NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 2 0.76  0.88 mm 4 NG NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 2 NG 3 NG 4 NG 2  Watson 1996b 3  Fitch and Lavenberg 1975 4  Feder et al. 1974 DISPERSAL & RECRUITMENT Page 500 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 BL BM BN BO BP BQ Habitat Predators Fish Size Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method planktonic 2 NF 1 2.2  12.6 mm planktonic 1 1 NG NF pelagic 4 2 1.7 mm NL ( hatching) to 22 mm SL ( transformation) planktonic 2 2 NG planktonic 2 NF 1 2.7  15.5 mm planktonic 1 1 NG NF pelagic 3 2 < 2.2 mm NL ( hatching) to 21 mm SL ( transformation) planktonic 2 2 NG pelagic 4 1  Watson and Walker 1992 1  Watson and Walker 1992 2  Watson 1996b 2  Watson 1996b 2  Watson 1996b 3  Fitch and Lavenberg 1975 4  Feder et al. 1974 Food habits Eggs Larvae Page 501 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 BR BS BT BU When / Frequency Predators Fish Size Habitat NF NF NG ( juv or adult?) 1 rocky reef ( 13 m), Pendleton Artificial Reef 1 NG ( juv or adult?) 2 kelp beds, shallow rocky or rock/ sand combo 2 NG ( juvs & few adults) 3 surfgrass ( Phyllospadix ) beds 3 100  314 mm SL ( juv or adult?) 4 rock and sand 4 NG ( juv or adult?) 7 rock or rock sand bottom 7 NF NF NG ( juv or adult?) 1 cobble bottom kelp forest ( 8 18 m), San Onofre Kelp bed 1 NG ( juv & adult) 3 surfgrass ( Phyllospadix ) beds 3 NG ( juv or adult?) 4 kelp bed w/ mixed sand and rock substrate 4 163 180 mm SL ( juv or adult?) 5 night: upper water column ( 5 15 m) over open fields of Dictyopteris ( brown algae), Santa Catalina Island 5 163 170 mm SL ( juv or adult?) 6 night: nearshore water column, Santa Catalina Island 6 NG ( juv or adult?) 7 over & among rocks in shallow water from 1.3 11.5 m ( 4 35 ft); often in kelp beds near canopy 7 1  DeMartini et al. 1989 1  DeMartini et al. 1989 2  Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 2  Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 3  DeMartini 1981 3  DeMartini 1981 4  Quast 1968d 4  Quast 1968d 5  Hobson and Chess 1976 5  Hobson and Chess 1976 6  Hobson et al. 1981 6  Hobson et al. 1981 7  Feder et al. 1974 7  Feder et al. 1974 HABITAT Page 502 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 BV BW BX BY BZ Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators Fish Size NG 1 NF NF least terns 2 NG ( juv or adult?) 1 crustaceans ( amphipods, isopods, shrimp, crabs, barnacles), mollusks ( kelp scallops, clam siphons, small snails), polychaete worms 2 NG ( juv or adult?) 2 NG 3 NG ( juvs & few adults) 3 small isopods, amphipods, shrimp, kelp scallops ( Pecten latiauratus ) 4 100  314 mm SL ( juv or adult?) 4 bryozoans, small crustaceans, mollusks ( chitons, clams) 7 NG 1 NF yellowtail and kelp bass 1 NG ( juv or adult?) 1 NG 3 NG ( juv & adult) 3 ophiuroids, perciform fishes, shrimp, amphipods, isopod ( Idothea resecata) , other isopods, copepods, and questionables ( mysids,

polychaetes) 4 NG ( juv or adult?) 4 gammaridean amphipods, mysids, swimming polychaetes, cumaceans,

caprellid amphipods, ostracods, nebaliaceans, isopods, fishes, caridean larvae, caridean adults and juvs, reptantian zoea, calanoid & cyclopoid copepods 5 nocturnal 5 163 180 mm SL ( juv or adult?) 5 gammarids ( Batea transversa, Ampelisca cristata ), caprelled ( Caprella pilidigita ), cumacean ( Cyclaspis nubila ), mysid ( Siriella pacifica), epitokous nereid polychaetes 6 nocturnal 6 163 170 mm SL ( juv or adult?) 6 amphipod crustaceans 7 1  DeMartini et al. 1989 1  Sikkel 1986 1  DeMartini et al. 1989 2  Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 2  Love 1996 2  Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 3  DeMartini 1981 3  DeMartini 1981 4  Quast 1968d 4  Quast 1968d 5  Hobson and Chess 1976 5  Hobson and Chess 1976 6  Hobson et al. 1981 6  Hobson et al. 1981 7  Feder et al. 1974 Food habits Life Stage Juveniles T ASSOCIATION & TROPHIC INTERACTIONS Page 503 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 CA CB CC CD Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency rocky reef ( 13 m), Pendleton Artificial Reef 1 NG 1 NF NF kelp beds, shallow rocky or rock/ sand combo 2 crustaceans ( amphipods, isopods, shrimp, crabs, barnacles), mollusks ( kelp scallops, clam siphons, small snails), polychaete worms 2 surfgrass ( Phyllospadix ) beds 3 NG3 rock and sand 4 small isopods, amphipods, shrimp, kelp scallops ( Pecten latiauratus ) 4 cobble bottom kelp forest ( 8 18 m), San Onofre Kelp bed 1 NG1 nocturnal 1 surfgrass ( Phyllospadix ) beds 3 NG3 kelp bed w/ mixed sand and rock substrate 4 ophiuroids, perciform fishes, shrimp, amphipods, isopod ( Idothea resecata) , other isopods, copepods, and questionables ( mysids,

polychaetes) 4 night: upper water column ( 5 15 m) over open fields of Dictyopteris ( brown algae), Santa Catalina Island 5 gammaridean amphipods, mysids, swimming polychaetes, cumaceans,

caprellid amphipods, ostracods, nebaliaceans, isopods, fishes, caridean larvae, caridean adults and juvs, reptantian zoea, calanoid & cyclopoid copepods 5 nocturnal 5 night: nearshore water column, Santa Catalina Island 6 gammarids ( Batea transversa, Ampelisca cristata ), caprelled ( Caprella pilidigita ), cumacean ( Cyclaspis nubila ), mysid ( Siriella pacifica), epitokous nereid polychaetes 6 nocturnal 6 1  DeMartini et al. 1989 1  DeMartini et al. 1989 2  Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 2  Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 3  DeMartini 1981 3  DeMartini 1981 4  Quast 1968d 4  Quast 1968d 5  Hobson and Chess 1976 5  Hobson and Chess 1976 6  Hobson et al. 1981 6  Hobson et al. 1981 Food habits Adults Page 504 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL Genetic variance Haplotype diversity Mean number of % Polymorphic Predators Substocks ( Geographic Area) alleles per locus ( SE) loci Expected ( SE) Observed ( SE)

least terns 2 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF yellowtail and kelp bass 1 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1  Sikkel 1986 2  Love 1996 Nucleotide diversity (#) Mean heterozygosity GENETICS Page 505 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT RECRUITMENT INTO FISHERY First Recruitment Full Recruitment Approach Effective population size Fishery / Length ( age) Fishery / Length ( age) Sampling gear Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 506 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 CU CV CW CX CY CZ DA DB Mortality Estimates Rate of Exploitation Method of Age range used Rate of Exploitation Natural ( M) Fishing ( F) Total ( Z) mortality estimation to calculate mortality exploitation ( u) ratio ( F/ Z) Competition NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF MORTALITY Page 507 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 DC DD DE DF Interactions / associations with other organisms Tagging studies Resident or Transient Homing ability ( Home range)

Parasites: 2 Families; 2 Species; See Ref 4 NF NF NF Parasite: trematode ( Brachadena pyriformis ) in stomach 4,7 Parasite: trematode ( Lasiotocus longicaecum ) in intestine 4,8 Juveniles exhibit intraspecific cleaning behavior 1 NF NF NF Parasites: copepod ( Peniculus fissipes ) imbedded in caudal peduncle 1 Juveniles school with sargo, juv black croaker 2 Parasite: helminth ( Polynemicola californica ) from gills 3 Parasite: trematode ( Lecithophyllum intermedium ) in intestine 4,5 Parasite: trematode ( Opecoelus xenistii ) in intestine 4,6 Parasite: trematode ( Helicometrina nimia ) in intestine 4,5 1  Sikkel 1986 2  Fitch and Lavenberg 1975 3  Bravo Hollis 1985 4  Love and Moser 1983 5  Arai 1962 6  Manter 1940 7  Manter and van Cleave 1951 8  Bravo Hollis 1956 Movemen BEHAVIOR Page 508 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 DG DH DI DJ DK DL DM DN DO DP Schooling Territoriality Yes, near kelp & rocky reefs 1 NF Yes, over rocky or rock sand bottom from surface to 42.7 m ( 130 ft),

concentrated 2.6 8.2 m ( 8 25 ft) 6 Yes, over rocky or rocky sand areas, usually shallow depths 7 Juveniles school with other species in inshore rocky areas 7 Yes, near kelp & rocky reefs 1 NF Yes 2,3 Yes, during daylight > 50 individuals at middepths within kelp forests 4 Yes, during day in upper water column within kelp forests 5 Yes, 0.3 1.3 m ( 1 4 ft) off sandy bottoms shoreward of rocks of pilings 6 1  Watson 1996b 2  Sikkel 1986 3  Fitch and Lavenberg 1975 4  Hobson and Chess 1976 5  Hobson et al. 1981 6  Feder et al. 1974 7  CDFG 1982 nt Page 509 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 A B C D Page 510 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 E F G H I J K Page 511 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Page 512 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF Page 513 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO Page 514 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC Page 515 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 BD BE BF BG BH BI BJ BK Page 516 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 BL BM BN BO BP BQ Page 517 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 BR BS BT BU Page 518 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 BV BW BX BY BZ Page 519 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 CA CB CC CD Page 520 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL Page 521 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT Page 522 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 CU CV CW CX CY CZ DA DB Page 523 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 DC DD DE DF Page 524 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 DG DH DI DJ DK DL DM DN DO DP Page 525 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 A B C D Page 526 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 E F G H I J K Page 527 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Page 528 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 Y Z AA AB AC AD AE AF Page 529 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 AG AH AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO Page 530 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC Page 531 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 BD BE BF BG BH BI BJ BK Page 532 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 BL BM BN BO BP BQ Page 533 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 BR BS BT BU Page 534 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 BV BW BX BY BZ Page 535 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 CA CB CC CD Page 536 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 CE CF CG CH CI CJ CK CL Page 537 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 CM CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT Page 538 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 CU CV CW CX CY CZ DA DB Page 539 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 DC DD DE DF Page 540 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 100 101 102 103 DG DH DI DJ DK DL DM DN DO DP Page 541 of 1167 5 2220e  Haemulidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 A B C D Family name Scientific name ( Synonym) Common name( s) Geographic range Hexagrammidae Hexagrammos decagrammus 1,2,3 kelp greenling 1,2,3 Aleutian Isl., Alaska to La Jolla, California 1 [ Calfornia seatrout, greenling, seatrout, rock trout,

kelp, kelp greenling, rockfish, bluefish, spotted rock trout, bodieron, boregat, greenling, kelp trout,

kelp cod] 1 Attu Isl, Aleutian Isl. (?) to La Jolla, California 2,3 Hexagrammidae Hexagrammos superciliosus 2 rock greenling 1,2,3 Bering Sea to Pt. Conception 1 ( Hexagrammos lagocephalus) 1,3,4 [ fringed greenling, Pacific red rock trout, red greenling, sea trout, kelp cod] 1 Japan, Yellow Sea, Okhotsk Sea to western Bering Sea,

northwest Alaska Peninsula ( Izembek Bay) and Aleutian Isl. ( Attu Isl) to Point Conception, California 2,3 TAXONOMY RANGE Page 542 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 E F G H Length ( mm) to Max. recorded Observed depth range ( m) weight ( g) equation Length conversion equations length ( cm)

Intertidal to 49 m ( 150 ft) 1 10 W = 0.00000356 TL 3.221 2 FL = 1.146( SL) + 3.076 SL = 0.871( FL)  2.379 ( range 130 345 mm SL; n= 17) 3 53 cm ( 21 in)

Intertidal (?) to 158 m ( 522 ft) 2 11 W = 0.00000499 SL 3.16368 2 TL = 1.027( FL)  3.112 FL = 0.973( TL) + 3.092 ( range 155 404 mm FL; n= 17)

14 Both ( 53 240 mm SL): W = 0.00000490 SL 3.27104 Male (> 240 mm SL): W = 0.000220 SL 2.60736 Female (> 240 mm SL): W = 0.0000278 SL 2.96606 2 SL = 0.848( TL) + 0.327 TL = 1.177( SL) + 0.062 ( range 156 415 mm TL; n= 17)

3 TL = 1.0 + 1.16 ( SL)

( r = 0.997)

Intertidal and shallow rocky areas 1 NF 2 FL = 1.180( SL)  1.100 SL = 0.842( FL) + 2.295 ( range 174 297 mm SL; n= 9) 1,3 61 cm ( 2 ft)

Intertidal to 80 m ( 264 ft) 2 2 TL = 1.016( FL)  2.541 FL = 0.984( TL) + 2.590 ( range 205 342 mm FL; n= 9)

max 596 m ( 1967 ft) 3 2 SL = 0.828( TL) + 4.620 TL = 1.199( SL)  3.483 ( range 203 344 mm TL; n= 9)

E Page 543 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 I J K L M N O P Q AGE and GROWTH Geographic Area Linf in mm ( SE) k ( SE) to ( SE)

( length measurement) Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female 11 northern Puget Sound ( TL) NG NG 398.64 ( NG) NG NG 0.8807 ( NG) NG NG 19 northern Puget Sound ( SL) 420 ( 2.186) 470 ( 3.237) 460 ( 1.501) 0.25 ( 0.0066) 0.22 ( 0.0074) 0.21 ( 0.0015)  0.49 ( 0.074)  0.08 ( 0.09)

20 central California ( Carmel Bay; TL) 395 ( NG) 430 ( NG) NG 0.288 ( NG) 0.201 ( NG) NG  1.4 ( NG)  2.5 ( NG)

24 northern, central, and south central California ( SL) see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve 33 Diabo Cove, CA No No No No No No No No Shikotan Island? (? L) 30 NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG Simushir and Shikotan Islands (? L) 31 NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG east coast of Kamchatka (? L) 32 NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG Page 544 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 R S T U V W Both Male Female Both Ageing structure / Method Validation 0.9195 ( NG) NG NG NG 11 otoliths/ whole & cleared No  0.42 ( 0.0063) NG NG NG 19 otoliths/ whole & cleared No NG NG NG NG 20 otoliths / NG ( n = 120) No see curve see curve see curve see curve 24 otoliths / whole & cleared ( n= 631) No No No No No 33 NG No NG NG NG NG hypurals / NG 30 No NG NG NG NG scales and hypurals / NG 31 No NG NG NG NG hypurals / NG 32 No Growth Parameters r2 Page 545 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 X Y Z AA AB Age composition Verification Other refs. Longevity ( Length) information Sexuality 11 intra reader NF 11 Female: 13+ yr ( 370 379? mm SL) 3 Dioecious No 12 Male: 8 yr ( 380 mm TL) Female: 9 yr ( 405 mmTL)

No 18 9 yr ( 360 mm TL)

24 intra and inter reader No No NF 15 Female: 4+ ( 473 mm ? L) NF Dioecious No 16 7+ ( 41 44 cm ? L)

No 17 Female: 11+ ( 57.0 cm ? L) Male:

8+ ( 47 cm ? L) Page 546 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 AC AD AE AF AG Mating system Mode of reproduction Parental Care Male : Female SL ratio Secondary Characteristics NF Oviparous 1 male: guard > 1 egg mass at a time 10 NF dichromatic 1 male: guard 1 10 egg masses ( or clutches per nest) at a time 11 Male: dorsal profile from dorsal fin to snout forms sloping straight line; Female: dorsal and ventral profiles of head and body symmetrical 4 male ( avg = 31 cm SL): guard nests with 1

11 clutches ( avg 4); several mothers 14,15 Male: Ventral profile of head and body nearly horizontal 4 Male: Brownish black with pale blue spots on anterior portion, particularily head, light below; Female: color brownish to grayish with numerous fine brown spots on head and body 4 Male: dark gray with bright blue spots on head and body; Female: gray brown with golden brown spots on body and head 5,6 Male: prominent narrow white stripes and spots bordered with contrasting black dots or lines superimposed on the coloration of the head, nape, anterior half of the back,

and pectoral fins; Female: speckled on sides with black spots, each covering only a f dichromatic ( detailed description) 9 NF Oviparous 1 males guard nests 4 NF Male: sides marked with light oval blotches ( eye size) which sometimes fuse to form broad light vermiculate patterns 7 Female: some females, less distinct coloration pattern of males 7 Male: dark cherry red; Female:

brownishgreen with paler yellowish spots on lower part of head 8 dichromatic 9,10,11 Breeding Behavior Sexual dimorphism Page 547 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 AH AI AJ AK Male Female Male Female 9 NG 9 31.6 cm TL ( NG) 9 29.5 cm ( 3 4 yr) 9 29.5 cm ( 3 4 yr)

10 NG 10 NG 10 33% mature at age 2yr 10 67% mature at age 3yr 15 29 35 cm ? L ( 3 4 yr) 15 29 35 cm ? L ( 3 4 yr) 15 29 35 cm ? L ( 3 4 yr) 15 29 35 cm ? L ( 3 4 yr)

Total length in cm ( age in yrs) at 1st maturity 50% maturity REPRODUCTION Page 548 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR Fertilized e Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Other refs. Geographic Spawning Area Jan. Feb.

otoliths/ whole & cleared 9 No intra and inter reader NF British Columbia 14 otoliths/ whole & cleared 10 No No British Columbia 4 British Columbia 18 northern and south central California 17 hypurals 15 No No NF east coast of Kamchatka 16 Kuril Kamchatka 19 Aleutian Islands 15 Fertilization and Spawning Period (^^^^^=

Page 549 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD BE Fecundity Mean Fecundity eggs present Spawning females present Both reproductive states present eggs/ g Number of eggs March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Spawning Frequency ( weight range) ( at cm, grams, or age)

multibatch spawner ( at least 3 clutches per spawning season)

2,3 2 4335 ± 623 eggs per female NF multiple spawner 4 intermittent ( 4 sizes egg groups in ovaries)

5 NF 7 100,000 ( 50 cm ? L)

intermittent ( large number of egg batches) 6 8 17,000 ( 465 g)  26,330 ( 1,330 g)

peak fertilization;*****= peak spawn; ##### = doubtful spawning records Page 550 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 BF BG BH BI BJ Size specific fecundity eq Size at settlement ( length or weight range) Egg duration Larval duration & location Annual cohort success NF NF 1 yr ( pelagic) 2 NF NF NF 2,10 30 d ( 6 10oC) NF NF NF DISPERSAL & RECRUITMENT Page 551 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 BK BL BM Size ( diameter in mm) Habitat Predators 1 NG demersal, attached 1 NF 9 2.2 2.5 mm ( avg 2.3 mm);

( 1580 9660 eggs/ mass; mean 4340eggs) 3 D biological substrates: encrusting epifauna, empty barnacle valves, branches of hydrocoral, rock substrate 9 14 NG masses on rocks 14 15 NG masses on rocks in the kelp zone ( Bamfield Inlet) 15 16 2.2  2.5 mm rock; rock crevices; rock and biological substrate; biological substrate 16 19 2.3 mm 5 17 m depth; rock, rock crevices, or rock & biological substrate 19 21 NG benthic on algae 21 1 NG demersal, adhesive, attached 1 NF 14 NG on rocks or algal holdfasts in areas of strong currents 14 20 3 mm adhesive, algae or stones 20 21 2.0  2.6 mm ( avg 2.5 mm) 3 10 m depth, adhesive, on algae 21 Eggs Page 552 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 BN BO BP BQ BR Fish Size Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency 1 7 9 mm SL at hatching epipelagic to 50 mm SL 1 NG 1 NF NF 2 19 56 mm FL pelagic 2,9 copepods, amphipods, fish ( Theragra chalcogrammus ),

Brachyura larvae, eggs, Oikopleura, Bryozoa larvae 2 3 15.5  53 mm FL pelagic, surface 3 copepods, amphipods, euphausiids, fish, eggs 3 7 52  69 mm FL surface waters Strait of Georgia, B. C. 7 carnivore: copepods, amphipods, euphausiids, ostracods,

Cladocera, Cirrepedia, isopods, fish, decapods ( see ref for ID) 7 10 7  8 mm TL ( hatching, December) NG 10 13 8.6  60 mm FL ( larvae and juv) surface waters, Strait of Georgia 13 copepods ( Pseudocalanus minutus, Calanus sp , nauplii,

Microcalanus sp, Metridia sp., fragments), amphipods ( Parathemisto pacifica, Hyperoche sp., Scina borealis ),

larvacea ( Oikopleura sp.), euphausiid ( Thysanoessa longipes ,

Calyptopsis larva), decapod ( Br 15 8 mm SL at hatching pelagic ( up to 500 600 miles offshore) 15 NG 15 7 9 mm SL at hatching 1 pelagic 1 NG 1 NF NF 9 mm SL at hatching 15 pelagic 15 NG 15 Food habits Larvae Page 553 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 BS BT BU BV Predators Fish Size Habitat Foraging guild NF 3 NG ( juvenile or adult) rocky nearshore 3 holothurians, crabs, shrimp, chitons, snails 3 7 NG ( juvenile or adult) bedrock ledges or boulders > 10 m 7 NG 7 9 53 56 mm FL pelagic surface, Strait of Georgia, B. C. 9 copepods 9 11 52  69 mm FL surface waters, Strait of Georgia, B. C. 11 carnivore: copepods, amphipods, euphausiids, ostracods,

Cladocera, Cirrepedia, isopods, fish, decapods ( see ref for ID) 11 12 NG ( juvenile & adult) kelp bed, NW Carmel River mouth, CA 12 crabs ( Pugettia producta , P. gracilis , P. richi ), shrimp ( Crago sp,

Cragon sp, Spirontocaris sp), fish eggs, gastropods,

Polyphacophora ( Tonicella lineata ), octopus, polychaetes, algae 12 15 8.6  60 mm FL ( larvae and juv) surface waters, Strait of Georgia 15 copepods ( Pseudocalanus minutus, Calanus sp , nauplii,

Microcalanus sp, Metridia sp., fragments), amphipods ( Parathemisto pacifica, Hyperoche sp., Scina borealis ), larvacea ( Oikopleura sp.), euphausiid ( Thysanoessa longipes , Calyptopsis larva), decapod ( Br 20 59  392 mm TL ( juv & adult) Diablo Cove, CA 20 crustaceans, Octopus sp, brittle stars, fish, fish eggs, urchin eggs,

chitons, polychaetes, algae, snails, abalones 20 NF 14 66 mm FL surface waters, Saanich Inlet, Vancouver Isl. 14 Euphausiid ( Euphausia pacifica) 14 22 NG benthic, Northern Kuril Islands & Southeastern Kamchatka 22 molluscs ( octopus), amphipods, isopods, mysids, squid, shrimps,

crabs, worms, snails, clams, other 22 Life Stage Food habits Juveniles HABITAT ASSOCIATION & TROPHIC INTERACTIONS Page 554 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 BW BX BY BZ CA Foraging method When / Frequency Predators Fish Size Habitat NF NF NF 11 NG ( juvenile or adult) bedrock ledges or boulders > 10 m 11 8 NG Nanaimo, B. C. 8 13 24.4 cm SL 90 95 m, Soquel Canyon, Monterey Bay, CA 13 14 NG NG 14 20 59  392 mm TL ( juv & adult) Diablo Cove, CA 20 NF NF NF 15 NG benthic, Kamchatka 15 16 NG Shikotan Island 16 17 NG Simushir & Shikotan Islands 17 22 NG benthic, Northern Kuril Islands & Southeastern Kamchatka 22 Page 555 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 CB CC CD CE CF Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators Substocks 11 NG NF NF NF NF carnivore: fish ( herring eggs, Anoplarchus atropurpureus ),

crabs 8 Octopus sp. beaks, crab remains, whole brown catshark egg case ( Apristurus brunneus ) 13 generalist 14 crustaceans, Octopus sp, brittle stars, fish, fish eggs, urchin eggs, chitons, polychaetes, algae, snails, abalones 20 benthophagous polyphagous: polychaetes, isopods,

amphipods, decapods, fish eggs 15 NF intensive in morning & evening, also high tide at shoreline 2 NF NF fish ( Hypomesus), Pandalus sp, small crabs, hermit crabs,

small shrimp, amphipods, mysids, polychaetes, Nereis sp,

Zostera, Laminaria, red algae 16 polyphage ( wide range): amphipods, isopods, polychaetes,

molluscs, algae, fish eggs 17 molluscs ( octopus), amphipods, isopods, mysids, squid,

shrimps, crabs, worms, snails, clams, other 22 Adults Food habits Page 556 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM Genetic variance Haplotype diversity Mean number of % Polymorphic ( Geographic Area) alleles per locus ( SE) loci Expected ( SE) Observed ( SE) Approach NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Mean heterozygosity Nucleotide diversity (#) GENETICS Page 557 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT RECRUITMENT INTO FISHERY First Recruitment Full Recruitment Effective population size Fishery / Length ( age) Fishery / Length ( age) Sampling gear Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification NF Sport / 319.5 mm SL ( 5 yr) 2 Sport / 363 mm SL ( 7 yr) 2 hook & line 2 otoliths/ whole & cleared 2 NG 2 NG 2 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Page 558 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 CU CV CW Mortality Estimates Natural ( M) Fishing ( F) Total ( Z)

8 NG 8 NG 8 0.3386 ( Sexes combined)

NF NF NF Page 559 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 CX CY CZ Rate of Ex Method of Age range used Rate of mortality estimation to calculate mortality exploitation ( u)

age frequency analysis & otolith age data 8 8 5 14 yr 8 NG NF NF NF MORTALITY Page 560 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 DA DB DC xploitation Exploitation Interactions / associations ratio ( F/ Z) Competition with other organisms 8 NG NF Parasite: copepod ( Chondracanthus deltoideus ) in gill cavity 6 Parasite: copepod ( Chondracanthus pinguis ) 6 Parasites: 9 Families; ~ 12 Species; see Refs 17 Parasite: copepod ( Haemobaphes sp ) 11 NF NF Parasite: endoparasitic worms 13 Parasite: mongenetic fluke ( Microcotyle gotoi ) on gills 14 Parasites: 18 Families; ~ 36 Species; see Ref 17 Parasites: Digenea ( 6 sp), Monogenea ( 1 sp), Cestoda ( 2 sp), Nematoda ( 3 sp) 11 Page 561 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 DD DE DF DG Tagging studies Resident or Transient Homing ability ( Home range) Schooling NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Movement BEHAVIOR Page 562 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 DH Territoriality Male: interspecifically and intraspecifically of nests 1,2 Male: during spawning season 5 NF Page 563 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 A B C D Hexagrammidae Ophiodon elongatus 1, 2,3 lingcod 1,2,3 Kodiak Isl., Alaska to Pt. San Carlos, central Baja California 1 [ cultus, skilfish, buffalo] 1 Shumagin Isl., southwestern Gulf of Alaska to Pt. San Carlos,

central Baja California 3 [ Pacific cultus, cultus cod, ling] 1,5 center of abundance off coast of British Columbia 4 [ bluefish, cod, card, testoni] 1,6 [ leopard cod, codfish, blue cod, green cod,

bocalao, greenling, white cod] 1,5,6 [ buffalo cod] 5,6 [ ling, dragonfish, greenlinger] 4 [ steamer cod] 6 Page 564 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 E F G H post larvae to 7.6 cm ( 3 in) pelagic nearshore and offshore 1 1 curves drawn, no equations 1 FL = 0.981( TL)  0.521 TL = 1.019( FL) + 0.562 ( range 23 1046 mm; n= 619) 1,4 114.3 cm TL ( 45 in)

Juvs in shallow bays and on sand & mud bottoms from beach area to several hundred ft 1 2 Ripening Female: W = 3.277 x 10 10 FL3.6558 ( W = lbs; FL = 76 106 cm) 1 SL = 0.873( TL) + 0.308 TL = 1.145( SL)  0.286 ( range 23 933 mm; n= 578) 2,3,5,6,8 152 cm TL ( 5 ft)

Adults from surface to 459 m ( 1400 ft) 1 3 Male ( suspect): W = 0.00004905 TL3.24 Female ( suspect): W = 0.00002299 TL 3.12 1 SL = 0.889( FL) + 0.884 FL = 1.124( SL)  0.942 ( range 23 933 mm; n= 555) 5,7 Male: 92 cm TL ( 36.25 in)

Barely subtidal to 491 m ( 1620 ft) 2 4 W = 0.000000564 L 3.498 2 FL = 1.135( SL)  6.085 SL = 0.880( FL) + 5.937 ( range 381 852 mm SL; n= 25) 5 Female: 132 cm TL ( 52 in)

4 3 400 m 5 W = 0.000007177 TL 3.0687 ( W = kg; TL = cm) 2 TL = 1.013( FL) + 4.090 FL = 0.987( TL)  3.942 ( range 430 967 mm FL; n= 25)

6 W = 0.01145 TL 2.99533 ( W = g; TL = 51 101 cm) 2 SL = 0.869( TL) + 2.407 TL = 1.150( SL)  2.146 ( range 440  983 mm TL; n= 25)

7 Male: W = 0.003953 TL 3.214900 Female: W = 0.001760 TL 3.397800 ( W = g; TL = cm) 4 FL =  1.8 + 1.258 DL 8,9 Male: W = 0.00000241 TL 3.2149 Female: W = 0.0000007042 TL 3.3978 5 TL =  18 + 1.258 DL ( length mm; 550 1070 mm TL)

12 W = 0.00000333 FL 3.097 6 TL = 0.0558 + 1.2280 DL ( 60 115 cm TL)

13 Male: W = 0.003953 TL 3.2149 Female: W = 0.001760 TL 3.3978 15 W = 0.000003488 FL 3.246 ( note: W = kg and FL = cm)

16 W = 0.00001050 FL 2.991 ( note: W = kg and FL = cm)

17 SW Vancouver Island Male: W =  13.86 FL 3.37 Female: W =  13.32 FL 3.27 17 Queen Charlotte Sound Male:

W =  13.29 FL 3.28 Female: W =  11.83 FL 3.05 Page 565 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 I J K L M N O P Q 1 SE Alaska ( FL) No No No No No No No No 2 Alaska ( NG) No No No No No No No No 3 Vancouver Island, Strait of Georgia, B. C. ( TL) No No No No No No No No 3 Vancouver Island, Strait of Georgia, B. C. ( TL) No No No No No No No No 4 Vancouver Island, Strait of Georgia, B. C. ( TL) No No No No No No No No 5 Strait of Georgia, B. C. Canada ( FL) see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve 6 Strait of Georgia, B. C. [ FL ( 95% CI)] 770 ( 39) 1040 ( 40) No 2.5 ( 0.5) 1.8 ( 0.3) No  11.9 ( 3.5)  11.1 ( 2.3)

28 Strait of Georgia, B. C. ( FL) No No No No No No No No 29 Strait of Georgia, B. C. ( TL?, cm) 91 115 No 0.26 0.16 No  0.6  1.4 6 west coast Vancouver Island [ FL ( 95% CI)] 861 ( 21) 1128 ( 41) No 2.7 ( 0.3) 1.8 ( 0.2) No  8.0( 3.7)  9.0 ( 3.4)

27 west coast Vancouver Island ( FL) see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve 25 Southwest Vancouver Island ( FL) NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG 26 Gulf of Georgia (? L) NG NG NG NG NG NG NG NG 7 British Columbia No No No No No No No No Page 566 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 R S T U V W No No No No 1 fin rays/ thin sections & otoliths/ whole No No No No No 2 otoliths/ whole & cleared; break & burn No No No No No 3 none/ Length Frequency; age 0y, 1y ( 27cm TL), 2y ( 47cm TL) No No No No No 3 Vertebrae/ Whole; age 1y ( 35cm TL), 2y ( 47cm TL) No No No No No 4 Vertebrae/ Whole; growth curves plotted, no parameters No see curve see curve see curve see curve 5 fin rays/ thin sections? OTC: Male ( 1 11yr); Female ( 2 13 yr)

No No No No 6 length frequency & length increment data ( tag recapture) No No No No No 28 fin rays/ sections & tag recapture for growth rates No No No No No 29 vertebrae/? and length frequency No No No No No 6 length frequency & length increment data ( tag recapture) No see curve see curve see curve see curve 27 fin rays / sections No NG NG NG NG 25 fin rays/ cross sections Tagging and OTC attempted NG NG NG NG 26 No / Tagging studies to determine growth rates No No No No No 7 unknown unknown Page 567 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 X Y Z AA AB between structures 1 1,2 Male: 14 yr ( 91 cm TL);

Female: 16 yr ( 110 cm TL) 1,2,4 Dioecious intra reader precision 3 Male: 12 yr ( NG); Female:

15 yr ( NG)

No 4 16 20 yr ( 40 lb)

No 5 Male: 11 yr ( 89 cm TL); Female:

12 yr ( 110 cm TL)

No 6 Male: 11yr (~ 80 cm FL);

Female: 13yr (~ 96 cm FL)

unknown 7 Male: 14 yr (~ 85 cm TL);

Female: 20 yr ( 123 cm TL)

No 8 Male: 15 yr ( 812 mm TL);

Female: 19 yr ( 1122 mm TL)

No 9 Male ( north): 16 yr ( 88 cm TL); Female ( north): 20 yr ( 118 cm TL); Male ( south): 15 yr ( 74 cm TL); Female ( south): 19 yr ( 110 cm TL)

No 10 Male: 13yr ( 855 mm FL); Female: 19yr ( 1150 mm FL)

No 13 Male: 13 yr ( 75 cm FL); Female: 14 yr ( 111 cm FL)

No 14 Male: 6 yr ( 68.5 cm FL); Female: 12 yr ( 105.7 cm FL)

NG No unknown Page 568 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 AC AD AE AF AG Male may fertilize ova from more than one female 1,2,3 Oviparous 1 males guard nest 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9,12,13 NF Male: large dark greenish brown areas on back and sides outlined with tracings of pale blue or orange; Female: similar to males but usually lighter, with orange tracings rather than blue, small orange spots scattered amonst larger areas 1 Males monogamous or polygamous 4 external fertilization 2 usually one nest per male 7 Male: anal papilla 2,3 males guard   1 nest 3,8,9,13 Coloration variable ( detailed description) 7 dichromatic ( detailed description) 9 Page 569 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 AH AI AJ AK 1 46 cm TL ( 2yr) 1 70 cm TL ( 5yr) 1 NG 1 NG 2 66 cm TL ( 3yr) 2 66 cm TL ( 3yr) 2 NG 2 NG 3,6 58.4 cm TL ( 3yr) 3,6 58.4 cm TL ( 3yr) 3,6 NG 3,6 NG 4 50 cm TL ( 2yr) 4 80 cm TL ( 7yr) 4 NG 4 61 75 cm TL ( 3 5 yr)

5 39 cm TL ( 2yr) 5 51 cm TL ( 3yr) 5 NG ( 2yr) 5 NG (~ 5yr)

7 52 cm TL ( NG) 7 77 cm TL ( NG) 7 NG 7 NG 8 39.0 cm FL ( 2yr) 8 43.7 cm FL ( 2yr) 8 46.1 cm FL ( 3.2 yr) 8 55.7 cm FL ( 3.8 yr)

11 NG 11 NG 11 NG 11 83 cm TL ( NG)

12 NG 12 NG 12 57.1 cm TL ( 3.5 yr) 12 63.6 cm TL ( 3.9 yr)

12 NG 12 NG 12 62.8 cm TL ( 5 yr) 12 67.5 cm TL ( 4.5 yr)

13 NG 13 NG 13 51.3 ( 3.4 yr) 13 63.4 ( 4.6 yr)

14 60 cm FL ( 3 yr) 14 68 cm FL ( 3 yr) 14 60 cm FL ( 4 yr) 14 76 cm FL ( 5 yr)

16 < 51 cm FL ( NG) 16 ~ 60 cm FL ( NG) 16 < 51 cm FL ( NG) 16 70 cm FL ( NG)

17 all males examined were mature and resting 17 SW Vancouver Island: 60 cm FL ( NG)

Queen Charlotte Sound: 63 cm FL ( NG) 17 all males examined were mature and resting 17 SW Vancouver Island: 65 cm FL ( NG)

Queen Charlotte Sound: 69 cm FL ( NG)

Page 570 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR NG 1 NG 1 NG 1 NF southeast Alaska 1 *****

British Columbia 2 Canadian waters 3 ***** *****

Departure Bay, B. C., Canada 4 unknown: ( otoliths and/ or catch data) 5 No 5 No 5 Dodd Narrows, B. C., Canada 5 ***** *****

northern Puget Sound 6 *****

northern Puget Sound 7 Washington ( Shilshole breakwater, Seattle) 8 ***** *****

Pacific Northwest 9 northern and central California 10 See reference for sea central California ( Point Reyes & Gulf of Farallones) 11 California 12 *****

none No No Generic 13 ***** *****

Page 571 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD BE night 1 1 26 eggs/ g 1 500,000 ( 118 cm TL)

1,2 60,000 ( 70 cm TL)

2 518,000 ( 104 cm TL)

3 280,000 ( 98 cm TL)

3 436,000 ( 112 cm TL)

***** 4 97,000 ( 70 cm TL)

4 490,000 ( 120 cm TL)

***** 5,6 170,000 ( 86 cm TL)

5 476,000 ( 118 cm TL)

asonal gonad maturity stage ***** *****

Page 572 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 BF BG BH BI BJ 1 N = 0.0002824 x FL 3.001 ( N = # eggs; FL = mm) 1 unknown 1 yolk sac absorbed in 10 days 80 mm TL ( 3 mo), shallow (< 20 m),

nearshore bottom, sand or sparse rock 1 NF 1 N = 16210 W 0.8498 ( N = # eggs; W = lbs) 3 6 wk 3 1 2 months ( Strait of Georgia,

March May); in May, pelagic postlarvae move inshore and become demersal after a few weeks juveniles ( 3 mo) settle on sandy bottom near eelgrass or kelp beds 2 1,2 N = 0.0003026 x TL 3.000 4 5 11 wk ( 7 avg)

5 7 wk 6 > 5 wk, estimated 7 8 wk, one nest 11 wk 7 5 7 wk 8 35 days at 10 oC; 48 days at 8 oC 9 21 days Page 573 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 BK BL BM 1 2.24 3.23 mm demersal, adhesive, attached 1 crabs ( Pagurus sp) 3 2 2.8 3.5 mm attached to substrate in large masses below low tide mark 2 sharp nose crab ( Scyra acutifrons) 3,12,16 3 3.5 mm adhesive masses in crevices, caves, under or between boulders; 2.4 19.8 m below MLLW ( not investigated below 24.3 m) 3 crab ( Phyllolithodes papillosus ) 16 4 2.8 3.5 mm adhesive and stick in large masses to rocky crevasses 4 unid shrimp 3 5 2.8  3.5 mm; nest: > 76 cm diam, 5.6 kg 3 10 m below low tide, crevices in boulder area, where little marine growth 5 red sea urchin ( Strongylocentrotus franciscanus ) 3,6,10,12,16 6 2.8  3.5 mm NG 6 purple sea urchin ( Strongylocentrotus purpuratus ) 3 7 nest: 5 Liters rocky crevices, current swept narrows, shallow water,

exposed coastal reefs;  1.8 to  21.9 m MLLW ( San Juan Islands, WA); + 1.0 to  10.4 m MLLW, cobble & oyster shells ( Dabob Bay, WA) 7 green sea urchin ( Stongylocentrotus drobachiensis ) 11,16 8 nests: 0.5 2 liter volume 33 97 m; in vertical cracks between boulders, over boulder overhangs, or in V shaped cuts within lava flows; Sitka Sound, AK 8 gastropod ( Amphissa columbiana) 3,6,12,16 10 NG crevices or rock ledges & some water movement; to 33 m ( 100 ft) from high tide level 10 gastropod ( Calliostoma ligatum ) 3,6,12,16 11 NG 1.6  8.2 m of the plus 2 tide level, crevices or rock ledges 11 sunflower star ( Pycnopoda helianthoides ) 10 12 NG ( nest volume: 2 3 liter) nest in rocky areas with high current velocites; spawning on cobble oyster shell substrate in slow current;  1.8 m to 22 m below MLLW; shallowest in slow current area 12 starfish ( Pisaster ochraceus ) 12 13 NG nests in crevices, beneath overhanging rock, extend lower intertidal to 18.9m 13 anemone ( Tealia crassicornis ) 10 16 2.8 mm; nest 45.7 x 33.0 x 43.3 cm adhesive, on jagged rock 16 Scalyhead sculpin ( Artedius harringtoni ) 3,16 17 2.8 mm adhesive, under rock, 0.5 m below surface ( intertidal) 17 Puget Sound rockfish ( Sebastes emphaeus ) 3,12 Page 574 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 BN BO BP BQ BR 1 7 10 mm SL ( avg 9.3 mm SL) at hatching pelagic 1 NG 1 NF NF 2 15 51 mm FL pelagic 2 copepods, eggs, euphausiids, phytoplankton 2 4 10 mm TL at hatching NG 4 NG 4 3 18 49 mm FL pelagic, surface 3 copepods, amphipods, Brachyura larvae, eggs, euphausiids, fish larvae 3 5 7 mm SL at hatching NG 5 NG 5 6 6 10 mm TL at hatching pelagic, surface 6 NG 6 6 10 20 mm TL pelagic, surface 6 small eggs, copepod nauplii, copepodite, small medium calanoids, larvacean 6 6 21 30 mm TL pelagic, surface 6 small/ med/ lg calanoids, small eggs, juv euphausiid, copepod nauplii, med eggs, copepodite 6 6 31 50 mm TL pelagic, surface 6 med/ sm/ lg calanoids, small eggs, decapod larva, harpacticoid,

amphipod, herring ( 7 15mm) 6 6 51 70 mm TL pelagic, surface 6 herring ( 7 30 mm), med/ lg/ sm calanoids, decapod larva, small eggs, harpacticoid, amphipod 6 6 > 70 mm TL mainly juv herring; lessor ( lg/ med/ sm calanoid,

decapod larva) 6 NG 6 7 60 mm FL surface waters Strait of Georgia, B. C. 7 copepod ( Calanus pacificus ) 7 8 10 20 mm FL pelagic, surface 8 small calanoids, crustacean eggs, copepodites, medium calanoids, larvacean, copepod nauplii 8 8 21 30 mm FL pelagic, surface 8 small calanoids, crustacean eggs, medium calanoids, juv euphausiids 8 Page 575 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 BS BT BU BV coho salmon 1 1 1 to < 46 cm TL males 1 NG piscivore 1 1 1 to < 70 cm TL females 1 NG piscivore 1 2 NG ( small juv) British Columbia 2 shrimp ( Neomysis macrops ), prawn ( Pandalus danae ) 2 2 NG ( large juv) British Columbia 2 young herring, other small fishes 2 3 NG ( juv or adult) rocky nearshore 3 fish, prosobranch gastropod 3 4 < 70 mm TL ( juv) epipelagic 4 NG 4 2,4,5 > 70 mm TL ( juv) various ( eelgrass beds, bays, estuaries) 2,4,5 NG 2,4,5 4 350  500 mm TL ( juv) shallow rocky reefs 4 NG 4 6 > 70 mm TL demersal; kelp beds; eelgrass beds; flat bottom 6 juvenile herring, Pacific sand lance, flatfish ( Pleuronectidae),

shiner perch, juv walleye pollack; shrimp, prawns 6 6 NG ( juv age 0) shallow water near kelp & eelgrass beds 6 NG 6 6 NG ( juv age 1) nearshore areas, segregated from older age classes 6 NG 6 6 NG ( juv age 2) move to adult habitat 6 NG 6 7 < 40 cm FL bedrock ledges or boulders > 10 m 7 NG 7 8 NG ( juvenile) NG 8 herring, Pacific sand lance 8 Page 576 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 BW BX BY BZ CA NF NF size NG ( juv or adult): harbor seal ( Phoca vitulina richardsi ) 1 1 Male:   46 cm TL;

Female:   70 cm TL 1 NG 2 NG ( adult) British Columbia 2 3 NG ( juv or adult) rocky nearshore 3 4 NG ( adults) nearly all bottom habitats from intertidal zone to at least 427 m 4 5 NG 5 NG 6 60  114 cm TL offshore, midwater and bottom tows in Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound, B. C. 6 7 NG ( adult) 7 NG 8 NG Nanaimo, B. C. 8 9 NG ( adult) Kelp bed bottom 9 10 470 740 mm SL ( juv & adult) S Cal rocky inshore and kep beds 10 12 NG demersal; west coast Vancouver Island, B. C. 12 18 > 45 cm FL ( adult estimate) various bottom ( broken rock/ boulder or bedrock wall) 18 19 see data ( juv and adult) SW Vancouver Island 19 19 see data ( juv and adult) Queen Charlotte Sound 19 Page 577 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 CB CC CD CE CF piscivore: ( sandlance, herring, flounders, Pacific cod, whiting,

small lingcod, crabs, shrimp, squid) 1 NF early am to afternoon ( shallow): sandlances,

flatfishes; afternoon ( deeper): herring, dogfish 1 sea lions, harbour seals 1 NF sand lances, herring, flounders, young lingcod, dogfish, gray cod, whiting, crabs, shrimp, squid 2 harbour seals 2 fish, prosobranch gastropod 3 size NG ( juv or adult): harbor seal ( Phoca vitulina richardsi ) 3 carnivore: fishes ( juv rockfishes, Sebastes jordani , other),

cephalopod, gastropods, decapods ( see ref for ID) 4 opportunistic carnivores: fish ( Pacific herring, Pacific sand lance, flatfish, rockfish, spiny dogfish, young lingcod, Pacific cod, Pacific hake, sablefish, Pacific tomcod, salmon); inverts ( crabs, shrimps, squid, octopus) 5 carnivore: sandlance, small lingcod, sole, blackcod, herring,

euphausiids 6 omnivore: rockfishes, herring, squid, small sharks, small lingcod 7 carnivore: fish ( herring, perch), crustacea ( Cancer productus ,

spider crab, hermit crab) 8 mesocarnivore 9 fish ( halfmoon, topsmelt), squid, algae 10 herring, rex sole, unid rockfish, unid fish remains, sablefish,

squid, octopus, tomcod, unid flatfish, unid digested matter 12 NG 18 Pacific hake, butter sole, octopus, shrimp unid fish 19 Pacific hake, Pacific sand lance, arrowtooth flounder, flathead sole, Pacific lamprey, squid, unid fish 19 Page 578 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM NF 1 NG 1 1.4 ( 0.1)  1.6 ( 0.1) 1 31.7  51.2 1 0.046 ( 0.017)  0.052 ( 0.018) 1 0.044 ( 0.016)  0.057 ( 0.021); mean: 0.050 ( 0.001) allozymes 1 Page 579 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT 1 NG 1 NG Commercial / 58 cm FL? ( 6yr) 1 trawl and handline 1 NG 1 NG 1 NG 1 Sport / 27.5 cm SL ( 1 yr) 2 Sport / 46 cm SL ( 2 yr) 2 creel census and hook & line 2 age frequency analysis 2 NG 2 NG 2 Page 580 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 CU CV CW 1 0.20 1 0.20 1 0.40 2 0.42 0.64 ( Male) 2 0.30 0.61 ( Male) 2 0.72 1.25 ( Male)

2 0.24 0.44 ( Female) 2 0.05 0.33 ( Female) 2 0.29 0.77 ( Female)

3 NG 3 NG 3 0.12 0.42 4 0.724 4 1.450 ( year 1: 1960 1961) 4 2.174 ( year 1: 1960 1961)

4 0.724 4 0.898 ( year 2: 1961 1962) 4 1.622 ( year 2: 1961 1962)

5 0.32 ( Male) 5 0.255 ( Male, Sport, 1991) 5 NG 5 0.32 ( Male) 5 0.312 ( Male, Sport, 1992) 5 NG 5 0.32 ( Male) 5 0.372 ( Male, Sport, 1993) 5 NG 5 0.32 ( Male) 5 0.848 ( Male, Sport, 1994) 5 NG 5 0.32 ( Male) 5 0.603 ( Male, Trawl, 1991) 5 NG 5 0.32 ( Male) 5 0.589 ( Male, Trawl, 1992) 5 NG 5 0.32 ( Male) 5 0.617 ( Male, Trawl, 1993) 5 NG 5 0.32 ( Male) 5 0.283 ( Male, Trawl, 1994) 5 NG Page 581 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 CX CY CZ tag recapture; length distributions & vertebral age estimates 1 1 6 7 yr 1 NG mark recapture 2 2 none 2 NG mark recapture 2 2 none 2 NG catch and CPUE 3 3 none 3 NG tag recapture & fishing effort 4 4 none 4 0.483 ( year 1960)

tag recapture & fishing effort 4 4 none 4 NG tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG Page 582 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 DA DB DC 1 NG NF Parasites: trematodes ( Derogenes varicus, Genolinea robusta, Hemiurus levinseni,

Lecithochirium exodicum ) in stomach 1 2 NG Parasite: nematode ( Cucullanus elongatus ) in intestine 2 2 NG Parasite: copepod ( Lepeophtheirus trifidus ) on body surface 3 3 NG Parasite: copepod ( Lepeophtheirus breviventris ) in buccal cavity 4 4 NG spine penetration: diatom ( Chaetoceros convolutus ) with siliceous spines embedded in gill tissue; possibly lethal 5 4 NG Parasite: copepod ( Lepeophtheirus breviventris ) in mouth 6 5 NG Parasite: copepod ( Lepeophtheirus pravipes ) 6,8 5 NG Parasite: isopod ( Livonica vulgaris ) in branchial chamber 7 5 NG Parasite: copepod ( Homoiotes palliata ) 9 5 NG Parasite: copepod ( Chondracanthus narium ) in nasal cavity 10 5 NG Parasites: trematodes ( Lecithaster gibbosus , Parahemiuris merus, Rhipidocotyle elongata, Stephanostomum tristephanum, Tubulovesicula lindbergi ) 11 5 NG Parasites: Digenea ( 5 sp) 11 5 NG Parasites: cestodes ( Nybelinia surmenicola, Phyllobothrium sp.) 11 5 NG Parasites: nematodes ( Anisakis sp., Porrocaecum sp) 11 Page 583 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 DD DE DF DG > 5 naut mi ( 9% of 419 recaptures); 80 naut mi ( one case of 419 recaptures) 1 1 several resident on reef in Depoe Bay, Oregon ( mature; n= 6) point of release 1 juveniles ( y o y) school on open sand bottom areas from June

September 1,2 no movement ( 42.2% of 206 recaptures);   1 naut mi ( 21.4% of 208 recaptures) 2 return to home site ( 60 h) after displacement up to 2.8 km ( n= 5) 2 > 1 naut mi ( 36.4% of 208 recaptures); 80 naut mi ( one case of 208 recaptures) 2 one individual transplanted & recaputured at original site ( 6 miles) 3 > 1 naut mi ( 21.3% of 342 recaptures); > 5 naut mi ( 9.4% of 342 recaptures) 3 transplants and returns suggest homing 4 No movement 4 1 naut mi ( 1 of 15 recaptures); 3 naut mi ( 1 of 15 recaptures) 5 no movement ( 74% of 284 recaptures); movement ( 5% of 284 recaptures) 6 80 miles ( 129 km) 7 max movement 99 km ( male 65.5 cm FL); max movement 71 km ( female 53.5 cm FL) 8 female mean linear displacement rate 1040 m/ d; male mean linear displacement rate 500 m/ d 8 non migratory (< 8.1 km; 80.7% of 363 recaptures);

migratory (  8.1 km; 19.3% of 363 recaptures);

migratory ( 8.1 50 km; 12.7% of 363 recaptures );

migratory (> 50 km; 6.6% of 363 recap non migratory (< 8.1 km; 50.3% of 149 recaptures);

migratory (  8.1 km; 49.7% of 149 recaptures);

migratory ( 8.1 50; 40.9% of 149 recaptures); migratory (> 50 km; 8.7% of 149 recaptures) 10   10 km; 93.7% of 2476 recaptures; 11

50 km; 5.2% of 2476 recaptures; > 50 km;

1.2% of 2476 recaptures; therefore,

nonmigratory 11   10 km; 95.4% of 722 recaptures; 11

50 km; 4.3% of 722 recaptures; > 50 km; 0.003% of 722 recaptures; therefore,

non migratory 11 Page 584 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 DH Males: spawn and spawning sites 3,6 Males: nests 4 Page 585 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 A B C D 1  Eschmeyer 1998 1  Gates and Frey 1974 1  Miller and Lea 1972 2  Miller and Lea 1972 2  Miller and Lea 1972 2  Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 3  Robins et al. 1991 3  Robins et al. 1991 3  Love et al. 2000 Page 586 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 E F G H 1  Miller and Lea 1972 1  Chatwin 1956a 1  Laidig et al. 1997 1  Miller and Lea 1972 2  Love et al. 2000 2  Hart 1967 2  Karpov and Kwiecien 1988 2  Hart 1973 3  Orlov 1998a 3  Wendler 1953 ( Eqs suspect) 3  Rothrock 1973 3  Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 Page 587 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 I J K L M N O P Q 8 west coast Canada ( FL) No No No No No No No No 9 British Columbia ( NG) see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve 10 British Columbia ( TL) 1062 ( NG) 1171 ( NG) No 0.079 ( NG) 0.149 ( NG) No  8.06 ( NG)  2.15 ( NG)

10 British Columbia ( TL) 1436 ( NG) 1096 ( NG) No 0.042 ( NG) 0.192 ( NG) No  10.77 ( NG)  1.94 ( NG)

11 northern Puget Sound ( TL) No No 1149.99 No No 0.1280 No No 12 Puget Sound ( TL) No No No No No No No No 21 PSMC US Vancouver and Columbia areas ( cm TL) 166.2 ( 14.838) 146.04 ( 2.438) No 0.0449 ( 0.0122) 0.0897 ( 0.0034) No  4.84 ( 0.6241)  1.61 ( 0.1095)

21 PSMC US Vancouver and Columbia areas ( TL) 93.21 ( 5.35) 131.05 ( 3.84) No 0.1694 ( 0.0283) 0.1137 ( 0.0086) No NG NG 13 PSMC US Vancouver and Columbia areas ( LCN, Lincod north; TL) 917.48 ( NG) 1289.77 ( NG) No 0.170 ( NG) 0.110 ( NG) No L1= 388.69 ( NG) L1= 422.24 ( NG)

23 Columbia INPFC Area ( Oregon; TL) 816 ( NG) 1319 ( NG) No 0.205 ( NG) 0.097 ( NG) No  1.63 ( NG)  2.10 ( NG)

13 PSMC Eureka, Monterey, Conception areas ( LCS, Lingcod south; TL) 762.51 ( NG) 1279.04 ( NG) No 0.224 ( NG) 0.091 ( NG) No L1= 325.40 ( NG) L1= 336.63 ( NG)

14 PSMC Eureka, Monterey, Conception areas ( LCS, Lingcod south; TL) 853 ( NG) 1266 ( NG) No 0.19 ( NG) 0.11 ( NG) No  0.95 ( NG)  0.79 ( NG)

15 northern & central California ( Crescent City to Morro Bay; FL) No No No No No No No No 16 central California ( TL) No No No No No No No No 17 central California ( Point Reyes & Gulf of Farallones; SL); Gompertz No No No No No No No No 18 central California ( TL) No see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve see curve 22 central California ( TL) No No 741 No No NG No No 23 Monterey INPFC Area ( TL) 817 ( NG) 1256 ( NG) No 0.156 ( NG) 0.089 ( NG) No  2.49 ( MG)  2.43 ( NG)

1  Rosenthal et al. 1981 2  Munk 2000 3  Chatwin 1954 Page 588 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 R S T U V W No No No No 8 fin rays/ sections & OTC OTC;   14 yr see curve see curve see curve see curve 9 fin rays/ thin section NG No No No No 10 fin rays/ thin sections No No No No No 10 scales/ stained No  2.1097 No No No 11otoliths/ whole & cleared No No No No No 12 fin rays/ thin sections No No 0.52 0.71 No 21 Average length at age data; unconstrained VBGF No No 0.96 0.99 No 21 Average length at age data; constrained VBGF, L( age 1) = 30 cm No No No No No 13 fin rays/ thin sections; L = Linf + ( L1 Linf)* exp( K*( 1 Age)) unknown No No No No 23 fin rays/ thin sections No No No No No 13 fin rays/ thin sections; length composition; L = Linf + ( L1 Linf)* exp( K*( 1 Age)) unknown No No No No 14 see Jagielo et al. 1997 14 see Jagielo et al. 1997 No No No No 15 fin rays/ cross section No No No No No 16 fin rays/ sections & captive w/ OTC (  2y); growth curves, no parameters captive/ OTC No No No No 17 otoliths/ whole: daily increments, Gompertz growth, size at hatching No see curve see curve see curve see curve 18 otoliths/ whole & cleared No NG No No No 22 none / length frequency; Ford Walford plot analysis: l t+ 1 = Linf ( 1 e K) + e  K lt No No No No No 23 fin rays/ thin sections No 1  Rosenthal et al. 1981 2  Munk 2000 3  Chatwin 1954 Page 589 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 X Y Z AA AB No NG between structures between structures intra reader intra reader intra reader intra reader between readers unknown ageing error modeled using LCN error 14 see Jagielo et al. 1997 unknown No No No No unknown 1  Richards and Hand 1988 1  Chatwin 1956a 1  Bargmann 1982 2  Phillips 1959 2  Cass, McFarlane, Rutherford, Barber 1984 3  Forrester 1969a 3  Barker 1979 Page 590 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 AC AD AE AF AG 1  Jewell 1968 1  Matarese et al. 1989 1  Feder et al. 1974 1  Clemens and Wilby 1961 2  Low and Beamish 1978 2  Phillips 1959 2  Forrester 1969a 2  Wilby 1937 3  LaRiviere et al. 1981 3  LaRiviere et al. 1981 3  Shaw and Hassler 1989 Page 591 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 AH AI AJ AK 1  Forrester 1969a 1  Forrester 1969a 1  Forrester 1969a 1  Forrester 1969a 2  Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 2  Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 2  Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 2  Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 3  Phillips 1959 3  Phillips 1959 3  Phillips 1959 3  Phillips 1959 Page 592 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR 1  Forrester 1969a 1  Forrester 1969a 1  Forrester 1969a 1  Gordon 1994 2  Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 2  Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 2  Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 2  Forrester 1969a 3  Phillips 1959 3  Phillips 1959 3  Phillips 1959 3  Cass et al. 1990 Page 593 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD BE 1  Cass et al. 1990 1  Cass et al. 1990 1  Forrester 1969a 2  Crow 1995 2  Rothrock 1973 2  Wilby 1937 3  Crow et al. 1997 3  Phillips 1959 Page 594 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 BF BG BH BI BJ 1  Hart 1967 1  Forrester 1969a 1  Forrester 1969a 1  Grosse 1982 2  Adams et al. 1999 2  Matarese et al. 1989 2  Gorbunova 1970 2  Jagielo et al. 2000 3  Wilby 1937 3  Hand and Richards 1991 Page 595 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 BK BL BM 18 NG 3 m, intertidal, large rocks covered with oysters, brown alga 18 quillback rockfish ( Sebastes maliger ) 6,15 yelloweye rockfish ( Sebastes ruberrimus ) 6 copper rockfish ( Sebastes caurinus ) 6,17 kelp greenling ( Hexagrammos decagrammus ) 10 striped surfperch ( Embiotoca lateralis ) 10 pile perch ( Rhacochilus vacca ) 11 longfin sculpin ( Jordania zonope ) 10 Puget Sound sculpin ( Artedius meanyi ) 10 cabezon ( Scorpaenichthys marmoratus ) 11 dusky perch 11 1  Matarese et al. 1989 1  Matarese et al. 1989 3  LaRiviere et al. 1981 2  Forrester 1969a 2  Forrester 1969a 6  Cass et al. 1990 3  LaRiviere et al. 1981 3  LaRiviere et al. 1981 10  Low and Beamish 1978 Page 596 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 BN BO BP BQ BR 8 31 50 mm FL pelagic, surface 8 medium calanoids, small calanoids, decapod larvae, crustacean eggs, large calanoids, herring larvae 8 8 51 70 mm FL pelagic, surface 8 medium calanoids, juvenile herring, large calanoids, small calanoids, decapod larvae 8 8 > 70 mm FL ( larvae & juv) pelagic, surface, inshore 8 piscivore: juvenile herring 8 10 9.5  11 mm TL ( hatching) laboratory rearing 10 NG 10 11 11 12 mm TL ( hatching) laboratory rearing 11 NG 11 12 10  65 mm FL surface waters, Saanich Inlet, Vancouver Isl. 12 copepods ( eggs, Pseudocalanus minutus , Acartia longiremis,

Calanus pacificus, Calanus sp, nauplii, copepodites, Calanus plumchrus, Scolecithricella sp, Trotanus discaudatus ,

Megalopa), decapods ( Caridean zoea, Brachyura zoea),

amphipod ( Parathemisto pacif 13 19  55 mm FL surface waters, Strait of Georgia 13 copepods ( eggs, Pseudocalanus minutus , Acartia longiremis,

Calanus sp, nauplii, Metridia sp., Epilabidocera amphitrites ,

fragments), trematode ( Lecithaster gibbosus ), fish ( Stichaeidae,

Ammodytes hexapterus ) 13 14 11  16.5 mm TL ( 6  24 days old) in captivity, fed wild plankton from surface waters 14 Calanoid copepods/ copepodites, crustaceans ( larvae, parts),

barnacle cypris, gammarid amphipod, Mysid or Natantia 14 16 6 12 mm FL ( hatching) surface waters, Strait of Georgia 16 NG 16 1  Matarese et al. 1989 1  Matarese et al. 1989 1  Matarese et al. 1989 2  Barraclough 1967a 2  Barraclough 1967a 2  Barraclough 1967a 3  Barraclough 1967b 3  Barraclough 1967b 3  Barraclough 1967b Page 597 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 BS BT BU BV 9 65 mm FL pelagic surface ( Strait of Georgia, B. C.) 9 carnivore: copepod ( Calanus plumchrus ), amphipod ( Parathemisto pacifica ) 9 9 72 mm FL pelagic surface ( Strait of Georgia, B. C.) 9 carnivore: copepod ( Calanus plumchrus ) 9 10 470 740 mm SL ( juv & adult) S Cal rocky inshore and kep beds 10 fish ( halfmoon, topsmelt), squid, algae 10 11 77 mm FL surface waters Strait of Georgia, B. C. 11 copepod ( Calanus plumchrus ) 11 13 > 70 mm FL ( larvae & juv) pelagic, surface, inshore 13 piscivore: juvenile herring 13 16 NG ( juvenile) nearshore, subtidal, Pysht River mouth 16 piscivore: fish ( Unid. Teleosts, Ammodytes hexapterus , Clupea harengus pallasi , Sebastes sp), crustaceans ( Mysideacea, Unid Caridea, Crangonidae) 16 17 12 27 cm FL ( YOY) benthic ( 73 146 m), Strait of Georgia 17 piscivore: fish ( herring, sandlance flatfish, shiner perch) 17 18 21 45 cm FL ( juv estimate) various bottom ( fine sediment, cobble, rock/ boulder, bedrock slope, walls, ledges) 18 NG 18 19 see data ( juv and adult) SW Vancouver Island 19 Pacific hake, butter sole, octopus, shrimp unid fish 19 19 see data ( juv and adult) Queen Charlotte Sound 19 Pacific hake, Pacific sand lance, arrowtooth flounder, flathead sole, Pacific lamprey, squid, unid fish 19 1  Cass et al. 1990 1  Forrester 1969a 1  Forrester 1969a 1  Forrester 1969a 2  Wilby 1937 2  Wilby 1937 2  Wilby 1937 3  Moulton 1977 3  Moulton 1977 3  Moulton 1977 Page 598 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 BW BX BY BZ CA 20 420  875 mm TL Diablo Cove, CA 20 1  Trumble 1995 1  Forrester 1969a 1  Forrester 1969a 2  Wilby 1937 2  Wilby 1937 3  Moulton 1977 3  Moulton 1977 Page 599 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 CB CC CD CE CF fish, octopus, juv yellowtail rockfish, blue rockfish, bonehead sculpin ( Artedius notospilotus ) 20 1  Forrester 1969a 1  Wilby 1937 1  Cass et al. 1990 2  Wilby 1937 2  Klyashtorin 1970 2  Olesiuk et al. 1990 3  Moulton 1977 3  Trumble 1995 Page 600 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM 1  Jagielo et al. 1996 1  Jagielo et al. 1996 1  Jagielo et al. 1996 1  Jagielo et al. 1996 1  Jagielo et al. 1996 1  Jagielo et al. 1996 Page 601 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT 1  Cass et al. 1990 1  Cass et al. 1990 1  Cass et al. 1990 1  Cass et al. 1990 1  Cass et al. 1990 1  Cass et al. 1990 1  Cass et al. 1990 2  Barker 1979 2  Barker 1979 2  Barker 1979 2  Barker 1979 2  Barker 1979 2  Barker 1979 Page 602 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 CU CV CW 5 0.18 ( Female) 5 0.196 ( Female, Sport, 1991) 5 NG 5 0.18 ( Female) 5 0.182 ( Female, Sport, 1992) 5 NG 5 0.18 ( Female) 5 0.356 ( Female, Sport, 1993) 5 NG 5 0.18 ( Female) 5 0.510 ( Female, Sport, 1994) 5 NG 5 0.18 ( Female) 5 1.025 ( Female, Trawl, 1991) 5 NG 5 0.18 ( Female) 5 0.740 ( Female, Trawl, 1992) 5 NG 5 0.18 ( Female) 5 0.697 ( Female, Trawl, 1993) 5 NG 5 0.18 ( Female) 5 0.385 ( Female, Trawl, 1994) 5 NG 6 0.77 ( calc from annual survival) 6 0.32 ( calc from fishing survival) 61.11 ( calc from overall survival)

7 NG 7 NG 7 0.11 ( Female)

7 NG 7 NG 7 0.47 ( Male)

7 NG 7 NG 7 0.35 ( Sexes combined)

7 0.26 ( Sexes combined) 7 0.09 ( Sexes combined) 7 0.35 ( Sexes combined)

8 NG 8 NG 8 0.3999 ( Sexes combined)

8 0.3060 8 0.0939 8 0.3999 9,11 0.56 9 sport: 0.075 0.128 ( mean 0.099) 9 0.208 1.091 ( mean 0.663)

10 Male: 0.32 10 NG 10 NG 10 Female: 0.18 10 NG 10 NG 11 0.20 0.80 11 NG 11 NG 11 0.28 11 NG 11 NG 11 0.25 11 NG 11 NG 12 0.36 0.80 12 NG 12 NG 13 Male: 0.23 0.39 ( avg 0.32) 13 NG 13 NG 13 Female: 0.16 0.19 ( avg 0.18) 13 NG 13 NG 14 0.26 ( 0.2  0.4) 14 NG 14 NG 1  Chatwin 1958 1  Chatwin 1958 1  Chatwin 1958 2  Smith et al. 1990 2  Smith et al. 1990 2  Smith et al. 1990 3  Richards and Hand 1989 3  Richards and Hand 1989 3  Richards and Hand 1989 Page 603 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 CX CY CZ tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG tag recapture 5 5 NG ( see Jagielo 1994) 5 NG catch & effort, growth rates & recruitment, tag recapture 6 6 6 12 yr 6 0.33 ( 1984, B. C. Canada) 0.52 ( 1985, B. C. Canada)

catch curves of age composition ( Ricker 1975) 7 7 4 10 yr 7 NG catch curves of age composition ( Ricker 1975) 7 7 4 10 yr 7 NG catch curves of age composition ( Ricker 1975) 7 7 4 10 yr 7 NG Tagging and Seber model ( 1970) 7 7 none 7 0.08 ( sexes combined)

age length formulation 8 8 0 20 yr 8 NG tag recapture & non tag return estimate 8 8 0 20 yr 8 0.0774 tag recapture & fishery data 9 9 none 9 0.048 0.089 ( mean 0.075)

avg values from Jagielo 1994 10 10 see Jagielo 1994 10 NG avg values from Jagielo 1994 10 10 see Jagielo 1994 10 NG tagging 11 11 see Jagielo 1994 11 NG Age composition 11 11 NG 11 NG empirical average 11 11 see Jagielo 1994 11 NG tag recapture 12 12 NG 12 0.119  0.305 3 empirical models 13 13 NG 13 NG 3 empirical models 13 13 NG 13 NG catch curves and tagging ( Cass, Cameron, and Barber 1983) 14 14 NG 14 0.03  0.21 ( 3 areas)

1  Chatwin 1958 1  Chatwin 1958 1  Chatwin 1958 2  Smith et al. 1990 2  Smith et al. 1990 2  Smith et al. 1990 3  Richards and Hand 1989 3  Richards and Hand 1989 3  Richards and Hand 1989 Page 604 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 DA DB DC 5 NG Parasite: tricodinid ciliates on gills 12 5 NG Parasite: nematodes ( Phocanema & Anisakis) in muscle and viscera 15 5 NG Parasite: isopod ( Lironeca vulgaris) in gill or buccal cavities 16 5 NG Parasites: 15 Families; ~ 32 Species; See Refs 17 5 NG 5 NG 5 NG 5 NG 6 NG 7 NG 7 NG 7 NG 7 NG 8 NG 8 0.2348 9 NG 10 NG 10 NG 11 NG 11 NG 11 NG 12 NG 13 NG 13 NG 14 NG 1  Chatwin 1958 1  Lloyd 1938 2  Smith et al. 1990 2  Berland 1983 3  Richards and Hand 1989 3  Shiino 1965 Page 605 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 DD DE DF DG no movement; 66.7 % of 9 recaptures; 39 km;

11.1 % of 9 recaptures; 228 km; 11.1 % of 9 recaptures; unknown distance; 11.1% of 9 recaptures 12 no movement; 100% of 1 tag recapture 13 no movement ( 81% of 36 recaptures); moved good distance; 19% of 36 recaptures 14 growth info 15 growth info 16 Male: possible directed inshore spawning migration during late fall and winter; Female: possible brief inshore spawning migration 17,18,19 no movement ( 61% of 383 recaptures);   5 km ( 92% of 383 recaptures); 7 19 km ( 5% of 383 recaptures);   20 km ( 3%

of 383 recaptures) 20 no movement inshore/ offshore 21 0 10 naut mi ( 95.3% of 213 recaptures); > 10 naut mi ( 4.7% of 213 recaptures); greatest distance 160 nautical miles 22 no movement ( 97% of 1442 recaptures); mean movement 44 km ( 3% of 1442 recaptures) 23   5 naut mi ( 11% of 624 recaptures); > 25 naut mi ( 5% of 624 recaptures) 24   5 km ( 96% of 99 recaptures); 6 40 km ( 4% of 99 recaptures) 25 movement ( 13  298 km) 26 no substantial migration 27 no movement ( 100% of 12 recaptures) 28 < 1 km ( 43% of 21 recaptures) > 20 km ( 19%

of 21 recaptures) 29 no movement ( 57% of 14 recaptures) 11 442 km ( 43% of 14 recaptures) 30 1  Phillips 1959 1  Coombs 1979 1  Reeves 1966 1  Buckley and Hueckel 1984a 2  Hart 1943b 2  Matthews 1992 2  Buckley and Hueckel 1984b 3  Chatwin 1956b 3  Chatwin 1956b Page 606 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 DH 1  DeMartini 1986 2  Barker 1979 3  LaRiviere et al. 1981 Page 607 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 A B C D 4  Quast 1960 4  Reilly et al. 1994 4  Cass et al. 1990 5  Phillips 1959 6  Wilby 1937 Page 608 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 E F G H 4  Cass et al. 1990 4  Grosse 1982 4  Cass et al. 1988 4  Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 5  Bargmann 1982 5  Wendler 1953 5  Wilby 1937 6  Forrester and Thomson 1969a 6  Forrester 1973 6  Clemens and Wilby 1961 7  Jagielo et al. 2000 7  Phillips 1960b 8  Adams et al. 1999 8  Shaw and Hassler 1989 9  Jagielo et al. 1997 10  Moulton 1977 11  Barker 1979 12  Phillips and Barraclough 1977 13  Jagielo 1994 14  Rothrock 1973 15  Cass et al. 1988 16  Richards and Hand 1988 17  Cass, Selsby, and Richards 1986 Page 609 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 I J K L M N O P Q 4  Chatwin 1956a 5  Cass, McFarlane, Rutherford, Barber 1984 6  Smith and McFarlane 1990 7  Forrester 1969a 8  Cass and Beamish 1983 9  Cass et al. 1990 10  Beamish and Chilton 1977 11  Moulton 1977 12  Bargmann 1982 13  Jagielo et al. 2000 14  Adams et al. 1999 15  Silberberg et al. 2000 16  Adams et al. 1994 17  Adams et al. 1993 18  Miller and Geibel 1973 19  Barker 1979 20  Bryant 1978 21  Jagielo 1994 22  Karpov et al. 1995 23  Adams 1994 24  Rothrock 1973 25  Cass, Cameron, and Barber 1983 26  Davis 1986 27  Cass, Beamish, Smith 1984 28  Cass, McFarlane, Smith, Barber, and Rutherford 1986 29  Forrester 1973 30  Rutenberg 1970 31  Klyashtorin 1970 32  Gorbunova 1970 33  Burge and Schultz 1973 Page 610 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 R S T U V W 4  Chatwin 1956a 5  Cass, McFarlane, Rutherford, Barber 1984 6  Smith and McFarlane 1990 7  Forrester 1969a 8  Cass and Beamish 1983 9  Cass et al. 1990 10  Beamish and Chilton 1977 11  Moulton 1977 12  Bargmann 1982 13  Jagielo et al. 2000 14  Adams et al. 1999 15  Silberberg et al. 2000 16  Adams et al. 1994 17  Adams et al. 1993 18  Miller and Geibel 1973 19  Barker 1979 20  Bryant 1978 21  Jagielo 1994 22  Karpov et al. 1995 23  Adams 1994 24  Rothrock 1973 25  Cass, Cameron, and Barber 1983 26  Davis 1986 27  Cass, Beamish, Smith 1984 28  Cass, McFarlane, Smith, Barber, and Rutherford 1986 29  Forrester 1973 30  Rutenberg 1970 31  Klyashtorin 1970 32  Gorbunova 1970 Page 611 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 X Y Z AA AB 4  Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 4  Beamish et al. 1978 5  Miller and Geibel 1973 6  Cass, McFarlane, Rutherford, Barber 1984 7  Cass et al. 1990 8  Adams et al. 1999 9  Jagielo et al. 2000 10  Silberberg et al. 2000 11  Rothrock 1973 12  Bryant 1978 13  Cass, Cameron, and Barber 1983 14  Cass, Beamish, Smith 1984 15  Rutenberg 1970 16  Klyashtorin 1970 17  Gorbunova 1970 18  Burge and Schultz 1973 Page 612 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 AC AD AE AF AG 4  Garrison and Miller 1982 4  Kendall and Vinter 1984 4  Feder et al. 1974 5  Phillips 1959 5  Reilly et al. 1994 6  Moulton 1977 6  DeMartini 1986 7  Wilby 1937 7  Quast 1960 8  Jewell 1968 8  Zolotov and Tokranov 1989 9  Low and Beamish 1978 9  Rutenberg 1970 10  Howard 1992 10  Klyashtorin 1970 11  DeMartini 1986 11  Gorbunova 1970 12  Clemens and Wilby 1961 13  O'Connell 1993 14  Crow 1995 15  Crow et al. 1997 Page 613 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 AH AI AJ AK 4  Cass et al. 1990 4  Cass et al. 1990 4  Cass et al. 1990 4  Cass et al. 1990 5  Miller and Geibel 1973 5  Miller and Geibel 1973 5  Miller and Geibel 1973 5  Miller and Geibel 1973 6  Phillips 1960b 6  Phillips 1960b 6  Phillips 1960b 6  Phillips 1960b 7  Wilby 1937 7  Wilby 1937 7  Wilby 1937 7  Wilby 1937 8  Silberberg et al. 2000 8  Silberberg et al. 2000 8  Silberberg et al. 2000 8  Silberberg et al. 2000 9  Rothrock 1973 9  Rothrock 1973 9  Rothrock 1973 9  Rothrock 1973 10  Barker 1979 10  Barker 1979 10  Barker 1979 10  Barker 1979 11  Gordon 1994 11  Gordon 1994 11  Gordon 1994 11  Gordon 1994 12  Richards et al. 1990 12  Richards et al. 1990 12  Richards et al. 1990 12  Richards et al. 1990 13  Jagielo 1994 13  Jagielo 1994 13  Jagielo 1994 13  Jagielo 1994 14  Cass, Beamish, Smith 1984 14  Cass, Beamish, Smith 1984 14  Cass, Beamish, Smith 1984 14  Cass, Beamish, Smith 1984 15  Gorbunova 1970 15  Gorbunova 1970 15  Gorbunova 1970 15  Gorbunova 1970 16  Barss et al. 1982 16  Barss et al. 1982 16  Barss et al. 1982 16  Barss et al. 1982 17  Cass, Selsby, and Richards 1986 17  Cass, Selsby, and Richards 1986 17  Cass, Selsby, and Richards 1986 17  Cass, Selsby, and Richards 1986 Page 614 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR 4  Cass et al. 1990 4  Cass et al. 1990 4  Cass et al. 1990 4  Fraser 1923 5  Miller and Geibel 1973 5  Miller and Geibel 1973 5  Miller and Geibel 1973 5  Low and Beamish 1978 6  Phillips 1960b 6  Phillips 1960b 6  Phillips 1960b 6  LaRiviere et al. 1981 7  Wilby 1937 7  Wilby 1937 7  Wilby 1937 7  Moulton 1977 8  Silberberg et al. 2000 8  Silberberg et al. 2000 8  Silberberg et al. 2000 8  Jewell 1968 9  Rothrock 1973 9  Rothrock 1973 9  Rothrock 1973 9  Wilby 1937 10  Barker 1979 10  Barker 1979 10  Barker 1979 10  Silberberg et al. 2000 11  Gordon 1994 11  Gordon 1994 11  Gordon 1994 11  Adams et al. 1993 12  Richards et al. 1990 12  Richards et al. 1990 12  Richards et al. 1990 12  Adams and Hardwick 1992 13  Jagielo 1994 13  Jagielo 1994 13  Jagielo 1994 13  Miller and Geibel 1973 14  Cass, Beamish, Smith 1984 14  Cass, Beamish, Smith 1984 14  Cass, Beamish, Smith 1984 14  Marliave 1975a 15  Gorbunova 1970 15  Gorbunova 1970 15  Gorbunova 1970 15  Simenstad 1971 16  Barss et al. 1982 16  Barss et al. 1982 16  Barss et al. 1982 16  Gorbunova 1970 17  Rothrock 1973 18  Clemens and Wilby 1961 19  Zolotov 1985 Page 615 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD BE 4  Rothrock 1973 4  Cass et al. 1990 5  Klyashtorin 1970 5  Clemens and Wilby 1961 6  Gorbunova 1970 6  Fraser 1923 7  Gorbunova 1970 8  Klyashtorin 1970 Page 616 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 BF BG BH BI BJ 4  Cass et al. 1990 5  Jewell 1968 6  Low and Beamish 1978 7  LaRiviere et al. 1981 8  Appelbaum et al. 1995 9  Dempster and Rohrs 1983 10  Gorbunova 1970 Page 617 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 BK BL BM 4  Phillips 1959 4  Phillips 1959 11  Jewell 1968 5  Wilby 1937 5  Wilby 1937 12  Giorgi 1981 6  Cass et al. 1990 6  Cass et al. 1990 15  Murie 1995 7  Giorgi and Congleton 1984 7  Giorgi and Congleton 1984 16  Moulton 1977 8  O'Connell 1993 8  O'Connell 1993 17  Buckley and Hueckel 1985 9  DeMartini 1986 9  DeMartini 1986 10  Low and Beamish 1978 10  Low and Beamish 1978 11  Jewell 1968 11  Jewell 1968 12  Giorgi 1981 12  Giorgi 1981 13  Miller and Geibel 1973 13  Miller and Geibel 1973 14  Simenstad 1971 14  Simenstad 1971 15  Marliave 1975a 15  Marliave 1975a 16  Dempster and Rohrs 1983 16  Dempster and Rohrs 1983 17  Fraser 1915 17  Fraser 1915 18  Canfield and Buckley 1984 18  Canfield and Buckley 1984 19  Crow et al. 1997 19  Crow et al. 1997 20  Klyashtorin 1970 20  Klyashtorin 1970 21  Gorbunova 1970 21  Gorbunova 1970 Page 618 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 BN BO BP BQ BR 4  Forrester 1969a 4  Forrester 1969a 4  Forrester 1969a 5  Adams et al. 1993 5  Adams et al. 1993 5  Adams et al. 1993 6  Cass et al. 1990 6  Cass et al. 1990 6  Cass et al. 1990 7  Robinson et al. 1968b 7  Robinson et al. 1968b 7  Robinson et al. 1968b 8  Phillips and Barraclough 1977 8  Phillips and Barraclough 1977 8  Phillips and Barraclough 1977 9  Richardson and Washington 1980 9  Richardson and Washington 1980 9  Richardson and Washington 1980 10  Marliave 1975a 10  Marliave 1975a 10  Marliave 1975a 11  Fraser 1915 11  Fraser 1915 11  Fraser 1915 12  Barraclough et al. 1968 12  Barraclough et al. 1968 12  Barraclough et al. 1968 13  Robinson et al. 1968a 13  Robinson et al. 1968a 13  Robinson et al. 1968a 14  Benson 1984 14  Benson 1984 14  Benson 1984 15  Gorbunova 1970 15  Gorbunova 1970 15  Gorbunova 1970 16  Cass and Scarsbrook 1984 16  Cass and Scarsbrook 1984 16  Cass and Scarsbrook 1984 Page 619 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 BS BT BU BV 4  Miller and Geibel 1973 4  Miller and Geibel 1973 4  Miller and Geibel 1973 5  Chatwin 1954 5  Chatwin 1954 5  Chatwin 1954 6  Cass et al. 1990 6  Cass et al. 1990 6  Cass et al. 1990 7  Richards et al. 1985 7  Richards et al. 1985 7  Richards et al. 1985 8  Grosse 1982 8  Grosse 1982 8  Grosse 1982 9  Barraclough 1967c 9  Barraclough 1967c 9  Barraclough 1967c 10  Quast 1968d 10  Quast 1968d 10  Quast 1968d 11  Robinson et al. 1968b 11  Robinson et al. 1968b 11  Robinson et al. 1968b 12  Bryant 1978 12  Bryant 1978 12  Bryant 1978 13  Phillips and Barraclough 1977 13  Phillips and Barraclough 1977 13  Phillips and Barraclough 1977 14  Barraclough et al. 1968 14  Barraclough et al. 1968 14  Barraclough et al. 1968 15  Robinson et al. 1968a 15  Robinson et al. 1968a 15  Robinson et al. 1968a 16  Buckley and Hueckel 1984a 16  Buckley and Hueckel 1984a 16  Buckley and Hueckel 1984a 17  Cass, Smith, Barber, and Rinhofer 1983 17  Cass, Smith, Barber, and Rinhofer 1983 17  Cass, Smith, Barber, and Rinhofer 1983 18  Richards and Cass 1985 18  Richards and Cass 1985 18  Richards and Cass 1985 19  Cass, Selsby, and Richards 1986 19  Cass, Selsby, and Richards 1986 19  Cass, Selsby, and Richards 1986 20  Burge and Schultz 1973 20  Burge and Schultz 1973 20  Burge and Schultz 1973 22  Orlov 1998b 22  Orlov 1998b 22  Orlov 1998b Page 620 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 BW BX BY BZ CA 4  Miller and Geibel 1973 4  Miller and Geibel 1973 5  Cass et al. 1990 5  Cass et al. 1990 6  Taylor 1970 6  Taylor 1970 7  Phillips 1960b 7  Phillips 1960b 8  Fraser 1923 8  Fraser 1923 9  Quast 1968b 9  Quast 1968b 10  Quast 1968d 10  Quast 1968d 11  Richards et al. 1985 11  Richards et al. 1985 12  Cass, Beamish, Smith 1984 12  Cass, Beamish, Smith 1984 13  Long 1996 13  Long 1996 14  Henriques 1991 14  Henriques 1991 15  Zolomov and Tokranov 1991 15  Zolomov and Tokranov 1991 16  Rutenberg 1970 16  Rutenberg 1970 17  Klyashtorin 1970 17  Klyashtorin 1970 18  Richards and Cass 1985 18  Richards and Cass 1985 19  Cass, Selsby, and Richards 1986 19  Cass, Selsby, and Richards 1986 20  Burge and Schultz 1973 20  Burge and Schultz 1973 21  Trumble 1995 21  Trumble 1995 22  Orlov 1998b 22  Orlov 1998b Page 621 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 CB CC CD CE CF 4  Miller and Geibel 1973 5  Cass et al. 1990 6  Taylor 1970 7  Phillips 1960b 8  Fraser 1923 9  Quast 1968b 10  Quast 1968d 11  Richards et al. 1985 12  Cass, Beamish, Smith 1984 13  Long 1996 14  Henriques 1991 15  Zolomov and Tokranov 1991 16  Rutenberg 1970 17  Klyashtorin 1970 18  Richards and Cass 1985 19  Cass, Selsby, and Richards 1986 20  Burge and Schultz 1973 21  Trumble 1995 22  Orlov 1998b Page 622 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM Page 623 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 CN CO CP CQ CR CS CT Page 624 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 CU CV CW 4  Reeves 1966 4  Reeves 1966 4  Reeves 1966 5  Jagielo 1999 5  Jagielo 1999 5  Jagielo 1999 6  Cass et al. 1990 6  Cass et al. 1990 6  Cass et al. 1990 7  Bargmann 1982 7  Bargmann 1982 7  Bargmann 1982 8  Barker 1979 8  Barker 1979 8  Barker 1979 9  Jagielo 1995 9  Jagielo 1995 9  Jagielo 1995 10  Jagielo et al. 2000 10  Jagielo et al. 2000 10  Jagielo et al. 2000 11  Adams et al. 1999 11  Adams et al. 1999 11  Adams et al. 1999 12  Forrester 1973 12  Forrester 1973 12  Forrester 1973 13  Jagielo 1994 13  Jagielo 1994 13  Jagielo 1994 14  Cass, McFarlane, Smith, Barber, and Rutherford 1986 14  Cass, McFarlane, Smith, Barber, and Rutherford 1986 14  Cass, McFarlane, Smith, Barber, and Rutherford 1986 Page 625 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 CX CY CZ 4  Reeves 1966 4  Reeves 1966 4  Reeves 1966 5  Jagielo 1999 5  Jagielo 1999 5  Jagielo 1999 6  Cass et al. 1990 6  Cass et al. 1990 6  Cass et al. 1990 7  Bargmann 1982 7  Bargmann 1982 7  Bargmann 1982 8  Barker 1979 8  Barker 1979 8  Barker 1979 9  Jagielo 1995 9  Jagielo 1995 9  Jagielo 1995 10  Jagielo et al. 2000 10  Jagielo et al. 2000 10  Jagielo et al. 2000 11  Adams et al. 1999 11  Adams et al. 1999 11  Adams et al. 1999 12  Forrester 1973 12  Forrester 1973 12  Forrester 1973 13  Jagielo 1994 13  Jagielo 1994 13  Jagielo 1994 14  Cass, McFarlane, Smith, Barber, and Rutherford 1986 14  Cass, McFarlane, Smith, Barber, and Rutherford 1986 14  Cass, McFarlane, Smith, Barber, and Rutherford 1986 Page 626 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 DA DB DC 4  Reeves 1966 4  Kabata 1973 5  Jagielo 1999 5  Bell 1961 6  Cass et al. 1990 6  Fraser 1919 7  Bargmann 1982 7  Turner et al. 1969 8  Barker 1979 8  Wilson 1912 9  Jagielo 1995 9  Wilson 1905 10  Jagielo et al. 2000 10  Kabata 1969 11  Adams et al. 1999 11  Arai 1969 12  Forrester 1973 12  Bell 1962 13  Jagielo 1994 13  Zhukov 1960 14  Cass, McFarlane, Smith, Barber, and Rutherford 1986 14  Bykhovskii 1957 15  Dailey et al. 1981 16 17  Love and Moser 1983 Page 627 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 DD DE DF DG 4  Anonymous 1954 4  Hueckel and Buckley 1984 5  Miller and Geibel 1973 6  Reeves 1966 7  Manzer 1946 8  Smith et al. 1990 9  Jagielo 1990 10  Mathews and LaRiviere 1987 11  Cass et al. 1990 12  Coombs 1979 13  Turner et al. 1969 14  Hart 1939 15  Hart 1940 16  Hart 1943a 17  Jagielo 1995 18  Jagielo 1999 19  Jagielo et al. 2000 20  Cass, McFarlane, Rutherford, Barber 1984 21  Barss and Demory 1989 22  Davis 1986 23  Cass, Cameron, and Barber 1983 24  Barss and Demory 1989 25  Cass, McFarlane, Smith, Barber, and Rutherford 1986 26  Hueckel and Buckley 1984 27  Forrester 1973 28  Mathews et al. 1979 29  Cass, Smith, Barber, and Rinhofer 1983 30  DeMott 1983 Page 628 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 DH 4  O'Connell 1993 5  Bryant 1978 6  Low and Beamish 1978 Page 629 of 1167 5 2220e  Hexagrammidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 A B C D E Family name Scientific name ( Synonym) Common name( s) Geographic range Observed depth range ( m)

Kyphosidae1,2 Girella nigricans 1,2 1intertidal to 30 ( Girellidae) 3 Kyphosidae1,2 Hermosilla azurea 1,2 zebra perch; convict fish; perch1,2 1intertidal to 27 ( Kyphosidae) 3 Kyphosidae1,2 Medialuna californiensis 1,2 1surface to 40 ( Scorpididae) 3 TAXONOMY RANGE opaleye; green perch; black perch; blue eyed perch; bluefish; Catalina perch; button perch;

greenfish; blue bass; blue eye; blue perch;

Jack Benny; California opaleye 1,2,3,4 halfmoon; blue perch; blue bass; medialuna;

Catalina perch; California halfmoon; Catalina blue perch; balck perch 1,2,3 northern California ( Klamath River estuary) to Gulf of California1,2 British Columbia ( Vancouver I.) to Gulf of California1 Oregon ( Otter Rock) to southern Baja California ( Cabo San Lucas)

1,3 Page 630 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 F G H I J K LMNOP Length weight equation Growth Parameters Max. reported Geographic area Linf in cm ( SE) k ( SE)

Length conversion equations length ( cm) ( length measurement) Male Female Both Male Female Both Male 1Both: W= 0.0000528SL2.93 1TL= 5.47SL1.21 ( SE= 7.66) 1 66 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1TL=  0.44FL1.03 ( SE= 0.2.36)

1SL=  3.97TL0.827 ( SE= 6.34)

1SL=  14.96FL0.902 ( SE= 2.0)

1FL= 0.489TL0.972 ( SE= 2.3)

1FL= 5.82SL1.172 ( SE= 0.794)

NF NF 1 44 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1Both: W= 0.0000083SL3.26 NF 1 48 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF AGE & GR Length ( TL= cm & FL, SL= mm) to weight ( g)

equation. * denotes TL = mm or FL, SL= cm Page 631 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB to ( SE) Age composition Female Both Male Female Both Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Other refs. Longevity ( yrs.) information Sexuality NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 juvenile growth in tidepools 1 > 10 yrs. NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF ROWTH r2 Page 632 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK Mating system Mode of reproduction Parental Care Male : Female SL ratio Secondary Characteristics Male Female Male Female NF Oviparous1,2 NF NF NF 2,420 to 23 ( 2 to 3) sex unspecified NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

NF Oviparous1 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF Oviparous1,2 NF NF NF 1,3,5 19 ( 2) sex unspecified NG ( NG) NG ( NG)

TL, FL*, or SL^ in cm ( age in yrs) at 1st maturity 50% maturity Breeding Behavior Sexual dimorphism Page 633 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ Fertilized eggs present Spawning females present Both reprod Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Other refs. Geographic Spawning Area Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct.

NG NG NG NF California1,2,5,6 ***** *****

NF NF NF NF California1 NG NG NG NF California1,3,4,6 *****

REPRODUCTION Fertilization and Spawning Period (^^^^^= peak fertilization;*****= peak spawn; ##### = doubtful spawning records Page 634 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 BA BB BC BD BE BF BG BH BI ductive states present Spawning Frequency Size specific fecundity equation Size at settlement Nov. Dec. ( per year) ( TL= cm, SL= mm; * denotes TL= mm; SL= cm) Egg duration Larval duration ( SL in mm)

NF NF NF NF NF NF 1,3 25 225 to 30 4 21 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF DISPERSAL & RECRUITMEN Mean ( range) fecundity in eggs/ g female wt. Fecundity Fecundity range in # eggs (@

cm, grams, or age) Page 635 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 BJ BK BL BM BN BO BP BQ BR BS Size Fish Size Annual cohort success ( diameter in mm) Habitat Predators ( mm) Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators NF 11.0 to 1.1 planktonic1,3,4 NF 1,23.0 to 17.0 NF NF NF NF NF 11.0 to 1.1 planktonic1 NF 1,2< 2.5 to 17.7 NF NF NF NF NF 11.0 to 1.1 planktonic1,2 NF 12.6 to pelagic; neuston1,2,3,4 NF NF NF NF 2 3.0 to 13.8 pelagic; nearshore shallow 1,2,4 pelagic1,2,4,6/ warm inshore waters5 Eggs Larvae NT Food habits Page 636 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 BT BU BV BW BX BY BZ Fish Size Food habits ( SL mm) Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators Habitat 2 17.0 to maturity omnivore6 scavenger1 NF NF at night in crevices and holes14 117.7 to omnivore NF NF NF invertebrates8 2 13.8 to maturity pelagic2,10,20/ kelp 1,6,8,20 NF NF NF NF ( red and green algae; small crustaceans) 3,4 ( fleshy bits from animals; small invertebrates; algae) 1,2,4,7 pelagic2,10,17/ tide pools; shallow rocky intertidal; surfgrass beds 1,3,4,5,7,8,9,10,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,21 kelp forest inner edges, near Egregia laevigata, and kelp canopy ; nearshore near rocks; shallow reefs; midwater;

artificial reefs 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,10,11,12,13,14,16,17 ,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25 kelp forest outer edges and canopy,

midkelp rocky areas; surfgrass beds;

artificial reefs1,4,5,7,8,10,12,13,14,15,22,23,24,25 pelagic2/ inshore and in tide pools1,12,20 kelp forest; shallow subtidal; surfgrass beds; tide pools 1,9,10,15,19,24 < 33 mm ( more carnivorous than herbivorous); pelagic juvenile mostly carnivorous; become more herbivorous as they grow5 Juveniles HABITAT ASSOCIATION & TROPHIC INTERACTIONS Life Stage Page 637 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 CA CB CC CD CE CF CG Adults Food habits Haplotype diversity Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators Substocks ( Geographic Area)

herbivore6,12,16,19,24,26/ omnivore8,10,17 browser1 diurnal1 seals and sea lions1,2,3 NF NF NF browser/ grazer2 avoids corraline algae10 microcarnivore20 herbivore10,16,19,26/ omnivore17 browser/ grazer2 NF NF NF NF NF ( small invertebrates) 17,21 herbivore: red, green, brown algae 25 herbivore16,19,26/ omnivore8,17 browser1 diurnal1,4 NF NF NF browser/ grazer2 ( invertebrates) 17 meso/ microcarnivore20 ( small crustaceans; ophiuroids; small fish) 21,23 herbivore 25 ( Macrocystis, coralline reds, and other seaweeds; bryozoans; polychaetes; mussels;

gammerids) 1,2,3,5,10,11,13,14,15,16,17,18,21,22,23,24 bald eagles, least terns; and Brandt's comorants; sea lions4 ( red, green and brown seaweeds; bryozoans;

sponges) 1,4,5,7,11,13,16,18,21,22,23 ( sheet like red [ Polysiphonia spp. and others],

green ( Ulva ), and brown algae) 9,16,17,21 diurnal, with reduced feedinga t night2,4 diurnal, possibly at night2,3 ( small crustaceans, such as copepods,

caprellids, and amphipods; bryozoans;

ophiuroids; polychaetes) 21,23 sea lions and fur seals; artic loons,

rhinoceros auklets, least terns,

Brandt's cormorants, and bald eagles4 Nucleotide diversity (#)

Page 638 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP RECRUITMENT INTO Genetic variance Mean number of % Polymorphic First Recruitment Full Recruitment alleles per locus ( SE) loci Expected ( SE) Observed ( SE) Approach Effective population size Total length ( age) Total length ( age) Sampling gear NF NF 1,2NG 0.025 allozymes NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1,2NG 0.025 allozymes NF NF NF NF GENETICS Mean heterozygosity Page 639 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX CY CZ FISHERY Mortality Estimates Rate of Exploitation Method of Age range used Rate of Exploitation Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Natural ( M) Fishing ( F) Total ( Z) mortality estimation to calculate mortality exploitation ( u) ratio ( F/ Z)

NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF MORTALITY Page 640 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 DA DB DC DD DE Interactions / associations Competition with other organisms Tagging studies Resident or Transient Homing ability ( Home range)

competes with Hypsypops rubicundus for food1 schools with M. californiensis 1 Residential1,2,3 Yes1 cleaned by Oxyjulis califonica 12 NF NF Transient3 NF competes with Hypsypops rubicundus for food1 schools with G. nigricans 1 NF Residential2,3 NF juveniles clean ectoparasites from fish 3 infected by trematodes from the family Capsalidae; infestation occurs at ~ 200 mm SL ( 5 yrs.) 4,5 juveniles move towards warmer water temperatures, inshore after upwelling; also show migrations from intertidal pool to pool until finally abandoning the intertidal for subtidal2 juveniles demostrate air breathing capabilities and survival out of water6 a reservoir host for an infectious sea lion calicivirus 7,9,15 juveniles infected and killed by the coccidium Goussia girellae 10 juveniles sometimes found schooling under jellyfish14 infested by trematodes from the family Hemiuridae, Lepocreadiinae, Opecoelidae,

Haploporidae, and Haplosplanchnidae11 infested by parasites from the families Caligidae, Pennellidae, Haploporidae,

Haplosplanchnidae, Hemiuridae,

Lepcreadiidae, Opecoelidae, Capsalidae,

Camallanidae, Pseudaliidae,

andOphryoglenidae16 school with both G. nigricans and M.

californiensis 1,13,17 infected by ectoparasites from the families Caligidae and Lerneopodidae2 infected by ectoparasites from the family Lernaeidae; also monogenetic trematodes2 tidally controlled vertical movements1 BEHAVIOR infested by parasites from the families Caligidae, Pennellidae, Hemiuridae,

Lepcreadiidae, and Waretrematidae16 may be negatively affected by chlorine discharge plums from power plants8 may be negatively affected by chlorine discharge plums from power plants; juveniles most susceptible8 Movement Page 641 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 DF DG Schooling Territoriality Yes, especially pelagic juveniles1,5,12,13 NF Yes4,6,9,10 Yes1,9,11,13 NF Yes juveniles8 NF Mostly solitary2 loose schools3,7,13 schooling juveniles5 aggregate in shallow portion of kelp bed durng mating season1 Mostly solitary, but sometimes form schools1,9 Page 642 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 A B C D E 1 Robins et al. 1991 1 Robins et al. 1991 1 Robins et al. 1991 1 Love et al. 2000 1 Love et al. 2000 2 Gosline 1985 2 Eschmeyer 1998 2 Gates & Frey 1974 2 Fritzsche et al. 1991 3 Waugh 1991 3 Roedel 1948 3 Bond 1985 4 Sumner & Fox 1933 Page 643 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 F G H I J K LMNOP 1 Quast 1968b 1 Love et al. 2000 Page 644 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA AB 1 Norris 1963 1 Smith, Skilling, & Brown 1980 Page 645 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 AC AD AE AF AG AH AI AJ AK 1 Watson 1996c 1 Limbaugh 1955 2 Love 1996 2 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 3 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 4 Feder et al. 1974 5 Love 1996 Page 646 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ 1 Watson 1996c 2 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 3 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 4 Kramer & Smith 1973 5 Norris 1963 6 Love 1996 Page 647 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 BA BB BC BD BE BF BG BH BI 1 Limbaugh 1955 2 Williams 1957 3 Stevens et al. 1989 4 Norris 1963 Page 648 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 BJ BK BL BM BN BO BP BQ BR BS 1 Watson 1996c 1 Limbaugh 1955 1 Watson 1996c 1 Limbaugh 1955 2 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 2 Stevens et al. 1989 2 Watson 1996c 3 Norris 1963 3 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 4 Feder et al. 1974 4 Stevens et al. 1989 5 Gibson 1982 6 Feder et al. 1974 Page 649 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 BT BU BV BW BX BY BZ 1 Watson 1996c 1 Limbaugh 1955 1 Limbaugh 1955 1 Limbaugh 1955 1 Limbaugh 1955 2 Stevens et al. 1989 2 Watson 1996c 2 Stephens 1992 2 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 3 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 3 Sturm & Horn 1998 3 Larson & DeMartini 1984 4 Martin 1995 4 Barry & Ehret 1993 4 Stephens et al. 1984 5 Pondella & Stephens 1994 5 Williams & Williams 1954 5 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 6 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 6 Norris 1963 6 CDF & G 1982 7 CDF & G 1982 7 Mitchell 1953 7 Carlisle et al. 1964 8 Stephens 1992 8 Fidopiastis 1995 8 Turner et al. 1969 9 Williams 1957 9 Sturm & Horn 1998 10 Stevens et al. 1989 10 Stevens et al. 1989 12 Barry & Ehret 1993 11 Orton et al. 1987 13 Martin 1993 12 Allen 1985 14 DeMartini 1981 13 Johnson et al. 1994 15 Smith et al. 1981 14 Ebeling & Bray 1976 16 Williams & Williams 1954 15 DeMartini 1981 17 Norris 1963 16 Williams & Williams 1954 18 Barry 1988 17 Hose et al. 1984 19 Yoshiyama et al. 1986 18 Goldberg et al. 1991 20 Feder et al. 1974 19 Norris 1963 21 Love 1996 20 Winget 1968 21 Barry 1988 22 Ebeling, Larson, & Alevizon 1980 23 Quast 1968a 24 Feder et al. 1974 25 Love 1996 Page 650 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 CA CB CC CD CE CF CG 1 Limbaugh 1955 1 Stephens 1992 1 Sikkel 1995 1 Smith, Skilling, & Brown 1980 2 Robles 1987 2 Horn 1989 2 Hobson et al. 1981 2 Smith et al 1981 3 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 3 Ebeling & Bray 1976 3 Hawes 1983 4 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 4 Love 1996 4 Love 1996 5 Stephens 1992 6 Sigalit & Rainboth 1992 7 Carlisle et al. 1964 8 Sikkel 1995a 9 Sturm & Horn 1998 10 Barry & Ehret 1993 11 Hobson et al. 1981 12 Sousa 1979 13 Irelan & Horn 1991 14 Norris 1963 15 Holbrook et al. 1997 16 Horn 1989 17 Barry 1988 18 Harris et al. 1984 19 Hobson 1994 20 Quast 1968a 21 Quast 1968d 22 Feder et al. 1974 23 Love 1996 24 Mitchell 1953 25 Fidopiastis 1995 26 Waugh 1991 Page 651 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO CP 1 Waples & Rosenblatt 1987 2 Waples 1987 Page 652 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX CY CZ Page 653 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 DA DB DC DD DE found schooling with Racochilus vacca 17 1 Sikkel 1995 1 Limbaugh 1955 1 Williams 1957 1 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 1 Williams 1957 2 Hobson 1971 2 Norris 1963 2 Larson & DeMartini 1984 3 Stephens 1992 3 Stephens et al. 1994 4 Hargis 1953 5 Goldberg et al. 1991 6 Martin 1993 7 Smith et al. 1981 8 Hose et al. 1983 9 Smith, Skilling, & Brown 1980 10 Kent et al. 1988 11 Martin 1978 12 Limbaugh 19??

13 Lockley 1952 14 Norris 1963 15 Smith, Skilling, Dardiri, & Latham 1980 16 Love & Moser 1983 17 Feder et al. 1974 Page 654 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 DF DG 1 Limbaugh 1955 2 Stephens et al. 1984 3 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 4 CDF & G 1982 5 Stephens 1992 6 Williams 1957 7 Carlisle et al .1964 8 Stevens et al. 1989 9 Barry & Ehret 1993 10 Williams & Williams 1954 11 Lockley 1952 12 Norris 1963 13 Feder et al. 1974 Page 655 of 1167 5 2220e  Kyphosidae 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 A B C D E Family name Scientific name ( Synonym) Common name( s) Geographic range Observed depth range ( m)

Labridae1 Halichoeres semicinctus 1 Oxyjulis californica 1,2 Semicossyphus pulcher 1,2 1 Robins et al. 1991 1 Robins et al. 1991 1 Robins et al. 1991 1 Love et al. 2000 1 Love et al. 2000 2 Eschmeyer 1998 2 Gates & Frey 1974 3 Roedel 1948 California sheephead; sheephead; California redfish; fathead; humpy; redfish1,2,3 central California ( Diable Cove) to southern Baja California ( Isla Asuncion) 1 northern California ( Salt Point) to southern Baja California ( Bahia Magdalena) 1 central California ( Monterey Bay) to lower Gulf of California1 rock wrasse; California wrasse; parrot fish;

wrasse1,2 señorita; kelpfish; pescerey; kelp wrasse;

butterfish 1,2,3 1intertidal to 40 1intertidal to 97 1intertidal to 85 TAXONOMY RANGE Page 656 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 F G H I J K L MNO P Length weight equation Growth Parameters Max. reported Geographic area Linf in cm ( SE) k ( SE)

Length conversion equations length ( cm) ( length measurement) Male Female Both Male Female Both Male 1* Both: W= 0.003412TL3.412 ( r2= 0.96) 1 38 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 2Both: W= 0.00000128SL3.5 1 29.9 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1* Both: W= 0.2148TL2.723 ( r2= 0.92) 1 91 2Both: W= 0.0000131SL3.16 1 DeMartini et al. 1994 1 Love et al. 2000 Length ( TL= cm & FL, SL= mm) to weight ( g)

equation. * denotes TL = mm or FL, SL= cm AGE & GROWTH Page 657 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA to ( SE) Age composition Female Both Male Female Both Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Other refs. Longevity ( yrs.) information NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 4 9 NF 6 14 NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 4 4 NF 1,2,4 1 29 3 ( juveniles) 2,5,6 53 320 to 25 at San Nicolas I.

1 Cowen 1990 1 Limbaugh 1955 2 Warner 1975 2 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 3 Cowen 1991 3 Cowen 1985 4 DeMartini et al. 1994 4 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 5 CDF & G 1982 6 Love 1996 r2 Page 658 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 AB AC AD AE AF AG AH Sexuality Mating system Mode of reproduction Parental Care Male vs. Female length Secondary Characteristics Male protogynous hermaphrodite3,5 NF Oviparous1 NF NF NF 1,6 NG ( NG)

no evidence for hermaphroditism4 4 NG ( 5)

some individuals are hermaphrodites 6 NF NF Oviparous1,2 NF NF NF 1,4,6,714 ( 1) unspecified sex protogynous hermaphrodite1,2,5 Oviparous1 Males> Females1,2 1,5 NG ( NG)

2NG^ ( 6)

2NG^ ( 4)

2NG^ ( 5 to 6)

2NG^ ( 5)

3 25^ ( 5)

317^ ( 5)

6 30 ( 7 to 8)

1 Warner 1975 1 Watson 1996d 1 Warner 1975 1 Warner 1975 1 Limbaugh 1955 2 Cowen 1990 2 Love 1996 2 Cowen 1990 2 Crozier 1966 2 Cowen 1990 3 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 3 Warner 1975 4 Stephens et al. 1994 4 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 5 Feder et al. 1974 5 Crozier 1966 6 Love 1996 6 Feder et al. 1974 7 Love 1996 Sexual dimorphism males bump on forehead, back head and caudal region; females uniformaly red2 local population demography determines when sex change occurs2 1st maturity Females salmon colored with white chin; most males have black anterior and posterior, with mid region red and chin white; males also with large nuchal hump and filamentous extensions of median fins1 Breeding Behavior TL, FL*

Page 659 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP Female Male Female Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Other refs. Geographic Spawning Area NG ( 2 to 3) NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG NG NG California2,9 NG ( 2) NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG NG NG NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NG NG NG California1,2,3,5,6,7,8,9 25 to 28 ( NG) NG ( NG) NG ( NG) NA NA NA s. California2,3,4,9 28 to 30 ( 5) 48 ( 13 to 14) NG ( 6) dorsal spines Marginal increment analysis interreader comparisons; multiple spine comparison NG ( 3 to 4) 20 to 22 ( 5 to 6) NG ( 3 to 4) dorsal spines Marginal increment analysis interreader comparisons; multiple spine comparison NG ( 3) 26 to 28 ( 6 to 7) NG ( 4 to 5) dorsal spines Marginal increment analysis interreader comparisons; multiple spine comparison NG ( 3 to 4) 26 to 28 ( 6 to 7) NG ( 3 to 4) dorsal spines Marginal increment analysis interreader comparisons; multiple spine comparison 19 ( 4) 33 ( 7) 21 ( 4) dorsal spines Marginal increment analysis interreader comparisons; multiple spine comparison 14 ( 4) 21 ( 7) 15 ( 4) dorsal spines Marginal increment analysis interreader comparisons; multiple spine comparison 20 ( 4 to 5) NG ( NG) NG ( NG) dorsal spines Marginal increment analysis interreader comparisons; multiple spine comparison 1 Limbaugh 1955 2 Warner 1975 3 Watson 1996d 4 Cowen 1985 5 Bolin 1930 6 Breder & Rosen 1966 7 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 8 Wang 1981 9 Love 1996 50% maturity , or SL^ in cm ( age in yrs) at Fer REPRODUCTION Page 660 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC Fertilized eggs present Spawning females present Both reproductive states present Spawning Frequency Jan. Feb. March April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. ( per year)

***** NF ***** ***** ***** ***** NF ***** ***** ***** multiple1,2 1 Warner 1975 2 DeMartini et al. 1994 every 1.3 days during breeding season; 86 batches per year 2 rtilization and Spawning Period (^^^^^= peak fertilization;*****= peak spawn; ##### = doubtful spawning records Page 661 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 BD BE BF BG BH BI BJ Size specific fecundity equation Size at settlement ( TL= cm, SL= mm; * denotes TL= mm; SL= cm) Egg duration Larval duration ( SL in mm) Annual cohort success NF NF NF NF 129.9 ± 3.6 days NF NF NF NF NF 1 48 hours 139.4 ± 2.6 days NF NF 1ovary wt.= 0.00131SL2.95 NF 137.4 ± 5.1 days 112 to 13 NF 266.5 days 213.5 ( 12.7 to 16)

215 ± 8.7 ( NG) fecundity increases with size1 360 ( 37 to 78) days 2 5,755 ± 3,577 ( NG)

1 Warner 1975 1 Cowen 1990 1 Warner 1975 1 Bolin 1930 1 Victor 1986 1 Cowen 1985 2 DeMartini et al. 1994 2 Warner 1975 2 Cowen 1985 2 Cowen 1991 3 Cowen 1991 Fecundity Fecundity range in # eggs (@

cm, grams, or age)

Mean ( range) fecundity in eggs/ g female wt. 36,068 ( 20.9 SL) to 258,000 ( 35.9 SL) yolky oocytes2 1 NG ( 4,450 to 6,200) yolky oocytes per g ovary wt. DISPERSAL & RECRUITMENT Page 662 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 BK BL BM BN BO BP BQ BR BS BT Size Fish Size Fish Size ( diameter in mm) Habitat Predators ( mm) Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators ( SL mm)

NF planktonic1,2 11.5 to 2.0 to 21.9 planktonic1 1,2,30.74 to 0.79 planktonic1,2,4,5,6 12.0 to 18.6 planktonic1 4 0.75 2 2.1 to 2.6 to ( TL)

1 0.8 planktonic1,2,3,5 12.5 to 15.6 planktonic1 planktonic, midwater2 1 Watson 1996d 1 Limbaugh 1955 1 Watson 1996d 1 Watson 1996d 2 Bolin 1930 2 Watson 1996d 2 Wang 1981 2 Cowen 1985 3 Breder & Rosen 1966 3 Cowen 1985 4 Morris 1956a 4 Fitch & Laveneberg 1975 5 Feder et al. 1974 6 Love 1996 Food habits Eggs Larvae Page 663 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 BU BV BW BX BY BZ Food habits Habitat Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators Habitat NF NF NF NF surfgrass beds5 carnivore/ planktivorous3 NF diurnal1 NF at night they burrow into sand or mud1,7 surf and eelgrass beds; bays5,7 gorgonian beds1,6,7 NF NF NF moray eels1 surfgrass beds5 sleeps in rock crevices and holes at night 2,8,10,18,22,27 1 Limbaugh 1955 1 Tegner & Dayton 1981 1 Tegner & Dayton 1981 1 Wiley 1974 1 Limbaugh 1955 2 Coyer 1979 2 Hartney 1996 2 Wiley 1974 3 Turner et al. 1969 3 Hobson & Chess 1976 3 Larson & DeMartini 1984 4 Hobson & Chess 1976 4 Love 1996 4 Hobson 1971 5 DeMartini 1981 5 Stephens et al. 1984 6 Crozier 1966 6 Hobson & Chess 1986 7 Feder et al. 1974 7 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 8 Love 1996 8 CA Dept of Fish & Game 1982 9 Carlisle et al. 1964 10 Turner et al. 1969 burrow into the sand at night and sleep 1,10,12,13,16,18,20,27,28 ( larval sea urchins; calanoid and cyclopoid copepods;

bryzoan larvae; mollusk larvae; fish eggs) 1,2,3,4 kelp forest; surfgrass beds; rocky bottoms; forage over sandy bottoms; high and low relief; artificial reefs 1,3,5,6,9,10,14,15,17,18,22,24,26,27,36 flat sandy rocky areas; rocky reefs;

disappear into sand when frightened 1,3,7 kelp forest, throughout water column; rocky areas;

surfgrass beds; artificial reefs; soft substrata 1,3,4,5,9,10,14,15,16,18,19,20,22,23,24,25,26,27,28 kelp forest; rocky areas; disappear into bottom cover when frightened1,2,4,7,8 rocky and sandy bottom of kelp forest; burrow between rocks at night; surf grass beds; artificial reefs; tide pools1,3,5,6,7,9,10,11,13,14,17,21,24,26,27,28 Juveniles HABITAT ASSOCIATION & TROPHIC INTERACTIONS Life Stage Page 664 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 CA CB CC CD CE CF Adults Food habits Haplotype diversity Foraging guild Foraging method When / Frequency Predators Substocks ( Geographic Area)

carnivore/ microcarnivore19 picker1,4 diurnal1,6,8,9,10,15 NF NF NF grazer5 scavange sea urchins form sheephead attacks 3 omnivore/ microcarnivore18,23/ planktivore20/ mesocarnivore32 picker2,3,6,7 diurnal5,10,11,12,13,14,15 NF NF Caspian terns7 sea lions9,10 scavange sea urchins form sheephead attacks 3 carnivore/ microcarnivore19,23 crusher1 diurnal1,6,7,10,12,15 giant sea bass2,8 NF NF crusher/ winnower4 strictly diurnal2,4 1 Limbaugh 1955 1 Limbaugh 1955 1 Limbaugh 1955 1 Limbaugh 1955 2 Diaz & Hammann 1987 2 Tegner & Dayton 1981 2 Nelson & Vance 1979 2 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 3 Nelson & Vance 1979 3 Hobson 1971 3 Cowen 1983 3 Hobson 1971 4 Robles & Robb 1993 4 Hobson & Chess 1986 4 Vance & Schmitt 1979 4 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 5 Tegner & Dayton 1981 5 Stephens et al. 1994 5 Hobson 1971 5 Burge & Schultz 1973 6 Robles 1987 6 Hartney 1996 6 Hobson & Chess 1986 6 Hubbs et al. 1970 7 Cowen 1983 7 Bray & Ebeling 1975 7 CA Dept of Fish & Game 1 7 Harvey 1982 8 Fitch & Lavenberg 1971 8 Stephens et al. 1994 8 Fitch 1960 9 Turner & Ebert 1963 9 Sikkel 1995 9 Hawes 1983 10 Vance & Schmitt 1979 10 Hobson et al. 1981 10 Love 1996 individuals concentrate on one type of prey, but populations show wide variety of prey taken31 ( small crustaceans, like crabs and gammerids; bryozoans;

mussels and gastropods; sea urchins;

polychaetes) 1,2,4,5,6,14,15,17,22,27,28,33,34,36 birds, such as cormorants1,4,5,6,10 ( larval fish; plant debris; external fish parasites, such as caligids; squid, mussels, and gastropods; bryozoans;

crustanceans, like crabs, caprellids, and gammerids; small sea urchins; fish eggs, such as blacksmith eggs) 1,2,4,5,9,13,15,18,21,24,25,28,31,33,34,36 diurnal, with peak in the morning3 bocaccio and starry rockfish3 ( sea urchins, ophiuroids and other echinoderms; mussels and gastropods; crabs, such as decorator crabs, spiny lobster, and barnacles; squid; bryozoans; tubiculous polychaetes; fish eggs, such as blacksmith eggs)

1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,14,16,22,25,26,29,30,33,34,35,36,37 Page 665 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO Genetic variance Mean number of % Polymorphic First Recruitment Full Recruitment alleles per locus ( SE) loci Expected ( SE) Observed ( SE) Approach Effective population size Total length ( age) Total length ( age)

NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1,2NG 0.033 allozymes NF NF NF 1 Waples & Rosenblatt 1987 2 Wales 1987 GENETICS Nucleotide diversity (#) Mean heterozygosity Page 666 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX CY CZ RECRUITMENT INTO FISHERY Mortality Estimates Rate of Exploitation Method of Age range used Rate of Exploitation Sampling gear Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Natural ( M) Fishing ( F) Total ( Z) mortality estimation to calculate mortality exploitation ( u) ratio ( F/ Z)

NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF MORTALITY Page 667 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 DA DB DC DD DE Interactions / associations Competition with other organisms Tagging studies Resident or Transient Homing ability ( Home range)

competes with Hypsypops rubicundus for food1 No parasites found on this species4 NF Residential1,4,5 NF NF NF Residential1,2,4,6 Yes1 competes with Hypsypops rubicundus for food1 NF Residential1,3,4,6 NF 1 Sikkel 1995 1 Limbaugh 1955 1 Larson & DeMartini 1984 1 Hartney 1996 2 Cowen 1983 2 Hobson 1971 3 Wiley 1974 3 CDF & G 1982 4 Hobson 1971 4 Stephens et al. 1994 5 Sigalit & Rainboth 1992 5 Thomson & Lehner 1976 6 Carlisle et al. 1964 6 Helvey 1985 7 Turner et al. 1969 8 Hartney 1996 9 Bray & Ebeling 1975 10 Gotshall 1966 BEHAVIOR Movement infested by parasites from the families Caligidae and Ceratomyxidae14 may be negatively affected by chlorine discharge plums from power plants11 infested by parasites from the families Caligidae,

Gorgoderidae, Lepcreadiidae, Gnathiid larvae, and Capsalidae14 Cleans external parasites from pomacentrids like blacksmiths and garabaldis, sea basses,

embiotocids, topsmelt, bat rays, surfperches,

kyphosids, mola, other senoritas1,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,12,15,16 infected by ectoparasites from the families Caligidae and Chondracanthidae4 infested by roundworms from genera Anisakis and Phocanema 5 Has strong effect on the density and spatial distribution of Strongylocentrotus franciscanus at San Nicolas I. 2 enclosure in mucus envelope at night may help avoid predation3 infected by ectoparasites from the families Caligidae; also gnathiid larvae and monogenetic trematodes4 infested by parasites from the families Caligidae and Chondracanthidae14 may destroy small Macrocystis beds when feeding on the bryozoan Membranipora 13 may be negatively affected by chlorine discharge plums from power plants11 Page 668 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 1234 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 DF DG Schooling Territoriality No1,3,9,10 Yes6 Yes1,2,4,5,7,9 No1,3,8,9 No1 1 Limbaugh 1955 1 CDFG 1982 2 Hobson 1971 3 Hobson & Chess 1986 4 Burge & Schultz 1973 5 Turner et al. 1969 6 Stephens et al. 1994 7 Hobson & Chess 1976 8 Crozier 1966 9 Feder et al. 1974 10 Love 1996 Yes, but solitary and paired individuals also found 10 Page 669 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 A B C D E Page 670 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 F G H I J K L MNO P Page 671 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 Q R S T U V W X Y Z AA Page 672 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 AB AC AD AE AF AG AH Page 673 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 AI AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP Page 674 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 AQ AR AS AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC Page 675 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 BD BE BF BG BH BI BJ Page 676 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 BK BL BM BN BO BP BQ BR BS BT Page 677 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 BU BV BW BX BY BZ 11 Stephens et al. 1994 12 Hartney 1996 13 Hobson et al. 1981 14 Allen 1985 15 Ebeling, Larson, Alevizon, & Bray 1980 16 Bray & Ebeling 1975 17 Johnson et al. 1994 18 Ebeling & Bray 1976 19 Bodkin 1986 20 Hobson & Chess 1976 21 DeMartini 1981 22 Crozier 1966 23 Love et al. 1986 24 Ebeling, Larson, & Alevizon 1980 25 Bernstein & Jung 1979 26 Quast 1968a 27 Feder et al. 1974 28 Love 1996 Page 678 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 CA CB CC CD CE CF 11 Cowen 1986 11 Bray & Ebeling 1975 12 Wicksten 1978 12 Ebeling & Bray 1976 13 Hobson 1971 13 Hobson & Chess 1976 14 Hobson & Chess 1986 14 Bernstein & Jung 1979 15 Fitch & Lavenberg 1975 15 Love 1996 16 Turner et al. 1969 17 Thomson & Lehner 1976 18 Hartney 1996 19 Sikkel 1995a 20 Helvey 1985 21 Bray & Ebeling 1975 22 Johnson et al. 1994 23 Ebeling & Bray 1976 24 Hobson & Chess 1976 25 Tegner & Dayton 1977 26 Tegner 1980 27 Norris 1963 28 Holbrook et al. 1997 29 Crozier 1966 30 Winget 1968 31 Bernstein & Jung 1979 32 Quast 1968a 33 Quast 1968d 34 Feder et al. 1974 35 Allen 1916 36 Love 1996 37 Mitchell 1953 Page 679 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 CG CH CI CJ CK CL CM CN CO Page 680 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 CP CQ CR CS CT CU CV CW CX CY CZ Page 681 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 DA DB DC DD DE 11 Hose et al. 1983 12 Limbaugh 19??

13 Bernstein & Jung 1979 14 Love & Moser 1983 15 Feder et al. 1974 16 Limbaugh 1956 Page 682 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 DF DG Page 683 of 1167 5 2220e  Labridae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 A B C D E F Total Length ( cm)

Family name Scientific name ( Synonym) Common name( s) Geographic range Observed depth range ( m) to weight ( g) equation Malacanthidae1,2 Caulolatilus princeps 1,2 ocean whitefish 1shallow water to 136 m NF 1 Robins et al 1991 1 Robins et al 1991 1 Eschmeyer and Herald 1983 1 Love et al 2000 1 Love et al 2000 2 Eschmeyer 1998 2 Eschmeyer 1998 2 Gates and Frey 1974 3 Hart 1973 4 Love 1996 TAXONOMY RANGE Vancouver Island, British Columbia to Peru, including Gulf of California and Islas Galapagos1 blanquillo, whitefish, blanka, pez blanco 1,2,3,4 Page 684 of 1167 5 2220e  Malacanthidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 G H I J K L M N O P Q R Max. reported Geographic area Length conversion equations length ( cm) ( length measurment) Male Female Both Male Female Both Male Female Both NF 1102 cm TL NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1 Love et al 2000 Linf in cm ( SE) AGE and GROWTH k ( SE) to ( SE) Growth P Page 685 of 1167 5 2220e  Malacanthidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 S T U V W X Y Z AA r2 Age composition Male Female Both Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Other refs. Longevity ( Length) information NF NF NF NF NF NF NF 1,213 yrs. NF 313 yrs ( 50 53 cm)

1 Love 1996 2 Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 3 Kato 1991 Parameters Page 686 of 1167 5 2220e  Malacanthidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 AB AC AD AE AF AG AH AI Sexuality Mating system Mode of reproduction Parental Care Male : Female SL ratio Secondary Characteristics Male Female dioecious promiscuous oviparous1 No NF NF 148 56 cm ( 4 5 yrs) 41 48 cm ( 3 4 yrs)

1 Moser 1996a 1 Love 1996 REPRODUCTION Total length in cm Breeding Behavior Sexual dimorphism 1st maturity Page 687 of 1167 5 2220e  Malacanthidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 AJ AK AL AM AN AO AP AQ AR AS Fertilized eggs present Male Female Ageing structure / Method Validation Verification Other refs. Geographic Spawning Area Jan. Feb. March NG NG NG NG NG NF CalCOFI area1 California current region4 California2,3,5 Bay of La Paz, Mexico 1 Moser 1996a 2 Fitch and Lavenberg 1971 3 Dooley 1978 4 Kramer and Smith 1973 5 CDFG 1982 50% maturity m ( age in yrs) at Fertilization and Spawning Period (^^^

Page 688 of 1167 5 2220e  Malacanthidae 1234 5 67 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 AT AU AV AW AX AY AZ BA BB BC BD Mean Fecundity t Spawning females present Both reproductive states present eggs/ g April May June July Aug. Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Spawning Frequency ( weight range)