Estimated Per Capita Fish Consumption in the United States August 2002 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DISCLAIMER The Engineering and Analysis Division, of the Office of Science and Technology, has reviewed and approved this report for publication. Helen L. Jacobs and Henry D. Kahn of the Engineering and Analysis Division directed, managed, and reviewed the work of contractor Science Applications International Corporation ( SAIC) in preparing this report. Kathleen Stralka, Dung Bich Phan, Jan W. Coulson, and Huda A. Suliman of SAIC provided statistical and scientific computing support under EPA Contract No. 68 C 99 233. Neither the United States Government nor any of its employees, contractors, subcontractors, or their employees make any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for any third party's use of or the results of such use of any information, apparatus, product, or process discussed in this report, or represents that its use by such party would not infringe on privately owned rights.

US Environmental Protection Agency ( 4303T) 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20460 EPA 821 C 02 003 ii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK iii PREFACE This report presents per capita estimates of daily average fish consumption. The primary population of interest is the United States population in the 50 states and the District of Columbia. However, estimates of capita fish consumption for various population subsets are also provided. These population subsets include ( 1) children 14 years of age and younger, ( 2) women in their childbearing years, and ( 3) low   income individuals. Quantities of consumed food reported by participants in the combined USDA 1994 1996 and 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII) serve as the basis for the estimates. Estimates are empirical daily averages across two survey days as opposed to usual intake estimates.

Empirical daily averages in this report are estimated by two methods: " as prepared" fish and " uncooked" fish. Estimates in this report that reflect only the amount of fish consumed from fish   containing prepared foods are labeled " as prepared." In the process of generating " as prepared" estimates, each reported consumption of a fish   containing food in the CSFII was adjusted to yield only the amount of prepared fish. " Uncooked" fish estimates project the portion of prepared fish to the amount of uncooked fish tissue which entered the fish   containing consumed food. This projection to an " uncooked" tissue basis is made using preprocessing and yield information.

These current estimates of daily average per capita consumption of freshwater and estuarine finfish and shellfish assist EPA in evaluating risk to human health from the consumption of contaminated species. The report, whose organization and content are summarized below, contains an executive summary, five sections, and three appendices. The fourth and fifth sections contain tabulated estimates and selected graphical presentations of daily average per capita consumption for " as prepared" and " uncooked" fish, respectively.

° Executive Summary summarizes the most pertinent information contained in this report, including the main features of the CSFII data collection and results from the analysis.

° Section 1, Survey Description and Methodology, describes the surveys; summarizes the sample designs, data collection, and survey weights for the general CSFII survey structure; and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the CSFII for estimating per capita fish consumption in the United States.

° Section 2, Data Conventions, presents the CSFII fish   related food codes and their corresponding descriptions for each of the fish   by   habitat type combinations, describes the conventions used to generate daily average fish consumption estimates per individual, defines " consumers only," and identifies how the data were subset to estimate fish consumption for " consumers only." iv ° Section 3, Summary of Statistical Methods, summarizes the statistical methods used to generate the mean estimate, the estimate of the confidence interval about the mean, the percentile estimates, and the 90   percent bootstrap intervals about the percentile estimates. Appendix B records statistical estimation formulae.

° Section 4, " As Prepared" Daily Average Per Capita Fish Consumption Estimates, presents estimates for the U. S. population and " consumers only" in six subsections.

< Finfish and Shellfish ( grams/ person/ day and milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day), includes tabulated presentations of daily average per capita consumption by age category for each gender, across gender, across age groups, and across age and gender. Age by gender estimates separately report consumption of freshwater and estuarine, marine, and all fish. In addition, age by gender consumption estimates across the fish habitat types and consumption estimates for individuals 18 years of age and older and for children ages 3 to 17 in fine age categories by fish habitat type are included. Cumulative distributions and histograms of selected subpopulation consumption distributions are also provided.

< Finfish ( grams/ person/ day), includes tabulated and graphical presentations of daily average per capita consumption by the fish habitat types of freshwater and estuarine, marine, and across fish habitat types. This subsection also presents estimates of daily average per capita consumption of finfish by individuals of age 18 and older.

< Shellfish ( grams/ person/ day), includes tabulated and graphical presentations of daily average per capita consumption by the fish habitat types of freshwater and estuarine, marine, and across fish habitat types.

< Low   income Population ( grams/ person/ day), includes tabulated and graphical presentations of daily average per capita consumption by the fish habitat types of freshwater and estuarine, marine, and across fish habitat types. Low   income is defined by the CSFII as individuals from households with gross incomes at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty threshold.

< Alternate Habitat ( grams/ person/ day), presents daily average per capita consumption estimates of finfish and shellfish, finfish only, and shellfish only, by habitats of freshwater, estuarine and marine, and all fish.

< Mean Consumption by Species within Habitat ( grams/ person/ day), presents mean daily average per capita estimates by species for the following subpopulations: v ( 1) age by gender and ( 2) 18 years of age and older. Tables list species estimates by fish habitat type.

° Section 5, " Uncooked" Daily Average Per Capita Fish Consumption Estimates, presents estimates for the U. S. population and " consumers only" in six subsections.

< Finfish and Shellfish ( grams/ person/ day and milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day), includes tabulated presentations of daily average per capita consumption by age category for each gender, across gender, across age groups, and across age and gender. Age by gender estimates separately report consumption of freshwater and estuarine, marine, and all fish. In addition, age by gender consumption estimates across the fish habitat types and consumption estimates for individuals 18 years of age and older and for children ages 3 to 17 in fine age categories by fish habitat type are included. Cumulative distributions and histograms of selected subpopulation consumption distributions are also provided.

< Finfish ( grams/ person/ day), includes tabulated and graphical presentations of daily average per capita consumption by the fish habitat types of freshwater and estuarine, marine, and across fish habitat types. This subsection also presents estimates of daily average per capita consumption of finfish by individuals of age 18 and older.

< Shellfish ( grams/ person/ day), includes tabulated and graphical presentations of daily average per capita consumption by the fish habitat types of freshwater and estuarine, marine, and across fish habitat types.

< Low   income Population ( grams/ person/ day), includes tabulated and graphical presentations of daily average per capita consumption by the fish habitat types of freshwater and estuarine, marine, and across fish habitat types. Low   income is defined by the CSFII as individuals from households with gross incomes at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty threshold.

< Alternate Habitat ( grams/ person/ day), presents daily average per capita consumption estimates of finfish and shellfish, finfish only, and shellfish only, by habitats of freshwater, estuarine and marine, and all fish.

< Mean Consumption by Species within Habitat ( grams/ person/ day), presents mean daily average per capita estimates by species for the following subpopulations: ( 1) age by gender and ( 2) 18 years of age and older. Tables list species estimates by fish habitat type. vi ° Appendix A, CSFII Food Codes, contains a tabulated presentation of the CSFII fish   containing food codes. These codes are listed according to fish species. Along with the food and fish component name, the table lists information extracted from the USDA's CSFII companion recipe database. Appendix A presents the total weight of the recipe components for the food code, the weight of the fish component in the recipe, the percentage of fish in the recipe, and the habitat assignment of fish. The percentage of fish in the recipe was used to adjust reported consumptions of the food code to reflect the amount of " as prepared" and " uncooked" fish.

° Appendix B, Statistical Methods, provides the statistical formulae for generating point and interval estimates about the mean and upper percentiles of the distribution of twoday average per capita fish consumption. This appendix also demonstrates that the variance of the mean, calculated from ultimate   cluster estimates using a synthetic variable, is equivalent to the estimator of the variance of the combined ratio estimator for a stratified, multistage ultimate   cluster sample with replacement.

° Appendix C, Data Conventions, provides the methodologies for calculating the amount of each ingredient required to prepare 100 grams of 1994 96 and 1998 CSFII recipes and the amount of each ingredient as a proportion of the prepared food within each individual recipe. It also contains a listing of the percentage of fish for 22 ingredient codes provided by the U. S. EPA Office of Pesticides. vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report displays daily average per capita fish consumption estimates. The objective of the report is to provide estimates of fish consumption that may be used in estimating risk to human health from the consumption of contaminated freshwater and estuarine finfish and shellfish species. The reported estimates were calculated using data from the combined 1994 1996 and 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII), conducted annually by the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA). Estimates in this report are of " as prepared" and " uncooked" fish. The " as prepared" designation indicates that consumptions of prepared foods containing fish which were reported by the CSFII participants were adjusted to reflect the amount of consumed prepared fish. " Uncooked" fish estimates project the portion of prepared fish to the amount of uncooked fish tissue which entered the fish   containing consumed food. Thus, the estimates in this report are not biased high due to other ingredients in fish   containing prepared foods.

Estimated consumptions are calculated by first matching the recipes participants reported as consumed with the percentage of fish in those recipes. To reflect the composition of the recipes at the time participants were surveyed, the USDA's 1994 96 CSFII Recipe Database was used for individuals sampled in 1994, 1995, and 1996, and the 1994 96, 1998 CSFII Recipe Database was used for individuals sampled in 1998.

The estimated mean daily average per capita consumption of " as prepared" freshwater and estuarine finfish and shellfish is 4.58 ± 0.42 grams/ person/ day. When consumption is estimated per kilogram of the consumer's body weight, the mean daily average of " as prepared" freshwater and estuarine finfish and shellfish consumption is 70.79 ± 6.23 milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day. These estimates project " as prepared" fish consumption data from a combined sample of 20,607 individuals to the population of 261,897,236 individuals in the 50 states and District of Columbia. A 90   percent confidence interval about the estimated national mean consumption of " as prepared" freshwater and estuarine finfish and shellfish is 4.16 to 5.00 grams/ person/ day, which indicates that there is a 90   percent statistical confidence that the true mean consumption is contained in this interval. Section 4 lists additional " as prepared" fish consumption estimates from the combined 1994 1996 and 1998 CSFII surveys. Included in these sections are point and interval estimates for upper percentiles from the empirical distribution of daily average per capita consumption of freshwater and estuarine species; mean and upper percentile estimates of marine species and all species; and estimates of finfish and shellfish consumption, both separately and together.

Section 4 also presents per capita fish consumption estimates for selected subpopulations in the United States. Some estimates extracted from this section include consumption estimates for women and low   income individuals. Women aged 15 to 44 years, the childbearing years, consume a mean daily average of 4.28 grams of " as prepared" freshwater viii and estuarine finfish and shellfish. This same group consumed, on average, 7.03 ± 0.91 grams/ person/ day of " as prepared" marine finfish and shellfish. Individuals in the low   income group, defined in the CSFII as individuals from households with gross incomes at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty threshold, consume a mean daily average of 11.32 ± 1.67 grams/ person/ day of " as prepared" finfish and shellfish. The estimated mean daily average consumption of " as prepared" freshwater and estuarine finfish and shellfish by low   income individuals is 4.35 ± 0.92 grams/ person/ day.

The estimated mean daily average per capita consumption of " uncooked" freshwater and estuarine finfish and shellfish is 6.30 ± 0.58 grams/ person/ day. When consumption is estimated per kilogram of the consumer's body weight, the mean daily average of " uncooked" freshwater and estuarine finfish and shellfish consumption is 98.38 ± 8.62 milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day. A 90   percent confidence interval about the estimated national mean consumption of " uncooked" freshwater and estuarine finfish and shellfish is 5.72 to 6.88 grams/ person/ day, which indicates that there is a 90   percent statistical confidence that the true population mean is contained in this interval. Similar to Section 4, Section 5 lists additional fish consumption estimates from the combined 1994 1996 and 1998 CSFII surveys.

Section 5 also presents per capita fish consumption estimates for selected subpopulations, such as women and low income individuals, in the United States. Women aged 15 to 44 years, the childbearing years, consume a mean daily average of 5.78 grams of " uncooked" freshwater and estuarine finfish and shellfish. This same group consumed, on average, 8.95 ± 1.12 grams/ person/ day of " uncooked" marine finfish and shellfish. Individuals in the low   income group, defined in the CSFII as individuals from households with gross incomes at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty threshold, consume a mean daily average of 15.47 ± 2.30 grams/ person/ day of " uncooked" total ( freshwater/ estuarine and marine) finfish and shellfish. The estimated mean daily average consumption of " uncooked" freshwater and estuarine finfish and shellfish by low   income individuals is 6.05 ± 1.27 grams/ person/ day.

The USDA's CSFII, from which the estimates were generated, collected two non   consecutive days of dietary recall data from participants. Data include meals consumed at and away from home. Dietary recall information was supplied by the survey participants to an in   home interviewer. The Day 2 interview occurred three to ten days after the Day 1 interview but not on the same day of the week. Approximately 25 percent of the interviews were conducted in a calendar quarter.

Each year of the survey consisted of one sample with oversampling for low   income households. Eligibility for the low   income sample was limited to households with gross income at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty guidelines ( DHHS 1998). ix The primary sampling stage of the 1994 96 CSFII divided the 50 states and Washington, D. C. into 1,404 primary sampling units ( PSUs). Sixty   two PSUs were selected for the CSFII sample. The 24 largest of the 1,404 PSUs were included in the CSFII with certainty. The remaining 1,380 PSUs were assigned to one of 38 strata based on their 1990 population, percentage of black and Hispanic populations, and per capita income. One PSU was then selected from each of the 38 strata with selection probability proportional to the 1990 population. The 1998 CSFII used the same primary stage sampling units as the 1994 96 CSFII. The same 24 area segments used in 1995 and 1996 were selected from each of the 62 PSUs, for a total of 1,488 selected area segments in 1998.

The CSFII surveys have advantages and limitations for estimating per capita fish consumption. The primary advantage of the CSFII surveys is that they were designed and conducted by the USDA to support unbiased estimation of food consumption across the population in the United States and the District of Columbia. One limitation of the CSFII surveys is that individual food consumption data were collected for only two days   a brief period which does not necessarily depict " usual intake." Usual dietary intake is defined as " the long   run average of daily intakes by an individual." Upper percentile estimates may differ for short   term and long   term data because short term food consumption data tend to be inherently more variable. It is important to note, however, that variability due to duration of the survey does not result in bias of estimates of overall mean consumption levels. Also, the multistage survey design does not support interval estimates for many of the subpopulations because of sparse representation in the sample. Subpopulations with sparse representation include Native Americans on reservations and certain ethnic groups. While these individuals are participants in the survey, they are not present in sufficient numbers to support fish consumption estimates. The survey does support interval estimates for the U. S. population and some large subpopulations. Sections 4 and 5 present interval estimates about the mean, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentile estimates. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK x TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii TABLE OF CONTENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x 1. USDA's CSFII SURVEY DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1.1 SURVEY DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1.2 SURVEY METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1.2.1 Sample Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1.2.2 Data Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 1.2.3 Sample Weights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 1.3 STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE CSFII FOR ESTIMATING PER CAPITA FOOD CONSUMPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 2. DATA CONVENTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 2.1 FOOD CODES AND CONVENTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 2.1.1 Fish by Habitat Type Assignments for Food Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2 2.1.2 Conventions for Determining " As Prepared" Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 2.1.3 Conventions for Determining " Uncooked" Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 2.2 INDIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION DATA FOR THE POPULATION AND CONSUMERS ONLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 6 2.2.1 Average Daily Consumption Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 2.2.2 Average Daily Consumption Data: Consumers Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 3. SUMMARY OF STATISTICAL METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 3.1 ESTIMATING THE MEAN AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS ABOUT THE MEAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 3.2 PERCENTILE ESTIMATES AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS ABOUT THE ESTIMATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 2 4. " AS PREPARED" FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 5. " UNCOOKED" FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 APPENDIX A: FRESHWATER/ ESTUARINE RATIOS FOR UNKNOWN FISH COMPONENTS AND HABITAT ASSIGNMENTS BY FOOD CODE . . . . . . A 1 APPENDIX B: STATISTICAL METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 1 APPENDIX C: DATA CONVENTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C 1 REFERENCES xi TABLES Table Page Table 1.1 CSFII RESPONSE RATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 Table 2.1 HABITAT APPORTIONMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 Table A. 1 FRESHWATER/ ESTUARINE RATIOS FOR UNKNOWN FISH COMPONENTS . A 1 Table A. 2 " AS PREPARED" PERCENTAGE BY FISH SPECIES AND THEIR CURRENT HABITAT ASSIGNMENTS BASED ON THE 1994 1996 CSFII FOOD CODES . A 3 Table A. 3 " AS PREPARED" PERCENTAGE BY FISH SPECIES AND THEIR CURRENT HABITAT ASSIGNMENTS BASED ON THE 1998 CSFII FOOD CODES . . . . . A 39 Table A. 4 " UNCOOKED" PERCENTAGE BY FISH SPECIES AND THEIR CURRENT HABITAT ASSIGNMENTS BASED ON THE 1994 1996 CSFII FOOD CODES A 53 Table A. 5 " UNCOOKED" PERCENTAGE BY FISH SPECIES AND THEIR CURRENT HABITAT ASSIGNMENTS BASED ON THE 1998 CSFII FOOD CODES . . . . . A 89 Table B. 1 BIAS CORRECTED AND UNCORRECTED ESTIMATES OF MEAN AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 13 Table B. 2 BIAS CORRECTED AND UNCORRECTED ESTIMATES OF MEAN UNCOOKED FISH CONSUMPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B 14 xii TABLES and FIGURES Section Page 4. " AS PREPARED" FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES 4.1 U. S. Population 4.1.1 Finfish and Shellfish <IP_ADDRESS> Grams/ person/ day TABLES 1. Freshwater/ Estuarine: Age by Gender and All Individuals 4 3 2. Marine: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 3. All Fish: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 4. Individuals of Age 18 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6 5. Children Ages 3 to 17 by Fine Age Categories . . . . . . . . . 4 7 FIGURES 1. Histograms of Freshwater/ Estuarine, Marine, and Total Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 8 2. Cumulative Distributions of Freshwater/ Estuarine, Marine, and Total Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9 3. Histograms for Individuals of Age 18 and Older: Freshwater/ Estuarine, Marine, and Total Fish . . . . . . . . . 4 10 4. Cumulative Distributions for Individuals of Age 18 and Older: Freshwater/ Estuarine, Marine, and Total Fish . . . . . . . . . 4 11 <IP_ADDRESS> Milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day TABLES 1. Freshwater/ Estuarine: Age by Gender and All Individuals 4 12 2. Marine: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . 4 13 3. All Fish: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . 4 14 4. Individuals of Age 18 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 15 5. Children Ages 3 to 17 by Fine Age Categories . . . . . . . . 4 16 4.1.2 Finfish ( grams/ person/ day)

TABLES 1. All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 17 2. Individuals of Age 18 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 18 4.1.3 Shellfish ( grams/ person/ day)

TABLES 1. All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 19 2. Individuals of Age 18 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 20 xiii Section Page 4.1.4 Low income Population ( grams/ person/ day)

TABLES 1. Finfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 21 2. Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 22 3. Finfish and Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 23 4.1.5 Alternate Habitat ( grams/ person/ day)

TABLES 1. Finfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 24 2. Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 25 3. Finfish and Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 26 4.1.6 Mean Consumption by Species within Habitat ( grams/ person/ day)

TABLES 1. Females of Age 14 and Younger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 27 2. Females of Age 15 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 28 3. Females of Age 45 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 29 4. All Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 30 5. Males of Age 14 and Younger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 31 6. Males of Age 15 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 32 7. Males of Age 45 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 33 8. All Males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 34 9. Individuals of Age 14 and Younger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 35 10. Individuals of Age 15 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 36 11. Individuals of Age 45 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 37 12. Individuals of Age 18 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 38 13. All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 39 xiv Section Page 4.2 Consumers Only 4.2.1 Finfish and Shellfish <IP_ADDRESS> Grams/ person/ day TABLES 1. Freshwater/ Estuarine: Age by Gender and All Individuals 4 40 2. Marine: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . 4 41 3. All Fish: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . 4 42 4. Individuals of Age 18 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 43 5. Children Ages 3 to 17 by Fine Age Categories . . . . . . . . 4 44 <IP_ADDRESS> Milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day TABLES 1. Freshwater/ Estuarine: Age by Gender and All Individuals 4 45 2. Marine: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . 4 46 3. All Fish: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . 4 47 4. Individuals of Age 18 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 48 5. Children Ages 3 to 17 by Fine Age Categories . . . . . . . . 4 49 4.2.2 Alternate Habitat ( grams/ person/ day)

TABLES 1. Finfish and Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 50 xv Section Page 5. " UNCOOKED" FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES 5.1 U. S. Population 5.1.1 Finfish and Shellfish <IP_ADDRESS> Grams/ person/ day TABLES 1. Freshwater/ Estuarine: Age by Gender and All Individuals 5 3 2. Marine: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 4 3. All Fish: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 4. Individuals of Age 18 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6 5. Children Ages 3 to 17 by Fine Age Categories . . . . . . . . . 5 7 FIGURES 1. Histograms of Freshwater/ Estuarine, Marine, and Total Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8 2. Cumulative Distributions of Freshwater/ Estuarine, Marine, and Total Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 9 3. Histograms for Individuals of Age 18 and Older: Freshwater/ Estuarine, Marine, and Total Fish . . . . . . . . . 5 10 4. Cumulative Distributions for Individuals of Age 18 and Older: Freshwater/ Estuarine, Marine, and Total Fish . . . . . . . . . 5 11 <IP_ADDRESS> Milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day TABLES 1. Freshwater/ Estuarine: Age by Gender and All Individuals 5 12 2. Marine: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . 5 13 3. All Fish: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . 5 14 4. Individuals of Age 18 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 15 5. Children Ages 3 to 17 by Fine Age Categories . . . . . . . . 5 16 5.1.2 Finfish ( grams/ person/ day)

TABLES 1. All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 17 2. Individuals of Age 18 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 18 5.1.3 Shellfish ( grams/ person/ day)

TABLES 1. All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 19 2. Individuals of Age 18 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 20 xvi Section Page 5.1.4 Low income Population ( grams/ person/ day)

TABLES 1. Finfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 21 2. Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 22 3. Finfish and Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 23 5.1.5 Alternate Habitat ( grams/ person/ day)

TABLES 1. Finfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 24 2. Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 25 3. Finfish and Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 26 5.1.6 Mean Consumption by Species within Habitat ( grams/ person/ day)

TABLES 1. Females of Age 14 and Younger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 27 2. Females of Age 15 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 28 3. Females of Age 45 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 29 4. All Females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 30 5. Males of Age 14 and Younger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 31 6. Males of Age 15 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 32 7. Males of Age 45 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 33 8. All Males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 34 9. Individuals of Age 14 and Younger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 35 10. Individuals of Age 15 to 44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 36 11. Individuals of Age 45 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 37 12. Individuals of Age 18 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 38 13. All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 39 xvii Section Page 5.2 Consumers Only 5.2.1 Finfish and Shellfish <IP_ADDRESS> Grams/ person/ day TABLES 1. Freshwater/ Estuarine: Age by Gender and All Individuals 5 40 2. Marine: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . 5 41 3. All Fish: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . 5 42 4. Individuals of Age 18 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 43 5. Children Ages 3 to 17 by Fine Age Categories . . . . . . . . 5 44 <IP_ADDRESS> Milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day TABLES 1. Freshwater/ Estuarine: Age by Gender and All Individuals 5 45 2. Marine: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . 5 46 3. All Fish: Age by Gender and All Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . 5 47 4. Individuals of Age 18 and Older . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 48 5. Children Ages 3 to 17 by Fine Age Categories . . . . . . . . 5 49 5.2.2 Alternate Habitat ( grams/ person/ day)

TABLES 1. Finfish and Shellfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 50 1 1 1. USDA's CSFII SURVEY DESCRIPTION AND METHODOLOGY A summary of the USDA's 1994 1996 and 1998 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII) is presented in this section. Section 1.1 provides a description of the surveys. Section 1.2 summarizes the sample designs, data collection, and survey weights for the general CSFII survey structure. Section 1.3 lists the strengths and limitations of the CSFII surveys with respect to estimating per capita consumption in the United States.

1.1 SURVEY DESCRIPTION The CSFII, conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture ( USDA), collects dietary intake information from nationally representative samples of non   institutionalized persons residing in United States households. Households in these national surveys are sampled from the 50 states and Washington, D. C. Each survey collects daily consumption records for over 11,000 food codes across nine food groups. These food groups are ( 1) milk and milk products; ( 2) meat, poultry, and fish; ( 3) eggs; ( 4) dry beans, peas, legumes, nuts, and seeds; ( 5) grain products; ( 6) fruit; ( 7) vegetables; ( 8) fats, oils, and salad dressings; and ( 9) sweets, sugars, and beverages. Data provide " up   to   date information on food intakes by Americans for use in policy formation, regulation, program planning and evaluation, education, and research." The survey is " the cornerstone of the National Nutritional Monitoring and Related Research Program, a set of related federal activities intended to provide regular information on the nutritional status of the United States population" ( 1994 96 CSFII survey documentation, p. 2   3).

1.2 SURVEY METHODOLOGY The samples for the 1994, 1995, and 1996 CSFII surveys were collected according to a specified statistical sampling plan. The 1998 CSFII survey was designed to supplement the 1994 96 CSFII using a similar plan. The plan is described in Section 1.2.1. Data collection procedures, summarized in Section 1.2.2, define the method and length of data collection activities. Section 1.2.2 also contains survey   specific response rates and the number of individuals in each survey reporting food consumption data. Survey weights   used to project estimates from the sample to the population   were adjusted for nonresponse. These adjustments are discussed in Section 1.2.3.

1.2.1 Sample Design The 1994   1996 CSFII was conducted according to a stratified, multi   area probability sample organized using estimates of the 1990 United States population. Stratification accounted for geographic location, degree of urbanization, and socioeconomics. Each year of the survey consisted of one sample with oversampling for low   income households. Eligibility for the low   income sample was limited to households with gross incomes at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty guidelines ( DHHS 1998). The sample design aimed at specified precision levels for estimates of mean one   day consumption of saturated fat and iron. 1 2 The primary sampling stage of this CSFII divided the 50 United States and the District of Columbia into 1,404 primary sampling units ( PSUs). A Metropolitan Statistical Area ( MSA), a fraction of an MSA, counties, or groups of counties comprised a PSU. The federal Office of Management and Budget defines an MSA as " a geographic area consisting of a large population nucleus together with adjacent communities that have a high degree of economic and social integration with the nucleus" ( 1994 96 CSFII survey documentation, p. 14   4).

In general, an MSA constituted a single PSU for the 1994   1996 CSFII. There were three exceptions: New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago. The New York MSA was divided into three PSUs while the other two exceptions each comprised two PSUs. From the 1,404 PSUs constituting the United States, the primary stage CSFII sample selected 62 PSUs. The 24 largest of the 1,404 PSUs were included in the CSFII with certainty. The remaining 1,380 PSUs were assigned to one of 38 strata based on their 1990 population, percentage of black and Hispanic populations, and per capita income. One PSU was then selected from each of the 38 strata with selection probability proportional to the 1990 population. Of the 62 PSUs resulting from the first stage, 50 were MSAs and 12 were non   MSAs.

Then, each of the 62 sample PSUs was divided into 36 area segments consisting of blocks or groups of blocks. Twelve area segments were sampled each year of the survey with three segments sampled during each quarter of the given year. From a sampled area segment, households were drawn from dwelling unit listings, and individuals were then selected from the sampled household. Individual selection occurred to ensure specified estimation criteria for given sex age categories based on screening questionnaire results.

The 1998 CSFII stemmed from the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996, which required the Secretary of Agriculture to provide the Environmental Protection Agency ( EPA) with information on food consumption patterns of a statistically valid sample of infants and children. The 1998 CSFII was intended to supplement the 1994 1996 CSFII, after a report entitled " Pesticides in the Diets of Infants and Children" ( NAS/ NRC 1993) concluded that current food consumption data for children were inadequate for estimation of dietary exposure to pesticide residues. The 1998 CSFII, combined with the 1994 96 CSFII, meets the requirements of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 when used with appropriate weights. The sample weights are discussed in section 1.2.3.

The same primary and secondary stage sampling units were used for the 1998 CSFII as for the 1994 96 CSFII. The same 24 area segments used in the last 2 years of the 1994 96 CSFII were selected from each of the 62 PSUs because they contained the most current listing information. Of the 1,488 selected area segments, a sample of 65,519 dwelling units was drawn. Quality control procedures referred to as the " missed structure" and " missed DU" procedures contributed an additional 2,905 dwelling units, for a total of 68,424 dwelling units selected for the 1998 CSFII. 1 3 A sample of eligible children was then selected from the subset of dwelling units found to contain eligible children using a probability sampling process designed to yield the target sample sizes. An additional sample of 3 year old girls was added in the fourth quarter of the study to increase the number in the sample. The result of the above procedures used in the 1998 CSFII was a sample of 6,413 children under the age of 10, including 2,100 children from low income households ( 1994 96, 1998 CSFII documentation, p. 3 3).

1.2.2 Data Collection Survey participants provided two non   consecutive, 24   hour days of dietary data. Both days' dietary recall information was collected by an in   home interviewer. Interviewers provided participants with an instructional booklet and standard measuring cups and spoons to assist them in adequately describing the type and amount of food ingested. If the respondent referred to a cup or bowl in their own home, a 2   cup measuring cup was provided to aid in the calculation of the amount consumed. The sample person could fill their own bowl or cup with water to represent the amount eaten or drunk, and the interviewer could then measure the amount consumed by pouring it into the 2   cup measure. The Day 2 interview occurred three to 10 days after the Day 1 interview, but not on the same day of the week. The interviews allowed participants " three passes" through the daily intake record to maximize recall ( CSFII survey documentation, p. 3   6). Proxy interviews were conducted for children aged six and younger and sampled individuals unable to report due to mental or physical limitations. The average questionnaire administration time for Day 1 intake was 30 minutes, while Day 2 averaged 27 minutes.

Two days of dietary recall data were provided by 20,607 individuals across the four survey years. This constitutes an overall two   day response rate of 77.5 percent. Response rates for each survey year are provided in Table 1   1. Survey weights were corrected by the USDA for nonresponse.

TABLE 1   1. CSFII RESPONSE RATES YEAR TOTAL ELIGIBLE INDIVIDUALS SAMPLED NUMBER WITH TWO   DAY RESPONSE ( TWO   DAY) RESPONSE RATE 1994 6,973 5,311 76.2%

1995 6,664 5,072 76.1%

1996 6,484 4,920 75.9%

1998 6,491 5,304 81.7% 1 4 1.2.3 Sample Weights All four CSFII surveys are multistage, stratified   cluster samples. Sample weights, which project the data from a sampled individual to the population, are based on the probability of an individual being sampled at each stage of the sampling design. The sample weights associated with each individual reporting two days of consumption data were adjusted to correct for nonresponse bias. These adjusted sample weights, recorded in the 1994 1996, 1998 CSFII data in the variable WT4_ 2DAY for use with all 4 years of combined data, record the number of individuals the sampled person represents in the population. For example, a sample weight valued as 22 projects the data from the individual with that sample weight to 22 individuals in the population of the 50 United States and the District of Columbia.

1.3 STRENGTHS AND LIMITATIONS OF THE CSFII FOR ESTIMATING PER CAPITA FOOD CONSUMPTION The strengths of the USDA's combined 1994   1996, 1998 CSFII survey for supporting estimates of per capita food consumption are twofold. First, the survey design is structured to obtain a statistically representative sample of the United States population. Second, the survey is designed to record daily intakes of foods and nutrients and support estimation of food consumption. These features are in direct alignment with the objective of producing current, per capita fish consumption estimates for the United States population and for population subsets sensitive to potential contaminants.

The 1994   96, 1998 CSFII survey design allows the combination of four years of data through a weighting scheme. This combination of four years provides a sample of over 20,000 respondents. With increased sample sizes, the precision and accuracy of estimates are improved and the support for subpopulation estimates is enhanced. This design structure, in conjunction with the implementation of a sampling protocol, increases the sample's representation of the United States population and minimizes seasonal and/ or regional bias from respondents. Low   income individuals are oversampled to ensure their representation in the survey. Finally, the survey weight associated with each respondent's information to project the response to the population has been adjusted for nonresponse bias. These adjustments were based on sociodemographic factors. Nonresponse adjustments were also significantly reduced for the current CSFII. The response rate for participants with multiple days of food intake information is 77.5 percent for the combined 1994   96, 1998 CSFII, as opposed to approximately 75.9 percent for the 1994 96 CSFII and 45 percent for the 1989   91 CSFII.

The method employed to collect dietary intake data also strengthened the CSFII design for supporting per capita consumption estimates. For example, the USDA's 1994   96 and 1998 CSFII surveys were administered by an interviewer on both days of data collection. This administration provided multiple passes through the day's intake to facilitate more complete responses. Previous surveys have relied on interviewer administration for the first day and self   administration on subsequent days. This change in administration method insures consistency with respect to the way responses are recorded across interview days. 1 5 Previous CSFII surveys have collected dietary intake information on consecutive days. This collection method raises issues about the contribution of within   individual variance to overall estimates. Because the 1994   96 and 1998 CSFII surveys collect data on two non   consecutive days, the within   individual variance component is diminished.

The third change in data collection methods that facilitates completion of the objective of this report is that previous surveys included all members of a household in the survey. The 1994   96 and 1998 surveys include a subsample of household members with sampling rates varying to achieve more responses from children and the elderly.

The limitations of the CSFII survey for supporting per capita consumption estimates involve the length of time data were collected, the influence of extreme values on estimates, and the availability of information to support variance estimation. The CSFII survey collects only two non   consecutive days of data. Because daily averages are estimated from each respondent from only two days, the precision of an individual's daily average consumption is diminished. Therefore, the limited time period of dietary intake collection does not produce usual intake estimates. Usual intakes are defined as " the long run average of daily intakes of a dietary component by an individual." Rather, the estimates presented in this report characterize the empirical distribution of daily average per capita consumption.

Also, a majority of sampled individuals may not consume a given food or food group. Nonconsumption of a given food or food group by a majority of individuals, combined with consumption data from high   end consumers, can result in a wide range of observations. This can lead to a highly skewed distribution of consumption values.

Another limitation of the 1994   96, 1998 CSFII is a function of the way that survey data are reported. Data from two variance estimation units are required to generate an estimate of the variance within a variance estimation stratum. These variances are then summed across strata to generate a variance estimate for the subpopulation. For many of the subpopulations evaluated in this report, numerous strata did not have information for two variance estimation units. By looking at frequencies of strata and variance estimation units within region, data were combined with other data from the same geographical region in order to perform variance estimation.

Despite these limitations, the CSFII is considered one of the best sources of current information on consumption of fish   containing foods. The objective of estimating per capita fish consumption by the United States population is compatible with the statistical design and scope of the CSFII survey. THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 2 1 2. DATA CONVENTIONS The 1994 1996 and 1998 CSFII surveys each record data in several files. These data are publicly available on CD ROM ( See References). Individual consumption records for the 2   day reporting period were extracted from record type 30 ( RT30). These data were matched with information in the USDA's companion recipe database to adjust reported consumptions to reflect the amount of uncooked fish tissue in the recipe or to reflect only the quantity of fish consumed. To reflect the composition of the recipes at the time participants were surveyed, the 1994 96 CSFII Recipe Database was used for individuals sampled in 1994, 1995, and 1996, and the 1994 1996, 1998 CSFII Recipe Database was used for individuals sampled in 1998. Section 2 defines the conventions applied to the 1994 1996 and 1998 CSFII surveys. These conventions were applied to prepare the data for estimating per capita fish consumption for the United States population.

This report presents per capita consumption estimates for three fish types. These types are finfish and shellfish, finfish only, and shellfish only. The finfish and shellfish type is tantamount to total fish consumption. Each of these fish types is further divided by habitat type. Habitat types are freshwater/ estuarine, marine, and all fish. The " all fish" habitat type estimates consumption across the freshwater/ estuarine and marine habitats. Section 2.1 presents the CSFII fish   related food codes and their corresponding habitat assignments. Adjustments of reported amounts of consumed fish   related food codes to reflect the amount of " as prepared" and " uncooked" fish are also explained in Section 2.1.

Section 2.2 describes the conventions used to generate daily average fish consumption estimates per individual. Adjusted individual daily average fish consumption is the actual data point that entered the estimation algorithms. The adjustment reports the component of fish consumed from fish   containing foods. Section 2.2 also defines " consumers only" and identifies how the data were subset to estimate fish consumption for " consumers only."

2.1 FOOD CODES AND CONVENTIONS The 1994 1996 and 1998 CSFII surveys categorized food consumption into 11,345 food codes. A companion recipe database provided amounts of individual ingredients for each of the CSFII food codes. A total of 831 of these food codes relate to fish or shellfish. Survey respondents with two days of dietary intake data reported consumption across 665 of these fish   related food codes.

Food codes preceded by the number 26 designate fish or shellfish, except for 5 food codes that contain frog or turtle ingredients. Fifty four percent of the 665 fish   related food codes that were reported as consumed are preceded by the number 26. Any food codes not preceded by a 26 are combination foods containing fish or shellfish. Extensive review of the food code index and the recipe database identified these combination foods. The recipe database was further extracted to determine the percentage of fish in each of the 665 fish   related food codes. For recipes containing ingredients that are also recipes, the 2 2 percentage of fish only includes the fish ingredients of the nested recipe. Application of this percentage of fish, unique to each fish   related food code, facilitated the adjustment of reported consumptions to yield the amount of " as prepared" or " uncooked" fish.

Section 2.1.1 defines fish   by   habitat types. The 665 fish   related food codes in the CSFII surveys were assigned to these fish   by   habitat types. Sections 2.1.2 and 2.1.3 describe the conventions used to adjust reported amounts of consumed fish   related food codes to reflect " as prepared" and " uncooked" fish, respectively.

2.1.1 Fish   by   Habitat Type Assignments for Food Codes Sections 4 and 5 present per capita consumption estimates for each of the following nine fish   by   habitat types:

° Finfish and Shellfish   Freshwater/ Estuarine ° Finfish and Shellfish   Marine ° Finfish and Shellfish   All Fish ° Finfish   Freshwater/ Estuarine ° Finfish   Marine ° Finfish   All Fish ° Shellfish   Freshwater/ Estuarine ° Shellfish   Marine ° Shellfish   All Fish.

The " All Fish" habitat designation indicates that per capita consumption for a given fish type was estimated across the freshwater/ estuarine and marine habitat types. Estimates designated " finfish and shellfish" report per capita consumption statistics across fish types for a given habitat. The fish   by   habitat type " Finfish and Shellfish   All Fish" incorporated fish consumption data from all of the 665 fish   related food codes   that is, estimates for this category represent fish consumption across fish and habitat type.

To determine which individual consumption amounts entered estimation algorithms for each fish   by   habitat type, the 665 fish   related food codes in the CSFII surveys were first assigned to one of two fish types   finfish or shellfish. Assignments were based on the food code description. The food code " Seafood" was assumed to be all shellfish. Otherwise, if a food code description did not clearly indicate shellfish, the food code was assigned to the finfish category. For example, the food code described as " Fish, NS of type" was categorized as finfish, with NS indicating " not specific."

Each fish component in the 665 food codes was then assigned a fish habitat classification. These classifications are freshwater, estuarine, or marine. Habitat assignments resulted from a two   step process. First, the species of fish contained in the food code was assigned based on the food component from the recipe. If the food component was also a recipe, the subingredients of the nested recipe were also examined to determine species. Then, the species 2 3 was assigned a habitat type. Mr. Jeffery Bigler, an EPA Fisheries Biologist, created the habitat assignments. In most cases, the habitat assignments were straightforward. However, there are a few instances where the fish component either represented a broad classification of fish, or the species listed as the fish component inhabit several habitats. For these special cases, the consumed fish component was apportioned across multiple habitats using commercial landings reported to the United States Department of Commerce. The 1994, 1995, and 1996 landings data were retrieved February 1998 from www. remora. ssp. nmfs. gov, and the 1998 landings were retrieved May 2001 from www. st. nmfs. gov. The following paragraphs define apportionment across multiple habitats for these special cases.

In the case of flatfish, if the food code specified flatfish, but the recipe component indicated that the flatfish was flounder or smelt, the fish habitat was defined as estuarine. If, however, the recipe food component indicated halibut, plaice, or sole, then the habitat designation of marine was assigned. If the food component only indicated flatfish, then the percent of the amount of consumed fish from the recipe was divided between the estuarine and marine habitats based on the percentage of 1994 1996 commercial flatfish landings reported by the National Marine Fisheries Service for individuals surveyed in 1994 96, and based on the percentage of 1998 commercial flatfish landings for individuals surveyed in 1998. See Table 2 1 for the percentages of estuarine and marine flatfish in 1994 96 and 1998.

Additional species groups which contain both freshwater/ estuarine and marine species are as follows: ( 1) clams, ( 2) crabs, ( 3) salmon, and ( 4) scallops. Most recipe food components containing clams did not list the specific type of clam, such as softshell, quahog, or surf. Table 2 1 contains the percentages of estuarine and marine clams for 1994 96 and 1998 that were used to apportion the unspecified clams between habitats. Softshell clams are estuarine. Marine clam species include ocean quahog, quahog, Atlantic surf, and remaining hardshell species.

Estuarine crab species were blue, hard, soft, or dungeness. All other crab species were considered to be marine. Similarly, bay scallops were considered to be estuarine, and all other scallop species, including calico and sea scallops, were classified as marine. These percentages were again determined from United States Department of Commerce commercial landings and are given in Table 2 1.

A unique situation occurred for salmon. In several instances, the food code name indicates " salmon, canned," but several food component numbers were assigned to the reported food code. Because it was not possible to determine which specific type of canned salmon was reported by the participant, and because salmon inhabit both marine and freshwaters during their life cycle, salmon was apportioned across the marine and freshwater habitats. This apportionment was again based upon the 1994 1996, and 1998 commercial landings. All landings of Pacific salmon, including chum, coho, king, pink, or sockeye, were assigned to the marine habitat. All landlocked Great Lakes salmon received the classification of freshwater, and aquaculture salmon were assigned to the estuarine habitat. The resulting apportionments for salmon are shown in Table 2 1. 2 4 There were ten more instances of multiple fish habitat   type assignments. These occurred for food codes containing fish of an unknown food type. The recipe database described the fish component for ten fish   related food codes as fish cake, fish sticks, or fish sauce. In these cases, the amount of fish was apportioned across habitat types according to the observed percentages of consumption from known habitat types for the population. Appendix A lists these percentages.

TABLE 2 1. HABITAT APPORTIONMENTS Species Habitat 1994 96 % 1998 %

Flatfish Estuarine ( Flounder) 89.62 84.23 Marine ( Halibut) 10.38 15.77 Clams Estuarine ( Softshell) 1.93 2.61 Marine ( Ocean Quahog, Quahog, Atlantic Surf, and remaining hardshell species) 98.07 97.39 Crab Estuarine ( Blue, Soft, Hard, Peeler and Dungeness) 65.57 46.83 Marine ( King, Snow, Jonah, and Other) 34.43 53.17 Scallop Estuarine ( Bay) 0.58 0.67 Marine ( Calico and Sea) 99.42 99.33 Salmon Freshwater ( Great Lakes) 0.06 0.05 Estuarine ( Aquaculture) 3.02 4.73 Marine ( Pacific) 96.92 95.22 2.1.2 Conventions for Determining " As Prepared" Fish Once habitat classifications were made, the " as prepared" amount of fish was determined using the recipe databases, which list the amount of each ingredient in the food code. The 1994 96 CSFII Recipe Database was used for participants surveyed in 1994, 1995, and 1996, and the 1994 96, 1998 CSFII Recipe Database was used for individuals sampled in 1998. Not all ingredient codes that contain fish could be considered to be made entirely of fish. For 22 ingredient codes, the proportion of " as prepared" fish in the ingredient was supplied by the U. S. EPA Office of Pesticides. Some examples of these ingredients include clam chowder and cream of shrimp soup. The proportion of fish in those ingredients are shown in Appendix C 1. For these ingredients, the fraction of the total recipe weight represented by the ingredient was found by dividing the weight of the ingredient by the sum of the weights of all of the individual components in the recipe. Then the result was multiplied by the proportion of fish in the ingredient from the list in Appendix C 1. For ingredients other than the 22 listed in Appendix C 2 5 1, the amount of each ingredient as a proportion of the prepared food within each recipe ( C_ PRATIO) was calculated using methodologies provided by Annetta Cook of USDA. See Appendix C 2 for the calculations and examples.

If a recipe contained several fish components, a ratio was determined for each component using one of the above methods, and the sum of these ratios gives the total percentage of " as prepared" fish in the recipe. For example, " as prepared" fish makes up 92.81% of food code 26301110, " Abalone, cooked." Then, every time a respondent recorded consumption of food code 26301110, the recorded consumption was multiplied by 0.9281 to adjust the reported amount of consumed food code to reflect the " as prepared" amount of abalone.

Tables A 2 and A 3 in Appendix A contain a tabulated presentation of the 665 participant   reported CSFII fish   containing food codes, which are listed according to fish species. Along with the food and fish component name, the tables list information extracted from the USDA's CSFII companion recipe database. The appendices present the habitat assignment of the fish, the total weight of the recipe components for the food code, the weight of the fish component in the recipe, the percentage of fish in the ingredient for the 22 ingredients listed in Appendix C 1, the amount of the ingredient in 100 grams of the prepared recipe, and the percentage of " as prepared" fish in the recipe.

2.1.3 Conventions for Determining " Uncooked" Fish Once habitat classifications were made, the " uncooked" amount of fish was determined using the recipe databases, which list the amount of each ingredient in the food code. The 1994 96 CSFII Recipe Database was used for participants surveyed in 1994, 1995, and 1996, and the 1994 96, 1998 CSFII Recipe Database was used for individuals sampled in 1998. First, the amount of each ingredient required to prepare 100 grams of the recipe ( C_ GUI) was calculated for each recipe using methodologies provided by Annetta Cook of USDA. This methodology takes into account the recipe yield. See Appendix C 2 for the calculations and examples.

Some adjustments are made to this amount of uncooked fish. If a food component was listed as a fish   containing soup, but the amount of fish in the soup was not specified, then 7.5 percent of the soup was assumed to be fish. These ingredients are identified in Tables A 4 and A 5 of Appendix A by the suffix " P" after the ingredient code.

In some instances, preprocessed fish components entered the recipe. Examples of preprocessing are canning and pickling. In these instances, C_ GUI was corrected for preprocessing to calculate the final percentage of uncooked fish in the recipe. If a canned fish entered into the recipe, it was assumed that the canning process induced a 25 percent moisture loss or resulted in a yield of 75 percent. Therefore, 100 grams of canned fish in a recipe was adjusted to 133.33 grams ( 100 ÷ 0.75). For example, Tuna casserole, food code 27350080, contains canned tuna, ingredient code 15119. Using the procedures described in Appendix C 2, we find that it takes 17.97 grams of canned tuna to make 100 grams of tuna casserole, but 2 6 this doesn't account for moisture loss due to canning. To correct the canned tuna for the 25 percent moisture loss, the 17.97 grams is divided by 0.75 ( 0.75 = 1 fraction of moisture loss) to yield 23.95 grams of tuna as the value to be entered into the estimation algorithm.

Preprocessing adjustments were made for smoking, pickling, drying, and kippering. These percentages were supplied by Dr. Jacob Exler of the USDA. Moisture loss is assumed to be 25% if the ingredient code description indicates that the ingredient is baked, cooked, broiled, or canned; 21% if the ingredient is poached or steamed; and 12% if the ingredient is fried.

Tables A 4 and A 5 in Appendix A contain a tabulated presentation of the 665 participant   reported CSFII fish   containing food codes, which are listed according to fish species. Along with the food and fish component name, the tables list the habitat assignment of the fish, the total weight of the recipe components for the food code, the weight of the fish component in the recipe, the recipe yield, the amount of the fish ingredient required to prepare 100 grams of the food code, the assumed percentage of moisture loss due to preprocessing, and the percentage of " uncooked" fish in the recipe.

2.2 INDIVIDUAL CONSUMPTION DATA FOR THE POPULATION AND CONSUMERS ONLY Estimates of daily per capita consumption by the United States population for each of the fish   by   habitat types and by species are presented in this document. Individual daily average " as prepared" ( or " uncooked") amounts of fish for the given fish   by   habitat types are the data points that entered the algorithms for estimating fish consumption. Section 2.2.1 describes the conventions for estimating these individual daily average consumption values by species and across species within fish   by   habitat type. Section 2.2.2 defines " consumers only" and the data conventions associated with producing estimates for these consumers. 2 7 2.2.1 Average Daily Consumption Data All four CSFII surveys recorded food consumption for two non   consecutive days. Therefore, for each respondent with two days of records in the CSFII databases, a daily average consumption value was determined for each of the fish   by   habitat types. For estimating consumption by species, the " as prepared" ( or " uncooked") amount reported by an individual for the food code associated with a given species was summed across the two days. This sum was then divided by two to produce a daily average consumption of the particular species for each individual. If an individual did not report consumption of the given species then the individual's consumption of the species was recorded as zero. It is this average across two days which makes these empirical estimates as opposed to usual intake estimates.

For estimating fish   by   habitat consumption, a daily consumption was calculated for each individual for each of the fish   by   habitat types. This is accomplished by summing, within day, the " as prepared" ( or " uncooked") amount. The amount was summed across the fish   related food codes comprising the given fish   by   habitat type. The amounts entering the summation for combination foods, or for foods with unknown habitat, were adjusted according to the previously discussed conventions. Daily total consumption data for a given fish   by   habitat type were then summed for the two days and divided by two to produce individual daily average consumption. If an individual did not report consumption of a given fish   by   habitat type across any of the food codes, the value zero entered the estimation algorithm for that individual. Again, it is this average across two days that renders these estimates empirical rather than usual intake, which implies long   run averages.

The convention described in the preceding paragraph produces individual daily averages in grams/ day. If estimates are required on the milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day basis, then " as prepared" ( or " uncooked") grams for the individual are converted to milligrams with the multiplication factor of 1,000. This daily average for the individual is then divided by the individual's body weight in kilograms. The milligrams/ kilogram daily average for each individual then enters the estimating algorithm described in Section 3, in the same manner as the grams daily averages.

2.2.2 Average Daily Consumption Data   Consumers Only For the purpose of this report, " consumers only" were defined as individuals who ate fish at least once during the 2   day period. " Consumers only" were identified according to fish   by   habitat type. That is, for a given fish   by   habitat type, daily consumption totals ( explained in Section 2.2.1) were screened. If one of the daily totals for the given fish   by   habitat type was greater than zero, that individual was included in the set of " consumers only;" otherwise, the individual was excluded.

If an individual was included in the set of " consumers only," the average daily consumption for that individual was determined using only data from those days when total consumption was greater than zero. For example, if fish was consumed on only one of the two days, the total 2 8 consumption for the given fish   by   habitat type on that one day was considered the average daily consumption for that individual. 3 1 3. SUMMARY OF STATISTICAL METHODS This section summarizes the statistical methods used to generate point and interval estimates of daily average per capita fish consumption. Point estimates include the mean, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles. Mean estimates were generated using ratio estimation techniques. The variance of the mean was estimated using a Taylor series approximation of the deviation of estimates from their expected values. The Taylor series approximations were applied to ultimate clusters, which resulted in an overall estimate of the variance instead of estimating variance components due to sample   design stages. Appendix B reports the statistical formulae for generating both the mean estimate and the estimate of the confidence interval about the mean. Methods for generating percentile estimates and 90   percent bootstrap intervals about the percentile estimates are also shown in Appendix B.

3.1 STATISTICAL METHODS FOR ESTIMATING THE MEAN AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS ABOUT THE MEAN Mean estimates presented in this report resulted from ratio estimation methods. The mean, daily average per capita fish consumption for a given habitat type was estimated as the ratio of total fish for given habitat type consumed by the population or subpopulation, divided by the estimate of the total number of individuals in the population or subpopulation. Variances of the mean were estimated using Taylor series approximations of the deviations of estimates from their expected values. Taylor series approximations were applied to ultimate   cluster estimates. With this ultimate   cluster method, cited by Hansen, Hurwitz, and Madow, an overall estimate of the variance was generated ( Hansen 1953). Use of the ultimate   cluster method is necessary for the CSFII data for two reasons: ( 1) the nature of the survey design, and ( 2) the form of the survey weights available as part of the CSFII data. Appendix B provides formulae for these estimates. Finally, ratio estimates of the mean are unbiased if the higher   order terms in the Taylor series expansion are considered negligible. Methods and results of tests to assess potential bias in the estimation of the mean are discussed in Appendix B.

All four CSFII surveys are multistage, stratified   cluster samples with primary sampling units ( PSUs) sampled with replacement. Sample weights, which project the data from a sampled individual to the population, are based on the probability of an individual being sampled at each stage of the sampling design. As mentioned in Section 1 of this report, the sample weights associated with each individual reporting two days of consumption data were adjusted to correct for non response bias. These adjusted sample weights, which are recorded in the CSFII data in the variable WT4_ 2DAY, record the number of individuals the sampled person represents in the population. For example, a sample weight valued as 22 projects the data from the individual with that sample weight to 22 individuals in the U. S. population.

The ultimate cluster is considered the aggregate of the sampled individuals within a PSU. The ultimate cluster method is supported by the survey design. It is also necessary for estimating the variance   of   the   mean estimate. Because the sample design contains multiple levels, such as stratum and PSU, specific information is necessary to partition the 3 2 variance   of   the   mean estimate into components. That is, specification of the sample size and population size within each level of sampling is required. However, this information is not inherent in the CSFII data. Rather, CSFII surveys report an adjusted sample weight for each individual who reported two days of consumption data during the survey. As discussed in Section 1 of this report, these survey weights were adjusted to correct for nonresponse bias. Given that only the adjusted weight is available, and not the specific sample and population size in each phase, it was necessary to estimate the mean using ratio estimation techniques and the variance of the mean using the ultimate cluster methodology, which does not partition the variance into sample design components.

3.2 STATISTICAL METHODS FOR PERCENTILE ESTIMATES AND CONFIDENCE INTERVALS ABOUT THE ESTIMATES This report presents point estimates of the median, 90th, 95th, and 99th percentiles of the average daily per capita consumption of fish. Ninety   percent interval estimates for the percentiles were generated using bootstrapping techniques described by Efron ( Efron 1982). Interval estimates for percentiles are bootstrap intervals. The reported bootstrap intervals do not result from direct estimates of the standard deviation of the point estimate. Rather, the bootstrap estimates result from the percentile method, which estimates the lower and upper bounds for the interval estimate by the 100" percentile and 100( 1   " ) percentile estimates from the nonparametric distribution of the given point estimate. This distribution of the observed values of the given point estimate is determined from repeated resampling of the empirical data. Appendix B defines the point estimators and describes how these estimates were generated from the CSFII data. Appendix B also presents the statistical methods used for generating the nonparametric interval estimates. 4 1 4. " AS PREPARED" FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES This section presents tabulated daily average " as prepared" fish consumption estimates and augments these estimates with selected graphical presentations of the data. Estimates and graphics are organized in subsections. This preface to the subsections delineates the organization of the section.

Tables and figures are first organized by estimates for the U. S. population ( Section 4.1) or " consumers only" ( Section 4.2). For the U. S. population, daily average " as prepared" fish consumption was estimated for:

C finfish and shellfish ( grams/ person/ day), C finfish and shellfish ( milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day), C finfish ( grams/ person/ day), C shellfish ( grams/ person/ day), C low income individuals ( grams/ person/ day), C alternate habitat ( grams/ person/ day), and C mean consumption by species within habitat ( grams/ person/ day).

For " consumers only," estimates were calculated for:

C finfish and shellfish ( grams/ person/ day), C finfish and shellfish ( milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day), and C alternate habitat ( grams/ person/ day).

The tables list estimates of the mean, median, 90th percentile, 95th percentile, and 99th percentile empirical daily average per capita consumption and 90   percent intervals about each estimate. These estimates used survey weights to project data from the USDA's combined 1994 1996 and 1998 CSFII to daily average per capita consumption by the U. S. population. Estimates project consumption from a combined sample of 20,607 individuals to a population of 261,897,236. Subpopulation sample sizes and the projected subpopulation sizes are included on tables, where appropriate.

When estimates are presented according to age and gender, the age categories are ( 1) 14 years of age and younger, ( 2) 15 to 44, and ( 3) 45 years of age and older. For women, 15 to 44 years approximates the childbearing years. Estimates for the subpopulation of individuals 18 and older describe fish consumption by adults. These estimates project consumption from a combined sample of 9,596 individuals 18 years of age and older to a population of 190,930,779. Estimates are also provided by fine age categories for children ages 3 to 17. The age categories for these tables are ( 1) ages 3 to 5, ( 2) ages 6 to 10, ( 3) ages 11 to 15, and ( 4) ages 16 to 17. The combined 1994 96, 1998 CSFII contains 7,429 children ages 3 to 17, with a total projected sample weight of 58,923,560.

Estimates for " consumers only" are based on CSFII respondents who reported consumption of fish on at least one of the two days. Daily average estimates for " consumers 4 2 only," as described in Section 3, are determined across the number of days for which fish consumption was reported.

Low   income is defined in the CSFII as those individuals with gross household incomes at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty threshold. A combined sample of 5,866 individuals in the 1994 1996, 1998 CSFII projects to a low   income population of 50,296,483.

Subsections 4.1.5 and 4.2.2 provide estimates according to the alternate habitat assignments of freshwater, estuarine/ marine, and all fish. The habitat aggregation in this subsection differs from the habitat categories of freshwater/ estuarine and marine. The freshwater/ estuarine combination applies to all subsections except Subsections 4.1.5 and 4.2.2. Notice that the " All Fish" estimates in Subsection 4.1.5 match the corresponding " All Fish" estimates in other subsections. For example, the " All Fish" Finfish consumption estimates listed in Table <IP_ADDRESS> are the same as those listed as " All Fish" in the Finfish subsection. In other words, " All Fish" estimates are calculated across fish habitat type.

Finally, Subsection 4.1.6 lists mean consumption by species for various subpopulations. Interval estimates are not provided. Estimates are listed by habitat in descending order. The five decimal places recorded do not imply significant digits, but rather are included to illustrate those species consumed by various subpopulations. 4 3 SECTION <IP_ADDRESS> TABLE 1. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish and Shellfish ( grams/ person/ day)

Freshwater/ Estuarine: Age by Gender and All Individuals Females Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 5,182 1.56 ( 1.19 1.92) 0.00 ( 0.00 0.48) 5.83 ( 4.42 10.21) 40.03 ( 33.72 51.96)

15 44 2,332 4.28 ( 3.44 5.12) 5.05 ( 2.82 7.94) 23.93 ( 21.81 28.60) 82.86 ( 75.20 111.17)

45 and Older 2,654 4.76 ( 3.96 5.57) 11.84 ( 5.74 16.82) 32.74 ( 26.65 40.10) 79.35 ( 74.17 87.01)

All Ages 10,168 3.85 ( 3.33 4.37) 4.91 ( 2.56 6.29) 23.83 ( 22.14 27.47) 77.09 ( 74.28 85.21)

Males Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 5,277 2.09 ( 1.62 2.55) 0.00 ( 0.00 0.56) 6.55 ( 4.42 10.36) 60.75 ( 42.67 74.18)

15 44 2,382 5.67 ( 4.79 6.55) 10.38 ( 9.19 12.38) 38.56 ( 33.74 49.01) 112.70 ( 91.49 125.08)

45 and Older 2,780 7.38 ( 6.26 8.50) 23.60 ( 19.67 28.12) 56.58 ( 52.33 57.24) 112.26 ( 107.51 130.08)

All Ages 10,439 5.34 ( 4.73 5.95) 9.28 ( 7.05 10.85) 37.09 ( 32.17 40.32) 107.14 ( 97.09 125.08)

Both Sexes Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 10,459 1.83 ( 1.51 2.14) 0.00 ( 0.00 0.00) 6.04 ( 5.53 9.46) 51.67 ( 39.41 61.17)

15 44 4,714 4.97 ( 4.39 5.56) 8.58 ( 5.27 10.39) 31.67 ( 28.62 36.76) 98.87 ( 85.51 125.08)

45 and Older 5,434 5.96 ( 5.19 6.72) 17.44 ( 13.85 22.10) 42.67 ( 37.09 52.80) 104.15 ( 91.00 112.00)

All Ages 20,607 4.58 ( 4.16 5.00) 6.63 ( 5.34 8.54) 29.65 ( 28.12 31.61) 91.01 ( 82.61 100.08)

( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII).

( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages.

( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 20,607 individuals to the U. S. population of 261,897,236 using 4 year combined survey weights.

( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys.

( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.

**: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 4 SECTION <IP_ADDRESS> TABLE 2. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish and Shellfish ( grams/ person/ day)

Marine: Age by Gender and All Individuals Females Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 5,182 3.60 ( 3.02 4.17) 10.75 ( 8.12 13.53) 28.12 ( 24.26 31.03) 61.31 ( 51.19 70.52)

15 44 2,332 7.03 ( 6.12 7.94) 27.90 ( 24.32 28.16) 48.06 ( 42.57 53.68) 96.97 ( 86.64 137.57)

45 and Older 2,654 10.87 ( 9.59 12.14) 41.98 ( 38.39 42.53) 63.28 ( 57.76 66.32) 128.48 ( 120.51 138.27)

All Ages 10,168 7.59 ( 6.91 8.26) 28.12 ( 27.90 29.24) 49.57 ( 46.64 52.39) 106.59 ( 95.23 119.20)

Males Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 5,277 4.34 ( 3.61 5.08) 11.81 ( 8.36 13.95) 29.08 ( 26.67 31.40) 84.35 ( 77.02 113.29)

15 44 2,382 9.41 ( 8.22 10.60) 36.62 ( 27.97 43.12) 72.81 ( 58.82 82.82) 127.44 ( 116.33 153.55)

45 and Older 2,780 11.85 ( 10.54 13.15) 47.05 ( 42.18 54.47) 71.44 ( 64.42 81.34) 140.14 ( 114.89 149.59)

All Ages 10,439 8.94 ( 8.11 9.77) 34.23 ( 28.16 38.51) 63.34 ( 59.04 73.18) 122.80 ( 109.35 139.56)

Both Sexes Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 10,459 3.98 ( 3.46 4.49) 10.78 ( 10.07 13.53) 28.16 ( 27.90 29.80) 78.95 ( 63.00 98.82)

15 44 4,714 8.22 ( 7.35 9.10) 28.15 ( 27.90 34.28) 56.58 ( 54.47 68.87) 115.67 ( 98.46 143.75)

45 and Older 5,434 11.31 ( 10.29 12.34) 42.73 ( 41.98 45.65) 65.14 ( 63.89 68.01) 136.94 ( 125.58 140.29)

All Ages 20,607 8.25 ( 7.61 8.89) 29.20 ( 28.16 32.12) 55.80 ( 54.74 56.85) 114.56 ( 108.94 120.75)

( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII).

( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages.

( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 20,607 individuals to the U. S. population of 261,897,236 using 4 year combined survey weights.

( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys.

( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.

**: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 5 SECTION <IP_ADDRESS> TABLE 3. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish and Shellfish ( grams/ person/ day)

All Fish: Age by Gender and All Individuals Females Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 5,182 5.15 ( 4.38 5.93) 18.90 ( 15.25 21.11) 37.46 ( 30.03 41.67) 80.21 ( 72.56 82.99)

15 44 2,332 11.31 ( 9.96 12.66) 41.23 ( 36.62 46.18) 66.33 ( 60.95 73.04) 143.38 ( 128.01 148.39)

45 and Older 2,654 15.63 ( 14.00 17.26) 56.15 ( 52.68 60.57) 82.90 ( 75.63 87.99) 158.92 ( 141.56 170.55)

All Ages 10,168 11.44 ( 10.46 12.42) 42.17 ( 38.98 45.65) 66.83 ( 63.19 71.44) 140.80 ( 128.45 148.39)

Males Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 5,277 6.43 ( 5.54 7.32) 21.05 ( 15.71 24.88) 42.19 ( 34.02 52.53) 114.26 ( 98.93 130.64)

15 44 2,382 15.08 ( 13.60 16.55) 58.44 ( 51.04 70.29) 89.07 ( 85.62 97.47) 177.18 ( 163.00 185.31)

45 and Older 2,780 19.23 ( 17.59 20.86) 67.73 ( 65.02 72.21) 98.58 ( 92.65 105.09) 167.49 ( 157.03 193.29)

All Ages 10,439 14.28 ( 13.35 15.21) 55.89 ( 51.04 59.38) 86.12 ( 84.30 89.73) 162.57 ( 155.77 178.70)

Both Sexes Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 10,459 5.80 ( 5.15 6.46) 19.41 ( 17.23 21.18) 38.21 ( 36.60 42.13) 96.52 ( 82.99 114.34)

15 44 4,714 13.20 ( 12.16 14.24) 49.98 ( 45.30 56.20) 82.87 ( 76.24 86.13) 162.57 ( 147.17 176.21)

45 and Older 5,434 17.27 ( 15.98 18.56) 61.14 ( 56.60 64.24) 90.47 ( 86.54 93.15) 162.69 ( 158.37 170.55)

All Ages 20,607 12.83 ( 12.05 13.61) 48.19 ( 46.18 49.89) 78.98 ( 74.62 83.25) 153.17 ( 145.88 160.92)

( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII).

( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages.

( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 20,607 individuals to the U. S. population of 261,897,236 using 4 year combined survey weights.

( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys.

( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.

**: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 6 SECTION <IP_ADDRESS> TABLE 4. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish and Shellfish Individuals of Age 18 and Older Grams/ person/ day _____________ 90% Interval**__________

Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Freshwater/ Estuarine Mean 5.48 4.93 6.03 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 11.74 9.87 14.70 95th % 38.01 34.66 43.01 99th % 105.12 91.49 113.45 Marine Mean 9.79 9.01 10.57 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 38.57 36.63 41.48 95th % 63.76 58.79 68.80 99th % 126.32 117.32 140.06 All Fish Mean 15.27 14.30 16.24 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 56.23 55.39 58.28 95th % 86.11 84.28 87.49 99th % 162.57 155.77 170.95 ( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII). ( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages. ( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 9,596 individuals of age 18 and older to the population of 190,930,779 individuals of age 18 and older using 4 year combined survey weights. ( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys. ( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance. **: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 7 SECTION <IP_ADDRESS> TABLE 5. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish and Shellfish ( grams/ person/ day)

Children Ages 3 17 by Fine Age Categories Freshwater/ Estuarine Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

Ages 3 to 5 4,391 1.47 ( 1.19 1.76) 0.14 ( 0.00 0.96) 5.13 ( 4.12 6.21) 38.72 ( 32.91 43.61)

Ages 6 to 10 1,670 2.11 ( 1.36 2.87) 0.00 ( 0.00 0.55) 5.91 ( 3.19 12.69) 60.85*( 51.03 86.03)

Ages 11 to 15 1,005 3.01 ( 2.24 3.78) 1.41 ( 0.51 5.49) 18.20 ( 14.84 21.07) 69.51*( 55.98 75.05)

Ages 16 to 17 363 3.44 ( 1.62 5.27) 0.00 ( 0.00 1.52) 13.14*( 5.18 29.24) 81.18*( 42.02 117.03)

Marine Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

Ages 3 to 5 4,391 3.74 ( 3.23 4.25) 11.10 ( 10.37 12.55) 27.92 ( 24.37 29.07) 59.81 ( 52.40 71.30)

Ages 6 to 10 1,670 4.18 ( 3.48 4.89) 13.12 ( 9.71 17.02) 28.72 ( 27.55 33.77) 78.60*( 49.17 84.38)

Ages 11 to 15 1,005 5.45 ( 4.19 6.72) 13.94 ( 9.76 20.64) 38.50 ( 30.76 50.26) 102.30*( 84.35 113.60)

Ages 16 to 17 363 4.67 ( 2.93 6.41) 0.00 ( 0.00 6.89) 24.23*( 7.77 71.45) 107.78*( 68.43 118.89)

All Fish Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

Ages 3 to 5 4,391 5.22 ( 4.63 5.81) 18.94 ( 15.25 21.34) 35.31 ( 31.07 39.50) 72.22 ( 66.68 81.41)

Ages 6 to 10 1,670 6.30 ( 5.26 7.34) 23.91 ( 21.06 27.02) 39.55 ( 34.34 51.47) 107.75*( 91.61 130.64)

Ages 11 to 15 1,005 8.46 ( 6.92 10.00) 28.14 ( 24.88 31.39) 60.33 ( 53.40 74.18) 122.23*( 106.78 131.92)

Ages 16 to 17 363 8.11 ( 5.41 10.82) 18.62 ( 6.98 40.88) 73.81*( 29.24 89.78) 142.34*( 107.86 200.43)

( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII).

( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages.

( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 7,429 individuals to the U. S. population of 58,923,560 using 4 year combined survey weights.

( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys.

( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.

*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the " Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States."

**: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 12 SECTION <IP_ADDRESS> TABLE 1. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish and Shellfish ( milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day)

Freshwater/ Estuarine: Age by Gender and All Individuals Females Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 4,879 55.95 ( 46.22 65.69) 0.00 ( 0.00 3.43) 207.69 ( 162.31 267.73) 1,515.50 ( 1,305.44 1,800.66)

15 44 2,275 66.86 ( 52.64 81.07) 74.47 ( 40.18 106.65) 380.13 ( 306.35 434.91) 1,329.44 ( 1,237.79 2,020.99)

45 and Older 2,569 71.68 ( 58.28 85.08) 183.50 ( 75.26 246.60) 491.35 ( 369.29 606.21) 1,339.24 ( 1,133.26 1,461.87)

All Ages 9,723 66.28 ( 57.59 74.98) 80.28 ( 43.97 104.43) 397.53 ( 363.73 434.51) 1,351.62 ( 1,221.54 1,527.73)

Males Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 4,994 65.04 ( 52.33 77.76) 0.00 ( 0.00 16.87) 279.17 ( 178.99 384.25) 1,767.05 ( 1,470.28 1,887.98)

15 44 2,369 71.82 ( 60.35 83.30) 130.79 ( 101.25 169.80) 480.81 ( 424.67 574.22) 1,350.22 ( 1,227.91 1,728.58)

45 and Older 2,764 88.04 ( 74.54 101.54) 271.89 ( 212.02 320.60) 666.28 ( 539.81 711.59) 1,377.75 ( 1,259.61 1,508.03)

All Ages 10,127 75.43 ( 67.06 83.79) 130.64 ( 106.47 180.61) 503.88 ( 455.12 560.15) 1,470.46 ( 1,377.53 1,568.19)

Both Sexes Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 9,873 60.59 ( 51.67 69.51) 0.00 ( 0.00 0.00) 230.11 ( 187.28 283.09) 1,689.38 ( 1,470.28 1,805.49)

15 44 4,644 69.35 ( 60.78 77.92) 104.26 ( 72.41 139.38) 431.37 ( 390.39 475.83) 1,335.45 ( 1,237.79 1,683.92)

45 and Older 5,333 79.29 ( 68.87 89.72) 235.81 ( 187.77 284.01) 557.02 ( 493.69 666.38) 1,351.13 ( 1,259.61 1,461.87)

All Ages 19,850 70.79 ( 64.56 77.02) 105.93 ( 87.30 127.95) 450.45 ( 423.86 484.36) 1,432.31 ( 1,325.45 1,520.97)

( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII).

( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages.

( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 19,850 individuals to the U. S. population of 255,582,609 using 4 year combined survey weights.

( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys.

( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.

( 6) 757 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,627 individuals in the population.

**: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 13 SECTION <IP_ADDRESS> TABLE 2. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish and Shellfish ( milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day)

Marine: Age by Gender and All Individuals Females Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 4,879 146.57 ( 125.26 167.88) 380.98 ( 323.92 505.61) 1,027.57 ( 907.69 1,149.29) 2,818.50 ( 2,481.21 2,908.22)

15 44 2,275 113.78 ( 98.32 129.23) 423.46 ( 365.30 484.54) 768.09 ( 649.87 881.18) 1,648.49 ( 1,428.08 2,176.92)

45 and Older 2,569 166.16 ( 146.91 185.42) 619.83 ( 566.91 657.52) 950.42 ( 899.63 1,041.87) 2,021.52 ( 1,898.81 2,682.59)

All Ages 9,723 138.54 ( 126.80 150.27) 501.04 ( 465.44 534.43) 891.56 ( 846.51 923.25) 2,150.73 ( 1,857.89 2,483.56)

Males Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 4,994 154.18 ( 132.44 175.91) 425.66 ( 357.32 493.75) 1,081.22 ( 975.05 1,293.05) 2,678.35 ( 2,383.15 3,072.97)

15 44 2,369 118.18 ( 103.89 132.47) 443.64 ( 368.30 546.56) 879.88 ( 759.85 954.12) 1,642.99 ( 1,454.33 1,818.57)

45 and Older 2,764 149.26 ( 132.84 165.68) 568.10 ( 504.12 673.19) 888.72 ( 830.89 989.87) 1,859.28 ( 1,724.55 2,011.40)

All Ages 10,127 135.63 ( 124.58 146.68) 494.03 ( 445.36 543.18) 907.08 ( 868.38 954.12) 1,965.47 ( 1,816.57 2,246.91)

Both Sexes Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 9,873 150.45 ( 133.91 166.98) 413.20 ( 366.49 475.90) 1,037.35 ( 1,002.30 1,162.76) 2,691.79 ( 2,481.21 2,823.18)

15 44 4,644 116.02 ( 103.69 128.35) 440.37 ( 388.93 487.66) 829.65 ( 750.11 919.72) 1,651.83 ( 1,486.91 1,792.57)

45 and Older 5,333 158.30 ( 144.04 172.56) 600.92 ( 562.17 642.27) 920.70 ( 882.46 977.46) 1,975.67 ( 1,784.53 2,117.92)

All Ages 19,850 137.11 ( 127.60 146.61) 497.43 ( 479.82 517.48) 902.75 ( 869.42 938.30) 2,014.52 ( 1,947.15 2,158.09)

( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII).

( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages.

( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 19,850 individuals to the U. S. population of 255,582,609 using 4 year combined survey weights.

( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys.

( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.

( 6) 757 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,627 individuals in the population.

**: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 14 SECTION <IP_ADDRESS> TABLE 3. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish and Shellfish ( milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day)

All Fish: Age by Gender and All Individuals Females Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 4,879 202.52 ( 177.83 227.21) 692.68 ( 619.31 794.52) 1,344.33 ( 1,224.10 1,489.40) 3,297.06 ( 2,823.18 3,680.33)

15 44 2,275 180.63 ( 157.77 203.50) 640.94 ( 593.05 750.11) 1,040.45 ( 909.84 1,225.70) 2,291.55 ( 2,095.66 2,493.52)

45 and Older 2,569 237.84 ( 212.27 263.42) 812.24 ( 732.05 918.35) 1,264.94 ( 1,165.11 1,352.82) 2,695.97 ( 2,247.02 2,974.01)

All Ages 9,723 204.82 ( 188.14 221.49) 730.67 ( 670.50 768.19) 1,211.28 ( 1,128.36 1,256.15) 2,650.83 ( 2,358.33 2,823.18)

Males Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 4,994 219.22 ( 194.76 243.68) 744.58 ( 582.70 881.06) 1,469.91 ( 1,281.74 1,775.17) 3,391.54 ( 2,893.31 3,953.68)

15 44 2,369 190.00 ( 171.40 208.60) 756.08 ( 688.99 851.35) 1,164.80 ( 1,060.16 1,239.45) 2,237.99 ( 2,045.28 2,491.65)

45 and Older 2,764 237.30 ( 217.05 257.54) 848.97 ( 811.74 919.86) 1,253.04 ( 1,182.85 1,282.37) 2,309.81 ( 2,078.60 2,438.28)

All Ages 10,127 211.05 ( 198.61 223.50) 791.69 ( 727.02 884.24) 1,239.38 ( 1,201.26 1,282.37) 2,536.85 ( 2,323.68 2,679.31)

Both Sexes Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

14 and Younger 9,873 211.04 ( 191.31 230.77) 713.36 ( 651.97 779.69) 1,428.56 ( 1,344.46 1,499.23) 3,354.29 ( 3,223.83 3,457.94)

15 44 4,644 185.37 ( 170.26 200.48) 714.19 ( 644.69 802.83) 1,138.91 ( 1,014.11 1,228.10) 2,289.93 ( 2,082.31 2,476.11)

45 and Older 5,333 237.59 ( 219.24 255.94) 835.63 ( 766.60 882.72) 1,260.96 ( 1,184.81 1,313.50) 2,385.97 ( 2,158.09 2,672.09)

All Ages 19,850 207.90 ( 195.73 220.06) 762.33 ( 736.99 790.30) 1,227.24 ( 1,197.67 1,250.56) 2,539.05 ( 2,475.59 2,679.31)

( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII).

( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages.

( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 19,850 individuals to the U. S. population of 255,582,609 using 4 year combined survey weights.

( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys.

( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.

( 6) 757 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,627 individuals in the population.

**: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 15 SECTION <IP_ADDRESS> TABLE 4. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish and Shellfish Individuals of Age 18 and Older Milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day _____________ 90% Interval**__________

Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Freshwater/ Estuarine Mean 74.58 67.23 81.94 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 158.16 124.67 198.19 95th % 502.20 452.15 566.68 99th % 1,352.52 1,237.79 1,511.48 Marine Mean 136.87 125.95 147.79 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 527.16 501.24 574.84 95th % 881.16 839.50 945.14 99th % 1,798.46 1,707.53 1,971.21 All Fish Mean 211.45 197.59 225.32 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 778.79 743.19 816.43 95th % 1,198.02 1,164.67 1,237.79 99th % 2,327.24 2,198.06 2,438.28 ( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII). ( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages. ( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 9,432 individuals of age 18 and older to the population of 187,533,204 individuals of age 18 and older using 4 year combined survey weights. ( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys. ( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance. ( 6) 757 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,627 individuals in the population. **: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 16 SECTION <IP_ADDRESS> TABLE 5. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish and Shellfish ( milligrams/ kilogram of body weight/ day)

Children Ages 3 17 by Fine Age Categories Freshwater/ Estuarine Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

Ages 3 to 5 4,112 82.93 ( 67.17 98.69) 0.00 ( 0.00 55.46) 283.55 ( 240.41 352.60) 2,317.17 ( 1,736.16 2,463.09)

Ages 6 to 10 1,553 59.25 ( 39.31 79.19) 0.00 ( 0.00 5.34) 177.77 ( 87.76 401.82) 1,662.09*( 1,433.33 2,335.41)

Ages 11 to 15 975 53.29 ( 42.15 64.43) 27.44 ( 0.00 78.01) 311.51 ( 253.05 389.71) 1,237.08*( 950.34 1,520.97)

Ages 16 to 17 360 49.45 ( 22.66 76.24) 0.00 ( 0.00 33.44) 213.15*( 105.71 390.39) 1,186.15*( 600.22 2,095.66)

Marine Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

Ages 3 to 5 4,112 209.27 ( 181.47 237.06) 613.74 ( 525.30 695.61) 1,537.30 ( 1,339.89 1,669.77) 3,447.36 ( 3,274.15 3,715.97)

Ages 6 to 10 1,553 149.82 ( 122.54 177.10) 416.19 ( 326.38 545.59) 1,055.21 ( 968.84 1,275.18) 2,799.51*( 2,021.40 3,298.10)

Ages 11 to 15 975 108.69 ( 84.14 133.25) 337.95 ( 179.10 413.20) 821.05 ( 628.62 1,033.67) 1,901.71*( 1,537.42 2,366.14)

Ages 16 to 17 360 74.57 ( 46.40 102.75) 0.00 ( 0.00 124.08) 380.78*( 131.93 950.92) 1,785.18*( 1,225.50 2,342.31)

All Fish Age Sample Size Mean ( 90% C. I.) 90th % ( 90% B. I.)** 95th % ( 90% B. I.)** 99th % ( 90% B. I.)**

Ages 3 to 5 4,112 292.19 ( 258.61 325.78) 1,056.71 ( 931.20 1,232.43) 1,988.44 ( 1,812.70 2,147.10) 4,088.71 ( 3,732.61 4,507.92)

Ages 6 to 10 1,553 209.07 ( 175.70 242.44) 779.53 ( 643.78 841.91) 1,356.56 ( 1,173.11 1,451.46) 3,350.34*( 2,724.77 4,408.10)

Ages 11 to 15 975 161.99 ( 133.12 190.85) 569.80 ( 475.90 664.30) 1,050.97 ( 991.15 1,313.37) 2,304.52*( 1,907.98 2,767.40)

Ages 16 to 17 360 124.02 ( 83.03 165.01) 260.84 ( 110.31 600.22) 1,029.23*( 390.39 1,238.66) 2,359.38*( 2,095.66 2,675.66)

( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII).

( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages.

( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 7,429 individuals to the U. S. population of 58,923,560 using 4 year combined survey weights.

( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys.

( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance.

( 6) 757 individuals did not report body weight. They represent 6,343,627 individuals in the population.

*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the " Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States."

**: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 17 SECTION 4.1.2 TABLE 1. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish All Individuals Grams/ person/ day _____________ 90% Interval**__________

Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Freshwater/ Estuarine Mean 2.55 2.26 2.84 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 95th % 6.67 5.34 9.34 99th % 67.22 63.45 75.54 Marine Mean 6.57 6.13 7.01 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 26.30 24.27 27.37 95th % 46.07 43.12 47.50 99th % 94.71 89.78 100.44 All Fish Mean 9.12 8.58 9.67 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 34.83 31.41 36.62 95th % 59.84 57.54 61.63 99th % 126.30 120.58 130.08 ( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII). ( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages. ( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 20,607 individuals to the U. S. population of 261,897,236 using 4 year combined survey weights. ( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys. ( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance. **: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 18 SECTION 4.1.2 TABLE 2. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish Individuals of Age 18 and Older Grams/ person/ day _____________ 90% Interval**__________

Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Freshwater/ Estuarine Mean 3.06 2.67 3.44 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.57 95th % 11.90 9.46 17.63 99th % 75.38 67.28 84.80 Marine Mean 7.66 7.16 8.17 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 28.15 28.12 29.80 95th % 53.40 50.34 54.47 99th % 103.22 92.38 108.94 All Fish Mean 10.72 10.07 11.37 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 41.64 39.80 42.53 95th % 65.04 64.00 68.55 99th % 135.60 130.08 146.49 ( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII). ( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages. ( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 9,596 individuals of age 18 and older to the population of 190,930,779 individuals of age 18 and older using 4 year combined survey weights. ( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys. ( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance. **: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 19 SECTION 4.1.3 TABLE 1. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Shellfish All Individuals Grams/ person/ day _____________ 90% Interval**__________

Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Freshwater/ Estuarine Mean 2.03 1.75 2.30 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 95th % 9.56 7.88 10.63 99th % 59.34 51.47 64.01 Marine Mean 1.68 1.33 2.03 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 95th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 99th % 67.86 51.57 84.47 All Fish Mean 3.70 3.23 4.18 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 95th % 22.63 17.19 26.33 99th % 90.55 82.88 95.70 ( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII). ( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages. ( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 20,607 individuals to the U. S. population of 261,897,236 using 4 year combined survey weights. ( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys. ( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance. **: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 20 SECTION 4.1.3 TABLE 2. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Shellfish Individuals of Age 18 and Older Grams/ person/ day _____________ 90% Interval**__________

Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Freshwater/ Estuarine Mean 2.42 2.08 2.77 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.33 95th % 12.90 10.88 16.08 99th % 61.82 54.58 71.67 Marine Mean 2.13 1.66 2.60 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 95th % 0.00 0.00 2.12 99th % 83.70 51.71 84.52 All Fish Mean 4.55 3.93 5.17 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 5.20 95th % 32.11 25.64 40.13 99th % 94.91 86.18 112.47 ( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII). ( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages. ( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 9,596 individuals of age 18 and older to the population of 190,930,779 individuals of age 18 and older using 4 year combined survey weights. ( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys. ( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance. **: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 21 SECTION 4.1.4 TABLE 1. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish Low income Population Grams/ person/ day _____________ 90% Interval**__________

Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Freshwater/ Estuarine Mean 2.84 2.04 3.65 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 95th % 5.70 3.36 10.41 99th % 81.80 68.04 114.48 Marine Mean 5.39 4.64 6.14 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 13.95 9.43 18.84 95th % 38.52 33.77 43.05 99th % 88.24 84.35 111.61 All Fish Mean 8.24 7.04 9.43 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 27.90 24.88 29.82 95th % 55.20 50.33 60.95 99th % 129.37 108.06 159.54 ( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII). ( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages. ( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 5,866 low income individuals to the low income U. S. population of 50,196,483 using 4 year combined survey weights. ( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys. ( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance. ( 6) Low income is defined as individuals from households with gross income at or below 130% of the federal poverty threshold. **: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 22 SECTION 4.1.4 TABLE 2. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Shellfish Low income Population Grams/ person/ day _____________ 90% Interval**__________

Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Freshwater/ Estuarine Mean 1.50 1.11 1.90 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 95th % 1.55 0.00 1.66 99th % 49.78 39.01 74.18 Marine Mean 1.58 0.34 2.82 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 95th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 99th % 78.49 17.91 84.47 All Fish Mean 3.09 1.79 4.39 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 95th % 11.12 3.08 32.11 99th % 86.00 75.85 91.60 ( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII). ( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages. ( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 5,866 low income individuals to the low income U. S. population of 50,196,483 using 4 year combined survey weights. ( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys. ( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance. ( 6) Low income is defined as individuals from households with gross income at or below 130% of the federal poverty threshold. **: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 23 SECTION 4.1.4 TABLE 3. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish and Shellfish Low income Population Grams/ person/ day _____________ 90% Interval**__________

Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Freshwater/ Estuarine Mean 4.35 3.43 5.27 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 1.66 1.64 2.97 95th % 22.25 20.36 29.45 99th % 107.60 84.08 130.08 Marine Mean 6.97 5.57 8.38 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 24.06 16.38 28.12 95th % 51.00 39.11 76.45 99th % 106.96 89.16 114.92 All Fish Mean 11.32 9.66 12.99 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 39.89 33.16 48.83 95th % 79.38 69.27 86.13 99th % 149.76 130.08 170.95 ( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII). ( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages. ( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 5,866 low income individuals to the low income U. S. population of 50,196,483 using 4 year combined survey weights. ( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys. ( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance. ( 6) Low income is defined as individuals from households with gross income at or below 130% of the federal poverty threshold. **: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 24 SECTION 4.1.5 TABLE 1. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish Alternate Habitat Grams/ person/ day _____________ 90% Interval**__________

Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Freshwater Mean 0.87 0.72 1.02 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 95th % 0.02 0.00 0.02 99th % 32.07 27.47 37.52 Estuarine/ Marine Mean 8.26 7.74 8.77 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 29.68 28.27 32.12 95th % 56.15 55.81 56.32 99th % 110.84 106.35 115.73 All Fish Mean 9.12 8.58 9.67 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 34.83 31.41 36.62 95th % 59.84 57.54 61.63 99th % 126.30 120.58 130.08 ( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII). ( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages. ( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 20,607 individuals to the U. S. population of 261,897,236 using 4 year combined survey weights. ( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys. ( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance. **: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 25 SECTION 4.1.5 TABLE 2. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Shellfish Alternate Habitat Grams/ person/ day _____________ 90% Interval**__________

Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Freshwater Mean 0.01 0.00 0.02 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 95th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 99th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 Estuarine/ Marine Mean 3.70 3.22 4.17 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 95th % 22.63 17.19 26.33 99th % 87.36 79.39 94.24 All Fish Mean 3.70 3.23 4.18 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 95th % 22.63 17.19 26.33 99th % 90.55 82.88 95.70 ( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII). ( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages. ( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 20,607 individuals to the U. S. population of 261,897,236 using 4 year combined survey weights. ( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys. ( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance. **: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 26 SECTION 4.1.5 TABLE 3. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Finfish and Shellfish Alternate Habitat Grams/ person/ day _____________ 90% Interval**__________

Habitat Statistic Estimate Lower Bound Upper Bound Freshwater Mean 0.88 0.73 1.02 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 95th % 0.02 0.00 0.03 99th % 32.09 27.47 37.52 Estuarine/ Marine Mean 11.95 11.19 12.72 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 44.99 42.75 46.19 95th % 74.19 71.44 76.45 99th % 146.14 139.00 152.03 All Fish Mean 12.83 12.05 13.61 50th % 0.00 0.00 0.00 90th % 48.19 46.18 49.89 95th % 78.98 74.62 83.25 99th % 153.17 145.88 160.92 ( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII). ( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages. ( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 20,607 individuals to the U. S. population of 261,897,236 using 4 year combined survey weights. ( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys. ( 5) Interval estimates may involve aggregation of variance estimation units when data are too sparse to support estimation of the variance. **: Percentile intervals were estimated using the percentile bootstrap method with 1,000 bootstrap replications. 4 27 SECTION 4.1.6 TABLE 1. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Mean Consumption by Species within Habitat Females of Age 14 and Younger Estimated Mean Habitat Species Grams/ person/ day Estimated Mean Habitat Species Grams/ person/ day Estimated Mean Habitat Species Grams/ person/ day Estuarine Shrimp 0.43624 Marine Ocean Perch 0.07833* All Species Trout, mixed sp. ( Estuarine) 0.05232*

Crab ( Estuarine) 0.12652* ( con't.) Sea Bass 0.04055* ( con't.) Trout, mixed sp. ( Freshwater) 0.05232*

Catfish ( Estuarine) 0.12642* Scallop ( Marine) 0.03934* Perch ( Estuarine) 0.05097*

Flounder 0.12074* Mackerel 0.03136* Perch ( Freshwater) 0.05097*

Flatfish ( Estuarine) 0.07679* Pompano 0.02383* Trout 0.04770*

Trout, mixed sp. ( Estuarine) 0.05232* Flatfish ( Marine) 0.01438* Sea Bass 0.04055*

Perch ( Estuarine) 0.05097* Porgy 0.01382* Scallop ( Marine) 0.03934*

Croaker 0.03920* Lobster 0.01115* Croaker 0.03920*

Mullet 0.02218* Halibut 0.00521* Mackerel 0.03136*

Oyster 0.02027* Sardine 0.00519* Pompano 0.02383*

Salmon ( Estuarine) 0.01581* Swordfish 0.00386* Mullet 0.02218*

Herring 0.01378* Squid 0.00361* Oyster 0.02027*

Rockfish 0.00691* Whitefish ( Marine) 0.00339* Salmon ( Estuarine) 0.01581*

Anchovy 0.00522* Mussels 0.00154* Flatfish ( Marine) 0.01438*

Clam ( Estuarine) 0.00389* Snapper 0.00009* Porgy 0.01382*

Scallop ( Estuarine) 0.00027* Herring 0.01378*

Unknown Fish 0.38095 Lobster 0.01115*

Freshwater Catfish ( Freshwater) 0.12642* Seafood 0.00047* Rockfish 0.00691*

Trout, mixed sp. ( Freshwater) 0.05232* Carp 0.00608*

Perch ( Freshwater) 0.05097* All Species Tuna 1.40988 Anchovy 0.00522*

Trout 0.04770* Cod 0.57052 Halibut 0.00521*

Carp 0.00608* Shrimp 0.43624 Sardine 0.00519*

Cisco 0.00366* Fish 0.38095 Clam ( Estuarine) 0.00389*

Whitefish ( Freshwater) 0.00339* Salmon ( Marine) 0.31835* Swordfish 0.00386*

Pike 0.00255* Pollock 0.31789* Cisco 0.00366*

Salmon ( Freshwater) 0.00017* Clam ( Marine) 0.14529* Squid 0.00361*

Crab ( Marine) 0.14365* Whitefish ( Freshwater) 0.00339*

Marine Tuna 1.40988 Crab ( Estuarine) 0.12652* Whitefish ( Marine) 0.00339*

Cod 0.57052 Catfish ( Estuarine) 0.12642* Pike 0.00255*

Salmon ( Marine) 0.31835* Catfish ( Freshwater) 0.12642* Mussels 0.00154*

Pollock 0.31789* Flounder 0.12074* Seafood 0.00047*

Clam ( Marine) 0.14529* Haddock 0.10034* Scallop ( Estuarine) 0.00027*

Crab ( Marine) 0.14365* Whiting 0.08056* Salmon ( Freshwater) 0.00017*

Haddock 0.10034* Ocean Perch 0.07833* Snapper 0.00009*

Whiting 0.08056* Flatfish ( Estuarine) 0.07679*

( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII).

( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages.

( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 5,182 individuals to the U. S. population of 29,264,187 using 4 year combined survey weights.

( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys.

*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the " Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States". 4 28 SECTION 4.1.6 TABLE 2. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Mean Consumption by Species within Habitat Females of Age 15 to 44 Estimated Mean Habitat Species Grams/ person/ day Estimated Mean Habitat Species Grams/ person/ day Estimated Mean Habitat Species Grams/ person/ day Estuarine Shrimp 1.79975 Marine Crab ( Marine) 0.18799* All Species Pompano 0.14685*

Catfish ( Estuarine) 0.36552* ( con't.) Scallop ( Marine) 0.15755* ( con't.) Ocean Perch 0.12941*

Flatfish ( Estuarine) 0.32317* Squid 0.15166* Porgy 0.12244*

Flounder 0.17232* Pompano 0.14685* Perch ( Estuarine) 0.09530*

Crab ( Estuarine) 0.16558* Ocean Perch 0.12941* Perch ( Freshwater) 0.09530*

Perch ( Estuarine) 0.09530* Porgy 0.12244* Fish 0.09390*

Trout, mixed sp. ( Estuarine) 0.07916* Whiting 0.08350* Whiting 0.08350*

Oyster 0.06087* Sardine 0.08130* Sardine 0.08130*

Croaker 0.04853* Flatfish ( Marine) 0.06051* Trout, mixed sp. ( Estuarine) 0.07916*

Mullet 0.04625* Sea Bass 0.05865* Trout, mixed sp. ( Freshwater) 0.07916*

Salmon ( Estuarine) 0.04172* Mackerel 0.03120* Oyster 0.06087*

Anchovy 0.03812* Mussels 0.01907* Flatfish ( Marine) 0.06051*

Rockfish 0.03504* Halibut 0.01366* Carp 0.06010*

Herring 0.02833* Conch 0.00689* Sea Bass 0.05865*

Clam ( Estuarine) 0.01726* Snapper 0.00679* Croaker 0.04853*

Eel 0.00202* Whitefish ( Marine) 0.00061* Mullet 0.04625*

Scallop ( Estuarine) 0.00106* Salmon ( Estuarine) 0.04172*

Sturgeon ( Estuarine) 0.00056* Unknown Fish 0.09390* Anchovy 0.03812*

Seafood 0.00322* Rockfish 0.03504*

Freshwater Catfish ( Freshwater) 0.36552* Mackerel 0.03120*

Trout 0.24246* All Species Tuna 2.62369 Herring 0.02833*

Perch ( Freshwater) 0.09530* Shrimp 1.79975 Mussels 0.01907*

Trout, mixed sp. ( Freshwater) 0.07916* Cod 0.90879* Clam ( Estuarine) 0.01726*

Carp 0.06010* Salmon ( Marine) 0.83997* Halibut 0.01366*

Pike 0.00787* Clam ( Marine) 0.64409* Pike 0.00787*

Cisco 0.00106* Catfish ( Estuarine) 0.36552* Conch 0.00689*

Whitefish ( Freshwater) 0.00061* Catfish ( Freshwater) 0.36552* Snapper 0.00679*

Sturgeon ( Freshwater) 0.00056* Flatfish ( Estuarine) 0.32317* Seafood 0.00322*

Salmon ( Freshwater) 0.00044* Lobster 0.27145* Eel 0.00202*

Pollock 0.25225* Scallop ( Estuarine) 0.00106*

Marine Tuna 2.62369 Trout 0.24246* Cisco 0.00106*

Cod 0.90879* Haddock 0.24170* Whitefish ( Freshwater) 0.00061*

Salmon ( Marine) 0.83997* Crab ( Marine) 0.18799* Whitefish ( Marine) 0.00061*

Clam ( Marine) 0.64409* Flounder 0.17232* Sturgeon ( Estuarine) 0.00056*

Lobster 0.27145* Crab ( Estuarine) 0.16558* Sturgeon ( Freshwater) 0.00056*

Pollock 0.25225* Scallop ( Marine) 0.15755* Salmon ( Freshwater) 0.00044*

Haddock 0.24170* Squid 0.15166*

( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII).

( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages.

( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 2,332 individuals to the U. S. population of 58,970,270 using 4 year combined survey weights.

( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys.

*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the " Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States". 4 29 SECTION 4.1.6 TABLE 3. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Mean Consumption by Species within Habitat Females of Age 45 and Older Estimated Mean Habitat Species Grams/ person/ day Estimated Mean Habitat Species Grams/ person/ day Estimated Mean Habitat Species Grams/ person/ day Estuarine Shrimp 1.36390 Marine Pollock 0.27192* All Species Carp 0.18062*

Flounder 0.87864* ( con't.) Swordfish 0.20097* ( con't.) Fish 0.17803*

Catfish ( Estuarine) 0.32047* Mackerel 0.19221* Crab ( Estuarine) 0.16509*

Herring 0.23283* Crab ( Marine) 0.18744* Trout 0.16278*

Flatfish ( Estuarine) 0.23150* Ocean Perch 0.15961* Ocean Perch 0.15961*

Crab ( Estuarine) 0.16509* Scallop ( Marine) 0.15056* Scallop ( Marine) 0.15056*

Perch ( Estuarine) 0.10831* Lobster 0.14065* Lobster 0.14065*

Croaker 0.09846* Squid 0.11659* Squid 0.11659*

Salmon ( Estuarine) 0.07612 Snapper 0.11452* Snapper 0.11452*

Oyster 0.07289* Sea Bass 0.08798* Perch ( Estuarine) 0.10831*

Rockfish 0.05097* Halibut 0.08743* Perch ( Freshwater) 0.10831*

Trout, mixed sp. ( Estuarine) 0.04023* Mussels 0.06865* Croaker 0.09846*

Clam ( Estuarine) 0.03115* Sardine 0.05269* Sea Bass 0.08798*

Anchovy 0.01891* Flatfish ( Marine) 0.04334* Halibut 0.08743*

Mullet 0.01404* Whitefish ( Marine) 0.04176* Pike 0.07948*

Smelts ( Estuarine) 0.01394* Pompano 0.03550* Salmon ( Estuarine) 0.07612 Smelts, Rainbow ( Estuarine) 0.00212* Smelts ( Marine) 0.01394* Oyster 0.07289*

Scallop ( Estuarine) 0.00102* Mussels 0.06865*

Unknown Fish 0.17803* Sardine 0.05269*

Freshwater Catfish ( Freshwater) 0.32047* Rockfish 0.05097*

Carp 0.18062* All Species Tuna 3.35218 Flatfish ( Marine) 0.04334*

Trout 0.16278* Salmon ( Marine) 1.53248 Whitefish ( Freshwater) 0.04176*

Perch ( Freshwater) 0.10831* Shrimp 1.36390 Whitefish ( Marine) 0.04176*

Pike 0.07948* Cod 1.35627* Trout, mixed sp. ( Estuarine) 0.04023*

Whitefish ( Freshwater) 0.04176* Clam ( Marine) 1.16221* Trout, mixed sp. ( Freshwater) 0.04023*

Trout, mixed sp. ( Freshwater) 0.04023* Flounder 0.87864* Pompano 0.03550*

Cisco 0.00350* Porgy 0.61332* Clam ( Estuarine) 0.03115*

Smelts, Rainbow ( Freshwater) 0.00212* Haddock 0.52178* Anchovy 0.01891*

Salmon ( Freshwater) 0.00080 Catfish ( Estuarine) 0.32047* Mullet 0.01404*

Catfish ( Freshwater) 0.32047* Smelts ( Estuarine) 0.01394*

Marine Tuna 3.35218 Whiting 0.28532* Smelts ( Marine) 0.01394*

Salmon ( Marine) 1.53248 Pollock 0.27192* Cisco 0.00350*

Cod 1.35627* Herring 0.23283* Smelts, Rainbow ( Estuarine) 0.00212*

Clam ( Marine) 1.16221* Flatfish ( Estuarine) 0.23150* Smelts, Rainbow 0.00212*

Porgy 0.61332* Swordfish 0.20097* Scallop ( Estuarine) 0.00102*

Haddock 0.52178* Mackerel 0.19221* Salmon ( Freshwater) 0.00080 Whiting 0.28532* Crab ( Marine) 0.18744*

( 1) Source of data: 1994 1996, 1998 USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals ( CSFII).

( 2) Estimates are based on 2 day averages.

( 3) Estimates are projected from a sample of 2,654 individuals to the U. S. population of 45,695,152 using 4 year combined survey weights.

( 4) The fish component of foods containing fish was calculated using data from the recipe file of the USDA's Nutrient Data Base for Individual Food Intake Surveys.

*: The sample size does not meet minimum reporting requirements as described in the " Third Report on Nutrition Monitoring in the United States". 4 30 SECTION 4.1.6 TABLE 4. AS PREPARED FISH CONSUMPTION ESTIMATES U. S. Population  Mean Consumption by Species within Habitat All Females Estimated Mean Habitat Species Grams/ person/ day Estimated Mean Habitat Species Grams/ person/ day Estimated Mean Habitat Species Grams/ person/ day Estuarine Shrimp 1.35311 Marine Crab ( Marine) 0.17811 All Species Scallop ( Marine) 0.12934*

Flounder 0.40204* ( con't.) Lobster 0.16995* ( con't.) Ocean Perch 0.12855*

Catfish ( Estuarine) 0.29790 Whiting 0.15172 Squid 0.10735*

Flatfish ( Estuarine) 0.23806 Scallop ( Marine) 0.12934* Herring 0.09492*

Crab ( Estuarine) 0.15688 Ocean Perch 0.12855* Perch ( Estuarine) 0.09005*

Herring 0.09492* Squid 0.10735* Perch ( Freshwater) 0.09005*

Perch ( Estuarine) 0.09005* Mackerel 0.08617* Carp 0.08941*

Croaker 0.06353* Pompano 0.08198* Mackerel 0.08617*

Trout, mixed sp. ( Estuarine) 0.06001* Swordfish 0.06941* Pompano 0.08198*

Oyster 0.05610* Sea Bass 0.06470* Swordfish 0.06941*

Salmon ( Estuarine) 0.04780 Sardine 0.05491* Sea Bass 0.06470*

Rockfish 0.03433* Flatfish ( Marine) 0.04457 Croaker 0.06353*

Mullet 0.03000* Snapper 0.04208* Trout, mixed sp. ( Estuarine) 0.06001*

Anchovy 0.02438* Halibut 0.03698* Trout, mixed sp. ( Freshwater) 0.06001*

Clam ( Estuarine) 0.01908 Mussels 0.03215* Oyster 0.05610*

Smelts ( Estuarine) 0.00476* Whitefish ( Marine) 0.01526* Sardine 0.05491*

Eel 0.00089* Smelts ( Marine) 0.00476* Salmon ( Estuarine) 0.04780 Scallop ( Estuarine) 0.00087* Conch 0.00303* Flatfish ( Marine) 0.04457 Smelts, Rainbow ( Estuarine) 0.00072* Snapper 0.04208*

Sturgeon ( Estuarine) 0.00025* Unknown Fish 0.18532 Halibut 0.03698*

Seafood 0.00152* Rockfish 0.03433*

Freshwater Catfish ( Freshwater) 0.29790 Mussels 0.03215*

Trout 0.17272* All Species Tuna 2.60702 Pike 0.03114*

Perch ( Freshwater) 0.09005* Shrimp 1.35311 Mullet 0.03000*

Carp 0.08941* Cod 0.98755 Anchovy 0.02438*

Trout, mixed sp. ( Freshwater) 0.06001* Salmon ( Marine) 0.96227 Clam ( Estuarine) 0.01908 Pike 0.03114* Clam ( Marine) 0.71187 Whitefish ( Freshwater) 0.01526*

Whitefish ( Freshwater) 0.01526* Flounder 0.40204* Whitefish ( Marine) 0.01526*

Cisco 0.00246* Haddock 0.30637* Smelts ( Estuarine) 0.00476*

Smelts, Rainbow ( Freshwater) 0.00072* Catfish ( Estuarine) 0.29790 Smelts ( Marine) 0.00476*