conversions/adaptations include, but are not limited to, power shovels,
excavators and concrete pumps.
    (2) Power shovels, excavators, wheel loaders, backhoes, loader
backhoes, track loaders. This machinery is also excluded when used with
chains, slings or other rigging to lift suspended loads.
    (3) Automotive wreckers and tow trucks when used to clear wrecks
and haul vehicles.
    (4) Digger derricks when used for augering holes for poles carrying
electric and telecommunication lines, placing and removing the poles,
and for handling associated materials to be installed on or removed
from the poles. Digger derricks used in work subject to 29 CFR part
1926, subpart V, must comply with 29 CFR 1910.269. Digger derricks used
in construction work for telecommunication service (as defined at 29
CFR 1910.268(s)(40)) must comply with 29 CFR 1910.268.
    (5) Machinery originally designed as vehicle-mounted aerial devices
(for lifting personnel) and self-propelled elevating work platforms.
    (6) Telescopic/hydraulic gantry systems.
    (7) Stacker cranes.
    (8) Powered industrial trucks (forklifts), except when configured
to hoist and lower (by means of a winch or hook) and horizontally move
a suspended load.
    (9) Mechanic's truck with a hoisting device when used in activities
related to equipment maintenance and repair.
    (10) Machinery that hoists by using a come-a-long or chainfall.
    (11) Dedicated drilling rigs.
    (12) Gin poles when used for the erection of communication towers.
    (13) Tree trimming and tree removal work.
    (14) Anchor handling or dredge-related operations with a vessel or
barge using an affixed A-frame.
    (15) Roustabouts.
    (16) Helicopter cranes.
    (17) Material Delivery
    (i) Articulating/knuckle-boom truck cranes that deliver material to
a construction site when used to transfer materials from the truck
crane to the ground, without arranging the materials in a particular
sequence for hoisting.
    (ii) Articulating/knuckle-boom truck cranes that deliver material
to a construction site when the crane is used to transfer building
supply sheet goods or building supply packaged materials from the truck
crane onto a structure, using a fork/cradle at the end of the boom, but
only when the truck crane is equipped with a properly functioning
automatic overload prevention device. Such sheet goods or packaged
materials include, but are not limited to: Sheets of sheet rock, sheets
of plywood, bags of cement, sheets or packages of roofing shingles, and
rolls of roofing felt.
    (iii) This exclusion does not apply when:
    (A) The articulating/knuckle-boom crane is used to hold, support or
stabilize the material to facilitate a construction activity, such as
holding material in place while it is attached to the structure;
    (B) The material being handled by the articulating/knuckle-boom
crane is a prefabricated component. Such prefabricated components
include, but are not limited to: Precast concrete members or panels,
roof trusses (wooden, cold-formed metal, steel, or other material),
prefabricated building sections such as, but not limited to: Floor
panels, wall panels, roof panels, roof structures, or similar items;
    (C) The material being handled by the crane is a structural steel
member (for example, steel joists, beams, columns, steel decking
(bundled or unbundled) or a component of a systems-engineered metal
building (as defined in 29 CFR 1926 subpart R).
    (D) The activity is not specifically excluded under Sec.
1400(c)(17)(i) and (ii).
    (d) All sections of this subpart CC apply to the equipment covered
by this standard unless specified otherwise.
    (e) The duties of controlling entities under this subpart include,
but are not limited to, the duties specified in Sec.  1926.1402(c),
Sec.  1926.1402(e) and Sec.  1926.1424(b).
    (f) Where provisions of this standard direct an operator,
crewmember, or other employee to take certain actions, the employer
must establish, effectively

communicate to the relevant persons, and enforce, work rules to ensure
compliance with such provisions.
    (g) For work covered by subpart V of this part, compliance with 29
CFR Sec.  1910.269(p) is deemed compliance with Sec. Sec.  1926.1407
through 1926.1411.
    (h) Section 1926.1402 does not apply to cranes designed for use on
railroad tracks, when used on railroad tracks that are part of the
general railroad system of transportation that is regulated pursuant to
the Federal Railroad Administration under 49 CFR part 213, and that
comply with applicable Federal Railroad Administration requirements.
See Sec.  1926.1402(f).

Sec.  1926.1401  Definitions.

    A/D director (Assembly/Disassembly director) means an individual
who meets this subpart's requirements for an A/D director, irrespective
of the person's formal job title or whether the person is non-
management or management personnel.
    Articulating crane means a crane whose boom consists of a series of
folding, pin connected structural members, typically manipulated to
extend or retract by power from hydraulic cylinders.
    Assembly/Disassembly means the assembly and/or disassembly of
equipment covered under this standard. With regard to tower cranes,
``erecting and climbing'' replaces the term ``assembly,'' and
``dismantling'' replaces the term ``disassembly.'' Regardless of
whether the crane is initially erected to its full height or is climbed
in stages, the process of increasing the height of the crane is an
erection process.
    Assist crane means a crane used to assist in assembling or
disassembling a crane.
    Attachments means any device that expands the range of tasks that
can be done by the equipment. Examples include, but are not limited to:
An auger, drill, magnet, pile-driver, and boom-attached personnel
platform.
    Audible signal means a signal made by a distinct sound or series of
sounds. Examples include, but are not limited to, sounds made by a
bell, horn, or whistle.
    Blocking (also referred to as ``cribbing'') is wood or other
material used to support equipment or a component and distribute loads
to the ground. It is typically used to support lattice boom sections
during assembly/disassembly and under outrigger and stabilizer floats.
    Boatswain's chair means a single-point adjustable suspension
scaffold consisting of a seat or sling (which may be incorporated into
a full body harness) designed to support one employee in a sitting
position.
    Bogie means ``travel bogie,'' which is defined below.
    Boom (equipment other than tower crane) means an inclined spar,
strut, or other long structural member which supports the upper
hoisting tackle on a crane or derrick. Typically, the length and
vertical angle of the boom can be varied to achieve increased height or
height and reach when lifting loads. Booms can usually be grouped into
general categories of hydraulically extendible, cantilevered type,
latticed section, cable supported type or articulating type.
    Boom (tower cranes): On tower cranes, if the ``boom'' (i.e.,
principal horizontal structure) is fixed, it is referred to as a jib;
if it is moveable up and down, it is referred to as a boom.
    Boom angle indicator means a device which measures the angle of the
boom relative to horizontal.
    Boom hoist limiting device includes boom hoist disengaging device,
boom hoist shut-off, boom hoist disconnect, boom hoist hydraulic
relief, boom hoist kick-outs, automatic boom stop device, or derricking
limiter. This type of device disengages boom hoist power when the boom
reaches a predetermined operating angle. It also sets brakes or closes
valves to prevent the boom from lowering after power is disengaged.
    Boom length indicator indicates the length of the permanent part of
the boom (such as ruled markings on the boom) or, as in some
computerized systems, the length of the boom with extensions/
attachments.
    Boom stop includes boom stops, (belly straps with struts/standoff),
telescoping boom stops, attachment boom stops, and backstops. These
devices restrict the boom from moving above a certain maximum angle and
toppling over backward.
    Boom suspension system means a system of pendants, running ropes,
sheaves, and other hardware which supports the boom tip and controls
the boom angle.
    Builder means the builder/constructor of equipment.
    Center of gravity: The center of gravity of any object is the point
in the object around which its weight is evenly distributed. If you
could put a support under that point, you could balance the object on
the support.
    Certified welder means a welder who meets nationally recognized
certification requirements applicable to the task being performed.
    Climbing means the process in which a tower crane is raised to a
new working height, either by adding additional tower sections to the
top of the crane (top climbing), or by a system in which the entire
crane is raised inside the structure (inside climbing).
    Come-a-long means a mechanical device typically consisting of a
chain or cable attached at each end that is used to facilitate movement
of materials through leverage.
    Competent person means one who is capable of identifying existing
and predictable hazards in the surroundings or working conditions which
are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has
authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.
    Controlled load lowering means lowering a load by means of a
mechanical hoist drum device that allows a hoisted load to be lowered
with maximum control using the gear train or hydraulic components of
the hoist mechanism. Controlled load lowering requires the use of the
hoist drive motor, rather than the load hoist brake, to lower the load.
    Controlling entity means an employer that is a prime contractor,
general contractor, construction manager or any other legal entity
which has the overall responsibility for the construction of the
project--its planning, quality and completion.
    Counterweight means a weight used to supplement the weight of
equipment in providing stability for lifting loads by counterbalancing
those loads.
    Crane/derrick includes all equipment covered by this subpart.
    Crawler crane means equipment that has a type of base mounting
which incorporates a continuous belt of sprocket driven track.
    Crossover points means locations on a wire rope which is spooled on
a drum where one layer of rope climbs up on and crosses over the
previous layer. This takes place at each flange of the drum as the rope
is spooled onto the drum, reaches the flange, and begins to wrap back
in the opposite direction.
    Dedicated channel means a line of communication assigned by the
employer who controls the communication system to only one signal
person and crane/derrick or to a coordinated group of cranes/derricks/
signal person(s).
    Dedicated pile-driver is a machine that is designed to function
exclusively as a pile-driver. These machines typically have the ability
to both hoist the material that will be pile-driven and to pile-drive
that material.
    Dedicated spotter (power lines): To be considered a dedicated
spotter, the requirements of Sec.  1926.1428 (Signal person
qualifications) must be met and

his/her sole responsibility is to watch the separation between the
power line and the equipment, load line and load (including rigging and
lifting accessories), and ensure through communication with the
operator that the applicable minimum approach distance is not breached.
    Directly under the load means a part or all of an employee is
directly beneath the load.
    Dismantling includes partial dismantling (such as dismantling to
shorten a boom or substitute a different component).
    Drum rotation indicator means a device on a crane or hoist which
indicates in which direction and at what relative speed a particular
hoist drum is turning.
    Electrical contact occurs when a person, object, or equipment makes
contact or comes in close proximity with an energized conductor or
equipment that allows the passage of current.
    Employer-made equipment means floating cranes/derricks designed and
built by an employer for the employer's own use.
    Encroachment is where any part of the crane, load line or load
(including rigging and lifting accessories) breaches a minimum
clearance distance that this subpart requires to be maintained from a
power line.
    Equipment means equipment covered by this subpart.
    Equipment criteria means instructions, recommendations, limitations
and specifications.
    Fall protection equipment means guardrail systems, safety net
systems, personal fall arrest systems, positioning device systems or
fall restraint systems.
    Fall restraint system means a fall protection system that prevents
the user from falling any distance. The system is comprised of either a
body belt or body harness, along with an anchorage, connectors and
other necessary equipment. The other components typically include a
lanyard, and may also include a lifeline and other devices.
    Fall zone means the area (including but not limited to the area
directly beneath the load) in which it is reasonably foreseeable that
partially or completely suspended materials could fall in the event of
an accident.
    Flange points are points of contact between rope and drum flange
where the rope changes layers.
    Floating cranes/derricks means equipment designed by the
manufacturer (or employer) for marine use by permanent attachment to a
barge, pontoons, vessel or other means of flotation.
    For example means ``one example, although there are others.''
    Free fall (of the load line) means that only the brake is used to
regulate the descent of the load line (the drive mechanism is not used
to drive the load down faster or retard its lowering).
    Free surface effect is the uncontrolled transverse movement of
liquids in compartments which reduce a vessel's transverse stability.
    Hoist means a mechanical device for lifting and lowering loads by
winding a line onto or off a drum.
    Hoisting is the act of raising, lowering or otherwise moving a load
in the air with equipment covered by this standard. As used in this
standard, ``hoisting'' can be done by means other than wire rope/hoist
drum equipment.
    Include/including means ``including, but not limited to.''
    Insulating link/device means an insulating device listed, labeled,
or accepted by a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory in accordance
with 29 CFR 1910.7.
    Jib stop (also referred to as a jib backstop), is the same type of
device as a boom stop but is for a fixed or luffing jib.
    Land crane/derrick is equipment not originally designed by the
manufacturer for marine use by permanent attachment to barges,
pontoons, vessels, or other means of floatation.
    List means the angle of inclination about the longitudinal axis of
a barge, pontoons, vessel or other means of floatation.
    Load refers to the object(s) being hoisted and/or the weight of the
object(s); both uses refer to the object(s) and the load-attaching
equipment, such as, the load block, ropes, slings, shackles, and any
other ancillary attachment.
    Load moment (or rated capacity) indicator means a system which aids
the equipment operator by sensing (directly or indirectly) the
overturning moment on the equipment, i.e., load multiplied by radius.
It compares this lifting condition to the equipment's rated capacity,
and indicates to the operator the percentage of capacity at which the
equipment is working. Lights, bells, or buzzers may be incorporated as
a warning of an approaching overload condition.
    Load moment (or rated capacity) limiter means a system which aids
the equipment operator by sensing (directly or indirectly) the
overturning moment on the equipment, i.e., load multiplied by radius.
It compares this lifting condition to the equipment's rated capacity,
and when the rated capacity is reached, it shuts off power to those
equipment functions which can increase the severity of loading on the
equipment, e.g., hoisting, telescoping out, or luffing out. Typically,
those functions which decrease the severity of loading on the equipment
remain operational, e.g., lowering, telescoping in, or luffing in.
    Locomotive crane means a crane mounted on a base or car equipped
for travel on a railroad track.
    Luffing jib limiting device is similar to a boom hoist limiting
device, except that it limits the movement of the luffing jib.
    Marine hoisted personnel transfer device means a device, such as a
``transfer net,'' that is designed to protect the employees being
hoisted during a marine transfer and to facilitate rapid entry into and
exit from the device. Such devices do not include boatswain's chairs
when hoisted by equipment covered by this standard.
    Marine worksite means a construction worksite located in, on or
above the water.
    Mobile crane means a lifting device incorporating a cable suspended
latticed boom or hydraulic telescopic boom designed to be moved between
operating locations by transport over the road.
    Moving point-to-point means the times during which an employee is
in the process of going to or from a work station.
    Multi-purpose machine means a machine that is designed to be
configured in various ways, at least one of which allows it to hoist
(by means of a winch or hook) and horizontally move a suspended load.
For example, a machine that can rotate and can be configured with
removable forks/tongs (for use as a forklift) or with a winch pack, jib
(with a hook at the end) or jib used in conjunction with a winch. When
configured with the forks/tongs, it is not covered by this subpart.
When configured with a winch pack, jib (with a hook at the end) or jib
used in conjunction with a winch, it is covered by this subpart.
    Nationally recognized accrediting agency is an organization that,
due to its independence and expertise, is widely recognized as
competent to accredit testing organizations. Examples of such
accrediting agencies include, but are not limited to, the National
Commission for Certifying Agencies and the American National Standards
Institute.
    Nonconductive means that, because of the nature and condition of
the materials used, and the conditions of use (including environmental
conditions and condition of the material), the object in question has
the

property of not becoming energized (that is, it has high dielectric
properties offering a high resistance to the passage of current under
the conditions of use).
    Operational aids are devices that assist the operator in the safe
operation of the crane by providing information or automatically taking
control of a crane function. These include, but are not limited to, the
devices listed in Sec.  1926.1416 (``listed operational aids'').
    Operational controls means levers, switches, pedals and other
devices for controlling equipment operation.
    Operator means a person who is operating the equipment.
    Overhead and gantry cranes includes overhead/bridge cranes,
semigantry, cantilever gantry, wall cranes, storage bridge cranes,
launching gantry cranes, and similar equipment, irrespective of whether
it travels on tracks, wheels, or other means.
    Paragraph refers to a paragraph in the same section of this subpart
that the word ``paragraph'' is used, unless otherwise specified.
    Pendants includes both wire and bar types. Wire type: A fixed
length of wire rope with mechanical fittings at both ends for pinning
segments of wire rope together. Bar type: Instead of wire rope, a bar
is used. Pendants are typically used in a latticed boom crane system to
easily change the length of the boom suspension system without
completely changing the rope on the drum when the boom length is
increased or decreased.
    Personal fall arrest system means a system used to arrest an
employee in a fall from a working level. It consists of an anchorage,
connectors, a body harness and may include a lanyard, deceleration
device, lifeline, or suitable combination of these.
    Portal crane is a type of crane consisting of a rotating
upperstructure, hoist machinery, and boom mounted on top of a
structural gantry which may be fixed in one location or have travel
capability. The gantry legs or columns usually have portal openings in
between to allow passage of traffic beneath the gantry.
    Power lines means electric transmission and distribution lines.
    Procedures include, but are not limited to: Instructions, diagrams,
recommendations, warnings, specifications, protocols and limitations.
    Proximity alarm is a device that provides a warning of proximity to
a power line and that has been listed, labeled, or accepted by a
Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory in accordance with 29 CFR
1910.7.
    Qualified evaluator (not a third party) means a person employed by
the signal person's employer who has demonstrated that he/she is
competent in accurately assessing whether individuals meet the
Qualification Requirements in this subpart for a signal person.
    Qualified evaluator (third party) means an entity that, due to its
independence and expertise, has demonstrated that it is competent in
accurately assessing whether individuals meet the Qualification
Requirements in this subpart for a signal person.
    Qualified person means a person who, by possession of a recognized
degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive
knowledge, training and experience, successfully demonstrated the
ability to solve/resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the
work, or the project.
    Qualified rigger is a rigger who meets the criteria for a qualified
person.
    Range control limit device is a device that can be set by an
equipment operator to limit movement of the boom or jib tip to a plane
or multiple planes.
    Range control warning device is a device that can be set by an
equipment operator to warn that the boom or jib tip is at a plane or
multiple planes.
    Rated capacity means the maximum working load permitted by the
manufacturer under specified working conditions. Such working
conditions typically include a specific combination of factors such as
equipment configuration, radii, boom length, and other parameters of
use.
    Rated capacity indicator: See load moment indicator.
    Rated capacity limiter: See load moment limiter.
    Repetitive pickup points refer to, when operating on a short cycle
operation, the rope being used on a single layer and being spooled
repetitively over a short portion of the drum.
    Running wire rope means a wire rope that moves over sheaves or
drums.
    Runway means a firm, level surface designed, prepared and
designated as a path of travel for the weight and configuration of the
crane being used to lift and travel with the crane suspended platform.
An existing surface may be used as long as it meets these criteria.
    Section means a section of this subpart, unless otherwise
specified.
    Sideboom crane means a track-type or wheel-type tractor having a
boom mounted on the side of the tractor, used for lifting, lowering or
transporting a load suspended on the load hook. The boom or hook can be
lifted or lowered in a vertical direction only.
    Special hazard warnings means warnings of site-specific hazards
(for example, proximity of power lines).
    Stability (flotation device) means the tendency of a barge,
pontoons, vessel or other means of flotation to return to an upright
position after having been inclined by an external force.
    Standard Method means the protocol in Appendix A of this subpart
for hand signals.
    Such as means ``such as, but not limited to.''
    Superstructure: See Upperworks.
    Tagline means a rope (usually fiber) attached to a lifted load for
purposes of controlling load spinning and pendular motions or used to
stabilize a bucket or magnet during material handling operations.
    Tender means an individual responsible for monitoring and
communicating with a diver.
    Tilt up or tilt down operation means raising/lowering a load from
the horizontal to vertical or vertical to horizontal.
    Tower crane is a type of lifting structure which utilizes a
vertical mast or tower to support a working boom (jib) in an elevated
position. Loads are suspended from the working boom. While the working
boom may be of the fixed type (horizontal or angled) or have luffing
capability, it can always rotate to swing loads, either by rotating on
the top of the tower (top slewing) or by the rotation of the tower
(bottom slewing). The tower base may be fixed in one location or
ballasted and moveable between locations. Mobile cranes that are
configured with luffing jib and/or tower attachments are not considered
tower cranes under this section.
    Travel bogie (tower cranes) is an assembly of two or more axles
arranged to permit vertical wheel displacement and equalize the loading
on the wheels.
    Trim means angle of inclination about the transverse axis of a
barge, pontoons, vessel or other means of floatation.
    Two blocking means a condition in which a component that is
uppermost on the hoist line such as the load block, hook block,
overhaul ball, or similar component, comes in contact with the boom
tip, fixed upper block or similar component. This binds the system and
continued application of power can cause failure of the hoist rope or
other component.
    Unavailable procedures means procedures that are no longer
available from the manufacturer, or have never been available, from the
manufacturer.
    Upperstructure: See Upperworks.

    Upperworks means the revolving frame of equipment on which the
operating machinery (and many cases the engine) are mounted along with
the operator's cab. The counterweight is typically supported on the
rear of the upperstructure and the boom or other front end attachment
is mounted on the front.
    Up to means ``up to and including.''
    Wire rope means a flexible rope constructed by laying steel wires
into various patterns of multi-wired strands around a core system to
produce a helically wound rope.

Sec.  1926.1402  Ground conditions.

    (a) Definitions.
    (1) ``Ground conditions'' means the ability of the ground to
support the equipment (including slope, compaction, and firmness).
    (2) ``Supporting materials'' means blocking, mats, cribbing, marsh
buggies (in marshes/wetlands), or similar supporting materials or
devices.
    (b) The equipment must not be assembled or used unless ground
conditions are firm, drained, and graded to a sufficient extent so
that, in conjunction (if necessary) with the use of supporting
materials, the equipment manufacturer's specifications for adequate
support and degree of level of the equipment are met. The requirement
for the ground to be drained does not apply to marshes/wetlands.
    (c) The controlling entity must:
    (1) Ensure that ground preparations necessary to meet the
requirements in paragraph (b) of this section are provided.
    (2) Inform the user of the equipment and the operator of the
location of hazards beneath the equipment set-up area (such as voids,
tanks, utilities) if those hazards are identified in documents (such as
site drawings, as-built drawings, and soil analyses) that are in the
possession of the controlling entity (whether at the site or off-site)
or the hazards are otherwise known to that controlling entity.
    (d) If there is no controlling entity for the project, the
requirement in paragraph (c)(1) of this section must be met by the
employer that has authority at the site to make or arrange for ground
preparations needed to meet paragraph (b) of this section.
    (e) If the A/D director or the operator determines that ground
conditions do not meet the requirements in paragraph (b) of this
section, that person's employer must have a discussion with the
controlling entity regarding the ground preparations that are needed so
that, with the use of suitable supporting materials/devices (if
necessary), the requirements in paragraph (b) of this section can be
met.
    (f) This section does not apply to cranes designed for use on
railroad tracks when used on railroad tracks that are part of the
general railroad system of transportation that is regulated pursuant to
the Federal Railroad Administration under 49 CFR part 213 and that
comply with applicable Federal Railroad Administration requirements.

Sec.  1926.1403  Assembly/Disassembly--selection of manufacturer or
employer procedures.

    When assembling or disassembling equipment (or attachments), the
employer must comply with all applicable manufacturer prohibitions and
must comply with either:
    (a) Manufacturer procedures applicable to assembly and disassembly,
or
    (b) Employer procedures for assembly and disassembly. Employer
procedures may be used only where the employer can demonstrate that the
procedures used meet the requirements in Sec.  1926.1406. Note: The
employer must follow manufacturer procedures when an employer uses
synthetic slings during assembly or disassembly rigging. (See Sec.
1926.1404(r).)

Sec.  1926.1404  Assembly/Disassembly--general requirements (applies to
all assembly and disassembly operations).

    (a) Supervision--competent-qualified person.
    (1) Assembly/disassembly must be directed by a person who meets the
criteria for both a competent person and a qualified person, or by a
competent person who is assisted by one or more qualified persons (``A/
D director'').
    (2) Where the assembly/disassembly is being performed by only one
person, that person must meet the criteria for both a competent person
and a qualified person. For purposes of this standard, that person is
considered the A/D director.
    (b) Knowledge of procedures. The A/D director must understand the
applicable assembly/disassembly procedures.
    (c) Review of procedures. The A/D director must review the
applicable assembly/disassembly procedures immediately prior to the
commencement of assembly/disassembly unless the A/D director
understands the procedures and has applied them to the same type and
configuration of equipment (including accessories, if any).
    (d) Crew instructions.
    (1) Before commencing assembly/disassembly operations, the A/D
director must ensure that the crew members understand all of the
following:
    (i) Their tasks.
    (ii) The hazards associated with their tasks.
    (iii) The hazardous positions/locations that they need to avoid.
    (2) During assembly/disassembly operations, before a crew member
takes on a different task, or when adding new personnel during the
operations, the requirements in paragraphs (d)(1)(i) through
(d)(1)(iii) of this section must be met.
    (e) Protecting assembly/disassembly crew members out of operator
view.
    (1) Before a crew member goes to a location that is out of view of
the operator and is either in, on, or under the equipment, or near the
equipment (or load) where the crew member could be injured by movement
of the equipment (or load), the crew member must inform the operator
that he/she is going to that location.
    (2) Where the operator knows that a crew member went to a location
covered by paragraph (e)(1) of this section, the operator must not move
any part of the equipment (or load) until the operator is informed in
accordance with a pre-arranged system of communication that the crew
member is in a safe position.
    (f) Working under the boom, jib or other components.
    (1) When pins (or similar devices) are being removed, employees
must not be under the boom, jib, or other components, except where the
requirements of paragraph (f)(2) of this section are met.
    (2) Exception. Where the employer demonstrates that site
constraints require one or more employees to be under the boom, jib, or
other components when pins (or similar devices) are being removed, the
A/D director must implement procedures that minimize the risk of
unintended dangerous movement and minimize the duration and extent of
exposure under the boom. (See Non-mandatory Appendix B of this subpart
for an example.)
    (g) Capacity limits. During all phases of assembly/disassembly,
rated capacity limits for loads imposed on the equipment, equipment
components (including rigging), lifting lugs and equipment accessories,
must not be exceeded for the equipment being assembled/disassembled.
    (h) Addressing specific hazards. The A/D director supervising the
assembly/disassembly operation must address the hazards associated with
the operation, which include:

    (1) Site and ground bearing conditions. Site and ground conditions
must be adequate for safe assembly/disassembly operations and to
support the equipment during assembly/disassembly (see Sec.  1926.1402
for ground condition requirements).
    (2) Blocking material. The size, amount, condition and method of
stacking the blocking must be sufficient to sustain the loads and
maintain stability.
    (3) Proper location of blocking. When used to support lattice booms
or components, blocking must be appropriately placed to:
    (i) Protect the structural integrity of the equipment, and
    (ii) Prevent dangerous movement and collapse.
    (4) Verifying assist crane loads. When using an assist crane, the
loads that will be imposed on the assist crane at each phase of
assembly/disassembly must be verified in accordance with Sec.
1926.1417(o)(3) before assembly/disassembly begins.
    (5) Boom and jib pick points. The point(s) of attachment of rigging
to a boom (or boom sections or jib or jib sections) must be suitable
for preventing structural damage and facilitating safe handling of
these components.
    (6) Center of gravity.
    (i) The center of gravity of the load must be identified if that is
necessary for the method used for maintaining stability.
    (ii) Where there is insufficient information to accurately identify
the center of gravity, measures designed to prevent unintended
dangerous movement resulting from an inaccurate identification of the
center of gravity must be used. (See Non-mandatory Appendix B of this
subpart for an example.)
    (7) Stability upon pin removal. The boom sections, boom suspension
systems (such as gantry A-frames and jib struts), and components must
be rigged or supported to maintain stability upon the removal of the
pins.
    (8) Snagging. Suspension ropes and pendants must not be allowed to
catch on the boom or jib connection pins or cotter pins (including
keepers and locking pins).
    (9) Struck by counterweights. The potential for unintended movement
from inadequately supported counterweights and from hoisting
counterweights.
    (10) Boom hoist brake failure. Each time reliance is to be placed
on the boom hoist brake to prevent boom movement during assembly/
disassembly, the brake must be tested prior to such reliance to
determine if it is sufficient to prevent boom movement. If it is not
sufficient, a boom hoist pawl, other locking device/back-up braking
device, or another method of preventing dangerous movement of the boom
(such as blocking or using an assist crane) from a boom hoist brake
failure must be used.
    (11) Loss of backward stability. Backward stability before swinging
the upperworks, travel, and when attaching or removing equipment
components.
    (12) Wind speed and weather. The effect of wind speed and weather
on the equipment.
    (i) [Reserved.]
    (j) Cantilevered boom sections. Manufacturer limitations on the
maximum amount of boom supported only by cantilevering must not be
exceeded. Where these are unavailable, a registered professional
engineer familiar with the type of equipment involved must determine in
writing this limitation, which must not be exceeded.
    (k) Weight of components. The weight of each of the components must
be readily available.
    (l) [Reserved.]
    (m) Components and configuration.
    (1) The selection of components, and configuration of the
equipment, that affect the capacity or safe operation of the equipment
must be in accordance with:
    (i) Manufacturer instructions, prohibitions, limitations, and
specifications. Where these are unavailable, a registered professional
engineer familiar with the type of equipment involved must approve, in
writing, the selection and configuration of components; or
    (ii) Approved modifications that meet the requirements of Sec.
1926.1434 (Equipment modifications).
    (2) Post-assembly inspection. Upon completion of assembly, the
equipment must be inspected to ensure compliance with paragraph (m)(1)
of this section (see Sec.  1926.1412(c) for post-assembly inspection
requirements).
    (n) [Reserved.]
    (o) Shipping pins. Reusable shipping pins, straps, links, and
similar equipment must be removed. Once they are removed they must
either be stowed or otherwise stored so that they do not present a
falling object hazard.
    (p) Pile driving. Equipment used for pile driving must not have a
jib attached during pile driving operations.
    (q) Outriggers and Stabilizers. When the load to be handled and the
operating radius require the use of outriggers or stabilizers, or at
any time when outriggers or stabilizers are used, all of the following
requirements must be met (except as otherwise indicated):
    (1) The outriggers or stabilizers must be either fully extended or,
if manufacturer procedures permit, deployed as specified in the load
chart.
    (2) The outriggers must be set to remove the equipment weight from
the wheels, except for locomotive cranes (see paragraph (q)(6) of this
section for use of outriggers on locomotive cranes). This provision
does not apply to stabilizers.
    (3) When outrigger floats are used, they must be attached to the
outriggers. When stabilizer floats are used, they must be attached to
the stabilizers.
    (4) Each outrigger or stabilizer must be visible to the operator or
to a signal person during extension and setting.
    (5) Outrigger and stabilizer blocking must:
    (i) Meet the requirements in paragraphs (h)(2) and (h)(3) of this
section.
    (ii) Be placed only under the outrigger or stabilizer float/pad of
the jack or, where the outrigger or stabilizer is designed without a
jack, under the outer bearing surface of the extended outrigger or
stabilizer beam.
    (6) For locomotive cranes, when using outriggers or stabilizers to
handle loads, the manufacturer's procedures must be followed. When
lifting loads without using outriggers or stabilizers, the
manufacturer's procedures must be met regarding truck wedges or screws.
    (r) Rigging. In addition to following the requirements in 29 CFR
1926.251 and other requirements in this and other standards applicable
to rigging, when rigging is used for assembly/disassembly, the employer
must ensure that:
    (1) The rigging work is done by a qualified rigger.
    (2) Synthetic slings are protected from: Abrasive, sharp or acute
edges, and configurations that could cause a reduction of the sling's
rated capacity, such as distortion or localized compression. Note:
Requirements for the protection of wire rope slings are contained in 29
CFR 1926.251(c)(9).
    (3) When synthetic slings are used, the synthetic sling
manufacturer's instructions, limitations, specifications and
recommendations must be followed.

Sec.  1926.1405  Disassembly--additional requirements for dismantling
of booms and jibs (applies to both the use of manufacturer procedures
and employer procedures).

    Dismantling (including dismantling for changing the length of)
booms and jibs.
    (a) None of the pins in the pendants are to be removed (partly or
completely) when the pendants are in tension.

    (b) None of the pins (top or bottom) on boom sections located
between the pendant attachment points and the crane/derrick body are to
be removed (partly or completely) when the pendants are in tension.
    (c) None of the pins (top or bottom) on boom sections located
between the uppermost boom section and the crane/derrick body are to be
removed (partly or completely) when the boom is being supported by the
uppermost boom section resting on the ground (or other support).
    (d) None of the top pins on boom sections located on the
cantilevered portion of the boom being removed (the portion being
removed ahead of the pendant attachment points) are to be removed
(partly or completely) until the cantilevered section to be removed is
fully supported.

Sec.  1926.1406  Assembly/Disassembly--employer procedures--general
requirements.

    (a) When using employer procedures instead of manufacturer
procedures for assembly/disassembly, the employer must ensure that the
procedures:
    (1) Prevent unintended dangerous movement, and prevent collapse, of
any part of the equipment.
    (2) Provide adequate support and stability of all parts of the
equipment.
    (3) Position employees involved in the assembly/disassembly
operation so that their exposure to unintended movement or collapse of
part or all of the equipment is minimized.
    (b) Qualified person. Employer procedures must be developed by a
qualified person.

Sec.  1926.1407  Power line safety (up to 350 kV)--assembly and
disassembly.

    (a) Before assembling or disassembling equipment, the employer must
determine if any part of the equipment, load line, or load (including
rigging and lifting accessories) could get, in the direction or area of
assembly/disassembly, closer than 20 feet to a power line during the
assembly/disassembly process. If so, the employer must meet the
requirements in Option (1), Option (2), or Option (3) of this section,
as follows:
    (1) Option (1)--Deenergize and ground. Confirm from the utility
owner/operator that the power line has been deenergized and visibly
grounded at the worksite.
    (2) Option (2)--20 foot clearance. Ensure that no part of the
equipment, load line or load (including rigging and lifting
accessories), gets closer than 20 feet to the power line by
implementing the measures specified in paragraph (b) of this section.
    (3) Option (3)--Table A clearance.
    (i) Determine the line's voltage and the minimum clearance distance
permitted under Table A (see Sec.  1926.1408).
    (ii) Determine if any part of the equipment, load line, or load
(including rigging and lifting accessories), could get closer than the
minimum clearance distance to the power line permitted under Table A
(see Sec.  1926.1408). If so, then the employer must follow the
requirements in paragraph (b) of this section to ensure that no part of
the equipment, load line, or load (including rigging and lifting
accessories), gets closer to the line than the minimum clearance
distance.
    (b) Preventing encroachment/electrocution. Where encroachment
precautions are required under Option (2), or Option (3) of this
section, all of the following requirements must be met:
    (1) Conduct a planning meeting with the Assembly/Disassembly
director (A/D director), operator, assembly/disassembly crew and the
other workers who will be in the assembly/disassembly area to review
the location of the power line(s) and the steps that will be
implemented to prevent encroachment/electrocution.
    (2) If tag lines are used, they must be nonconductive.
    (3) At least one of the following additional measures must be in
place. The measure selected from this list must be effective in
preventing encroachment.
    The additional measures are:
    (i) Use a dedicated spotter who is in continuous contact with the
equipment operator. The dedicated spotter must:
    (A) Be equipped with a visual aid to assist in identifying the
minimum clearance distance. Examples of a visual aid include, but are
not limited to: A clearly visible line painted on the ground; a clearly
visible line of stanchions; a set of clearly visible line-of-sight
landmarks (such as a fence post behind the dedicated spotter and a
building corner ahead of the dedicated spotter).
    (B) Be positioned to effectively gauge the clearance distance.
    (C) Where necessary, use equipment that enables the dedicated
spotter to communicate directly with the operator.
    (D) Give timely information to the operator so that the required
clearance distance can be maintained.
    (ii) A proximity alarm set to give the operator sufficient warning
to prevent encroachment.
    (iii) A device that automatically warns the operator when to stop
movement, such as a range control warning device. Such a device must be
set to give the operator sufficient warning to prevent encroachment.
    (iv) A device that automatically limits range of movement, set to
prevent encroachment.
    (v) An elevated warning line, barricade, or line of signs, in view
of the operator, equipped with flags or similar high-visibility
markings.
    (c) Assembly/disassembly below power lines prohibited. No part of a
crane/derrick, load line, or load (including rigging and lifting
accessories), whether partially or fully assembled, is allowed below a
power line unless the employer has confirmed that the utility owner/
operator has deenergized and (at the worksite) visibly grounded the
power line.
    (d) Assembly/disassembly inside Table A clearance prohibited. No
part of a crane/derrick, load line, or load (including rigging and
lifting accessories), whether partially or fully assembled, is allowed
closer than the minimum approach distance under Table A (see Sec.
1926.1408) to a power line unless the employer has confirmed that the
utility owner/operator has deenergized and (at the worksite) visibly
grounded the power line.
    (e) Voltage information. Where Option (3) of this section is used,
the utility owner/operator of the power lines must provide the
requested voltage information within two working days of the employer's
request.
    (f) Power lines presumed energized. The employer must assume that
all power lines are energized unless the utility owner/operator
confirms that the power line has been and continues to be deenergized
and visibly grounded at the worksite.
    (g) Posting of electrocution warnings. There must be at least one
electrocution hazard warning conspicuously posted in the cab so that it
is in view of the operator and (except for overhead gantry and tower
cranes) at least two on the outside of the equipment.

Sec.  1926.1408  Power line safety (up to 350 kV)--equipment
operations.

    (a) Hazard assessments and precautions inside the work zone. Before
beginning equipment operations, the employer must:
    (1) Identify the work zone by either:
    (i) Demarcating boundaries (such as with flags, or a device such as
a range limit device or range control warning device) and prohibiting
the operator from operating the equipment past those boundaries, or
    (ii) Defining the work zone as the area 360 degrees around the
equipment, up to the equipment's maximum working radius.

    (2) Determine if any part of the equipment, load line or load
(including rigging and lifting accessories), if operated up to the
equipment's maximum working radius in the work zone, could get closer
than 20 feet to a power line. If so, the employer must meet the
requirements in Option (1), Option (2), or Option (3) of this section,
as follows:
    (i) Option (1)--Deenergize and ground. Confirm from the utility
owner/operator that the power line has been deenergized and visibly
grounded at the worksite.
    (ii) Option (2)--20 foot clearance. Ensure that no part of the
equipment, load line, or load (including rigging and lifting
accessories), gets closer than 20 feet to the power line by
implementing the measures specified in paragraph (b) of this section.
    (iii) Option (3)--Table A clearance.
    (A) Determine the line's voltage and the minimum approach distance
permitted under Table A (see Sec.  1926.1408).
    (B) Determine if any part of the equipment, load line or load
(including rigging and lifting accessories), while operating up to the
equipment's maximum working radius in the work zone, could get closer
than the minimum approach distance of the power line permitted under
Table A (see Sec.  1926.1408). If so, then the employer must follow the
requirements in paragraph (b) of this section to ensure that no part of
the equipment, load line, or load (including rigging and lifting
accessories), gets closer to the line than the minimum approach
distance.
    (b) Preventing encroachment/electrocution. Where encroachment
precautions are required under Option (2) or Option (3) of this
section, all of the following requirements must be met:
    (1) Conduct a planning meeting with the operator and the other
workers who will be in the area of the equipment or load to review the
location of the power line(s), and the steps that will be implemented
to prevent encroachment/electrocution.
    (2) If tag lines are used, they must be non-conductive.
    (3) Erect and maintain an elevated warning line, barricade, or line
of signs, in view of the operator, equipped with flags or similar high-
visibility markings, at 20 feet from the power line (if using Option
(2) of this section) or at the minimum approach distance under Table A
(see Sec.  1926.1408) (if using Option (3) of this section). If the
operator is unable to see the elevated warning line, a dedicated
spotter must be used as described in Sec.  1926.1408(b)(4)(ii) in
addition to implementing one of the measures described in Sec. Sec.
1926.1408(b)(4)(i), (iii), (iv) and (v).
    (4) Implement at least one of the following measures:
    (i) A proximity alarm set to give the operator sufficient warning
to prevent encroachment.
    (ii) A dedicated spotter who is in continuous contact with the
operator. Where this measure is selected, the dedicated spotter must:
    (A) Be equipped with a visual aid to assist in identifying the
minimum clearance distance. Examples of a visual aid include, but are
not limited to: A clearly visible line painted on the ground; a clearly
visible line of stanchions; a set of clearly visible line-of-sight
landmarks (such as a fence post behind the dedicated spotter and a
building corner ahead of the dedicated spotter).
    (B) Be positioned to effectively gauge the clearance distance.
    (C) Where necessary, use equipment that enables the dedicated
spotter to communicate directly with the operator.
    (D) Give timely information to the operator so that the required
clearance distance can be maintained.
    (iii) A device that automatically warns the operator when to stop
movement, such as a range control warning device. Such a device must be
set to give the operator sufficient warning to prevent encroachment.
    (iv) A device that automatically limits range of movement, set to
prevent encroachment.
    (v) An insulating link/device, as defined in Sec.  1926.1401,
installed at a point between the end of the load line (or below) and
the load.
    (5) The requirements of paragraph (b)(4) of this section do not
apply to work covered by subpart V of this part.
    (c) Voltage information. Where Option (3) of this section is used,
the utility owner/operator of the power lines must provide the
requested voltage information within two working days of the employer's
request.
    (d) Operations below power lines.
    (1) No part of the equipment, load line, or load (including rigging
and lifting accessories) is allowed below a power line unless the
employer has confirmed that the utility owner/operator has deenergized
and (at the worksite) visibly grounded the power line, except where one
of the exceptions in paragraph (d)(2) of this section applies.
    (2) Exceptions. Paragraph (d)(1) of this section is inapplicable
where the employer demonstrates that one of the following applies:
    (i) The work is covered by subpart V of this part.
    (ii) For equipment with non-extensible booms: The uppermost part of
the equipment, with the boom at true vertical, would be more than 20
feet below the plane of the power line or more than the Table A of this
section minimum clearance distance below the plane of the power line.
    (iii) For equipment with articulating or extensible booms: The
uppermost part of the equipment, with the boom in the fully extended
position, at true vertical, would be more than 20 feet below the plane
of the power line or more than the Table A of this section minimum
clearance distance below the plane of the power line.
    (iv) The employer demonstrates that compliance with paragraph
(d)(1) of this section is infeasible and meets the requirements of
Sec.  1926.1410.
    (e) Power lines presumed energized. The employer must assume that
all power lines are energized unless the utility owner/operator
confirms that the power line has been and continues to be deenergized
and visibly grounded at the worksite.
    (f) When working near transmitter/communication towers where the
equipment is close enough for an electrical charge to be induced in the
equipment or materials being handled, the transmitter must be
deenergized or the following precautions must be taken:
    (1) The equipment must be provided with an electrical ground.
    (2) If tag lines are used, they must be non-conductive.
    (g) Training.
    (1) The employer must train each operator and crew member assigned
to work with the equipment on all of the following:
    (i) The procedures to be followed in the event of electrical
contact with a power line. Such training must include:
    (A) Information regarding the danger of electrocution from the
operator simultaneously touching the equipment and the ground.
    (B) The importance to the operator's safety of remaining inside the
cab except where there is an imminent danger of fire, explosion, or
other emergency that necessitates leaving the cab.
    (C) The safest means of evacuating from equipment that may be
energized.
    (D) The danger of the potentially energized zone around the
equipment (step potential).
    (E) The need for crew in the area to avoid approaching or touching
the equipment and the load.
    (F) Safe clearance distance from power lines.
    (ii) Power lines are presumed to be energized unless the utility
owner/

operator confirms that the power line has been and continues to be
deenergized and visibly grounded at the worksite.
    (iii) Power lines are presumed to be uninsulated unless the utility
owner/operator or a registered engineer who is a qualified person with
respect to electrical power transmission and distribution confirms that
a line is insulated.
    (iv) The limitations of an insulating link/device, proximity alarm,
and range control (and similar) device, if used.
    (v) The procedures to be followed to properly ground equipment and
the limitations of grounding.
    (2) Employees working as dedicated spotters must be trained to
enable them to effectively perform their task, including training on
the applicable requirements of this section.
    (3) Training under this section must be administered in accordance
with Sec.  1926.1430(g).
    (h) Devices originally designed by the manufacturer for use as: A
safety device (see Sec.  1926.1415), operational aid, or a means to
prevent power line contact or electrocution, when used to comply with
this section, must meet the manufacturer's procedures for use and
conditions of use.

                  Table A--Minimum Clearance Distances
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Voltage  (nominal, kV, alternating       Minimum clearance distance
                current)                              (feet)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
up to 50...............................                 10
over 50 to 200.........................                 15
over 200 to 350........................                 20
over 350 to 500........................                 25
over 500 to 750........................                 35
over 750 to 1,000......................                 45
over 1,000.............................  (as established by the utility
                                          owner/operator or registered
                                          professional engineer who is a
                                          qualified person with respect
                                          to electrical power
                                          transmission and
                                          distribution).
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Note: The value that follows ``to'' is up to and includes that value.
  For example, over 50 to 200 means up to and including 200kV.

Sec.  1926.1409  Power line safety (over 350 kV).

    The requirements of Sec.  1926.1407 and Sec.  1926.1408 apply to
power lines over 350 kV except:
    (a) For power lines at or below 1000 kV, wherever the distance ``20
feet'' is specified, the distance ``50 feet'' must be substituted; and
    (b) For power lines over 1000 kV, the minimum clearance distance
must be established by the utility owner/operator or registered
professional engineer who is a qualified person with respect to
electrical power transmission and distribution.

Sec.  1926.1410  Power line safety (all voltages)--equipment operations
closer than the Table A zone.

    Equipment operations in which any part of the equipment, load line,
or load (including rigging and lifting accessories) is closer than the
minimum approach distance under Table A of Sec.  1926.1408 to an
energized power line is prohibited, except where the employer
demonstrates that all of the following requirements are met:
    (a) The employer determines that it is infeasible to do the work
without breaching the minimum approach distance under Table A of Sec.
1926.1408.
    (b) The employer determines that, after consultation with the
utility owner/operator, it is infeasible to deenergize and ground the
power line or relocate the power line.
    (c) Minimum clearance distance.
    (1) The power line owner/operator or registered professional
engineer who is a qualified person with respect to electrical power
transmission and distribution determines the minimum clearance distance
that must be maintained to prevent electrical contact in light of the
on-site conditions. The factors that must be considered in making this
determination include, but are not limited to: Conditions affecting
atmospheric conductivity; time necessary to bring the equipment, load
line, and load (including rigging and lifting accessories) to a
complete stop; wind conditions; degree of sway in the power line;
lighting conditions, and other conditions affecting the ability to
prevent electrical contact.
    (2) Paragraph (c)(1) of this section does not apply to work covered
by subpart V of this part; instead, for such work, the minimum
clearance distances specified in Sec.  1926.950 Table V-1 apply.
Employers engaged in subpart V work are permitted to work closer than
the distances in Sec.  1926.950 Table V-1 where both the requirements
of this section and Sec.  1926.952(c)(3)(i) or (ii) are met.
    (d) A planning meeting with the employer and utility owner/operator
(or registered professional engineer who is a qualified person with
respect to electrical power transmission and distribution) is held to
determine the procedures that will be followed to prevent electrical
contact and electrocution. At a minimum these procedures must include:
    (1) If the power line is equipped with a device that automatically
reenergizes the circuit in the event of a power line contact, before
the work begins, the automatic reclosing feature of the circuit
interrupting device must be made inoperative if the design of the
device permits.
    (2) A dedicated spotter who is in continuous contact with the
operator. The dedicated spotter must:
    (i) Be equipped with a visual aid to assist in identifying the
minimum clearance distance. Examples of a visual aid include, but are
not limited to: A line painted on the ground; a clearly visible line of
stanchions; a set of clearly visible line-of-sight landmarks (such as a
fence post behind the dedicated spotter and a building corner ahead of
the dedicated spotter).
    (ii) Be positioned to effectively gauge the clearance distance.
    (iii) Where necessary, use equipment that enables the dedicated
spotter to communicate directly with the operator.
    (iv) Give timely information to the operator so that the required
clearance distance can be maintained.
    (3) An elevated warning line, or barricade (not attached to the
crane), in view of the operator (either directly or through video
equipment), equipped with flags or similar high-visibility markings, to
prevent electrical contact. However, this provision does not apply to
work covered by subpart V of this part.
    (4) Insulating link/device.
    (i) An insulating link/device installed at a point between the end
of the load line (or below) and the load.
    (ii) For work covered by subpart V of this part, the requirement in
paragraph

(d)(4)(i) of this section applies only when working inside the Sec.
1926.950 Table V-1 clearance distances.
    (iii) For work covered by subpart V of this part involving
operations where use of an insulating link/device is infeasible, the
requirements of Sec.  1910.269(p)(4)(iii)(B) or (C) may be substituted
for the requirement in (d)(4)(i) of this section.
    (iv) Until November 8, 2011, the following procedure may be
substituted for the requirement in paragraph (d)(4)(i) of this section:
All employees, excluding equipment operators located on the equipment,
who may come in contact with the equipment, the load line, or the load
must be insulated or guarded from the equipment, the load line, and the
load. Insulating gloves rated for the voltage involved are adequate
insulation for the purposes of this paragraph.
    (v) Until November 8, 2013, the following procedure may be
substituted for the requirement in (d)(4)(i) of this section:
    (A) The employer must use a link/device manufactured on or before
November 8, 2011, that meets the definition of an insulating link/
device, except that it has not been approved by a Nationally Recognized
Testing Laboratory, and that is maintained and used in accordance with
manufacturer requirements and recommendations, and is installed at a
point between the end of the load line (or below) and the load; and
    (B) All employees, excluding equipment operators located on the
equipment, who may come in contact with the equipment, the load line,
or the load must be insulated or guarded from the equipment, the load
line, and the load through an additional means other than the device
described in paragraph (d)(4)(v)(A) of this section. Insulating gloves
rated for the voltage involved are adequate additional means of
protection for the purposes of this paragraph.
    (5) Nonconductive rigging if the rigging may be within the Table A
of Sec.  1926.1408 distance during the operation.
    (6) If the equipment is equipped with a device that automatically
limits range of movement, it must be used and set to prevent any part
of the equipment, load line, or load (including rigging and lifting
accessories) from breaching the minimum approach distance established
under paragraph (c) of this section.
    (7) If a tag line is used, it must be of the nonconductive type.
    (8) Barricades forming a perimeter at least 10 feet away from the
equipment to prevent unauthorized personnel from entering the work
area. In areas where obstacles prevent the barricade from being at
least 10 feet away, the barricade must be as far from the equipment as
feasible.
    (9) Workers other than the operator must be prohibited from
touching the load line above the insulating link/device and crane.
Operators remotely operating the equipment from the ground must use
either wireless controls that isolate the operator from the equipment
or insulating mats that insulate the operator from the ground.
    (10) Only personnel essential to the operation are permitted to be
in the area of the crane and load.
    (11) The equipment must be properly grounded.
    (12) Insulating line hose or cover-up must be installed by the
utility owner/operator except where such devices are unavailable for
the line voltages involved.
    (e) The procedures developed to comply with paragraph (d) of this
section are documented and immediately available on-site.
    (f) The equipment user and utility owner/operator (or registered
professional engineer) meet with the equipment operator and the other
workers who will be in the area of the equipment or load to review the
procedures that will be implemented to prevent breaching the minimum
approach distance established in paragraph (c) of this section and
prevent electrocution.
    (g) The procedures developed to comply with paragraph (d) of this
section are implemented.
    (h) The utility owner/operator (or registered professional
engineer) and all employers of employees involved in the work must
identify one person who will direct the implementation of the
procedures. The person identified in accordance with this paragraph
must direct the implementation of the procedures and must have the
authority to stop work at any time to ensure safety.
    (i) [Reserved.]
    (j) If a problem occurs implementing the procedures being used to
comply with paragraph (d) of this section, or indicating that those
procedures are inadequate to prevent electrocution, the employer must
safely stop operations and either develop new procedures to comply with
paragraph (d) of this section or have the utility owner/operator
deenergize and visibly ground or relocate the power line before
resuming work.
    (k) Devices originally designed by the manufacturer for use as a
safety device (see Sec.  1926.1415), operational aid, or a means to
prevent power line contact or electrocution, when used to comply with
this section, must comply with the manufacturer's procedures for use
and conditions of use.
    (l) [Reserved.]
    (m) The employer must train each operator and crew member assigned
to work with the equipment in accordance with Sec.  1926.1408(g).

Sec.  1926.1411  Power line safety--while traveling under or near power
lines with no load.

    (a) This section establishes procedures and criteria that must be
met for equipment traveling under or near a power line on a
construction site with no load. Equipment traveling on a construction
site with a load is governed by Sec. Sec.  1926.1408, 1926.1409 or
1926.1410, whichever is appropriate, and Sec.  1926.1417(u).
    (b) The employer must ensure that:
    (1) The boom/mast and boom/mast support system are lowered
sufficiently to meet the requirements of this paragraph.
    (2) The clearances specified in Table T of this section are
maintained.
    (3) The effects of speed and terrain on equipment movement
(including movement of the boom/mast) are considered so that those
effects do not cause the minimum clearance distances specified in Table
T of this section to be breached.
    (4) Dedicated spotter. If any part of the equipment while traveling
will get closer than 20 feet to the power line, the employer must
ensure that a dedicated spotter who is in continuous contact with the
driver/operator is used. The dedicated spotter must:
    (i) Be positioned to effectively gauge the clearance distance.
    (ii) Where necessary, use equipment that enables the dedicated
spotter to communicate directly with the operator.
    (iii) Give timely information to the operator so that the required
clearance distance can be maintained.
    (5) Additional precautions for traveling in poor visibility. When
traveling at night, or in conditions of poor visibility, in addition to
the measures specified in paragraphs (b)(1) through (4) of this
section, the employer must ensure that:
    (i) The power lines are illuminated or another means of identifying
the location of the lines is used.
    (ii) A safe path of travel is identified and used.

    Table T--Minimum Clearance Distances While Traveling With No Load
------------------------------------------------------------------------
   Voltage  (nominal, kV, alternating        While traveling--minimum
                current)                    clearance distance  (feet)
------------------------------------------------------------------------
up to 0.75.............................                 4
over .75 to 50.........................                 6
over 50 to 345.........................                 10
over 345 to 750........................                 16
Over 750 to 1,000......................                 20
Over 1,000.............................  (as established by the utility
                                          owner/operator or registered
                                          professional engineer who is a
                                          qualified person with respect
                                          to electrical power
                                          transmission and
                                          distribution).
------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sec.  1926.1412  Inspections.

    (a) Modified equipment.
    (1) Equipment that has had modifications or additions which affect
the safe operation of the equipment (such as modifications or additions
involving a safety device or operational aid, critical part of a
control system, power plant, braking system, load-sustaining structural
components, load hook, or in-use operating mechanism) or capacity must
be inspected by a qualified person after such modifications/additions
have been completed, prior to initial use. The inspection must meet all
of the following requirements:
    (i) The inspection must assure that the modifications or additions
have been done in accordance with the approval obtained pursuant to
Sec.  1926.1434 (Equipment modifications).
    (ii) The inspection must include functional testing of the
equipment.
    (2) Equipment must not be used until an inspection under this
paragraph demonstrates that the requirements of paragraph (a)(1)(i) of
this section have been met.
    (b) Repaired/adjusted equipment.
    (1) Equipment that has had a repair or adjustment that relates to
safe operation (such as: A repair or adjustment to a safety device or
operator aid, or to a critical part of a control system, power plant,
braking system, load-sustaining structural components, load hook, or
in-use operating mechanism), must be inspected by a qualified person
after such a repair or adjustment has been completed, prior to initial
use. The inspection must meet all of the following requirements:
    (i) The qualified person must determine if the repair/adjustment
meets manufacturer equipment criteria (where applicable and available).
    (ii) Where manufacturer equipment criteria are unavailable or
inapplicable, the qualified person must:
    (A) Determine if a registered professional engineer (RPE) is needed
to develop criteria for the repair/adjustment. If an RPE is not needed,
the employer must ensure that the criteria are developed by the
qualified person. If an RPE is needed, the employer must ensure that
they are developed by an RPE.
    (B) Determine if the repair/adjustment meets the criteria developed
in accordance with paragraph (b)(1)(ii)(A) of this section.
    (iii) The inspection must include functional testing of the
repaired/adjusted parts and other components that may be affected by
the repair/adjustment.
    (4) Equipment must not be used until an inspection under this
paragraph demonstrates that the repair/adjustment meets the
requirements of paragraph (b)(1)(i) of this section (or, where
applicable, paragraph (b)(1)(ii) of this section).
    (c) Post-assembly.
    (1) Upon completion of assembly, the equipment must be inspected by
a qualified person to assure that it is configured in accordance with
manufacturer equipment criteria.
    (2) Where manufacturer equipment criteria are unavailable, a
qualified person must:
    (i) Determine if a registered professional engineer (RPE) familiar
with the type of equipment involved is needed to develop criteria for
the equipment configuration. If an RPE is not needed, the employer must
ensure that the criteria are developed by the qualified person. If an
RPE is needed, the employer must ensure that they are developed by an
RPE.
    (ii) Determine if the equipment meets the criteria developed in
accordance with paragraph (c)(2)(i) of this section.
    (3) Equipment must not be used until an inspection under this
paragraph demonstrates that the equipment is configured in accordance
with the applicable criteria.
    (d) Each shift.
    (1) A competent person must begin a visual inspection prior to each
shift the equipment will be used, which must be completed before or
during that shift. The inspection must consist of observation for
apparent deficiencies. Taking apart equipment components and booming
down is not required as part of this inspection unless the results of
the visual inspection or trial operation indicate that further
investigation necessitating taking apart equipment components or
booming down is needed. Determinations made in conducting the
inspection must be reassessed in light of observations made during
operation. At a minimum the inspection must include all of the
following:
    (i) Control mechanisms for maladjustments interfering with proper
operation.
    (ii) Control and drive mechanisms for apparent excessive wear of
components and contamination by lubricants, water or other foreign
matter.
    (iii) Air, hydraulic, and other pressurized lines for deterioration
or leakage, particularly those which flex in normal operation.
    (iv) Hydraulic system for proper fluid level.
    (v) Hooks and latches for deformation, cracks, excessive wear, or
damage such as from chemicals or heat.
    (vi) Wire rope reeving for compliance with the manufacturer's
specifications.
    (vii) Wire rope, in accordance with Sec.  1926.1413(a).
    (viii) Electrical apparatus for malfunctioning, signs of apparent
excessive deterioration, dirt or moisture accumulation.
    (ix) Tires (when in use) for proper inflation and condition.
    (x) Ground conditions around the equipment for proper support,
including ground settling under and around outriggers/stabilizers and
supporting foundations, ground water accumulation, or similar
conditions. This paragraph does not apply to the inspection of ground
conditions for railroad tracks and their underlying support when the
railroad tracks are part of the general railroad system of
transportation that is regulated pursuant to the Federal Railroad
Administration under 49 CFR part 213.
    (xi) The equipment for level position within the tolerances
specified by the

equipment manufacturer's recommendations, both before each shift and
after each move and setup.
    (xii) Operator cab windows for significant cracks, breaks, or other
deficiencies that would hamper the operator's view.
    (xiii) Rails, rail stops, rail clamps and supporting surfaces when
the equipment has rail traveling. This paragraph does not apply to the
inspection of rails, rail stops, rail clamps and supporting surfaces
when the railroad tracks are part of the general railroad system of
transportation that is regulated pursuant to the Federal Railroad
Administration under 49 CFR part 213.
    (xiv) Safety devices and operational aids for proper operation.
    (2) If any deficiency in paragraphs (d)(1)(i) through (xiii) of
this section (or in additional inspection items required to be checked
for specific types of equipment in accordance with other sections of
this standard) is identified, an immediate determination must be made
by the competent person as to whether the deficiency constitutes a
safety hazard. If the deficiency is determined to constitute a safety
hazard, the equipment must be taken out of service until it has been
corrected. See Sec.  1926.1417.
    (3) If any deficiency in paragraph (d)(1)(xiv) of this section
(safety devices/operational aids) is identified, the action specified
in Sec.  1926.1415 and Sec.  1926.1416 must be taken prior to using the
equipment.
    (e) Monthly.
    (1) Each month the equipment is in service it must be inspected in
accordance with paragraph (d) of this section (each shift).
    (2) Equipment must not be used until an inspection under this
paragraph demonstrates that no corrective action under paragraphs
(d)(2) and (3) of this section is required.
    (3) Documentation.
    (i) The following information must be documented and maintained by
the employer that conducts the inspection:
    (A) The items checked and the results of the inspection.
    (B) The name and signature of the person who conducted the
inspection and the date.
    (ii) This document must be retained for a minimum of three months.
    (f) Annual/comprehensive.
    (1) At least every 12 months the equipment must be inspected by a
qualified person in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section (each
shift) except that the corrective action set forth in paragraphs
(f)(4), (f)(5), and (f)(6) of this section must apply in place of the
corrective action required by paragraphs (d)(2) and (d)(3) of this
section.
    (2) In addition, at least every 12 months, the equipment must be
inspected by a qualified person. Disassembly is required, as necessary,
to complete the inspection. The equipment must be inspected for all of
the following:
    (i) Equipment structure (including the boom and, if equipped, the
jib):
    (A) Structural members: Deformed, cracked, or significantly
corroded.
    (B) Bolts, rivets and other fasteners: loose, failed or
significantly corroded.
    (C) Welds for cracks.
    (ii) Sheaves and drums for cracks or significant wear.
    (iii) Parts such as pins, bearings, shafts, gears, rollers and
locking devices for distortion, cracks or significant wear.
    (iv) Brake and clutch system parts, linings, pawls and ratchets for
excessive wear.
    (v) Safety devices and operational aids for proper operation
(including significant inaccuracies).
    (vi) Gasoline, diesel, electric, or other power plants for safety-
related problems (such as leaking exhaust and emergency shut-down
feature) and conditions, and proper operation.
    (vii) Chains and chain drive sprockets for excessive wear of
sprockets and excessive chain stretch.
    (viii) Travel steering, brakes, and locking devices, for proper
operation.
    (ix) Tires for damage or excessive wear.
    (x) Hydraulic, pneumatic and other pressurized hoses, fittings and
tubing, as follows:
    (A) Flexible hose or its junction with the fittings for indications
of leaks.
    (B) Threaded or clamped joints for leaks.
    (C) Outer covering of the hose for blistering, abnormal deformation
or other signs of failure/impending failure.
    (D) Outer surface of a hose, rigid tube, or fitting for indications
of excessive abrasion or scrubbing.
    (xi) Hydraulic and pneumatic pumps and motors, as follows:
    (A) Performance indicators: Unusual noises or vibration, low
operating speed, excessive heating of the fluid, low pressure.
    (B) Loose bolts or fasteners.
    (C) Shaft seals and joints between pump sections for leaks.
    (xii) Hydraulic and pneumatic valves, as follows:
    (A) Spools: Sticking, improper return to neutral, and leaks.
    (B) Leaks.
    (C) Valve housing cracks.
    (D) Relief valves: Failure to reach correct pressure (if there is a
manufacturer procedure for checking pressure, it must be followed).
    (xiii) Hydraulic and pneumatic cylinders, as follows:
    (A) Drifting caused by fluid leaking across the piston.
    (B) Rod seals and welded joints for leaks.
    (C) Cylinder rods for scores, nicks, or dents.
    (D) Case (barrel) for significant dents.
    (E) Rod eyes and connecting joints: Loose or deformed.
    (xiv) Outrigger or stabilizer pads/floats for excessive wear or
cracks.
    (xv) Slider pads for excessive wear or cracks.
    (xvi) Electrical components and wiring for cracked or split
insulation and loose or corroded terminations.
    (xvii) Warning labels and decals originally supplied with the
equipment by the manufacturer or otherwise required under this
standard: Missing or unreadable.
    (xviii) Originally equipped operator seat (or equivalent): Missing.
    (xix) Operator seat: Unserviceable.
    (xx) Originally equipped steps, ladders, handrails, guards:
Missing.
    (xxi) Steps, ladders, handrails, guards: In unusable/unsafe
condition.
    (3) This inspection must include functional testing to determine
that the equipment as configured in the inspection is functioning
properly.
    (4) If any deficiency is identified, an immediate determination
must be made by the qualified person as to whether the deficiency
constitutes a safety hazard or, though not yet a safety hazard, needs
to be monitored in the monthly inspections.
    (5) If the qualified person determines that a deficiency is a
safety hazard, the equipment must be taken out of service until it has
been corrected, except when temporary alternative measures are
implemented as specified in Sec.  1926.1416(d) or Sec.  1926.1435(e).
See Sec.  1926.1417.
    (6) If the qualified person determines that, though not presently a
safety hazard, the deficiency needs to be monitored, the employer must
ensure that the deficiency is checked in the monthly inspections.
    (7) Documentation of annual/comprehensive inspection. The following
information must be documented, maintained, and retained for a minimum
of 12 months, by the employer that conducts the inspection:
    (i) The items checked and the results of the inspection.
    (ii) The name and signature of the person who conducted the
inspection and the date.
    (g) Severe service. Where the severity of use/conditions is such
that there is a

reasonable probability of damage or excessive wear (such as loading
that may have exceeded rated capacity, shock loading that may have
exceeded rated capacity, prolonged exposure to a corrosive atmosphere),
the employer must stop using the equipment and a qualified person must:
    (1) Inspect the equipment for structural damage to determine if the
equipment can continue to be used safely.
    (2) In light of the use/conditions determine whether any items/
conditions listed in paragraph (f) of this section need to be
inspected; if so, the qualified person must inspect those items/
conditions.
    (3) If a deficiency is found, the employer must follow the
requirements in paragraphs (f)(4) through (6) of this section.
    (h) Equipment not in regular use. Equipment that has been idle for
3 months or more must be inspected by a qualified person in accordance
with the requirements of paragraph (e) (Monthly) of this section before
initial use.
    (i) [Reserved.]
    (j) Any part of a manufacturer's procedures regarding inspections
that relate to safe operation (such as to a safety device or
operational aid, critical part of a control system, power plant,
braking system, load-sustaining structural components, load hook, or
in-use operating mechanism) that is more comprehensive or has a more
frequent schedule of inspection than the requirements of this section
must be followed.
    (k) All documents produced under this section must be available,
during the applicable document retention period, to all persons who
conduct inspections under this section.

Sec.  1926.1413  Wire rope--inspection.

    (a) Shift inspection.
    (1) A competent person must begin a visual inspection prior to each
shift the equipment is used, which must be completed before or during
that shift. The inspection must consist of observation of wire ropes
(running and standing) that are likely to be in use during the shift
for apparent deficiencies, including those listed in paragraph (a)(2)
of this section. Untwisting (opening) of wire rope or booming down is
not required as part of this inspection.
    (2) Apparent deficiencies.
    (i) Category I. Apparent deficiencies in this category include the
following:
    (A) Significant distortion of the wire rope structure such as
kinking, crushing, unstranding, birdcaging, signs of core failure or
steel core protrusion between the outer strands.
    (B) Significant corrosion.
    (C) Electric arc damage (from a source other than power lines) or
heat damage.
    (D) Improperly applied end connections.
    (E) Significantly corroded, cracked, bent, or worn end connections
(such as from severe service).
    (ii) Category II. Apparent deficiencies in this category are:
    (A) Visible broken wires, as follows:
    (1) In running wire ropes: Six randomly distributed broken wires in
one rope lay or three broken wires in one strand in one rope lay, where
a rope lay is the length along the rope in which one strand makes a
complete revolution around the rope.
    (2) In rotation resistant ropes: Two randomly distributed broken
wires in six rope diameters or four randomly distributed broken wires
in 30 rope diameters.
    (3) In pendants or standing wire ropes: More than two broken wires
in one rope lay located in rope beyond end connections and/or more than
one broken wire in a rope lay located at an end connection.
    (B) A diameter reduction of more than 5% from nominal diameter.
    (iii) Category III. Apparent deficiencies in this category include
the following:
    (A) In rotation resistant wire rope, core protrusion or other
distortion indicating core failure.
    (B) Prior electrical contact with a power line.
    (C) A broken strand.
    (3) Critical review items. The competent person must give
particular attention to all of the following:
    (i) Rotation resistant wire rope in use.
    (ii) Wire rope being used for boom hoists and luffing hoists,
particularly at reverse bends.
    (iii) Wire rope at flange points, crossover points and repetitive
pickup points on drums.
    (iv) Wire rope at or near terminal ends.
    (v) Wire rope in contact with saddles, equalizer sheaves or other
sheaves where rope travel is limited.
    (4) Removal from service.
    (i) If a deficiency in Category I (see paragraph (a)(2)(i) of this
section) is identified, an immediate determination must be made by the
competent person as to whether the deficiency constitutes a safety
hazard. If the deficiency is determined to constitute a safety hazard,
operations involving use of the wire rope in question must be
prohibited until:
    (A) The wire rope is replaced (see Sec.  1926.1417), or
    (B) If the deficiency is localized, the problem is corrected by
severing the wire rope in two; the undamaged portion may continue to be
used. Joining lengths of wire rope by splicing is prohibited. If a rope
is shortened under this paragraph, the employer must ensure that the
drum will still have two wraps of wire when the load and/or boom is in
its lowest position.
    (ii) If a deficiency in Category II (see paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of
this section) is identified, operations involving use of the wire rope
in question must be prohibited until:
    (A) The employer complies with the wire rope manufacturer's
established criterion for removal from service or a different criterion
that the wire rope manufacturer has approved in writing for that
specific wire rope (see Sec.  1926.1417),
    (B) The wire rope is replaced (see Sec.  1926.1417), or
    (C) If the deficiency is localized, the problem is corrected by
severing the wire rope in two; the undamaged portion may continue to be
used. Joining lengths of wire rope by splicing is prohibited. If a rope
is shortened under this paragraph, the employer must ensure that the
drum will still have two wraps of wire when the load and/or boom is in
its lowest position.
    (iii) If a deficiency in Category III is identified, operations
involving use of the wire rope in question must be prohibited until:
    (A) The wire rope is replaced (see Sec.  1926.1417), or
    (B) If the deficiency (other than power line contact) is localized,
the problem is corrected by severing the wire rope in two; the
undamaged portion may continue to be used. Joining lengths of wire rope
by splicing is prohibited. Repair of wire rope that contacted an
energized power line is also prohibited. If a rope is shortened under
this paragraph, the employer must ensure that the drum will still have
two wraps of wire when the load and/or boom is in its lowest position.
    (iv) Where a wire rope is required to be removed from service under
this section, either the equipment (as a whole) or the hoist with that
wire rope must be tagged-out, in accordance with Sec.  1926.1417(f)(1),
until the wire rope is repaired or replaced.
    (b) Monthly inspection.
    (1) Each month an inspection must be conducted in accordance with
paragraph (a) (shift inspection) of this section.
    (2) The inspection must include any deficiencies that the qualified
person who conducts the annual inspection

determines under paragraph (c)(3)(ii) of this section must be
monitored.
    (3) Wire ropes on equipment must not be used until an inspection
under this paragraph demonstrates that no corrective action under
paragraph (a)(4) of this section is required.
    (4) The inspection must be documented according to Sec.
1926.1412(e)(3) (monthly inspection documentation).
    (c) Annual/comprehensive.
    (1) At least every 12 months, wire ropes in use on equipment must
be inspected by a qualified person in accordance with paragraph (a) of
this section (shift inspection).
    (2) In addition, at least every 12 months, the wire ropes in use on
equipment must be inspected by a qualified person, as follows:
    (i) The inspection must be for deficiencies of the types listed in
paragraph (a)(2) of this section.
    (ii) The inspection must be complete and thorough, covering the
surface of the entire length of the wire ropes, with particular
attention given to all of the following:
    (A) Critical review items listed in paragraph (a)(3) of this
section.
    (B) Those sections that are normally hidden during shift and
monthly inspections.
    (C) Wire rope subject to reverse bends.
    (D) Wire rope passing over sheaves.
    (iii) Exception: In the event an inspection under paragraph (c)(2)
of this section is not feasible due to existing set-up and
configuration of the equipment (such as where an assist crane is
needed) or due to site conditions (such as a dense urban setting), such
inspections must be conducted as soon as it becomes feasible, but no
longer than an additional 6 months for running ropes and, for standing
ropes, at the time of disassembly.
    (3) If a deficiency is identified, an immediate determination must
be made by the qualified person as to whether the deficiency
constitutes a safety hazard.
    (i) If the deficiency is determined to constitute a safety hazard,
operations involving use of the wire rope in question must be
prohibited until:
    (A) The wire rope is replaced (see Sec.  1926.1417), or
    (B) If the deficiency is localized, the problem is corrected by
severing the wire rope in two; the undamaged portion may continue to be
used. Joining lengths of wire rope by splicing is prohibited. If a rope
is shortened under this paragraph, the employer must ensure that the
drum will still have two wraps of wire when the load and/or boom is in
its lowest position.
    (ii) If the qualified person determines that, though not presently
a safety hazard, the deficiency needs to be monitored, the employer
must ensure that the deficiency is checked in the monthly inspections.
    (4) The inspection must be documented according to Sec.
1926.1412(f)(7) (annual/comprehensive inspection documentation).
    (d) Rope lubricants that are of the type that hinder inspection
must not be used.
    (e) All documents produced under this section must be available,
during the applicable document retention period, to all persons who
conduct inspections under this section.

Sec.  1926.1414  Wire rope--selection and installation criteria.

    (a) Original equipment wire rope and replacement wire rope must be
selected and installed in accordance with the requirements of this
section. Selection of replacement wire rope must be in accordance with
the recommendations of the wire rope manufacturer, the equipment
manufacturer, or a qualified person.
    (b) Wire rope design criteria: Wire rope (other than rotation
resistant rope) must comply with either Option (1) or Option (2) of
this section, as follows:
    (1) Option (1). Wire rope must comply with section 5-1.7.1 of ASME
B30.5-2004 (incorporated by reference, see Sec.  1926.6) except that
section's paragraph (c) must not apply.
    (2) Option (2). Wire rope must be designed to have, in relation to
the equipment's rated capacity, a sufficient minimum breaking force and
design factor so that compliance with the applicable inspection
provisions in Sec.  1926.1413 will be an effective means of preventing
sudden rope failure.
    (c) Wire rope must be compatible with the safe functioning of the
equipment.
    (d) Boom hoist reeving.
    (1) Fiber core ropes must not be used for boom hoist reeving,
except for derricks.
    (2) Rotation resistant ropes must be used for boom hoist reeving
only where the requirements of paragraph (e)(4)(ii) of this section are
met.
    (e) Rotation resistant ropes.
    (1) Definitions.
    (i) Type I rotation resistant wire rope (``Type I''). Type I
rotation resistant rope is stranded rope constructed to have little or
no tendency to rotate or, if guided, transmits little or no torque. It
has at least 15 outer strands and comprises an assembly of at least
three layers of strands laid helically over a center in two operations.
The direction of lay of the outer strands is opposite to that of the
underlying layer.
    (ii) Type II rotation resistant wire rope (``Type II''). Type II
rotation resistant rope is stranded rope constructed to have
significant resistance to rotation. It has at least 10 outer strands
and comprises an assembly of two or more layers of strands laid
helically over a center in two or three operations. The direction of
lay of the outer strands is opposite to that of the underlying layer.
    (iii) Type III rotation resistant wire rope (``Type III''). Type
III rotation resistant rope is stranded rope constructed to have
limited resistance to rotation. It has no more than nine outer strands,
and comprises an assembly of two layers of strands laid helically over
a center in two operations. The direction of lay of the outer strands
is opposite to that of the underlying layer.
    (2) Requirements.
    (i) Types II and III with an operating design factor of less than 5
must not be used for duty cycle or repetitive lifts.
    (ii) Rotation resistant ropes (including Types I, II and III) must
have an operating design factor of no less than 3.5.
    (iii) Type I must have an operating design factor of no less than
5, except where the wire rope manufacturer and the equipment
manufacturer approves the design factor, in writing.
    (iv) Types II and III must have an operating design factor of no
less than 5, except where the requirements of paragraph (e)(3) of this
section are met.
    (3) When Types II and III with an operating design factor of less
than 5 are used (for non-duty cycle, non-repetitive lifts), the
following requirements must be met for each lifting operation:
    (i) A qualified person must inspect the rope in accordance with
Sec.  1926.1413(a). The rope must be used only if the qualified person
determines that there are no deficiencies constituting a hazard. In
making this determination, more than one broken wire in any one rope
lay must be considered a hazard.
    (ii) Operations must be conducted in such a manner and at such
speeds as to minimize dynamic effects.
    (iii) Each lift made under Sec.  1926.1414(e)(3) must be recorded
in the monthly and annual inspection documents. Such prior uses must be
considered by the qualified person in determining whether to use the
rope again.
    (4) Additional requirements for rotation resistant ropes for boom
hoist reeving.
    (i) Rotation resistant ropes must not be used for boom hoist
reeving, except where the requirements of paragraph (e)(4)(ii) of this
section are met.

    (ii) Rotation resistant ropes may be used as boom hoist reeving
when load hoists are used as boom hoists for attachments such as
luffing attachments or boom and mast attachment systems. Under these
conditions, all of the following requirements must be met:
    (A) The drum must provide a first layer rope pitch diameter of not
less than 18 times the nominal diameter of the rope used.
    (B) The requirements in Sec.  1926.1426(a) (irrespective of the
date of manufacture of the equipment), and Sec.  1926.1426(b).
    (C) The requirements in ASME B30.5-2004 sections 5-1.3.2(a), (a)(2)
through (a)(4), (b) and (d) (incorporated by reference, see Sec.
1926.6) except that the minimum pitch diameter for sheaves used in
multiple rope reeving is 18 times the nominal diameter of the rope used
(instead of the value of 16 specified in section 5-1.3.2(d)).
    (D) All sheaves used in the boom hoist reeving system must have a
rope pitch diameter of not less than 18 times the nominal diameter of
the rope used.
    (E) The operating design factor for the boom hoist reeving system
must be not less than five.
    (F) The operating design factor for these ropes must be the total
minimum breaking force of all parts of rope in the system divided by
the load imposed on the rope system when supporting the static weights
of the structure and the load within the equipment's rated capacity.
    (G) When provided, a power-controlled lowering system must be
capable of handling rated capacities and speeds as specified by the
manufacturer.
    (f) Wire rope clips used in conjunction with wedge sockets must be
attached to the unloaded dead end of the rope only, except that the use
of devices specifically designed for dead-ending rope in a wedge socket
is permitted.
    (g) Socketing must be done in the manner specified by the
manufacturer of the wire rope or fitting.
    (h) Prior to cutting a wire rope, seizings must be placed on each
side of the point to be cut. The length and number of seizings must be
in accordance with the wire rope manufacturer's instructions.

Sec.  1926.1415  Safety devices.

    (a) Safety devices. The following safety devices are required on
all equipment covered by this subpart, unless otherwise specified:
    (1) Crane level indicator.
    (i) The equipment must have a crane level indicator that is either
built into the equipment or is available on the equipment.
    (ii) If a built-in crane level indicator is not working properly,
it must be tagged-out or removed. If a removable crane level indicator
is not working properly, it must be removed.
    (iii) This requirement does not apply to portal cranes, derricks,
floating cranes/derricks and land cranes/derricks on barges, pontoons,
vessels or other means of flotation.
    (2) Boom stops, except for derricks and hydraulic booms.
    (3) Jib stops (if a jib is attached), except for derricks.
    (4) Equipment with foot pedal brakes must have locks.
    (5) Hydraulic outrigger jacks and hydraulic stabilizer jacks must
have an integral holding device/check valve.
    (6) Equipment on rails must have rail clamps and rail stops, except
for portal cranes.
    (7) Horn
    (i) The equipment must have a horn that is either built into the
equipment or is on the equipment and immediately available to the
operator.
    (ii) If a built-in horn is not working properly, it must be tagged-
out or removed. If a removable horn is not working properly, it must be
removed.
    (b) Proper operation required. Operations must not begin unless all
of the devices listed in this section are in proper working order. If a
device stops working properly during operations, the operator must
safely stop operations. If any of the devices listed in this section
are not in proper working order, the equipment must be taken out of
service and operations must not resume until the device is again
working properly. See Sec.  1926.1417 (Operation). Alternative measures
are not permitted to be used.

Sec.  1926.1416  Operational aids.

    (a) The devices listed in this section (``listed operational
aids'') are required on all equipment covered by this subpart, unless
otherwise specified.
    (1) The requirements in paragraphs (e)(1), (e)(2), and (e)(3) of
this section do not apply to articulating cranes.
    (2) The requirements in paragraphs (d)(3), (e)(1), and (e)(4) of
this section apply only to those digger derricks manufactured after
November 8, 2011.
    (b) Operations must not begin unless the listed operational aids
are in proper working order, except where an operational aid is being
repaired the employer uses the specified temporary alternative
measures. The time periods permitted for repairing defective
operational aids are specified in paragraphs (d) and (e) of this
section. More protective alternative measures specified by the crane/
derrick manufacturer, if any, must be followed.
    (c) If a listed operational aid stops working properly during
operations, the operator must safely stop operations until the
temporary alternative measures are implemented or the device is again
working properly. If a replacement part is no longer available, the use
of a substitute device that performs the same type of function is
permitted and is not considered a modification under Sec.  1926.1434.
    (d) Category I operational aids and alternative measures.
Operational aids listed in this paragraph that are not working properly
must be repaired no later than 7 calendar days after the deficiency
occurs. Exception: If the employer documents that it has ordered the
necessary parts within 7 calendar days of the occurrence of the
deficiency, the repair must be completed within 7 calendar days of
receipt of the parts. See Sec.  1926.1417(j) for additional
requirements.
    (1) Boom hoist limiting device.
    (i) For equipment manufactured after December 16, 1969, a boom
hoist limiting device is required. Temporary alternative measures (use
at least one). One or more of the following methods must be used:
    (A) Use a boom angle indicator.
    (B) Clearly mark the boom hoist cable (so that it can easily be
seen by the operator) at a point that will give the operator sufficient
time to stop the hoist to keep the boom within the minimum allowable
radius. In addition, install mirrors or remote video cameras and
displays if necessary for the operator to see the mark.
    (C) Clearly mark the boom hoist cable (so that it can easily be
seen by a spotter) at a point that will give the spotter sufficient
time to signal the operator and have the operator stop the hoist to
keep the boom within the minimum allowable radius.
    (ii) If the equipment was manufactured on or before December 16,
1969, and is not equipped with a boom hoist limiting device, at least
one of the measures in paragraphs (d)(1)(i)(A) through (C) of this
section must be used.
    (2) Luffing jib limiting device. Equipment with a luffing jib must
have a luffing jib limiting device. Temporary alternative measures are
the same as in paragraph (d)(1)(i) of this section, except to limit the
movement of the luffing jib rather than the boom hoist.
    (3) Anti two-blocking device.
    (i) Telescopic boom cranes manufactured after February 28, 1992,
must be equipped with a device which automatically prevents damage from
contact between the load block, overhaul ball, or similar component,
and the boom tip (or fixed upper block

or similar component). The device(s) must prevent such damage at all
points where two-blocking could occur.
    Temporary alternative measures: Clearly mark the cable (so that it
can easily be seen by the operator) at a point that will give the
operator sufficient time to stop the hoist to prevent two-blocking, and
use a spotter when extending the boom.
    (ii) Lattice boom cranes.
    (A) Lattice boom cranes manufactured after Feb 28, 1992, must be
equipped with a device that either automatically prevents damage and
load failure from contact between the load block, overhaul ball, or
similar component, and the boom tip (or fixed upper block or similar
component), or warns the operator in time for the operator to prevent
two-blocking. The device must prevent such damage/failure or provide
adequate warning for all points where two-blocking could occur.
    (B) Lattice boom cranes and derricks manufactured after November 8,
2011 must be equipped with a device which automatically prevents damage
and load failure from contact between the load block, overhaul ball, or
similar component, and the boom tip (or fixed upper block or similar
component). The device(s) must prevent such damage/failure at all
points where two-blocking could occur.
    (C) Exception. The requirements in paragraphs (d)(3)(ii)(A) and (B)
of this section do not apply to such lattice boom equipment when used
for dragline, clamshell (grapple), magnet, drop ball, container
handling, concrete bucket, marine operations that do not involve
hoisting personnel, and pile driving work.
    (D) Temporary alternative measures. Clearly mark the cable (so that
it can easily be seen by the operator) at a point that will give the
operator sufficient time to stop the hoist to prevent two-blocking, or
use a spotter.
    (iii) Articulating cranes manufactured after December 31, 1999,
that are equipped with a load hoist must be equipped with a device that
automatically prevents damage from contact between the load block,
overhaul ball, or similar component, and the boom tip (or fixed upper
block or similar component). The device must prevent such damage at all
points where two-blocking could occur. Temporary alternative measures:
When two-blocking could only occur with movement of the load hoist,
clearly mark the cable (so that it can easily be seen by the operator)
at a point that will give the operator sufficient time to stop the
hoist to prevent two-blocking, or use a spotter. When two-blocking
could occur without movement of the load hoist, clearly mark the cable
(so that it can easily be seen by the operator) at a point that will
give the operator sufficient time to stop the hoist to prevent two-
blocking, and use a spotter when extending the boom.
    (e) Category II operational aids and alternative measures.
Operational aids listed in this paragraph that are not working properly
must be repaired no later than 30 calendar days after the deficiency
occurs. Exception: If the employer documents that it has ordered the
necessary parts within 7 calendar days of the occurrence of the
deficiency, and the part is not received in time to complete the repair
in 30 calendar days, the repair must be completed within 7 calendar
days of receipt of the parts. See Sec.  1926.1417(j) for additional
requirements.
    (1) Boom angle or radius indicator. The equipment must have a boom
angle or radius indicator readable from the operator's station.
Temporary alternative measures: Radii or boom angle must be determined
by measuring the radii or boom angle with a measuring device.
    (2) Jib angle indicator if the equipment has a luffing jib.
Temporary alternative measures: Radii or jib angle must be determined
by ascertaining the main boom angle and then measuring the radii or jib
angle with a measuring device.
    (3) Boom length indicator if the equipment has a telescopic boom,
except where the rated capacity is independent of the boom length.
Temporary alternative measures. One or more of the following methods
must be used:
    (i) Mark the boom with measured marks to calculate boom length,
    (ii) Calculate boom length from boom angle and radius measurements,
    (iii) Measure the boom with a measuring device.
    (4) Load weighing and similar devices.
    (i) Equipment (other than derricks and articulating cranes)
manufactured after March 29, 2003 with a rated capacity over 6,000
pounds must have at least one of the following: load weighing device,
load moment (or rated capacity) indicator, or load moment (or rated
capacity) limiter. Temporary alternative measures: The weight of the
load must be determined from a source recognized by the industry (such
as the load's manufacturer) or by a calculation method recognized by
the industry (such as calculating a steel beam from measured dimensions
and a known per foot weight). This information must be provided to the
operator prior to the lift.
    (ii) Articulating cranes manufactured after November 8, 2011 must
have at least one of the following: automatic overload prevention
device, load weighing device, load moment (or rated capacity)
indicator, or load moment (rated capacity) limiter. Temporary
alternative measures: The weight of the load must be determined from a
source recognized by the industry (such as the load's manufacturer) or
by a calculation method recognized by the industry (such as calculating
a steel beam from measured dimensions and a known per foot weight).
This information must be provided to the operator prior to the lift.
    (5) The following devices are required on equipment manufactured
after November 8, 2011:
    (i) Outrigger/stabilizer position (horizontal beam extension)
sensor/monitor if the equipment has outriggers or stabilizers.
Temporary alternative measures: The operator must verify that the
position of the outriggers or stabilizers is correct (in accordance
with manufacturer procedures) before beginning operations requiring
outrigger or stabilizer deployment.
    (ii) Hoist drum rotation indicator if the equipment has a hoist
drum not visible from the operator's station. Temporary alternative
measures: Mark the drum to indicate the rotation of the drum. In
addition, install mirrors or remote video cameras and displays if
necessary for the operator to see the mark.

Sec.  1926.1417  Operation.

    (a) The employer must comply with all manufacturer procedures
applicable to the operational functions of equipment, including its use
with attachments.
    (b) Unavailable operation procedures.
    (1) Where the manufacturer procedures are unavailable, the employer
must develop and ensure compliance with all procedures necessary for
the safe operation of the equipment and attachments.
    (2) Procedures for the operational controls must be developed by a
qualified person.
    (3) Procedures related to the capacity of the equipment must be
developed and signed by a registered professional engineer familiar
with the equipment.
    (c) Accessibility of procedures.
    (1) The procedures applicable to the operation of the equipment,
including rated capacities (load charts), recommended operating speeds,
special hazard warnings, instructions, and operator's manual, must be
readily available in the cab at all times for use by the operator.

    (2) Where rated capacities are available in the cab only in
electronic form: In the event of a failure which makes the rated
capacities inaccessible, the operator must immediately cease operations
or follow safe shut-down procedures until the rated capacities (in
electronic or other form) are available.
    (d) The operator must not engage in any practice or activity that
diverts his/her attention while actually engaged in operating the
equipment, such as the use of cellular phones (other than when used for
signal communications).
    (e) Leaving the equipment unattended.
    (1) The operator must not leave the controls while the load is
suspended, except where all of the following are met:
    (i) The operator remains adjacent to the equipment and is not
engaged in any other duties.
    (ii) The load is to be held suspended for a period of time
exceeding normal lifting operations.
    (iii) The competent person determines that it is safe to do so and
implements measures necessary to restrain the boom hoist and
telescoping, load, swing, and outrigger or stabilizer functions.
    (iv) Barricades or caution lines, and notices, are erected to
prevent all employees from entering the fall zone. No employees,
including those listed in Sec. Sec.  1926.1425(b)(1) through (3), Sec.
1926.1425(d) or Sec.  1926.1425(e), are permitted in the fall zone.
    (2) The provisions in Sec.  1926.1417(e)(1) do not apply to working
gear (such as slings, spreader bars, ladders, and welding machines)
where the weight of the working gear is negligible relative to the
lifting capacity of the equipment as positioned, and the working gear
is suspended over an area other than an entrance or exit.
    (f) Tag-out.
    (1) Tagging out of service equipment/functions. Where the employer
has taken the equipment out of service, a tag must be placed in the cab
stating that the equipment is out of service and is not to be used.
Where the employer has taken a function(s) out of service, a tag must
be placed in a conspicuous position stating that the function is out of
service and is not to be used.
    (2) Response to ``do not operate''/tag-out signs.
    (i) If there is a warning (tag-out or maintenance/do not operate)
sign on the equipment or starting control, the operator must not
activate the switch or start the equipment until the sign has been
removed by a person authorized to remove it, or until the operator has
verified that:
    (A) No one is servicing, working on, or otherwise in a dangerous
position on the machine.
    (B) The equipment has been repaired and is working properly.
    (ii) If there is a warning (tag-out or maintenance/do not operate)
sign on any other switch or control, the operator must not activate
that switch or control until the sign has been removed by a person
authorized to remove it, or until the operator has verified that the
requirements in paragraphs (f)(2)(i)(A) and (B) of this section have
been met.
    (g) Before starting the engine, the operator must verify that all
controls are in the proper starting position and that all personnel are
in the clear.
    (h) Storm warning. When a local storm warning has been issued, the
competent person must determine whether it is necessary to implement
manufacturer recommendations for securing the equipment.
    (i) [Reserved.]
    (j) If equipment adjustments or repairs are necessary:
    (1) The operator must, in writing, promptly inform the person
designated by the employer to receive such information and, where there
are successive shifts, to the next operator; and
    (2) The employer must notify all affected employees, at the
beginning of each shift, of the necessary adjustments or repairs and
all alternative measures.
    (k) Safety devices and operational aids must not be used as a
substitute for the exercise of professional judgment by the operator.
    (l) [Reserved.]
    (m) If the competent person determines that there is a slack rope
condition requiring re-spooling of the rope, it must be verified
(before starting to lift) that the rope is seated on the drum and in
the sheaves as the slack is removed.
    (n) The competent person must adjust the equipment and/or
operations to address the effect of wind, ice, and snow on equipment
stability and rated capacity.
    (o) Compliance with rated capacity.
    (1) The equipment must not be operated in excess of its rated
capacity.
    (2) The operator must not be required to operate the equipment in a
manner that would violate paragraph (o)(1) of this section.
    (3) Load weight. The operator must verify that the load is within
the rated capacity of the equipment by at least one of the following
methods:
    (i) The weight of the load must be determined from a source
recognized by the industry (such as the load's manufacturer), or by a
calculation method recognized by the industry (such as calculating a
steel beam from measured dimensions and a known per foot weight), or by
other equally reliable means. In addition, when requested by the
operator, this information must be provided to the operator prior to
the lift; or
    (ii) The operator must begin hoisting the load to determine, using
a load weighing device, load moment indicator, rated capacity
indicator, or rated capacity limiter, if it exceeds 75 percent of the
maximum rated capacity at the longest radius that will be used during
the lift operation. If it does, the operator must not proceed with the
lift until he/she verifies the weight of the load in accordance with
paragraph (o)(3)(i) of this section.
    (p) The boom or other parts of the equipment must not contact any
obstruction.
    (q) The equipment must not be used to drag or pull loads sideways.
    (r) On wheel-mounted equipment, no loads must be lifted over the
front area, except as permitted by the manufacturer.
    (s) The operator must test the brakes each time a load that is 90%
or more of the maximum line pull is handled by lifting the load a few
inches and applying the brakes. In duty cycle and repetitive lifts
where each lift is 90% or more of the maximum line pull, this
requirement applies to the first lift but not to successive lifts.
    (t) Neither the load nor the boom must be lowered below the point
where less than two full wraps of rope remain on their respective
drums.
    (u) Traveling with a load.
    (1) Traveling with a load is prohibited if the practice is
prohibited by the manufacturer.
    (2) Where traveling with a load, the employer must ensure that:
    (i) A competent person supervises the operation, determines if it
is necessary to reduce rated capacity, and makes determinations
regarding load position, boom location, ground support, travel route,
overhead obstructions, and speed of movement necessary to ensure
safety.
    (ii) The determinations of the competent person required in
paragraph (u)(2)(i) of this section are implemented.
    (iii) For equipment with tires, tire pressure specified by the
manufacturer is maintained.
    (v) Rotational speed of the equipment must be such that the load
does not swing out beyond the radius at which it can be controlled.
    (w) A tag or restraint line must be used if necessary to prevent
rotation of the load that would be hazardous.

    (x) The brakes must be adjusted in accordance with manufacturer
procedures to prevent unintended movement.
    (y) The operator must obey a stop (or emergency stop) signal,
irrespective of who gives it.
    (z) Swinging locomotive cranes. A locomotive crane must not be
swung into a position where railway cars on an adjacent track could
strike it, until it is determined that cars are not being moved on the
adjacent track and that proper flag protection has been established.
    (aa) Counterweight/ballast.
    (1) The following applies to equipment other than tower cranes:
    (i) Equipment must not be operated without the counterweight or
ballast in place as specified by the manufacturer.
    (ii) The maximum counterweight or ballast specified by the
manufacturer for the equipment must not be exceeded.
    (2) Counterweight/ballast requirements for tower cranes are
specified in Sec.  1926.1435(b)(8).

Sec.  1926.1418  Authority to stop operation.

    Whenever there is a concern as to safety, the operator must have
the authority to stop and refuse to handle loads until a qualified
person has determined that safety has been assured.

Sec.  1926.1419  Signals--general requirements.

    (a) A signal person must be provided in each of the following
situations:
    (1) The point of operation, meaning the load travel or the area
near or at load placement, is not in full view of the operator.
    (2) When the equipment is traveling, the view in the direction of
travel is obstructed.
    (3) Due to site specific safety concerns, either the operator or
the person handling the load determines that it is necessary.
    (b) Types of signals. Signals to operators must be by hand, voice,
audible, or new signals.
    (c) Hand signals.
    (1) When using hand signals, the Standard Method must be used (see
Appendix A of this subpart). Exception: Where use of the Standard
Method for hand signals is infeasible, or where an operation or use of
an attachment is not covered in the Standard Method, non-standard hand
signals may be used in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this
section.
    (2) Non-standard hand signals. When using non-standard hand
signals, the signal person, operator, and lift director (where there is
one) must contact each other prior to the operation and agree on the
non-standard hand signals that will be used.
    (d) New signals. Signals other than hand, voice, or audible signals
may be used where the employer demonstrates that:
    (1) The new signals provide at least equally effective
communication as voice, audible, or Standard Method hand signals, or
    (2) The new signals comply with a national consensus standard that
provides at least equally effective communication as voice, audible, or
Standard Method hand signals.
    (e) Suitability. The signals used (hand, voice, audible, or new),
and means of transmitting the signals to the operator (such as direct
line of sight, video, radio, etc.), must be appropriate for the site
conditions.
    (f) During operations requiring signals, the ability to transmit
signals between the operator and signal person must be maintained. If
that ability is interrupted at any time, the operator must safely stop
operations requiring signals until it is reestablished and a proper
signal is given and understood.
    (g) If the operator becomes aware of a safety problem and needs to
communicate with the signal person, the operator must safely stop
operations. Operations must not resume until the operator and signal
person agree that the problem has been resolved.
    (h) Only one person may give signals to a crane/derrick at a time,
except in circumstances covered by paragraph (j) of this section.
    (i) [Reserved.]
    (j) Anyone who becomes aware of a safety problem must alert the
operator or signal person by giving the stop or emergency stop signal.
(Note: Sec.  1926.1417(y) requires the operator to obey a stop or
emergency stop signal).
    (k) All directions given to the operator by the signal person must
be given from the operator's direction perspective.
    (l) [Reserved.]
    (m) Communication with multiple cranes/derricks. Where a signal
person(s) is in communication with more than one crane/derrick, a
system must be used for identifying the crane/derrick each signal is
for, as follows:
    (1) for each signal, prior to giving the function/direction, the
signal person must identify the crane/derrick the signal is for, or
    (2) must use an equally effective method of identifying which
crane/derrick the signal is for.

Sec.  1926.1420  Signals--radio, telephone or other electronic
transmission of signals.

    (a) The device(s) used to transmit signals must be tested on site
before beginning operations to ensure that the signal transmission is
effective, clear, and reliable.
    (b) Signal transmission must be through a dedicated channel,
except:
    (1) Multiple cranes/derricks and one or more signal persons may
share a dedicated channel for the purpose of coordinating operations.
    (2) Where a crane is being operated on or adjacent to railroad
tracks, and the actions of the crane operator need to be coordinated
with the movement of other equipment or trains on the same or adjacent
tracks.
    (c) The operator's reception of signals must be by a hands-free
system.

Sec.  1926.1421  Signals--voice signals--additional requirements.

    (a) Prior to beginning operations, the operator, signal person and
lift director (if there is one), must contact each other and agree on
the voice signals that will be used. Once the voice signals are agreed
upon, these workers need not meet again to discuss voice signals unless
another worker is added or substituted, there is confusion about the
voice signals, or a voice signal is to be changed.
    (b) Each voice signal must contain the following three elements,
given in the following order: function (such as hoist, boom, etc.),
direction; distance and/or speed; function, stop command.
    (c) The operator, signal person and lift director (if there is
one), must be able to effectively communicate in the language used.

Sec.  1926.1422  Signals--hand signal chart.

    Hand signal charts must be either posted on the equipment or
conspicuously posted in the vicinity of the hoisting operations.

Sec.  1926.1423  Fall protection.

    (a) Application.
    (1) Paragraphs (b), (c)(3), (e) and (f) of this section apply to
all equipment covered by this subpart except tower cranes.
    (2) Paragraphs (c)(1), (c)(2), (d), (g), (j) and (k) of this
section apply to all equipment covered by this subpart.
    (3) Paragraphs (c)(4) and (h) of this section apply only to tower
cranes.
    (b) Boom walkways.
    (1) Equipment manufactured after November 8, 2011 with lattice
booms must be equipped with walkways on the boom(s) if the vertical
profile of the boom (from cord centerline to cord centerline) is 6 or
more feet.
    (2) Boom walkway criteria.
    (i) The walkways must be at least 12 inches wide.

    (ii) Guardrails, railings and other permanent fall protection
attachments along walkways are:
    (A) Not required.
    (B) Prohibited on booms supported by pendant ropes or bars if the
guardrails/railings/attachments could be snagged by the ropes or bars.
    (C) Prohibited if of the removable type (designed to be installed
and removed each time the boom is assembled/disassembled).
    (D) Where not prohibited, guardrails or railings may be of any
height up to, but not more than, 45 inches.
    (c) Steps, handholds, ladders, grabrails, guardrails and railings.
    (1) Section 1926.502(b) does not apply to equipment covered by this
subpart.
    (2) The employer must maintain in good condition originally-
equipped steps, handholds, ladders and guardrails/railings/grabrails.
    (3) Equipment manufactured after November 8, 2011 must be equipped
so as to provide safe access and egress between the ground and the
operator work station(s), including the forward and rear positions, by
the provision of devices such as steps, handholds, ladders, and