Male .......................................................... 257 ( 1.3) 252 ( 1.3) 251 ( 1.3) 256 ( 1.5) 256 ( 1.6) 259 ( 1.1) 260 ( 1.2) 259 ( 1.2) 260 ( 1.0) Female ..................................................... 253 ( 1.2) 247 ( 1.2) 244 ( 1.2) 245 ( 1.3) 247 ( 1.5) 252 ( 1.1) 256 ( 1.0) 254 ( 1.2) 252 ( 1.3) Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic ................................. 263 ( 0.8) 259 ( 0.8) 256 ( 0.8) 257 ( 1.1) 259 ( 1.4) 264 ( 0.9) 267 ( 1.0) 267 ( 1.0) 266 ( 1.1) Black, non Hispanic ................................. 215 ( 2.4) 205 ( 2.4) 208 ( 2.4) 217 ( 1.3) 222 ( 2.5) 226 ( 3.1) 224 ( 2.7) 224 ( 4.2) 226 ( 2.1) Hispanic ....................................................         213 ( 1.9) 226 ( 3.9) 226 ( 3.1) 232 ( 2.6) 238 ( 2.6) 232 ( 2.4) 232 ( 2.5) Parental education Not high school graduate .........................         224 ( 1.3) 225 ( 1.9) 229 ( 2.7) 233 ( 2.1) 234 ( 2.9) 234 ( 2.5) 230 ( 3.1) Graduated high school .............................         245 ( 1.1) 243 ( 1.3) 245 ( 1.4) 247 ( 1.3) 246 ( 1.4) 247 ( 1.2) 248 ( 1.7) Some college ...........................................         260 ( 1.3) 259 ( 1.5) 258 ( 1.4) 263 ( 1.2) 266 ( 1.1) 260 ( 2.0) 261 ( 1.4) Graduated college ....................................         266 ( 1.0) 264 ( 1.5) 264 ( 1.9) 268 ( 1.1) 269 ( 1.0) 269 ( 1.3) 266 ( 1.2) Type of school Public ........................................................         245 ( 1.2) 249 ( 1.4) 251 ( 1.4) 254 ( 1.1) 257 ( 1.0) 255 ( 1.1) 254 ( 1.1) Private ......................................................         268 ( 2.1) 264 ( 3.2) 263 ( 6.4) 269 ( 1.8) 265 ( 2.4) 268 ( 2.6) 268 ( 5.0) Region Northeast .................................................. 261 ( 2.2) 256 ( 2.2) 255 ( 2.3) 254 ( 2.1) 258 ( 3.1) 257 ( 2.7) 257 ( 2.2) 263 ( 1.7) 255 ( 3.0) Southeast ................................................. 239 ( 2.4) 237 ( 2.4) 235 ( 1.8) 239 ( 2.3) 247 ( 2.2) 251 ( 1.9) 254 ( 2.8) 253 ( 2.6) 251 ( 2.7) Central ...................................................... 262 ( 1.8) 256 ( 1.8) 254 ( 1.8) 254 ( 2.6) 249 ( 5.3) 260 ( 2.8) 263 ( 2.1) 261 ( 3.5) 266 ( 1.8) West ......................................................... 255 ( 1.8) 248 ( 1.8) 243 ( 2.3) 252 ( 2.8) 252 ( 2.7) 253 ( 2.1) 258 ( 1.6) 252 ( 2.1) 254 ( 1.8)

17 year olds 1 Total .............................................................. 305 ( 1.0) 296 ( 1.0) 290 ( 1.0) 283 ( 1.2) 289 ( 1.4) 290 ( 1.1) 294 ( 1.3) 294 ( 1.6) 296 ( 1.2)

Male .......................................................... 314 ( 1.2) 304 ( 1.2) 297 ( 1.2) 292 ( 1.4) 295 ( 1.9) 296 ( 1.3) 299 ( 1.7) 300 ( 2.0) 300 ( 1.6) Female ..................................................... 297 ( 1.1) 288 ( 1.1) 282 ( 1.1) 275 ( 1.3) 282 ( 1.5) 285 ( 1.6) 289 ( 1.5) 289 ( 1.7) 292 ( 1.4) Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic ................................. 312 ( 0.8) 304 ( 0.8) 298 ( 0.7) 293 ( 1.0) 298 ( 1.7) 301 ( 1.1) 304 ( 1.3) 306 ( 1.5) 307 ( 1.2) Black, non Hispanic ................................. 258 ( 1.5) 250 ( 1.5) 240 ( 1.5) 235 ( 1.7) 253 ( 2.9) 253 ( 4.5) 256 ( 3.2) 257 ( 3.1) 260 ( 2.4) Hispanic ....................................................         262 ( 2.2) 249 ( 2.3) 259 ( 3.8) 262 ( 4.4) 270 ( 5.6) 261 ( 6.7) 269 ( 3.3) Parental education Not high school graduate .........................         265 ( 1.3) 259 ( 2.4) 258 ( 3.1) 261 ( 2.8) 262 ( 3.8) 256 ( 4.2) 259 ( 4.0) Graduated high school .............................         284 ( 0.8) 275 ( 1.6) 277 ( 2.0) 276 ( 1.4) 280 ( 2.4) 279 ( 1.7) 282 ( 2.5) Some college ...........................................         296 ( 1.1) 290 ( 1.7) 295 ( 2.5) 297 ( 1.6) 296 ( 1.7) 295 ( 1.9) 297 ( 1.9) Graduated college ....................................         309 ( 1.0) 300 ( 1.7) 304 ( 2.1) 306 ( 1.7) 308 ( 1.3) 311 ( 1.6) 308 ( 1.5) Type of school Public ........................................................         288 ( 1.0) 282 ( 1.1) 287 ( 1.6) 289 ( 1.1) 292 ( 1.3) 292 ( 1.5) 295 ( 1.2) Private ......................................................         308 ( 2.4) 292 ( 2.9) 321 ( 10.1) 308 ( 6.6) 312 ( 3.7) 310 ( 4.8) 304 ( 5.5) Region Northeast .................................................. 308 ( 2.5) 298 ( 2.5) 296 ( 2.2) 284 ( 2.0) 292 ( 4.3) 293 ( 3.2) 300 ( 2.4) 299 ( 4.2) 296 ( 3.3) Southeast ................................................. 287 ( 2.3) 283 ( 2.3) 276 ( 1.9) 276 ( 2.7) 284 ( 2.0) 284 ( 2.4) 283 ( 2.5) 288 ( 2.8) 288 ( 3.1) Central ...................................................... 308 ( 1.9) 300 ( 1.9) 294 ( 1.5) 289 ( 2.6) 294 ( 2.3) 300 ( 3.0) 304 ( 2.7) 298 ( 3.7) 307 ( 2.6) West ......................................................... 308 ( 1.7) 295 ( 1.7) 287 ( 1.5) 281 ( 2.7) 283 ( 3.8) 286 ( 2.3) 290 ( 3.8) 292 ( 4.1) 292 ( 2.4)

1 Excludes persons not enrolled in school.   Data not available.

NOTE.   These test scores are from the National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP). Performers at the 150 level know some general scientific facts of the type that could be learned from everyday experiences. Performers at the 200 level are developing some understanding of simple scientific principles, particularly in the life sciences. Performers at the 250 level can interpret data from simple tables and make inferences about the outcomes of experimental procedures. They exhibit knowledge and understanding of the life sciences and also demonstrate some knowledge of basic information from the physical sciences. Performers at the 300 level can evaluate the appropriateness of the design of an experiment and have the skill to apply their scientific knowledge in interpreting information from text and graphs. These students also exhibit a growing understanding of principles from the physical sciences. Performers at the 350 level can infer relationships and draw conclusions using detailed scientific knowledge from the physical sciences, particularly chemistry. They also can apply basic principles of genetics and interpret the societal implications of research in this field. Scale ranges from 0 to 500. Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress, NAEP 1996 Trends in Academic Progress ( addendum), prepared by Educational Testing Service. ( This table was prepared September 1998.) 145 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ACHIEVEMENT Table 129.   Twelfth graders' achievement on history, mathematics, reading, and science tests: 1992 Achievement test Total Sex Race/ ethnicity Socioeconomic status 1 Control of school Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian American Indian Low Middle High Public Catholic Other private 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Twelfth graders' achievement, standardized score 2 History ........................................................................ 51.2 51.9 50.5 52.5 45.9 47.4 52.1 44.5 45.8 50.5 55.9 50.8 55.1 54.9 Mathematics .............................................................. 51.4 51.8 51.0 52.9 44.8 47.3 54.3 45.2 45.5 50.6 56.7 50.9 55.1 56.1 Reading ..................................................................... 51.0 49.9 52.2 52.4 45.5 47.2 51.4 45.2 45.9 50.4 55.5 50.6 54.7 55.0 Science ...................................................................... 51.1 52.4 49.7 52.9 43.3 46.5 51.8 44.8 45.4 50.5 55.9 50.7 53.9 55.0 Distribution of twelfth graders' achievement, by score quartile 3 History ........................................................................ 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Lower quartile ....................................................... 20.2 19.6 20.9 15.5 39.6 32.4 16.8 41.1 37.6 20.5 7.9 21.4 7.1 13.8 Lower middle quartile ........................................... 24.6 21.5 27.9 23.4 28.1 28.9 25.6 32.5 30.9 26.9 16.5 25.2 21.0 17.2 Upper middle quartile ........................................... 26.9 26.3 27.4 28.4 21.5 23.5 25.5 13.6 21.1 27.7 29.2 26.8 31.2 22.1 Upper quartile ....................................................... 28.3 32.5 23.8 32.7 10.8 15.3 32.2 12.7 10.3 24.8 46.5 26.6 40.7 46.9 Mathematics .............................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Lower quartile ....................................................... 19.7 20.1 19.2 14.8 41.2 31.6 11.9 42.8 37.0 20.4 6.5 20.9 8.2 7.6 Lower middle quartile ........................................... 24.2 22.4 26.0 22.5 30.0 30.6 21.1 29.8 32.4 26.3 15.2 24.9 17.0 17.3 Upper middle quartile ........................................... 27.6 26.9 28.4 29.5 20.3 22.9 28.4 18.5 22.4 29.3 28.4 27.2 34.3 28.5 Upper quartile ....................................................... 28.5 30.6 26.3 33.2 8.5 14.9 38.7 8.9 8.3 23.9 50.0 27.0 40.5 46.6 Reading ..................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Lower quartile ....................................................... 21.1 25.6 16.4 16.6 38.2 31.6 23.2 41.2 36.3 21.6 9.8 22.3 8.1 14.0 Lower middle quartile ........................................... 24.6 24.5 24.7 22.6 31.3 32.9 20.0 31.1 32.4 26.8 15.8 25.5 18.1 13.6 Upper middle quartile ........................................... 26.4 25.0 27.9 28.3 20.7 21.2 24.9 15.5 20.8 27.4 28.6 25.8 36.3 25.2 Upper quartile ....................................................... 27.8 24.9 30.9 32.5 9.8 14.3 31.9 12.2 10.5 24.3 45.9 26.4 37.5 47.2 Science ...................................................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Lower quartile ....................................................... 20.9 18.2 23.6 14.0 52.6 34.3 17.7 37.6 39.0 20.9 8.4 21.9 11.7 10.5 Lower middle quartile ........................................... 24.5 21.1 28.1 23.0 25.2 33.8 25.2 35.8 31.9 26.8 16.0 25.0 22.0 17.4 Upper middle quartile ........................................... 26.3 27.1 25.5 29.0 16.0 18.9 26.5 20.9 19.8 28.3 27.4 26.3 27.3 26.1 Upper quartile ....................................................... 28.3 33.6 22.7 33.9 6.2 13.1 30.5 5.7 9.3 24.1 48.3 26.8 39.0 46.0 1 Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income. The `` Low'' SES group is the lowest quartile; the `` Middle'' SES group is the middle two quartiles; and the `` High'' SES group is the upper quartile.

2 In the full data file, the standardized scores have a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. Because dropouts and students who were retained in grades between 8 and 11 were excluded from this tabulation, the scores are slightly higher. 3 In the full data file, twenty five percent of all students fall into each one of the quartile groupings. Because dropouts and students who were retained in grades between 8 and 11 were excluded from this tabulation, the scores are slightly higher.

NOTE.   Because of rounding, details may not add to totals.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988, Second Followup'' survey. ( This table was prepared July 1995.)

Table 130.   Performance of 8th grade students in music, theatre, and visual arts, by selected characteristics of students: 1997 Selected characteristics of students Music Visual arts Theatre Average creating score ( 0 to 100 percent) Average performing score ( 0 to 100 percent) Average responding scale score ( 0   300) Average creating score ( 0 to 100 percent) Average responding scale score ( 0   300) Average creating/ performing ( 0 to 100 percent) Average responding scale score ( 0   300)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 All students ....................................... 34 ( 1.1) 34 ( 1.2) 150 ( 1.3) 43 ( 0.7) 150 ( 1.1) 49 ( 2.0) 150 ( 5.7)

Sex Male ................................................ 32 ( 1.0) 27 ( 1.4) 140 ( 1.5) 42 ( 0.7) 146 ( 1.5) 46 ( 2.2) 140 ( 6.6) Female ........................................... 37 ( 1.6) 40 ( 1.5) 160 ( 1.6) 45 ( 0.9) 154 ( 1.4) 52 ( 2.1) 158 ( 5.6)

Race/ ethnicity White .............................................. 36 ( 1.2) 36 ( 1.4) 158 ( 1.4) 46 ( 0.9) 159 ( 1.3) 52 ( 1.9) 159 ( 4.4) Black ............................................... 34 ( 3.6) 30 ( 1.9) 130 ( 2.3) 37 ( 1.8) 124 ( 2.0) 39 ( 2.2) 120 ( 10.1) Hispanic .......................................... 29 ( 2.7) 24 ( 3.7) 127 ( 3.5) 38 ( 1.3) 128 ( 2.0) 44 ( 2.5) 139 ( 6.2) Asian .............................................. 31 ( 3.8)     152 ( 6.2) 45 ( 1.6) 153 ( 6.4)         Parents' level of education Not high school graduate ............... 24 ( 2.5) 21 ( 2.4) 129 ( 3.5) 36 ( 1.4) 125 ( 2.4) 42 ( 2.1) 131 ( 4.4) Graduated high school ................... 29 ( 2.0) 29 ( 2.4) 139 ( 1.3) 41 ( 1.1) 138 ( 1.8) 42 ( 1.9) 130 ( 8.5) Some college ................................. 35 ( 1.3) 34 ( 2.4) 150 ( 1.8) 44 ( 0.8) 153 ( 1.8) 49 ( 1.8) 153 ( 5.1) Graduated college .......................... 39 ( 1.3) 39 ( 1.5) 159 ( 1.7) 46 ( 0.7) 158 ( 1.4) 52 ( 2.2) 157 ( 5.6)

Region Northeast ........................................ 39 ( 2.0) 34 ( 2.6) 153 ( 4.0) 45 ( 1.5) 152 ( 4.0)         Southeast ....................................... 30 ( 2.7) 33 ( 2.4) 139 ( 2.7) 42 ( 1.0) 143 ( 3.3)         Central ............................................ 36 ( 1.4) 33 ( 2.1) 157 ( 3.0) 45 ( 1.8) 157 ( 3.5)         West ............................................... 33 ( 2.3) 35 ( 2.9) 152 ( 3.0) 43 ( 1.3) 149 ( 2.6) 51 ( 2.1) 157 ( 5.3)

  Sample size insufficient to permit a reliable estimate.

NOTE.   Creating refers to expressing ideas and feelings in the form of an original work of art, for example, a dance, a piece of music, a dramatic improvisation, or a sculpture Performing refers to performing an existing work, a process that calls upon the interpretive or re creative skills of the student. Responding refers to observing, describing, analyzing, and evaluating works of art. Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The NAEP 1997 Arts Report Card. ( This table was prepared November 1998.) 146 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ACHIEVEMENT Table 131.   Scholastic Assessment Test 1 score averages, by race/ ethnicity: 1987, 1996, and 1997 Racial/ ethnic background 1987 1996 1997 Percent change, 1987 to 1997 Percent change, 1996 to 1997 1 2 3 4 5 6 SAT Verbal All students ................................................................................................................. 507 505 505   2 0 White ................................................................................................................................ 524 526 526 2 0 Black ................................................................................................................................. 428 434 434 6 0 Hispanic or Latino ............................................................................................................ 464 465 466 2 1 Mexican American ............................................................................................................ 457 455 451   6   4 Puerto Rican ..................................................................................................................... 436 452 454 18 2 Asian American ................................................................................................................ 479 496 496 17 0 American Indian ............................................................................................................... 471 483 475 4   8 Other ................................................................................................................................. 480 511 512 32 1 SAT Mathematical All students ................................................................................................................. 501 508 511 10 3 White ................................................................................................................................ 514 523 526 12 3 Black ................................................................................................................................. 411 422 423 12 1 Hispanic or Latino ............................................................................................................ 462 466 468 6 2 Mexican American ............................................................................................................ 455 459 458 3   1 Puerto Rican ..................................................................................................................... 432 445 447 15 2 Asian American ................................................................................................................ 541 558 560 19 2 American Indian ............................................................................................................... 463 477 475 12   2 Other ................................................................................................................................. 482 512 514 32 2 1 Formerly known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test.

NOTE.   Possible scores on each part of the SAT range from 200 to 800. SOURCE: College Entrance Examination Board, National Report on College Bound Seniors, 1997. ( Copyright Ó   1997 by the College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared September 1998.)

Table 132.   Scholastic Assessment Test 1 score averages for college bound high school seniors, by sex: 1966   67 to 1997   98 School year Scholastic Assessment Test I ( recentered scale) 2 Scholastic Aptitude Test ( old scale)

Verbal score Mathematical score Verbal score Mathematical score Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1966   67 .........             466 463 468 492 514 467 1967   68 .........             466 464 466 492 512 470 1968   69 .........             463 459 466 493 513 470 1969   70 .........             460 459 461 488 509 465 1970   71 .........             455 454 457 488 507 466 1971   72 ......... 530 531 529 509 527 489 453 454 452 484 505 461 1972   73 ......... 523 523 521 506 525 489 445 446 443 481 502 460 1973   74 ......... 521 524 520 505 524 488 444 447 442 480 501 459 1974   75 ......... 512 515 509 498 518 479 434 437 431 472 495 449 1975   76 ......... 509 511 508 497 520 475 431 433 430 472 497 446 1976   77 ......... 507 509 505 496 520 474 429 431 427 470 497 445 1977   78 ......... 507 511 503 494 517 474 429 433 425 468 494 444 1978   79 ......... 505 509 501 493 516 473 427 431 423 467 493 443 1979   80 ......... 502 506 498 492 515 473 424 428 420 466 491 443 1980   81 ......... 502 508 496 492 516 473 424 430 418 466 492 443 1981   82 ......... 504 509 499 493 516 473 426 431 421 467 493 443 1982   83 ......... 503 508 498 494 516 474 425 430 420 468 493 445 1983   84 ......... 504 511 498 497 518 478 426 433 420 471 495 449 1984   85 ......... 509 514 503 500 522 480 431 437 425 475 499 452 1985   86 ......... 509 515 504 500 523 479 431 437 426 475 501 451 1986   87 ......... 507 512 502 501 523 481 430 435 425 476 500 453 1987   88 ......... 505 512 499 501 521 483 428 435 422 476 498 455 1988   89 ......... 504 510 498 502 523 482 427 434 421 476 500 454 1989   90 ......... 500 505 496 501 521 483 424 429 419 476 499 455 1990   91 ......... 499 503 495 500 520 482 422 426 418 474 497 453 1991   92 ......... 500 504 496 501 521 484 423 428 419 476 499 456 1992   93 ......... 500 504 497 503 524 484 424 428 420 478 502 457 1993   94 ......... 499 501 497 504 523 487 423 425 421 479 501 460 1994   95 ......... 504 505 502 506 525 490 428 429 426 482 503 463 1995   96 ......... 505 507 503 508 527 492             1996   97 ......... 505 507 503 511 530 494             1997   98 ......... 505 509 502 512 531 496             1 Formerly known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test.

2 Data for 1972 to 1986 were converted to the recentered scale by using a formula applied to the original mean and standard deviation. For 1987 to 1995, individual student scores were converted to the recentered scale and recomputed. For 1996 and 1997, most students received scores on the recentered scale score. Any score on the original scale was converted to the recentered scale prior to recomputing the mean.   Data not available. NOTE.   Possible scores on each part of the SAT range from 200 to 800. Data for the years 1966   67 through 1970   71 are estimates derived from the test scores of all participants.

SOURCE: College Entrance Examination Board, National Report on College Bound Seniors, various years. ( Copyright Ó   1997 by the College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared September 1998.) 147 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ACHIEVEMENT Table 133.   Scholastic Assessment Test 1 score averages, by selected student characteristics: 1996 and 1997 Selected characteristics 1996 1997 Verbal score Mathematics score Percent distribution Verbal score Mathematics score Percent distribution 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 All students ................................................ 505 508 100 505 511 100 High school rank Top tenth .................................................... 591 606 22 589 606 22 Second tenth .............................................. 530 539 22 529 541 23 Second fifth ................................................ 494 496 28 494 498 27 Third fifth .................................................... 455 448 24 455 451 23 Fourth fifth .................................................. 429 418 4 428 420 4 Lowest fifth ................................................. 411 401 1 411 404 1 High school grade point average A+ ( 97   100) ................................................ 617 632 6 613 630 6 A ( 93   96) .................................................... 573 583 14 570 583 15 A ( 90   92) .................................................. 545 554 15 542 553 16 B ( 80   89) .................................................... 486 485 49 485 486 49 C ( 70   79) ................................................... 432 426 15 432 428 14 D, E, or F .................................................... 414 408 0 411 409 0 Intended college major Agriculture natural resources ..................... 491 484 2 492 486 2 Architecture environmental design ............. 492 519 3 492 523 2 Arts: visual/ performing ................................ 520 497 6 522 501 7 Biological sciences ..................................... 546 545 6 545 546 6 Business and commerce ............................ 483 500 13 482 504 13 Communications ......................................... 527 497 4 523 498 4 Computer or information sciences ............. 497 522 3 498 526 4 Education .................................................... 487 477 8 485 479 9 Engineering ................................................ 525 569 8 523 570 8 Foreign classical language ......................... 556 534   554 535 0 General interdisciplinary ............................. 576 553   567 548 0 Health or allied services ............................. 500 505 19 499 507 19 Home economics ........................................ 458 452   459 456 0 Language and literature ............................. 605 545 1 609 546 1 Library/ archival sciences ............................ 554 512   561 522 0 Mathematics ............................................... 552 628 1 549 623 1 Military sciences ......................................... 503 505   505 507 0 Philosophy/ religion/ theology ....................... 560 536   558 538 1 Physical sciences ....................................... 575 595 1 572 593 1 Public affairs/ services ................................. 458 448 3 457 450 3 Social sciences/ history ............................... 532 509 11 531 510 11 Technical/ vocational ................................... 435 441 1 437 447 1 Undecided .................................................. 500 507 7 504 514 7 Degree level goal Certificate ................................................... 434 439 1 435 444 1 Associate degree ........................................ 422 415 2 422 418 2 Bachelor's degree ...................................... 476 476 23 475 478 23 Master's degree .......................................... 514 518 29 513 520 30 Doctoral or related degree ......................... 548 552 24 547 552 24 Other ........................................................... 430 438 1 432 444 1 Undecided .................................................. 502 503 20 504 508 20 Family income Less than $ 10,000 ...................................... 429 444 4 428 445 5 $ 10,000 to $ 20,000 .................................... 456 464 8 454 464 9 $ 20,000 to $ 30,000 ..................................... 482 482 10 480 482 12 $ 30,000 to $ 40,000 ..................................... 497 495 12 496 497 14 $ 40,000 to $ 50,000 .................................... 509 507 10 507 508 12 $ 50,000 to $ 60,000 .................................... 517 517 9 515 518 11 $ 60,000 to $ 70,000 .................................... 524 525 7 522 526 9 $ 70,000 to $ 80,000 .................................... 531 533 6 529 533 7 $ 80,000 to $ 100,000 .................................. 541 544 7 540 544 9 More than $ 100,000 ................................... 560 569 9 559 571 12 Highest level of parental education Less than high school ................................ 414 439 4 412 441 4 High school diploma ................................... 475 474 31 474 476 34 Associate degree ........................................ 489 487 7 488 489 8 Bachelor's degree ...................................... 525 529 25 524 530 28 Graduate degree ........................................ 556 558 23 556 560 25 1 Fomerly known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test.   Data not available.

NOTE.   Possible scores on each part of the SAT range from 200 to 800. SOURCE: College Entrance Examination Board, National Report on College Bound Seniors, various years. ( Copyright Ó   1997 by the College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved). ( This table was prepared September 1998). 148 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ACHIEVEMENT Table 134.   Scholastic Assessment Test 1 score averages, by state: 1987 to 1997 State 1987 1994 1995 1996 1997 Percentage of graduates taking SAT, 1997 2 Verbal Mathematical Verbal Mathematical Verbal Mathematical Verbal Mathematical Verbal Mathematical 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United States ................................................................ 507 501 499 504 504 506 505 508 505 511 42 Alabama ............................................................................ 553 535 556 547 565 555 565 558 561 555 8 Alaska ................................................................................ 521 504 510 502 521 513 521 513 520 517 48 Arizona .............................................................................. 539 526 519 519 524 520 525 521 523 522 29 Arkansas ........................................................................... 556 540 552 537 556 542 566 550 567 558 6 California ........................................................................... 500 507 489 506 492 509 495 511 496 514 45 Colorado ............................................................................ 542 535 532 534 538 538 536 538 536 539 30 Connecticut ....................................................................... 515 499 502 497 507 502 507 504 509 507 79 Delaware ........................................................................... 517 496 505 491 505 494 508 495 505 498 65 District of Columbia ........................................................... 482 462 479 468 485 471 489 473 490 475 60 Florida ............................................................................... 501 497 490 492 497 496 498 496 499 499 50 Georgia .............................................................................. 478 470 474 474 483 477 484 477 486 481 63 Hawaii ................................................................................ 481 502 477 504 483 507 485 510 483 512 54 Idaho ................................................................................. 548 524 537 529 544 532 543 536 544 539 15 Illinois ................................................................................ 539 540 553 562 563 574 564 575 562 578 14 Indiana ............................................................................... 492 487 488 493 492 494 494 494 494 497 57 Iowa ................................................................................... 588 586 580 586 589 595 590 600 589 601 5 Kansas .............................................................................. 572 562 568 565 576 571 579 571 578 575 9 Kentucky ............................................................................ 554 538 549 543 552 542 549 544 548 546 12 Louisiana ........................................................................... 548 530 556 549 560 552 559 550 560 553 10 Maine ................................................................................. 510 493 497 490 504 497 504 498 507 504 67 Maryland ............................................................................ 513 502 505 503 506 503 507 504 507 507 64 Massachusetts .................................................................. 511 500 502 500 505 502 507 504 508 508 80 Michigan ............................................................................ 534 533 547 554 559 565 557 565 557 566 11 Minnesota .......................................................................... 548 549 569 576 580 591 582 593 582 592 9 Mississippi ......................................................................... 561 540 559 546 572 557 569 557 567 551 4 Missouri ............................................................................. 549 538 560 554 569 566 570 569 567 568 9 Montana ............................................................................ 555 548 540 542 549 553 546 547 545 548 22 Nebraska ........................................................................... 563 562 557 559 568 570 567 568 562 564 9 Nevada .............................................................................. 516 508 506 508 511 508 508 507 508 509 32 New Hampshire ................................................................. 527 512 515 510 520 515 520 514 521 518 70 New Jersey ....................................................................... 502 493 494 500 496 503 498 505 497 508 69 New Mexico ....................................................................... 559 544 550 546 559 549 554 548 554 545 12 New York ........................................................................... 501 495 492 497 495 498 497 499 495 502 74 North Carolina ................................................................... 477 468 482 482 488 482 490 486 490 488 59 North Dakota ..................................................................... 583 573 570 573 587 602 596 599 588 595 5 Ohio ................................................................................... 532 521 533 531 536 535 536 535 535 536 25 Oklahoma .......................................................................... 560 539 557 554 565 553 566 557 568 560 8 Oregon .............................................................................. 521 509 513 515 525 522 523 521 525 524 50 Pennsylvania ..................................................................... 505 491 494 489 496 489 498 492 498 495 72 Rhode Island ..................................................................... 509 492 496 488 502 490 501 491 499 493 70 South Carolina .................................................................. 474 466 473 473 478 473 480 474 479 474 56 South Dakota .................................................................... 587 577 558 563 579 576 574 566 574 570 4 Tennessee ......................................................................... 563 543 562 553 571 560 563 552 564 556 13 Texas ................................................................................. 493 486 489 500 495 501 495 500 494 501 49 Utah ................................................................................... 577 557 582 573 585 576 583 575 576 570 4 Vermont ............................................................................. 518 500 504 498 506 499 506 500 508 502 69 Virginia .............................................................................. 511 499 501 495 504 494 507 496 506 497 69 Washington ....................................................................... 532 519 511 512 519 517 519 519 523 523 46 West Virginia ..................................................................... 534 519 516 507 525 509 526 506 524 508 18 Wisconsin .......................................................................... 550 551 562 575 574 585 577 586 579 590 7 Wyoming ........................................................................... 557 551 535 541 551 544 544 544 543 543 12 1 Formerly known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test.

2 Based on the number of high school graduates in 1997 as projected by the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education and the number of 1997 seniors who took the SAT I. NOTE.   Possible scores on each part of the SAT range from 200 to 800. Rankings of states based on SAT scores alone are invalid because of the varying proportions of students in each state taking the tests.

SOURCE: College Entrance Examination Board, `` College Bound Seniors: 1997 Profile of SAT Program Test Takers,'' Copyright 1997 by the College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared September 1998.) 149 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ACHIEVEMENT Table 135.   American College Testing ( ACT) score1 averages, by sex: 1970 to 1997 Type of test 1970 1975 1980 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Participants: 2 Total ( in thousands) .............................. 714 822 836 835 849 739 730 777 842 855 817 796 832 876 892 945 924 959 Test scores 3 Composite, total ....................................... 18.6 18.5 18.5 18.3 18.5 18.6 18.8 18.7 18.8 18.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.8 20.9 21.0 Male ...................................................... 19.5 19.3 19.3 19.1 19.3 19.4 19.6 19.5 19.6 19.3 21.0 20.9 20.9 21.0 20.9 21.0 21.0 21.1 Female .................................................. 17.8 17.9 17.8 17.6 17.9 17.9 18.1 18.1 18.1 18.0 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.5 20.7 20.7 20.8 20.8 English, total ................................................ 17.7 17.9 17.8 17.8 18.1 18.1 18.5 18.4 18.5 18.4 20.5 20.3 20.2 20.3 20.3 20.2 20.3 20.3 Male ......................................................... 17.1 17.3 17.3 17.3 17.5 17.6 17.9 17.9 18.0 17.8 20.1 19.8 19.8 19.8 19.8 19.8 19.8 19.9 Female ..................................................... 18.3 18.3 18.2 18.2 18.6 18.6 18.9 18.9 19.0 18.9 20.9 20.7 20.6 20.6 20.7 20.6 20.7 20.7 Math, total .................................................... 17.6 17.4 17.3 16.9 17.3 17.2 17.3 17.2 17.2 17.1 19.9 20.0 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.6 Male ......................................................... 19.3 18.9 18.9 18.4 18.6 18.6 18.8 18.6 18.4 18.3 20.7 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.8 20.9 20.9 21.3 Female ..................................................... 16.2 16.2 16.0 15.7 16.1 16.0 16.0 16.1 16.1 16.1 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.6 19.7 19.7 20.1 Social studies, total 4 ................................... 17.4 17.2 17.2 17.1 17.3 17.4 17.6 17.5 17.4 17.2   21.2 21.1 21.2 21.2 21.3 21.3 21.3 Male ......................................................... 18.7 18.2 18.3 18.0 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.4 18.4 18.1   21.3 21.1 21.2 21.1 21.1 21.0 21.2 Female ..................................................... 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.9 16.7 16.6 16.4   21.1 21.1 21.2 21.4 21.4 21.6 21.5 Natural science, total 5 ................................. 21.1 21.1 21.0 20.9 21.0 21.2 21.4 21.4 21.4 21.2   20.7 20.7 20.8 20.9 21.0 21.1 21.1 Male ......................................................... 22.4 22.4 22.3 22.4 22.4 22.6 22.7 22.8 22.8 22.6   21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.6 21.7 21.7 Female ..................................................... 20.0 20.0 20.0 19.6 19.9 20.0 20.2 20.1 20.2 20.0   20.1 20.1 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.5 20.6 Percent Obtaining composite scores of   28 or above ..............................................                                   10 17 or below ..............................................                                   26 Planned major field of study Business 6 ................................................ 21 20 19 18 19 21 22 23 23 22 20 18 15 13 12 12 12 13 Engineering 7 ............................................ 6 8 10 10 9 9 9 8 9 9 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 9 Social science 8 ........................................ 9 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 10 11 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 9 Education 9 ............................................... 12 9 7 6 6 6 7 8 8 8 8 10 5 8 8 8 9 11 1 Test scores for 1990 and later data are not comparable with previous years because a new version of the ACT was introduced. Estimated average composite scores for the new version for prior years were: 1989, 20.6; 1988, 1987, and 1986, 20.8; and 1982, 20.3. 2 Beginning in 1985, data are for seniors who graduated in year shown and had taken the ACT in their junior or senior years. 3 Minimum score, 1; maximum score, 36. 4 Beginning in 1990, the test was changed to `` reading.'' 5 Beginning in 1990, the test was changed to `` science reasoning.'' 6 Includes political and persuasive ( e. g., sales) fields through 1975; thereafter, business and commerce. 7 Beginning in 1993, includes engineering and engineering related technologies. 8 Includes religion through 1975. 9 Includes education and teacher education.   Data not available.

SOURCE: The American College Testing program, High School Profile Report, annual. ( This table was prepared July 1998.) 150 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: COURSEWORK Table 136.   Average number of Carnegie units earned by public high school graduates in various subject fields, by student characteristics: 1982 to 1994 Student characteristics Total English History social studies Mathematics Science Foreign languages Arts Vocational education 1 Personal use 2 Computer science 3 Total Less than algebra Algebra or higher Total General science Biology Chemistry Physics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1982 graduates ......................... 21.64 3.90 3.19 2.57 0.92 1.65 2.17 0.74 0.93 0.34 0.17 0.97 1.46 4.68 2.69 0.14 Male .......................................... 21.44 3.86 3.19 2.65 0.99 1.66 2.24 0.77 0.89 0.35 0.22 0.78 1.29 4.63 2.80 0.16 Female ...................................... 21.82 3.93 3.20 2.49 0.85 1.64 2.11 0.71 0.97 0.32 0.12 1.14 1.63 4.72 2.60 0.13 Race/ ethnicity White ..................................... 21.75 3.88 3.23 2.61 0.79 1.82 2.25 0.73 0.96 0.37 0.19 1.03 1.52 4.58 2.63 0.15 Black ...................................... 21.25 4.06 3.11 2.55 1.39 1.16 2.04 0.81 0.89 0.25 0.09 0.71 1.25 4.84 2.68 0.16 Hispanic ................................. 21.30 3.89 3.03 2.26 1.23 1.03 1.78 0.77 0.79 0.16 0.06 0.76 1.31 5.26 3.02 0.09 Asian ...................................... 22.43 3.82 3.18 3.16 0.71 2.44 2.59 0.50 1.09 0.60 0.40 1.96 1.31 3.23 3.17 0.23 American Indian .................... 21.51 3.94 3.25 2.12 1.12 1.00 2.00 0.71 0.80 0.38 0.11 0.48 1.69 5.09 2.96 0.09 Academic track Academic 4 ............................. 22.41 4.25 3.53 3.34 0.77 2.57 2.98 0.77 1.21 0.66 0.34 1.62 1.51 2.54 2.66 0.15 Vocational 5 ............................ 20.99 3.52 2.79 1.81 1.03 0.78 1.44 0.71 0.63 0.07 0.03 0.35 1.02 7.55 2.48 0.16 Both 6 ..................................... 24.21 4.34 3.75 3.04 1.16 1.88 2.53 0.92 1.04 0.39 0.19 0.57 0.88 6.47 2.61 0.22 Neither 7 ................................. 20.21 3.60 2.89 1.98 0.94 1.05 1.57 0.66 0.77 0.11 0.03 0.75 2.02 4.39 2.98 0.09 1987 graduates ......................... 23.06 4.06 3.37 3.05 0.95 2.10 2.53 0.75 1.09 0.48 0.21 1.38 1.43 4.48 2.94 0.49 Male .......................................... 22.92 4.03 3.35 3.10 1.01 2.09 2.58 0.78 1.05 0.49 0.26 1.18 1.23 4.58 3.13 0.49 Female ...................................... 23.18 4.09 3.39 3.00 0.89 2.11 2.49 0.73 1.13 0.47 0.16 1.57 1.63 4.38 2.75 0.49 Race/ ethnicity White ..................................... 23.14 4.06 3.33 3.06 0.84 2.22 2.59 0.74 1.12 0.51 0.23 1.38 1.49 4.55 2.86 0.50 Black ...................................... 22.43 4.17 3.37 2.97 1.45 1.52 2.29 0.87 1.02 0.30 0.10 1.07 1.17 4.64 3.08 0.41 Hispanic ................................. 23.00 4.03 3.30 2.91 1.40 1.50 2.31 0.82 1.06 0.32 0.11 1.61 1.36 4.20 3.49 0.45 Asian ...................................... 24.77 4.01 3.75 3.89 0.64 3.24 3.20 0.59 1.17 0.92 0.53 2.48 1.09 2.95 3.45 0.63 American Indian .................... 23.26 4.22 3.22 3.05 1.53 1.52 2.48 0.83 1.25 0.30 0.10 0.73 1.60 4.82 3.43 0.44 Academic track Academic 4 ............................. 23.65 4.28 3.67 3.56 0.72 2.84 3.07 0.73 1.26 0.74 0.34 1.92 1.61 2.77 2.88 0.50 Vocational 5 ............................ 21.95 3.64 2.76 2.07 1.23 0.85 1.60 0.75 0.77 0.07 0.02 0.48 0.96 7.86 2.86 0.47 Both 6 ..................................... 23.92 4.20 3.50 3.17 1.19 1.98 2.50 0.88 1.11 0.38 0.14 0.89 0.83 6.38 2.65 0.64 Neither 7 ................................. 21.16 3.62 2.86 2.19 1.22 0.97 1.71 0.71 0.86 0.12 0.02 1.03 2.11 4.42 3.61 0.31 1990 graduates ......................... 23.54 4.09 3.50 3.20 0.99 2.21 2.75 0.84 1.14 0.54 0.23 1.59 1.55 4.10 2.95 0.55 Male .......................................... 23.36 4.04 3.47 3.22 1.06 2.16 2.78 0.87 1.11 0.53 0.28 1.39 1.31 4.23 3.17 0.52 Female ...................................... 23.70 4.13 3.52 3.18 0.93 2.25 2.72 0.82 1.17 0.54 0.19 1.78 1.77 3.99 2.74 0.57 Race/ ethnicity White ..................................... 23.55 4.08 3.48 3.17 0.89 2.28 2.79 0.83 1.15 0.56 0.25 1.58 1.61 4.13 2.87 0.53 Black ...................................... 23.41 4.25 3.51 3.25 1.33 1.92 2.68 0.97 1.11 0.44 0.16 1.23 1.34 4.39 3.02 0.61 Hispanic ................................. 23.85 4.05 3.46 3.22 1.41 1.81 2.49 0.83 1.11 0.42 0.14 1.99 1.48 3.99 3.43 0.59 Asian ...................................... 24.08 4.02 3.70 3.64 0.83 2.81 2.97 0.68 1.12 0.74 0.42 2.52 1.30 2.89 3.12 0.55 American Indian .................... 22.64 4.01 3.36 3.17 1.25 1.93 2.48 0.83 1.09 0.42 0.15 1.15 1.11 4.43 3.14 0.60 Academic track Academic 4 ............................. 23.84 4.26 3.72 3.54 0.78 2.76 3.12 0.82 1.25 0.73 0.33 2.02 1.74 2.64 2.92 0.53 Vocational 5 ............................ 22.53 3.58 2.75 2.18 1.46 0.72 1.77 0.88 0.80 0.07 0.02 0.55 1.01 8.15 2.93 0.53 Both 6 ..................................... 24.29 4.16 3.50 3.18 1.30 1.88 2.58 0.96 1.12 0.37 0.13 0.99 0.93 6.47 2.70 0.70 Neither 7 ................................. 21.45 3.51 2.97 2.25 1.24 1.01 1.85 0.77 0.88 0.16 0.05 1.19 2.08 4.39 3.55 0.41 1994 graduates ......................... 24.16 4.20 3.57 3.37 0.85 2.53 3.04 0.87 1.26 0.62 0.28 1.76 1.66 3.87 2.92 0.65 Male .......................................... 23.98 4.16 3.54 3.36 0.93 2.44 3.02 0.90 1.20 0.60 0.32 1.54 1.43 4.07 3.18 0.65 Female ...................................... 24.33 4.23 3.61 3.38 0.77 2.62 3.05 0.85 1.31 0.65 0.25 1.97 1.87 3.69 2.68 0.65 Race/ ethnicity White ..................................... 24.31 4.19 3.58 3.39 0.78 2.62 3.12 0.88 1.29 0.66 0.30 1.75 1.74 3.87 2.87 0.64 Black ...................................... 23.60 4.31 3.54 3.26 1.15 2.12 2.80 0.91 1.21 0.50 0.18 1.37 1.36 4.24 3.00 0.65 Hispanic ................................. 24.07 4.22 3.49 3.39 1.09 2.30 2.69 0.83 1.19 0.50 0.18 2.10 1.51 3.70 3.36 0.76 Asian ...................................... 24.50 4.04 3.68 3.76 0.81 2.95 3.35 0.79 1.22 0.82 0.52 2.62 1.31 2.88 2.92 0.73 American Indian .................... 24.25 4.22 3.79 3.15 1.05 2.10 2.82 0.92 1.29 0.46 0.14 1.26 1.96 4.06 3.19 0.74 Academic track Academic 4 ............................. 24.30 4.30 3.75 3.62 0.69 2.93 3.33 0.84 1.34 0.78 0.37 2.11 1.88 2.56 2.89 0.61 Vocational 5 ............................ 22.77 3.67 2.77 2.19 1.38 0.81 1.87 0.87 0.91 0.06 0.02 0.54 0.97 8.33 2.97 0.65 Both 6 ..................................... 24.95 4.22 3.50 3.27 1.07 2.20 2.80 1.00 1.20 0.45 0.16 1.16 1.08 6.49 2.67 0.84 Neither 7 ................................. 21.52 3.53 2.84 2.35 1.26 1.09 1.92 0.79 0.93 0.15 0.05 1.23 1.89 4.54 4.18 0.45 1 Includes nonoccupational vocational education, vocational general introduction, agriculture business, marketing, health, occupational home economics, trade and industry, and technical courses. 2 Includes personal and social courses, religion and theology, and courses not included in the other subject fields. 3 Computer courses are included in mathematics and vocational categories. 4 Includes students who complete at least 12 Carnegie units in academic courses, but less than 3 Carnegie units in any specific labor market preparation field. 5 Includes students who complete at least 3 Carnegie units in a specific labor market preparation field, but less than 12 Carnegie units in academic courses. 6 Includes students who complete at least 12 Carnegie units in academic courses and at least 3 Carnegie units in a specific labor market preparation field. 7 Includes students who complete less than 12 Carnegie units in academic courses and less than 3 Carnegie units in a specific labor market preparation field.

NOTE.   The Carnegie unit is a standard of measurement that represents one credit for the completion of a 1 year course.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` High School and Beyond,'' First Followup survey; `` 1990 High School Transcript Study,'' `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' Second Followup survey, and the `` 1994 High School Transcript Study.'' ( This table was prepared June 1997.) 151 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: COURSEWORK Table 137.   Average number of Carnegie units earned by public school graduates in vocational education courses, by student characteristics: 1982 to 1994 Student characteristics Total General labor market preparation Consumer and homemaking education Specific labor market preparation Total Agriculture Business Marketing Health Occupational home economics Trade and industrial Technical

communications Other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1982 graduates ..... 4.68 1.08 0.69 2.91 0.22 1.05 0.16 0.05 0.18 1.06 0.12 0.09 Male ................... 4.63 1.03 0.31 3.29 0.37 0.49 0.14 0.02 0.05 1.97 0.14 0.11 Female ............... 4.72 1.12 1.05 2.55 0.08 1.57 0.17 0.08 0.29 0.20 0.09 0.07 Race/ ethnicity White .............. 4.58 1.05 0.64 2.88 0.24 1.08 0.15 0.04 0.17 1.01 0.12 0.08 Black .............. 4.84 1.10 0.90 2.84 0.09 0.98 0.22 0.13 0.23 0.97 0.11 0.10 Hispanic ......... 5.26 1.21 0.86 3.19 0.24 1.00 0.15 0.07 0.20 1.34 0.07 0.12 Asian .............. 3.23 1.06 0.29 1.89 0.05 0.59 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.88 0.17 0.08 American Indian ........... 5.09 1.22 0.52 3.35 0.27 0.74 0.14 0.07 0.10 1.86 0.05 0.12 Academic track Academic 1 ..... 2.54 0.87 0.48 1.19 0.06 0.51 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.36 0.12 0.02 Vocational 2 .... 7.55 1.11 0.64 5.80 0.51 1.85 0.29 0.09 0.35 2.40 0.11 0.20 Both 3 ............. 6.47 0.94 0.56 4.97 0.43 1.66 0.26 0.10 0.28 1.97 0.14 0.11 Neither 4 ......... 4.39 1.38 1.10 1.91 0.10 0.84 0.14 0.04 0.15 0.46 0.10 0.07 1987 graduates ..... 4.48 0.92 0.59 2.96 0.21 0.98 0.17 0.07 0.19 0.98 0.24 0.12 Male ................... 4.58 0.89 0.32 3.37 0.35 0.58 0.13 0.02 0.08 1.78 0.30 0.13 Female ............... 4.38 0.94 0.86 2.58 0.07 1.37 0.20 0.11 0.30 0.23 0.19 0.11 Race/ ethnicity White .............. 4.55 0.93 0.59 3.03 0.25 0.99 0.16 0.06 0.18 1.02 0.26 0.10 Black .............. 4.64 1.01 0.74 2.89 0.10 1.00 0.18 0.12 0.29 0.80 0.18 0.21 Hispanic ......... 4.20 0.93 0.55 2.72 0.07 0.92 0.17 0.06 0.17 1.05 0.14 0.14 Asian .............. 2.95 0.62 0.31 2.02 0.13 0.68 0.10 0.04 0.09 0.50 0.37 0.10 American Indian ........... 4.82 0.89 0.66 3.27 0.21 1.11 0.09 0.08 0.09 1.39 0.19 0.11 Academic track Academic 1 ..... 2.77 0.81 0.49 1.46 0.05 0.61 0.06 0.03 0.06 0.33 0.27 0.04 Vocational 2 .... 7.86 1.07 0.66 6.14 0.52 1.68 0.39 0.15 0.52 2.45 0.17 0.26 Both 3 ............. 6.38 0.90 0.47 5.02 0.47 1.60 0.25 0.12 0.27 1.86 0.27 0.18 Neither 4 ......... 4.42 1.19 1.06 2.17 0.10 0.79 0.18 0.05 0.19 0.54 0.17 0.15 1990 graduates ..... 4.10 0.83 0.57 2.70 0.20 0.90 0.16 0.04 0.17 0.87 0.22 0.14 Male ................... 4.23 0.78 0.33 3.12 0.32 0.58 0.13 0.02 0.06 1.58 0.27 0.15 Female ............... 3.99 0.87 0.79 2.32 0.09 1.19 0.18 0.06 0.27 0.22 0.18 0.12 Race/ ethnicity White .............. 4.13 0.80 0.55 2.78 0.24 0.87 0.16 0.04 0.15 0.94 0.22 0.15 Black .............. 4.39 0.96 0.81 2.62 0.06 1.08 0.17 0.04 0.28 0.64 0.23 0.11 Hispanic ......... 3.99 0.85 0.54 2.61 0.15 0.95 0.19 0.02 0.27 0.75 0.17 0.10 Asian .............. 2.89 0.73 0.32 1.85 0.04 0.66 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.73 0.26 0.05 American Indian ........... 4.43 0.84 0.72 2.87 0.36 0.96 0.15 0.02 0.08 0.95 0.16 0.19 Academic track Academic 1 ..... 2.64 0.73 0.52 1.39 0.05 0.60 0.07 0.02 0.07 0.32 0.24 0.04 Vocational 2 .... 8.15 1.02 0.62 6.50 0.69 1.60 0.32 0.11 0.51 2.73 0.16 0.37 Both 3 ............. 6.47 0.81 0.50 5.16 0.44 1.60 0.38 0.09 0.33 1.81 0.22 0.29 Neither 4 ......... 4.39 1.24 0.99 2.16 0.13 0.77 0.17 0.04 0.14 0.56 0.17 0.19 1994 graduates ..... 3.87 0.70 0.53 2.65 0.24 0.89 0.18 0.08 0.19 0.70 0.22 0.15 Male ................... 4.07 0.74 0.35 2.99 0.38 0.67 0.14 0.03 0.08 1.25 0.28 0.16 Female ............... 3.69 0.66 0.70 2.33 0.11 1.10 0.22 0.12 0.30 0.17 0.16 0.14 Race/ ethnicity White .............. 3.87 0.69 0.52 2.66 0.28 0.88 0.19 0.08 0.16 0.72 0.22 0.15 Black .............. 4.24 0.77 0.62 2.84 0.13 1.02 0.20 0.11 0.38 0.60 0.21 0.19 Hispanic ......... 3.70 0.67 0.48 2.55 0.13 0.94 0.15 0.07 0.26 0.65 0.20 0.16 Asian .............. 2.88 0.56 0.37 1.96 0.14 0.71 0.11 0.06 0.12 0.50 0.28 0.05 American Indian ........... 4.06 0.81 0.62 2.63 0.36 0.92 0.05 0.15 0.13 0.57 0.26 0.19 Academic track Academic 1 ..... 2.56 0.60 0.48 1.48 0.08 0.65 0.09 0.05 0.08 0.29 0.21 0.04 Vocational 2 .... 8.33 1.01 0.70 6.62 0.80 1.44 0.37 0.17 0.55 2.46 0.25 0.59 Both 3 ............. 6.49 0.72 0.50 5.28 0.63 1.54 0.42 0.17 0.42 1.50 0.26 0.34 Neither 4 ......... 4.54 1.35 0.94 2.25 0.18 0.73 0.20 0.06 0.20 0.53 0.16 0.18 1 Includes students who complete at least 12 Carnegie units in academic courses, but less than 3 Carnegie units in any specific labor market preparation field. 2 Includes students who complete at least 3 Carnegie units in a specific labor market preparation field, but less than 12 Carnegie units in academic courses. 3 Includes students who complete at least 12 Carnegie units in academic courses and at least 3 Carnegie units in a specific labor market preparation field. 4 Includes students who complete less than 12 Carnegie units in academic courses and less than 3 Carnegie units in a specific labor market preparation field. NOTE.   The Carnegie unit is a standard of measurement that represents one credit for the completion of a 1 year course.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` High School and Beyond,'' First Followup survey; `` 1990 High School Transcript Study,'' `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' Second Followup survey, and the `` 1994 High School Transcript Study.'' ( This table was prepared June 1997.) 152 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: COURSEWORK Table 138.   Percentage of high school graduates taking selected mathematics and science courses in high school, by sex and race/ ethnicity: 1982 to 1994 Courses ( credits) 1982 1987 1990 1994 Total Sex Race/ ethnicity Men Women White Black Hispanic Asian/ Pacific Islander American Indian/ Alaskan Native 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Mathematics 1 Any mathematics ( 1.0) ................................................ 98.5 98.9 99.6 99.6 99.5 99.6 99.6 99.3 99.2 100.0 98.9 Algebra I ( 1.0) .......................................................... 53.9 64.0 64.2 66.4 64.7 68.1 67.5 65.0 70.7 61.7 58.7 Geometry ( 1.0) ......................................................... 45.5 59.7 63.4 70.4 68.3 72.4 72.7 58.1 69.4 75.8 60.0 Algebra II ( 0.5) ......................................................... 32.2 48.6 51.7 58.6 55.4 61.6 61.6 43.7 51.0 66.6 39.2 Trigonometry ( 0.5) ................................................... 12.1 18.6 18.2 17.2 16.6 17.8 18.6 13.6 9.8 25.3 6.7 Analysis/ pre calculus ( 0.5) ....................................... 5.9 12.6 13.4 17.3 16.3 18.2 18.2 9.8 13.9 33.9 8.7 Statistics/ probability ( 0.5) ......................................... 1.0 1.3 1.0 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.3 1.7 1.0 1.1 1.2 Calculus ( 1.0) ........................................................... 4.6 6.0 6.5 9.2 9.4 9.1 9.6 3.8 6.0 23.4 3.8 AP calculus ( 1.0) ...................................................... 1.5 3.2 4.1 7.0 7.2 6.8 7.3 2.0 4.6 21.0 2.2 Science Any science ( 1.0) ......................................................... 96.6 98.7 99.4 99.5 99.3 99.8 99.7 99.5 99.3 99.3 99.7 Biology ( 1.0) ............................................................. 76.4 87.8 91.3 93.5 92.3 94.7 94.4 91.3 94.0 90.9 91.2 AP/ honors biology ( 1.0) ........................................... 6.6 2.7 4.9 4.6 4.0 5.1 4.6 2.7 3.3 8.3 1.7 Chemistry ( 1.0) ........................................................ 30.9 43.7 49.0 56.0 53.2 58.7 58.5 43.8 46.5 69.3 41.3 AP/ honors chemistry ( 1.0) ....................................... 2.9 3.3 3.5 3.9 4.1 3.7 4.3 2.1 2.5 7.7 0.6 Physics ( 1.0) ............................................................ 14.2 19.2 21.5 24.4 26.9 22.0 26.1 14.7 16.0 42.3 10.3 AP/ honors physics ( 1.0) ........................................... 1.0 1.6 2.0 2.4 3.0 1.8 2.5 1.4 1.8 6.0 0.3 Engineering ( 1.0) ..................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.1 1.0   Astronomy ( 0.5) ....................................................... 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.7 2.0 1.5 2.0 0.6 0.4 0.8 2.2 Geology/ earth science ( 0.5) ..................................... 13.2 14.5 24.8 23.0 22.8 23.2 23.8 23.3 15.3 16.7 23.2 Biology and chemistry ( 2.0) ..................................... 28.1 42.1 47.6 53.8 50.9 56.6 56.4 42.2 45.1 64.8 39.6 Biology, chemistry, and physics ( 3.0) ...................... 10.6 16.4 18.8 21.3 23.1 19.6 22.7 13.0 13.4 37.2 8.0 1 These data only report the percentage of students who earned credit in each mathematics course while in high school and does not count those students who took these courses prior to entering high school. In 1992, approximately 93 percent of graduates had taken algebra I before or during high school, and 70 percent had taken geometry.   Less than 0.05 percent. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The 1994 High School Transcript Study Tabulations Comparative Data on Credits Earned and Demographics for 1994, 1990, 1987, and 1982 High School Graduates, 1996. ( This table was prepared September 1996.)

Table 139.   Percent of high school graduates earning minimum credits in selected combinations of academic courses, by sex and race/ ethnicity: 1982 to 1994 Year of graduation and course combinations taken 1 All students Sex Race/ ethnicity Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian American Indian/ Alaskan Native 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1982 graduates 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, .5 Comp., & 2 F. L. 2 .... 2.0 2.2 1.8 2.4 0.9 0.6 5.6 0.1 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, & .5 Comp. 3 ............... 2.9 3.6 2.3 3.4 1.3 0.9 6.6 0.1 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, & 2 F. L. ....................... 9.2 8.8 9.6 10.5 5.3 3.7 17.1 5.7 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math ...................................... 14.0 14.8 13.3 15.5 11.6 6.5 21.3 6.5 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 2 Sci., 2 Math ...................................... 31.5 31.6 31.5 32.5 31.7 25.2 34.3 35.7 1987 graduates 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, .5 Comp., & 2 F. L. 2 .... 12.1 13.0 11.4 12.8 7.8 6.4 25.6 2.8 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, & .5 Comp. 3 ............... 16.6 18.1 15.1 17.6 11.3 9.0 28.8 15.2 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, & 2 F. L. ....................... 20.6 20.2 20.9 21.4 15.0 12.9 42.6 5.8 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math ...................................... 27.9 28.8 27.1 29.2 22.0 17.6 48.8 26.6 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 2 Sci., 2 Math ...................................... 54.0 53.5 54.7 53.4 56.0 51.6 68.9 66.7 1990 graduates 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, .5 Comp., & 2 F. L. 2 .... 18.3 18.1 18.4 18.9 15.5 18.2 23.9 7.8 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, & .5 Comp. 3 ............... 23.3 23.9 22.8 23.5 25.3 20.5 27.2 14.6 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, & 2 F. L. ....................... 30.3 29.2 31.3 32.0 23.3 25.8 43.7 9.9 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math ...................................... 38.8 39.2 38.4 39.8 39.5 30.3 48.8 20.9 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 2 Sci., 2 Math ...................................... 66.5 65.9 67.1 65.8 73.3 64.6 70.6 47.9 1994 graduates 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, .5 Comp., & 2 F. L. 2 .... 25.3 23.5 26.9 26.5 19.5 27.7 36.3 12.9 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, & .5 Comp. 3 ............... 32.0 31.1 32.9 33.5 28.2 31.1 40.2 25.5 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, & 2 F. L. ....................... 39.1 35.1 42.9 41.6 30.2 36.3 51.2 22.5 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math ...................................... 49.8 47.5 51.9 52.7 45.0 41.2 56.1 46.0 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 2 Sci., 2 Math ...................................... 74.6 72.2 76.9 75.5 76.7 77.5 73.1 77.0 1 Eng. = English; S. S. = social studies; Sci. = science; Comp. = computer science; and F. L. = foreign language. 2 The National Commission on Excellence in Education recommended that all collegebound high school students take these courses as a minimum. 3 The National Commission on Excellence in Education recommended that all high school students take these courses as a minimum. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, The 1994 High School Transcript Study Tabulations: Comparative Data on Credits Earned and Demographics for 1994, 1990, 1987, and 1982 High School Graduates, 1996. ( This table was prepared October 1996.) 153 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: OPINIONS Table 140.   Reasons given by 12th graders for taking current mathematics and science classes, by selected student and school characteristics: 1992 Class subject and opinion Percent of 12th graders who answered, `` somewhat important'' or `` very important''

All 12th graders Sex Race/ ethnicity Socioeconomic status quartile 1 Control of school attended Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian American Indian Lowest Second Third Highest Public Catholic Other private 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Mathematics class I am interested in mathematics .............................. 74.5 77.4 71.3 72.9 74.6 80.4 81.9 87.7 78.0 74.6 73.1 74.2 73.8 78.4 81.7 I do well in mathematics .... 77.1 80.2 73.7 76.4 76.1 79.7 83.6 76.8 79.5 77.8 76.3 76.1 76.7 78.4 82.1 I need it for college or trade school .............................. 87.2 86.6 87.8 86.5 89.8 86.5 90.8 90.5 83.3 85.4 88.9 88.6 87.1 87.9 87.5 I need it for a job after high school .............................. 64.7 65.9 63.4 62.5 69.7 70.9 66.3 83.9 71.2 68.5 65.5 57.8 65.9 58.1 51.9 I need it for advanced placement ....................... 53.6 53.3 54.0 49.6 58.4 62.5 72.6 56.9 59.8 46.7 52.2 55.7 54.1 47.2 53.9 Advised to take class by: Teacher .......................... 65.9 63.3 68.8 63.6 74.8 71.1 66.7 70.6 69.2 65.1 66.3 64.7 65.7 66.2 70.0 Guidance counselor ....... 64.8 62.9 66.8 60.7 77.8 76.2 64.2 83.0 76.4 67.5 62.6 58.6 65.8 55.1 59.6 Parent ............................ 71.6 69.1 74.2 70.5 74.6 74.4 73.3 79.8 66.3 67.2 70.3 76.6 71.8 68.4 71.4 Friend ............................. 42.2 41.4 43.2 39.8 51.2 43.7 50.8 56.2 46.1 43.2 41.7 40.7 42.5 40.6 39.1 Sibling ............................ 30.9 29.5 32.5 26.3 37.2 43.1 46.2 51.5 40.4 29.7 27.7 29.4 31.8 21.9 28.9 Science class I am interested in science .. 78.8 82.7 74.4 78.5 77.4 78.9 83.6 74.9 74.5 76.7 76.9 82.7 77.9 81.1 89.9 I do well in science ............. 80.6 83.9 77.0 80.1 76.7 86.1 84.2 86.6 78.1 80.1 77.1 84.0 80.1 79.8 90.2 I need it for college or trade school .............................. 83.3 81.7 85.0 82.4 86.4 83.5 88.4 88.8 78.5 81.9 84.6 84.8 83.3 85.3 80.7 I need it for a job after high school .............................. 47.0 47.9 45.9 44.5 53.2 57.6 51.3 55.9 53.4 47.6 50.4 41.6 47.8 45.7 35.7 I need it for advanced placement ....................... 50.2 49.7 50.9 47.1 51.6 59.0 66.8 59.6 48.9 47.9 46.8 53.9 49.2 53.5 60.3 Advised to take class by: Teacher .......................... 58.9 56.2 61.9 57.6 61.7 63.7 61.0 67.2 61.3 57.7 58.3 59.0 57.8 60.3 74.1 Guidance counselor ....... 59.4 57.8 61.2 56.2 71.4 70.9 59.7 57.9 74.0 59.5 55.8 55.5 60.3 44.1 67.3 Parent ............................ 66.3 63.4 69.4 65.7 69.1 70.5 64.1 73.8 61.9 59.9 66.4 70.6 67.0 58.7 67.4 Friend ............................. 43.5 43.4 43.6 42.9 40.9 44.6 49.7 62.9 45.6 41.6 41.0 45.0 43.6 36.6 52.5 Sibling ............................ 28.7 26.8 31.0 25.3 35.0 35.5 44.3 57.6 36.1 25.2 25.2 29.6 29.4 21.0 30.5 1 Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' Second Followup survey. ( This table was prepared February 1994.)

Table 141.   Expected occupations of 8th, 10th, and 12th graders at age 30, by selected student and school characteristics: 1988, 1990, and 1992 [ Percentage distribution]

Expected occupation at age 30 8th graders in 1988 10th graders in 1990 12th graders in 1992 Total Sex Race/ ethnicity Socioeconomic status 1 Control of school attended Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian American Indian Low Middle High Public Catholic Other private 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Total ..................................... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Craftsperson or operator ......... 4.2 5.6 3.5 6.6 0.5 3.7 3.4 2.7 2.4 2.7 6.8 3.9 0.7 3.9 0.9 0.3 Farmer or farm manager ......... 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.4 0.3 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.1 ( 2) 1.4 1.0 0.5 0.9 0.6 0.6 Housewife/ homemaker ............ 2.3 2.0 1.0 0.1 2.0 1.2 0.4 0.7 0.8 ( 2) 0.9 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.7 1.5 Laborer or farm worker ............ 0.6 0.8 0.7 1.3 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.6 1.2 1.9 1.2 0.8 0.2 0.7 0.4 0.8 Military, police, or security officer ..................... 9.6 5.7 6.6 11.2 2.0 6.4 7.7 7.4 5.1 10.0 9.3 7.4 3.6 7.0 3.3 1.7 Professional, business, or managerial .......................... 34.5 45.7 50.8 45.9 55.7 50.0 55.1 47.1 61.3 43.3 38.7 48.1 63.0 49.4 66.3 59.2 Teacher .................................... ( 3) 4.1 7.5 4.1 10.8 8.4 3.7 6.7 3.4 4.8 6.2 7.6 8.2 7.3 8.1 11.1 Business owner ....................... 6.2 5.3 6.0 7.8 4.3 5.6 6.8 7.7 7.0 6.4 6.7 6.4 4.9 6.3 3.8 3.3 Technical .................................. 6.2 4.7 5.4 7.5 3.4 5.0 5.5 7.5 6.0 8.2 7.1 5.9 3.5 5.7 2.4 3.6 Salesperson, clerical, or office worker ........................ 2.8 4.9 4.8 3.1 6.5 4.6 5.3 6.4 4.1 5.2 8.0 4.7 3.1 4.9 2.6 5.8 Service worker ......................... 4.9 1.8 2.4 0.5 4.2 2.3 3.1 2.5 0.6 5.8 4.6 2.3 0.9 2.5 1.5 0.8 Other employment ................... 17.0 7.7 10.2 10.3 10.2 10.8 8.0 9.6 8.0 10.6 8.8 10.8 10.2 10.3 9.6 11.3 Don't know or no plans ............ 10.5 10.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.2 1.0 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2 ( 2) 0.1 1 Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income. The `` Low'' SES group is the lowest quartile; the `` Middle'' SES group is the middle two quartiles; and the `` High'' SES group is the upper quartile. 2 Less than .05 percent. 3 Included under `` Professional, business, or managerial.''

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' First and Second Followup surveys. ( This table was prepared March 1994.) 154 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: OPINIONS Table 142.   Eighth, 10th, and 12th graders' attitudes about school climate, by student and school characteristics: 1988, 1990, and 1992 Statements about school climate Percent who strongly agree or agree with statement Eighth graders in 1988 Tenth graders in 1990 Twelfth graders in 1992 Total Sex Race/ ethnicity Socioeconomic status quartile 1 Control of school attended Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian American Indian Lowest Second Third Highest Public Catholic Other private 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 There is real school spirit ............ 68.6 70.4 71.4 72.9 69.8 72.1 67.4 71.0 70.7 62.0 73.4 71.3 72.0 69.5 70.4 82.2 76.0 Discipline is fair ........................... 69.1 70.2 68.0 67.0 69.0 68.0 58.6 74.7 75.6 73.0 66.3 66.2 68.1 69.7 67.3 69.9 77.0 Teaching is good ......................... 80.2 81.9 85.4 84.8 86.0 85.1 84.1 88.5 85.5 88.3 85.6 84.2 84.3 87.2 84.7 90.4 93.7 Teachers are interested in students .............................. 75.2 76.0 81.6 81.5 81.8 81.9 78.4 83.7 80.1 83.0 80.3 80.5 80.1 84.8 80.4 91.1 95.4 I don't feel safe at this school .................................. 11.8 8.0 10.4 10.8 10.1 8.6 16.1 14.7 15.8 13.0 13.1 11.2 10.5 7.5 11.1 4.9 3.5 Disruptions by other students interfere with my learning ... 39.6 39.9 33.1 31.6 34.7 30.8 38.1 39.8 41.4 40.5 37.0 35.9 34.6 26.3 34.2 25.4 21.8 Fights often occur between different racial/ ethnic groups     22.7 22.2 23.2 20.9 22.2 31.9 30.5 29.9 25.1 23.9 23.5 18.6 24.5 8.3 3.0 There are many gangs in school     16.3 16.4 16.2 12.5 17.5 36.4 27.2 23.2 21.9 15.8 16.7 12.1 17.7 4.5 1.5 Students are graded fairly ...........     78.3 78.6 78.0 79.5 71.6 77.6 77.3 74.7 74.8 76.3 78.3 82.4 77.3 84.1 91.8 There is a lot of cheating on tests and assignments ...     58.8 56.0 61.7 59.7 57.1 53.8 63.5 59.8 55.8 59.1 61.8 58.6 60.2 56.9 32.6 Some teachers ignore cheating when they see it .................     30.9 29.3 32.6 32.7 25.4 26.0 30.7 24.8 26.9 31.4 32.7 31.9 31.9 26.5 16.9 1 Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income.   Data not available. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' Base Year and First and Second Followup surveys. ( This table was prepared February 1994.)

Table 143.   Percentage of 3 to 5 year olds who were read to every day in the last week by a family member: 1993, 1995, and 1996 Characteristic 1993 1995 1996 1 2 3 4 Percent of all 3 to 5 year olds ......................................................................... 53 58 57 Sex Male ................................................................................................................. 51 57 56 Female ............................................................................................................. 54 59 57 Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic ........................................................................................ 59 65 64 Black, non Hispanic ......................................................................................... 39 43 44 Hispanic ........................................................................................................... 37 38 39 Poverty status Above poverty threshold ................................................................................. 56 62 61 At or below poverty threshold ......................................................................... 44 48 46 Family composition of household Two parents ..................................................................................................... 55 61 61 One or no parent ............................................................................................. 46 49 46 Mother's education Less than high school ..................................................................................... 37 40 37 High school/ high school equivalent ................................................................. 48 48 49 Vocational/ technical or some college .............................................................. 57 64 62 College graduate ............................................................................................. 71 76 77 Mother's employment status 35 hours or more per week ............................................................................. 52 55 54 Less than 35 hours per week ......................................................................... 56 63 59 Not in labor force ............................................................................................. 55 60 59 SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Survey, 1993, 1995, and 1996. ( This table was prepared July 1997). 155 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ACTIVITIES Table 144.   Participation of 10th and 12th graders in extracurricular activities, by selected student characteristics: 1990 and 1992 Extracurricular activities Percent who participated in school activities Total 1990 10th graders 1992 12th graders Total Sex Race/ ethnicity Socioeconomic status 1 Control of school attended Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian American Indian Low Middle High Public Catholic Other private 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Athletics Interscholastic team sport   30.4 41.2 19.7 30.8 32.3 25.8 28.3 30.4 25.3 30.1 34.4 29.6 31.2 48.9 Interscholastic individual sport ...............................   20.3 26.8 13.9 20.9 21.2 14.9 21.6 20.7 13.6 18.7 27.7 20.0 24.6 21.8 Intramural team sport ........   22.7 31.8 13.8 22.3 25.8 20.8 24.9 27.9 20.4 22.9 24.1 22.0 29.7 29.6 Intramural individual sport   13.3 16.7 10.0 12.5 16.7 14.0 14.7 18.2 10.8 12.5 15.9 13.5 13.3 10.7 Performing arts Cheerleading ..................... 5.9 7.6 2.0 13.0 7.4 10.6 6.7 5.1 11.9 6.5 7.9 7.8 7.6 8.3 5.9 School band or orchestra .. 20.9 19.8 15.1 24.5 19.6 24.4 16.9 17.7 16.8 17.6 19.6 22.0 19.8 12.0 31.3 School play or musical ...... 11.0 15.4 14.1 16.7 16.1 15.9 10.6 13.7 14.0 11.4 14.8 19.4 15.0 14.2 26.2 School government/ clubs Student government .......... 7.3 15.4 13.1 17.7 15.4 16.7 14.7 14.6 14.3 11.0 14.7 19.8 15.0 14.5 27.9 Academic honor society .... 7.7 18.5 14.4 22.7 19.6 14.0 12.5 27.2 13.6 9.6 15.9 29.5 17.7 28.0 22.9 School yearbook/ newspaper .............................. 8.8 18.8 14.0 23.5 19.7 14.3 16.8 18.9 21.2 14.3 16.9 25.1 17.0 28.0 46.7 School service clubs ......... 11.5 13.9 10.3 17.4 13.6 13.6 14.4 19.3 11.6 8.4 12.5 19.6 13.6 17.3 15.4 School academic clubs ..... 30.7 25.1 22.9 27.4 25.8 20.7 22.6 32.3 17.7 18.8 24.1 31.1 25.1 26.4 24.5 School hobby clubs ........... 7.3 7.7 8.1 7.4 7.4 6.6 9.1 11.3 10.8 6.7 7.0 9.3 7.4 9.8 11.0 School FTA, FHA, and FFA ................................ 11.7 17.7 14.7 20.7 17.6 22.5 16.4 8.8 22.1 24.8 19.7 9.9 19.4 2.4 2.9 1 Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income. The `` Low'' SES group is the lowest quartile; the `` Middle'' SES group is the middle two quartiles; and the `` High'' SES group is the upper quartile.   Data not available. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' First and Second Followup surveys. ( This table was prepared March 1994.)

Table 145.   Percent of high school seniors who plan to go to college after graduation, by student characteristics: 1982 and 1992 Student characteristics No college Right after high school After a year After more than a year Don't know 1982 1992 1982 1992 1982 1992 1982 1992 1982 1992 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 All seniors ...................................................... 18.3 4.0 58.3 76.6 7.1 10.7 3.9 4.1 12.3 4.6 Male ............................................................ 22.8 5.7 53.4 73.0 6.6 10.2 4.0 5.6 13.1 5.5 Female ........................................................ 14.0 2.3 63.0 80.1 7.6 11.1 3.8 2.7 11.6 3.8 Race/ ethnicity White .......................................................... 18.2 3.9 60.2 76.6 7.0 10.6 3.4 4.4 11.3 4.5 Black ........................................................... 14.6 5.4 57.5 75.2 8.2 11.2 5.7 3.2 14.1 5.2 Hispanic ...................................................... 24.1 3.5 45.6 75.4 7.5 11.6 5.8 3.6 17.0 5.9 Asian ........................................................... 5.6 2.6 81.7 83.4 5.6 8.6 2.1 2.4 5.1 3.1 American Indian ......................................... 22.2 5.8 48.5 65.7 9.0 15.5 3.3 5.3 17.1 7.7 Test performance quartile Lowest test quartile .................................... 32.3 11.4 32.8 59.3 9.1 15.1 4.5 3.4 21.3 10.9 Second test quartile ................................... 26.5 3.9 45.2 71.2 7.8 14.3 4.8 4.4 15.8 6.3 Third test quartile ....................................... 15.6 2.0 61.9 81.2 7.9 9.9 3.8 4.1 10.8 2.8 Highest test quartile ................................... 3.8 0.6 85.4 90.9 4.7 4.8 2.4 2.6 3.8 1.2 Socioeconomic status 1 Low quartile ................................................ 29.1 8.1 38.3 60.3 7.6 16.5 5.8 5.8 19.2 9.4 Middle 2 quartiles ....................................... 18.3 4.1 56.6 74.6 8.1 11.8 4.1 4.7 12.9 4.8 High quartile ............................................... 6.6 1.1 82.8 91.1 5.0 4.6 1.5 1.7 4.1 1.5 Control of school Public .......................................................... 19.4 4.4 56.0 74.8 7.3 11.4 4.1 4.5 13.1 4.9 Catholic ....................................................... 8.2 0.5 80.0 93.0 5.1 4.3 1.4 0.7 5.4 1.6 Other private ............................................... 9.9 0.7 77.3 92.0 6.4 3.0 2.5 0.6 3.9 3.7 Location of school Urban .......................................................... 16.6 3.0 59.3 79.5 8.2 10.1 4.0 3.0 11.8 4.4 Suburban .................................................... 15.5 3.3 62.3 78.6 6.8 9.7 4.1 4.4 11.3 4.0 Rural/ nonmetropolitan area ........................ 24.0 5.9 51.4 71.2 6.9 12.3 3.6 4.9 14.2 5.8 1 Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income. The `` Low'' SES group is the lowest quartile; the `` Middle'' SES group is the middle two quartiles; and the `` High'' SES group is the upper quartile. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` High School and Beyond,'' First Followup survey; and `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' Second Followup Student survey. ( This table was prepared April 1995.) 156 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ACTIVITIES Table 146.   Percent of high school seniors who say they engage in various activities, by student characteristics: 1982 and 1992 Activity Total Sex Race/ ethncity Socioeconomic status 1 Control of school attended Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian American Indian Low Middle High Public Catholic Other private 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Percent of 12th graders, 1982 At least once a week Talking with friends ................ 92.7 92.5 93.0 94.2 89.1 88.9 86.7 91.3 88.6 93.7 95.6 92.3 96.4 97.2 Reading for pleasure .............. 50.4 43.4 57.1 51.0 53.9 43.1 56.4 50.3 45.2 50.1 56.8 50.1 51.4 56.2 Going on dates ....................... 61.3 60.6 62.0 63.9 51.9 58.1 40.3 54.5 55.8 63.4 62.8 61.4 60.7 60.7 Driving or riding around .......... 62.4 65.9 59.1 65.2 48.9 60.7 42.4 62.3 56.2 65.0 65.1 62.6 64.6 55.0 Thinking or daydreaming ........ 68.5 61.8 74.8 71.1 64.6 58.0 62.4 53.9 63.3 67.5 75.9 67.7 75.2 76.5 Talking with parents ............... 83.9 79.9 87.6 85.6 80.1 78.0 79.8 76.0 78.5 84.7 87.8 83.4 87.7 87.9 Reading front page of newspaper ............................ 69.1 70.8 67.5 69.7 71.9 63.3 73.5 61.8 61.5 69.1 77.0 68.5 75.7 72.0 Five or more hours on weekdays Watches television ................. 11.5 11.9 11.2 9.4 22.2 13.8 8.1 20.9 16.5 11.5 6.4 12.1 8.0 3.9 Percent of 12th graders, 1992 At least once a week Use personal computer .......... 23.7 28.1 19.3 23.9 23.6 20.9 27.0 23.8 18.9 23.3 27.7 23.4 25.2 28.0 Work on hobbies .................... 40.9 44.4 37.4 42.0 34.8 39.9 37.8 49.8 36.3 41.1 43.5 40.6 43.4 43.2 Attend religious activities ........ 31.0 28.1 33.8 31.4 33.7 26.9 30.4 14.6 22.2 29.4 39.9 29.4 38.8 54.9 Attend youth groups ............... 22.4 24.6 20.1 22.5 23.3 18.5 26.4 22.1 16.6 21.3 28.1 21.8 22.9 33.3 Perform community service .... 11.3 10.7 11.9 11.1 12.1 10.9 14.0 9.2 7.7 9.5 16.7 9.7 22.3 31.2 Driving or riding around .......... 73.3 74.3 72.3 75.7 67.8 66.2 66.7 71.0 69.6 75.3 72.4 73.4 77.8 63.0 Do things with friends ............. 88.1 88.2 88.0 90.7 79.8 82.4 85.9 77.2 80.8 88.1 93.2 87.5 94.5 91.9 Do things with parent ............. 66.7 61.2 72.1 68.2 62.0 63.8 63.4 61.2 59.6 66.3 71.7 66.0 73.6 72.8 Talk with other adult ............... 47.7 45.4 49.9 48.8 44.3 46.2 43.0 44.0 47.6 49.0 45.0 47.3 46.4 58.8 Take music, art, or dance class ..................................... 10.1 7.9 12.2 9.9 9.7 9.8 14.0 10.6 7.1 8.8 14.0 9.7 13.4 12.4 Take sports lessons ............... 7.3 9.7 5.0 7.0 7.4 8.2 9.4 11.6 5.6 6.6 9.5 7.1 11.1 7.8 Play ball or other sport ........... 26.3 38.8 14.0 27.1 22.9 23.6 28.7 29.4 20.7 24.5 33.1 25.6 34.0 31.4 More than an hour a day Reading for pleasure .............. 55.4 53.1 57.7 56.3 51.0 53.5 54.4 59.3 51.6 55.0 58.6 55.0 56.0 62.9 Plays video games ................. 13.0 19.2 6.8 11.7 19.9 13.0 13.5 21.1 16.9 13.7 9.4 13.3 10.4 8.9 Five or more hours on weekdays Watches television ................. 8.4 8.5 8.4 6.4 21.3 9.3 6.4 12.7 12.0 9.4 4.1 8.7 7.9 4.1 1 Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income. The `` Low'' SES group is the lowest quartile; the `` Middle'' SES group is the middle two quartiles; and the `` High'' SES group is the upper quartile. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' Second Followup survey, and `` High School and Beyond,'' First Followup survey. ( This table was prepared March 1994.)

Table 147.   Percent of high school seniors who participate in selected school sponsored extracurricular activities, by student characteristics: 1980 and 1992 Student characteristics Academic clubs Athletics Cheerleading and drill team Newspaper or yearbook Music, drama, debate Vocational clubs 1980 1992 1980 1992 1980 1992 1980 1992 1980 1992 1980 1992 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 All seniors .............................. 25.6 25.1 51.8 42.9 15.1 7.5 19.9 18.8 36.5 27.9 23.1 17.7 Male .................................... 20.3 22.8 64.0 55.3 4.5 2.0 15.4 14.0 28.4 23.0 19.1 14.7 Female ................................ 30.9 27.4 40.6 30.3 24.8 13.0 24.0 23.5 44.0 32.7 26.7 20.6 Race/ ethnicity White ................................... 25.0 25.8 51.6 44.1 14.9 7.4 20.1 19.7 35.8 28.1 22.3 17.6 Black ................................... 33.1 20.6 54.4 41.4 17.6 10.6 17.8 14.3 43.2 32.2 30.1 22.5 Hispanic .............................. 24.2 22.6 49.4 35.3 12.3 6.6 15.8 16.8 31.1 22.3 27.3 16.4 Asian ................................... 26.6 32.3 48.8 45.2 14.6 5.1 21.4 18.9 36.6 25.8 9.6 8.8 Test performance quartile Lowest test quartile ............. 24.6 18.1 46.3 40.3 15.0 8.5 14.6 12.0 31.8 23.3 33.0 25.0 Middle 2 test quartiles ........ 24.3 23.3 49.4 42.3 16.0 7.6 18.7 17.1 35.6 26.5 24.2 20.0 Highest test quartile ............ 29.0 37.1 54.0 49.0 13.5 7.9 27.1 27.9 43.4 35.2 12.4 11.4 Socioeconomic status 1 Low quartile ........................ 24.6 19.4 43.2 33.9 13.0 6.7 15.7 14.2 31.0 24.1 30.6 24.8 Middle 2 quartiles ............... 24.3 24.5 52.1 41.7 15.9 8.0 19.2 17.5 35.8 27.8 24.1 18.5 High quartile ........................ 29.0 31.7 61.7 53.9 15.6 7.7 25.3 25.5 43.8 31.6 13.4 9.3 Region Northwest ............................ 19.6 23.1 54.5 48.6 11.5 6.9 24.6 28.3 34.5 28.4 10.6 8.1 Midwest ............................... 21.4 25.4 52.8 45.8 15.3 8.0 18.4 18.2 37.1 32.0 20.0 18.4 South ................................... 30.8 28.2 48.2 38.8 18.0 8.5 18.8 15.0 37.9 25.6 40.0 27.2 West .................................... 21.9 21.6 52.9 40.6 14.0 6.0 16.8 16.5 35.2 25.6 15.8 10.0 High school program 2 General ............................... 19.6 18.3 49.9 37.8 14.0 7.1 16.7 14.6 34.5 26.3 22.6 16.7 Academic ............................ 28.7 34.2 60.1 50.8 17.2 8.8 26.9 24.9 44.1 32.8 13.1 12.6 Vocational ........................... 23.1 14.7 42.4 30.1 13.3 4.9 13.2 11.2 27.7 16.2 39.3 41.2 1 Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income. The `` low'' SES group is the lowest quartile; the middle SES group is the middle two quartiles; and the `` high'' SES group is the upper quartile. 2 Program as reported by student. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` High School and Beyond,'' Senior Cohort; and `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' Second Followup survey. ( This table was prepared February 1996.) 157 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: DRUGS AND VIOLENCE Table 148.   Percentage of students in grades 9 through 12 who reported experience with drugs and violence on school property, by race/ ethnicity, grade, and sex: 1995 and 1997 Type of violence or drug related behavior 1995 1997 Total Total Race/ ethnicity Grade White Black Hispanic 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Felt too unsafe to go to school 1 Total ................................................................. 4.5 4.0 2.4 6.8 7.2 5.5 4.0 4.2 2.6 Male .............................................................. 4.7 4.1 2.3 7.5 6.8 5.2 4.0 5.0 2.3 Female .......................................................... 4.3 3.9 2.5 6.1 7.7 5.8 3.9 3.2 3.0 Carried a weapon on school property 1,2 Total ................................................................. 9.8 8.5 7.8 9.2 10.4 10.2 7.7 9.4 7.0 Male .............................................................. 14.3 12.5 12.3 10.7 15.6 14.5 11.1 14.6 10.1 Female .......................................................... 4.9 3.7 2.1 7.8 4.3 5.4 3.5 3.1 3.0 Threatened or injured with a weapon on school property 3 Total ................................................................. 8.4 7.4 6.2 9.9 9.0 10.1 7.9 5.9 5.8 Male .............................................................. 10.9 10.2 8.2 14.0 12.7 13.7 10.1 9.0 8.4 Female .......................................................... 5.8 4.0 3.7 5.8 4.6 6.1 5.2 2.3 2.5 In a physical fight on school property 3 Total ................................................................. 15.5 14.8 13.3 20.7 19.0 21.3 17.0 12.5 9.5 Male .............................................................. 21.0 20.0 19.1 24.6 24.7 29.3 21.6 17.8 13.1 Female .......................................................... 9.6 8.6 5.9 17.0 12.3 12.4 11.3 6.2 4.9 Property stolen or deliberately damaged on school property 3 Total ................................................................. 34.9 32.9 32.6 34.0 32.1 36.9 35.4 32.3 27.9 Male .............................................................. 41.4 36.1 35.7 37.5 33.4 39.8 39.7 36.2 30.0 Female .......................................................... 28.0 29.0 28.6 30.6 30.6 33.7 30.0 27.5 25.4 Cigarette use on school property 1 Total ................................................................. 16.0 14.6 15.8 8.8 11.9 14.0 14.4 15.8 14.1 Male .............................................................. 16.8 15.9 16.5 12.4 15.3 15.9 15.5 16.2 16.1 Female .......................................................... 15.1 13.0 14.9 5.5 7.7 11.8 13.2 15.2 11.6 Smokeless tobacco use on school property 4 Total ................................................................. 6.3 5.1 6.5 1.4 3.3 5.2 3.2 5.6 6.0 Male .............................................................. 11.2 9.0 11.3 2.5 5.8 9.5 5.7 9.8 10.6 Female .......................................................... 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.6 0.1 Alcohol use on school property 1 Total ................................................................. 6.3 5.6 4.8 5.6 8.2 5.9 4.6 6.0 5.9 Male .............................................................. 7.2 7.2 6.3 7.3 8.7 6.3 5.6 7.9 8.8 Female .......................................................... 5.3 3.6 2.9 4.0 7.6 5.3 3.2 3.8 2.2 Marijuana use on school property 1 Total ................................................................. 8.8 7.0 5.8 9.1 10.4 8.1 6.4 7.9 5.7 Male .............................................................. 11.9 9.0 7.3 13.0 14.1 9.6 8.2 10.2 8.2 Female .......................................................... 5.5 4.6 3.9 5.4 5.9 6.5 4.2 5.2 2.6 Offered, sold, or given an illegal drug on school property 3 Total ................................................................. 32.1 31.7 31.0 25.4 41.1 31.4 33.4 33.2 29.0 Male .............................................................. 38.8 37.4 36.1 34.6 46.8 34.5 40.0 38.8 36.4 Female .......................................................... 24.8 24.7 24.5 16.7 34.4 28.0 25.3 26.4 19.6 1 On one or more of the 30 days preceding the survey. 2 Such as a gun, knife, or club. 3 One or more times during the 12 months preceding the survey. 4 Used chewing tobacco or snuff during 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC Surveillance Summaries, August 14, 1998, MMWR 1998; 47 ( No. SS 3). ( This table was prepared October 1998.)

Table 149.   Percent of 12 to 17 year olds reporting drug use during the past 30 days and the past year: 1982 to 1996 Type of drug and frequency use 1982 1985 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Percent reporting drug use during past 30 days Any illicit use ............................................................................................   13.2 8.1 7.1 5.8 5.3 5.7 8.2 10.9 9.0 Marijuana ............................................................................................. 9.9 10.2 5.4 4.4 3.6 3.4 4.0 6.0 8.2 7.1 Cocaine ................................................................................................ 1.9 1.5 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.6 Alcohol ..................................................................................................... 34.9 41.2 33.4 32.5 27.0 20.9 23.9 21.6 21.1 18.8 Cigarettes ................................................................................................   29.4 22.7 22.4 20.9 18.4 18.5 18.9 20.2 18.3 Percent reporting drug use during past year Any illicit use ............................................................................................   20.7 14.9 14.1 13.1 10.4 11.9 15.5 18.0 16.7 Marijuana ............................................................................................. 17.7 16.7 10.7 9.6 8.5 6.9 8.5 11.4 14.2 13.0 Cocaine ................................................................................................ 3.7 3.4 2.5 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.7 1.1 1.7 1.4 Alcohol ..................................................................................................... 46.1 52.7 45.5 41.8 41.2 33.3 35.9 36.2 35.1 32.7 Cigarettes ................................................................................................   29.9 26.8 26.2 23.7 21.4 22.5 24.5 26.6 24.2   Data not available, or low precision; no estimate reported.

NOTE.   Due to changes in the survey instrument and administration and to improve comparability with new data, estimates for 1982 through 1993 have been adjusted and may differ from those reported in previous years. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, `` Preliminary Estimates from the 1996 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse,'' 1997. ( This table was prepared July 1998.) 158 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: DRUG USE Table 150.   Percent of high school seniors reporting drug use, by type of drug and frequency of use: 1975 to 1997 Type of drug and frequency of use Class of 1975 Class of 1980 Class of 1982 Class of 1983 Class of 1984 Class of 1985 Class of 1986 Class of 1987 Class of 1988 Class of 1989 Class of 1990 Class of 1991 Class of 1992 Class of 1993 Class of 1994 Class of 1995 Class of 1996 Class of 1997 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Percent reporting having ever used drugs Alcohol 1 ................................ 90.4 93.2 92.8 92.6 92.6 92.2 91.3 92.2 92.0 90.7 89.5 88.0 87.5 80.0 80.4 80.7 79.2 81.7 Any illicit drug ........................ 55.2 65.4 64.4 62.9 61.6 60.6 57.6 56.6 53.9 50.9 47.9 44.1 40.7 42.9 45.6 48.4 50.8   Marijuana only .................. 19.0 26.7 23.3 22.5 21.3 20.9 19.9 20.8 21.4 19.5 18.5 17.2 15.6 16.2 18.0 20.3 22.3   Any illicit drug other than marijuana 2 ..................... 36.2 38.7 41.1 40.4 40.3 39.7 37.7 35.8 32.5 31.4 29.4 26.9 25.1 26.7 27.6 28.1 28.5   Use of selected drugs Cocaine ............................ 9.0 15.7 16.0 16.2 16.1 17.3 16.9 15.2 12.1 10.3 9.4 7.8 6.1 6.1 5.9 6.0 7.1 8.7 Heroin ............................... 2.2 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.1 LSD ................................... 11.3 9.3 9.6 8.9 8.0 7.5 7.2 8.4 7.7 8.3 8.7 8.8 8.6 10.3 10.5 11.7 12.6 13.6 Marijuana/ hashish ............ 47.3 60.3 58.7 57.0 54.9 54.2 50.9 50.2 47.2 43.7 40.7 36.7 32.6 35.3 38.2 41.7 44.9 49.6 PCP ..................................   9.6 6.0 5.6 5.0 4.9 4.8 3.0 2.9 3.9 2.8 2.9 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 4.0   Percent reporting use of drugs in the past 12 months Alcohol 1 ................................ 84.8 87.9 86.8 87.3 86.0 85.6 84.5 85.7 85.3 82.7 80.6 77.7 76.8 72.7 73.0 73.7 72.5 74.8 Any illicit drug ........................ 45.0 53.1 49.4 47.4 45.8 46.3 44.3 41.7 38.5 35.4 32.5 29.4 27.1 31.0 35.8 39.0 40.2   Marijuana only .................. 18.8 22.7 19.3 19.0 17.8 18.9 18.4 17.6 17.4 15.4 14.6 13.2 12.2 13.9 17.8 19.6 20.4   Any illicit drug other than marijuana 2 ..................... 26.2 30.4 30.1 28.4 28.0 27.4 25.9 24.1 21.1 20.0 17.9 16.2 14.9 17.1 18.0 19.4 19.8 20.7 Use of selected drugs Cocaine ............................ 5.6 12.3 11.5 11.4 11.6 13.1 12.7 10.3 7.9 6.5 5.3 3.5 3.1 3.3 3.6 4.0 4.9 5.5 Heroin ............................... 1.0 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.1 1.0 1.2 LSD ................................... 7.2 6.5 6.1 5.4 4.7 4.4 4.5 5.2 4.8 4.9 5.4 5.2 5.6 6.8 6.9 8.4 8.8 8.4 Marijuana/ hashish ............ 40.0 48.8 44.3 42.3 40.0 40.6 38.8 36.3 33.1 29.6 27.0 23.9 21.9 26.0 30.7 34.7 35.8 38.5 PCP ..................................   4.4 2.2 2.6 2.3 2.9 2.4 1.3 1.2 2.4 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.6   Percent reporting use of drugs in the past 30 days Alcohol 1 ................................ 68.2 72.0 69.7 69.4 67.2 65.9 65.3 66.4 63.9 60.0 57.1 54.0 51.3 48.6 50.1 51.3 50.8 52.7 Any illicit drug ........................ 30.7 37.2 32.5 30.5 29.2 29.7 27.1 24.7 21.3 19.7 17.2 16.4 14.4 18.3 21.9 23.8 24.6   Marijuana only .................. 15.3 18.8 15.5 15.1 14.1 14.8 13.9 13.1 11.3 10.6 9.2 9.3 8.1 10.4 13.1 13.8 15.1   Any illicit drug other than marijuana 2 ..................... 15.4 18.4 17.0 15.4 15.1 14.9 13.2 11.6 10.0 9.1 8.0 7.1 6.3 7.9 8.8 10.0 9.5   Use of selected drugs Cocaine ............................ 1.9 5.2 5.0 4.9 5.8 6.7 6.2 4.3 3.4 2.8 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 Heroin ............................... 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 LSD ................................... 2.3 2.3 2.4 1.9 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.4 2.6 4.0 2.5 3.1 Marijuana/ hashish ............ 27.1 33.7 28.5 27.0 25.2 25.7 23.4 21.0 18.0 16.7 14.0 13.8 11.9 15.5 19.0 21.2 21.9 23.7 PCP ..................................   1.4 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.6 1.3 0.6 0.3 1.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.6 1.3   1 Survey question changed in 1993; data are not comparable to figures for earlier years. 2 Other illicit drugs include any use of hallucinogens, cocaine, and heroin, or any use of other opiates, stimulants, sedatives, or tranquilizers not under a doctor's orders.   Data not available.

NOTE.   A revised questionnaire was used in 1982 and later years to reduce the inappropriate reporting of nonprescription stimulants. This slightly reduced the positive responses for some types of drug abuse. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, Drug Use Among American High School Students and Other Young Adults, National Trends Through 1988; and press releases dated January 1992, April 1993, and January 1994; and University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research Monitoring the Future, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared February 1999.)

Table 151.   Percent of students ( grades 7 to 12) who feel that certain problems are very serious: 1996 Student characteristics Tight groups of friends that do not talk to one another Hostile or threatening remarks between groups of students Threats or destructive acts, other than physical fights Turf battles between different groups of students Physical fights between members of different groups of friends Gang violence 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 All students ..................................................................... 10 25 24 21 26 26 Location Urban .............................................................................. 11 32 33 30 33 36 Suburban ......................................................................... 11 22 20 18 24 21 Rural ................................................................................ 8 20 19 13 20 17 Sex Male ................................................................................ 10 24 23 21 26 25 Female ............................................................................ 10 27 26 21 27 26 School level 7th and 8th grades .......................................................... 9 32 28 24 32 31 9th through 12th grades ................................................. 11 22 22 20 23 23 Race/ ethnicity White ............................................................................... 9 22 21 16 22 19 African American ............................................................. 12 36 33 32 37 40 Hispanic .......................................................................... 13 33 32 33 34 41 SOURCE: Metropolitan Life/ Louis Harris Associates, Inc., The Metropolitan Life Survey of The American Teacher, 1996. Part I. `` Students Voice Their Opinions On: Violence, Social Tension and Equality Among Teens.'' ( This table was prepared July 1997.) 159 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ATTENDANCE Table 152.   Ages for compulsory school attendance, special education services for students, policies for kindergarten programs, and year round schools, by state: 1997 and 1995 State Compulsory attendance, 1997 Compulsory special education services 1997 1 Year round schools, 1995 Provision of kindergarten education, 1995 Has policy on year round schools Has districts with yearround schools School districts required to offer Attendance required Half day Full day Half day Full day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Alabama .................... 7 to 16 3 to 21 X X Alaska ........................ 2 7 to 16 3 to 21 X Arizona ...................... 3 6 to 16 3 to 21 X X X X Arkansas .................... 5 to 17 3 to 21 X X X X California ................... 6 to 18 3 to 21 X X X Colorado .................... 7 to 16 4 3 to 20 X Connecticut ................ 7 to 16 3 to 20 X Delaware ................... 5 to 16 3 to 20 X District of Columbia ... 5 to 18 5 3 to 21 X X Florida ........................ 6 to 16 3 to 20 X X X X Georgia ...................... 7 to 16 3 to 21 X X Hawaii ........................ 6 6 to 18 3 to 20 X Idaho .......................... 7 to 16 3 to 20 X X Illinois ......................... 7 to 16 3 to 20 X X X Indiana ....................... 7 7 to 18 3 to 21 X X Iowa ........................... 6 to 16 Birth to 20 Kansas ....................... 7 to 16 3 to 20 Kentucky .................... 8 6 to 16 3 to 20 X X Louisiana ................... 7 to 17 3 to 21             Maine ......................... 7 to 17 3 to 19 Maryland .................... 5 to 16 Birth to 20 X Massachusetts ........... 6 to 16 3 to 21 X Michigan .................... 6 to 16 Birth to 25 Minnesota .................. 9 7 to 16 Birth to 20 X X X Mississippi ................. 6 to 17 3 to 20 X X Missouri ..................... 7 to 16 3 to 20 X X X Montana ..................... 10 7 to 16 3 to 18 X Nebraska ................... 7 to 16 Birth to 20 X Nevada ...................... 7 to 17 3 to 21 X X New Hampshire ......... 6 to 16 3 to 20 New Jersey ................ 6 to 16 3 to 21 New Mexico ............... 5 to 18 3 to 21 X X X New York ................... 11 6 to 16 3 to 21 X X North Carolina ........... 7 to 16 3 to 20 X X North Dakota ............. 7 to 16 3 to 20 X X X X Ohio ........................... 6 to 18 3 to 21 X X X Oklahoma .................. 5 to 18 3 to 21 X X X Oregon ....................... 7 to 18 3 to 21 X X Pennsylvania ............. 8 to 17 3 to 20 X Rhode Island ............. 6 to 16 3 to 20 X X South Carolina ........... 12 5 to 17 4 3 to 21 X X X South Dakota ............. 10 6 to 16 3 to 21 X X X Tennessee ................. 7 to 17 3 to 21 X X X Texas ......................... 6 to 17 3 to 21 X X X X Utah ........................... 6 to 18 3 to 21 X X X X Vermont ..................... 7 to 16 3 to 21 Virginia ....................... 5 to 18 2 to 21 X X X X X Washington ................ 13 8 to 18 3 to 20 X West Virginia ............. 6 to 16 3 to 20 X X Wisconsin .................. 14 6 to 18 4 3 to 20 Wyoming .................... 7 to 16 4 3 to 20 X 1 Most states have an upper age limit whereby education is provided up to a certain age or completion of secondary school, whichever comes first. 2 Ages 7 to 16 or high school graduation. 3 Ages 6 to 16 or tenth grade completion. 4 Upper age limit for eligibility has been updated for 1997. 5 State has established two points in the program year by which children must be 3 years of age to be eligible for services. 6 Students over the age of 16 may withdraw with the approval of a principal and student's guardians, and if an alternative education program exists. 7 From age 7 until student ( 1) graduates; ( 2) between age 16 to 18 and meets requirements for exit interview before graduation; or ( 3) reaches 18. Withdrawal before 18 requires parent/ guardian and principal written permission. 8 Must have parental signature for leaving school between ages 16 to 18. 9 Age 18 takes effect in 2000. 10 Age 16 or completion of eighth grade. 11 Ages 6 to 17 for New York City and Buffalo. 12 Permits parental waiver of kindergarten at age 5. 13 Or can exit if age 16 or older, has a useful occupation, has met graduation requirements or has a certificate of education competency. 14 Ages 6 to 18 or high school graduation.   Data not available.

NOTE.   The Education of the Handicapped Act ( EHA) Amendments of 1986 make it mandatory for all states receiving EHA funds to serve all 3 to 18 year old disabled children

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, Office of Special Education and Rehabilitative Services, The Eighteenth Annual Report to Congress on the Implementation of The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, 1996; National Association of State Directors of Special Education, Inc., unpublished data; Education Commission of the States, `` Clearinghouse Notes,'' March 1997; and Council of Chief State School Officers, State Education Policies on Student Attendance and Use of Time: 1995. ( This table was prepared May 1997.) 160 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ATTENDANCE Table 153.   Tenth and 12th graders' attendance patterns, by selected student and school characteristics: 1990 and 1992 Attendance pattern All students Sex Race/ ethnicity Socioeconomic status 1 Control of school attended Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian American Indian Low Middle High Public Catholic Other private 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Percent of 10th graders in 1990 Number of days missed first half of current school year None ............................................... 14.3 17.1 11.6 13.0 21.2 12.5 23.1 12.0 13.1 15.0 14.9 14.0 18.3 15.1 1 or 2 days ..................................... 23.2 24.9 21.5 22.8 27.2 20.6 28.6 12.5 20.0 23.0 26.6 22.6 26.4 33.6 3 or 4 days ..................................... 27.7 27.1 28.3 28.8 24.5 25.0 23.9 33.7 25.3 27.6 29.5 27.9 26.6 27.7 5 or more days ............................... 34.8 30.9 38.7 35.4 27.1 41.9 24.4 41.9 41.6 34.3 29.0 35.4 28.8 23.5 Number of times late first half of current school year None ............................................... 25.2 25.4 24.9 27.8 17.8 17.8 22.0 18.6 23.9 25.7 26.6 25.3 27.7 17.9 1 or 2 days ..................................... 38.2 38.1 38.3 38.0 41.1 36.7 39.7 31.3 37.4 38.6 38.2 37.8 39.8 44.6 3 or more days ............................... 36.7 36.6 36.8 34.2 41.1 45.5 38.3 50.1 38.7 35.7 35.2 36.9 32.4 37.5 Cut classes Never or almost never ................... 84.8 83.5 86.2 85.8 86.5 75.8 87.1 81.4 82.3 84.5 89.0 84.0 95.2 90.9 At least sometimes ........................ 15.2 16.5 13.8 14.2 13.5 24.2 12.9 18.6 17.7 15.5 11.0 16.0 4.8 9.1 Percent of 12th graders in 1992 Number of days missed first half of current school year None ............................................... 8.7 10.5 6.9 7.4 15.8 6.9 15.6 11.3 8.7 8.6 8.8 8.6 10.2 9.1 1 or 2 days ..................................... 30.3 30.8 29.9 29.9 31.0 31.6 34.3 22.4 27.5 30.8 31.7 30.2 31.2 32.7 3 to 6 days ..................................... 35.0 35.0 35.1 36.2 31.2 34.4 27.4 37.8 34.0 34.0 37.7 34.8 37.5 37.8 7 or more days ............................... 25.9 23.7 28.2 26.5 22.1 27.1 22.7 28.6 29.8 26.6 21.8 26.4 21.1 20.5 Number of times late first half of current school year None ............................................... 19.0 17.7 20.3 20.6 14.0 14.7 16.2 19.1 19.7 19.0 18.7 19.2 19.5 12.3 1 or 2 days ..................................... 33.5 32.4 34.5 34.4 32.1 28.7 33.8 25.3 32.8 34.2 33.1 33.0 36.4 37.6 3 or more days ............................... 47.6 49.9 45.2 45.0 53.9 56.6 50.0 55.6 47.5 46.8 48.2 47.8 44.1 50.1 Cut classes Never or almost never ................... 75.6 72.8 78.4 76.5 77.7 67.9 72.7 73.7 76.2 75.6 75.4 74.3 87.1 86.3 At least sometimes ........................ 24.4 27.2 21.6 23.5 22.3 32.1 27.3 26.3 23.8 24.4 24.6 25.7 12.9 13.7 1 Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income. The `` Low'' SES group is the lowest quartile; the `` Middle'' SES group is the middle two quartiles; and the `` High'' SES group is the upper quartile. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' First and Second Followup surveys. ( This table was prepared March 1994.) 161 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: REGULATIONS Table 154.   State requirements for high school graduation, in Carnegie units: 1993 and 1996 State 1993 1996 First graduating class to which these requirements apply Notes All courses All courses Subject areas English/ language arts Social studies Mathematics Science Physical education/

health Electives Other courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Alabama Standard ................................ 22 24 4 4 4 4 1.5 5.5 1 (. 5 fine arts; .5 computer applications 2000 Students must become computer literate through related coursework.

Alaska ......................................... 21 21 4 3 2 2 1 9   Arizona ........................................ 20 20 4 2.5 2 2 0 8 1.5 (. 5 free enterprise, 1 fine arts). 1996 State board is required to adopt competency tests for graduation in reading, writing and mathematics ( 1996). Social studies requirement includes 1 unit in world history and geography; 1.5 units in U. S.

and Arizona Constitutions and Arizona history. 1 Arkansas Technical postsecondary preparatory .............................. 20 21 4 2 3 3 1 3 5 (. 5 oral communications; 1 vocational technical; .5 fine arts;

seniors take at least 3 academic courses). 1997 Science requirements include 1 unit in life science and 1 unit in physical science. Physical education requirement includes .5 unit in health and safety and .5 unit in physical education. Physical education cannot exceed 1 unit. 2 College preparatory ...............   21 4 3 3 3 1 3 4 (. 5 oral communication; .5 fine arts; seniors take at least 3 academic courses). 1988 Science requirements include 1 unit in life science and 1 unit in physical science. Physical education requirement includes .5 unit in health and safety and .5 unit in physical education. Physical education cannot exceed 1 unit. 1,2 California Standard ................................ 13 13 3 3 2 2 2   1 ( includes foreign language or American Sign Language or visual and performing arts). 1989 Social studies requirement includes 1 unit in U. S.

history and geography, 1 unit in world history,

culture and geography, .5 unit American government,

and .5 unit economics. Science requirement includes 1 unit in biological and 1 unit in physical science. 3 Colorado .....................................   ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1) ( 1)     ( 1,3)

Connecticut ................................. 20 20 4 3 3 2 1 1 6 1988 Electives could be in arts or vocational education.

Delaware Standard ( 1997, 1998) ........... 19 19 4 3 2 2 1.5 6.5   1997 Physical education requirement includes .5 unit in health and 1 unit in physical education.

Standard ( 1999) .....................   20 4 3 2 2 1.5 6.5 1 ( computer literacy); students must become computer literate through formal class or related coursework. 1999 Physical education requirement includes .5 unit in health and 1 unit in physical education.

Standard ( 2000) .....................   22 4 3 3 3 1.5   7.5 ( 1 computer literacy; students must become computer literate through formal class or related coursework; 3 Career Pathway 4; 3.5 additional academic coursework). 2000 Physical education requirement includes .5 unit in health and 1 unit in physical education.

District of Columbia .................... 23.5 23.5 4 3.5 3 3 1.5 3.5 5 ( 2 foreign language; 1 life skills; 1 career/ vocational; .5 fine arts; .5 music). 1996 D. C. requires 100 hours of community service without credit.

Florida ......................................... 24 24 4 2.5 3 3 1 9 1.5 (. 5 economics; 1 practical arts or exploratory career education   Social studies requirement includes 1 unit in American history, 1 unit in world history and .5 unit in American government. Two science units must have a laboratory component. The physical education requirement includes .5 unit in life management skills and .5 units in physical education. 1,2 Georgia Standard ................................ 21 21 4 3 3 3 1 6 1 ( computer technology and/ or fine arts and/ or vocational education and/ or junior ROTC). 1997 Students who completed 4 units of vocational education in addition to requirements receive a state seal of endorsement. Mathematics requirement includes 1 unit in algebra. 1,2 162 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: REGULATIONS Table 154.   State requirements for high school graduation, in Carnegie units: 1993 and 1996   Continued State 1993 1996 First graduating class to which these requirements apply Notes All courses All courses Subject areas English/ language arts Social studies Mathematics Science Physical education/

health Electives Other courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Advanced ............................... 21 21 4 3 3 3 1 4 3 ( 2 foreign language; 1 fine arts,

vocational education, computer technology, or ROTC).   ( 1,2)

Hawaii Standard ................................ 22 22 4 4 3 3 2 6   1997 Physical education includes 1 unit in health and guidance and 1 unit in physical education. 10th grade students take the Hawaii State Test of Essential Competencies ( HSTEC).

Recognition diploma ..............   24 4 4 3 3 2 6 2 ( foreign language, performing/

fine arts, or vocational education 1997 Physical education requirement includes 1 unit in health and guidance and 1 unit in physical education 10th grade students take Hawaii State of Essential Competencies ( HSTEC).

Idaho ........................................... 21 21 4 2 2 2 1.5 6 3.5 (. 5 reading; .5 speech; .5 consumer education; 2 humanities Practical arts may substitute for 1 of the 2 units in the humanities). 1997 State requires a C average, demonstrated competency in core curriculum on a junior class competency test or adherence to a local district's achievement plan for graduation. History requirement includes 1 unit in U. S. history and 1 unit in American government. Both science units must include a laboratory component. The physical education requirement includes .5 unit in health and 1 unit in physical education.

Illinois .......................................... 16 16 3 2 2 1 4.5 2.25 1.25 ( 1 from music, art, foreign language which includes American Sign Language, or vocational education; .25 from consumer education). 1995 1 year of mathematics may be computer technology.

Social studies requirement includes 1 unit in U. S.

history or .5 unit in U. S. history and .5 unit in American government. Physical education requirement includes .5 unit in health education. 2 Indiana Standard ................................ 19.5 19.5 4 2 2 2 1.5 8   1989 State does not use standard Carnegie units. Tenth grade exit exam begins with the class of 1999   2000. 1 Academic honors ................... 24 24 4 3 4 4 1 4 or 5 3 or 4 in foreign language ( 3 years of 1 language or 2 years in 2 languages) 1990 State does not use standard Carnegie units. Tenth grade exit exam begins with the class of 1999   2000. 1 Iowa ............................................       1.5             All students must participate in physical education unless they qualify under certain exceptions. Social studies requirement includes 1 unit in U. S. history and .5 unit in American government. 1,3 Kansas ........................................ 21 21 4 3 2 2 1 9     Students are required to take a course in Kansas history or government ( consisting of a minimum of 9 weeks and 1,800 minutes) in grades 7   12.

English language arts requirement includes 3 units in English. Social studies requirement includes 1 unit in American history and .5 unit in American government 1 Kentucky Standard ................................ 20 20 4 2 3 2 1 8   1987 Social studies requirement includes 1 unit in U. S.

history. The physical education requirement includes .5 unit in health and .5 unit in physical education

Commonwealth ...................... 22 22 5 2 3 2 1 8 1 foreign language in advanced placement. 1993 Completion of 1 exam in at least 3 of the advanced placement classes ( science or mathematics,

foreign language and English) is required. Physical education requirement includes .5 unit in health and .5 unit in physical education. 163 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: REGULATIONS Table 154.   State requirements for high school graduation, in Carnegie units: 1993 and 1996   Continued State 1993 1996 First graduating class to which these requirements apply Notes All courses All courses Subject areas English/ language arts Social studies Mathematics Science Physical education/

health Electives Other courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Louisiana Standard ................................ 23 23 4 3 3 3 2 7.5 .5 computer literacy 1987 With an ACT score of 29 or above, 3.5 GPA or above with no semester grade lower than a B, and no unexcused absences or suspensions, students may receive a Scholar Program Seal on their diploma 1,2 Regents program ................... 24 24 4 3.5 3 3 2 4.5 4 ( 3 foreign language; 1 fine arts). 1983 ( 1,2)

Maine .......................................... 16 16 4 2 2 2 1.5 3.5 1 fine arts 1989 Social studies requirement includes 1 unit in American history and 1 unit in American government.

One science unit must include a laboratory component Students must pass computer proficiency standards. 1 Maryland ..................................... 21 21 4 3 3 2 1 5 3 ( 1 fine arts; 1 industrial arts/

technology education, home economics, vocational education or computer studies;

and 1 community service). 1997 ( 2)

Massachusetts ............................       1     4       American history is required. 1,2,3 Michigan .....................................                   1993 A competency exam is optional for students wanting an endorsed diploma. Students must receive instruction on U. S. and Michigan history and take a semester of civics. 3 Minnesota ................................... 20                 2000 ( 1,2)

Mississippi .................................. 18 18 4 2 2 2   8   1989 One science unit must include a laboratory component 2 Missouri Standard ................................ 22 22 3 2 2 2 1 10 2 ( 1 practical arts; 1 fine arts). 1988 Local districts may add to the requirements.

College preparatory certificate 24 24 4 3 3 2 1 9 2 ( 1 practical arts; 1 fine arts). 1988 Social studies requirement includes 1 unit in American history. One science unit must include a laboratory component. Of the 9 elective units, 3 core electives are selected from foreign language,

English social studies, mathematics, science or fine arts. A GPA of 3.0 and SAT of 1014 or enhanced ACT of 21 is required.

Montana ...................................... 20 20 4 2 2 2 1 7 2 ( 1 fine arts; 1 vocational/

practical arts). 1989 Nebraska ....................................                   1991 The state does not use standard Carnegie units. 3 Nevada ....................................... 22.5 22.5 4 2 2 2 2.5 8.5 1.5 ( 1 arts and humanities; .5 computer literacy). 1992 Computer literacy course requirement may be waived by demonstration of competency. Social studies requirement includes 1 unit in American government and 1 unit American history. Physical education requirement includes .5 unit in health and 2 units in physical education. 1,2 New Hampshire .......................... 19.75 19.75 4 2 2 2 1.25 7 1.5 (. 5 arts; .5 computer education .5 basic business and economics). 1989 The social studies requirement includes 1 unit in U. S.

and New Hampshire history and 1 elective unit.

Science requirement includes 1 unit in physical and 1 unit in biological science. Physical education requirement includes .25 unit in health and 1 unit in physical education. 3 New Jersey ................................. 21.5 21.5 4 3 3 2 4 4 1.5 ( 1 fine, practical, or performing arts; .5 career education). 1990 110 credit hours are required for graduation. ( The state does not use standard Carnegie units.)

Social studies requirement includes 2 units in U. S.

history and 1 unit in world history/ cultures. Science unit may be either natural or physical science. The state allows credit for college coursework. 1,2 164 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: REGULATIONS Table 154.   State requirements for high school graduation, in Carnegie units: 1993 and 1996   Continued State 1993 1996 First graduating class to which these requirements apply Notes All courses All courses Subject areas English/ language arts Social studies Mathematics Science Physical education/

health Electives Other courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 New Mexico ................................ 23 23 4 3 3 2 1 9 1 communication skills 1990 One science unit must have a laboratory component.

Social studies requirement includes government and economics, world history and geography, and U. S. history and geography. 2 New York Standard ................................ 18.5 20.5   4     2.5 2 4 ( 1 art and/ or music; 3 second language). 1989 Social studies requirement includes U. S. history and government. 2 Regents diploma .................... 18.5 18.5 4 4 2 2 2.5 3 to 5 1 ( foreign language, art and/ or music, occupational, technical or home economics education 2000 Physical education requirement includes .5 unit in health and 2 physical education. Physical education courses may not be included toward the 18.5 units required for graduation. One science credit must include a laboratory component. The 3 to 5 elective units are chosen from a specified sequence of courses. 2 North Carolina Standard ................................ 20 20 4 2 2 2 1 9   1987 One science class must include a laboratory component 2 Scholars program .................. 22 22 4 3 3 3 1 4 4 ( 2 foreign language; 2 additional credits from English,

mathematics, science, social science, or foreign language). 1994 One science class must include a laboratory component 2 North Dakota .............................. 17 17 4 3 2 2 1 5   1994 The social studies requirement includes 1 unit in world history and geography and 1 unit in U. S.

history and geography. A unit of higher level foreign language may be substituted for the fourth unit of English. 3 Ohio ............................................ 18 18 3 2 2 1 1 9 3 ( total units in a subject area other than language arts/

English must be taken to complete a `` minor''). 1988 ( 1,2)

Oklahoma Standard ................................ 20 21 4 2 3 2 0 8 2 ( 1 fine/ performing arts; 1 citizenship skills). 2000 ( 1)

College preparatory ............... 15 15 4 2 3 2 0   4 ( 3 units chosen from foreign language, computer science,

English, mathematics, history,

sociology, science, speech, or psychology; 1 unit from economics geography,

government or non Western culture. 1996 ( 1)

Oregon ........................................ 22 22 3 3.5 2 2 2 8 1.5 (. 5 career development; 1 applied arts, or foreign language 1988 Students receive an honors diploma for a GPA of 3.5 or higher.

Pennsylvania .............................. 21 21 4 3 3 3 1 5 2 credits in arts, humanities or computer science 1989 Students must achieve 52 state academic performances and locally developed outcomes.

Rhode Island Standard ................................ 16 16 4 2 2 2   6   1989 College preparatory ............... 18 18 4 2 3 2   4 3 ( 2 credits in foreign language;

.5 computer, .5 arts).   165 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: REGULATIONS Table 154.   State requirements for high school graduation, in Carnegie units: 1993 and 1996   Continued State 1993 1996 First graduating class to which these requirements apply Notes All courses All courses Subject areas English/ language arts Social studies Mathematics Science Physical education/

health Electives Other courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 South Carolina Technical preparatory ............ 20 24 4 3 4 3 1 3 6 ( 4 credits in occupational specialty 2 in foreign language). 2000 Students must complete an occupational specialty program consisting of four sequential units of instruction in a career major. Students must demonstrate keyboarding proficiency and computer literacy before high school graduation. The social studies requirement includes 1 world history or geography 1 unit in U. S. history; .5 unit in U. S.

government and .5 unit in economics. 2 Dual Path ............................... 22 24 4 4 4 4 1 1 6 ( 4 occupational specialty; 2 foreign language). 2000 Social studies requirement includes 1 unit in world history; 1 unit in world geography; 1 unit in U. S.

history; .5 unit in U. S. government; and .5 unit in economics. 2 College preparatory ...............   24 4 4 4 4 1 4 3 credits in foreign language   Proficiency in computer keyboarding/ computer literacy is required for graduation. Social studies requirement includes 1 unit in world history; 1 unit in world geography; 1 unit in U. S. history; .5 unit in U. S. government; and .5 unit in economics. 2 South Dakota .............................. 20 20 4 3 2 2   8 1 (. 5 computer studies; .5 fine arts). 1989 Language arts/ English requirement includes 1.5 units in writing, .5 unit in American literature, .5 unit in literature and .5 unit in speech. Social studies requirement includes 1 unit in U. S. history, .5 unit in U. S. government and .5 unit in geography. Both science units must include a laboratory.

Tennessee Technical preparatory ............ 20 20 4 3 3 3 1 2 4 ( program of study focusing on a particular technical area). 1989 Exit exam with no passing standards is required before graduation; it is used to assess readiness for workplace or higher education.

University preparatory ............ 20.5 20 4 3 3 3 1 3 3 ( 2 in foreign language; 1 fine art) 1989 Exit exam with no passing standards is required before graduation; it is used to assess readiness for workplace or higher education.

Texas Standard ( 1998) ..................... 21 22 4 2 3 2 2 7 2 (. 5 economics/ free enterprise;

.5 speech; 1 technology application 1998 Physical education requirement includes .5 unit in health and 1.5 units in physical education. 2 Standard ( 2000) ..................... 22 24 4 4 3 3 2 3 5 ( 3 foreign language; 1 technology application; 1 fine arts). 2000 Students must choose one of the three credit additional options for electives. College Board advanced placement and International Baccalaureate courses may be substituted for requirements in appropriate proficiency areas to receive dual credits for college coursework. Physical education requirement includes .5 unit in health and 1.5 units in physical education. Social studies requirement includes economics.

Utah ............................................ 24 24 3 3 2 2 2 9.5 2.5 ( 1.5 arts; 1 applied technical education or occupational preparation). 1988 Students may accumulate credits more quickly than peers and be eligible to receive a Centennial Scholarship for Early Graduation to be applied to college tuition. 1,3 Vermont ...................................... 14.5 14.5 4 3 0 to 5 0 to 5 1.5   1 arts 1989 A total of 5 credits are required in mathematics and science.

Virginia Standard ................................ 21 21 4 3 2 2 2 6 2 ( 1 additional mathematics or science; 1 fine or practical arts). 1989 ( 2)

Advanced studies .................. 23 23 4 3 3 3 2 4 4 ( 3 foreign language; 1 fine or practical arts).   ( 2) 166 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: REGULATIONS Table 154.   State requirements for high school graduation, in Carnegie units: 1993 and 1996   Continued State 1993 1996 First graduating class to which these requirements apply Notes All courses All courses Subject areas English/ language arts Social studies Mathematics Science Physical education/

health Electives Other courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Washington ................................. 19 19 3 2.5 2 2 2 5.5 2 ( 1 occupational education; 1 fine/ visual or performing arts). 1991 ( 1)

West Virginia Standard ( 1989) ..................... 21 21 4 3 2 2 2 8   1989 Electives must be from applied arts, fine or performing arts, or a foreign language.

Standard ( 2002) ..................... 21 21 4 3 2 2 2 7 1 art, music, theater or dance 2002 Wisconsin ................................... 13 21.5 4 3 2 2 2     1989 Grades 9   12 need 1.5 units of physical education and grades 7   12 need .5 unit of health. 1,3 Wyoming ..................................... 18 18 4 3 2 2   5   1997 ( 3)

1 State allows dual credit for college coursework.

2 Minimum competency test is required.

3 Local boards determine at least some requirements.

4 A Career Pathway is a planned program of sequenced or specialized courses designed to develop knowledge and skills in a particular career area. Students may use the Additional Academic Coursework ( visual and performing arts, foreign language and/ or vocational technical education coursework, including Junior ROTC) as an option, to pursue individual academic interests. The credits in these two categories will eventually replace the elective credits.

  Data not available or not applicable.

NOTE.   Local school districts frequently have other graduation requirements in addition to state requirements.

SOURCE: Education Commission of the States, Clearinghouse Notes, `` Minimum High School Graduation Requirements November 1996. ( This table was prepared July 1997.) 167 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: REGULATIONS Table 155.   States using minimum competency testing, by government level setting standards, grade levels assessed, and expected uses of standards: 1995   96 State Grade levels assessed Expected uses Student diagnosis or placement 1 Improvement of instruction 1 Program evaluation 1 Student diagnosis or placement 2 Student promotion 2 High school graduation 2 Student awards or recognition 3 Public school performance reporting 3 Accreditation 3 Other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Alabama ....................... 3   12 X X X X X Alaska .......................... 4,8,11 X X Arizona ......................... 4,7,10 X X X X Arkansas ...................... 4,5,7,10,11 X X X X California ...................... 9   12 4 X X Colorado 5 .................... Connecticut .................. 4,6,8,10 X X X X X X Delaware ...................... 3,5,8,10 X X X Florida .......................... 4,8,10,11 X X X Georgia ........................ K, 3,5,8,11,12 X X X X X Hawaii .......................... 3,6,8,10   12 X X X X X X Idaho ............................ 3   11 X X Illinois ........................... 3,4,6   8,10,11 X Indiana ......................... 3,6,10 X X X X X X Iowa 5 ...........................

Kansas ......................... 3   5,7,8,10 X X X X X Kentucky ...................... 4,8,11,12 X X X Louisiana ..................... K, 3   7,10,11 X X X X X X X Maine ........................... 4,8,11 X X X Maryland ...................... 3,5,7   12 X X X X X X ( 6)

Massachusetts ............. 4,8,10 X X Michigan ...................... 4,5,7,8,11 X X X X X X ( 7) Minnesota 5 .................. Mississippi ................... 4   9,11 X X X X X X ( 6) Missouri ....................... 3,5,6,8,10,11 8 X X X X Montana ....................... 4,8,11 X X Nebraska 5 ................... Nevada ........................ 4,8,11,12 X X X X X New Hampshire ........... 3,6,10 X X New Jersey .................. 8,11,12 X X X X X New Mexico ................. 1   6,8,10   12 X X X X X ( 6) New York ..................... 3   6,8   12 X X X X X X ( 7,9) North Carolina ............. 3   10 X X X X X North Dakota ............... 3,6,8,11 X X X X Ohio ............................. 4,6,8   12 X X X X X Oklahoma .................... 3,5   9,11,12 X X X X X Oregon ......................... 3,5,8,11 X X X Pennsylvania ............... 5,6,8,9,11 8 X X X Rhode Island ............... 4,8,10 X X X South Carolina ............. 3   11 X X X X X X X ( 6)