i Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) ii Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK i Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) William C. Herz Director of Scientific Programs M E M O R A N D U M TO: Product Testing Recipient FROM: William C. Herz, Director, Scientific Programs SUBJECT: Nitric Acid Product Testing Dossier DATE: March 15, 2003 It is with great pleasure that The Fertilizer Institute ( TFI) announces the completion and distribution of the final product testing dossier for Nitric Acid ( CAS # 7697 37 2).

As you are aware, TFI sponsored this four   year program to develop and summarize screening level hazard information for high production volume ( HPV) chemicals. The data elements generated represent a broad overview of human health and ecological parameters. These include a physical  chemical characterization, environmental fate, mammalian toxicity and ecotoxicity. A health and environmental safety data summary dossier was prepared for each of the 23 materials. It summarizes the available literature data, new testing data, category description and read across data as well as provides a conclusion regarding the inherent hazards of the material.

Upon receipt of this data a 90 calendar day regulatory trigger starts within which you must update your material safety data sheets ( MS DS). Upon first product shipment you must also notify your distributors and employers once the MS DS has been updated. These regulatory requirements are detailed in 29 CFR 1910.1200( g)( 5) and 29 CFR 1910.1200( g)( 6)( i). The requirements are found in the Occupational Safety and Health Administration " Hazard Communication Standard" ( 29 CFR 1910.1200).

Please note that by receipt of this data; you agree not to distribute or sell this data beyond your own company. ii Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK TABLE OF CONTENTS Page EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW............................................................................................................................... iii SIDS PROFILE ................................................................................................................................................. 1 SIDS DATA SUMMARY for nitric acid .......................................................................................................... 2 1. GENERAL INFORMATION............................................................................................... 4 2. PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA......................................................................................... 10 3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS................................................................ 14 4. ECOTOXICITY.................................................................................................................... 19 5. TOXICITY............................................................................................................................ 24 6. REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................... 30 LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX A SIDS Data Availability Summary APPENDIX B SIDS Data Summaries for Nitric, Sulfuric and Phosphoric Acids ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS BCF Bioconcentration Factor bw Body Weight DAP Diammonium Phosphate DOT Department of Transportation FDA U. S. Food and Drug Administration g/ L Grams per Liter GLP Good Laboratory Practices GTSP Granular Triple Super Phosphate g/ mL Grams per Milliliter HSDB Hazardous Substance Data Bank IPCS International Programme for Chemical Safety KNO3 Potassium Nitrate Koc Organic Carbon Partition Coefficient Kow Octanol/ Water Partition Coefficient LC50 Median Lethal Concentration LD50 Median Lethal Dose LOAEL Lowest Observable Adverse Effect Level LOEC Lowest Observable Effect Concentration LOEL Lowest Observable Effect Level ii Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) M Molar MAP Monoammonium Phosphate mg/ kg Milligrams per Kilogram mg/ kg/ day Milligrams per Kilogram per Day mg/ L Milligrams per Liter MHb Methyl Hemoglobin mm Hg Millimeters of Mercury mmol/ L Millimoles per Liter NaNo3 Sodium Nitrate NFPA National Fire Prevention Association ( NH4) 2NO3 Ammonium Nitrate NIOSH National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health NO3 Nitrate NOAEL No Observable Adverse Effect Level NOEC No Observable Effect Concentration NOEL No Observable Effect Level OECD Organisation for Economic Co operation and Development Pa Pascal ppm Parts per Million SCAS Semi Continuous Activated Sludge SIDS Screening Information Data Set SSP Single Super Phosphate TLm Median Toxicity Level TLV Threshold Limit Value TFI The Fertilizer Institute UAN Urea Ammonia Nitrogen iii Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW I. Introduction The Fertilizer Institute, on behalf of its member companies, initiated a Product Testing Project to collect, review, summarize, and where necessary develop additional health and environmental safety data for 23 of its high production volume inorganic fertilizer materials. These data and summaries provide valuable information that can be used to update Material Safety Data Sheets, answer customers' questions, and support product stewardship efforts. The chemical industry is also participating in a voluntary program of comparable scope for high production volume organic chemicals. 1 The 23 fertilizer materials were divided into five categories ( i. e., ammonia compounds, nitrate compounds, phosphate compounds, salts and acids) based on their primary constituents as shown in Table 1. The use of categories is a recognized and accepted method that allows health and environmental safety data from one chemical in the category to be used to represent one or more other related chemicals in the category ( USEPA 1999). The key is to find similar, or at least predictable, patterns and trends among the chemicals in a category. In this way, data can be pooled, resources are optimized, and fewer animals are used in testing, all without losing the ability to evaluate the hazards and safety of the individual chemicals. Note that some of the materials fall into more than one category ( e. g., diammonium phosphate [ DAP] is in both the phosphate and ammonia categories).

Searches were conducted using on line databases, standard reference texts, and other published sources for toxicity, ecotoxicity, environmental fate, and physical chemical properties. The collected data were reviewed for quality and acceptability and then summarized according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ( OECD) Screening Information Data Set ( SIDS) dossier format ( OECD 1997). The OECD countries ( including the United States) have agreed on a set of tests and on types of data that are generally necessary to characterize the chemical behavior and potential hazards of chemicals released into the environment. The OECD SIDS dossier was chosen as a standard format for the TFI Product Testing Project in order that it would be scientifically defensive, broadly applicable and easily understandable to a wide range of stakeholders.

The following sections of this Executive Overview provide: the rationale for development of the Acids category ( Section II); a synopsis of the available data related to the physical chemical properties, environmental fate, ecotoxicity and toxicity of all three acids in the category ( Section III); and a conclusion regarding the need for additional testing ( Section IV).

The data for nitric acid are summarized in the Chemical Profile and Data Summary tables. Because the evaluation of data gaps relies on a category approach, the Data Summary table references Appendix B when data are available for sulfuric and/ or phosphoric acids for those data elements where no nitric acid data are available. Appendix B provides a summary of the data for all three acids. The individual studies for nitric acid are described and the references are presented in subsequent pages of this document. Separate data summary documents are available for phosphoric and sulfuric acid.

1 HPV Chemical Challenge Program; USEPA 1999 ( http:// www. epa. gov/ opptintr/ chemrtk/ volchall. htm) iv Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) II. Rationale for the Acids Category The acids category for fertilizer materials includes nitric, phosphoric and sulfuric acids. These acids are water soluble and dissociate into their constituent ions. The toxicological effects of strong acids are primarily related to low pH.

The acids are corrosive upon contact with animal and human tissues, whether via dermal contact, inhaled or swallowed. Acidity ( i. e., low pH) also causes toxicity to fish. The mechanisms involved in acidinduced toxicity vary depending upon levels of acidity and interactions with other components ( McKenna and Duerr 1976). Below pH 3, acidity causes coagulation of mucus on fish gill surfaces resulting in subsequent anoxia or respiratory failure ( Packer and Dunson 1970). At slightly higher pH values, fish mortality occurs due to a decrease in sodium and chloride ions and an increase in hydrogen ions in the blood ( Schofield and Trojnar 1980). The data indicate that there are only subtle, although measurable, differences in the toxicity contribution of various anions. A comparison study revealed that sulfuric acid is most toxic, nitric and hydrochloric acids are moderately toxic, and phosphoric acid is the least toxic to fish. Presumably the difference in the toxic effect of these acids is due to the anions produced upon dissociation ( Alkahem 1989).

III. Summary of Data Available for the Acids Category Because these acids may be produced and used at varying concentrations, the available data may have been collected using acids of different strengths. Physical chemical properties may vary relative to the concentration of the acid being tested. Therefore, data are presented for different concentration acids if available. In addition, aquatic and animal toxicity tests are generally conducted on as pure a test material as can be obtained. Therefore, care must be exercised when evaluating the effects that may result from exposure to lower strength acids. Aquatic data are presented as effects related to pH, while the data for the animal toxicity testing retains the traditional measurement units.

Physical Chemical Data Overall, the physical chemical properties of the acids category are well characterized. Sufficient data are available for all relevant parameters and no further testing is warranted to understand the behavior of these compounds released into the environment.

Acids were highly soluble in water, with solubility ranging from 750 1,000 g/ L. The acids dissociate into their constituent ions ( i. e., H+ and NO3 ; H+ and PO4 3; H+ and SO4 2). The vapor pressure varied substantially from 0.3 1.5 mm Hg for phosphoric acid to 42 62 mm Hg for nitric acid. The relatively low vapor pressure for all acids suggests that they are not significantly volatile.

Environmental Fate and Pathway The high solubility of these compounds suggests that they are present mostly in aqueous solutions, where they readily dissociate. The fate dynamics of the resulting anions are well understood by the nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur cycles. No further testing is necessary.

Ecotoxicity Based on the standard Federal Insecticide Fungicide and Rodenticide Act ( FIFRA) acute toxicity ratings for fish and Daphnia ( below), the compounds in this category may be very highly toxic to aquatic organisms. However, because the toxicity is known to be pH dependent, toxicity is mitigated by neutralization of the acid, as would normally be the case when acids are released into waterways. v Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) Therefore, no further testing is necessary. The acute LC50 for fish ranged from pH 3.0 4.0. There is some evidence suggesting the following order of anion toxicity in aquatic systems: SO4 > NO3 > PO4.

EC/ LC50 ( mg/ L) Toxicity Description < 0.1 Very Highly Toxic 0.1 1 Highly Toxic 1 10 Moderately Toxic 10 100 Slightly Toxic > 100 Practically Non Toxic Toxicity Sufficient toxicity data are available to characterize toxicity effects for the three acids and no additional testing is needed. As with aquatic systems, mammalian toxicity is primarily related to pH, and non pH related effects would not be a primary concern for the acids.

The acute oral LD50 reported in a phosphoric acid study was 1,530 mg/ kg bw. The inhalation LC50s of nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and sulfuric acid are 65 67 ppm NO2, 61 1,689 mg/ m3 P2O5 ( four different species tested), and 347 430 ppm H2SO4, respectively. Acute dermal studies of phosphoric acid report LD50s ranging from > 1,260> 3,160 mg/ kg bw. Based on the standard FIFRA acute toxicity ratings for mammals ( below), the compounds in this category, when neutralize, are considered to be of low to very low toxicity ( 40 CFR 156.62).

Toxicity Category I II III IV Toxicity Rating High Moderate Low Very Low Oral LD50   50 mg/ kg > 50 500 mg/ kg > 500 5000 mg/ kg > 5000 mg/ kg Dermal LC50   200 mg/ kg > 200 2000 mg/ kg > 2000 20,000 mg/ kg > 20,000 mg/ kg Inhalation LC50   0.2 mg/ L > 0.2 2 mg/ L > 2 20 mg/ L > 20 mg/ L Unneutralized, their corrosivity upon contact at high concentrations is well documented. All three acids tested negative for mutagenicity. Up to 375 mg/ kg bw phosphoric acid in food did not affect the growth of rat offspring in a reproduction study and up to 20 mg/ m3 of sulfuric acid in air did not affect reproduction in either mice or rabbits.

IV. Conclusion for the Acids Category Sufficient data are available to characterize the physical chemical properties, environmental fate, ecotoxicity and toxicity of the acids category. Therefore, additional testing is not needed to assess the hazards of the three acids. vi Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) TABLE 1: CATEGORIES FOR PRODUCT TESTING PROJECT CATEGORY COMPOUND CAS NUMBER Ammonia Compounds Anhydrous ammonia Aqua ammonia Ammonium nitrate Ammonium sulfate Ammonium thiosulfate Nitrogen solutions ( UAN) Ammonium phosphate sulfate Diammonium phosphate ( DAP) Monoammonium phosphate ( MAP) Urea 7664 41 7 1336 21 6 6484 52 2 7783 20 2 7783 18 8 15978 77 5 12593 60 1 7783 28 0 7722 76 1 57 13 6 Nitrate Compounds Sodium nitrate Ammonium nitrate Potassium nitrate Potassium sodium nitrate Nitrogen solutions ( UAN) Urea 7631 99 4 6484 52 2 7757 79 1 7757 79 1/ 7631 99 4 15978 77 5 57 13 6 Phosphate Compounds Diammonium phosphate ( DAP) Monoammonium phosphate ( MAP) Liquid polyphosphate Single superphosphate** Granular triple superphosphate** 7783 28 0 7722 76 1  8011 76 5 65996 95 4 Salts Potassium chloride Potassium magnesium sulfate Potassium nitrate Potassium sodium nitrate Potassium sulfate Calcium sulfate 7447 40 7 14168 73 1 7757 79 1 7757 79 1/ 7631 99 4 7778 80 5 7778 18 9 Acids Phosphoric acid Nitric acid Sulfuric acid 7664 38 2 7697 37 2 7664 93 9 * = Nitrogen solutions are represented largely by Urea Ammonia Nitrogen ( UAN; 15978 77 5) ** = Single superphosphate and granular triple superphosphate are combined into a single dossier.  = No CAS number readily available vii Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) V. References Cited 40 CFR 156.62. Toxicity Category.

Alkahem, H. F. 1989. Effect of different acids on the freshwater fish, Aphanius dispar. J. Biol. Sci. Res. 20( 3): 537 545.

McKenna, M. and Duerr, F. 1976. Effects of ambient pH on the gills of Ictalurus melas Rafinesque. Am. Zool. 16: 224.

OECD. 1997. SIDS Manual. OECD Secretariat, 3rd Revision, July 1997.

Packer, R. and Dunson, W. 1970. Effects of low environmental pH on blood pH and sodium balance of brook trout. Exp. Zool. 174: 65 72.

Schofield, C. and Trojnar, J. 1980. Aluminum toxicity to fish in acidified waters. In Toribara, T., Miller, M., and Morrow, P. ( eds.). Polluted Rain. New York: Plenum Press.

USEPA. 1999. Development of Chemical Categories in the HPV Challenge Program. www. epa. gov/ chemrtk/ catdoc29. pdf. 1 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) SIDS PROFILE Date: January 27, 2003 1.01 A. CAS No. 7697 37 2 1.01 C. CHEMICAL NAME ( OECD NAME) Nitric Acid 1.01 D CAS DESCRIPTOR Nitric Acid 1.01 G STRUCTURAL FORMULA HNO3 OTHER CHEMICAL IDENTITY INFORMATION None 1.5 QUANTITY Over 12 million tons produced in the U. S. in 2001.

1.7 USE PATTERN Manufacture of nitrogen fertilizers, dye intermediates, explosives, metallurgy, photoengraving etching steel, ore flotation, urethanes, rubber chemicals, and reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel.

1.9 SOURCES AND LEVELS OF EXPOSURE Emissions from closed system production processes. Fertilizer use.

Issues for discussion ( identify, if any) SIDS testing required:

No additional testing required ( see Executive Overview for rationale). 2 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) SIDS DATA SUMMARY FOR NITRIC ACID Date: January 27, 2003 CAS No: 7697 37 2 SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 Melting Point  41.59oC 2.2 Boiling Point 83 ° C at 1 atm 2.3 Density 15.1 g/ mL at 25 ° C 2.4 Vapour Pressure 62 mm Hg at 25 ° C ( low volatility) 2.5 Octanol/ Water Partition Coefficient OECD Guideline 107, GLP  2.3 at 25 ° C 2.6A Water Solubility 1 x 106 mg/ L at 25 ° C ( highly soluble) 2.6B pH and pKa values pH: 1.0 at 0.1 M pKa:  1.4 2.7 Flash Point See Appendix B results 2.8 Auto Flammability See Appendix B results 2.9 Flammability See Appendix B results 2.10 Explosive Properties Not explosive 2.11 Oxidizing Properties Oxidizes 2.13B Henry's Law Constant 2.45 x 106 atm* m3/ mol ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY 3.1.2 Stability in Water Dissociates into its respective ions ( H+; NO3 ) 3.1.3 Stability in Soil See Appendix B results 3.2 Monitoring Data See Appendix B results 3.3 Transport and Distribution Dissolves carbonates; nitrate ions taken up by plants stimulate growth 3.5 Biodegradation See Appendix B results 3.6 BOD5 See Appendix B results 3.7 Bioaccumulation Does not bioaccumulate ECOTOXICITY 4.1 Acute toxicity to Fish Aphanius dispar ( freshwater fish) Salmo gairdneri ( rainbow trout) 96 hr. semi static 7 day semi static LC50 ( 96 hr) = pH 3.7 LC50 ( 7 days) = pH 4.0 4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates See Appendix B results 4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants ( Algae) Nitzschia palea ( diatom) 28 day growth in lab culture tube Inhibited growth of diatoms at 6.3 mg/ L 4.4 Toxicity to Bacteria Subarctic field study Total biomass was dependent on pH 4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish See Appendix B results 4.6.1 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms See Appendix B results 4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants See Appendix B results TOXICITY 5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity See Appendix B results 5.1.2 Acute Inhalation Rat 4 hour single dose LC50 = 65 67 ppm NO2 5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity See Appendix B results 5.2.1 Skin Irritation/ Corrosion Corrosive to skin 5.2.2 Eye Irritation Corrosion Corrosive to eyes 3 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) CAS No: 7697 37 2 SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS 5.4 Repeated Dose Mouse, rat, guinea pig Via inhalation: 4 hrs/ day, 5 days/ week, 6 mo. No significant effects at 4 ppm 5.5 Genetic Toxicity in vitro . Gene mutation Salmonella typhimurium OECD Guideline 471 ( Ames test) Negative 5.8 Toxicity to Reproduction See Appendix B results 5.9 Developmental Toxicity/ Teratogenicity See Appendix B results 5.10A Specific Toxicities See Appendix B results 5.11 Human Experience Acute accidental inhalation Acute respiratory injury leading to death following exposure to 60% nitric acid solution 1.8 Occupational Exposure Limits 8 hr TWA TLV 15 min STEL TLV 2 ppm ( 5 mg/ m3 in air) 4 ppm ( 10 mg/ m3 in air) 4 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.01 SUBSTANCE INFORMATION * A. CAS number 7697 37 2 B. Name ( IUPAC name) Nitric acid * C. Name ( OECD name) Nitric acid * D. CAS Descriptor ( where applicable for complex chemicals)

Not applicable E. EINECS Number 231 714 2 F. Molecular Formula HNO3 * G. Structural Formula HNO3 SMILES: O( N(= O)= O)

H. Substance Group Not applicable ( If possible, only for petroleum products, see HEDSET explanatory note)

I. Substance Remark Not applicable ( Indicate the substance remark as prescribed in the EINECS Inventory, if possible)

J. Molecular Weight 63.02 1.02 OECD INFORMATION A. Sponsor Country Not applicable ( would be US)

B. Lead Organization Not applicable ( would be EPA)

C. Name of Responder ( Information on a responder should be provided when companies respond to Lead Organization or SIDS Contact Points.)

Name: Mr. William C.. Herz, Director of Scientific Programs Address/ Phones: The Fertilizer Institute Union Center Plaza 820 First Street, NE, Suite 430 Washington, D. C. 20002 Tel: ( 202) 962 0490 Fax: ( 202): 962 0577 5 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) 1.1 GENERAL SUBSTANCE INFORMATION A. Type of Substance element [ ]; inorganic [ X]; natural substance [ ]; organic [ ]; organometallic [ ]; petroleum product [ ]

B. Physical State ( at 20 ° C and 1.013 hPa)

gaseous [ ]; liquid [ X]; solid [ ]

C. Purity A nitric acid strength of 42 65% is typically used for fertilizer production ( weak acid). Concentrated nitric acid ( 96 99%) may be used for other industrial purposes.

1.2 SYNONYMS Hydrogen nitrate Nitryl hydroxide Aqua fortis Azotic acid Fuming Nitric acid Nital 1.3 IMPURITIES [ Indicate CAS No., chemical name ( IUPAC is preferable), percentage, if possible EINECS number.]

Remarks: None identified 1.4 ADDITIVES [ e. g. stabilizing agents, inhibitors etc. Indicate CAS No., chemical name ( IUPAC name is preferable), percentage, if possible EINECS number, the component of the UVCB substance with no defined composition) should be indicated here.]

Remarks: None identified * 1.5 QUANTITY [ Information on production or import levels should be provided in figures or ranges ( e. g. 1,000 5,000; 5,000 10,000 tonnes, etc.; see SIDS Manual) per responder or country and the date for which those ranges apply should be given. For EU Member states, only indicate the EU import figure. Give an estimation of the global production quantity in the remarks field. Information on the number of producers in the country and the source of information should also be given in the remarks field.)

Remarks: Over 12 million tons produced in the U. S. in 2001. 6 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) References: IFDC. 2002. North American Fertilizer Capacity, January 2002.

1.6 LABELING AND CLASSIFICATION ( If possible, enter information on labeling and classification, such as labeling and classification system, existence of specific limit, symbols, nota, R Phrases and S Phrases of EC Directive 67/ 548/ EEC. See HEDSET Explanatory Note.)

Labeling Type: As in Directive 67/ 548/ EEC Specific limits: Yes ( see 1.8 below) Symbols: ( O) Oxidizing, ( C) Corrosive R phrases: ( 35) Causes severe burns; ( 8) Contact with combustible material may cause fire. S phrases: ( 1/ 2), 23, 26, 36, 45 Text of S phrases: Keep locked up and out of reach of children. Do not breathe. In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water and seek medical advice. Wear suitable protective clothing. In case of contact or if you feel unwell, seek medical advice immediately ( show label where possible). Remarks: Directive 92/ 32 of April 30, 1992. 1992 Official Journal of the European Communities, No. L154 of June 5, 1992. European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. STNEasy. 1999. Chemlist STN International. < http:// www. cas. org/ cas. html> Landfair, S. W., Brown, E. L., Israel, R. J., and Kreis, P. B. 1993. The EC's Seventh Amendment: Fundamental changes in the regulation of chemical substances manufactured and imported into the European community. International Environmental Reporter 0149 8738/ 93: 785 790.

Classification Type: As in Directive 67/ 548/ EEC Category of danger: Corrosive, Oxidizing R phrases: ( 35) Causes severe burns; ( 8) Contact with combustible material may cause fire. Remarks: European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. STNEasy. 1999. Chemlist STN International. < http:// www. cas. org/ cas. html> 7 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) DOT Labeling Hazard Class: 8 ( corrosive) Reportable Quantity: 1,000 lbs Labels Required: Corrosive Placard: Corrosive Reference: J. R. Simplot Company. 1999. Material Safety Data Sheet: Nitric Acid. M16010. July, 1999.

NFPA Rating Health: 3 ( hazardous) Fire: 0 ( will not burn) Reactivity: 0 ( normally stable) Specific: Oxidizer Reference: J. R. Simplot Company. 1999. Material Safety Data Sheet: Nitric Acid. M16010. July, 1999.

* 1.7 USE PATTERN A. General [ Data on use pattern have to be given by assigning main types according to their exposure relevance ( i. e. non dispersive use, use in closed systems, use resulting in inclusion into or onto matrix and wide dispersive use), industrial categories ( e. g. basic chemical industry, chemical industry, agricultural industry, personal and domestic use) and use categories such as coloring agents, intermediates, solvents, adhesives, cleaning/ washing agents, fertilizers, impregnation agents, surface active, etc. If available, give an estimation of different uses in percentage terms. See SIDS Manual for guidance.]

Type of Use: Category:

( a) main Wide dispersive use industrial Agricultural use Fertilizers ( b) main Non dispersive use industrial Chemical use Dye intermediates, explosives, metallurgy, photo engraving, etching steel, ore flotation, urethanes, rubber chemicals, and reprocessing spent nuclear fuel Reference: European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Kristensen, P. 1993. Inorganic acid aerosols. Nordic Expert Group for Documentation of Occupational Exposure Limits. Arbete och Halsa. 1: 7 54. 8 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) B. Uses in Consumer Products [ If the chemical is present in consumer products as marketed, give details of products' function ( e. g. detergent, etc.), and percentage in product and physical state of product as marketed ( e. g. aerosol, powder or liquid)]

Remarks: Nitric acid is used as an acidifier in some pharmaceuticals. It is a cauterizing agent ( for warts) in veterinary applications. Reference: Budavari, S. ( ed.) 1996. The Merck Index. Whitehouse Station: Merck Research Laboratories.

1.8 OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMIT VALUE ( Indicate the type of occupational exposure limit value including short term exposure limit value. If a value does not exist, give the hygiene standard of the producer company if available. See also 5.11.)

Exposure limit value Type: 8 hour Time Weighted Average Value: 2 ppm ( 5 mg/ m3 in air) Remarks: OSHA TWA TLV Reference: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH). 1994. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.

Short term exposure limit value Value: 4 ppm ( 10 mg/ m3 in air) STEL Length of exposure period: 15 min. Remarks: ACGIH TLV Reference: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH). 1994. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.

* 1.9 SOURCES OF EXPOSURE Describe sources of potential human [ other than concentration of chemicals in the workplace and indoor environment ( see 5.11)], or environmental exposure, including emission data ( e. g. quantities per media with information such as time dimensions of release), indication of type of release ( e. g. point source or diffuse), type of estimating ( e. g. average or worst case, uncertainties in estimation), for all phases of the life cycle of the chemical if available, including manufacturing and user areas.

For environmental exposure, indicate the production process briefly, number the sites of manufacture and, the basis for concluding that the process is " closed" if applicable.

Also an indication of measured exposure levels ( expressed in an appropriate form, e. g. geometric mean and standard deviation) can be mentioned here. Any information that will help focus the assessment of exposure ( either qualitative or quantitative in nature) can be mentioned, if available). 9 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) ( a) Remarks: Nitric acid is produced in closed systems by means of oxidation of ammonia to NO2 ( nitrite) or absorption of NO2 in water at elevated pressure. Exposure may occur via leakages and by emissions from loading activities. References: European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database.

( b) Remarks: Nitric acid is typically produced by the oxidation of ammonia gas in the presence of a platinum gauze catalyst to produce oxides of nitrogen ( NOx), which are subsequently absorbed in water and concentrated to 58% strength nitric acid. Residual NOx are treated in a catalytic combustion unit to reduce NOx to colorless NO and nitrogen before discharge via high stacks. Residual gaseous NOx emissions may be released to the atmosphere and liquid nitric acid may be released to receiving waters. References: European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database.

1.10 ADDITIONAL REMARKS A. Options for disposal [ Mode of disposal ( e. g. incineration, release to sewage system, etc.) for each category and type of use, if appropriate; recycling possibility.]

Remarks: Can be neutralized with soda ash and lime.

B. Other remarks Remarks: No data 10 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) 2. PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA * 2.1 MELTING POINT ( If more than one, identify the recommended value.)

Value:  41.59 ° C Method: [ e. g. OECD, other ( with the year of publication or updated of the method used)] Not described GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ?[ X] References: Budavari, S. ( ed.) 1996. The Merck Index. Whitehouse Station: Merck Research Laboratories.

* 2.2 BOILING POINT ( If more than one, identify the recommended value.)

Value: 83 ° C Pressure: at 1 atm Method: [ e. g. OECD, other ( with the year of publication or updated of the method used)] Not described GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ?[ X] Remarks: Kristensen reports a boiling point of 121oC. References: Budavari, S. ( ed.) 1996. The Merck Index. Whitehouse Station: Merck Research Laboratories. Kristensen, P. 1993. Inorganic acid aerosols. Nordic Expert Group for Documentation of Occupational Exposure Limits. Arbete och Halsa. 1: 7 54.

* 2.3 DENSITY ( Relative Density) ( Where applicable, indicate the relative density of the substance.) Type: Bulk density [ ]; Density [ X]; Relative Density [ ] Value: 1.51 g/ mL Temperature: 20o and 25 ° C Method: [ e. g. OECD, other ( with the year of publication or updated of the method used)] Not described GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ?[ X] References: Budavari, S. ( ed.) 1996. The Merck Index. Whitehouse Station: Merck Research Laboratories. 11 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) * 2.4 VAPOUR PRESSURE ( If more than one, identify the recommended value)

Value: 56 hPa, ( 42 mm Hg), 63.7 hPa ( 47.8 mm Hg), 82.7 hPa ( 62.0 mm Hg) Temperature: 20 ° C, 20oC, 25 ° C Method: [ e. g. OECD, other ( with the year of publication or updated of the method used)] Not described GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ?[ X] Remarks: Kristensen reports a value of 1.2 kPa ( 9 mm Hg) at 20oC. References: European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. Environmental Chemicals Data Information Network ( ECDIN). 1999. Nitric Acid. August. < http:// www. ecdin. etomep. net/> Kristensen, P. 1993. Inorganic acid aerosols. Nordic Expert Group for Documentation of Occupational Exposure Limits. Arbete och Halsa. 1: 7 54.

* 2.5 OCTANOL WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENT logPow ( If more than one, identify the recommended value)

Log Pow:  2.3 Temperature: 25 ° C Method: [ e. g. OECD, other ( with the year of publication or updated of the method used)] OECD Guideline 107 " Partition Coefficient ( noctanol water), Flask shaking Method" GLP: Yes [ X] No [ ] ?[ ] References: European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database.

* 2.6 WATER SOLUBILITY ( If more than one, identify the recommended value)

A. Solubility Value: 1 x 106 mg/ L Temperature: 25 ° C Description: Miscible [ X]; Of very high solubility [ ]; Of high solubility [ ]; Soluble [ ]; Slightly soluble [ ] Of low solubility [ ]; Of very low solubility [ ]; Not soluble [ ] Method: [ e. g. OECD, other ( with the year of publication or updated of the method used)] Not described 12 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ?[ X] References: Environmental Chemicals Data Information Network ( ECDIN). 1999. Nitric Acid. August. < http:// www. ecdin. etomep. net/>

B. pH Value, pKa Value ( a) pH Value: 1.0 Concentration: 0.1 M Method: [ e. g. OECD, other ( with the year of publication or updated of the method used)] Not described GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ?[ X] References: Kristensen, P. 1993. Inorganic acid aerosols. Nordic Expert Group for Documentation of Occupational Exposure Limits. Arbete och Halsa. 1: 7 54.

( b) pKa Value:  1.4 References: Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J. 1996. Aquatic Chemistry. Chemical Equilibria and Rates in Natural Waters. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

2.7 FLASH POINT ( liquids)

Remarks: Not flammable Reference: European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database.

2.8 AUTO FLAMMABILITY ( solid/ gases)

Remarks: Not flammable Reference: European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database.

2.9 FLAMMABILITY Remarks: Not flammable Reference: European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. 13 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) 2.10 EXPLOSIVE PROPERTIES Results: Explosive under influence of a flame [ ]; More sensitive to friction than m dinitrobenzene [ ]; More sensitive to shock than m dinitrobenzene [ ]; Not explosive [ X]; Other [ ] Method: ( with the year of publication or updated of the method used) Not described GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ?[ X] References: BASF AG. 1989. Sicherheitsdatenblatt Salpetersaeure chem. Rein hochkonz. BASF AG Study No. 88/ 972, March 13, 1989. In European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database.

2.11 OXIDIZING PROPERTIES Remarks: Oxidizes References: STNEasy. 1999. Chemlist STN International < http:// www. cas. org/ cas. html>

* 2.12 OXIDATION: REDUCTION POTENTIAL ( Where applicable, indicate the redox potential and the conditions under which it was measured.)

Remarks: No data 2.13 ADDITIONAL DATA A. Partition co efficient between soil/ sediment and water ( Kd)

Remarks: No data B. Other data [ e. g. Henry's Law constant, fat solubility, surface tension ( of aqueous solution), adsorption/ desorption on soil, particle size distribution, etc.]

Results 2.45 x 106 atm* m3/ mol Remarks: Henry's Law Constant References: Brimblecomb, R., and Clegg, S. L. 1988. K J. Atmos. Chem. 7: 1 18 In European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. 14 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) 3. ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND PATHWAYS [ Reporting of studies should give the test method, test conditions, ( laboratory versus field studies), test results ( e. g. % degradation in specified time period) and reference. Information on breakdown products ( transient and stable) should be provided when available.]

3.1 STABILITY * 3.1.1 PHOTODEGRADATION Remarks: No data * 3.1.2 STABILITY IN WATER Remarks: Dissociates in water into its respective ions ( H+; NO3 ). Reference: Alkahem, H. F. 1989. Effect of different acids on the freshwater fish, Aphanius dispar. J. Biol. Sci. Res. 20( 3): 537 545.

3.1.3 STABILITY IN SOIL Remarks: No data * 3.2 MONITORING DATA ( ENVIRONMENTAL) Note that data on biological effects monitoring, including biomagnification, and biotransformation and kinetics in environmental species are to be reported in section 4.7 and 4.8 respectively. Nonetheless, concentration in various biota should be reported here. Data on concentration in the workplace or indoor environment should be reported under 5.11.

Remarks: No data 3.3 TRANSPORT AND DISTRIBUTION BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL COMPARTMENTS INCLUDING ESTIMATED ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS AND DISTRIBUTION PATHWAYS ( e. g. during the chemical life cycle. The information should indicate whether the calculation is on a global basis or is site specific, and whether it is based on laboratory measurements or field observations.) 15 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) * 3.3.1 TRANSPORT Media: Water Remarks: Elevated nitrate levels will stimulate plankton and aquatic weed growth. References: Environment Canada. 1978. Technical Information for Problem Spills: Nitric Acid. Draft. Ottawa, Ontario: Environmental Protection Service, Technical Services Branch. In Hazardous Substances Database ( HSDB). 1999. Nitric Acid. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD..

Media: Soil Remarks: During the transport through the soil, nitric acid will dissolve some of the soil material, in particular, the carbonate based materials. The acid will be neutralized to some degree with adsorption of the proton also occurring on clay materials. However, significant amounts of acid are expected to remain for transport down toward the ground water table. Upon reaching the ground water table, the acid will move in the direction of the ground water flow. A contaminated plume will be produced with dilution and dispersion serving to reduce the acid concentration. References: Environment Canada. 1978. Technical Information for Problem Spills: Nitric Acid ( Draft). Ottawa Ontario: Environmental Protection Service, Technical Services Branch. In Hazardous Substances Database ( HSDB). 1999. Nitric Acid. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

Type of measurement: Adsorption [ ]; Desorption [ ]; Volatility [ ]; Other [ X] Media: Atmosphere Remarks: A mesoscale model of pollutant transport, transformation and deposition was used to perform a detailed analysis of acidic deposition to the states of New York and Ohio during a 3 day springtime deposition episode. This model can be used to assess the roles of wet and dry deposition to individual land types in the removal of pollutants from the atmosphere. Over two thirds ( 67%, Ohio; 78%, New York) of the acidic deposition during this rainy period fell as wet deposition, primarily in the form of sulfuric acid. Dry deposition of sulfur dioxide accounted for 70 75% of the total dry acidic deposition in both areas, and most of the remaining dry deposition occurred as nitric acid. Over both deposition areas, particulate sulfate deposition accounted for < 1% of the total acid deposition. Due to the highly surface specific nature of the dry deposition process, individual land types displayed unique patterns of pollutant uptake. Water surfaces absorbed primarily 16 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) sulfur dioxide, while rougher forested areas absorbed a larger proportion of nitric acid vapor. Urban areas, with their associated material surface, were found to absorb significantly less acid in the dry form. During dry periods most of this deposition may occur as nitric acid vapor, although considerable uncertainty exists regarding the treatment of rainfall wetted surfaces. These model results suggest that dry pollutant fluxes to individual surface types will show significant variability from any averaged flux estimates over larger areas encompassing numerous land types. References: Walcek, C. J. and Chang, T. S. 1987. Atmos. Environ. 21( 5): 1107 1114. In Hazardous Substances Database ( HSDB). 1999. Nitric Acid. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

Type of measurement: Adsorption [ ]; Desorption [ ]; Volatility [ ]; Other [ X] Media: Atmosphere Remarks: Rain chemistry was measured in August 1983 on Allegheny Mountain and Laurel Hill in southwestern Pennsylvania. The average composition approximated a sulfuric acid/ nitric acid mixture with a volume weighted average pH of 3.5 and sulfate/ nitrate mole ratio of 1.8. There was very little undissociated ( weak) acidity and very little sulfur. The acidic rains were associated with air masses traversing sulfur dioxide source regions west of the sites. Stagnation and intervening precipitation were important influences. The geographic scale for a halving of rain sulfate concentration downwind of sulfur dioxide sources washing ratios were inferred for sulfur dioxide, aerosol sulfate, and nitric acid. On average about half of the rain sulfate resulted from scavenging of sulfur dioxide, the rest from scavenging of aerosol sulfate. The rain hydrogen was attributed about 25% to nitric acid, 55% to scavenging of sulfur dioxide, and 20% to scavenging of aerosol acid sulfate. Cumulative deposition totals in rain were compared with deposition in fog and with dry deposition in the same experiment. A crude acid deposition budget was calculated as follows: 47% sulfuric acid in rain, 23% sulfur dioxide dry deposition without dew, 16% nitric acid and sulfuric acid in fog and dew, and 0.5% aerosol dry deposition without dew. References: Pierson, W. F. 1987. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21( 7): 679 691. In Hazardous Substances Database ( HSDB). 1999. Nitric Acid. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

Type of measurement: Adsorption [ ]; Desorption [ ]; Volatility [ ]; Other [ X] Media: Atmosphere 17 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) Remarks: Dry deposition of nitric acid to forests is controlled by aerodynamic properties of the canopy. Most surfaces are strong sinks for nitric acid, and measurements show that deposition rates to vegetation are determined entirely by atmospheric transport, i. e. there are no surface resistances limiting uptake rates. For a typical forest 10 m high in a wind speed of about 5 m/ sec, values of deposition velocity for nitric acid are likely to be in the 50 100 mm/ sec range. For an average air concentration of 0.5 nL/ L nitric acid, this would result in the deposition of 4 8 kg N/ ha/ yr. A multi layer canopy gas and radiation exchange model ( Maestro) was modified to calculate air pollutant deposition. Leaf boundary layer resistances, and stomatal resistances in the model were adjusted for gas molecular diffusivity, and leaf surface resistances and internal resistances were added. A comparison between nitric acid deposition on Keilder Forest ( 300 m above sea level), United Kingdom and Whitetop Mountain ( 1,682 m above sea level), Virginia for 6 months ( spring summer) gave gas concentrations of 0.3 nL/ L and 0.7 nL/ L, respectively. References: Unsworth, M. H. and Wilshaw, J. C. 1989. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 47( 2 4): 221 238. In Hazardous Substances Database ( HSDB). 1999. Nitric Acid. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

Type of measurement: Adsorption [ ]; Desorption [ ]; Volatility [ ]; Other [ X] Media: Soil Remarks: Nitric acid will be gradually neutralized by hardness minerals ( calcium and magnesium) in soil and water. The nitrate ion may persist longer, but will ultimately be consumed as a plant nutrient. References: Environment Canada. 1978. Technical Information for Problem Spills: Nitric acid. Draft. Ottawa, Ontario: Environmental Protection Service, Technical Services Branch. In Hazardous Substances Database ( HSDB). 1999. Nitric Acid. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

Type of measurement: Adsorption [ ]; Desorption [ ]; Volatility [ ]; Other [ X] Media: Air Method: Atmospheric measurements were made at a measuring station on Zealand, located 35 km east of Copenhagen. HNO3 was collected on a denuder coated with sodium chloride. Results: Atmospheric concentration was 0.17 ± 0.03 µ g N/ m3. The dry deposition velocity ( from another study) was 1.30 cm/ s. The dry deposited amount was 190 kg N/ km2/ day. The proportion of deposited amount was 16%. 18 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) Remarks: The study which computed the dry deposition velocity used a wind velocity of 5 m/ s at neutral conditions. References: Nielsen, T., Pilegaard, K., Egelov, A. H., Granby, K., Hummelshoj, P., Jensen, N. O., and Skov, H. 1996. Atmospheric nitrogen compounds: Occurrence, composition, and deposition. The Science of the Total Environment 189/ 190: 459 465.

* 3.3.2 THEORETICAL DISTRIBUTION ( FUGACITY CALCULATION)

Remarks: No data 3.4 IDENTIFICATION OF MAIN MODE OF DEGRADABILITY IN ACTUAL USE Remarks: Dissociates in water into its respective ions ( H+; NO3 ). Reference: Alkahem, H. F. 1989. Effect of different acids on the freshwater fish, Aphanius dispar. J. Biol. Sci. Res. 20( 3): 537 545.

* 3.5 BIODEGRADATION Remarks: Not relevant 3.6 BOD5, COD OR RATIO BOD5/ COD Remarks: Not relevant 3.7 BIOACCUMULATION Remarks: Does not bioaccumulate.

3.8 ADDITIONAL REMARKS A. Sewage treatment ( Information on treatability of the substance)

Remarks: No data B. Other information [ Information that will help to focus the exposure assessment ( either qualitative or quantitative)]

Remarks: No data 19 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) 4. ECOTOXICITY * 4.1 ACUTE/ PROLONGED TOXICITY TO FISH ( a) Type of test: Static [ ]; Semi static [ X]; Flow through [ ]; Other ( e. g. field test) [ ] Open system [ X]; Closed system [ ] Species: Aphanius dispar ( freshwater fish) Exposure period: 96 hours Results: LC50 ( 96 h) = pH 3.71 ( HNO3); pH 3.84 ( H2SO4); pH 3.58 ( H3PO4); pH 3.75 ( HCl) Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X]; No [ ]; ? [ ] Method: [ e. g. OECD, other ( with the year of publication or updated of the method used)] After acclimation, 15 fish were transferred to each test aquarium at pH 4.5, 4.0, 3.75, 3.25, or 3.0. The control had a pH of 7.6. The pH grades were prepared by adding the required amount of the respective acids. The number of dead fish at each pH was registered at 6, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of exposure. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Nitric acid ( HNO3), Sulfuric acid ( H2SO4), Phosphoric acid ( H3PO4), Hydrochloric acid ( HCl) Remarks: Initially, exposure to the lethal pH resulted in hyperactivity, erratic swimming, and occasional convulsion. Over time, fish at pH 4.5 and 4.0 settled motionless at the bottom and those at pH 3.25 and 3.0 showed restlessness. Test animals secreted mucus so profusely at advanced stages of exposure that the water became milky. At the final stage of exposure, fish lost their sense of balance and swam lateral side up. Physiological and mechanical responses eventually resulted in death in some specimens. The results of this study show that nitric acid is only moderately toxic while sulfuric acid is the most toxic. Therefore, the quantity as well as quality of acid must be considered in assessing the impact of acid precipitation in fish populations. References: Alkahem, H. F. 1989. Effect of different acids on the freshwater fish, Aphanius dispar. J. Biol. Sci. Res. 20( 3): 537 545.

( b) Type of test: Static [ ]; Semi static [ X]; Flow through [ ]; Other ( e. g. field test) [ ] Open system [ X]; Closed system [ ] Species: Salmo gairdneri ( rainbow trout) Exposure period: 7 days Results: LC50 ( 0.95 g fish) = pH 4.0 20 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ]; No [ X]; ? [ ] Method: [ e. g. OECD, other ( with the year of publication or updated of the method used)] Seven day bioassays were used to measure the acute toxicity of HNO3. Tests were run in 38 L glass aquarium containing filtered tapwater adjusted to the treatment pH. The aquaria were held at 11 ° C under a 12 h light/ 12 h dark cycle. Ten fish were randomly selected for each treatment and each treatment was randomly assigned to an incubator. The following treatments were used: pH 3.0, 3.3, 3.7, 4.0, 4.3, 4.7, and 5.0 tapwater, and tapwater plus nitric acid. The water was bubbled to remove CO2. Final adjustment to the experimental pH was done using reagent grade NaOH. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Reagent grade nitric acid ( HNO3) Remarks: At pH 3.0 to 4.0, fish became flecked with thick white mucus just prior to death and exhibited " coughing". They became disoriented shortly before death and tended to drift in the current produced by the aeration in the tank. Fish that died at pH 5.0 didn't show any of these symptoms. The authors were unable to explain the mortality observed at pH 5.0. Comparison with the results of this experiment and results of other toxicity studies suggests that HNO3 is intermediate in toxicity between H2SO4 and HCl at pH 3.0 and less toxic than either acid at pH 3.3 and above. References: Swift, M. C. and Morgan, R. P. 1983. Acute toxicity of nitric acid to fingerling rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 76C( 2): 227 229.

4.2 ACUTE TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES * A. Daphnia Remarks: No data * B. Other aquatic organisms Remarks: No data * 4.3 TOXICITY TO AQUATIC PLANTS, e. g. algae Species: Nitzschia palea ( diatom) Endpoint: Growth in continuous laboratory culture tube Exposure period: 672 hours Results: See remarks Analytical monitoring: Yes [ X]; No [ ]; ? [ ] Method: [ e. g. OECD, other ( with the year of publication or updated of the method used)] 21 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) Two drops of innoculum containing approximately 39,500 cells were transferred to 15 mL of culture medium. This growth system consisted of a modified Chu # 10 medium mixed with either deionized water for the control, or 0.0001 M nitric or sulfuric acids. These were held at 20 ° C. The initial calculated cell count was 2,630 cells/ mL. At each sampling ( 64 to 672 hours) one culture tube from each treatment was examined for pH and cell density. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X ] Test substance: Nitric acid ( HNO3), Sulfuric acid ( H2SO4) Remarks: The measured pH of the treatment systems was not significantly different from the control. The acid treatments reduced the cell count ( at 600 hours) to 66% for nitric acid and to 33% for sulfuric acid. The growth rate calculated between 500 and 600 hours were 1,413 cells/ mL/ hr for the control, 904 cells/ mL/ hr for nitric acid and 360 cells/ mL/ hr for sulfuric acid. The calculated cell yield at 600 hours was 254,300 cells/ mL for the control, 169,300 cells/ mL for nitric acid and 85,100 cells/ mL for sulfuric acid. References: Eggleston, P. M., Loiselle, D. S., and Skalny, M. S. 1991. The effects of nitric and sulfuric acids on the diatom Nitzschia palea ( Kutz.) W. Smith. J. of Freshwater Ecology 6( 4): 451 453.

4.4 TOXICITY TO BACTERIA ( Single species test and tests on overall processes such as nitrification or soil respiration are included in this item.)

Type of test: Aquatic [ ]; Field [ X]; Soil [ ]; Other [ ] Species: Bacteria Exposure period: 12 growing seasons Results: See remarks Analytical monitoring: Yes [ ]; No [ ]; ? [ X] Method: [ e. g. OECD, other ( with the year of publication or updated of the method used)] The study area was situated near Kevo Subarctic Research Station in northern Finland. Each of the 60 study plots ( 5 m by 5 m) supported at least one pine and one mountain birch. The treatments were dry control, irrigated control treated with spring water ( pH 6), and medium ( pH 4.7) and high levels ( pH 3.4) of simulated acid rain ( HNO3, H2SO4, or combination). Humus samples were collected for 12 growing seasons after the start of a simulated acid rain experiment. Total organic carbon and nitrogen were determined by dry combustion. The water content of fresh humus was adjusted to 60% of the water holding capacity before respiration of microbes was determined. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] 22 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) Test substance: Nitric acid ( HNO3) and Sulfuric acid ( H2SO4) Remarks: The total biomass of active microorganisms and the total amount of microbe derived phospholipid fatty acids ( PLFA) were found to be dependent on pH. Respiration rate and amount of bacterial PLFA decreased with decreasing pH. Bacterial communities showed a greater tolerance for an acidic environment as the pH decreased. Coniferous forest humus seems to contain a bacterial group, consisting mainly of gram positive bacteria, which easily adapts to an acid environment, and a group of bacteria, mainly gram negative ones, which more easily adapts to humus with a more neutral pH. However, whether this situation represents a direct pH effect or an effect of pH altering carbon availability and thus selecting for more active bacteria cannot be elucidated from these results. The potential of the bacterial community to degrade different carbon sources appeared to be only slightly affected by pH. It is likely that the increased acid tolerance of the bacterial community resulted at least in part from a shift in species composition. It has been suggested that the reduction in the availability of carbon for microbes is the main reason for the adverse effects of acidification; reduced substrate availability of heterotrophs may thus determine microbial activity. No differences in the toxicity of HNO3 and H2SO4 were found. References: Pennanen, T., Fritze, H., Vanhala, P., Kiikkila, O., Neuvonen, S., and Baath, E. 1998. Structure of a microbial community in soil after prolonged addition of low levels of simulated acid rain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64( 6): 2173 2180.

4.5 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS 4.5.1 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO FISH ( Effects on reproduction, embryo/ larva, etc.)

Remarks: No data (*) 4.5.2 CHRONIC TOXICITY TO AQUATIC INVERTEBRATES ( e. g. Daphnia reproduction. The need to conduct tests for this endpoint will depend inter alia upon possible concern for long term effects.)

Remarks: No data 4.6 TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS 23 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) 4.6.1 TOXICITY TO SOIL DWELLING ORGANISMS Remarks: No data 4.6.2 TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL PLANTS Remarks: No data 4.6.3 TOXICITY TO OTHER NON MAMMALIAN TERRESTRIAL SPECIES ( INCLUDING AVIAN)

Remarks: No data 4.7 BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS MONITORING ( INCLUDING BIOMAGIFICATION) [ Studies on variation of predominant species in certain ecosystems ( e. g. mesocosm) and monitoring of biological effects are included.]

Remarks: No data 4.8 BIOTRANSFORMATION AND KINETICS ( Under this item, studies on absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion etc. should be given.)

Remarks: No data 4.9 ADDITIONAL REMARKS Remarks: None 24 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) 5. TOXICITY ( Where observations on humans are available, these should be entered in the appropriate " comments" section or under section 5.11.)

* 5.1 ACUTE TOXICITY 5.1.1 ACUTE ORAL TOXICITY Remarks: No data 5.1.2 ACUTE INHALATION TOXICITY Type: LC0 [ ]; LC100 [ ]; LC50 [ X]; LCL0 [ ]; Other [ X] Species/ strain: Rat Value: LC50 ( rat; 4 hr; red fuming nitric acid) = 67 ppm NO2 LC50 ( rat; 4 hr; red fuming nitric acid) = 65 ppm NO2 LC50 ( rat; 30 min; white fuming nitric acid) = 244 ppm NO2 ( 334 ppm WFNA) ( 0.1   0.4% NO2) LC50 ( rat; 30 min; red fuming nitric acid) = 138 ppm NO2 ( 310 ppm RFNA) ( 8 17% nitrogen dioxide) Method: [ e. g. OECD, other ( with the year of publication or updating of the method used)] Mice and rats were exposed via inhalation to either red fuming nitric acid ( RHNA) ( groups of 10) or white fuming nitric acid ( WFNA) ( groups of 5). RFNA and WFNA consist of two compounds: nitric acid and nitrogen dioxide. Additional studies were done with nitrogen dioxide alone. The data indicate that nitrogen dioxide gas ( LC50 = 174 ppm) is about twice as toxic as nitric acid vapor. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Red fuming or white fuming nitric acid References: Gray, E. L., Goldberg, S. B., and Patton, F. M. 1954. Toxicity of the oxides of nitrogen   I. Introduction and apparatus. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 10: 409 17. Gray, E. L., MacNamee, J. K., and Goldberg, S. B. 1952. Toxicity of NO2 vapors at very low levels   A preliminary report. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 6: 20 21. Gray, E. L., Patton, F. M., Goldberg, S. B., and Kaplan, E. 1954. Toxicity of the oxides of nitrogen   II. Acute inhalation toxicity of nitrogen dioxide, red fuming nitric acid, and white fuming nitric acid. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 10: 418 22. NIOSH. 1976. Criteria for a recommended standard  Occupational exposure to Nitric Acid. US Dept. Health, Education and Welfare, National Institute for 25 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication No. ( NIOSH) 76 141.

5.1.3 ACUTE DERMAL TOXICITY Remarks: No data 5.1.4 ACUTE TOXICITY BY OTHER ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION ( e. g. subcutaneous, intravenous, etc.)

Remarks: No data 5.2 CORROSIVENESS/ IRRITATION 5.2.1 SKIN IRRITATION/ CORROSION Remarks: Corrosive to the skin Reference: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH). 1976. Criteria for a recommended standard  Occupational exposure to Nitric Acid. US Dept. Health, Education and Welfare, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication No. ( NIOSH) 76 141.

5.2.2 EYE IRRITATION/ CORROSION Remarks: Corrosive to eyes Reference: National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH). 1976. Criteria for a recommended standard  Occupational exposure to Nitric Acid. US Dept. Health, Education and Welfare, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication No. ( NIOSH) 76 141.

5.3 SKIN SENSITIZATION Remarks: No data * 5.4 REPEATED DOSE TOXICITY Species/ strain: Mouse, rat, guinea pig Sex: Female [ ]; Male [ ]; Male/ Female [ ]; No Data [ X] Route of Administration: Inhalation Exposure period: Up to 6 months 26 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) Frequency of treatment: 4 hours/ day, 5 days/ week Dose: 4 ppm Control group: Yes [ X]; No [ ]; No Data [ ] Concurrent no treatment [ X]; Concurrent vehicle [ ]; Historical [ ] Results: Exposed animals showed no significant increase in pathologic changes such as pulmonary congestion when compared to control animals. Method: [ e. g. OECD, other ( with the year of publication or updating of the method used)] Ninety rats, thirty mice and 10 guinea pigs were exposed to RFNA for up to 6 months. GLP: Yes [ ] No [ ] ? [ X] Test substance: Red fuming nitric acid ( RFNA) References: Gray, E. L., Goldberg, S. B., Patton, F. M. 1954. Toxicity of the oxides of nitrogen   III. Effect of chronic exposure to low concentrations of vapors from red fuming nitric acid. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 10: 423 25. NIOSH. 1976. Criteria for a recommended standard  Occupational exposure to Nitric Acid. US Dept. Health, Education and Welfare, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication No. ( NIOSH) 76 141.

* 5.5 GENETIC TOXICITY IN VITRO A. Bacterial Test Type: Bacterial reverse mutation assay ( Ames test) System of testing: Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA100, TA1537, TA98 Concentration: 20 5000 µ g/ plate Metabolic activation: With [ ]; Without [ ]; With and Without [ X]; No Data [ ] Results: Genotoxic effects: + ?  With metabolic activation: [ ] [ ] [ X] Without metabolic activation: [ ] [ ] [ X] Method: [ e. g. OECD, other ( with the year of publication or updating of the method used)] OECD Guideline 471 ( 1983) GLP: Yes [ ] No [ X] ? [ ] Test substance: Nitric acid References: BASF AG Study No. 88/ 972, March 13, 1989. In European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database. 27 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) B. Non bacterial in vitro test Remarks: No data * 5.6 GENETIC TOXICITY IN VIVO Remarks: No data 5.7 CARCINOGENICITY Remarks: No data 5.8 TOXICITY TO REPRODUCTION Remarks: No data * 5.9 DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICITY/ TERATOGENICITY Remarks: No data 5.10 OTHER RELEVANT INFORMATION A. Specific toxicities ( a) Type: Induced bronchial injury Remarks: Studies have been conducted with several species ( Syrian golden hamster, mongrel dog, rat) in which high concentrations of nitric acid were used to induce bronchial injury. Nebulized or liquid nitric acid was introduced intratracheally under varying dosing regimens and durations. Observed effects included severe hemorrhagic pulmonary edema, damage to elastic fibers, increased collagen depositioning, chronic airway inflammation, cell hyperplasia, decreases in total lung and vital capacity and other measures of pulmonary fitness. In some acute exposures, mortality was observed. References: Coalson, J. J. and Collins, J. F. 1985. Nitric acid induced injury in the hamster lung. Br. J. Exp. Path. 66: 205 215. Gardiner, T. H. and Schanker, L. S. 1976. Effect of oxygen toxicity and nitric acid induced lung damage on drug absorption from the rat lung. Research Communications on Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology 15( 1): 107 120. 28 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) Fujita, M., Schroeder, M. A., and Hyatt, R. E. 1988. Canine model of chronic bronchial injury. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137: 429 434. Peters, S. G. and Hyatt, R. E. 1986. A canine model of bronchial injury induced by nitric acid. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 133: 1049 1054.

( b) Remarks: Concentrated nitric acid, including fuming nitric acid, exhibits a corrosive effect on tissues. The degree of effect depends on the concentration of the acid, with dilute solutions causing mild irritation and staining of the skin and concentrated solutions causing severe burns and injury to tissues. Varying degrees of upper respiratory irritation will occur after inhalation of dilute mixtures of nitric acid and nitrogen oxides ( called fuming nitric acids). Pulmonary edema and other severe effects can occur upon inhalation of concentrated vapors. References: NIOSH. 1976. Criteria for a recommended standard  Occupational exposure to nitric acid. US Dept. Health, Education and Welfare, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication No. ( NIOSH) 76 141.

B. Toxicodynamics, toxicokinetics Results: No data * 5.11 EXPERIENCE WITH HUMAN EXPOSURE [ Describe information on workplace exposure such as concentration of chemicals in the workplace or indoor environment ( manufacturing, maintenance and professional use), number of workers ( in ranges for each situation), frequency and duration of exposure, if available. In addition, enter details of effects of accidental or occupational exposure, epidemiological and clinical studies, case reports, etc.]

( a) Results: On arrival at the hospital emergency room, dyspnea at rest, expiratory stridor, peripheral cyanosis, and general paleness were noticed. Blood pressure was 120/ 60 mm Hg with a heart rate of 100 beats per minute. Auscultation of the chest revealed bilateral pulmonary rales and the first chest X ray revealed pulmonary edema. Two hours after admission, the respiratory situation of the patient worsened and mechanical ventilation was necessary. A bronchoscopy performed 20 hours after admission revealed massive bronchial secretion and multiple lesions of the bronchial mucosa. On the third day, the right leg became ischemic due to a complication of the extracorporeal membrane oxygenation ( ECMO) support. On the fourth day, the 29 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) patient died from refractory respiratory failure attributed to fulminant pulmonary edema. Remarks: A 56 year old white male cleaned a copper chandelier with 60% nitric acid solution. The first symptoms of respiratory distress occurred within 30 minutes. Reference: Bur, A., Wagner, A., Roggla, M., Berzlanovic, A., Herkner, H., Sterz, F., and Laggner, A. N. 1997. Fatal pulmonary edema after nitric acid inhalation. Resuscitation 35: 33 36. 30 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) 6. REFERENCES 40 CFR 156.62. Toxicity Category.

Alkahem, H. F. 1989. Effect of different acids on the freshwater fish, Aphanius dispar. J. Biol. Sci. Res. 20( 3): 537 545.

BASF AG. 1989. Sicherheitsdatenblatt Salpetersaeure chem. Rein hochkonz. BASF AG Study No. 88/ 972, March 13, 1989. In European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database.

Brimblecomb, R., and Clegg, S. L. 1988. K J. Atmos. Chem. 7: 1 18. In European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database.

Budavari, S. ( ed.) 1996. The Merck Index. Whitehouse Station: Merck Research Laboratories.

Bur, A., Wagner, A., Roggla, M., Berzlanovic, A., Herkner, H., Sterz, F., and Laggner, A. N. 1997. Fatal pulmonary edema after nitric acid inhalation. Resuscitation 35: 33 36.

Coalson, J. J. and Collins, J. F. 1985. Nitric acid induced injury in the hamster lung. Br. J. Exp. Path. 66: 205 215.

Directive 92/ 32 of April 30, 1992. 1992 Official Journal of the European Communities, No. L154 of June 5, 1992.

Eggleston, P. M., Loiselle, D. S., and Skalny, M. S. 1991. The effects of nitric and sulfuric acids on the diatom Nitzschia palea ( Kutz.) W. Smith. J. of Freshwater Ecology 6( 4): 451 453.

Environment Canada. 1978. Technical Information for Problem Spills: Nitric Acid. ( Draft). Ottawa, Ontario: Environmental Protection Service, Technical Services Branch. In Hazardous Substances Database ( HSDB). 1999. Nitric Acid. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

Environmental Chemicals Data Information Network ( ECDIN). 1999. Nitric Acid. August. < http:// www. ecdin. etomep. net/>

European Commission. 1996. Nitric Acid. International Uniform Chemical Information Database.

Fujita, M., Schroeder, M. A., and Hyatt, R. E. 1988. Canine model of chronic bronchial injury. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 137: 429 434.

Gardiner, T. H. and Schanker, L. S. 1976. Effect of oxygen toxicity and nitric acidinduced lung damage on drug absorption from the rat lung. Research Communications on Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology 15( 1): 107 120. 31 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) Gray, E. L., Goldberg, S. B., and Patton, F. M. 1954. Toxicity of the oxides of nitrogen   I. Introduction and apparatus. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 10: 409 17. Gray, E. L., Goldberg, S. B., Patton, F. M. 1954. Toxicity of the oxides of nitrogen   III. Effect of chronic exposure to low concentrations of vapors from red fuming nitric acid. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 10: 423 25.

Gray, E. L., MacNamee, J. K., and Goldberg, S. B. 1952. Toxicity of NO2 vapors at very low levels   A preliminary report. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 6: 20 21.

Gray, E. L., Patton, F. M., Goldberg, S. B., and Kaplan, E. 1954. Toxicity of the oxides of nitrogen   II. Acute inhalation toxicity of nitrogen dioxide, red fuming nitric acid, and white fuming nitric acid. Arch. Ind. Hyg. Occup. Med. 10: 418 22.

IFDC. 2002. North America Fertilizer Capacity, January 2002.

J. R. Simplot Company. 1999. Material Safety Data Sheet: Nitric Acid. M16010. July, 1999.

Kirschner, E. M. 1996. Growth of top 50 chemicals slowed in 1995 from very high 1994 rate. Chem. Eng. News. 74: 16 22.

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National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH). 1994. NIOSH Pocket Guide Chem. Haz.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health ( NIOSH). 1976. Criteria for a recommended standard  Occupational exposure to Nitric Acid. US Dept. Health, Education and Welfare, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. HEW Publication No. ( NIOSH) 76 141.

Nielsen, T., Pilegaard, K., Egelov, A. H., Granby, K., Hummelshoj, P., Jensen, N. O., and Skov, H. 1996. Atmospheric nitrogen compounds: occurrence, composition, and deposition. The Science of the Total Environment 189/ 190: 459 465.

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Pennanen, T., Fritze, H., Vanhala, P., Kiikkila, O., Neuvonen, S., and Baath, E. 1998. Structure of a microbial community in soil after prolonged addition of low levels of simulated acid rain. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64( 6): 2173 2180.

Peters, S. G. and Hyatt, R. E. 1986. A canine model of bronchial injury induced by nitric acid. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 133: 1049 1054. 32 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) Pierson, W. F. 1987. Environ. Sci. Technol. 21( 7): 679 691. In Hazardous Substances Database ( HSDB). 1999. Nitric Acid. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

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Swift, M. C. and Morgan, R. P. 1983. Acute toxicity of nitric acid to fingerling rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 76C( 2): 227 229.

Unsworth, M. H. and Wilshaw, J. C. 1989. Agric. Forest Meteorol. 47( 2 4): 221 238. In Hazardous Substances Database ( HSDB). 1999. Nitric Acid. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD.

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Walcek, C. J. and Chang, T. S. 1987. Atmos. Environ. 21( 5): 1107 1114. In Hazardous Substances Database ( HSDB). Nitric Acid. National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD. APPENDIX A  SIDS Data Availability Summary Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) Explanation of Appendix A Appendix A is a SIDS Data Summary table that provides an overview of availability and quality of the data used in this Health and Environmental Safety Data Summary for Nitric Acid. Y ( Yes) and N ( No) designations indicate whether data are available that meet the criteria for each column. The columns are described as:

Information: Data exist that were useful for describing the data element. These data may be from standard laboratory tests or from generally recognized published sources or professional experience.

OECD Study: The data were developed using standard OECD or essentially similar ( e. g., EPA harmonized protocols) guidelines.

GLP: The data were developed under standard Good Laboratory Practice provisions. These generally represent the highest quality data.

Other Study: Studies were conducted that could not be definitively identified as following OECD or GLP protocols. These studies were included when they were determined to be of adequate quality and provided relevant information to the characterization of the compound.

Estimation Method: In some cases, data may be estimated using established structure activity relationships. These methods are common for physical chemical parameters such as octanolwater partition coefficients and water solubility.

Acceptable: This column indicates whether the data are deemed acceptable by standard acceptability criteria and professional judgment. Only the data meeting adequacy standards are included in this summary document.

SIDS Testing Recommended: This column indicates whether additional testing is recommended based on an evaluation of the available data summarized in this document. It is not necessary to fill all of the apparent data gaps in order to adequately characterize the inherent hazard of chemicals. Information from other data elements and from other chemicals in the category, along with professional judgment, are useful in the final determination of the need for further testing. Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) SIDS DATA AVAILABILITY SUMMARY Date: January 27, 2002 Nitric Acid CAS No: 7697 37 2 Information OECD Study GLP Other Study Estimation Method Acceptable SIDS Testing Recommended DATA ELEMENT Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N Y/ N PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.12 Melting Point Boiling Point Density Vapour Pressure Partition Coefficient Water Solubility pH and pKa values Oxidation: Reduction potential Y Y Y Y Y Y Y N N N N N Y N N N N N N N Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Y Y Y Y Y Y Y  N N N N N N N N OTHER P/ C STUDIES Y N N N N Y N ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY 3.1.1 3.1.2 3.2 3.3 3.5 Photodegradation Stability in Water Monitoring Data Transport and Distribution Biodegradation N Y N Y N N N N N N N N N N N N N N Y N N N N N N  Y  Y  N N N N N OTHER ENV FATE STUDIES N N N N N  N ECOTOXICITY 4.1 4.2 4.3 Acute toxicity to Fish Acute toxicity to Daphnia Toxicity to Aquatic Plants ( Algae) Y N Y N N N N N N Y N Y N N N Y  Y N N N OTHER ECOTOXICITY STUDIES Y N N Y N Y N TOXICITY 5.1.2 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.9 5.11 Acute Inhalation Repeated Dose Genetic Toxicity in vitro . Gene mutation . Chromosomal aberration Genetic Toxicity in vivo Development/ Teratogenicity Human Experience Y Y Y N N N Y N N Y N N N N N N N N N N N Y Y N N N N Y N N N N N N N Y Y Y    Y N N N N N N N OTHER TOXICITY STUDIES Y N N Y N Y N Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2) APPENDIX B  SIDS Data Summaries for Nitric, Sulfuric and Phosphoric Acids SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR ACIDS CATEGORY Date: January 27, 2002 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2)

NITRIC ACID PHOSPHORIC ACID SULFURIC ACID DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS PHYSICAL CHEMICAL DATA 2.1 Melting Point  41.59oC 21 ( 85% solution) 10oC 2.2 Boiling Point 83 ° C at 1 atm 158oC 280 290oC at 1 atm 2.3 Density 15.1 g/ mL at 25 ° C 1.87 g/ mL at 25oC 1.84 x 10 6 g/ mL at 20oC 2.4 Vapour Pressure 62 mm Hg at 25 ° C ( low volatility) 0.03 1.5 mm Hg at 20oC ( low volatility) 7.5 x 10 4 mm Hg at 20oC ( low volatility)

2.5 Octanol/ Water Partition Coefficient OECD Guideline 107, GLP  2.3 at 25 ° C 2.6A Water Solubility 1 x 106 mg/ L at 25 ° C ( highly soluble) 750 850 g/ L ( highly soluble) Miscible ( highly soluble)

2.6B pH and pKa values pH: 1.0 at 0.1 M pKa:  1.4 pH: 1 1.5 at 1 10 g/ L pK1: 2.15; pK2;

7.09; pK3 12.32 at 25oC pH: 0.3 at 49 g/ L pK1:  3; pK2 1.92 at 25oC 2.7 Flash Point Non flammable Non flammable Non flammable 2.8 Auto Flammability Non flammable Non flammable Non flammable 2.9 Flammability Non flammable DIN 51584 Non flammable Non flammable 2.10 Explosive Properties Not explosive Possible with contact with metals Not explosive 2.11 Oxidizing Properties Oxidizes Powerful acidic oxidizer 2.13B Henry's Law Constant 2.45 x 106 atm* m3/ mol SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR ACIDS CATEGORY ( CONT.)

Date: January 27, 2002 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2)

NITRIC ACID PHOSPHORIC ACID SULFURIC ACID DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS ENVIRONMENTAL FATE and PATHWAY 3.1.2 Stability in Water Dissociates into its respective ions ( H+; NO3 ) Ionic dissociation in water Dissociates in water to form sulfate salts,

especially with calcium and magnesium 3.1.3 Stability in Soil Dissolves some soil material Dissolves some soil material, in particular carbonate based materials 3.2 Monitoring Data Average concentration of 13.5 µ g/ m3 for urban eastern U. S.

3.3 Transport and Distribution Dissolves carbonates; nitrate ions taken up by plants stimulate growth Under acidic soil conditions,

sparsely soluble phosphates tend to solubilize and may migrate to water Dissolves in the atmosphere; highly mobile in soil and can dissolve carbonate based materials 3.5 Biodegradation Under anaerobic conditions, microorganisms may degrade the product to phosphine Sulfate reducing bacteria break down sulfuric acid 3.6 BOD5 Does not cause a biochemical oxygen demand 3.7 Bioaccumulation Does not bioaccumulate Bioaccumulation is not a concern SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR ACIDS CATEGORY ( CONT.)

Date: January 27, 2002 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2)

NITRIC ACID PHOSPHORIC ACID SULFURIC ACID DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS ECOTOXICITY 4.1 Acute toxicity to Fish A. dispar ( freshwater fish)

S. gairdneri ( rainbow trout) 96 hr.

semistatic 7 day semistatic LC50 ( 96 hr) = pH 3.7. LC50 ( 7 days) = pH 4.0 L. macrochirus ( bluegill sunfish) 96 hr. static LC50 = pH 3.0

3.5 L. macrochirus ( bluegill),

A. dispar S. gairdneri ( rainbow trout)

B. rerio G. affinis ( mosquito fish) 96 hr semistatic 96 hr semi

static, Continuous or pulsed 96 hr static,

OECD Guideline 203 96 hr static LC50 = pH 3.0

3.84 LC50 = 3.7 4.41 LC50 = 500 mg/ L ( pH 2.29)

LC50 = 42 mg/ L ( pH 3.37)

4.2 Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Invertebrates D. magna D. pulex G. pulex ( amphipod) 12 hr. static 12 hr. static 12 hr. static EC50 = pH 4.6 EC50 = pH 4.1 LC50 = pH 3.4 Daphnia magna 24 hr static,

ISO 6341 15 64 hr static EC50 = 29 mg/ L ( pH 3.5)

EC100 = 88 mg/ L ( pH 3.05)

4.3 Toxicity to Aquatic Plants ( Algae) N. palea ( diatom) 28 day growth in lab culture tube Inhibited growth of diatoms at 6.3 mg/ L N. palea ( diatom) 28 day growth in lab culture tube Growth inhibition as determined by cell count observed at 10 mg/ L ( pH:

3.99)

4.4 Toxicity to Bacteria Subarctic field study Total biomass was dependent on pH Activated sludge EC50 = pH 2.55 Activated sludge 120 hr EC50 = 58 mg/ L ( pH: 3.23)

4.5.1 Chronic Toxicity to Fish S. fontinalis ( brook trout)

C. carpio, P.

altivelis, O.

masou, S.

pluvius 90 day semistatic pulsed 96 hr, larvae &

fry exposed H+ sensitivity changed with developmental stage EC50 ( reproduction rate) = ~ pH 4.0

5.2; LC50 ( mortality of larvae and fry) = ~ pH 3.6  5 SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR ACIDS CATEGORY ( CONT.)

Date: January 27, 2002 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2)

NITRIC ACID PHOSPHORIC ACID SULFURIC ACID DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS 4.6.1 Toxicity to Soil Dwelling Organisms Bacteria Subarctic field study Total biomass was dependent on pH.

4.6.2 Toxicity to Terrestrial Plants Peas, beans,

beets, rapeseed,

and weeds Sprayed with 15   20%

solution of H3PO4 Foliage was destroyed on all plants N. arcticum ( lichen), Peltigera.

spp. ( lichen),

E. nigrum ( dwarf shrub) and V. vitisidaea ( dwarf shrub). Simulated acid rain field study in northern Finland, 10 growing seasons Decrease in cover of foliose lichens and reduction in nitrogen fixing activity for nitrogen fixing lichens. No longterm negative effects on fructiose lichens reported.

A pH of 3 reduced reproductive output of V.

vitisidaea SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR ACIDS CATEGORY ( CONT.)

Date: January 27, 2002 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2)

NITRIC ACID PHOSPHORIC ACID SULFURIC ACID DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS TOXICITY 5.1.1 Acute Oral Toxicity Rat Sheep up to 100 mg/ kg bw/ day LD50 = 1,530 mg/ kg bw 100 mg/ kg bw/ day caused loss of weight and death Rat OECD Guideline 401 LD50 = 2,140 mg/ kg bw; > 5,000 mg/ kg bw 5.1.2 Acute Inhalation Rat 4 hour single dose LC50 = 65 67 ppm NO2 Guinea pig,

mouse, rat,

rabbit 1 hr LC50 = 61 1,689 mg/ m3 P2O5 Guinea pig Rabbit Rat 1 hr, 8 hr 1 hr 1 hr 18 61 mg/ m3 Can slow mucus transport in lung 347 420 ppm 5.1.3 Acute Dermal Toxicity Rabbit 24 hr LD50 = > 1,260

> 3,160 mg/ kg bw Rat, mouse,

guinea pig,

rabbit Erosion of the skin, erythema,

and edema observed after exposure to 5

10% solution; no effects observed from < 5%

solution 5.2.1 Skin Irritation/

Corrosion Corrosive to skin Rabbit 24 hr Highly irritating to corrosive Rat, rabbit,

human OECD Guideline 404 Not irritating at 10%; corrosive at high concentrations 5.2.2 Eye Irritation/

Corrosion Corrosive to eyes Rabbit OECD Guideline 405 Not irritating for 17% solution but severe irritation at higher concentration Rat, rabbit,

mouse OECD Guideline 405 Can cause irritation and corrosion to eyes 5.4 Repeated Dose Mouse, rat,

guinea pig Via inhalation:

4 hrs/ day, 5 days/ week,

6 months No significant effects at 4 ppm Rat Continuous, up to 14 weeks No effects on body or lung weights or myokinetic activity up to 150  g/ m3 SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR ACIDS CATEGORY ( CONT.)

Date: January 27, 2002 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2)

NITRIC ACID PHOSPHORIC ACID SULFURIC ACID DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS 5.4 ( continued) Rat 6 hr/ day, 5 day/ wk, 6 months Normal weight gain and no respiratory lesions at 10 mg/ m3 Rabbit 1 hr/ day, 5 day/ wk, up to 12 months At 250  g/ m3,

weight reduction and increased bronchial reactivity were observed Rabbit 2 hr/ day, 14 days Retardation of respiratory tract clearance at 503  g/ m3 Guinea pig Several studies ranging from 4 to 23 hrs/ day and for 2 days up to 12 months No effects on body weight, lung function or pathology at up to 2.49 mg/ m3 Minimal changes at 10 mg/ m3 but damage to lungs at 25 mg/ m3 Monkey 23.5 hr/ day, 7 day/ wk, 78 weeks Deterioration of pulmonary structure and function at doses up to 4.79 mg/ m3 Dog 21 hr/ day, 620 days Reduced lung function, volume and weight at 0.9 mg/ m3 SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR ACIDS CATEGORY ( CONT.)

Date: January 27, 2002 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2)

NITRIC ACID PHOSPHORIC ACID SULFURIC ACID DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS 5.4 ( continued) Chick, mallard ducklings Via oral feed:

up to 11,117 mg/ kg/ day, 14 days ( chicks);

12,393 mg/ kg/ day, 15 days ( mallards) Decrease in growth of chicks at 11,117 mg/ kg/ day due to an 18% decrease in food intake. No effects in ducklings 5.5 Genetic Toxicity in vitro . Gene mutation S. typhimurium OECD Guideline 471 ( Ames test) Negative S. typhimurium Bacterial reverse mutation assay ( Ames test) Negative S. typhimurium E. coli Bacterial reverse mutation assay ( Ames test) Negative Negative . Chromosomal aberration Sea urchin Embryo and sperm assays Aberrations caused by pH # 6.5 5.8 Toxicity to Reproduction Rat One generation 375 mg/ kg bw did not affect offspring growth in rats Mouse,

rabbit Via inhalation:

7 hrs/ day, 10

13 days of gestation No significant effects at 20 mg/ m3 5.9 Development Toxicity/ Teratogenicity Mouse,

rabbit Inhalation: 7 hrs/ day, 10 13 days of gestation NOEL ( maternal):

5 mg/ m3 NOEL ( teratogenicity): 20 mg/ m3 5.10A Specific Toxicities Chinese hamster cells Cytotoxicity in V79 lung cells Effects on growth, survival rate, and macro molecular systhesis at 30 mM Neurotoxicity Very high doses can lead to physiological disruption SIDS DATA SUMMARIES FOR ACIDS CATEGORY ( CONT.)

Date: January 27, 2002 Nitric Acid ( CAS No. 7697 37 2)

NITRIC ACID PHOSPHORIC ACID SULFURIC ACID DATA ELEMENTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS SPECIES PROTOCOL RESULTS 5.11 Human Experience Acute accidental inhalation Acute respiratory injury leading to death following exposure to 60%

nitric acid solution Ingestion, inhalation 10,000 mg/ m3 is immediately dangerous to life High concentrations can irritate skin and mucous membranes and cause eye damage.

Inhalation at high concentrations for longer periods may cause respiratory infections and digestive disturbances.

Dermal contact May irritate eyes and skin 1.8 Occupational Exposure Limits 8 hr TWA TLV 15 min STELTLV 2 ppm ( 5 mg/ m3 in air)

4 ppm ( 10 mg/ m3 in air) 8 hr TWATLV 15 min STELTLV 1 mg/ m3 in air 3 mg/ m3 in air 8 hr. TWATLV 5 min.

STELTLV 1 mg/ m3 in air.

2 mg/ m3 in air