Kan, Ting Tien, Joseph B. Aitsi, John E. Kasu, Tatsuro Matsuoka, and Henry L. Nagaleta ( 1995).  Temporal Changes in Tropical Nekton Assemblage and Performance of a Prawn Selective Gear.  Marine Fisheries Review, 57( 3 4): 21 34.

Bycatch problems in the regional prawn fisheries and their possible impacts on fishery planning and development in Papua New Guinea as a developing country are discussed. The gear tested may offer enormous ecological and economic benefits. The gear is multipurpose, extremely simple, and can also be used as a biological sampler.

Kanninen, Barbara J. ( 1995).  Bias in Discrete Response Contingent Valuation.  Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 28: 114 125.

The empirical literature on discrete response contingent valuation has found that seemingly innocuous changes in the statistical models estimated result in significantly different point estimates of willingness to pay. This paper hypothesizes and tests several potential explanations for these results. First, it investigates and compares the biases inherent in single bounded and double bounded maximum likelihood estimation procedures and examines how they react to various bid designs and sample sizes. Then, it examines the presence and identification of  outliers  in binary choice data and how these outliers influence estimation. Finally, it presents an alternative approach to addressing the issue of outliers which explicitly acknowledges the possibility of upwardly biased response probabilities.

Kanninen, Barbara J. and M. Sami Khawaja ( 1995).  Measuring goodness of Fit for the Double Bounded Logit Model.  The American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77( 4): 885 890.

The traditional approaches of measuring goodness of fit are shown to be 3 4 1 inappropriate in the case of the double bounded logit models. An alternative approach called the  sequential classification procedure  is presented as a possible alternative to the standard tests. The double bounded logit model is reviewed along with the standard goodness of fit measures. The sequential classification procedure and its features are presented in the context of an empirical example.

Kaoru, Yoshiaki, V. Kerry Smith, and Jin Long Liu ( 1995).  Using Random Utility Models to Estimate the Recreational Value of Estuarine Resources.  American Journal Agricultural Economics, 77( 1): 141 151.

In this paper we describe a model using a household production framework to link measures of nonpoint source pollution to fishing quality and a random utility model to describe how that quality influences sport fishing parties  decisions in North Carolina. The results provide clear support for using a model that evaluates the effects of pollution on the activities and decisions associated with the fishing activity once a trip is taken. Site selection decisions are then conditioned on the anticipated quality of fishing sites. The framework also has the advantage of linking the spatial, technical, and economic information required to evaluate the management plans required for estuaries under the National Estuarine Program.

Karas, Nick ( 1995). " History of Giant Tuna in Atlantic." Outdoors column, source unknown.

A history of the bluefin tuna fishery in the western North Atlantic as a game fish and commercial fishery.

Karp, Larry, Arye Sadeh, and Wade L. Griffin ( 1986). " Cycles in Agricultural Production: The Case of Aquaculture." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68( 3): 553 561.

The problem of determining optimal harvest and restocking time and levels is considered. A continuous time deterministic control problem is used to study the case where production occurs in a controlled environment. A stochastic control problem is then used to determine rules for the cultivation of P. stylirostris which occurs in a stochastic environment. The deterministic analog of the problem is also solved. The two solutions are used to develop a measure for the value of a controlled environment and for the value of information about the stochastic environment.

Karpoff, Jonathan M. ( 1984). " Insights from the Markets for Limited Entry Permits in Alaska." Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 41: 1160 1166.

Under Alaska's entry limitation program, transferable permits convey fishing rights. Information from permit markets is used to study several key issues regarding the behavior of fishermen and the effects of fishery management policy. I conclude that ( 1) expectations of future fishing incomes are the primary determinants of permit prices, ( 2) Alaska Department of Fish and Game forecasts of fish recruitment are capitalized in permit values, ( 3) a state program that provides low interest loan money to some purchasers of permits has coincided with a significant increase in permit prices, ( 4) the " average memory" of fishermen in projecting future incomes is about 2.5 years, and ( 5) it is possible to infer the rate at which the markets discount future fishing income flows.

Karpoff, J. M. ( 1985). " Time, Capital Intensity, and the Cost of Fishing Effort." Western Journal of Agricultural Economics, 10( 2): 254 3 4 2 258.

If the short run marginal costs of setting and retrieving a net one more time, fishing an extra day, or setting an extra pot or trap are constant, then the prediction by Anderson ( 1976) that entry limitations preserve a portion of the fishery's value could be invalid. A vessel's optimum capital intensity depends on the length of the fishing season. The shorter the fishing season, the less time each fisherman has to utilize his capital to harvest fish, and the less total fishing effort is applied to the fishery. Since higher levels of catching power are now utilized over a shorter fishing season, they lose some of their cost advantages, and less capital intensive vessels become more cost effective. Stricter time constraints penalize more capital intensive vessels relatively heavily and create wealth transfers among classes of fishermen. The logical extension of this line of reasoning would be that less capital intensive vessels tend to dominate fisheries that have severely limited fishing seasons. However, in practice it would appear that more capital intensive vessels appear in fisheries that are the most time restricted, e. g. the herring fisheries in the Pacific northwest. Perhaps this result occurs because of the author's use of time in a static analysis or because of the failure to consider the common property externality explicitly in his analysis.

Karpoff, Jonathan M. ( 1987). " Suboptimal Controls in Common Resource Management: The Case of the Fishery." Journal of Political Economy, 95( 11): 179 194.

The discrepancy between elaborate proposals to solve the common pool fishery problem and actual fishery regulations is examined. The self interest hypothesis of regulation and fisherman heterogeneity can explain tow historically popular types of fishery regulations, season closures and capital constraints. These have differential impacts on fishermen and typically redistribute the fishery's harvest from more efficient toward less efficient producers. To the extent that fishermen indigenous to a regulatory body's jurisdiction also tend to be relatively inefficient, it is predicted that these regulations will withstand the theory and data that demonstrate their suboptimality.

Karpoff, J. M. ( 1989). " Characteristics of Limited Entry Fisheries and the Option Component of Entry Licenses." Land Economics, 65( 4), pp. 386 393.

The paper examines conditions under which fishermen are likely to support entry restrictions. Entry restrictions generate positive ( quasi) rents precisely because they exclude or have the potential to exclude some fishermen. The probability of exclusion is positive for most fishermen, so advocacy of entry restrictions is not riskless. For many fishermen the risk of exclusion outweighs the expected gain from restricted competition. When fishermen do advocate entry restrictions, they do so when the expected net gain is positive.

Kates, Robert W. ( 1996).  Ending Hunger: Current Status and Future Prospects.  Consequences, 2( 2): 2 11.

This assessment describes what is now known about global hunger, past and present trends, and the possibility of ending hunger in a world with at least twice the current population. It begins by defining what hunger means, and reviewing current estimates and trends in the number and location of hungry people in the world today. 3 4 3 Kato, Y. ( 1996).  Expert Consultation on Fishing Capacity.  FAX to William Fox, Chief Scientific Advisor, NMFS, Silver Spring, MD, from Director FIP, fisheries Department, FAO, Rome, Italy.

Expert consultation on management of fishing capacity prospectus.

Kaufmann, Barry, and Gerry Geen ( 1997).  Cost Recovery as a Fisheries Management Tool.  Marine Resource Economics, 12( 1): 57 66.

The current widespread use of taxpayer funded public sector institutions to deliver fisheries management services limits the likelihood of successfully implementing any solution. Our opinion is that full cost recovery of fisheries management services, by motivating fishers to demand cost effective management and stronger property rights, represents a powerful stimulus to the evolution of more effective institutional and operational arrangements. Such arrangements are likely to feature an increasing provision of fisheries management services by the private sector.

Kazmierczak, Richard F., Jr. and Rex H. Caffey ( 1995).  Management Ability and the Economics of Recirculating Aquaculture Production Systems.  Marine Resource Economics, 10( 2): 187 209.

A bioeconomic model of fish growth in recirculating aquaculture systems was constructed by developing a bioenergetic model comprised of metabolic submodels for growth, ammonia production, and oxygen consumption. Metabolite accumulations are determined by exogenous control variables for filtration and aeration and used to indirectly represent management ability. Numerical solutions to model parameters were obtained using a two point boundary shooting algorithm within a dynamic profit maximization framework. Optimal trajectory, isoquant, and bioeconomic optimization analyses describe specific tradeoff relationships existing between nutrition, density, and technology. Results demonstrate the economic importance of these relationships changes over time in response to fish weight, and not always in ways suggested by the physical importance of individual factors. Specifically, economically viable tradeoffs between dietary protein and stocking density occur over relatively narrow regions to management ability. Without highly experienced and capable management, the biological realities of recirculation systems may preclude profitable system operation.

Kazmierczak, Richard F., Jr., Hector O. Zapata, and Hamady Diop ( 1997).  Noncompetitive Pricing and Exchange Rate Pass Through in Mauritanian Octopus Export Markets.  Journal of Agribusiness, 15( 1): 85 102.

Octopus exports are an important source of foreign exchange earnings for Mauritania. The export market has historically been dominated by coordinated Japanese buyers, a situation that led Mauritania to create the Societe Mauritanienne de Commercialisation de Poisson ( SMCP) to negotiate with buyers and manage all octopus exports. Issues concerning competitiveness, price discrimination, and exchange rate pass through in the Mauritanian octopus export market were empirically examined in this study using a seemingly unrelated regression model corrected for contemporaneous and serial correlation. Results indicate some degree of price discrimination across destination markets, market share enhancement through local currency price stabilization, and increases in marginal costs of production following nationalization of the Mauritanian trawler fleet. Thus, while creation of the SMCP did not result in the development of complete countervailing market power, Mauritania has managed to enhance the position of its octopus exports in the lucrative Japanese market. 3 4 4 KCA Research, Inc. ( 1992). " Management Summary, Socio Economic Survey of Reef Anglers, 1991 Marine Recreational Fishery Statistics Survey." Prepared for U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Contract No. 50 DGNF 0 00062, KCA Research, Inc., 5501 Cherokee Avenue, Suite 111, Alexandria, Virginia 22312, March.

A contract report on the data collection of socio economic data pertaining to reef anglers fishing in the Gulf of Mexico. The report includes quota and refusal rate tables, respondent comments, respondent logbook review survey, and results.

Kealy, Mary Jo and Richard C. Bishop ( 1986). " Theoretical and Empirical Specifications Issues in Travel cost Demand Studies." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 69( 3): 660 667.

A travel cost demand model is derived from a utility function that postulates that individuals choose the optimal total number of site recreation days given by the product of the number of length of their recreation trips. By relaxing the assumption that on site time is constant across recreationists, the applicability of the travel cost method is extended. The model is estimated using a maximum likelihood procedure appropriate for the truncated sample data that is characteristic of most user specific recreation data. Failure to do so would result in overestimating the value of Great Lakes fishing by 3.5 times.

Kearney/ Centaur ( 1984). " Economic Impact of the Commercial Fishing Industry in the Gulf of Mexico and South Atlantic Regions." Final report, Gulf and South Atlantic Fisheries Development Foundation, Inc., February, 202 pp.

This report describes and estimates the overall economic impact of the commercial fishing industry in the South Atlantic and Gulf region.

Kearney/ Centaur ( 1986). " Socio Economic Analysis of Commercial and Recreational Fisheries in Everglades National Park." Final report, Everglades National Park, National Park Service, U. S. Department of Interior, September, 146 pp.

This report examines the economic impact of fishing in Everglades National Park. The first section describes the methods that were employed to make the various economic impact estimates. The second section summarizes the economic impact trends for the various Park fisheries and compares the economic impact of fishing in the Park with the surrounding Florida areas. Section 3 presents more detailed economic impact estimates for the Park and the surrounding areas. Section 4 briefly summarizes background demographic and land use trends for the Florida areas surrounding the Park. Literature cited is presented in section 5. Exhibits presenting tabular and graphic data are presented in Appendices 1,2, 3, and 4 corresponding to the material covered in sections 1, 2, 3, and 4.

Kearney/ Centaur ( 1988). " Development of Value Added, Margin and Expenditures for Marine Fishery Products." Final Report prepared for the National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, Silver Spring, MD, Purchase Order No. 40AANF701801, by Kearney/ Centaur, Division of A. T. Kearney, 225 Reinekers Lane, Alexandria, VA 22313, February. 3 4 5 The objectives of this study are to describe and estimate the overall economic impact of the commercial fishing industry in terms of their sales and value added contribution to the U. S. economy, estimate total consumer expenditures for fishery products, allocate these key economic measures between the sectors of the industry ( fishermen, processors, distributors, etc.), standardize the process so that the framework can be applied in subsequent years, and provide documentation of the approach.

Kearney/ Centaur ( 1988). " Working Papers for the Development of an Economic Health Index for the Fishing Industry." Final Report prepared for the National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, Silver Spring, MD, Purchase Order No. 40AANF802385, by Kearney/ Centaur, Division of A. T. Kearney, 225 Reinekers Lane, Alexandria, VA 22313, February.

By relating changes in revenues to changes in cost over the 1976 to 1986 time period, indicators of the economic health of each major domestic commercial fishery under federal management are measured.

Kearney/ Centaur ( 1989). " The First Ten Years: An Overview of U. S. Fisheries Managed Under The Magnuson Act, 1976 1986." Final Report prepared for the National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, Silver Spring, MD, Purchase Order No. 40AANF900823, by Kearney/ Centaur, Division of A. T. Kearney, 225 Reinekers Lane, Alexandria, VA 22313, July, 153 pp.

This report summarizes the key factors and status associated with each of 28 Fishery Management Plans initiated between 1976 and 1986. This document summarizes the biological status, management measures, key economic information, and the overall status of the resources in each Fishery Management Plans.

Kearney/ Centaur ( 1990). " Evaluation and Demonstration of Valuation Methodologies Applicable to Sport and Commercial Fisheries." Draft report, Alexandria, VA.

The draft report covers ex vessel demand models, recreational benefit valuation, international trade issues in valuation of commercial fisheries, commercial fisherman behavior, and multiple objectives in fishery allocation decisions. The report does not provide a combined approach to addressing allocation problems between sport and commercial fishermen.

Keen, E. A. ( 1983). " Common Property in Fisheries. Is Sole Ownership an Option?" Marine Policy, ( July): 197 211.

Limited entry has been instituted in a variety of fisheries in different countries. The volume of literature evaluating its use and developing ways to make it more effective as a fisheries management tool is large and growing. It has not worked well, primarily because rights have created a focus on harvest, not on husbandry. The efficacy of sole ownership rights in management of resources of the forest and field are clear. A case for research and development of sole ownership as a rights system for fishery resources is made in this article.

Keen, Elmer A. ( 1991). " Ownership and Productivity of Marine Fishery Resources?" Fisheries, 16( 4): 18 22. 3 4 6 The incentives of the commons ceased to suffice as a management framework for marine fishery resources during the 1960' s. The laws of demand and supply went awry. Demand rose; supply of the more valuable species declined as fishing effort increased. Measures taken to solve the resulting overfishing problem have failed to remove the root cause, the incentives of harvester rights inherent in a commons. The resulting management system creates ill will and friction that severely impedes management of the resources. The efficacy of a management framework based on ownership of the ocean pastures is compared to one based on rights to harvest. The conclusion is reached that a full owner framework provides a well tested basis for management of marine fishery resources that can result in a large increase in resource benefits.

Keiser, Richard K., Jr. ( 1976). " Species Composition, Magnitude and Utilization of the Incidental Catch of the South Carolina Shrimp Fishery." South Carolina Marine Resource Center, Technical Report Number 16, September, 1976.

The quantity of fish caught incidental to shrimping activities in South Carolina was estimated by determining fish/ whole shrimp ratios from commercial catches. The overall median fish/ shrimp weight ratio was 1.94: 1; however, the median ratio varied seasonally being smaller from September to December ( 1.24: 1) than from May to August ( 3.58: 1). The confidence interval for this estimate was defined by the 25th and 75th percentiles. An estimated fish catch of between 3,358,000 and 15,197,000 kgs was derived from expansion of detailed ratio estimates derived from this study. Sciaenids were the predominant family during the study except for the months of January and April when clupeids and gadids, respectively, comprised the greatest percentage of the catch. In general, fish caught incidental to shrimping were small; mean total lengths of 25 species ranged from 6.90 to 18.58 cm. At the present time, only a fraction of the total incidental catch is landed; the majority is discarded at sea. This apparently reflects a lack of demand for most species captured. It is estimated that 74% of the flounder catch is landed and sold as food fish compared to less than 2% of the sciaenids and scombrids.

Keiser, Richard K., Jr. ( 1977). " The Incidental Catch from Commercial Shrimp Trawlers of the South Atlantic States." South Carolina Marine Resources Center, Technical Report Number 26, October, 38 pp.

Fish: shrimp ( heads on) ratios ranged from a low of 1.2: 1 to a high of 4.0: 1. Expansion of ratios indicated that an average of 69.4 million pounds of fish were caught by shrimp trawlers each year from 1973 to 1975. This was more than 24 times the 2.9 million pounds reportedly landed each year. Flounders and edible size kingfish, spot, and croaker were the predominant species landed, while industrial size fish ( primarily small sciaenids) were discarded.

Keithly, Walter R. ( 198?). " An Analysis of Foreign Competition and Implications for the U. S. Shrimp Industry." Draft report, Coastal Fisheries Institute, Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.

Imports represent a large and growing component of the total U. S. shrimp supply. Industry, concerned with their trend, has in the past attempted to control imports. Before national policy can be made, policy makers must have an understanding of the role of imports in the U. S. market. The purpose of this study was to provide an understanding of the U. S. shrimp industry, the underlying factors responsible for the recent rise in imports, the role of 3 4 7 imports in establishing prices, and the effects of alternate policy options. Results indicate that tariffs, at least within realistic ranges, would be only marginally successful in limiting imports and increasing domestic prices. Quotas would be more successful than tariffs at achieving the aforementioned objectives.

Keithly, Walter ( 1991). " Louisiana Seafood Industry Study, A Summary." Report prepared for the Louisiana Seafood Promotion and Marketing Board New Orleans, Louisiana, June, 32 pp.

A summary of commercial seafood and aquaculture production, employment, processing and wholesaling activity, and economic impacts of commercial fishing industry in Louisiana.

Keithly, Walter R. ( 1994). " Report to the Panel and Meeting Participants on a Test for Possible Bias Due to Interview Frequency." Draft report, Center for Coastal, Energy, and Environmental Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.

There is a significant, but subtle trend from a flat or slightly more frequent sampling of high CPUE vessels in the early 1980' s to a more frequent sampling of low CPUE vessels in the late 1980' s and 1990' s. This trend is in the direction that would be expected to inflate the estimates of shrimp fishing effort. The overall effect may not be great, but this remains as one potential source of bias.

Keithly, Walter R. ( 1994). " Report to the Gulf Council on Shrimp Effort." Presented at the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council Meeting in Corpus Christi, Texas, May, 30 pp.

This report presents the results of a review of the Gulf of Mexico shrimp landings data set. The panel of experts found that a bias in the data of between 0 and 20 percent exists in the data set. A number of recommendations are included in the report including the suggestion that another panel be created to determine the exact magnitude of the bias and methods that could correct it.

Keithly, Walter R. ( 1999).  Analysis of a Short Run Production Function for Highly Migratory Species ( HMS).  NMFS contract Number 40GANF600144, Louisiana State University, Coastal Fisheries Institute, October, 34 pp.

An economic analysis of the U. S. based surface long line fishery operating in the Atlantic, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Caribbean Region is provided. The analysis is conducted at the trip level since this is likely to be the level at which short run decisions are most relevant to the individual firm whose other components of effort are fixed during this period of time. This aggregate analysis will help explain the response in aggregate catch to changes in the short run inputs under the control of the individual fishing firm at the trip level and can be used to help analyze the potential in aggregate trip catch that might be forthcoming as a result of regulations that limit activities at the trip level but are not specific to individual species. Non separability in outputs and jointness in inputs suggests that attempts to manage any particular species in this multi product sector must consider possible spillover effects into the other fisheries.

Keithly, Walter R. and Assane Diagne ( 1998). " An Economic Analysis of the U. S. Shrimp Market and Impacts of Management Measures." Final Report, Saltonstall Kennedy Contract # NA57FD0070, Louisiana State 3 4 8 University, Coastal Fisheries Institute, May, 113 pp.

The primary purpose of this study was to analyze world trade in warmwater shrimp, with emphasis given to the United States and Japan. Toward this end, a ten equation system of import demand and export supply functions was developed and estimated using quarterly time series data covering the 1985 95 period. In addition, an equation depicting the Guff of Mexico dockside price was developed and estimated using quarterly time series data for the 1980 95 period. Results from this exercise were then used to forecast expected changes in certain relevant endogenous variables, particularly the Gulf of Mexico dockside price, that would likely be forth coming as a result of specific changes in the levels of some  key  exogenous variables, such as regional aquaculture production.

Keithly, Walter R., Jr. and Anthony Martin ( 1997). " Southeast Finfish Processing Activities of Federally Managed Species, Particularly Reef Fish, and Potential Impacts of Regulation." Final Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, NA47FD0290, Coastal Fisheries Institute, Louisiana State University, May, 107 pp.

This study provided a detailed analysis of the Southeast Reef Fish processing industry for 1995 ( which includes almost all processors of species under jurisdiction of the South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico Management Councils) to help identify potential impacts related to management measures imposed on the harvesting sector. The primary conclusion reached from this research effort is that the extreme diversity of the southeast U. S. processing industry ( in terms of number of species utilized etc.) and the large supply of domestic and imported raw material relative to current usage among processors will tend to insulate processors somewhat from restrictions imposed on the harvesting sector that would limit the overall supply of domestic product.

Keithly, Walter R., Jr. and Liz Baron Mounce ( 1990). " An Economic Assessment of the Louisiana Shrimp Fishery." Final Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, NA88WC H MF179, Coastal Fisheries Institute, Louisiana State University, October, 129 pp.

The goal of this report is to provide a general economic evaluation of Louisiana's shrimp harvesting sector focusing on the inshore component since it is not well understood and because of the possibilities for management available to the state.

Keithly, Walter R., Jr. and Liz Baron Mounce ( 1991). " Louisiana's Shrimp Fishery: An Economic Perspective with Emphasis on the 1987 Inshore Fleet." Draft Report, Coastal Fisheries Institute, Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

Louisiana leads the nation in the poundage of shrimp produced. Its fleet, numbering upwards of 20 thousand in total, is exceedingly diverse which complicates any attempt at developing an " optimal" management strategy. For example, the smaller boats in the fleet tend to fish in and around the shoreline of the state and target relatively small shrimp as they migrate offshore. The larger boats are more offshore based and tend to target a larger shrimp which has a higher per pound price. Actions taken by the smaller inshore and near shore boats impact the performance of the offshore fleet through a reduction in shrimp availability in offshore waters. This paper provides a general economic evaluation of the Louisiana shrimp fishery; particularly the inshore component. It was accomplished though the use of secondary and primary data. The secondary data consisted of National Marine 3 4 9 Fisheries Service data on shrimp landings and related effort data and also the Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries data on commercial shrimp license sales. The primary data were obtained through a 1987 survey of the Louisiana shrimp fleet. Such an evaluation is necessary before sound policy and management can be implemented.

Keithly, Walter R. and Fred J. Prochaska ( 1985). " The Demand for Major Reef Fish Species in the Gulf & South Atlantic Regions of the United States." Draft report.

A price dependent demand equation for reef fish species ( grouper and snapper) is estimated using a sample of 15,000 households in the U. S. as a function of commercial landings, imports, disposable income, and a dummy variable representing institutional changes in market demand.

Keithly, W. R. and K. J. Roberts ( 1991). " An Economic Analysis of U. S. Shrimp Imports and Dockside Prices with Policy Implications." Draft Report, Center for Weltand Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, La.

U. S. imports of shrimp have been increasing at record levels during the 1980' s. These increased imports, and their potential impact on the domestic dockside price structure, have been of significant concern to the U. S. shrimp harvesting sector and have recently led to a Federal investigation conducted under Section 332( g) of the Tariff Act of 1930 which evaluated conditions of competition affecting the Gulf and south Atlantic shrimp fishery. This paper presents a model, developed within an appropriate statistical and economic framework, that explains the growth in U. S. imports of shrimp and their impact on dockside shrimp prices. Significant factors which were found to determine annual levels of shrimp imports include: ( 1) the price of imports, ( 2) southeastern shrimp landings, ( 3) beginning shrimp inventories, ( 4) U. S. real disposable income, ( 5) exchange rates, ( 6) the Japanese import price of shrimp, ( 7) world production of shrimp, and ( 8) foreign real income. Increased imports were found to have a significant negative impact on southeast shrimp dockside prices.

Keithly, Walter R. and Kenneth J. Roberts ( 1994). " Shrimp Closures and Their Impact on the Gulf Region Processing and Wholesaling Sector ( Expanded to Include South Atlantic).  Draft final report, MARFIN Contract No. NA17FF0376 01, Coastal Fisheries Institute, Louisiana State University, October, 94 pp.

The overall goal of the report is to provide an analysis of the Southeast shrimp processing sector at a level of detail sufficient to examine the impacts associated with seasonal/ area closures. Specifically, the proposal called for the collection of data from a representative sample of Gulf Region processors and wholesalers pertaining to monthly production activities and impacts related to potential closures.

Keithly, Walter R. and Kenneth J. Roberts ( 1994). " Shrimp Closures and Their Impact on the Gulf Region Processing and Wholesaling Sector ( Expanded to Include South Atlantic).  Final report, MARFIN Contract No. NA17FF0376 01, Coastal Fisheries Institute, Louisiana State University, October, 107 pp.

The overall goal of the report is to provide an analysis of the Southeast shrimp processing sector at a level of detail sufficient to examine the impacts associated with seasonal/ area closures. Specifically, the proposal called for the collection of data from a representative sample of 3 5 0 Gulf Region processors and wholesalers pertaining to monthly production activities and impacts related to potential closures.

Keithly, Walter R. and Kenneth J. Roberts ( 1994). " The Southeast U. S. Shrimp Processing Sector: An Economic Analysis of Structure and Impacts Related to Alternative Management Measures.  Final report, Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, Inc., Coastal Fisheries Institute, Louisiana State University, November, 21 pp.

The southeast U. S. shrimp fishery has been the focus of considerable attention in recent years, the result of both its size and impacts on other fisheries. Seasonal and/ or area closures of the shrimp fishery have been proposed in the gulf region as one means of protecting juvenile fish as well as increasing the shrimp yield. The impacts of seasonal/ area closures on the shrimp processing sector, while important to this $ 1.0 billion component of the southeast U. S. shrimp industry, are largely unknown to regulatory agencies responsible for imposing any such restrictions. This paper provides an analysis of 1991 Southeast U. S. shrimp processing activities based on a survey of processors throughout the region. The results can be used to help assess potential impacts on the processing sector resulting form harvesting regulations.

Keithly, Walter R. and Kenneth J. Roberts ( 1997). " An Economic Analysis of Private Market Wetland Values in Coastal Louisiana and Relevance in Designing Appropriate Economic Instruments for Restoration.  Sea Grant Proposal, Coastal Fisheries Institute, Louisiana State University, 16 pp.

A proposal to conduct a hedonic analysis of prices for private sales of wetlands along the Louisiana Gulf of Mexico coast.

Keithly, Walter R. and Kenneth J. Roberts ( 1998). " Shrimp Closures and Their Impact on the Gulf Region Processing and Wholesaling Sector ( Expanded to Include South Atlantic).  National Marine Fisheries Service Contract Number NA17FF0376 01, Coastal Fisheries Institute, Louisiana State University, October, 107 pp.

The goal of this report was to provide an analysis of the southeast shrimp processing industry at a level of detail sufficient to assist in the analysis of the impacts on the processing sector related to area/ seasonal closures at the harvesting level. Small and mid size firms would be disproportionately impacted from any management measures that reduces overall domestic shrimp supply. Management measures that would increase the average size of shrimp at harvest would negatively impact the peeled raw component of the southeast shrimp industry. The raw headless component of the industry may benefit from any such action.

Keithly, Walter R., Jr. and Yunsheng Song ( 1996).  A Review of World Shrimp Production and Trade: 1980 93.  Center for Coastal, Energy, and Environmental Resources and the Department of Oceanography and Coastal Science, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

Shrimp is one of the world  s largest fisheries when measured in terms of the value of output. With the increased success of farming activities throughout the world, during the 1980' s, world shrimp production, i. e., combined wild and farm raised harvests, expanded substantially. Trade in this important seafood commodity simultaneously expanded and became more complex in nature. First, shrimp production by primary producing areas of the world ( i. e., Central America, South America, and Asia) are examined in this paper 3 5 1 during the 1980 93 period and changes therein are related to farming activities. Then, exports of shrimp products by region of the world are analyzed with respect to the two primary import markets, the United States and Japan. Changes in volume of trade, export prices and product composition are evaluated and related to production trends.

Keithly, Walter R., Jr., Assane Diagne, and Ronald J. Dugas ( 1998).  The Demand for Oyster Relaying Activities in Louisiana: 1976 95. Draft Report, Coastal Fisheries Institute, Wetland Resources Building, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, December, 28 pp.

Louisiana leads the nation in terms of annual production of oyster meats. Production is derived from both leased water bottoms and the public seed grounds. A sizeable amount of the water bottoms under lease is under either conditional or restricted status. To make the best economic use of leases under these two statuses, lease holders will, at times, relay oysters from leases in conditional or restricted areas to leases in approved areas. This paper examines relaying activities in Louisiana during the 1976 95 period. Specifically, an econometric model was developed and estimated to examine the demand for relaying activities in the state. Results suggest that demand depends significantly on economic as well as environmental factors.

Keithly, Walter R., Andrea Wagner Liebzeit, and Michael Liffmann ( 1987). " Louisiana's Boating Sector: An Overview of the Industry." Coastal Fisheries Institute and Louisiana Sea Grant College Program, Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, April, 30 pp.

This report examines the Louisiana boating sector through the use of secondary data detailing several facets of the industry. Aspects covered in the document include boat building and repairing, boat dealing and retailing, state registered boats and Coast Guard documented vessels. The Louisiana boating sector is also related to comparable sectors in other Gulf States and at the national level. Finally, while not discussed in great detail, statistics pertaining to the Louisiana ship building and repair industry are presented in Appendix A.

Keithly, Walter R., Kenneth J. Roberts, and Hope Eyster Kearney ( 1993). " An Analysis of Economic Change in the Southeastern U. S. Blue Crab Processing Industry, 1973 90." Draft report, Coastal Fisheries Institute, Center for Coastal, Energy, and Environmental Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, submitted to Marine Fisheries Review.

Processing is an often overlooked component of the U. S. seafood industry. This paper presents an economic analysis of the southeast U. S. blue crab processing industry, and changes therein, during the 1973 90 period. The analysis was conducted based on unpublished NMFS records on processing activities among individual blue crab processing firms in the Southeast. The analysis found that while blue crab processing activities, as measured in pounds processed, increased significantly during 1973 90, the deflated value of these activities increased only marginally due to a sharp decline in the deflated price of the processed product.

Keithly, Walter R., Kenneth J. Roberts, and Hope Eyster Kearney ( 1993). " The Southeastern Seafood Processing Industry: An Economic Assessment for Private and Public Management Decision Making." Final Report to National Marine Fisheries Service Contract # NA90AA H SK 53, Coastal Fisheries Institute, Center for Coastal, 3 5 2 Energy, and Environmental Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, December.

This report provides the results of an economic analysis of the southeastern seafood processing sector and uses this analysis for the purpose of examining historical and potential processor level impacts related to harvesting constraints; either natural or man induced.

Keithly, Walter R., Kenneth J. Roberts, and Hope Eyster Kearney ( 1994). " Structural Changes in the Southeast U. S. Shrimp Processing Industry." Draft report, Coastal Fisheries Institute, Center for Coastal, Energy, and Environmental Resources, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana.

The purpose of this paper is to examine structural changes in the southeast shrimp processing industry. The analysis, based on NMFS end of theyear surveys of seafood processing establishments, covers the 1973 90 period. Issues considered in the analysis included ( 1) changes in numbers of firms and shrimp products produced, ( 2) changes in productivity measured in terms of firm output and output per worker, and ( 3) changes in industry concentration and specialization. In general, results indicate a decline in the absolute number of southeast shrimp processors but a large increase in productivity per firm, measured on a poundage basis. Because of a decline in the per pound price of the processed products, however, deflated shrimp processing revenues per firm have remained essentially unchanged since the late 1970' s.

Keithly, W. R., K. J. Roberts, and J. M. Ward ( 1991). " Farm Raised Shrimp Production and Its Impact on the U. S. Market." Draft Report, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803.

A simultaneous model including the U. S. and Japan shrimp import markets and U. S. dockside demand was used to quantify the impacts of highly successful shrimp farming activities in the 1980' s on U. S. imports and domestic warm water dockside shrimp prices. Results of the modeling effort suggest that current, i. e., 1988 1989, U. S. shrimp import levels would be in the neighborhood of 200 million pounds below observed levels in the absence of farm raised shrimp production on the world market and that the import price would be about 80% higher. The domestic dockside warm water shrimp price would also be significantly higher. Any rise in domestic warm water shrimp prices, brought about by a reduction in imports of the farm based product, was shown to encourage additional effort in the domestic shrimp fleet and a concurrent decline in industry profit.

Keithly, W. R., K. J. Roberts, and J. M. Ward ( 1991). " Effects of Shrimp Aquaculture on the U. S. Market: An Econometric Analysis." Draft Report, Louisiana State University.

Rapid expansion in the production of farm raised shrimp during the 1980' s concerns the domestic shrimp industry and is the basis for recent attempts at limiting imports. A simultaneous equation model including the U. S. and Japan shrimp import markets and U. S. dockside demand was used to quantify the impacts of shrimp aquaculture on U. S. imports and domestic warm water dockside shrimp prices. Results suggest that current, i. e., 1988 1989, U. S. shrimp import levels would be about 175 million pounds below observed levels in the absence of shrimp aquaculture and that the U. S. import price would be about 70% higher. The domestic dockside warm water shrimp price would also be significantly higher. Quotas and tariffs were also shown to positively influence domestic dockside prices. It was suggested, however, that any rise in domestic warm water shrimp prices, brought about by a 3 5 3 reduction in imports would encourage additional effort in the domestic shrimp fleet and a dissipation of initial gains in profit.

Keithly, Walter R., Kenneth J. Roberts, and John M. Ward ( 1993). " Effects of Shrimp Aquaculture on the U. S. Market: An Econometric Analysis." Chapter 8 in Upton Hatch and Henry Kinnucan ( eds.). Aquaculture, Models and Economics. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.

Rapid expansion in the production of farm raised shrimp during the 1980' s concerns the domestic shrimp industry and is the basis for recent attempts at limiting imports. A simultaneous equation model including the U. S. and Japan shrimp import markets and U. S. dockside demand was used to quantify the impacts of shrimp aquaculture on U. S. imports and domestic warm water dockside shrimp prices. Results suggest that current, i. e., 1988 1989, U. S. shrimp import levels would be about 175 million pounds below observed levels in the absence of shrimp aquaculture and that the U. S. import price would be about 70% higher. The domestic dockside warm water shrimp price would also be significantly higher. Quotas and tariffs were also shown to positively influence domestic dockside prices. It was suggested, however, that any rise in domestic warm water shrimp prices, brought about by a reduction in imports would encourage additional effort in the domestic shrimp fleet and a dissipation of initial gains in profit.

Kellogg, Robert L., J. E. Easley, Jr., and Thomas Johnson ( 1988). " Optimal Timing of Harvest for the North Carolina Bay Scallop Fishery." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70( 1): 50 62.

Substantial improvement is returns for the North Carolina bay scallop fishery by delaying the opening of the season beyond its traditional date. A general bioeconomic harvesting model was developed for use in determining the optimal season opening/ closing schedule for a seasonal fishery with the control specified as an on/ off switch. One hundred and twenty separate scenarios were created by setting five exogenous variables to reasonable alternative values. The optimal season is contrasted with the unregulated case for each scenario. The optimal opening was typically two to three weeks later than the model of past practices.

Kelly, Carolyn E. and Anthony W. Harmon ( 1972). " Method of Determining Carotenoid Contents of Alaska Pink Shrimp and Representative Values for Several Shrimp Products." Fisheries Bulletin, 70( 1): 111 113.

An extraction method is described for estimating the amount of carotenoid in pink shrimp. The carotenoid index is useful as a measure of quality and as an indicator of changes during storage. Values for several shrimp products are reported.

Kemp, Murray C. and Ngo Van Long ( 1983). " On the Economics of Forests." International Economic Review, 24( 1): 113 131.

The paper describes a productive process involving the point input of labor, the repeated input of land and the point output of forest products, and then imbed the process in a model of the economy as a whole. The optimal duration or maturity of the process is to be determined in terms of the parameters of the model.

Kemmerer, Andrew J. ( 1994). " Overfishing." Texas Shores, Summer, pages 3 5 4 13 and 24, Sea Grant College Program, Texas A& M University.

A summary of the fisheries management problem in the southeastern region. Problems related to habitat, allocation between user groups, bycatch, individual transferable quotas, etc. are discussed and placed in a broader context.

Kemmerer, Andrew J. ( 1996). Letter to the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, Southeast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, St. Petersburg, FL, November, 9 pp.

Comments based on a review of Amendment 9 to the Fishery Management Plan for the Shrimp Fishery of the Gulf of Mexico, Regulatory Impact Review, Draft Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement, and Social Impact Analysis ( 9/ 20/ 96).

Kemmerer, Andrew J. ( 1996).  Briefing for Upcoming Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council Meeting ( November 11 14, 1996) in Point Clear, Al.  Memorandum for Rolland Schmitten, Southeast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, St. Petersburg, FL, November, 3 pp.

Briefing memorandum for the Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council meeting in Pt. Clear, Alabama covering shrimp amendment 9 ( bycatch reduction), reef fish, and stone crab.

Kenchington, T. J. and A. T. Charles ( 1989).  A Definition of Fishing Capacity.  Submitted to the Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 46: XXX XXX.

We identify both the importance of fishing capacity to modern fisheries management and the lack of a definition of this parameter. A review of the concepts of capacity in the fisheries literature is used to elucidate the properties that the missing definition should have. Fishing capacity is then defined in terms of the fishing mortality that a boat or a fleet could exert under specified conditions. Capacity thus defined is contrasted with fishing effort, fishing power, and capital investment in the fishery. The remaining problems with this definition of capacity are examined and it is suggested that these are inevitable consequences of attempting to measure fishing capacity, regardless of the definition chosen.

Kennedy, F. S., J. J. Crane, R. A. Schlieder, and D. G. Barber ( 1977). " Studies of the Rock Shrimp, Sicyonia Brevirostris, A New Fishery Resource on Florida's Atlantic Shelf." Florida Marine Research Publications, Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Research Laboratory, Number 27, June, 69 pp.

Life history, fishery dynamics, and potential stock locations of the Florida east coast continental shelf population of rock shrimp were studied over a two year period.

Kennedy, John O. S. ( 1987). " A Computable Game Theoretic Approach to Modeling Competitive Fishing." Marine Resource Economics, 4( 1): 1 14.

A fishery is considered in which the young are harvested by one nation and the adults by another. The harvests are sold on separate markets. Finding the optimal strategies of the two nations is treated as a problem in dynamic noncooperative game theory. While in most other models players make 3 5 5 decisions simultaneously at each stage, in this model each player makes his decision separately in time, knowing the action of the previous player. The model is applied to the southern bluefin tuna fishery that is jointly exploited by Australia and Japan. The results of noncooperative and cooperative strategies are compared.

Kennedy, John O. S. and James W. Watkins ( 1986). " Time Dependent Quotas for the Southern Bluefin Tuna Fishery." Marine Resource Economics, 2( 4): 293 313.

It is now officially recognized by the governments of Australia and Japan that the southern bluefin tuna fishery has been overexploited and that harvest must be controlled. A dynamic programming model applicable to multicohort fisheries is developed for finding approximately optimal timedependent quotas. Results from applying the model to the southern bluefin tuna fishery indicate that restricting or eliminating the Australian catch of under 4 year olds would benefit both countries.

Kent, Samuel B. ( 1996). Final Judgement. Center for Marine Conservation, et al. V. S. Ronald Brown, et al., Civil Action No. G 94 660 and Texas Shrimp Association, et al. V. S.. Ronald, et al., Civil Action No. G 95 265 Consolidated, February 21, 55 pp.

The decision of the federal district court on the suit filed by the Center for Marine Conservation seeking to require the NMFS to perform its duties as required under the Endangered Species Act to prevent sea turtle strandings on the coast of the southeast region of the United States. The court rejected their claims and found in favor of the NMFS.

Kesteven, G. L. ( 1997).  MSY Revisited.  Marine Policy, 21( 1): 73 82.

Many values can be set for MSY or TAC of a fishery resource, among them the greatest occurs only rarely. With poor comprehension of the statistical character of MSY, few attempts to manage fisheries with reference to it have been successful. That outcome has resulted partly from inadequacies of the general paradigm of stock assessment, but more from failure to appreciate the significance of the economic and social terms of the exploitation equation. A plea is made for a system of fishery resources law which, of local, national, and international effect, would restrain the economic drives and social impulses that so far have frustrated the efforts of fishery administrators, denied industrial stability, and threatened resource survival.

Khilnani, Arvind ( 1979). " Evaluation of the Data Availability and Data Needs of the Tortugas Shrimp Model ( FISYS Version T)." Stanford University, Department of Engineering Economic Systems, Stanford, California, November, 8 pp.

In this report a qualitative evaluation of the data availability and needs of the Tortugas Model is considered. The model is a quantitative tool for estimating and evaluating the effects of alternative management policy options prior to actual policy implementation. The combination of a quantitative methodology and a policy orientation provide a natural framework to evaluate present data availability. Furthermore, the model indicates areas of data paucity together with a list for future data gathering activities.

Khilnani, Arvind ( 1980). " Estimation of Price Elasticity and Flexibility of Demand with Respect to the Tortugas Shrimp Fishery." Memorandum for Edison Tse, John Poffenberger, and Jim Tom, Stanford University, Stanford, California. 3 5 6 The memorandum discusses the relationship between price elasticity of demand and price flexibility estimates using pink shrimp data from the Tortugas shrimp fishery to estimate statistical relationships. No preference vis a vis a choice of independent variables was found in the data or theoretically.

Khilnani, Arvind and Edison T. S. Tse ( 1980). " Integrated Approaches to Fishery Policy Analysis: A Case Study of the Tortugas Shrimp Fishery." Executive Summary of the Final report prepared for Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Virginia Key, Miami, Florida, by Stanford University, Department of Engineering Economic Systems, Stanford, CA, January, pp. 14 20.

An executive summary of the management characteristics and adaptability of a Fisheries System Management Model ( FISYS) as applied to the Tortugas shrimp fishery off the southwest coast of Florida.

Khilnani, Arvind and Edison T. S. Tse ( 1980). " Integrated Approaches to Fishery Policy Analysis: A Case Study of the Tortugas Shrimp Fishery." Final report prepared for Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Virginia Key, Miami, Florida, by Stanford University, Department of Engineering Economic Systems, Stanford, CA, January, 281 pp.

This report discusses the application and implementation of the FISYS model. The FISYS model was developed at Stanford University as an analytical framework to address issues of policy choice mandated by the Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976. The model embodied a methodology to combine the diverse characteristics of a fishery into a single quantitative framework to best suit the needs of fishery analysts, fishery managers, and statistical experts. The model technology employed a computer to assemble and process the best available information as required by the law.

Khilnani, Arvind, Shu Dong He, and Edison T. S. Tse ( 1983). " The Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery, An Integrated Approach." Report prepared for the Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Miami, Florida by the Department of Engineering Economics Systems, Stanford University, Stanford, California, November, 76 pp.

This report discusses an application and implementation of the Fisheries System Management ( FISYS) model. Three regional models for Texas, Florida, and the northern Gulf of Mexico have been integrated via the fleet mobility model to produce this integrated Gulf wide model. The report discusses the parameters used to represent the three regional fisheries and the integrated model with special emphasis on the northern Gulf component since that fishery has not been covered in earlier reports on the project.

Kildow, Judith ( 1997).  A Proposal to Establish Economic Baselines to Quantify the Contribution of the Ocean Sector to the National Economy.  Department of Ocean Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

A proposal to develop a model of the effect oceans have on the U. S. economy. Two versions of the proposal are included with a summary of the presentation made at the meeting.

Kim, C. S., Michael R. Moore, John J. Hanchar, and Michael Nieswiadomy 3 5 7 ( 1989). " A Dynamic Model of Adaptation to Resource Depletion: Theory and an Application to Groundwater Mining." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 17: 66 82.

This research develops an optimal control model that incorporates the opportunity for adaptation to resource depletion. In the context of groundwater mining for agricultural production, two traits supplement a conventional intertemporal depletion path: the relative allocation of groundwater among irrigated crops and endogenous switch times describing an intertemporal cropping pattern. Both planning and common property equilibria are derived. Results from an application to the Texas High Plains include: transition away from irrigation of sorghum occurs twice as fast when done optimally and benefit to groundwater management ranges between $ 0.36 to $ 4.16 million as the interest rate varies from five to two percent.

Kim, Dae K. ( 1983). " Energy Substitution in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics, December: 1 6.

The elasticities of substitution among fuel, capital, and labor are estimated for the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp fishery using a translog cost function fit to observed data.

Kim, Jae On and Charles W. Mueller ( 1978). Introduction to Factor Analysis. Sage University Papers, Quantitative Applications in Social Sciences, Series/ Number. 07 013, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills.

This is an elementary introduction that stresses the fundamental assumptions and logical foundations of factor analysis.

Kim, Jae On and Charles W. Mueller ( 1978). Factor Analysis, Statistical Methods and Practical Issues. Sage University Papers, Quantitative Applications in Social Sciences, Series/ Number. 07 014, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills.

The authors examine in greater detail the different types of factor analysis and the situations in which each is most useful. The distinction between confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis is discussed in greater depth than in the Introduction to Factor Analysis as are the various criteria for factor rotation.

King, Dennis M. ( 1989). " Economic Trends Affecting Commercial Billfish Fisheries." In Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Planning The Future of Billfish, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Savannah, Georgia.

A discussion of the fundamental market factors that affect billfish demand, supply, and prices and how these factors have changed in recent years to create increased fishing pressure on billfish stocks.

King, Dennis M. ( 1991). " Costing Out Restoration." Restoration and Management Notes, 9( 1): 15 21.

The transition of restoration from a science, craft, and labor of love to a business raises questions about ecological values and economic costs. An environmental economist summarizes some problems and offers a framework for evaluating the costs and expected results of restoration projects. 3 5 8 King, Dennis M. ( 1991). " Wetland Creation and Restoration: An Integrated Framework for Evaluating Costs, Expected Results and Compensation Ratios." Report prepared by Chesapeake biological Laboratory, Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies, University of Maryland System, Solomons, MD 20688 0038 for Kenneth Adler, Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, April, 79 pp.

The expected results of wetland restoration and creation projects, as characterized in the proposed analytical framework, can be based on the results of ongoing scientific and technical research. However, there has been very little directed research to determine the availability and cost of the resources required to carry out specific restoration tasks or reach certain restoration targets. Since the proposed framework, and the evaluation of wetland restoration and creation alternatives in general, require information about both costs and performance, some new research priorities are required to parallel ongoing scientific and technical research. These involve defining the individual tasks that constitute creation and restoration projects, determining the different ways of completing them, and estimating costs. Such research, when combined with the results of scientific and technical research, will contribute significantly to our understanding of both near term and long term problems associated with wetland mitigation.

King, Dennis M. ( 1992). " Avoiding Another Taxpayer Bailout." National Wetlands Newsletter, 14( 1): 11 12.

Wetland mitigation banking creates a competitive market for the development of wetlands.

King, Dennis M. ( 1992). " The Economics of Ecological Restoration." Chapter 19 in K. M. Ward and J. W. Duffield ( eds.) Natural Resource Damages: Law and Economics, John Wiley and Sons, New York.

The analytical framework developed in this chapter is designed to show how much it costs to restore ecological functions; it is not intended to show how much should be spent on restoration. Nonetheless, the framework can be used to screen out clearly wasteful restoration efforts and to identify some important economic trade offs involving changes in restoration costs and resulting changes in lost ecosystem functions and values. It will become apparent that when the expected speed and level of ecosystem recovery, measured using indicators of structural or functional health, is used to measure the relative success of a restoration effort, the framework provides a reasonable basis for making decisions about appropriate, if not optimal, levels of restoration.

King, Dennis M. ( 1992). " Justifying Sustainability: Some Basics of Applied Ecological Economics." Paper presented at the Second Conference of the International Society for Ecological Economics ( ISEE), Investing in Natural Capital, Sweden, August 3 6, 1992. Draft report, Maryland International Institute for Ecological Economics, University of Maryland, Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies, Solomons, Maryland.

The important challenges facing ecological economics are becoming less ideological and more practical. Most world leaders are beginning to understand that investing in natural capital is a prerequisite for sustainability. What they need now is more information about ecological economic linkages so they can reconcile the long term goal of sustainability with near term economic needs. 3 5 9 In some circumstances the conventional method of evaluating production and investment decisions benefit cost analysis ( BCA) can be expanded to include indirect measures of costs and benefits that result from ecological linkages; this may result in more sustainable near term resource management decisions. In other cases the use of benefit cost analysis is impractical, and sustainable near term production and investment decisions need to be justified on the basis of safe minimum standards. In this paper, an expanded benefit cost framework is developed using six discrete pathways of potential project impacts. Two originate with withdrawals from and emissions to nature and generate measures of costs and benefits that are based on an expanded view of facts about ecological economic linkages. Two other pathways develop market based and nonmarket estimates of costs and benefits associated with ecological economic linkages and are responsible for assigning values. The last two pathways deal with distributional impacts and other socioeconomic considerations that reflect collective decisions about equity and balance. Where there is too much uncertainty about facts, or too much disagreement about values, equity, or balance, decision making on the basis of benefit cost analysis may be impractical. In such cases the level of protection granted to a particular natural resource and the amount of public intervention to control market forces that could otherwise result in further degradation of that resource can be based on safe minimum standards. A framework is developed here that uses measures of ecological importance and reversibility to assign safe minimum standards and evaluate decisions about the level os types of natural resources.

King, Dennis M. and Harry A. Bateman ( 1985). " The Economic Impact of Recent Changes in the U. S. Tuna Industry." California Sea Grant College Program Working Paper No. P T 47, August, 30 pp.

This report describes some of the difficult circumstances facing the U. S. tuna industry and summarizes the impacts that have resulted from changes in the industry during 1980 1984. Since the report focuses on impacts related to the domestic U. S. economy, the offshore operations of U. S. firms in American Samoa and Puerto Rico are not considered here to be " U. S. based." Although some distinctions are made in the report between light meat tuna ( caught primarily by distant water purse seiners) and white meat tuna ( caught primarily by locally based trollers) we have, for most purposes, aggregated figures for both types of tunas.

King, Timothy L., Anne Henderson Arzapalo, and Anthony F. Maciorowski ( 1988). " A Comparison of Snook and Fat Snook Muscle Protein By Isoelectric Focusing." Management Data Series Number 141, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Coastal Fisheries Branch.

Sarcoplasmic protein extracts of snook and fat snook were compared by thin layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing. A PH gradient from 3.0 ( anodally) to 10.0 ( cathodally) was used to distinguish protein phenotypes of the two species. The selected gradient conditions failed to differentiate between pond cultured snook derived from Florida broodstock and wild caught snook from Texas.

Kinnucan, Henry W., Robert G. Nelson, and Johanis Hiariey ( 1993). " U. S. Preferences for Fish and Seafood: An Evoked Set Analysis." Presented at the International Conference on Fisheries Economics, Os, Norway, May 26 28.

This study uses the concept of an " evoked set" to test hypotheses about the determinants of consumer preferences for seafood, especially catfish. 3 6 0 Conceptually, the evoked set includes those specific products ( e. g., catfish, shrimp, or flounder) that are evoked by the consumer in the context of a decision to purchase from the general category ( fish and seafood). In this study the evoked set is operationally defined as consisting of those seafood items named in answering the question: What are your three favorite types of fish and seafood? Data from a national survey are used to estimate a four equation recursive model of preference formation and consumption behavior. Results indicate consumer preferences for the top seven fish types ( shrimp, lobster, catfish, cod, flounder, scallops, and salmon) are mainly a function of the consumer's geographical location and ethnicity. Consumer beliefs about fish product attributes ( e. g., quality, flavor, nutrition) and product category use experience ( frequency of fish consumption) in general are not significant preference determinants, although important exceptions are noted. The composition of the evoked set may have different behavioral implications depending on whether fish consumption occurs in the home or in a restaurant setting.

Kinnucan, Henry W., Robert G. Nelson, and Johanis Hiariey ( 1993). " U. S. Preferences for Fish and Seafood: An Evoked Set Analysis." Marine Resource Economics, 8( 3): 273 291.

This study uses the concept of an " evoked set" to test hypotheses about the determinants of consumer preferences for seafood. Results indicate consumer preferences for seven major fish species ( shrimp, lobster, catfish, cod, flounder, scallops, and salmon) are mainly a function of the consumer's geographical location and ethnicity. Consumer beliefs about fish product attributes ( e. g., quality, flavor, nutrition) and product category use experience ( frequency of fish consumption) in general are not significant preference determinants, although important exceptions are noted. The composition of the evoked set may have different behavioral implications depending on whether fish consumption occurs in the home or in a restaurant setting.

Kinnucan, Henry W., Robert G. Nelson, and Hui Xiao ( 1995). " Cooperative Advertising Rent Dissipation." Marine Resource Economics, 10( 4): 373 384.

Generic advertising is used by fish producers to accelerate demand growth or to alleviate temporary surpluses. Whether this cooperative promotional venture is profitable depends on a number of factors including industry supply response. A rent dissipation model applied to the U. S. catfish industry suggests the quasi rents generated by increased advertising are more than sufficient to cover incremental costs over any reasonable time horizon.

Kinnucan, Henry, Scott Sindelar, David Wineholt, and Upton Hatch ( 1988). " Processor Demand and Price Markup Functions for Catfish: A Disaggregated Analysis with Implications for the Off Flavor Problem." Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics, 80( December): 81 91.

Off flavor in catfish restricts farm marketing 10 to 45% depending on the season. The economic impact on society of this imposed supply restriction depends, in part, on the elasticity of demand for catfish. Econometric estimates based on disaggregated processing plant data indicate an elastic demand at the processor level but an inelastic demand at the farm level. Short run social welfare gains from the elimination of off flavor are estimated to equal 12.0% of farm revenues ($ 10.0 million in 1983). The 3 6 1 inelastic demand for catfish at the farm level, however, means that most of the societal gains will accrue to individuals beyond the farm gate. Thus, an economic justification exists for public sector funding of off flavor research.

Kirkley, James E. ( 1987). " Bridging the Gap Between Economic Theory and Fisheries Management: Can the MFCMA Produce Economically Rational Management? Discussion." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 3): 25 28.

A discussion of Lee G. Anderson ( 1987). " Bridging the Gap Between Economic Theory and Fisheries Management: Can the MFCMA Produce Economically Rational Management?" Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 3): 13 25.

Kirkley, James E. ( 1996).  Virginia  s Net Fisheries: A Preliminary Economic Overview.  Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA.

Summary tables and graphs that present the economic impacts of Virginia  s seafood harvesting industry on the state  s economy.

Kirkley, James E. ( 1997).  Virginia  s Commercial Fishing Industry: Its Economic Performance and Contributions.  Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 337, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA.

An overview of Virginia  s commercial fishing sector including wild harvest and aquaculture activities, the communities, processing and wholesale trade, international trade, and the economic importance of the fishing industry.

Kirkley, James E. ( 1998).  Capacity, Capital, and Factor Utilization in Fisheries.  Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA.

Various definitions of capacity, capitalization, and capacity utilization which are consistent with the prevalent economic theory and principles are presented. Two basic frameworks for defining capacity and capacity utilization are initially introduced: ( 1) a primal or physical based measure and ( 2) an economic based measure. Next, more practical measures of capacity and capacity utilization are introduced. These practical measures appear to be more consistent with the views on capacity held by resource managers and public administrators. The terms capital and capitalization are also defined consistent with economic principles, but later modified to indicate how resource managers typically view the terms.

Kirkley, James E. ( 1998).  Concepts of Capacity, Capitalization.  Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, VA.

Various definitions of capacity, capitalization, and capacity utilization which are consistent with the prevalent economic theory and principles are presented. Two basic frameworks for defining capacity and capacity utilization are initially introduced: ( 1) a primal or physical based measure and ( 2) an economic based measure. Next, more practical measures of capacity and capacity utilization are introduced. These practical measures appear to be more consistent with the views on capacity held by resource managers and public administrators. The terms capital and capitalization are also defined consistent with economic principles, but later modified to 3 6 2 indicate how resource managers typically view the terms.

Kirkley, James E. and William D. DuPaul ( 1994).  Technical Efficiency, Biological Considerations, and Management and Regulation of the Sea Scallop, Placopecten Magellanicus ( GMELIN, 1791), Fishery.  Journal of Shellfish Research, 13( 2): 571 579.

Achieving social and economic efficiency in a fishery requires that production be technically efficient. Yet, technical efficiency ( TE) is rarely examined for a fishery. By the use of detailed trip level data and information about resource conditions obtained from routine sampling, a stochastic frontier production model relating landings to days at sea, crew size, and resource conditions is specified and estimated for 10 Mid Atlantic sea scallop dredge vessels. TE is shown to depend partly on the mix of controllable inputs such as days at sea and crew size but possibly more on uncontrollable factors such as resource conditions and biological characteristics. Last, we illustrate that two regulations recently implemented by the management authorities should increase TE in the U. S. sea scallop fishery.

Kirkley, James E. and William D. DuPaul ( 1995).  Standardizing Fishing Effort and Individual Transferable Effort Programs in the Sea Scallop, Placopecten Magellanicus, Fishery.  Virginia Sea Grant, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 6 pp.

Consolidation and transferability of days at sea limits is explored in this report. If an effort consolidation or transferability effort program is to be allowed, there will be a need to standardize days at sea to ensure that desired levels of fishing mortality are not exceeded. Even though the optimum number of standardized days is unknown, it si possible to develop a framework for standardizing days for the purposes of effort consolidation or transferability. It is only necessary to consider the notion of fishing power or technical efficiency. Fishing power and technical efficiency both indicate some maximum level of potential harvesting or productivity.

Kirkley, James and David Kerstetter ( 1997).  Saltwater Angling and Its Economic Importance To Virginia.  Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Virginia 71 pp.

A review of recreational angling in Virginia with estimates on economic importance of saltwater angling.

Kirkley, James E. and Dale Squires ( 1988).  A Limited Information Approach for Determining Capital Stock and Investment in a Fishery.  Fisheries Bulletin, 88( 2): 339 349.

There have been few empirical studies on the level of capitalization and investment in fisheries because the necessary data are often inadequate. Specifically, data on capital stock and investment in a fishery are not routinely collected and compiled or are limited in scope. In this study, a method is provided for estimating the aggregate capital stock and investment in a fishery utilizing the available information. Data on acquisition and list prices and vessel characteristics for a sample of New England vessels are obtained. The data are then used to estimate an hedonic cost function which specifies the acquisition price as a function of vessel characteristics. The resultant equations are subsequently used, with information on vessel characteristics for all New England vessels, to estimate aggregate capital stock and investment. The results indicate that substantial investment 3 6 3 occurred in the otter trawl and scallop dredge fisheries, particularly since the Magnuson Fisheries Conservation and Management Act. Moreover, the results demonstrate that the number and change in the number of vessels are inadequate indicators of the level of capital stock and investment in a fleet comprised of vessels with heterogeneous characteristics.

Kirkley, James and Dale Squires ( 1997). " Measuring Capacity and Capacity Utilization in Fisheries." Draft report, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

This paper addresses the issues of ( 1) what is the maximum amount of output and fishing mortality a vessel, operating unit, or fleet can produce given available input stocks; ( 2) what is the technical efficiency and productivity of the fleet and vessels over time; ( 3) what portion of total fishing effort is redundant or unnecessary relative to present levels and biological and economic total allowable catches; and ( 4) what is the structure of industry and utilization of inputs given the frontier level of production and the elimination of technological externalities?

Kirkley, James and Dale Squires ( 1998). " Measuring Capacity and Capacity Utilization in Fisheries." Revised draft report, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

In this report, the various concepts of capacity, capacity utilization, capital utilization, overcapitalization, fishing and harvesting capacity, and input utilization are examined. Numerous definitions and potential measurements are offered. The definitions and measurements are explored from primal or physical based and economic orientations. Differences are articulated and further examined. In addition, numerous approaches for assessing capacity, capacity utilization, overcapitalization, capital utilization, and factor utilization are introduced.

Kirkley, James E. and Dale Squires ( 1999).  Capacity and Capacity Utilization in Fishing Industries.  Discussion Paper 99 16, Department of Economics, University of California, San Diego, July, 38 pp.

Excess capacity of fishing fleets is one of the most pressing problems facing the world  s fisheries and the sustainable harvesting of resource stocks. Considerable confusion persists over the definition and measurement of capacity and capacity utilization in fishing. Fishing capacity and capacity utilization, rather than capital ( or effort) utilization, provide the appropriate framework. This paper provides both technological economic and economic definitions of capacity and excess capacity in fishing and illustrates the technological economic approach through a case study using Data Envelopment Analysis.

Kirkley, James E. and Dale Squires ( 1999).  Productivity Indexes in Fisheries, A Critical Review.  Presentation at the Fisheries Productivity Workshop, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, February 19 20.

An outline of a presentation on production theory state of the art as it is applied to fisheries problems.

Kirkley, J. and I. Strand, Jr. ( 1988). " The Technology and Management of Multispecies Fisheries." Applied Economics, 20: 1279 1292.

This paper presents a dual based approach for determining forms of stock management in a multispecies or multiproduct fishery. A dual revenue function 3 6 4 is specified and estimated for the New England, Georges Bank, multiproduct, trawl fishery. Two forms of the technology, nonjointness in inputs and separability among outputs, often implicitly assumed by managers in formulating regulations are rejected. Important technical and economic interactions that are usually ignored in fisheries management are shown to characterize the fishery. Last, it is demonstrated that different types of management and regulations may be necessary if a fleet is comprised of heterogeneous fishing firms.

Kirkley, James E., William D. DuPaul, Michael Oesterling ( 1995).  Regulating the Blue Crab, Callinectes sapidus, Fishery of Virginia: Biological and Economic Concerns.  VSG 95 14, Virginia Sea Grant, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 15 pp.

This brief paper an overview of regulatory options for managing and regulating the blue crab fishery is provided. We initially focus on open access strategies and subsequently present a discussion of regulations that address the common property, open access fishery. Prior to discussing management options, we discuss goals and objectives of resource management.

Kirkley, J., Dale Squires, and Mohammad Ferdous Alam ( 1998). " Capacity and Capacity utilization in Fishing Industries." Draft report, Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, College of William and Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, August, 22 pp.

This paper addresses the issue of defining and measuring capacity in fishing industries. Capacity can be defined and measured following either a technological engineering approach or explicitly predicated on economic optimization from microeconomic theory. The former definition is the focus of this paper because of the paucity of cost data in most fisheries world wide militates against estimation of cost or profit functions to derive economic measures of capacity and capacity utilization. An empirical illustration of capacity in the Malaysian purse seine fishery is provided as a case study.

Kirkley, J., Dale Squires, and Ivar E. Strand ( 1995). " Assessing Technical Efficiency in Commercial Fisheries: The Mid Atlantic Sea Scallop Fishery." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77( 2): 686 697.

Despite the extensive effort to research issues of allocative efficiency in fisheries, little empirical analysis of technical efficiency ( TE) in fisheries exists. This study examines vessel efficiency using a stochastic production frontier based on a sample of sea scallop vessels operating in the Mid Atlantic between 1987 and 1990. Estimates of TE are computed and compared with input usage, resource conditions, economic performance, and recently imposed regulations. The analysis suggests that owners and captains only partially compensate for changes in resource conditions through the use of labor and fishing effort, and recent regulations may improve overall TE in the short run.

Kirkley, J., Dale Squires, and Ivar E. Strand ( 1998). " Characterizing Managerial Skill and Technical Efficiency in a Fishery." Journal of Productivity Analysis, 9: 145 160.

Researchers have long recognized that entrepreneurial or managerial skill is a major determinant of productivity or reason why production among firms varies. Yet, except for a few studies, differences in productivity and output levels are usually attributed to plant configuration or scale. More 3 6 5 important, there appears to have been few attempts to relate technical efficiency to managerial skill. Utilizing a stochastic production frontier, we examine the relationship between technical efficiency and characteristics of skill such as experience and education in a fishery. Although we can not determine threshold or essential levels of experience and education, substitution possibilities are found to exist between years of experience and education levels. Additional analysis of efficiency for two captains of the same background and experience reveals that additional characteristics need to be considered in the examination of skipper skill or the  good captain  hypothesis.

Kirkley, James E., Nancy Bockstael, Kenneth E. McConnell, and Ivar E. Strand ( 1999).  The Economic Value of Saltwater Angling in Virginia.  VSG 99 02, Virginia Sea Grant, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, 16 pp.

This report provides results of an economic valuation study of saltwater recreational angling in Virginia. It is an extension of the Kirkley and Kerstetter ( 1997) study of recreational angling in Virginia.

Kirkley, James, Dale Squires, Mohammad Ferdous Alam, and Ishak Haji Omar ( 1999).  Capacity and Offshore Fisheries Development: The Malaysian Purse Seine Fishery.  Draft report, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, VA, April, 36 pp.

Many developing countries pursue offshore fisheries development to increase protein supply, expand employment, earn foreign exchange, and militate the conflict between large and small scale fisheries over the inshore resource stocks. This study evaluates the economic success of Peninsular Malaysia  s offshore fisheries development policy for the west coast purse seine fleet, finding it has largely succeeded on economic grounds.

Kirkley, James E., Dale Squires, John Walden, and John Ward ( 1999).  Efficiency and Capacity in Fisheries, Theory, Methodology, and Applications.  Report prepared for the National Marine Fisheries Service, Office of Science and Technology, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, November, 100 pp.

This is a guide for estimating and assessing efficiency and capacity in fisheries using data envelopment analysis, peak to peak, and stochastic production frontiers techniques.

Kirkley, James E., Rolf Fare, Shawna Grosskopf, Kenneth McConnell, Dale E. Squires, and Ivar Strand ( 1999).  Assessing Capacity and Capacity Utilization in Fisheries When Data are Limited.  Draft report, College of William and Mary, School of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA, September, 37 pp.

Excess capacity is globally recognized by resource managers as a major problem for fisheries. Yet, the concept of capacity remains vague, illdefined and often ambiguous. Measuring capacity and capacity utilization in fisheries has become more important or of greater public concern than ever because of various national and international agreements or policies to reduce capacity in fisheries throughout the world. In this study, we offer definitions of capacity and propose a method to calculate capacity, capacity utilization, and optimum input utilization. We illustrate the method by estimating and assessing the capacity of ten U. S. northwest Atlantic sea 3 6 6 scallop, Placopecten magellanicus, vessels operating between 1987 and 1990. We conclude that the ten vessels had the capability to harvest considerably more than they actually did, and the fleet could be reduced by 68% or more if managers desire to match capacity to a recommended sustainable yield of 20 million pounds.

Kirkley, James E., Philippe Berry, Amy Buss, Douglas Lipton, Ivar E. Strand, Kurt Finsterbusch, and Diane Illig ( 1994).  A Profile of the Oyster Industry.  VSG 94 08, Virginia Sea Grant, Virginia Institute of Marine Science, School of Marine Science, College of William & Mary, Gloucester Point, Virginia, February, 68 pp.

This study describes the east coast oyster industry as it exists today. Oyster demand has decline substantially resulting in low prices despite low production levels. More oysters will not revitalize the oyster industry alone. Increased demand and a wider variety of products will be necessary components of a successful industry revitalization.

Kitner, Kathi R. ( 1987). " TEDS: A Study of the South Atlantic Shrimp Fishermen's Beliefs, Opinions and Perceptions Regarding the Use of Turtle Excluder Devices." Report to the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Charleston, South Carolina, September, pp. 47.

Determining the beliefs and perceptions that South Atlantic shrimpers hold relative to the federal regulations mandating TED usage prior to actual implementation is the objective of this study. It also addresses the more generic questions of how to successfully implement technology transfer, the role that class plays in structuring different behaviors and reactions to new fisheries policies, and why and how the goals of some regulations can foment conflict and dissent among and between various groups.

Kitts, Drew ( 1996).  Cost Earnings Variable Definitions.  Draft, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole, MA.

A revised variable definition list based on work by Amy Gautum for use by economists wishing to develop cost and earnings surveys of various fisheries that retain comparability between surveys.

Kitts, Andrew and Eric Thunberg ( 1996).  Economic Considerations in the Design of Northeast U. S. Fishing Vessel Buyout Programs.  Draft, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole, MA, 43 pp.

Both the House and Senate bills re authorizing the Magnuson Act contain language allowing for vessel buyout programs. A $ 2 million pilot program was initiated to test aspects of a larger buyout program. Larger programs of up to $ 75 million were proposed. This study used data from the pilot program to estimate functions that assess the probability of Northeast vessels submitting a bid to a vessel buyout program, and the expected total level of submitted bids. The level of effort removed, groundfish revenue removed, and gear types and multispecies categories removed at different levels of program cost are examined. Landings tax rates needed to fund a vessel buyout are calculated and issues such as the goals of a buyout program, consolidation of days at sea, and alternative uses of buyout dollars are discussed.

Kitts, Andrew and Eric Thunberg ( 1997).  Report on Northeast Multispecies Harvest Capacity and Impact of New England Harvest Capacity Reduction.  Report to Congress, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine 3 6 7 Fisheries Service, Woods Hole, MA, 14 pp.

This report to Congress responds to a request for information concerning ( 1) the total number of Northeast multispecies permits in each permit category and calculates the maximum potential fishing capacity of vessels holding such permits based on principal gear, gross registered tonnage, engine horsepower, length, age, and other relevant characteristics; ( 2) the total number of days at sea available to the permitted Northeast multispecies fishing fleet and the total days weighted by the maximum fishing capacity of the fleet; ( 3) an analysis of the extent to which the weighted days at sea are used by active participants in the fishery and of the reduction in such days as a result of the fishing capacity reduction program; and ( 4) an estimate of conservation benefits directly attributable to the fishing capacity reduction program.

Kitts, Andrew, Eric Thunberg, and John Robertson ( 1998).  Modeling Participation and Bids in the Northeast U. S. Groundfish Fishing Vessel Buyout Program.  Paper Presented at IIFET, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, Woods Hole, MA.

An experimental buyout program was initiated in 1995 to remove fishing vessels from the Northeast United States groundfish fishery. Implemented as a reverse auction, the purpose of the pilot program was to determine the level of interest in a vessel buyout and to gain insight on the prices owners would be willing to accept to surrender their vessel and all associated fishing permits. Of the 296 eligible vessels, the pilot program drew 114 applicants with average bids of $ 455 thousand. This paper describes the pilot buyout program and the econometric procedures used to forecast probability of participation and bids, and to estimate the number and types of vessels that could be purchased at various levels of program spending. The decision of whether to participate in the program and the magnitude of bids were modeled in two stages via the specification of a participation function and a bid function. Alternative methods for modeling these functions, such as the Tobit model and the Heckman and Cragg two stage models, are discussed. Variables found to explain participation and bids include total and groundfish revenue history, allocated days at sea in the groundfish fishery, gear type, expected ranking, and vessel size characteristics. The expanded buyout program, completed in April 1998, provides a unique opportunity to evaluate the accuracy of the forecasts.

Klecka, William R. ( 1980). Discriminant Analysis. Sage University Papers, Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, Series/ Number 07 019, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills.

The author introduces canonical discriminant functions, classification functions and procedures, and various selection criteria for the inclusion of variables in discriminant analysis. Then canonical discriminant function coefficients are derived, a spatial interpretation of them is provided, and an interpretation of canonical discriminant functions is provided. The paper concludes with a discussion of the violation of the assumptions that underlie discriminant analysis as a guide for the novice.

Kleiber, Pierre ( 1994).  Modeling Effects of FADs and Islands on Movement of Skipjack Tuna ( Katsuwonus pelamis): Estimating Parameters from Tagging Data.  Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 51( 12): 2642 2653.

From an experiment with ordinary dart tags, we have found evidence of the effect of fish aggregating devices ( FADs) and of islands on the movements of skipjack tuna ( Katsuwonus pelamis) around the Solomon Islands. By fitting 3 6 8 a fish movement model to the tag data, we were able to estimate mortality and movement parameters ( including diffusivity), parameters of a function that models FAD attraction, and a separate parameter of island attraction. Diffusivity was high enough to effectively distribute fish throughout the island archipelago ( approximately 150,000 km2) within a few months. Estimates of FAD parameters indicate the presence of up to four or five FADs in an area approximately 50 X 50 km can reduce the propensity for skipjack to leave that area by approximately 50%, but that deploying additional FADs in such an area does not significantly increase their effectiveness in holding skipjack. Estimates of the island attraction parameter imply that the propensity of skipjack for movement away from the archipelago is less than half the propensity for movement within it.

Kleiber, Pierre ( 1995).  Proposal for Coordinating an Integrated Research Program for Highly Migratory Species.  Draft report, Highly Migratory Species Management Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, June, 4 pp.

Draft report outlining a contract proposal procedure to develop a research program for highly migratory species.

Kleiber, Pierre ( 1995).  Research Plan for North Atlantic Bluefin Tuna.  Draft report, Highly Migratory Species Management Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, June, 9 pp.

A proposed research plan to integrate economics, biology, and other sciences to support the management of Atlantic bluefin tuna.

Klima, Edward F. ( 1976). " Snapper and Grouper Resources of the Western Central Atlantic Ocean." Pages 5 40 in Harvey R. Bullis, Jr. and Albert C. Jones ( eds.) ( 1976). " Proceedings: Colloquium on Snapper Grouper Fishery Resources of the Western Central Atlantic Ocean. Report Number 17, Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, New Orleans, Louisiana, Texas A& M University Sea Grant College and Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, November, 333 pp.

Estimates of the standing stock and potential yields of snappers, groupers, and related species are provided for the Caribbean Sea and Campeche Bank area of the Gulf of Mexico. Handline fishing explorations by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization ( FAO) Caribbean Project provided the basic data for assessment of the resources in the Caribbean Sea. Exploratory trawl surveys by the Pascagoula Laboratory of the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS), NOAA and catch and effort data from the Cuban and Mexican snapper fisheries provided the basis for the Campeche Bank assessments. Present production of snappers and groupers can probably be significantly increased in many areas of the Caribbean, notably along the continental shelf of northeast South America off the Guianas and the Central American shelf. One problem hampering increased production in some island communities is the occurrence of ciguatera in fish in the northern Leeward Islands. Production for both snappers and groupers can be increased in the Campeche Bank area. Increased red grouper production can be realized by altering the age at entry into the fishery from 3 to about 5 years of age and increasing fishing effort.

Klima, Edward F. ( 1986). " Review of Ecuadorean Shrimp Fisheries and Suggestions for Management and Research." National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Galveston 3 6 9 Laboratory, 4700 Avenue U, Galveston, Texas, June, 18 pp.

At the request of the University of Rhode Island that is under contract to USAID, an evaluation is made of the offshore shrimp fisheries of Ecuador and recommendations are made concerning their management and research. This paper reviews, in a general sense, the information available for the offshore shrimp fishery of Ecuador, synthesizes some of the major findings and makes recommendations concerning their management and research.

Klima, Edward F. ( 1989). " Approaches to Research and Management of U. S. Fisheries for Penaeid Shrimp in the Gulf of Mexico." Chapter 4 in John F. Caddy ( ed.) Marine Invertebrate Fisheries: Their Assessment and Management. John Wiley & Sons, New York.

This paper summarizes the results of current shrimp management and research programs, including estuarine research programs in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico.

Klima, Edward F., K. Neal Baxter, and Frank J. Patella ( 1982). " A Review of the Offshore Shrimp Fishery and the 1981 Texas Closure." Marine Fisheries Review, 44( 9 10): 16 30.

Prohibition of shrimp fishing within 200 miles of the Texas coast on 22 May 1981 resulted in large brown shrimp catches off Texas when the season reopened on 15 July. Catch per unit effort off Texas in late July and August 1981 ranged from 1,349 to 2,250 pounds per fishing day, compared with only 820 to 858 pounds per fishing day for the Louisiana offshore brown shrimp fishery. The July August 1981 relative abundance ( CPUE) off Texas was greater than during similar time periods for any other year. Shrimp caught and landed off Louisiana were also predominantly smaller than those caught and landed off Texas. Recruitment from Texas bays to the offshore fishery appeared average to good, but was not sufficient to account for the outstanding abundance levels found offshore. The closure of Texas waters to fishing appears to have been a major reason for the large catches and high catch rates in July and August off Texas in 1981.

Klima, Edward F., Terrell W. Roberts, and Albert C. Jones ( 1986). " Overview of the Tortugas Sanctuary Studies." North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 6( 3): 297 300.

A summary of the Tortugas pink shrimp sanctuary studies that found that the area should remain closed to protect undersized pink shrimp from being harvested by shrimp fishermen.

Klima, Edward F., Gregg R. Gitschlag, and Maurice L. Renaud ( 1988). " Impacts of the Explosive Removal of Offshore Petroleum Platforms on Sea Turtles and Dolphins." Marine Fisheries Review, 50( 3): 33 42.

Comparisons of turtle strandings during periods characterized by high and low numbers of offshore explosions, March April 1985 88, suggest a positive relationship between the frequency of explosions and the stranding of turtles. Although dolphins may be impacted by explosions, the relationship between the stranding of dolphins and offshore explosions was not as conspicuous.

Klima, Edward F., K. Neal Baxter, Frank J. Patella, and Geoffrey A. Matthews ( 1984). " Review of the 1983 Texas Closure for the Shrimp 3 7 0 Fishery off Texas and Louisiana." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFSSEFC 136, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Galveston Laboratory, Galveston, Texas, March, 28 pp.

The objectives of whether the Texas Closure regulation increased shrimp yield and reduced discarding of undersized shrimp were determined for 1982 and 1983. This report reviews and analyzes the characteristics of the Texas and Louisiana fisheries west of the Mississippi River and describes the catch, fishing effort, relative abundance and recruitment to the offshore fishery from June 1982 August 1983.

Klima, Edward F., James M. Nance, Eduardo X. Martinez, and Terrance Leary ( 1990). " Workshop on Definition of Shrimp Recruitment Overfishing." NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS SEFC 264, 21 p.

This report summarizes the findings of a two day workshop undertaken to ( 1) draft scientific definitions of overfishing for each of the shrimp species in the management unit of the Fishery Management Plan and ( 2) to recommend action that might be taken if overfishing occurred in any of these stocks.

Kling, Catherine L. ( 1987). " A Simulation Approach to Comparing Multiple Site Recreation Demand Models Using Chesapeake Bay Survey Data." Marine Resource Economics, 4: 95 109.

This paper's purpose is to implement a methodology that can be used to suggest a model ( or models) appropriate for valuing quality improvements in the Chesapeake Bay. To compare these approaches, a series of outdoor recreation user populations is constructed by choosing a utility function, its parameter values and an error distribution. This information is combined with the characteristics of individuals and recreation sites from a Chesapeake Bay recreation demand survey to solve the individual's maximization problem. Each of the models is estimated using these data, and the compensating variation of a quality change is calculated. Benefit estimates are compared with simulated welfare change to evaluate the models.

Kling, Catherine L. ( 1988). " The Reliability of Estimates of Environmental Benefits from Recreation Demand Models." Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70( 4): 892 901.

Recreation demand models are commonly employed tools of economists interested in valuing improvements in environmental amenities. Despite their importance, little comparative work has been undertaken to examine the ability of the models to accurately estimate welfare changes. A simulation study designed to compare the reliability of estimated welfare measures ( compensating variation and consumer surplus) from several commonly employed recreation demand models is presented. Results of the study indicate that choice of functional forma nd model specification are important determinants of the resulting estimates of benefits.

Kling, Catherine L. ( 1988). " Comparing Welfare Estimates of Environmental Quality Changes from Recreation Demand Models." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 15: 331 340.

This paper presents a procedure for examining the reliability of welfare estimates resulting from the estimation of multiple site recreation demand models. A simulation approach is suggested where a utility function is combined with observations of individual and site characteristics to generate simulated data sets. Welfare measures associated with an improvement in site 3 7 1 quality are calculated. Recreation demand models are estimated using the simulated data sets. Estimated welfare measures resulting from the recreation demand models are then compared to the true welfare measures calculated from the simulated data. The procedure is demonstrated using two commonly employed recreation demand models.

Kling, Catherine L. and Joseph A. Herriges ( 1995). " An Empirical Investigation of the Consistency of Nested Logit Models with Utility Maximization." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77( 4): 875 884.

Global conditions under which nested logit models are consistent with utility maximization are provided by Daly and Zachary and by McFadden. Recently, Borsch Supan and Herriges and Kling have provided conditions under which a nested logit model is locally consistent. However, previous work has not discussed implementation of these conditions. Here, three alternative approachers to checking and formally testing for the consistency conditions using classical statistics are investigated. In addition, a Bayesian approach to interpreting and imposing the local consistency conditions is provided. The application is based on anglers  choices regarding sportfishing alternatives in southern California.

Kmenta, Jan ( 1967). " On Estimation of the CES Production Function." International Economic Review, 8( 2): 180 189.

The original specification of the constant elasticity of substitution ( CES) production function was restricted to the case of constant returns to scale. If the CES production function is generalized to allow for the possibility of nonconstant returns to scale require nonlinear regression techniques or linear estimation using a Taylor series expansion around p= 0. The latter technique is essentially a Cobb Douglas production function with a correction factor. This technique is then applied to U. S. nonfarm data for 1947 to 1960.

Kmenta, Jan ( 1986). Elements of Econometrics, Second Edition. Macmillan Publishing Company, New York.

An econometrics textbook that starts with basic statistics and then develops econometric theory advancements since 1971.

Knapp, Gunnar ( 1996).  Alaska Halibut Captains  Attitudes Towards IFQs.  Marine Resource Economics, 11( 1): 43 55.

In 1994, prior to the introduction of the individual fishing quota ( IFQ) management system, the University of Alaska conducted a detailed survey of vessel captains who had fished for halibut between 1987 and 1993. The survey included five questions about captains  expectations for and attitudes towards the planned IFQ management system. This paper reports on captains  responses to these questions.

Knapp, Gunnar ( 1998).  Initial Effects of the Alaska Halibut IFQ Program: Survey Comments of Alaska Fishermen.  Thalassorama, Marine Resource Economics, 12( 3): 239 248.

An open ended survey of halibut fishermen in the Alaskan fishery confirm the positive effects of ITQ management and also indicates that attitudes toward the program are inversely proportional to holdings of ITQ shares. These results remind us that management policies that may increase net benefits of fisheries do not necessarily make all fishermen, or even a 3 7 2 majority of fishermen, better off. This can contribute to strikingly different perceptions of the same management policies among different fishermen.

Knapp, Gunnar, Jeff Hartman, and Mike Mills ( 1999).  Basic Issues in Economic Comparisons of Commercial and Sport Fisheries: A Study of Allocation Alternatives for Alaska  s Kenai River Sockeye Salmon Fisheries.  Prepared for presentation at  The Role of Economics in Fisheries Management  at the 1998 Annual Meeting of the American Fisheries Society, Hartford, Connecticut, August, 18 pp.

Allocation between commercial and sport fisheries is becoming an increasingly difficult and divisive issue in fisheries management. As conflicts over allocation have increased, so has interest in the relative economic contributions of commercial and sport fisheries. This paper describes eight basic issues in economic comparisons of commercial and sport fisheries. These basic issues should be considered in evaluating or planning any economic comparison of commercial and sport fisheries   from a back ofthe envelope comparison to a formal study. We illustrate these issues by describing how they arose in an economic caparison of commercial and sport fisheries for Alaska  s Kenai river sockeye salmon.

Kneese, Allen V. and James L. Sweeney ( ed.) ( 1985). Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics, Vol. II, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.

The three volumes comprising this book examine the current theory and sample current application methods for natural resource and energy economics. Volume II deal with the economics of renewable resources.

Knight, H. Gary and James P. Lambert ( 1975). " Legal Aspects of Limited Entry for Commercial Marine Fisheries." Final report, National Marine Fisheries Service Contract No. 03 4 042 23, Center for Wetland Resources, Louisiana State University.

A discussion of the legal aspects of establishing a limited entry fishery management program in domestic fisheries. The report begins with an introduction to the concept of limited entry. Then, a legal analysis of the limited entry concept and related problems. Problems concerning interstate and state federal fisheries management such as federal preemption are discussed. The report concludes with specific recommendations concerning how limited entry programs should be instituted since a single legal framework to base legislation on is not possible to develop.

Knowlton, Clifford J. ( 1971). " Preliminary Studies of a Potential finfish Industry from Commercial Shrimp Landings." Report for the Commercial Fisheries Research and Development Act ( PL 88 309), U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, St. Petersburg, FL, October.

A study was conducted to determine species composition and weights of fish taken during trawling for shrimp by the commercial fishery in Georgia's close inshore waters. For all species combined and considering the state as a unit, the average pounds per hour of trawling had a large seasonal variation. The months of January, March, April, October, and December all averaged less than 100 pounds per hour of trawling with December the low month at about 29 pounds followed by March at about 52 pounds. In all remaining months the catches averaged over 120 pounds per hour of trawling with peaks in May at 245 3 7 3 pounds and in November at 192 pounds. Four families of fish each represented 3 percent or more of the yearly average catch over the state. These are Sciaenidae 73.8 percent, Clupeidae 8.5 percent, Dasyatidae 3.6 percent, and Ariidae 3.3 percent  a combined total of 89.2 percent of the yearly average catch. The Sciaenidae contributed 95.0 pounds per hour of trawling, Clupeidae 10.9 pounds, Dasyatidae 4.7 pounds, and Ariidae 4.3 pounds or a combined total of 114.9 pounds of the yearly average of 128.8 pounds per hour of trawling. Nine species of fish were captured in greatest abundance over the state and together contributed 111.6 of the 128.7 pounds per hour of trawling and represented 86.4 percent of the yearly average catch.

Koenig, Evan F. ( 1984). " Controlling Stock Externalities in a Common Property Fishery Subject to Uncertainty." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 11: 124 138.

Two methods are examined for regulating stock externalities under uncertainty; quotas and taxes. Dynamic programming is used to characterize the externalities precisely. The accuracy with which the current size of the resource stock can be monitored is found to be of crucial importance in the choice between tax and quota regulation. If the current stock is observed without error, taxes are capable of outperforming any quota.

Koenig, Evan F. ( 1984). " Fisheries Regulation Under Uncertainty: A Dynamic Analysis." Marine Resource Economics, 1( 2): 193 208.

This paper considers alternative methods for regulating the stock externality in a common property fishery. The methods considered are fiat price controls, a quota on the fish catch, and taxes on the size or value of the fish catch. When regulations must be formulated on the basis of incomplete information, these methods are not equivalent. It is shown that taxes are the preferred regulatory instrument whenever the regulatory authority is able to accurately monitor the size of the fish stock.

Koenig, Evan F. ( 1996).  Capacity Utilization As a Real Time Predictor of Manufacturing Output.  Economic Review, Third Quarter: 16 23, Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, P. O. Box 655906, Dallas, Texas.

The Federal Reserve Board  s initial estimate of manufacturing capacity utilization is helpful in predicting subsequent growth in manufacturing output. Together with lagged real time output growth and growth in composite index of leading indicators, capacity utilization explains more than 50 percent of the variation in output growth at a four quarter horizon. Based on data available at the beginning of the year, the forecasting equation predicts little or no growth in manufacturing output during 1996.

Korson, Charles S. and Wesley Silverthorne ( 1987). " Economic Status of the Washington, Oregon, and California Groundfish Fishery in 1986." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS, NOAA TM NMFS SWR 018, August, 39 pp.

This is the third in a series of annual reports describing the economic status of the Washington, Oregon, and California ( West Coast) groundfish fishery. This fishery consists of business firms and recreationists that harvest fish stocks regulated under the Pacific Coast Groundfish Fishery Management Plan. The focus of this report is on factors affecting the economic performance of domestic commercial firms in the West Coast groundfish fishery.

Kortbech Olesen, R. ( 1984). " World Shrimp Trade Continues to Expand." 3 7 4 The Fish Boat, August: 22 98 ( 7 pages).

A review of the world trade in shrimp, the effect of aquaculture, and the International Trade Center study " Shrimps: A Survey of the World Market."

Kotis, Richard J. ( 1984). " Strategies For A Strengthened Industry." Chapter 9 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

The author ( 1) defines the fishing tackle industry as manufacturers define it, ( 2) defines the marine recreational fisheries as the fishing tackle industry perceives them, and ( 3) outlines how he believes marine recreational fisheries can be improved, expanded, and strengthened. Hopefully, this will provide the basis for a stronger total industry.

Kouka, Pierre Justin ( 1995).  An Empirical Model of Pricing in the Catfish Industry.  Marine Resource Economics, 10( 2): 161 169.

The adoption of aquacultural products has created an imbalance of market power between catfish producers and a processing sector that exerts a monopsonistic power in certain regions of the U. S. such as west Alabama. However, because of the recent changes caused by vertical integration of the catfish industry, the existence of an oligopolistic power has been identified in the catfish industry. An empirical model of pricing in the catfish industry was developed using a theoretical model proposed by Appelbaum. An analysis of the market structure was conducted to provide estimates of conjectural elasticities over time. Conjectural elasticities were used to construct the oligopoly power index. Results show some evidence of the existence of oligopolistic power in the catfish industry that further suggests some degree of price enhancement.

Kraniotis, Patricia ( 1993). " The Fisheries Enforcement Agreement Between the United States and Canada." Paper presented at the Workshop on Enforcement Measures, Organization for Economic Co Operation and Development, Directorate for Food, Agriculture, and Fisheries, Committee for Fisheries, Paris, September.

This paper discusses the history of the agreement between the United States and Canada on fisheries enforcement. It discusses the Agreement itself and the implementing domestic laws and regulations. The paper explores how the agreement has functioned in operation, evaluating both its strengths, weaknesses, and potential applications of this approach in other fisheries contexts.

Krapf, David ( 1995).  From TEDs to BRDs, Gulf and South Atlantic Shrimp fishermen Shift Bycatch Focus.  In Brad Warren, Win Win Bycatch Solutions. National Fisheries Conservation Center, Seattle WA.

The paper presents a discussion of the marine turtle and finfish bycatch problem in the Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic shrimp fishery whose solution is expected to be a gear modification using TED and BRD devices. Views on the issue by both commercial fishermen associations and conservation groups are presented and discussed in the report.

Krauthamer, Judith T., William E. Grant, and Wade L. Griffin ( 1984). " Characteristics of the Texas Shrimp Fleet, 1979 82." Marine 3 7 5 Fisheries Review, 46( 2): 53 59.

Sound management of the Texas shrimp fishery requires an understanding of the composition of the shrimp fleet and its response to changing economic conditions and regulations. This study utilized Texas Parks and Wildlife Department licensing data to quantitatively describe and evaluate the commercial fleet from 1979 to 1982. Tables representing the number of vessels in the fleet, the license ( bay, bait, Gulf) or license combinations that they maintain, the home ports of vessels, and the counties of residence of vessel owners, are presented. Despite yearly fluctuations, the shrimp fleet has been increasing, as have been the purchases of single and multiple licenses. Decreases in the number of vessels in the fleet for any given year resulted primarily from vessels less than 25 feet in length and vessels 55 70 feet in length leaving the fishery. The expansion of the fleet in 1981 and its relationship to 1981 fisheries legislation is discussed.

Krauthamer, Judith T., William E. Grant, and Wade L. Griffin ( 1987). " A Sociobioeconomic Model : The Texas Inshore Shrimp Fishery." Ecological Modelling, 35: 275 307.

A sociobioeconomic model ( SBM) of the Texas inshore shrimp fishery is developed as an extension of a General Bioeconomic Fisheries Simulation Model ( GBFSM) for annual crop fisheries. The SBM is a heuristic model which redefines the traditional concept of a vessel class to include social and cultural variables that describe the vessel operators. Sociocultural variables that are hypothesized to affect harvesting capability of fishermen, or relative fishing power ( RFP) of vessels that they operate, are identified and referred to as Fishing Advantage variables. Fishing Advantage variables, age of operator, years of experience, and innovativeness, are quantified and incorporated into the GBFSM through modification of an equation that calculates RFP for different SBM vessel classes. Sociocultural variables hypothesized to affect decisions of vessel operators to exert fishing effort, or nominal days fished ( NDF) are identified and referred to as Motivational variables. These include deferred gratification orientation, work orientation, and vessel ownership status of the vessel operator. A method using decision trees to direct decision making based on Motivational variables and economic feedback is incorporated into the GBFSM to adjust NDF for different vessel classes. Five idealized inshore vessel classes representing different types of Texas inshore shrimp vessels, whose operators differ in Fishing Advantage and Motivation, are included in the SBM. Examination of the performance of individual inshore vessel classes indicated that policy changes have different economic impacts on different groups of fishermen, with revenue and rent of the lowest producers being most sensitive to policy changes.

Krautkraemer, Jeffrey A. ( 1990). " Taxation, Ore Quality Selection, and the Depletion of a Heterogeneous Deposit of a Nonrenewable Resource." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 18: 120 135.

The effect of taxation on depletion is examined when ore quality varies within a deposit and the firm's selection of the sequence of exploitation is constrained. Tax policies in this setting are less conserving of the resource than if ore quality is homogeneous and can be less conserving of the resource than in other models of ore quality selection. For example, a constant severance tax can induce faster depletion, decrease the life of the mine, reduce total recovery, and increase metal output in periods when extraction is positive.

Kronman, Mick ( 1995).  Dolphin Protection.  In Brad Warren, Win Win Bycatch 3 7 6 Solutions. National Fisheries Conservation Center, Seattle WA.

A discussion of technical solutions to the dolphin bycatch problem in purse seine tuna fishery of the eastern tropical Pacific. Including back down techniques, the Medina panel, and their inventor Harold Medina.

Krupnick, Alan J., Wallace E. Oates, and Eric Van De Verg ( 1983). " On Marketable Air Pollution Permits: The Case for a System of Pollution Offsets." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 10: 233 247.

After examining the properties of several alternative forms of marketable permit systems for the control of air pollution, this paper proposes a system of pollution offsets as the most promising approach. Under the pollution offset scheme, sources of emissions are free to trade emission permits subject to the constraint of no violations of the predetermined air quality standard at any receptor point. The paper shows that the pollution offset system has the capacity to achieve the predetermined standards of air quality at the minimum aggregate abatement cost, while making comparatively modest demands both on the sources and on the administering agency.

Krutilla, John V. ( 1981). " Reflections of an Applied Welfare Economist." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 8: 1 10.

Presidential address presented at the annual meeting of the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists.

Kumbhakar, Subal C. and Mickael Lothgren ( 1998).  A Monte Carlo Analysis of Technical Inefficiency Predictors.  Working P) aper Series in Economics and Finance, No. 229, Stockholm School of Economics.

This paper studies performance of both point and interval predictors of technical inefficiency in the stochastic production frontier model using a Monte Carlo experiment. In point prediction we use the Jondrow et al. ( 1980) results, while for interval prediction the Horrace and Schmidt ( 1996) and Hjalmarsson et al. ( 1996) results are used. When ML estimators are used we find negative bias in point predictions. MSEs are found to decline as the sample size increases. The mean empirical coverage accuracy of the confidence int3rvals are found to be significantly below the corresponding theoretical confidence levels for all values of the variance ratio.

Kurien, John ( 1998).  A Few Thoughts From the Perspective of Small Scale Fisheries in Asia.  Associate Professor, Centre for Development Studies, Trivandrum, Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, La Jolla California, U. S. A., April 15 18, 3 pp.

Overcapitalization and excess/ over capacity are issues that engage the minds of fishery managers the world over. In the artisanal, small scale fisheries of tropical water developing countries, overcapitalization is a new phenomenon, overcapacity is not.

Kurien, John ( 1998).  Does International Trade in Fisheries Products Contribute to Food Security?  Discussion note prepared for the FAO EMail Conference on Fisheries Trade and Food Security, Associate Professor, Centre for Development Studies, Ulloor, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala State, India, 8 pp.

The new globalization initiatives place increased faith in the role 3 7 7 played by market forces. They have created euphoria about the ability of a regime of vigorous and free international trade in food products to solve problems of food security. Achieving food security depends crucially on the level of both physical and economic access to food by the needy. Trade is therefore only one facilitating factor, and fish composes only a small part of the food basket. Both enhanced trade and food security depend substantially on the content, the quantum and the distribution of economic growth within and across countries. The role of trade and fish in food security must therefore not be overrated, and when examined in isolation, done so with caution. What contribution can fishery products make in moving humanity from the reality of widespread food insecurity to the vision of a world free from hunger? Does international trade in fishery products, in the manner in which it is organized today, play a role in alleviating food insecurity directly or indirectly? If not, under what conditions can it do so in the future? We need to ponder over these issues.

Kurkul, Patricia A. and Stanley D. H. Wang ( 1988). " Profitability of the U. S. Northeast Fisheries, 1976 1986." Draft report, Analytical Services Branch, Northeast Region, National Marine Fisheries Service, Gloucester, MA, March, 25 pp.

The methodology used to generate profit data and a discussion of profit trends are presented. Some important factors are discussed in relation to profit trends and tentative conclusions are drawn about fleet financial viability over this time period.

Kuronuma, Yoshihiro and Clement A. Tisdell ( 1996).  Economics of Antarctic Minke Whale Catches: Sustainability and Welfare Considerations.  Marine Resource Economics, 9( 2): 141 158.

Clark  s bioeconomic model is applied to Antarctic minke whales ( AMW), the backbone of the commercial whaling in 1982 when the International Whaling Commission ( IWC) opted for a ban on whaling commencing 1985/ 86. The moratorium appears not to be justified from the point of view of saving AMW from extinction or for maximizing the net present value of returns to whalers. Catch quotas before the moratorium are found to be lower than needed for survival of the species and for sustainability of the harvests and returns. It seems that the IWC catch quotas and the moratorium were determined not by conventional bioeconomics, but by other factors such as political pressure form conservationists who suffered adverse externalities from whaling. Nevertheless, even taking such externalities into account, the present moratorium seems not to be Kaldor Hicks optimal.

Kuruc, Michele ( 1993). " The Lacey Act." Paper presented at the Workshop on Enforcement Measures, Organization for Economic Co Operation and Development, Directorate for Food, Agriculture, and Fisheries, Committee for Fisheries, Paris, September 21 22.

The legislative changes made to the Lacey Act during the past 93 years are chronicled. A survey is conducted of some case law under the Act involving fish and wildlife. The intent is to show how the Act has protected endangered species since its passage in 1900.

Kusumastanto, Tridoyo and Curtis M. Jolly ( 1997).  Demand Analysis for Fish in Indonesian.  Applied Economics, 29: 95 100.

The purpose of this study was to determine an aggregate demand function and the factors influencing the demand for fish in Indonesia during the period 1967 88. Using a Box Cox transformation methodology, the double log model was 3 7 8 found to be appropriate for explaining the demand for fish. Results of static analysis showed an own price of  0.102, a cross price elasticity for eggs of 0.271, and an income elasticity of 0.506. A dynamic analysis using a Houthakker Taylor model indicated that fish consumption depended on psychological food buying habits of consumers. Short run and long run elasticities, resulting from a partial adjustment model, implied that per capita consumption of fish is growing at a slow rate.