Section V, Health Effects Summary, and Section VI, Summary of OSHA's
Preliminary Quantitative Risk Assessment, respectively. The available
evidence indicates that employees exposed to respirable crystalline
silica well below the current PELs are at increased risk of lung cancer
mortality and silicosis mortality and morbidity. Occupational exposures
to respirable crystalline silica also may result in the development of
kidney and autoimmune diseases and in death from other nonmalignant
respiratory diseases. As discussed in Section VII, Significance of
Risk, in this preamble, OSHA preliminarily finds that worker exposure
to respirable crystalline silica constitutes a significant risk and
that the proposed standard will substantially reduce this risk.
    Section 6(b) of the OSH Act (29 U.S.C. 655(b)) requires OSHA to
determine that its standards are technologically and economically
feasible. OSHA's examination of the technological and economic
feasibility of the proposed rule is presented in the Preliminary
Economic Analysis and Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (PEA),
and is summarized in this section (Section VIII) of this preamble. For
general industry and maritime, OSHA has preliminarily concluded that
the proposed PEL of 50 [mu]g/m\3\ is technologically feasible for all
affected industries. For construction, OSHA has preliminarily
determined that the proposed PEL of 50 [mu]g/m\3\ is feasible in 10 out
of 12 of the affected activities. Thus, OSHA preliminarily concludes
that engineering and work practices will be sufficient to reduce and
maintain silica exposures to the proposed PEL of 50 [mu]g/m\3\ or below
in most operations most of the time in the affected industries. For
those few operations within an industry or activity where the proposed
PEL is not technologically feasible even when workers use recommended
engineering and work practice controls, employers can supplement
controls with respirators to achieve exposure levels at or below the
proposed PEL.
    OSHA developed quantitative estimates of the compliance costs of
the proposed rule for each of the affected industry sectors. The
estimated compliance costs were compared with industry revenues and
profits to provide a screening analysis of the economic feasibility of
complying with the revised standard and an evaluation of the potential
economic impacts. Industries with unusually high costs as a percentage
of revenues or profits were further analyzed for possible economic
feasibility issues. After performing these analyses, OSHA has
preliminarily concluded that compliance with the

requirements of the proposed rule would be economically feasible in
every affected industry sector.
    OSHA has examined two regulatory alternatives (named Regulatory
Alternatives 1 and 2) that would modify the PEL for
the proposed rule. Under Regulatory Alternative 1, the
proposed PEL would be changed from 50 [mu]g/m\3\ to 100 [mu]g/m\3\ for
all industry sectors covered by the rule, and the action level would be
changed from 25 [mu]g/m\3\ to 50 [mu]g/m\3\ (thereby keeping the action
level at one-half of the PEL). Under Regulatory Alternative 2,
the proposed PEL would be lowered from 50 [mu]g/m\3\ to 25 [mu]g/m\3\
for all industry sectors covered by the rule, while the action level
would remain at 25 [mu]g/m\3\ (because of difficulties in accurately
measuring exposure levels below 25 [mu]g/m\3\).
    Tables VIII-25 and VIII-26 present, for informational purposes, the
estimated costs, benefits, and net benefits of the proposed rule under
the proposed PEL of 50 [mu]g/m\3\ and for the regulatory alternatives
of a PEL of 100 [mu]g/m\3\ and a PEL of 25 [mu]g/m\3\ (Regulatory
Alternatives  1 and 2), using alternative discount
rates of 3 and 7 percent. These two tables also present the incremental
costs, the incremental benefits, and the incremental net benefits of
going from a PEL of 100 [mu]g/m\3\ to the proposed PEL of 50 [mu]g/m\3\
and then of going from the proposed PEL of 50 [mu]g/m\3\ to a PEL of 25
[mu]g/m\3\. Table VIII-25 breaks out costs by provision and benefits by
type of disease and by morbidity/mortality, while Table VIII-26 breaks
out costs and benefits by major industry sector.

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    As Tables VIII-25 and VIII-26 show, going from a PEL of 100 [mu]g/
m\3\ to a PEL of 50 [mu]g/m\3\ would prevent, annually, an additional
357 silica-related fatalities and an additional 632 cases of silicosis.
Based on its preliminary findings that

the proposed PEL of 50 [mu]g/m\3\ significantly reduces worker risk
from silica exposure (as demonstrated by the number of silica-related
fatalities and silicosis cases avoided) and is both technologically and
economically feasible, OSHA cannot propose a PEL of 100 [mu]g/m\3\
(Regulatory Alternative 1) without violating its statutory
obligations under the OSH Act. However, the Agency will consider
evidence that challenges its preliminary findings.
    As previously noted, Tables VIII-25 and VIII-26 also show the costs
and benefits of a PEL of 25 [mu]g/m\3\ (Regulatory Alternative
2), as well as the incremental costs and benefits of going
from the proposed PEL of 50 [mu]g/m\3\ to a PEL of 25 [mu]g/m\3\.
Because OSHA determined that a PEL of 25 [mu]g/m\3\ would not be
feasible (that is, engineering and work practices would not be
sufficient to reduce and maintain silica exposures to a PEL of 25
[mu]g/m\3\ or below in most operations most of the time in the affected
industries), the Agency did not attempt to identify engineering
controls or their costs for affected industries to meet this PEL.
Instead, for purposes of estimating the costs of going from a PEL of 50
[mu]g/m\3\ to a PEL of 25 [mu]g/m\3\, OSHA assumed that all workers
exposed between 50 [mu]g/m\3\ and 25 [mu]g/m\3\ would have to wear
respirators to achieve compliance with the 25 [mu]g/m\3\ PEL. OSHA then
estimated the associated additional costs for respirators, exposure
assessments, medical surveillance, and regulated areas (the latter
three for ancillary requirements specified in the proposed rule).
    As shown in Tables VIII-25 and VIII-26, going from a PEL of 50
[mu]g/m\3\ to a PEL of 25 [mu]g/m\3\ would prevent, annually, an
additional 335 silica-related fatalities and an additional 186 cases of
silicosis. These estimates support OSHA's preliminarily finding that
there is significant risk remaining at the proposed PEL of 50 [mu]g/
m\3\. However, the Agency has preliminarily determined that a PEL of 25
[mu]g/m\3\ (Regulatory Alternative 2) is not technologically
feasible, and for that reason, cannot propose it without violating its
statutory obligations under the OSH Act.
Regulatory Alternatives That Affect Ancillary Provisions
    The proposed rule contains several ancillary provisions (provisions
other the PEL), including requirements for exposure assessment, medical
surveillance, silica training, and regulated areas or access control.
As shown in Table VIII-25, these ancillary provisions represent
approximately $223 million (or about 34 percent) of the total
annualized costs of the rule of $658 million (using a 7 percent
discount rate). The two most expensive of the ancillary provisions are
the requirements for medical surveillance, with annualized costs of $79
million, and the requirements for exposure monitoring, with annualized
costs of $74 million.
    As proposed, the requirements for exposure assessment are triggered
by the action level. As described in this preamble, OSHA has defined
the action level for the proposed standard as an airborne concentration
of respirable crystalline silica of 25 [mu]g/m\3\ calculated as an
eight-hour time-weighted average. In this proposal, as in other
standards, the action level has been set at one-half of the PEL.
    Because of the variable nature of employee exposures to airborne
concentrations of respirable crystalline silica, maintaining exposures
below the action level provides reasonable assurance that employees
will not be exposed to respirable crystalline silica at levels above
the PEL on days when no exposure measurements are made. Even when all
measurements on a given day may fall below the PEL (but are above the
action level), there is some chance that on another day, when exposures
are not measured, the employee's actual exposure may exceed the PEL.
When exposure measurements are above the action level, the employer
cannot be reasonably confident that employees have not been exposed to
respirable crystalline silica concentrations in excess of the PEL
during at least some part of the work week. Therefore, requiring
periodic exposure measurements when the action level is exceeded
provides the employer with a reasonable degree of confidence in the
results of the exposure monitoring.
    The action level is also intended to encourage employers to lower
exposure levels in order to avoid the costs associated with the
exposure assessment provisions. Some employers would be able to reduce
exposures below the action level in all work areas, and other employers
in some work areas. As exposures are lowered, the risk of adverse
health effects among workers decreases.
    OSHA's preliminary risk assessment indicates that significant risk
remains at the proposed PEL of 50 [mu]g/m\3\. Where there is continuing
significant risk, the decision in the Asbestos case (Bldg. and
Constr.Trades Dep't, AFL-CIO v. Brock, 838 F.2d 1258, 1274 (DC Cir.
1988)) indicated that OSHA should use its legal authority to impose
additional requirements on employers to further reduce risk when those
requirements will result in a greater than de minimis incremental
benefit to workers' health. OSHA's preliminary conclusion is that the
requirements triggered by the action level will result in a very real
and necessary, but non-quantifiable, further reduction in risk beyond
that provided by the PEL alone. OSHA's choice of proposing an action
level for exposure monitoring of one-half of the PEL is based on the
Agency's successful experience with other standards, including those
for inorganic arsenic (29 CFR 1910.1018), ethylene oxide (29 CFR
1910.1047), benzene (29 CFR 1910.1028), and methylene chloride (29 CFR
1910.1052).
    As specified in the proposed rule, all workers exposed to
respirable crystalline silica above the PEL of 50 [mu]g/m\3\ are
subject to the medical surveillance requirements. This means that the
medical surveillance requirements would apply to 15,172 workers in
general industry and 336,244 workers in construction. OSHA estimates
that 457 possible silicosis cases will be referred to pulmonary
specialists annually as a result of this medical surveillance.
    OSHA has preliminarily determined that these ancillary provisions
will: (1) help to ensure the PEL is not exceeded, and (2) minimize risk
to workers given the very high level of risk remaining at the PEL. OSHA
did not estimate, and the benefits analysis does not include, monetary
benefits resulting from early discovery of illness.
    Because medical surveillance and exposure assessment are the two
most costly ancillary provisions in the proposed rule, the Agency has
examined four regulatory alternatives (named Regulatory Alternatives
3, 4, 5, and 6) involving changes
to one or the other of these ancillary provisions. These four
regulatory alternatives are defined below and the incremental cost
impact of each is summarized in Table VIII-27. In addition, OSHA is
including a regulatory alternative (named Regulatory Alternative
7) that would remove all ancillary provisions.

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    Under Regulatory Alternative 3, the action level would be
raised from 25 [micro]g/m\3\ to 50 [micro]g/m\3\ while keeping the PEL
at 50 [micro]g/m\3\. As a result, exposure monitoring requirements
would be triggered only if workers were exposed

above the proposed PEL of 50 [micro]g/m\3\. As shown in Table VIII-27,
Regulatory Option 3 would reduce the annualized cost of the
proposed rule by about $62 million, using a discount rate of either 3
percent or 7 percent.
    Under Regulatory Alternative 4, the action level would
remain at 25 [micro]g/m\3\ but medical surveillance would now be
triggered by the action level, not the PEL. As a result, medical
surveillance requirements would be triggered only if workers were
exposed at or above the proposed action level of 25 [micro]g/m\3\. As
shown in Table VIII-27, Regulatory Option 4 would increase the
annualized cost of the proposed rule by about $143 million, using a
discount rate of 3 percent (and by about $169 million, using a discount
rate of 7 percent).
    Under Regulatory Alternative 5, the only change to the
proposed rule would be to the medical surveillance requirements.
Instead of requiring workers exposed above the PEL to have a medical
check-up every three years, those workers would be required to have a
medical check-up annually. As shown in Table VIII-27, Regulatory Option
5 would increase the annualized cost of the proposed rule by
about $69 million, using a discount rate of 3 percent (and by about $66
million, using a discount rate of 7 percent).
    Regulatory Alternative 6 would essentially combine the
modified requirements in Regulatory Alternatives 4 and
5. Under Regulatory Alternative 6, medical
surveillance would be triggered by the action level, not the PEL, and
workers exposed at or above the action level would be required to have
a medical check-up annually rather than triennially. The exposure
monitoring requirements in the proposed rule would not be affected. As
shown in Table VIII-27, Regulatory Option 6 would increase the
annualized cost of the proposed rule by about $342 million, using a
discount rate of either 3 percent or 7 percent.
    OSHA is not able to quantify the effects of these preceding four
regulatory alternatives on protecting workers exposed to respirable
crystalline silica at levels at or below the proposed PEL of 50
[micro]g/m\3\--where significant risk remains. The Agency solicits
comment on the extent to which these regulatory options may improve or
reduce the effectiveness of the proposed rule.
    The final regulatory alternative affecting ancillary provisions,
Regulatory Alternative 7, would eliminate all of the ancillary
provisions of the proposed rule, including exposure assessment, medical
surveillance, training, and regulated areas or access control. However,
it should be carefully noted that elimination of the ancillary
provisions does not mean that all costs for ancillary provisions would
disappear. In order to meet the PEL, employers would still commonly
need to do monitoring, train workers on the use of controls, and set up
some kind of regulated areas to indicate where respirator use would be
required. It is also likely that employers would increasingly follow
the many recommendations to provide medical surveillance for employees.
OSHA has not attempted to estimate the extent to which the costs of
these activities would be reduced if they were not formally required,
but OSHA welcomes comment on the issue.
    As indicated previously, OSHA preliminarily finds that there is
significant risk remaining at the proposed PEL of 50 [mu]g/m\3\.
However, the Agency has also preliminarily determined that 50 [mu]g/
m\3\ is the lowest feasible PEL. Therefore, the Agency believes that it
is necessary to include ancillary provisions in the proposed rule to
further reduce the remaining risk. OSHA anticipates that these
ancillary provisions will reduce the risk beyond the reduction that
will be achieved by a new PEL alone.
    OSHA's reasons for including each of the proposed ancillary
provisions are detailed in Section XVI of this preamble, Summary and
Explanation of the Standards. In particular, OSHA believes that
requirements for exposure assessment (or alternately, using specified
exposure control methods for selected construction operations) would
provide a basis for ensuring that appropriate measures are in place to
limit worker exposures. Medical surveillance is particularly important
because individuals exposed above the PEL (which triggers medical
surveillance in the proposed rule) are at significant risk of death and
illness. Medical surveillance would allow for identification of
respirable crystalline silica-related adverse health effects at an
early stage so that appropriate intervention measures can be taken.
OSHA believes that regulated areas and access control are important
because they serve to limit exposure to respirable crystalline silica
to as few employees as possible. Finally, OSHA believes that worker
training is necessary to inform employees of the hazards to which they
are exposed, along with associated protective measures, so that
employees understand how they can minimize potential health hazards.
Worker training on silica-related work practices is particularly
important in controlling silica exposures because engineering controls
frequently require action on the part of workers to function
effectively.
    OSHA expects that the benefits estimated under the proposed rule
will not be fully achieved if employers do not implement the ancillary
provisions of the proposed rule. For example, OSHA believes that the
effectiveness of the proposed rule depends on regulated areas or access
control to further limit exposures and on medical surveillance to
identify disease cases when they do occur.
    Both industry and worker groups have recognized that a
comprehensive standard is needed to protect workers exposed to
respirable crystalline silica. For example, the industry consensus
standards for crystalline silica, ASTM E 1132-06, Standard Practice for
Health Requirements Relating to Occupational Exposure to Respirable
Crystalline Silica, and ASTM E 2626-09, Standard Practice for
Controlling Occupational Exposure to Respirable Crystalline Silica for
Construction and Demolition Activities, as well as the draft proposed
silica standard for construction developed by the Building and
Construction Trades Department, AFL-CIO, have each included
comprehensive programs. These recommended standards include provisions
for methods of compliance, exposure monitoring, training, and medical
surveillance (ASTM, 2006; 2009; BCTD 2001). Moreover, as mentioned
previously, where there is continuing significant risk, the decision in
the Asbestos case (Bldg. and Constr. Trades Dep't, AFL-CIO v. Brock,
838 F.2d 1258, 1274 (DC Cir. 1988)) indicated that OSHA should use its
legal authority to impose additional requirements on employers to
further reduce risk when those requirements will result in a greater
than de minimis incremental benefit to workers' health. OSHA
preliminarily concludes that the additional requirements in the
ancillary provisions of the proposed standard clearly exceed this
threshold.
A Regulatory Alternative That Modifies the Methods of Compliance
    The proposed standard in general industry and maritime would
require employers to implement engineering and work practice controls
to reduce employees' exposures to or below the PEL. Where engineering
and/or work practice controls are insufficient, employers would still
be required to implement them to reduce exposure as much as possible,
and to supplement them with a respiratory protection program. Under the
proposed

construction standard, employers would be given two options for
compliance. The first option largely follows requirements for the
general industry and maritime proposed standard, while the second
option outlines, in Table 1 (Exposure Control Methods for Selected
Construction Operations) of the proposed rule, specific construction
exposure control methods. Employers choosing to follow OSHA's proposed
control methods would be considered to be in compliance with the
engineering and work practice control requirements of the proposed
standard, and would not be required to conduct certain exposure
monitoring activities.
    One regulatory alternative (Regulatory Alternative 8)
involving methods of compliance would be to eliminate Table 1 as a
compliance option in the construction sector. Under this regulatory
alternative, OSHA estimates that there would be no effect on estimated
benefits but that the annualized costs of complying with the proposed
rule (without the benefit of the Table 1 option in construction) would
increase by $175 million, totally in exposure monitoring costs, using a
3 percent discount rate (and by $178 million using a 7 percent discount
rate), so that the total annualized compliance costs for all affected
establishments in construction would increase from $495 to $670 million
using a 3 percent discount rate (and from $511 to $689 million using a
7 percent discount rate).
Regulatory Alternatives That Affect the Timing of the Standard
    The proposed rule would become effective 60 days following
publication of the final rule in the Federal Register. Provisions
outlined in the proposed standard would become enforceable 180 days
following the effective date, with the exceptions of engineering
controls and laboratory requirements. The proposed rule would require
engineering controls to be implemented no later than one year after the
effective date, and laboratory requirements would be required to begin
two years after the effective date.
    One regulatory alternative (Regulatory Alternative 9)
involving the timing of the standard would arise if, contrary to OSHA's
preliminary findings, a PEL of 50 [micro]g/m\3\ with an action level of
25 [micro]g/m\3\ were found to be technologically and economically
feasible some time in the future (say, in five years), but not feasible
immediately. In that case, OSHA might issue a final rule with a PEL of
50 [micro]g/m\3\ and an action level of 25 [micro]g/m\3\ to take effect
in five years, but at the same time issue an interim PEL of 100
[micro]g/m\3\ and an action level of 50 [micro]g/m\3\ to be in effect
until the final rule becomes feasible. Under this regulatory
alternative, and consistent with the public participation and ``look
back'' provisions of Executive Order 13563, the Agency could monitor
compliance with the interim standard, review progress toward meeting
the feasibility requirements of the final rule, and evaluate whether
any adjustments to the timing of the final rule would be needed. Under
Regulatory Alternative 9, the estimated costs and benefits
would be somewhere between those estimated for a PEL of 100 [micro]g/
m\3\ with an action level of 50 [micro]g/m\3\ and those estimated for a
PEL of 50 [micro]g/m\3\ with an action level of 25 [micro]g/m\3\, the
exact estimates depending on the length of time until the final rule is
phased in. OSHA emphasizes that this regulatory alternative is contrary
to the Agency's preliminary findings of economic feasibility and, for
the Agency to consider it, would require specific evidence introduced
on the record to show that the proposed rule is not now feasible but
would be feasible in the future.
    Although OSHA did not explicitly develop or quantitatively analyze
any other regulatory alternatives involving longer-term or more complex
phase-ins of the standard (possibly involving more delayed
implementation dates for small businesses), OSHA is soliciting comments
on this issue. Such a particularized, multi-year phase-in would have
several advantages, especially from the viewpoint of impacts on small
businesses. First, it would reduce the one-time initial costs of the
standard by spreading them out over time, a particularly useful
mechanism for small businesses that have trouble borrowing large
amounts of capital in a single year. A differential phase-in for
smaller firms would also aid very small firms by allowing them to gain
from the control experience of larger firms. A phase-in would also be
useful in certain industries--such as foundries, for example--by
allowing employers to coordinate their environmental and occupational
safety and health control strategies to minimize potential costs.
However a phase-in would also postpone the benefits of the standard,
recognizing, as described in Chapter VII of the PEA, that the full
benefits of the proposal would take a number of years to fully
materialize even in the absence of a phase-in.
    As previously discussed in the Introduction to this preamble, OSHA
requests comments on these regulatory alternatives, including the
Agency's choice of regulatory alternatives (and whether there are other
regulatory alternatives the Agency should consider) and the Agency's
analysis of them.

I. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act, as amended in 1996, requires the
preparation of an Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis (IRFA) for
proposed rules where there would be a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities. (5 U.S.C. 601-612). Under the
provisions of the law, each such analysis shall contain:
    1. A description of the impact of the proposed rule on small
entities;
    2. A description of the reasons why action by the agency is being
considered;
    3. A succinct statement of the objectives of, and legal basis for,
the proposed rule;
    4. A description of and, where feasible, an estimate of the number
of small entities to which the proposed rule will apply;
    5. A description of the projected reporting, recordkeeping, and
other compliance requirements of the proposed rule, including an
estimate of the classes of small entities which will be subject to the
requirements and the type of professional skills necessary for
preparation of the report or record;
    6. An identification, to the extent practicable, of all relevant
Federal rules which may duplicate, overlap, or conflict with the
proposed rule; and
    7. A description and discussion of any significant alternatives to
the proposed rule which accomplish the stated objectives of applicable
statutes and which minimize any significant economic impact of the
proposed rule on small entities, such as
    (a) The establishment of differing compliance or reporting
requirements or timetables that take into account the resources
available to small entities;
    (b) The clarification, consolidation, or simplification of
compliance and reporting requirements under the rule for such small
entities;
    (c) The use of performance rather than design standards; and
    (d) An exemption from coverage of the rule, or any part thereof,
for such small entities.

5 U.S.C. 603, 607.

    The Regulatory Flexibility Act further states that the required
elements of the IRFA may be performed in conjunction with or as part of
any other agenda or analysis required by any other law if such other
analysis satisfies the provisions of the IRFA. 5 U.S.C. 605.
    While a full understanding of OSHA's analysis and conclusions with
respect to

costs and economic impacts on small entities requires a reading of the
complete PEA and its supporting materials, this IRFA will summarize the
key aspects of OSHA's analysis as they affect small entities.
A Description of the Impact of the Proposed Rule on Small Entities
    Section VIII.F of this preamble summarized the impacts of the
proposed rule on small entities. Tables VIII-12 and VIII-15 showed
costs as a percentage of profits and revenues for small entities in
general industry and maritime and in construction, respectively,
classified as small by the Small Business Administration, and Tables
VIII-13 and VIII-16 showed costs as a percentage of revenues and
profits for business entities with fewer than 20 employees in general
industry and maritime and in construction, respectively. (The costs in
these tables were annualized using a discount rate of 7 percent.)
A Description of the Reasons Why Action by the Agency Is Being
Considered
    Exposure to crystalline silica has been shown to increase the risk
of several serious diseases. Crystalline silica is the only known cause
of silicosis, which is a progressive respiratory disease in which
respirable crystalline silica particles cause an inflammatory reaction
in the lung, leading to lung damage and scarring, and, in some cases,
to complications resulting in disability and death. In addition, many
well-conducted investigations of exposed workers have shown that
exposure increases the risk of mortality from lung cancer, chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and renal disease. OSHA's
detailed analysis of the scientific literature and silica-related
health risks are presented in the background document entitled
``Respirable Crystalline Silica--Health Effects Literature Review and
Preliminary Quantitative Risk Assessment'' (placed in Docket OSHA-2010-
0034).
    Based on a review of over 60 epidemiological studies covering more
than 30 occupational groups, OSHA preliminarily concludes that
crystalline silica is a human carcinogen. Most of these studies
documented that exposed workers experience higher lung cancer mortality
rates than do unexposed workers or the general population, and that the
increase in lung cancer mortality is related to cumulative exposure to
crystalline silica. These exposure-related trends strongly implicate
crystalline silica as a likely causative agent. This is consistent with
the conclusions of other government and public health organizations,
including the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), the
Agency for Toxic Substance and Disease Registry (ATSDR), the World
Health Organization (WHO), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), the National Toxicology Program (NTP), the National Academies of
Science (NAS), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH), and the American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygienists (ACGIH).
    OSHA believes that the strongest evidence for carcinogenicity comes
from studies in five industry sectors (diatomaceous earth, pottery,
granite, industrial sand, and coal mining) as well as a study by
Steenland et al. (2001) that analyzed pooled data from 10 occupational
cohort studies; each of these studies found a positive relationship
between exposure to crystalline silica and lung cancer mortality. Based
on a variety of relative risk models fit to these data sets, OSHA
estimates that the excess lifetime risk to workers exposed over a
working life of 45 years at the current general industry permissible
exposure limit (PEL) (approximately 100 [mu]g/m\3\ respirable
crystalline silica) is between 13 and 60 deaths per 1,000 workers. For
exposure over a working life at the current construction and shipyard
employment PELs (estimated to range between 250 and 500 [mu]g/m\3\),
the estimated risk lies between 37 and 653 deaths per 1,000. Reducing
these PELs to the proposed PEL of 50 [mu]g/m\3\ respirable crystalline
silica results in a substantial reduction of these risks, to a range
estimated to be between 6 and 26 deaths per 1,000 workers.
    OSHA has also quantitatively evaluated the mortality risk from non-
malignant respiratory disease, including silicosis and COPD. Risk
estimates for silicosis mortality are based on a study by Mannetje et
al. (2002), which pooled data from six worker cohort studies to derive
a quantitative relationship between exposure and death rate for
silicosis. For non-malignant respiratory disease, risk estimates are
based on an epidemiologic study of diatomaceous earth workers, which
included a quantitative exposure-response analysis (Park et al., 2002).
For 45 years of exposure to the current general industry PEL, OSHA's
estimates of excess lifetime risk are 11 deaths per 1,000 workers for
the pooled analysis and 83 deaths per 1,000 workers based on Park et
al.'s (2002) estimates. At the proposed PEL, estimates of silicosis and
non-malignant respiratory disease mortality are 7 and 43 deaths per
1,000, respectively. As noted by Park et al. (2002), it is likely that
silicosis as a cause of death is often misclassified as emphysema or
chronic bronchitis; thus, Mannetje et al.'s selection of deaths may
tend to underestimate the true risk of silicosis mortality, while Park
et al.'s (2002) analysis would more fairly capture the total
respiratory mortality risk from all non-malignant causes, including
silicosis and COPD.
    OSHA also identified seven studies that quantitatively described
relationships between exposure to respirable crystalline silica and
silicosis morbidity, as diagnosed from chest radiography (i.e., chest
x-rays or computerized tomography). Estimates of silicosis morbidity
derived from these cohort studies range from 60 to 773 cases per 1,000
workers for a 45-year exposure to the current general industry PEL, and
approach unity for a 45-year exposure to the current construction/
shipyard PEL. Estimated risks of silicosis morbidity range from 20 to
170 cases per 1,000 workers for a 45-year exposure to the proposed PEL,
reflecting a substantial reduction in the risk associated with exposure
to the current PELs.
    OSHA's estimates of crystalline silica-related renal disease
mortality risk are derived from an analysis by Steenland et al. (2002),
in which data from three cohort studies were pooled to derive a
quantitative relationship between exposure to silica and the relative
risk of end-stage renal disease mortality. The cohorts included workers
in the U.S. gold mining, industrial sand, and granite industries. From
this study, OSHA estimates that exposure to the current general
industry and proposed PELs over a working life would result in a
lifetime excess renal disease risk of 39 and 32 deaths per 1,000
workers, respectively. For exposure to the current construction/
shipyard PEL, OSHA estimates the excess lifetime risk to range from 52
to 63 deaths per 1,000 workers.
A Statement of the Objectives of, and Legal Basis for, the Proposed
Rule
    The objective of the proposed rule is to reduce the numbers of
fatalities and illnesses occurring among employees exposed to
respirable crystalline silica in general industry, maritime, and
construction sectors. This objective will be achieved by requiring
employers to install engineering controls where appropriate and to
provide employees with the equipment, respirators, training, exposure
monitoring, medical surveillance, and other protective

measures to perform their jobs safely. The legal basis for the rule is
the responsibility given the U.S. Department of Labor through the
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act). The OSH Act
provides that, in promulgating health standards dealing with toxic
materials or harmful physical agents, the Secretary ``shall set the
standard which most adequately assures, to the extent feasible, on the
basis of the best available evidence that no employee will suffer
material impairment of health or functional capacity even if such
employee has regular exposure to the hazard dealt with by such standard
for the period of his working life.'' 29 U.S.C. Sec. 655(b)(5). See
Section II of this preamble for a more detailed discussion of the
Secretary's legal authority to promulgate standards.
A Description of and Estimate of the Number of Small Entities To Which
the Proposed Rule Will Apply
    OSHA has completed a preliminary analysis of the impacts associated
with this proposal, including an analysis of the type and number of
small entities to which the proposed rule would apply, as described
above. In order to determine the number of small entities potentially
affected by this rulemaking, OSHA used the definitions of small
entities developed by the Small Business Administration (SBA) for each
industry.
    OSHA estimates that approximately 470,000 small business or
government entities would be affected by the proposed standard. Within
these small entities, roughly 1.3 million workers are exposed to
crystalline silica and would be protected by the proposed standard. A
breakdown, by industry, of the number of affected small entities is
provided in Table III-3 in Chapter III of the PEA.
    OSHA estimates that approximately 356,000 very small entities would
be affected by the proposed standard. Within these very small entities,
roughly 580,000 workers are exposed to crystalline silica and would be
protected by the proposed standard. A breakdown, by industry, of the
number of affected very small entities is provided in Table III-4 in
Chapter III of the PEA.
A Description of the Projected Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Other
Compliance Requirements of the Proposed Rule
    Tables VIII-28 and VIII-29 show the average costs of the proposed
standard by NAICS code and by compliance requirement for, respectively,
small entities (classified as small by SBA) and very small entities
(fewer than 20 employees). For the average small entity in general
industry and maritime, the estimated cost of the proposed rule would be
about $2,103 annually, with engineering controls accounting for 67
percent of the costs and exposure monitoring accounting for 23 percent
of the costs. For the average small entity in construction, the
estimate cost of the proposed rule would be about $798 annually, with
engineering controls accounting for 47 percent of the costs, exposure
monitoring accounting for 17 percent of the costs, and medical
surveillance accounting for 15 percent of the costs.
    For the average very small entity in general industry and maritime,
the estimate cost of the proposed rule would be about $616 annually,
with engineering controls accounting for 55 percent of the costs and
exposure monitoring accounting for 33 percent of the costs. For the
average very small entity in construction, the estimate cost of the
proposed rule would be about $533 annually, with engineering controls
accounting for 45 percent of the costs, exposure monitoring accounting
for 16 percent of the costs, and medical surveillance accounting for 16
percent of the costs.
    Table VIII-30 shows the unit costs which form the basis for these
cost estimates for the average small entity and very small entity.

        Table VIII-28--Average Costs for Small Entities Affected by the Proposed Silica Standard for General Industry, Maritime, and Construction
                                                                     [2009 dollars]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Engineering
                                                          controls                                                              Regulated
          NAICS                      Industry             (includes    Respirators    Exposure       Medical      Training      areas or        Total
                                                          abrasive                   monitoring   surveillance                   access
                                                          blasting)                                                              control
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
324121...................  Asphalt paving mixture and           $232            $4           $13            $1           $74            $1          $326
                            block manufacturing.
324122...................  Asphalt shingle and roofing         5,721           297         1,887           103           114           111         8,232
                            materials.
325510...................  Paint and coating                       0            10            36             3            15             4            69
                            manufacturing.
327111...................  Vitreous china plumbing             6,310           428         2,065           150           162           160         9,274
                            fixtures & bathroom
                            accessories manufacturing.
327112...................  Vitreous china, fine                1,679           114           663            41            47            42         2,586
                            earthenware, & other
                            pottery product
                            manufacturing.
327113...................  Porcelain electrical supply         6,722           458         2,656           162           188           170        10,355
                            mfg.
327121...................  Brick and structural clay          28,574           636         3,018           226           237           236        32,928
                            mfg.
327122...................  Ceramic wall and floor tile        10,982           245         1,160            87            91            91        12,655
                            mfg.
327123...................  Other structural clay              10,554           235         1,115            83            87            87        12,162
                            product mfg.
327124...................  Clay refractory                     1,325            92           653            33            81            34         2,218
                            manufacturing.
327125...................  Nonclay refractory                  1,964           136           802            48           110            51         3,110
                            manufacturing.
327211...................  Flat glass manufacturing...         4,068           160           520            56            50            60         4,913
327212...................  Other pressed and blown               889            34           110            12            11            13         1,068
                            glass and glassware
                            manufacturing.
327213...................  Glass container                     2,004            76           248            27            24            29         2,408
                            manufacturing.
327320...................  Ready-mixed concrete                1,728           460         1,726           163           121           171         4,369
                            manufacturing.
327331...................  Concrete block and brick            3,236           245         1,257            87           134            91         5,049
                            mfg.
327332...................  Concrete pipe mfg..........         5,105           386         1,983           137           211           143         7,966
327390...................  Other concrete product mfg.         3,016           228         1,171            81           125            85         4,705
327991...................  Cut stone and stone product         2,821           207         1,040            74            65            77         4,284
                            manufacturing.
327992...................  Ground or treated mineral          12,034           174         3,449            62           191            65        15,975
                            and earth manufacturing.
327993...................  Mineral wool manufacturing.         1,365            56           185            20            17            21         1,664
327999...................  All other misc. nonmetallic         2,222           168           863            60            92            62         3,467
                            mineral product mfg.
331111...................  Iron and steel mills.......           604            34           138            12            11            13           812

331112...................  Electrometallurgical                  514            29           118            10            10            11           692
                            ferroalloy product
                            manufacturing.
331210...................  Iron and steel pipe and               664            38           154            13            13            14           896
                            tube manufacturing from
                            purchased steel.
331221...................  Rolled steel shape                    583            33           135            12            11            12           787
                            manufacturing.
331222...................  Steel wire drawing.........           638            36           148            13            12            14           862
331314...................  Secondary smelting and                577            33           133            11            11            12           777
                            alloying of aluminum.
331423...................  Secondary smelting,                   534            30           125            11            10            11           722
                            refining, and alloying of
                            copper.
331492...................  Secondary smelting,                   548            31           128            11            11            12           741
                            refining, and alloying of
                            nonferrous metal (except
                            cu & al).
331511...................  Iron foundries.............         9,143           522         2,777           185           200           194        13,021
331512...................  Steel investment foundries.        11,874           675         3,596           240           249           251        16,885
331513...................  Steel foundries (except             9,223           526         2,802           187           202           196        13,135
                            investment).
331524...................  Aluminum foundries (except          7,367           419         2,231           149           155           156        10,476
                            die-casting).
331525...................  Copper foundries (except            4,563           260         1,382            92            96            96         6,489
                            die-casting).
331528...................  Other nonferrous foundries          3,895           222         1,179            79            82            82         5,539
                            (except die-casting).
332111...................  Iron and steel forging.....           531            30           161            11            12            11           756
332112...................  Nonferrous forging.........           533            30           162            11            12            11           760
332115...................  Crown and closure                     514            29           156            10            11            11           732
                            manufacturing.
332116...................  Metal stamping.............           533            30           162            11            12            11           759
332117...................  Powder metallurgy part                535            31           163            11            12            11           762
                            manufacturing.
332211...................  Cutlery and flatware                  518            30           157            10            11            11           738
                            (except precious)
                            manufacturing.
332212...................  Hand and edge tool                    542            31           165            11            12            12           772
                            manufacturing.
332213...................  Saw blade and handsaw                 528            30           160            11            12            11           752
                            manufacturing.
332214...................  Kitchen utensil, pot, and             560            32           170            11            12            12           798
                            pan manufacturing.
332323...................  Ornamental and                        524            20           102             7            11             8           673
                            architectural metal work.
332439...................  Other metal container                 550            31           167            11            12            12           784
                            manufacturing.
332510...................  Hardware manufacturing.....           531            30           161            11            12            11           756
332611...................  Spring (heavy gauge)                  529            30           161            11            12            11           754
                            manufacturing.
332612...................  Spring (light gauge)                  585            33           178            12            13            12           834
                            manufacturing.
332618...................  Other fabricated wire                 537            31           163            11            12            11           765
                            product manufacturing.
332710...................  Machine shops..............           518            30           157            10            11            11           738
332812...................  Metal coating and allied              843            33           165            12            18            12         1,083
                            services.
332911...................  Industrial valve                      528            30           160            11            12            11           752
                            manufacturing.
332912...................  Fluid power valve and hose            532            30           162            11            12            11           757
                            fitting manufacturing.
332913...................  Plumbing fixture fitting              528            30           160            11            12            11           752
                            and trim manufacturing.
332919...................  Other metal valve and pipe            536            31           163            11            12            11           764
                            fitting manufacturing.
332991...................  Ball and roller bearing               545            31           131            11            11            12           741
                            manufacturing.
332996...................  Fabricated pipe and pipe              529            30           161            11            12            11           754
                            fitting manufacturing.
332997...................  Industrial pattern                    517            29           157            10            11            11           736
                            manufacturing.
332998...................  Enameled iron and metal               484            23            97             8            10             9           630
                            sanitary ware
                            manufacturing.
332999...................  All other miscellaneous               521            30           158            11            11            11           742
                            fabricated metal product
                            manufacturing.
333319...................  Other commercial and                  526            30           160            11            12            11           750
                            service industry machinery
                            manufacturing.
333411...................  Air purification equipment            525            30           160            11            11            11           748
                            manufacturing.
333412...................  Industrial and commercial             555            32           169            11            12            12           791
                            fan and blower
                            manufacturing.
333414...................  Heating equipment (except             520            30           158            11            11            11           741
                            warm air furnaces)
                            manufacturing.
333511...................  Industrial mold                       522            30           159            11            11            11           743
                            manufacturing.
333512...................  Machine tool (metal cutting           524            30           159            11            11            11           746
                            types) manufacturing.
333513...................  Machine tool (metal forming           532            30           162            11            12            11           758
                            types) manufacturing.
333514...................  Special die and tool, die             522            30           158            11            11            11           743
                            set, jig, and fixture
                            manufacturing.
333515...................  Cutting tool and machine              524            30           159            11            11            11           746
                            tool accessory
                            manufacturing.

333516...................  Rolling mill machinery and            522            30           159            11            11            11           744
                            equipment manufacturing.
333518...................  Other metalworking                    537            31           163            11            12            11           765
                            machinery manufacturing.
333612...................  Speed changer, industrial             546            31           166            11            12            12           777
                            high-speed drive, and gear
                            manufacturing.
333613...................  Mechanical power                      529            30           161            11            12            11           754
                            transmission equipment
                            manufacturing.
333911...................  Pump and pumping equipment            535            31           163            11            12            11           762
                            manufacturing.
333912...................  Air and gas compressor                532            30           162            11            12            11           758
                            manufacturing.
333991...................  Power-driven handtool                 514            29           156            10            11            11           732
                            manufacturing.
333992...................  Welding and soldering                 523            30           159            11            11            11           745
                            equipment manufacturing.
333993...................  Packaging machinery                   521            30           158            11            11            11           742
                            manufacturing.
333994...................  Industrial process furnace            531            30           161            11            12            11           757
                            and oven manufacturing.
333995...................  Fluid power cylinder and              531            30           161            11            12            11           756
                            actuator manufacturing.
333996...................  Fluid power pump and motor            542            31           165            11            12            11           772
                            manufacturing.
333997...................  Scale and balance (except             537            31           163            11            12            11           764
                            laboratory) manufacturing.
333999...................  All other miscellaneous               523            30           159            11            11            11           745
                            general purpose machinery
                            manufacturing.
334518...................  Watch, clock, and part                514            29           156            10            11            11           732
                            manufacturing.
335211...................  Electric housewares and               523            20            76             7             9             8           643
                            household fans.
335221...................  Household cooking appliance           529            20            77             7             9             8           649
                            manufacturing.
335222...................  Household refrigerator and          1,452            56           210            19            26            21         1,784
                            home freezer manufacturing.
335224...................  Household laundry equipment         1,461            56           212            19            26            21         1,795
                            manufacturing.
335228...................  Other major household                 523            20           101             7            11             8           671
                            appliance manufacturing.
336111...................  Automobile manufacturing...         1,309            75           297            25            23            28         1,757
336112...................  Light truck and utility             4,789           273         1,085            92            86           102         6,425
                            vehicle manufacturing.
336120...................  Heavy duty truck                    1,211            69           275            23            22            26         1,626
                            manufacturing.
336211...................  Motor vehicle body                    579            33           137            11            11            12           784
                            manufacturing.
336212...................  Truck trailer manufacturing           525            30           160            11            11            11           748
336213...................  Motor home manufacturing...           792            45           181            15            15            17         1,064
336311...................  Carburetor, piston, piston            525            30           160            11            11            11           748
                            ring, and valve
                            manufacturing.
336312...................  Gasoline engine and engine            522            30           120            10            10            11           703
                            parts manufacturing.
336322...................  Other motor vehicle                   524            30           121            10            10            11           706
                            electrical and electronic
                            equipment manufacturing.
336330...................  Motor vehicle steering and            526            30           120            10            10            11           708
                            suspension components
                            (except spring)
                            manufacturing.
336340...................  Motor vehicle brake system            527            30           121            10            10            11           710
                            manufacturing.
336350...................  Motor vehicle transmission            528            30           121            10            10            11           710
                            and power train parts
                            manufacturing.
336370...................  Motor vehicle metal                   556            32           169            11            12            12           792
                            stamping.
336399...................  All other motor vehicle               535            30           123            10            10            11           721
                            parts manufacturing.
336611...................  Ship building and repair...        13,685             0           718           692            47            75        15,217
336612...................  Boat building..............         2,831             0           202           149            11            16         3,209
336992...................  Military armored vehicle,             624            35           149            12            12            13           845
                            tank, and tank component
                            manufacturing.
337215...................  Showcase, partition,                  527            30           160            11            12            11           751
                            shelving, and locker
                            manufacturing.
339114...................  Dental equipment and                  671            39           145            14            11            15           895
                            supplies manufacturing.
339116...................  Dental laboratories........            12             7           130             3            44             3           199
339911...................  Jewelry (except costume)              120            92           475            33            41            34           795
                            manufacturing.
339913...................  Jewelers' materials and               151           115           596            41            51            43           997
                            lapidary work
                            manufacturing.
339914...................  Costume jewelry and novelty            87            44           229            16            19            16           412
                            manufacturing.
339950...................  Sign manufacturing.........           465            20           107             7            11             8           618
423840...................  Industrial supplies,                  313            29           257            10            15            11           636
                            wholesalers.

482110...................  Rail transportation........  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............  ............
621210...................  Dental offices.............             3             2            32             1            11             1            50
                           Total--General Industry and         1,399            93           483            46            46            36         2,103
                            Maritime.
236100...................  Residential Building                  264            43            34            37            27            15           419
                            Construction.
236200...................  Nonresidential Building               234           104            67            89            66            14           575
                            Construction.
237100...................  Utility System Construction           978            89           172            78           185            30         1,531
237200...................  Land Subdivision...........           104             9            25             8            30             3           180
237300...................  Highway, Street, and Bridge           692           109           179            95           227            26         1,329
                            Construction.
237900...................  Other Heavy and Civil                 592            60           134            52           175            18         1,032
                            Engineering Construction.
238100...................  Foundation, Structure, and            401           359           113           307            91            49         1,319
                            Building Exterior
                            Contractors.
238200...................  Building Equipment                    156            18            21            16            27             7           244
                            Contractors.
238300...................  Building Finishing                    289            24            23            50            27             9           421
                            Contractors.
238900...................  Other Specialty Trade                 460            43            65            52            79            30           729
                            Contractors.
999000...................  State and Local Governments           108            16            31            14            43            11           222
                            [c].
                           Total--Construction........           375           132            72           122            71            26           798
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: U.S. Dept. of Labor, OSHA, Directorate of Standards and Guidance, Office of Regulatory Analysis, based on ERG (2013).

    Table VIII-29--Average Costs for Very Small Entities (<20 Employees) Affected by the Proposed Silica Standard for General Industry, Maritime, and
                                                                      Construction
                                                                     [2009 dollars]
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                         Engineering
                                                          controls                                                              Regulated
          NAICS                      Industry             (includes    Respirators    Exposure       Medical      Training      areas or        Total
                                                          abrasive                   monitoring   surveillance                   access
                                                          blasting)                                                              control
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
324121...................  Asphalt paving mixture and            $74            $1            $5            $0           $26            $0          $107
                            block manufacturing.
324122...................  Asphalt shingle and roofing           914            48           476            17            23            18         1,496
                            materials.
325510...................  Paint and coating                       0             7            33             3            13             3            58
                            manufacturing.
327111...................  Vitreous china plumbing               851            58           422            21            26            22         1,400
                            fixtures & bathroom
                            accessories manufacturing.
327112...................  Vitreous china, fine                  705            48           349            17            22            18         1,160
                            earthenware, & other
                            pottery product
                            manufacturing.
327113...................  Porcelain electrical supply           851            58           422            21            26            22         1,400
                            mfg.
327121...................  Brick and structural clay           2,096            47           277            17            19            17         2,474
                            mfg.
327122...................  Ceramic wall and floor tile         2,385            53           316            19            22            20         2,815
                            mfg.
327123...................  Other structural clay               2,277            51           301            18            21            19         2,687
                            product mfg.
327124...................  Clay refractory                       301            21           186             8            20             8           543
                            manufacturing.
327125...................  Nonclay refractory                    471            33           291            12            32            12           852
                            manufacturing.
327211...................  Flat glass manufacturing...           842            34           163            12            12            12         1,075
327212...................  Other pressed and blown               873            34           164            12            12            12         1,107
                            glass and glassware
                            manufacturing.
327213...................  Glass container                       873            34           164            12            12            12         1,107
                            manufacturing.
327320...................  Ready-mixed concrete                  475           127           595            46            37            47         1,328
                            manufacturing.
327331...................  Concrete block and brick              966            74           470            27            44            27         1,608
                            mfg.
327332...................  Concrete pipe mfg..........         1,046            80           509            29            48            29         1,741
327390...................  Other concrete product mfg.           854            65           416            23            39            24         1,422
327991...................  Cut stone and stone product         1,158            86           535            31            30            32         1,872
                            manufacturing.
327992...................  Ground or treated mineral           3,564            52         1,280            19            63            19         4,997
                            and earth manufacturing.
327993...................  Mineral wool manufacturing.           823            34           166            12            12            13         1,061
327999...................  All other misc. nonmetallic           797            61           388            22            37            22         1,327
                            mineral product mfg.
331111...................  Iron and steel mills.......           517            30           197            11            13            11           777
331112...................  Electrometallurgical                    0             0             0             0             0             0             0
                            ferroalloy product
                            manufacturing.
331210...................  Iron and steel pipe and               514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            tube manufacturing from
                            purchased steel.
331221...................  Rolled steel shape                    514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
331222...................  Steel wire drawing.........           514            30           196            11            12            11           774
331314...................  Secondary smelting and                514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            alloying of aluminum.
331423...................  Secondary smelting,                     0             0             0             0             0             0             0
                            refining, and alloying of
                            copper.
331492...................  Secondary smelting,                   514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            refining, and alloying of
                            nonferrous metal (except
                            cu & al).
331511...................  Iron foundries.............         1,093            63           416            23            26            23         1,644
331512...................  Steel investment foundries.         1,181            68           448            24            28            25         1,774
331513...................  Steel foundries (except             1,060            61           404            22            26            22         1,595
                            investment).

331524...................  Aluminum foundries (except          1,425            82           541            29            33            30         2,141
                            die-casting).
331525...................  Copper foundries (except            1,503            86           570            31            35            32         2,257
                            die-casting).
331528...................  Other nonferrous foundries          1,401            80           532            29            33            30         2,104
                            (except die-casting).
332111...................  Iron and steel forging.....           514            30           196            11            12            11           774
332112...................  Nonferrous forging.........           514            30           196            11            12            11           774
332115...................  Crown and closure                     514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
332116...................  Metal stamping.............           515            30           196            11            12            11           775
332117...................  Powder metallurgy part                514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
332211...................  Cutlery and flatware                  514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            (except precious)
                            manufacturing.
332212...................  Hand and edge tool                    514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
332213...................  Saw blade and handsaw                 514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
332214...................  Kitchen utensil, pot, and               0             0             0             0             0             0             0
                            pan manufacturing.
332323...................  Ornamental and                        520            20           127             7            12             8           694
                            architectural metal work.
332439...................  Other metal container                 524            30           199            11            13            11           788
                            manufacturing.
332510...................  Hardware manufacturing.....           517            30           197            11            13            11           777
332611...................  Spring (heavy gauge)                  523            30           199            11            13            11           786
                            manufacturing.
332612...................  Spring (light gauge)                  514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
332618...................  Other fabricated wire                 514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            product manufacturing.
332710...................  Machine shops..............           515            30           196            11            12            11           774
332812...................  Metal coating and allied              519            20           127             7            12             8           694
                            services.
332911...................  Industrial valve                      514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
332912...................  Fluid power valve and hose            514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            fitting manufacturing.
332913...................  Plumbing fixture fitting              514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            and trim manufacturing.
332919...................  Other metal valve and pipe            519            30           198            11            13            11           781
                            fitting manufacturing.
332991...................  Ball and roller bearing               514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
332996...................  Fabricated pipe and pipe              514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            fitting manufacturing.
332997...................  Industrial pattern                    514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
332998...................  Enameled iron and metal               484            23           153             8            12             9           690
                            sanitary ware
                            manufacturing.
332999...................  All other miscellaneous               514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            fabricated metal product
                            manufacturing.
333319...................  Other commercial and                  514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            service industry machinery
                            manufacturing.
333411...................  Air purification equipment            514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
333412...................  Industrial and commercial             514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            fan and blower
                            manufacturing.
333414...................  Heating equipment (except             517            30           197            11            13            11           777
                            warm air furnaces)
                            manufacturing.
333511...................  Industrial mold                       515            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
333512...................  Machine tool (metal cutting           516            30           196            11            13            11           776
                            types) manufacturing.
333513...................  Machine tool (metal forming           514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            types) manufacturing.
333514...................  Special die and tool, die             515            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            set, jig, and fixture
                            manufacturing.
333515...................  Cutting tool and machine              515            30           196            11            12            11           775
                            tool accessory
                            manufacturing.
333516...................  Rolling mill machinery and            514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            equipment manufacturing.
333518...................  Other metalworking                    514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            machinery manufacturing.
333612...................  Speed changer, industrial             514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            high-speed drive, and gear
                            manufacturing.
333613...................  Mechanical power                      514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            transmission equipment
                            manufacturing.
333911...................  Pump and pumping equipment            514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
333912...................  Air and gas compressor                514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
333991...................  Power-driven handtool                 514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
333992...................  Welding and soldering                 514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            equipment manufacturing.
333993...................  Packaging machinery                   514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
333994...................  Industrial process furnace            514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            and oven manufacturing.

333995...................  Fluid power cylinder and              514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            actuator manufacturing.
333996...................  Fluid power pump and motor            514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
333997...................  Scale and balance (except             514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            laboratory) manufacturing.
333999...................  All other miscellaneous               514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            general purpose machinery
                            manufacturing.
334518...................  Watch, clock, and part                514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
335211...................  Electric housewares and                 0             0             0             0             0             0             0
                            household fans.
335221...................  Household cooking appliance           523            20           127             7            12             8           698
                            manufacturing.
335222...................  Household refrigerator and              0             0             0             0             0             0             0
                            home freezer manufacturing.
335224...................  Household laundry equipment             0             0             0             0             0             0             0
                            manufacturing.
335228...................  Other major household                   0             0             0             0             0             0             0
                            appliance manufacturing.
336111...................  Automobile manufacturing...           514            30           196            11            12            11           774
336112...................  Light truck and utility               514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            vehicle manufacturing.
336120...................  Heavy duty truck                      514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
336211...................  Motor vehicle body                    514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
336212...................  Truck trailer manufacturing           514            30           196            11            12            11           774
336213...................  Motor home manufacturing...           514            30           196            11            12            11           774
336311...................  Carburetor, piston, piston            514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            ring, and valve
                            manufacturing.
336312...................  Gasoline engine and engine            514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            parts manufacturing.
336322...................  Other motor vehicle                   514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            electrical and electronic
                            equipment manufacturing.
336330...................  Motor vehicle steering and            514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            suspension components
                            (except spring)
                            manufacturing.
336340...................  Motor vehicle brake system            514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            manufacturing.
336350...................  Motor vehicle transmission            514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            and power train parts
                            manufacturing.
336370...................  Motor vehicle metal                   517            30           197            11            13            11           778
                            stamping.
336399...................  All other motor vehicle               514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            parts manufacturing.
336611...................  Ship building and repair...         2,820             0           253           151            13            16         3,252
336612...................  Boat building..............         2,816             0           252           151            12            15         3,247
336992...................  Military armored vehicle,               0             0             0             0             0             0             0
                            tank, and tank component
                            manufacturing.
337215...................  Showcase, partition,                  514            30           196            11            12            11           774
                            shelving, and locker
                            manufacturing.
339114...................  Dental equipment and                  663            39           180            14            12            14           922
                            supplies manufacturing.
339116...................  Dental laboratories........             8             5           107             2            32             2           156
339911...................  Jewelry (except costume)               45            35           225            13            17            13           348
                            manufacturing.
339913...................  Jewelers' materials and                52            40           256            14            19            15           397
                            lapidary work
                            manufacturing.
339914...................  Costume jewelry and novelty            50            26           166             9            12            10           274
                            manufacturing.
339950...................  Sign manufacturing.........           459            20           132             7            12             7           639
423840...................  Industrial supplies,                  262            24           215             9            13             9           531
                            wholesalers.
482110...................  Rail transportation........
621210...................  Dental offices.............             3             2            32             1            11             1            49
                           Total--General Industry and           337            29           205            12            23            11           616
                            Maritime.
236100...................  Residential Building                  264            43            42            38            30            15           432
                            Construction.
236200...................  Nonresidential Building               117            52            42            46            37             7           301
                            Construction.
237100...................  Utility System Construction           326            30            71            27            69            10           532
237200...................  Land Subdivision...........           104             9            25             8            30             3           180
237300...................  Highway, Street, and Bridge           275            44            89            39           102            10           559
                            Construction.
237900...................  Other Heavy and Civil                 202            20            57            18            67             6           372
                            Engineering Construction.
238100...................  Foundation, Structure, and            228           204            80           180            58            28           778
                            Building Exterior
                            Contractors.
238200...................  Building Equipment                    156            18            26            16            30             7           253
                            Contractors.
238300...................  Building Finishing                    289            24            28            51            30             9           431
                            Contractors.
238900...................  Other Specialty Trade                 276            26            49            32            53            18           454
                            Contractors.
999000...................  State and Local Governments           N/A           N/A           N/A           N/A           N/A           N/A           N/A
                            [c].

                           Total--Construction........           242            87            56            83            49            17           533
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Source: U.S. Dept. of Labor, OSHA, Directorate of Standards and Guidance, Office of Regulatory Analysis, based on ERG (2013).

 Table VIII-30--Source Information for the Unit Cost Estimates Used in OSHA's Preliminary Cost Analysis for General Industry, Maritime, and Construction
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                                                                   Ventilation    Capital cost                     Annualized
            Control \[a]\                     Description         airflow (cfm)       \[b]\      Operating cost   capital cost      Comment or source
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Saw enclosure........................  8' x 8' x 8' wood/                   N/A         $487.70          $48.77         $118.95  Fabrication costs
                                        plastic.                                                                                estimated by ERG,
                                                                                assuming in-plant
                                                                                work. Five-year life.
Cab enclosures.......................  Enclosed cabs...........             N/A       15,164.82        5,307.69        3,698.56  ERG estimate based on
                                                                                vendor interviews.
LEV for hand held grinders...........  Shrouds + vacuum........             N/A        1,671.63          585.07          407.70  Vacuum plus shroud
                                                                                adapter (http://www.proventilation.com/products/productDetail.asp?id=15 5); 35% for
                                                                                maintenance and
                                                                                operating costs.
Upgraded abrasive blast cabinet......  Improved maintenance and             N/A        4,666.10        1,000.00          664.35  Assumes add.
                                        purchases for some.                                                                       maintenance (of up to
                                                                                $2,000) or new
                                                                                cabinets ($8,000)
                                                                                (Norton, 2003).
Improved spray booth for pottery.....  Maintenance time &                   N/A          116.65          114.68          231.33  Annual: $100 materials
                                        materials.                                                                                plus 4 hours
                                                                                maintenance time.
Improved LEV for ceramics spray booth  Increased air flow; per              N/A            3.21            0.88            3.21  25% of installed CFM
                                        cfm.                                                                                price.
Exhaust for saw, cut stone industry..  Based on saw LEV (e.g.,              450        5,774.30        1,577.35          822.13  ERG based on typical
                                        pg. 10-158, 159, 160,                                                                     saw cfm requirements.
                                        ACGIH, 2001).
LEV for hand chipping in cut stone...  Granite cutting and                  600        7,699.06        2,103.14        1,096.17  ERG estimate of cfm
                                        finishing; (pg. 10-94,                                                                    requirements.
                                        ACGIH, 2001).
Exhaust trimming machine.............  Based on abrasive cut-               500        6,415.89        1,752.61          913.48  Opening of 2 sq ft
                                        off saw; (pg. 10-134)                                                                     assumed, with 250 cfm/
                                        (ACGIH, 2001).                                                                            sq.ft.
Bag opening..........................  Bag opening station;               1,513       19,414.48        5,303.41        2,764.18  3.5' x 1.5' opening;
                                        (pg. 10-19, ACGIH,                                                                        with ventilated bag
                                        2001).                                                                                crusher (200 cfm).
Conveyor ventilation.................  Conveyor belt                        700        8,982.24        2,453.66        1,278.87  Per take-off point, 2'
                                        ventilation; (pg. 10-                                                                     wide belt.
                                        70, ACGIH, 2001).
Bucket elevator ventilation..........  Bucket elevator                    1,600       20,530.84        5,608.36        2,923.13  2' x 3' x 30' casing; 4
                                        ventilation (pg. 10-68;                                                                   take-offs @250 cfm;
                                        ACGIH, 2001).                                                                             100 cfm per sq ft of
                                                                                cross section.
Bin and hopper ventilation...........  Bin and hopper                     1,050       13,473.36        3,680.49        1,918.30  350 cfm per ft2; 3'
                                        ventilation (pg. 10-69;                                                                   belt width.
                                        ACGIH, 2001).
Screen ventilation...................  Ventilated screen (pg.             1,200       15,398.13        4,206.27        2,192.35  4' x 6' screen; 50 cfm
                                        10-173, ACGIH, 2001).                                                                     per ft\2\.
Batch operator workstation...........  Bin & hopper ventilation           1,050       13,473.36        3,680.49        1,918.30  ERG estimate of cfm
                                        for unvented mixers                                                                       requirements.
                                        (pg. 10-69, ACGIH,
                                        2001).
LEV for hand grinding operator         Hand grinding bench (pg.           3,750       48,119.16       13,144.60        6,851.09  ERG estimate of cfm
 (pottery).                             10-135, ACGIH, 2001).                                                                     requirements.

LEV, mixer and muller hood...........  Mixer & muller hood (pg.           1,050       13,473.36        3,680.49        1,918.30  ERG estimate of cfm
                                        10-87, ACGIH, 2001).                                                                      requirements.
LEV for bag filling stations.........  Bag filling station (pg.           1,500       19,247.66        5,257.84        2,740.43  Includes costs for air
                                        10-15, ACGIH, 2001).                                                                      shower.
Installed manual spray mister........  Manual controls, system              N/A       10,207.09        1,020.71        1,453.26  National Environmental
                                        covers 100 ft of                                                                          Services Company
                                        conveyor.                                                                                (Kestner, 2003).
Install cleaning hoses, reslope        Plumbing for hose                    N/A       36,412.40        3,258.87        5,184.31  ERG estimate. Includes
 floor, drainage.                       installations, floor                                                                      cost of water and
                                        resloping and troughs.                                                                    labor time.
Shakeout conveyor enclosure..........  Ventilated shakeout               10,000      128,317.75       35,052.26       18,269.56  ERG estimate.
                                        conveyor enclosure.
Shakeout side-draft ventilation......  Shakeout double side-             28,800      369,555.11      100,950.52       52,616.33  ERG estimate of cfm
                                        draft table (pg. 10-23,                                                                   requirements.
                                        ACGIH, 2001).
Shakeout enclosing hood..............  Ventilated enclosing               7,040       90,335.69       24,676.79       12,861.77  ERG estimate of opening
                                        hood (pg. 10-23, ACGIH,                                                                   size required.
                                        2001); 4' x 4' openings.
Small knockout table.................  Portable grinding table            1,350       17,322.90        4,732.06        2,466.39  ERG estimate of opening
                                        pg. 10-136), ACGIH,                                                                       size required.
                                        2001), 3' x 3' opening.
Large knockout table.................  Hand grinding table pg.            4,800       61,592.52       16,825.09        8,769.39  ERG estimate of bench
                                        10-135), ACGIH, 2001),                                                                    surface area.
                                        4' x 6' surface.
Ventilated abrasive cutoff saw.......  Ventilated cut-off saw             1,500       19,247.66        5,257.84        2,740.43  ERG estimate of opening
                                        (pg. 10-134, ACGIH,                                                                       size required.
                                        2001, 2' x 3' opening.
Hand grinding bench (foundry)........  Bench with LEV (pg. 10-            3,750       48,119.16       13,144.60        6,851.09  ERG estimate of cfm
                                        135, ACGIH, 2001); 3' x                                                                   requirements; 250 cfm/
                                        5'.                                                                                sq. ft.
Forming operator bench (pottery).....  Bench with LEV (pg. 10-            1,400       17,964.48        4,907.32        2,557.74  ERG estimate of cfm
                                        149, ACGIH, 2001), 3' x                                                                   requirements; 125 cfm
                                        4'.                                                                                per linear foot.
Hand grinding bench (pottery)........  Bench with LEV (pg. 10-            2,400       30,796.26        8,412.54        4,384.69  ERG estimate of cfm
                                        135, ACGIH, 2001); 3' x                                                                   requirements; 200 cfm/
                                        4'.                                                                                sq. ft.
Hand tool hardware...................  Retrofit suction                     200          464.21          701.05           66.09  ERG estimate of cfm
                                        attachment.                                                                               requirements.
Clean air island.....................  Clean air supplied                 2,500       32,079.44        8,763.07        4,567.39  ERG estimate of cfm
                                        directly to worker.                                                                       requirements; 125 cfm/
                                                                                sq. ft. for 20 square
                                                                                feet.
Water fed chipping equipment drum      Shop-built water feed                N/A          116.65            0.00          116.65  ERG estimate. $100 in
 cleaning.                              equipment.                                                                                annual costs.
Ventilation for drum cleaning........  Ventilation blower and               N/A          792.74          198.18          193.34  Electric blower (1,277
                                        ducting.                                                                                cfm) and 25 ft. of
                                                                                duct. Northern Safety
                                                                                Co. (p. 193).
Control room.........................  10' x 10' ventilated                 200       19,556.79          701.05        2,784.45  ERG estimate based on
                                        control room with HEPA                                                                    RSMeans (2003), ACGIH
                                        filter.                                                                                (2001).
Control room improvement.............  Repair and improve                   N/A        2,240.00          N/A             318.93  ERG estimate. Assumes
                                        control room enclosure.                                                                   repairs are 20% of new
                                                                                control room cost.
Improved bag valves..................  Bags with extended                   N/A            0.01          N/A                N/A  Cecala et. al., (1986).
                                        polyethylene valve,
                                        incremental cost per
                                        bag.

Dust suppressants....................  Kleen Products 50 lb                 N/A          N/A             634.54            0.00  0.28/lb, 2 lbs/day; 5
                                        poly bag green sweeping                                                                   minutes/day
                                        compound.                                                                                (www.fastenal.com).
HEPA vacuum for housekeeping.........  NILFISK VT60 wet/dry                 N/A        3,494.85          511.20          852.36  Nilfisk, HEPA vacuum
                                        hepa vac, 15 gal.                                                                         (http://www.sylvane.com/nilfisk.html).
HEPA vacuum for housekeeping.........  NILFISK, large capacity.             N/A        7,699.06          988.90        1,877.73  Nilfisk, HEPA vacuum
                                                                                (McCarthy, 2003).
Yard dust suppression................  100 ft, 1'' contractor               N/A          204.14            0.00          112.91  Contactor hose and
                                        hose and nozzle.                                                                          nozzle; 2 year life;
                                                                                (www.pwmall.com).
Wet methods to clean concrete mixing   10 mins per day per                  N/A            0.00          916.82            0.00  10 mins per day per
 equip..                                operator.                                                                                mixer operator.
HEPA vacuum substitute for compressed  Incremental time to                  N/A          N/A             494.54            0.00  5 min per day per
 air.                                   remove dust by vacuum.                                                                    affected worker.
Spray system for wet concrete          Shop-built sprayer                   N/A          204.67           20.47          113.20  Assumes $100 in
 finishing.                             system.                                                                                materials and 4 hours
                                                                                to fabricate. Also 10%
                                                                                for maintenance.
Substitute alt., non-silica, blasting  Alternative media                    N/A            0.00       33,646.00            0.00  Based on 212,000 square
 media.                                 estimated to cost 22                                                                      feet of coverage per
                                        percent more.                                                                             year per crew.
Abrasive blasting cost per square      125 blasting days per                N/A          N/A               2.00             N/A  ERG estimate based on
 foot (dry blasting).                   year.                                                                                RSMeans (2009).
Half-mask, non-powered, air-purifying  Unit cost includes                   N/A          N/A             570.13             N/A
 respirator.                            expenses for
                                        accessories, training,
                                        fit testing, and
                                        cleaning.
Full-face nonpowered air-purifying     Unit cost includes                   N/A          N/A             637.94             N/A
 respirator.                            expenses for
                                        accessories, training,
                                        fit testing, and
                                        cleaning.
Half-face respirator (construction)..  Unit cost includes                   N/A          N/A             468.74             N/A
                                        expenses for
                                        accessories, training,
                                        fit testing, and
                                        cleaning.
Industrial Hygiene Fees/personal       Consulting IH                        N/A          N/A             500                N/A
 breathing zone.                        technician--rate per
                                        sample. Assumes IH rate
                                        of $500 per day and
                                        samples per day of 2,
                                        6, and 8 for small,
                                        medium, and large
                                        establishments,
                                        respectively.
Exposure assessment lab fees and       ........................             N/A          N/A             133.38             N/A  Lab fees (EMSL
 shipping cost.                                                                                Laboratory, 2000) and
                                                                                OSHA estimates.
                                                                                Inflated to 2009
                                                                                values.
Physical examination by knowledgeable  Evaluation and office                N/A          N/A             100.00             N/A  ERG, 2013.
 Health Care Practitioner.              consultation including
                                        detailed examination.
Chest X-ray..........................  Tri-annual radiologic                N/A          N/A              79.61             N/A
                                        examination, chest;
                                        stereo, frontal. Costs
                                        include consultation
                                        and written report.

Pulmonary function test..............  Tri-annual spirometry,               N/A          N/A              54.69             N/A
                                        including graphic
                                        record, total and timed
                                        vital capacity,
                                        expiratory flow rate
                                        measurements(s), and/or
                                        maximal voluntary
                                        ventilation.
Examination by a pulmonary specialist  Office consultation and              N/A          N/A             190.28             N/A
 \[c]\.                                 evaluation by a
                                        pulmonary specialist.
Training instructor cost per hour....  ........................             N/A          N/A              34.09             N/A  Based on supervisor
                                                                                wage, adjusted for
                                                                                fringe benefits (BLS,
                                                                                2008, updated to 2009
                                                                                dollars).
Training materials for class per       Estimated cost of $2 per             N/A          N/A               2.00             N/A
 attendee.                              worker for the training/
                                        reading materials.
Value of worker time spent in class..  ........................             N/A          N/A              17.94             N/A  Based on worker wage,
                                                                                adjusted for fringe
                                                                                benefits (BLS, 2008,
                                                                                updated to 2009
                                                                                dollars).
Cost--disposable particulate           1.00 per respirator per              N/A          N/A               1.00             N/A  Lab Safety Supply,
 respirator (N95).                      day, typical cost for                                                                     2010.
                                        N95 disposable
                                        respirator.
Disposable clothing..................  Per suit, daily clothing             N/A          N/A               5.50             N/A  Lab Safety Supply,
                                        costs for 10% of                                                                          2010.
                                        workers.
Hazard tape..........................  Per regulated area for               N/A          N/A               5.80             N/A  Lab Safety Supply,
                                        annual set-up (300 ft).                                                                   2010.
Warning signs (6 per regulated area).  25.30 per sign..........             N/A          N/A             151.80             N/A  Lab Safety Supply,
                                                                                2010.
Wet kit, with water tank.............  ........................             N/A          226.73      \[d]\ 0.18          125.40  Contractors Direct
                                                                                (2009); Berland House
                                                                                of Tools (2009);
                                                                                mytoolstore (2009).
Dust shrouds: grinder................  ........................             N/A           97.33      \[d]\ 0.14           97.33  Contractors Direct
                                                                                (2009); Berland House
                                                                                of Tools (2009); Dust-
                                                                                Buddy (2009); Martin
                                                                                (2008).
Water tank, portable (unspecified      ........................             N/A          N/A        \[e]\ 15.50             N/A  RSMeans--based on
 capacity).                                                                                monthly rental cost.
Water tank, small capacity (hand       ........................             N/A           73.87      \[d]\ 0.11           79.04  Contractors Direct
 pressurized).                                                                                (2009); mytoolstore
                                                                                (2009).
Hose (water), 20', 2'' diameter......  ........................             N/A          N/A         \[e]\ 1.65             N/A  RSMeans--based on
                                                                                monthly cost.
Custom water spray nozzle and          ........................             N/A          363         \[d]\ 0.54          388.68  New Jersey Laborers'
 attachments.                                                                                Health and Safety Fund
                                                                                (2007).
Hose (water), 200', 2'' diameter.....  ........................             N/A          N/A        \[e]\ 16.45             N/A  RSMeans--based on
                                                                                monthly rental cost.
Vacuum, 10-15 gal with HEPA..........  ........................             N/A          725         \[d]\ 0.56          400.99  ICS (2009); Dust
                                                                                Collection (2009);
                                                                                EDCO (2009); CS Unitec
                                                                                (2009).
Vacuum, large capacity with HEPA.....  ........................             N/A        2,108         \[d]\ 1.63        1,165.92  ICS (2009); EDCO
                                                                                (2009); Aramsco
                                                                                (2009).

Dust extraction kit (rotary hammers).  ........................             N/A          215         \[d]\ 0.30          214.81  Grainger (2009);
                                                                                mytoolstore (2009);
                                                                                Toolmart (2009).
Dust control/quarry drill............  ........................             N/A          N/A        \[e]\ 17.33             N/A  RSMeans Heavy
                                                                                Construction Cost Data
                                                                                (2008).
Dustless drywall sander..............  ........................             N/A          133         \[d]\ 0.19          133.33  Home Depot (2009); LSS
                                                                                (2009); Dustless Tech
                                                                                (2009).
Cab enclosure/w ventilation and air    ........................             N/A       13,000         \[d]\ 2.59        1,850.91  Estimates from
 conditioning.                                                                                equipment suppliers
                                                                                and retrofitters.
Foam dust suppression system.........  ........................             N/A       14,550       \[e]\ 162.07        2,071.59  Midyette (2003).
Water tank, engine driven discharge,   ........................             N/A          N/A       \[d]\ 121.50             N/A  RSMeans (2008)--based
 5000 gal..                                                                                on monthly rental
                                                                                cost.
Tunnel dust suppression system         ........................             N/A        7,928         \[e]\ 2.71        1,933.47  Raring (2003).
 supplement.
Training instructor cost per hour      ........................             N/A          N/A              43.12             N/A  Based on supervisor
 (Construction).                                                                                wage, adjusted for
                                                                                fringe benefits (BLS,
                                                                                2008, updated to 2009
                                                                                dollars).
Value of worker time spent in class    ........................             N/A          N/A              22.22             N/A  Based on worker wage,
 (Construction).                                                                                adjusted for fringe
                                                                                benefits (BLS, 2008,
                                                                                updated to 2009
                                                                                dollars).
Warning signs (3 per regulated area)   25.30 per sign..........             N/A          N/A              75.90             N/A  Lab Safety Supply,
 (Construction).                                                                                2010.
Per-worker costs for written access    Weighted average annual                                           175.56