary Heart Disease Mortality Associated with a Two-Fold Increase in Baseline Blood Lead	J-13
Exhibit J.7: Adjusted Hazard Ratios, Population Attributable Fractions, and Avoidable Deaths Associated with Lead Exposures (Lanphear et al. 2018)	J-14
Exhibit J.8: Association between a Change in Blood Lead Concentration and Birth Weight, Upstate New York, 2003 - 2005 from Zhu et al. (2010)	J-19
Exhibit K.1: Summary of IQ Point Dollar Values (2016$)	K-1
Exhibit K.2: Map Between Variables in Salkever (1995) Analysis and EPA's Reanalysis Estimates Using the 1997 NLSY Data	K-11
Exhibit K.3: Parameters from Salkever 1995 and EPA's Reanalysis Estimate Using Salkever's Approach and 1997 NLSY Data	K-12
Exhibit K.4: EPA Reanalysis Mean, Median, 5th and 95th Percentile Parameter Estimates from Bootstrap Model	K-13
Exhibit K.5: Lifetime Earnings (2016$)	K-17
Exhibit K.6: Example of Education Cost Calculation	K-19
Exhibit K.7: Effects of a One Point Change in IQ on Earnings (2016$)	K-20

List of Acronyms
ug/L
micrograms per liter
AALM
All Ages Lead model
ACS
American Community Survey
ADF
Average daily flow
ADHD
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
AFQT
Armed Forces Qualifying Test
AHHS
American Healthy Homes Survey
AIC
Akaike's Information Criterion
AL
Action level
ALE
Action level exceedance
ALM
Adult lead methodology
ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
AMA
American Medical Association
ANSI
American National Standards Institute
ASCE
American Society of Civil Engineers
ASDWA
Association of State Drinking Water Administrators
ASVAB
Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery
ATSDR
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
AWIA
America's Water Infrastructure Act
AWWA
American Water Works Association
BAEP
Brainstem auditory evoked potential
BIC
Bayesian information criterion
BLL
Blood lead level
BLS
Bureau of Labor Statistics
BMD
Benchmark dose
BMI
Body mass index
BMR
Benchmark response
BP
Blood pressure
CCR
Consumer Confidence Report
CCT
Corrosion control treatment
CDBG
Community development block grant
CDC
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CED
Committee for Economic Development
CFR
Code of Federal Regulations
CFSAN
Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
CHAD
Consolidated Human Activity Database
CHD
Coronary heart disease
CI
Confidence interval
CND
Canada
CPI
Consumer price index
CRF
Concentration-response functions
CRP
c-reactive protein
CVD
Cardiovascular disease
CWS
Community water system
CWSS
Community Water System Survey
DBP
Diastolic blood pressure
DF
Design flow
DHS
Department of Homeland Security
DISC
Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children
DMR
Discharge monitoring report
DSM
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
DTH
Delayed-type hypersensitivity
DWINSA
Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment
DWM
Department of Water Management
DWSRF
Drinking water state revolving fund
EA
Economic analysis
ECI
Employment cost index
ECTT
Error code tracking tool
EDF
Environmental Defense Fund
EGLE
Environment, Great Lakes, and Energy
EKG
Electrocardiogram
EO
Executive order
EOG
End-of-grade
EP
Entry point
EPA
United States Environmental Protection Agency
FDA
Food and Drug Administration
FIML
Full-information maximum likelihood
FOIA
Freedom of Information Act
FR
Federal Register
FRFA
Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis
FRN
Federal Register Notice
FSIQ
Full scale intelligence quotient
FTE
Full-time equivalent
GAO
Government Accountability Office
GCI
General cognitive index
GCWW
Greater Cincinnati Water Works
GFR
Glomerular filtration rate
GI
Gastro-intestinal
GIS
Geographic information system
GM
Geometric mean
GUA
Ground water under the influence of surface water active
GW
Ground water
GWA
Ground water active
GWR
Ground Water Rule
GWUDI
Ground water under the direct influence of surface water
HAB
Harmful algal blooms
HH
Households
HHFKA
Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act
HHS
Department of Health and Human Services
HMR
Heavy metals registry
HR
Hazard ratio
HUD
U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development
IARC
International Agency for Research on Cancer
ICC
Indian childhood cirrhosis
ICD
International Classification of Diseases
ICR
Information collection request
ICT
Idiopathic copper toxicosis
IESWTR
Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule
IEUBK
Integrated exposure uptake biokinetic
IPC
Internal plumbing code
IQ
Intelligence quotient
ISA
Integrated Science Assessment for Lead
LCCA
Lead Contamination Control Act
LCR
Lead and Copper Rule
LCRMR
Lead and Copper Rule Minor Revisions
LCRR
Lead and Copper Rule Revisions
LCRWG
Lead and Copper Rule Working Group
LGAC
Local government advisory committee
LIS
Lead information survey
LOAEL
Low-observed-adverse-effect-level
LOD
Limit of detection
LSL
Lead service line
LSLR
Lead service line replacement
MCL
Maximum contaminant level
MCLG
Maximum contaminant level goal
MDI
Mental development index
MDL
Method detection limit
MFR
Multi-family residence
MGD
Million gallons per day
MHP
Mobile home park
MMSE
Mini-mental state examination
MRDL
Maximum disinfectant residual level
MRL
Minimal risk level
NAAQS
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NACCHO
National Association of County and City Health Officials
NAICS
North American Industry Classification System
NARA
National Association for Regulatory Administration
NCCIC
National Child Care Information and Technical Assistance Center
NCES
National Center for Education Statistics
NDDIC
National Digestive Diseases Clearinghouse
NDWAC
National Drinking Water Advisory Council
NHANES
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
NHEXAS
National Human Exposure Assessment Survey
NIDDK
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
NLSY
National Longitudinal Survey of Youth
NOAEL
No adverse effect level
NPDES
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NPDWR
National primary drinking water regulation
NRDC
Natural Resources Defense Council
NSF
NSF International
NTNCWS
Non-transient non-community water system
NTP
National Toxicology Program
NTTAA
National Technology Transfer and Advancement Act
OCCT
Optimal corrosion control treatment
OES
Occupational employment survey
OGWDW
Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water
OMB
Office of Management and Budget
OWQP
Optimal water quality parameter
P90
Lead 90th percentile level
PE
Public education
PN
Public notice
POE
Point-of-entry
POU
Point-of-Use
PQL
Practical quantitation limit
PRA
Paperwork Reduction Act
PSA
Public service announcement
PUMS
Public use microdata sample
PVC
Polyvinyl chloride
PWD
Philadelphia water department
PWS
Public water system
PWSID
Public water system identification number
PWSS
Public water system supervision
QA
Quality assurance
QC
Quality control
RDA
Recommended daily allowance
REML
Restricted maximum likelihood
RFA
Regulatory Flexibility Act
RIA
Regulatory impact assessment
RLDWA
Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act
RTCR
Revised Total Coliform Rule
RTOC
Regional Tribal Operations Committee
SAB
Science Advisory Board
SAT
Standard assessment test
SBA
Small Business Administration
SBAR
Small Business Advocacy Review
SBP
Systolic blood pressure
SBREFA
Small Business Regulatory Enforcement Fairness Act
SD
Standard deviation
SDWA
Safe Drinking Water Act
SDWIS
Safe Drinking Water Information System
SDWIS/FED
Safe Drinking Water Information System/Federal version
SE
Standard error
SFS
Single family structure
SHEDS
Stochastic Human Exposure and Dose Simulation
SISNOSE
Significant economic impact on a substantial number of small entities
SRF
State revolving fund
SS
Sums of squares
SSA
Social Security Administration
SW
Surface water
SWDIS
Safe Drinking Water Information System
TCR
Total Coliform Rule
TDS
Total Diet Study 2007-2013
TL
Trigger level
TLE
Trigger level exceedance
TP
Total phosphorous
TV
Television
UK
United Kingdom
UL
Upper intake levels
UMRA
Unfunded mandates reform act
USA
United States of America
USDA
United States Department of Agriculture
USEPA
Unites States Environmental Protection Agency
USGS
United States Geological Survey
VLS
Very large system
WBS
Work breakdown structure
WIC
Women, infants and children
WIFIA
Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act
WIIN
Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation
WISC
Wechsler intelligence scale for children
WLL
Water lead level
WPCA
Water Pollution Control Authority
WQP
Water quality parameter
WQTC
Water Quality Technology Conference
 WWTP	Wastewater treatment plant

: LSLR Unit Costs
Introduction
This appendix presents estimated costs for replacing lead service lines (LSLs) under the previous rule and final and Lead and Copper Rule revisions (LCRR). The approach for estimating the technology unit costs for corrosion control treatment (CCT) and point-of-use (POU) devices are provided in Technologies and Costs for Corrosion Control to Reduce Lead in Drinking Water (USEPA, 2020a).
Lead Service Line Replacement Unit Costs
Under the previous rule, water systems with LSLs that continue to exceed the lead action level (AL) of 15 ug/L must annually replace at least seven percent of the initial number of LSLs in their distribution system. Systems can stop lead service line replacement (LSLR) when they no longer exceed the lead AL for two consecutive 6-month monitoring periods.
Under the LCRR, community water systems (CWSs) serving more than 10,000 people with a trigger level exceedance (TLE) must meet an annual replacement goal rate approved by the Primacy Agency. A system exceeds the trigger level (TL) if its lead 90[th] percentile level exceeds 10 ug/L but does not exceed the lead AL of 15 ug/L. CWSs may stop the program after two consecutive annual monitoring periods at or below the TL. CWSs serving more than 10,000 people that exceed the lead AL must annually fully replace a minimum of 3 percent of the initial number of known lead, galvanized requiring replacement, and lead status unknown service lines in their distribution system (See Chapter 3, Section <IP_ADDRESS> for a definition of these terms). CWSs may stop the mandatory LSLR after four consecutive six-month monitoring periods at or below the lead AL. CWSs serving 10,000 or fewer people and non-transient non-community water systems (NTNCWSs) that exceed the lead AL and use LSLR as a compliance option must fully replace LSLs on a schedule approved by the Primacy Agency, not to exceed 15 years, and continue until no LSLs remain in its distribution system, regardless their subsequent lead 90[th] percentile levels. Systems not performing goal-based or mandatory LSLR must still replace their portion of an LSL if a customer notifies them that he/she is replacing his/her side (referred to as the "customer-initiated' replacements).
This section presents the derivation of EPA's unit cost estimates for LSLR performed by systems and by customers (tracked as household costs). Note that this appendix provides costs for physical replacements of LSLs. EPA also estimated unit costs when a system confirmed in the field that a service line was not lead either through visual inspection or field testing, and subsequently updates their inventory. For the purposes of this economic analysis (EA), EPA calls these activities "paper replacements." The derivation of the costs of paper replacements is provided in Section <IP_ADDRESS>, activity m).
The remainder of this section begins with a discussion of data sources in Section A.3.1 including the selection of the final data sources for this EA. A discussion of data adjustments is provided in Section A.3.2. To reflect the level of uncertainty in the LSLR unit cost estimates, Section A.3.3 presents a "low" and "high" estimate of LSLR unit costs that, along with other uncertain model inputs, provides a range of national cost estimates for the LCRR. Section A.3.4 discusses the applicability of the various LSLR unit cost estimates under the previous rule and final LCRR scenarios for CWSs and NTNCWSs.
Data Sources
EPA identified and evaluated the following data sources as potentially providing unit cost estimates for LSLR:
 A survey of CWSs serving more than 500,000 people by the American Water Works Association (AWWA) in 2011,
 A targeted survey of 90 systems by Sandvig et al. (2008) in 2006,
 The 2007 Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey,
 A 2004 survey published in: Strategies to Obtain Customer Acceptance of Complete Lead Service Line Replacement (AWWA, 2005), and
 LSLR estimates available from the web in the form of news reports, press releases, and utility websites, identified primarily representing costs and practices from 2016 to 2020.
Exhibit A-1 presents a summary of the number of responses and the average, maximum, and minimum LSLR unit costs (i.e., cost per replacement) from each of the five potential data sources. Unit cost estimates are provided separately for utility-side, customer-side, and full LSL replacements. Shading indicates that data were not available from the source. All survey results were converted to 2016 dollars and EPA assumed a 3 percent annual increase for costs later than 2016 based on the Engineering News Record's Construction Cost Index History (1908-2016).  Following Exhibit A-1 is a description of each data source. For detailed results from all sources see the file "Derivation of LSLR_Costs_Final Rule.xlsx" (docket number EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300).
For the proposed LCRR, EPA selected the AWWA 2011 survey as the primary source of data for unit cost estimates because it had the most responses and was the most recent of the surveys. EPA received comments on the LSLR costs, which indicated a need for more current data. The comments and EPA's responses are provided in "Public Comment and Response Document for the Final Lead and Copper Rule Revisions" (USEPA, 2020b).
To address public comments on the LSLR unit costs in the proposed LCRR, EPA conducted an internet search for LSLR cost data to supplement its original utility estimates from 24 utilities. EPA identified cost data in news reports, press releases, and utility websites adding 63 new utility cost estimates to the dataset. All sources are detailed in the file "Derivation of LSLR Costs_Final Rule.xlsx" and are available in the docket for the rule at https://www.regulations.gov/docket?D=EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300. Having a larger data pool then at the time of proposal, EPA then selected only the subset of data values that represent reported actual replacement costs from pilot studies and/or recent or on-going LSLR projects. This resultant dataset provides costs estimates across full, customer-side, and system-side replacements from 38 systems, which represent costs and practices from 2016 to 2020 (only two cost values from the proposal dataset remain in the revised dataset). EPA selected this up to date dataset for the estimation of LSLR in the final rule analysis.

Exhibit A-1: Summary of LSLR Costs from Surveys and Other Sources ($/LSLR, 2016$)[1]
                            Survey Name (Citation)
                                 Utility-Side
                                 Customer-Side
                              Full Replacement[2]

                               No. of Utilities
                                    Average
                                    Minimum
                                    Maximum
                               No. of Utilities
                                    Average
                                    Minimum
                                    Maximum
                               No. of Utilities
                                    Average
                                    Minimum
                                    Maximum
AWWA 2011 Lead Service Line Survey (Via, 2016)
                                      60
                                    $2,060
                                     $176
                                    $7,049
                                      50
                                    $2,819
                                     $352
                                    $8,224
                                      37
                                    $4,480
                                    $1,146
                                    $11,749
National Survey for WaterRF Project, "Contribution of Service Lines and Plumbing Fixtures to Lead and Copper Compliance Issues" (Sandvig et al., 2008). [3]
                                     32[3]
                                    $1,682
                                     $333
                                    $4,001
                                     32[3]
                                    $3,068
                                     $800
                                    $5,335

2007 Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey (USEPA, 2007)
                                      15
                                    $3,396
                                     $612
                                    $7,299

Survey Conducted by Black & Veatch in 2004 for AWWA (AWWA, 2005)
                                       7
                                    $2,657
                                    $1,162
                                    $4,650
                                       6
                                    $2,712
                                    $1,671
                                    $5,812

Utility Estimates 4
                                       8
 $ 4,578
                                    $2,174
                                    $8,761
                                      16
                                    $3,559
                                    $1,777
                                    $6,681
                                      21
                                    $5,066
                                    $2,617
                                    $9,776
Notes
1. All survey costs were converted to 2016 dollars using ENR's Construction Cost Index History. EPA assumed a 3 percent annual increase from 2016 to present to convert 2017 to 2020 costs to 2016 dollars.
2. Full replacement costs from the 2011 AWWA survey are for a subset of systems that provided both utility and customer side replacement cost information.
3. Sandvig et al. (2008) reported that 32 utilities responded to the cost portion of the survey, with 46 total responses for the utility and customer side costs. It is unclear from the report how many of the 46 cost data points were for the utility side compared to the customer side.
4. Utility reported estimates in news reports, press releases, and utility websites (estimates representing primarily 2016  -  2020 costs and practices).

AWWA 2011 Survey
The goal of the AWWA 2011 survey was to obtain information on occurrence of LSLs and replacement practices. Preliminary LSLR cost data were presented by Dixon and Via at the 2011 Water Quality Technology Conference (WQTC) Presentation (Dixon and Via, 2011) and updated in email communication from Steve Via to Laura Dufresne (an EPA contractor) on November 4, 2016. Additional information on the 2011 survey was obtained from the 2016 AWWA journal article by Cornwell et al. (2016)
The survey was targeted to CWSs serving at least 500,000 people. Data were collected using online survey tools. All water utilities that met this size criteria were contacted by postcard; AWWA supplemented this outreach by direct communication to their members. Other organizations participated in an awareness building effort as detailed in Cornwell et al. (2016). Responses were received from 774 systems in 49 states plus the District of Columbia. Of these systems, 100 respondents reported having LSLs, and 75 provided cost information. Seven of those conducted mandatory LSLR under the previous rule requirements. Sixty systems provided an average cost of utility-side LSLR, 50 respondents provided an average cost for private-side LSLR, and 37 respondents provided an average cost of full LSLR. Results are summarized in Exhibit A-1 at the beginning of this subsection.
Via (email communication, 2016) noted that:
      "...while the survey instrument clearly described "full replacement" and there by provides a description for what costs are associated with the "customer-side costs" respondents may have provided costs that reflected local practice, and thereby under-estimate the customer-side costs. Examples of such practices include, replacements that do not entail entering the home (stopping near the wall of the home), replacement of the portion of the line between the curbstop and an outside meter set, etc.
      Also, the nature of the question and survey respondents is such that the costs provided are most likely reflected of direct costs related to physical replacement. Replacement also entails costs associated with interacting with the customer, utility coordination, street paving coordination, etc. Similarly, these costs are unlikely to reflect the cost of providing filters, follow-up sampling, etc.
      Depending on the survey respondent the costs associated with any one estimate may or may not completely reflect mobilization costs. In systems where replacements are occurring in the course of ongoing projects, mobilization costs are likely captured by the larger project effort, while respondents that look at replacement as an independent activity may or may not have captured mobilization costs."
Via (email communication, 2016) also noted that it would be reasonable to assume that the data represent 2010 dollars; however, some respondents had experience replacing LSLs prior to 2010 and reflected that experience in their survey response.
Sandvig et al. 2008
As part of the Water Research Foundation (WaterRF), "Contribution of Service Lines and Plumbing Fixtures to Lead and Copper Compliance Issues," the investigators conducted a survey to generate a snapshot of lead sources, physical characteristics of service lines, and lead replacement techniques. The survey also collected cost data: Question II-6 asked for typical costs of service line replacement (labor and materials) in dollars per replacement and dollars per foot. A description of the survey, the questionnaire, and the results are summarized in Appendix A of Sandvig et al., 2008.
The survey was targeted to utilities that participated in past surveys related to LCR compliance. It was sent to 90 systems that represented a range of sizes. Because the initial response rate was low (14 percent), follow-up phone calls were made and resulted in a final response rate of 36 percent (32 completed surveys). Of the 32 systems, 46 percent served a population of 10,001 to 50,000 people.
Sandvig et al. reported that 32 utilities responded to the cost portion of the survey, with 46 total responses for the utility and customer side costs. It is unclear from the report how many of the 46 cost data points were for the utility side compared to the customer side.
2007 Needs Survey
Every four years, EPA works with states and CWSs to conduct the Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment to estimate the Drinking Water State Revolving Fund (DWSRF) eligible needs of systems by state. The assessment of need is for the next 20 years from the time of the survey. The assessment is the basis for allocating DWSRF grant monies to states and EPA presents the results in a report to Congress.
For the 2007 survey, EPA also collected cost data on LSLR. LSLR costs are based on data from state-regulated systems only and systems serving populations of 3,300 or more persons. Fifteen systems provided cost information that included the number of LSLs to be replaced and the total cost. EPA divided total cost by number of LSLs to be replaced to produce an average unit cost per LSLR. Many more systems (approximately 290) said that they had a need for LSLR but did not provide cost information. Since the needs survey identifies only water system needs (not those of private customers), EPA assumed that all reported costs are for partial LSLR. These values are projected estimates of LSLR costs and could be based on engineer's estimates or previous experience with service line replacements. See "Derivation of LSLR Costs_Final Rule.xlsx", worksheet "2007 DWINSA" for additional detail.
AWWA 2005; Black & Veatch 2004
In 2004, AWWA funded a Black & Veatch survey of 65 water utilities to gather information on lead line management and replacement techniques. They also gathered LSLR cost information. Respondents were asked to provide total cost for mobilization, replacement, and restoration.
This targeted survey was sent to 300 utilities, 65 of which had LSLs. The response rate from LSL systems was 63 percent (41 utilities). Twenty-one of the systems serve populations between 6,000 and 100,000, with 20 respondents serving more than 100,000 people. LSL systems that responded to the survey were more prevalent in the Northeast and Midwest.
Of the 41 respondents, 11 provided detailed information on LSLR unit costs. Some provided an estimate of utility-side costs only, customer-side costs only, or both. Some utilities provided a range of average costs which was not used in this analysis. EPA assumed costs were in 2004 dollars, but they may represent costs in prior years. Survey results are included in Appendix B of the report, Strategies to Obtain Customer Acceptance of Complete Lead Service Line Replacement (AWWA, 2005). AWWA and Black & Veatch also presented preliminary findings at EPA's LSL Workshop October 2004 (Black & Veatch, 2004).
Utility Data
EPA conducted internet searches and gathered information from news reports, press releases, and utility websites to obtain direct, real world data from utilities on LSLR costs for full, utility-side, and customer-side replacements. If in the collected references a program is cited as costing a certain amount and cites the number of service lines, the program cost was divided by the number of lines resulting in an average unit cost. This may result in an over or underestimate for individual LSLR as system-wide costs may be included in the program totals. Costs associated with contacting customers, developing a program, and identifying LSLs are likely included in project cost totals leading to an overestimate (double counting) of LSLR cost, these costs being estimated and totaled separately in the analysis of the LCRR. However, when quotes are provided for the number of LSLs, partials may be included in some cases leading to an underestimate for full line replacement costs.
Cost estimates come in several forms: total program cost accompanied by number of expected (or actual) replaced lines or direct quotes from utilities. In cases where both calculated and direct costs are provided, historical cost information was prioritized. For example, if a utility or city has already done work and has spent a specific amount of funds this information was included in EPA's dataset over a quote saying they expect to spend $x to replace y lines. Otherwise, direct quotes where average unit costs are stated were preferred over calculations. Project totals are more likely to include other associated costs such as administrative costs, permits, public education, LSL inventory costs, or associated work. Additionally, it is not always clear that additional funds weren't used as part of the LSLR project, particularly when coordinated with other capital improvement projects. This fact may result in an underestimate of LSLR cost. In general EPA cannot determine the degree to which the reported project total cost data issues outlined above influence the estimated unit costs for LSLR. Therefore, EPA acknowledges that the estimated values may over or underestimate the cost of LSL replacement.
Detailed information for the estimated LSLR costs is documented in the worksheet titled "Utility Est  -  Details" in the file "Derivation of LSLR Costs_Final Rule.xlsx." If the utility indicated that the costs were high or low for a particular reason, EPA noted this in the worksheet but did not differentiate between the low, high, and average estimates when analyzing the data (i.e., all LSLR unit cost data for a particular type of replacement were analyzed together). This worksheet includes links to all sources and relevant quotes from the sources on which EPA based the unit cost estimates. All sources are included in the docket at https://www.regulations.gov/docket?D=EPA-HQ-OW-2017-0300. Exhibit A-2 provides summary statistics for full, utility-side, and customer-side LSLR replacement unit costs based on utility estimates.
Exhibit A-2: Summary of LSLR Costs from Surveys ($/LSLR, 2016$)
                                   Statistic
                                LSLR Unit Costs

                                     Full
                                 Customer-Side
                                 Utility-Side
Number of Cost Estimates
                                      21
                                      16
                                       8
Mean
                                                                        $5,066
                                                                        $3,559
                                                                        $4,578
Min
                                                                        $2,617
                                                                        $1,777
                                                                        $2,174
25[th] percentile value
                                                                        $3,953
                                                                        $2,514
                                                                        $2,449
Median
                                                                        $4,935
                                                                        $3,337
                                                                        $3,785
75[th] percentile value
                                                                        $6,024
                                                                        $3,929
                                                                        $5,689
Max
                                                                        $9,776
                                                                        $6,681
                                                                        $8,761
       Source: Derivation of LSLR Costs.xlsx_Final Rule, sheet "Utility Est  -  Summary"
       Notes: Based on estimates from news reports, press releases, and utility websites from a total of 38 utilities.
Adjustment for Planned LSLR
This section describes an adjustment downward for the subset of LSLR projects that are part of planned capital improvement programs. Results of the adjustment are reflected in the final low and high estimates in Section A.3.3.
LSLR projects that are done during infrastructure/capital improvement projects are expected to have a lower unit cost than those that are done solely in response to the rule. This is because crews will already be in the area coordinating with other utilities and doing hard surface removal to access the water main near the LSLs.
EPA estimated the unit costs for "planned LSLR" by reducing the LSL physical replacement costs by a percentage. To determine this percentage, EPA reviewed recent LSLR work and costs from Flint, Michigan. As stated in the 2016 report, "Summary Report  -  Water Service Inventory and Pilot Replacement City of Flint (Revised May 12, 2016)," permit fees totaled about $2,400 per site, or about 25 percent of the cost of the typical replacement (ROWE Professional Services Company, 2016). The pavement cut fee is the largest component of the permit fees at $2,200, which includes replacement of the pavement. If the permit fees are 25 percent of the cost, and the pavement cut fee is 92 percent ($2,200/$2,400) of permit fees, then 92 percent  of 25 percent , or approximately 23 percent  of the cost of LSLR is saved when the system is already cutting pavement as part of an infrastructure/capital improvement program. EPA rounded to the nearest multiple of 10, which results in a 20 percent savings in LSLR costs for replacements that are part of planned capital improvements.
This approach may overestimate or underestimate the savings from permit fees because permit fees in other locations may be less or greater than they were in Flint. There might, also, be other savings in addition to permit fees such as coordination with utilities, travel, and road closures that are not accounted for using this method.
Final Low and High Estimates
EPA found that average costs for LSLR varied from utility-to-utility due to many factors including but not limited to:
 LSLR method (e.g., traditional vs. trenchless methods),
 who is doing the replacement (utility vs. outside contractor),
 how long the utility has been replacing LSLs (sources indicate that utilities find efficiencies over time),
 urban vs. rural setting (replacements in urban areas would likely have more hard-surface removal and traffic control requirements),
 length and size of existing service lines, and
 landscape restoration required.