Technology Definition

In general, components to minimize leakages are already incorporated into most modern air conditioning and transport refrigeration units (TRUs, reefer) systems. A/C system loads in tractors and work trucks are parasitic loads on the engine that only burden the engine when operated, thus reducing fuel efficiency and increasing tailpipe GHG emissions (indirect effect). However, modern refrigerants are also potent greenhouse gases, and leakage of them from the systems lead to direct emissions of GHGs.

In mobile vehicle air conditioning (MVAC) systems, leakage can be reduced through the use of enhanced hose components, such as veneer/barrier hoses or ultra-low permeation hoses, improved fittings and connections (multiple o-rings, seal washers, and seal washers with o-rings, and metal gaskets), and/or multiple-lip seals for the compressor shaft seal.

For TRUs, however, one area for potential leakage in a conventional diesel-powered TRU is the shaft seal between the compressor and the engine. This leakage potential is removed with a hybrid electric TRU which uses an electric transmission and a semi-hermetic, electrically powered compressor instead of a leakage-susceptible shaft. This system also uses a third less refrigerant than conventional TRUs, further reducing leakage potential. This system is discussed under the section “Use of Advanced Electrical Transport Refrigeration Unit (TRU) Systems”.

Availability

Leakage reducing components for MVAC systems are readily available and largely already employed by the industry.

Vehicle Application

This technology is used in all tractors and work trucks, as well as trailers.

Notable Cost-Related Factors

Operations and maintenance savings are incurred with the use of leakage reducing components given the longer lifetimes of refrigerant charges.

Cost Tables

  REF _Ref263952707 \h  Table 3-1  through   REF _Ref263952712 \h  Table 3-4  show the estimated cost for each technology, organized by the four tasks. A description of each of these technologies is given in Section 2. In each table the following column appear:

Category – the nine technology categories listed previously

Technology – the technology considered

Incremental To – if the technology is incremental to another technology, the baseline technology is listed

Technology Types – subcategories of the technology

[Vehicle] Type Applied To – Tractor, Trailer, Bus, or Vocational vehicle the technology may be implemented on

Manufacturer Cost – if the price/cost value is manufacturer cost, it is listed in this column

Retail Price – if the price/cost value is retail price, it is listed in this column

Type of Price/Cost – a summary of the price/cost value

O&M Costs – any operations and maintenance costs determined from the research

Discount Information – any information on discounts available from the research

Notes – any notes on values or methodologies used in the calculations

Cost information was gathered through telephone interviews with manufacturers and vendors. This was also compared to values found in the literature.  All values were combined to hide any proprietary or sensitive information gathered.

Table   STYLEREF 1 \s  3 -  SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1  1 : Class 7 and 8 Tractor Technology Cost/Price Summary

Category	Technology	Incremental To	Technology Types	Tractor Type Applied To	Manufacturer Cost	Retail Price	Type of Price/Cost	O&M Costs	Discount Information

Aerodynamic Improvements	Roof Fairing	No Fairing 	Roof Fairing	Day Cab

$1,100	Retail

10-15% for large orders

Midsize Sleeper

$1,400	Retail

10-15% for large orders

Fullsize Sleeper	n/a	n/a

	10-15% for large orders

	Side Fairing 	No Fairing	Fuel Tank Fairing	Day Cab

$1,500	Retail

No Data Available

Midsize Sleeper	$1,500	Retail

No Data Available

Fullsize Sleeper	$1,500	Retail

No Data Available

	Partial Side Fairing	Day Cab	$366	Retail

10-15% for large orders

Midsize Sleeper	$530	Retail

10-15% for large orders

Fullsize Sleeper	$700	Retail

10-15% for large orders

	Wheel to Wheel Full Side Fairing	Day Cab	$1,700	Retail

No Data Available

Midsize Sleeper	$2,100	Retail

No Data Available

Fullsize Sleeper	$2,200	Retail

No Data Available

	Full Aero Mirror	Baseline Mirror	 Aero Mirror, pair	All	$660

	No Data Available

	Incremental, per Truck	All	$428	Incremental Retail

	Partial Aero Mirror	Baseline Mirror	Semi-Aero Wing-Shaped “Moto” Mirror	All	$450

	No Data Available

	Incremental, per Truck	All	$218	Incremental Retail

	Baseline Mirror

Standard Mirror, pair	All	$232	Retail

No Data Available

	Tractor Gap Fairing	No Fairing	Side Extender	Day Cab	$320	Retail

10-15% for large orders

Midsize Sleeper	$360	Retail

No Data Available

Fullsize Sleeper	$400	Retail

No Data Available

	Aerodynamic Hood	Baseline Hood

Day Cab	n/a

	No Data Available

Midsize Sleeper

n/a

	No Data Available

Fullsize Sleeper	n/a

	No Data Available

	Bumper	Classic Bumper	Aero Bumper	Day Cab

$960	Incremental Retail

No Data Available

Midsize Sleeper	$960	Incremental Retail

No Data Available

Fullsize Sleeper	$960	Incremental Retail

No Data Available

	Classic Bumper	Day Cab

$390	Incremental Retail

No Data Available

Midsize Sleeper	$390	Incremental Retail

No Data Available

Fullsize Sleeper	$390	Incremental Retail

No Data Available

Rolling Resistance Improvements	Single Wide Tires	Baseline Dualie Drive Tires on Steel Wheels	Single Wide Drive Tire	All

$1,000

	No Data Available

	Wide-Base Al Wheel	All

$650

Additional components	All

n/a

Number/Drive Axle

	2

Drive Axles

	2

Changes/year

	0.300

Total (Capital)

	$6,600

Total per year (O&M)

	$1,977

Incremental, per Truck

	$(228)	 Incremental Retail

	Incremental, per (Single-Wide) Wheel

	$(57)	 Incremental Retail

	O&M per Truck per Year

	$(199)

O&M per (Single Wide) Tire per Year

	$(50)

Baseline (Dualie) Drive Tire	All

$404

Baseline (Dualie) Al Wheel	All

$450

Number/Drive Axle

	4

Drive Axles

	2

Changes/year

	0.319

Total (Capital)

	$6,828

	No Data Available

	Total per year (O&M)

	$2,176

Low Rolling Resistance Tires 	Baseline Tire (no wheel change) 	LRRT (drive)

	$424

Number/Drive Axle

	4

Drive Axles

	2

Changes/year

	0.296

LRRT (steer)

	$449

Number/Steer Axle

	2

Steer Axles

	1

Changes/year

	0.252

Total (Capital)

	$4,286

Total per year (O&M)

	$1,231

Capital per truck

	$246	Incremental Retail

	Capital per tire

	$25	Incremental Retail

5-10% for large orders

	O&M per truck per year

	$(18)

O&M per tire per year

	$ (2)

Baseline (Dualie) Drive Tire

	$404

Number/Drive Axle

	4

Drive Axles

	2

Changes/year

	0.319

Baseline Steer Tire

	$406

Number/Steer Axle

	2

Steer Axles

	1

Changes/year

	0.271

Total (Capital)

	$4,040

	No Data Available

	Total per year (O&M)

	$   1,249

Automatic Tire Inflation	No ATI  System	External, tractor system (package)	All

$1,500

Install labor (hrs, included)

	8

Labor costs (per hr; for retrofit)

	$19

components only

	$1,351	Retail

No Data Available

Operational Improvements	Programmable speed limiter 	No Speed Limiter Incremental Cost of System	All

$-

Time to Program the Engine (minutes)

	5

Labor costs (per hr; for retrofit)

	$19

Total

	$2	Labor

n/a

	Advanced Driver Training	No Training	Subscription with Lessons (per driver)	All

$50

Price per course

	$15

Number courses on fuel economy

	1

Duration (hours/course)

	4

Driver Salary/hr

	$18.62

Per Driver Per Year

	$139	Retail

 No Data Available

	High-Level Training without a Subscription	All

Duration (hours/course)

	10

Driver Salary/hr

	$18.62

Trainer Salary/hr

	$31

Training Materials

	$19

Per Driver Per Year

	$515	Retail

 No Data Available

	Literature Only	All

Price per course

	$125.00

Number courses

	1

Duration (hours/course)

	8

Driver Salary/hr

	$18.62

Per Driver Per Year

	$274	Retail

 No Data Available

Idle Reductions	Auxiliary Power Units	No APU

Most Day Cabs	n/a

Traditional APU	Midsize and Fullsize Sleepers	$7,700	Retail

 Volume discounts of about 13-19% available

	Truck overnight idling (hours/year)

	1800

APU Fuel Consumption (gal/hour)

	0.25

Engine Fuel Consumption (gal/hour)

	0.8

Fuel Cost ($/gal)

	$3

Incremental O&M per truck per year

	$ (2,970)

Direct Fired Heaters 	No DFH	Simple Bunk Heater/DFH	All

$1,400	Retail

 No Data Available

	Engine Recovery Systems	No EFS	Simple	All

$585	Retail

 Volume discounts available, but unquantified

	Deluxe

	$710	Retail

 Volume discounts available, but unquantified

	Thermal Storage Systems	No TSS	Full TSS system	All

$4,500	Retail

 No Data Available

	Truck Stop Electrification	Engine Idling	Advanced Truckstop Electrification (ATE)	Midsize and Fullsize Sleepers

	Mounting Template

	$18

Per Site Install Cost

	$11,000

Use Rate ($/hour)

	$1.00	May be negotiable

	Truck overnight idling (hours/year)

	1800

Install Cost

	$0

Capital Per Truck

	$18	Retail

	Annual O&M per truck

	$1,800

Incremental O&M per truck per year

	$ (2,520)	 n/a

	Baseline

	Engine Fuel Consumption (gal/hour)

	0.8

Fuel Cost ($/gal)

	$3

Annual Cost per Truck

	$4,320

Shore Power Truckstop Electrification (TSE)	Midsize and Fullsize Sleepers

	Per Truck Install Cost

	$199

Per Site Install Cost

	$2,100

Use Rate ($/hour)

	$1.00	May be negotiable

	Truck overnight idling (hours/year)

	1800

Capital Per Truck

	$199	Retail

	Annual O&M per truck

	$1,800

Incremental O&M per truck per year

	$ (2,520)	 n/a

Baseline idling

	Engine Fuel Consumption (gal/hour)

	0.8

Fuel Cost ($/gal)

	$3

Annual Cost per Truck

	$4,320

	Idle Reductions	Anti-Idle System	No System	Automatic Engine Shut-Down All

	n/a

	technology

$-

	activation

$55

	Mandated AESD Cost

$-

	Automatic Engine Start/Stop Systems	No System	Optimized Idle	All

activation/ programming

	$400

kit

	$900

	 Volume discounts of 17%

	Total

	$1,300	Retail

	Fuel Cell APUs

	$7,550	Retail

No Data Available

 Engine Improvements	Low Friction Engine Lube	Standard Engine Lubes Lube Costs	All

	Oil changes/year

	3.15

Incremental cost/oil change

	$  268.50

Engine Modifications

	$-	Retail

	Incremental Total per Truck per Year

	$ 845.78	No Data Available

	Integrated Starter/ Alternator	Baseline Starter and Alternator

All

10 kW integrated starter/alt system

$7,600

Incremental Total per Truck

$7,200	Incremental Retail

No Data Available

	Baseline Starter

	$200

Baseline Alternator

	$200

Total

	$400

	No Data Available

	Mechanical Turbo compounding	No TBC	Mechanical TBC	All

Port Liners

	$400

Variable Valve Actuation

	$300

High efficiency power turbine

	$1,275

Total

	$1,975

Incremental Total per Truck

	$1,040	Incremental Retail

No Data Available

	Baseline VGT

	$935

	No Data Available

	Electrical Turbo  compounding	No TBC	Electric TBC	All

Mechanical Turbo compounding components

	$1,975

40 kW motor/generator

	$1,200

Power Electronics

	$1,200

Electric accessories

	$1,000

Balance of Plant

	$2,163

Total

	$7,538

	Incremental Total per Truck

	$6,603	Incremental Retail

No Data Available

	Baseline VGT

	$935

	No Data Available

	Electronic Fans

	All

n/a

	n/a

	Variable Valve Actuation	no VVA	VVA System	All

Number Cylinders

	6

Price per cylinder

	$50

Total

	$300	Retail

No Data Available

Engine Improvements	Variable Geometry Turbo (VGT)	Baseline Fixed (FGT) VGT system	All

$935

Incremental to FGT

	$435	Incremental Retail

No Data Available

	Baseline FGT

	$500

	No Data Available

	Rankine Bottoming Cycle	No Rankine System	Turbine, generator and flywheel (30 kW system)	All

$2,000

Air cooled condenser

	$500

EGR boiler

	$400

Stack boiler

	$1,000

Balance of Plant

	$1,440

Controls & Power Electronics

	$1,300

Energy storage

	$150

Total

	$6,790	Retail

No Data Available

 Transmission and Drivetrain Improvements	Hybrid Powertrain Conventional Powertrain 	Hybrid System	All

50 kW Motor/Generator

	$3,000

4 kW Battery Pack

	$6,400

Power Electronics

	$3,000

Balance of Plant

	$6,600

Modified Clutch Assembly

	$4,000

Electrification of Accessories

	$2,000

Total

	$25,000	Retail

No Data Available

	 Low Friction Drivetrain Lube	Conventional Transmission Lubes	Low Friction Lube 	All

Changes/year

	0.7875

Cost/change

	$        339	No Data Available

	Drivetrain Modifications

	(none required)

	$-

Incremental Total per Truck per Year

	$ 140.96

Baseline (Conventional Lube)

	Cost/change

	$160	No Data Available

	Early Torque Converter Lockup	No ETCLU

All

	$0	Retail	No Data Available

Weight Reduction	 Aluminum Wheels	Conventional Steel Wheels	Upgrade Dualies to Aluminum	All

Al Standard Width Wheel

	$450

	 Bulk discounts available but unquantified

	Baseline (Dualie) Drive Tire

	$404

Number/Drive Axle

	4

Drive Axles

	2

Baseline Steer Tire

	$406

Number/Steer Axle

	2

Steer Axles

	1

Total

	$8,540

per truck

	$3,120	Incremental Retail

	per wheel

	$312	Incremental Retail

	Upgrade to Aluminum SWTs

	Al Wide-Base Wheel

	$650

	 Bulk discounts available but unquantified

	Single Wide Drive Tire

	$1,031

Number/Drive Axle

	2

Drive Axles

	2

Baseline Steer Tire

	$406

Number/Steer Axle

	0

Steer Axles

	1

Total

	$6,724

per truck

	$1,304	Incremental Retail

	per wheel

	$326	Incremental Retail

	Baseline

	Steel Standard Width Wheel

	$138

	 Bulk discounts available but unquantified

	Baseline (Dualie) Drive Tire

	$404

Number/Drive Axle

	4

Drive Axles

	2

Baseline Steer Tire

	$406

Number/Steer Axle

	2

Steer Axles

	1

Total

	$5,420

Aluminum Axle Hubs

	n/a	n/a	n/a

	n/a

	Light Weight Brake Drums	Baseline Full-Cast Brake Drums	Centrifuse Drums	All

Drum

	$120

	No Data Available

	Number/Axle

	2

Axles

	3

Total

	$720

Total Capital per Truck

	$270	Incremental Retail

	Total Capital per Axle

	$90	Incremental Retail

	Changes/year

	0.10

Total per year (O&M)

	27.00

Total O&M per Truck

	$ (3)

	Baseline

	Drum

	$75

	No Data Available

	Total

	$450

Changes/year

	0.40

Total per year (O&M)

	$30.00

 Aluminum Air Tanks	Steel Air Tanks	Aluminum air tank, 3x 4-Gal configuration	All

4-Gal Al Air Tank

	$147

Number of Tanks

	3

Total

	$441

Baseline steel air tanks

	4-Gal Al Air Tank

	$61

Total

	$183

Incremental  per truck

	$258	Incremental Retail

	Incremental  per tank

	$86	Incremental Retail

No Data Available

	Aluminum air tank, 2x 20-Gal configuration	All

20-Gal Al Air Tank

	$301

Number of Tanks

	2

Total

	$602

Baseline steel air tanks

	20-Gal Al Air Tank

	$125

Total

	$250

Incremental  per truck

	$352	Incremental Retail

	Incremental  per tank

	$176	Incremental Retail

No Data Available

	Aluminum air tank, 4x 5-Gal configuration	All

5-Gal Al Air Tank

	$158

Number of Tanks

	4

Total

	$631

Baseline steel air tanks

	5-Gal Al Air Tank

	$66

Total

	$262

Incremental  per truck

	$369	Incremental Retail

	Incremental  per tank

	$92	Incremental Retail

No Data Available

	 Reduced Number of Batteries	n/a

n/a

 n/a 	n/a

No Data Available

 	 Lightweight Suspension Systems	n/a

n/a

 n/a 	n/a

No Data Available

Electrification

 	Electric Water pumps

	All

n/a

n/a	No Data Available

	 Electric Power Steering

Incremental  per truck	All

$1,500	Incremental Retail	n/a	No Data Available

	 Evaporative Unit

	All

$2,000	Retail

No Data Available

Air Conditioning	Low Power Draw A/C

Standard APU or Battery Driven MVAC	All

$4,105	Retail

 Bulk discounts available but unquantified

	Complex Battery-Driven MVAC	Sleeper Cabs

$7,750	Retail

No Data Available

	Use of Leakage Reducing Components

 All	$30

Manufacturer Cost

No Data Available

	CO2 as refrigerant	 	 	All 	$70

Manufacturer Cost

No Data Available

	Use of Alternative Refrigerants

HFC-152A	All	$50

Manufacturer Cost

No Data Available

	Propane as refrigerant	All	$50

Manufacturer Cost

No Data Available

	HFO-1234yf

	hardware changes	Class 8, Day Cab

$10

	incremental refrigerant costs

	$158

Total

	$168	Incremental Retail Price

No Data Available

	hardware changes	Class 8, Sleeper Cab

$10

	incremental refrigerant costs

	$198

Total

	$208	Incremental Retail Price

No Data Available

Table   STYLEREF 1 \s  3 -  SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1  2 : Class 7 and 8 Trailer Technology Cost/Price Summary

Category	Technology	Incremental To	Technology Types	Trailer Type Applied To	Manufacturer Cost	Retail Price	Discount Information	O&M Costs

Aerodynamic Improvements	Trailer Side Skirts	No trailer fairings	Side fairing/Side skirt	Van, Reefer, Flatbed

 $1,900 	low volume, 13%; high volume, 28%

	Tanker

 $2,100 	high volume, 20%

Gap Fairings	No gap fairings	Aluminum Gap Fairing	Van, Reefer

$850	No data available

Trailer Aerocone	No AeroCone	AeroCone	Van

$1,264	high volume, 20%

Boat Tails	No Boat Tail	Trailer Tail	Van

$2,800	25-30%

	Reefer

$3,100	25-30%

Air Tabs	No Air Tabs	Air Tab	Van, Reefer

$240	low volume, 15%

high volume, 25%

	Rolling Resistance Improvements	Single Wide Tires	Baseline Dualie Trailer Tires on Steel Wheels, 2-Axle Trailer	Upgrade to SWTs on Al Wheels, 2-Axle  Trailer	All

	Single Wide Tire

	$794

	Wide-Base Al Wheel

	$650

	Additional components

	n/a

	Number/Axle

	2

	Axles

	2

	Changes/year

	0.300

	Total (Capital)

	$5,777

	Total per year (O&M)

	$1,731

	Incremental, Capital per Trailer

	$(135)	No data available

Incremental, Capital per (Single -Wide) Wheel

	$(34)

	O&M per Trailer per Year

	$(154)

	O&M per (Single Wide) Tire per Year

	$(38)

	Baseline, 2-Axle  Trailer

Baseline (Dualie) Trailer Tire

	$289

	Baseline (Dualie) Al Wheel

	$450

	Number/Axle

	4

	Axles

	2

	Changes/year

	0.319

	Total (Capital)

	$5,912	No data available

Total per year (O&M)

	$1,884

Baseline Dualie Trailer Tires on Steel Wheels, 3-Axle Trailer	Upgrade to SWTs on Al Wheels, 3-Axle  Trailer	All

	Single Wide Tire

	$794

	Wide-Base Al Wheel

	$650

	Additional components

	n/a

	Number/Axle

	2

	Axles

	3

	Changes/year

	0.300

	Total (Capital)

	$8,665

	Total per year (O&M)

	$2,596

	Incremental, Capital per Trailer

	$(203)

	Incremental, Capital per (Single-Wide) Wheel

	$(34)	No data available

O&M per Trailer per Year

	$(230)

	O&M per (Single Wide) Tire per Year

	$(38)

	Baseline, 3-Axle  Trailer

Baseline (Dualie) Trailer Tire

	$289

	Baseline (Dualie) Al Wheel

	$450

	Number/Axle

	4

	Axles

	3

	Changes/year

	0.319

	Total (Capital)

	$8,868	No data available

Total per year (O&M)

	$2,826

	Low Rolling Resistance Tires	Baseline Trailer Tire (no wheel change), 2-Axle Trailer	LRRT	All

	LRR Trailer Tire

	$367

	Number/Axle

	4

	Axles

	2

	Changes/year

	0.296

	Total (Capital)

	$2,935	No data available

Total per year (O&M)

	$870

	Incremental, Capital per Trailer

	$623

	Incremental, Capital per Tire

	$78	No data available

O&M per Trailer per Year

	$(737)

	O&M per Tire per Year

	$(92)

	Baseline

Baseline (Dualie) Trailer Tire

	$289

	Number/Axle

	4

	Axles

	2

	Changes/year

	0.319

	Total (Capital)

	$2,312	No data available

Total per year (O&M)

	$737

Baseline Trailer Tire (no wheel change), 3-Axle Trailer	LRRT	All

	LRRT

	$367

	Number/Axle

	4

	Axles

	3

	Changes/year

	0.296

	Total (Capital)

	$4,403

	Total per year (O&M)

	$1,305

	Incremental, Capital per Trailer

	$935

	Incremental, Capital per Tire

	$78	No data available

O&M per Trailer per Year

	$(368)

	O&M per Tire per Year

	$(31)

	Baseline

Baseline (Dualie) Trailer Tire

	$289

	Number/Axle

	4

	Axles

	3

	Changes/year

	0.319

	Total (Capital)

	$3,468	No data available

Total per year (O&M)

	$1,105

	Automatic Tire Inflation	No ATI  System	Internal, trailer system	2-axle or 3-axle

Package

	$750	No data available

Install labor (hrs, included)

	4

	Labor costs (per hr; for retrofit)

	$19

	components only

	$676	No data available

Internal, trailer system 	1-axle or dolly

Package

	$550	No data available

Install labor (hrs, included)

	4

	Labor costs (per hr; for retrofit)

	$19

	components only

	$476	No data available

	Weight Reduction	Tare weight reduction via Al structural components Baseline Steel components	Roof Posts / Bows 	Dry Van

	Incremental, per Trailer

$120

No data available

Side posts

Incremental, per Trailer

$525

No data available

Cross members / floor joists

Incremental, per Trailer

$400

No data available

Floor

Incremental, per Trailer

$1,500

No data available

Tare weight reduction via Al wheels	Baseline Steel (dualie) wheels, 2-Axle Trailer	All

	Number/Axle

4

Axles

2

Incremental, per Trailer

$1,500

No data available

Incremental, per Wheel

$188

	Baseline Steel (dualie) wheels, 3-Axle Trailer

Number/Axle

4

Axles

3

Incremental, per Trailer

$2,250

No data available

Incremental, per Wheel

$188

	Air Conditioning	Use of Leakage Reducing Components

	Reefer

$30	No data available

Use of Advanced Electrical TRU Systems	Standard, Diesel TRU	Hybrid, vector TRU	Reefer

	Incremental Total

	$4,000	No data available

Annual Operating Costs

$1,404

	Incremental O&M per Year

	$(2,106)

	Electric Standby (E/S) Option

TRU option

	$2,300

	Facility upgrade per terminal

	$1,250

	Per terminal, additional for transformer

	$6,000

	per hour use rate

	$5

	TRU overnight usage (hours/year)

	1800

	Incremental Total per Trailer

	$2,300	No data available

Annual O&M per Trailer

	$9,000

	Incremental O&M per Year

	$5,490

	Solar TRU

Total

	n/a	N/A

Fuel Cell TRU

Total

	n/a	N/A

Baseline

Fuel consumption (gal/hr)

	0.65

	Fuel Cost ($/gal)

	$3

	Annual Cost per Truck

No data available	$3,510

	Use of Cryogenic CO2 Units

Unit cost	Reefer

	per trailer

	$30,000	Marginal volume, 5%

Annual O&M per Trailer

	$7,020

	Incremental O&M per Year

	$3,510

	Infrastructure costs

per facility

	$150,000	No data available

Use of Highly Reflective Structural Materials	Baseline Al Roof	Composite Reflective Roof	Van, Reefer

	Roof

	$800

	Incremental, per Trailer

	$0	No data available

Number of small holes per year

	2

	Hole patch cost

	$100

	O&M Cost

	$200

	Coated Roof	Van, Reefer

	Roof

	$700

	Incremental, per Trailer

	($100)	No data available

Adding Reflective Tape	Van, Reefer

	100 ft roll

	$100

	spacing (strips/ft)

	1

	trailer width (ft)

	8.5

	trailer length (ft)

	53

	trailer height (ft)

	13.5

	Incremental Total, per 53' trailer

	$1,882	No data available

Baseline Roof	Van, Reefer

$800

	Use of Alternative Refrigerants

CO2 as refrigerant	Reefer	$70

No data available

HFC-152A	Reefer	$50

No data available

Propane as refrigerant	Reefer	$50

No data available

HFO-1234yf	Reefer

	hardware changes

$10

incremental refrigerant costs

$551

Total

$561	Incremental Retail Price	No data available

Table   STYLEREF 1 \s  3 -  SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1  3 : Class 3 through 8 Vocational Truck Technology Cost/Price Summary

Category	Technology	Incremental To	Technology Types	Truck Type Applied To	Manufacturer Cost	Retail Price	Type of Price/Cost	O&M Costs	Discount Information

Low Rolling Resistance	Low Rolling Resistance Tires	None	LRRT	Class 6 Box Truck

LRRT (drive)

	$379

Number/Drive Axle

	4

Drive Axles

	1

Changes/year

	0.287

LRRT (steer)

	$329

Number/Steer Axle

	2

Steer Axles

	1

Changes/year

	0.287

Total (Capital)

	$2,174	Retail Price

 No data available

	Total per year (O&M)

	$623

	Engine Improvements	Mechanical Turbo compounding	No TBC	Mechanical TBC Class 6 Box Truck

N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

	Electric Turbo compounding	No TBC	Electric TBC	Class 6 Box Truck

N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

	Variable Valve Actuation	no VVA	VVA	Class 6 Box Truck

Cam-operated, partial motion, electric valve, intake only

Number Cylinders

	6

Total

	$455	Retail Price

 No data available

	Cam-operated, partial motion, electric valve, intake and exhaust

Number Cylinders

	6

Total

	$910	Retail Price

 No data available

	Mechanical, cam-operated VVA, intake only

Total

$700

Manufacturer Cost	 No data available

	Fully variable, camless VVA

	Total

$2,350

Manufacturer Cost	 No data available

	Variable Geometry Turbo (VGT)	Baseline Fixed (FGT)	VGT system	Class 6 Box Truck

	Incremental to FGT

	$675	Incremental Retail	 No data available

Transmission and Drivetrain Improvements	Hybrid Powertrain	Conventional Powertrain

Hybrid System – Class 4 Utility Truck

Hardware Cost to Manufacturer

      30 kW Motor/Generator 	$900

      4 kW Battery Pack 	$3,200

      Power Electronics 	$900

      Balance of Plant 	$2,500

      Modified Clutch Assembly 	$1,500

      Electrification of Accessories 	$850

Total Hardware Cost	$9,850

      Labor @ $28/hr	$2,800

      Labor Overhead @ 40%	$1,120

      Markup @ 29%	$3,993

      Warranty Markup at 5%	$493

Total  Component Cost	$18,256

Fixed Cost to Engine Manufacturer

	      R&D Costs	$10,000,000

      Tooling Costs	$3,000,000

      Units/yr.	500

      Years to recover	5

Fixed cost/unit	$7,159

Total Cost from Engine Manufacturer	$25,415

Manufacturer Cost	 No data available

     Truck Manufacturer Markup @ 29%

$7,370

	Total Cost to Truck Purchaser

$32,785	Retail Price

 No data available

Hybrid System – Class 6 Box Truck

Hardware Cost to Manufacturer

	      30 kW Motor/Generator 	$900

      4 kW Battery Pack 	$3,200

      Power Electronics 	$900

      Balance of Plant 	$3,000

      Modified Clutch Assembly 	$2,000

      Electrification of Accessories 	$1,000

Total Hardware Cost	$11,000

      Labor @ $28/hr	$3,780

      Labor Overhead @ 40%	$1,512

      Markup @ 29%	$4,725

      Warranty Markup at 5%	$550

Total  Component Cost	$21,567

Fixed Cost to Engine Manufacturer

      R&D Costs	$10,000,000

      Tooling Costs	$3,000,000

      Units/yr.	500

      Years to recover	5

Fixed cost/unit	$7,420

Total Cost from Engine Manufacturer	$28,987

 Manufacturer Cost 	 No data available

      Truck Manufacturer Markup @ 29%

$8,406

	Total Cost to Truck Purchaser

$37,393	Retail Price

 No data available

Hybrid System -- Class 8 Refuse

Hardware Cost to Manufacturer

      30 kW Motor/Generator 	$900

     100 kW Motor/Generator 	$3,000

      8 kW Battery Pack 	$6,400

      Power Electronics 	$3,900

      Balance of Plant 	$8,500

      Modified Clutch Assembly 	$2,500

      Electrification of Accessories 	$1,750

Total Hardware Cost	$26,950

      Labor @ $28/hr	$5,600

      Labor Overhead @ 40%	$2,240

      Markup @ 29%	$10,089

      Warranty Markup at 5%	$1,348

Total  Component Cost	$46,227

Fixed Cost to Engine Manufacturer

	      R&D Costs	$10,000,000

      Tooling Costs	$3,000,000

      Units/yr.	500

      Years to recover	5

Fixed cost/unit	$7,159

Total Cost from Engine Manufacturer	$53,386

 Manufacturer Cost 	 No data available

      Truck Manufacturer Markup @ 29%

$15,482

	Total Cost to Truck Purchaser

$68,867	Retail Price

 No data available

Air Conditioning	Low Power Draw A/C	Evaporative Unit	Class 6 Box Truck

$2,000	Retail Price

 No data available

	Use of Leakage Reducing Components

Class 6 Box Truck	$25

Incremental Manufacturer Cost	 No data available

	Use of Highly Reflective Structural Materials	Baseline Al Roof

Class 6 Box Truck (24')

Composite Reflective Roof

Roof

$460

Incremental, per Trailer

$84	Incremental Retail Price	 No data available

	Number of small holes per year

2

Hole patch cost

$100

O&M Cost

$200

Coated Roof

	Incremental

	Roof

	$422	Incremental Retail Price	 No data available

	Cab

	$250	Incremental Retail Price

Adding Reflective Tape

100 ft roll

	$100

spacing (strips/ft)

	1

trailer width (ft)

	8.5

trailer length (ft)

	24

trailer height (ft)

	13.5

Incremental Total, per 24' trailer

$852	Incremental Retail Price	 No data available

	Baseline Roof

	$376

Use of Alternative Refrigerants

CO2 as refrigerant	Class 6 Box Truck	$70

Manufacturer Cost	 No data available

	HFC-152A	Class 6 Box Truck	$50

Manufacturer Cost	 No data available

	Propane as refrigerant	Class 6 Box Truck	$50

Manufacturer Cost	 No data available

	HFO-1234yf	Class 6 Box Truck, Day Cab

	hardware changes

$10

	incremental refrigerant costs

$124

	Total

$134	Incremental Retail Price	No data available

Class 6 Box Truck, Crew Cab

hardware changes

$10

	incremental refrigerant costs

$140

	Total

$150	Incremental Retail Price 	No data available

Table   STYLEREF 1 \s  3 -  SEQ Table \* ARABIC \s 1  4 : Class 7 and 8 Bus Technology Cost/Price Summary

Category	Technology	Incremental To	Technology Types	Bus Type Applied To Manufacturer Cost	Retail Price	Type of Price/Cost	O&M Costs	Discount Information

Rolling Resistance Improvements	Low Rolling Resistance Tires	None	LRRT Class 8 Transit Bus

LRRT (drive)

	$333

Number/Drive Axle

4

Drive Axles

	1

Changes/year

	0.167

LRRT (steer)

	$333

Number/Steer Axle

2

Steer Axles

	1

Changes/year

	0.167

Total (Capital)

	$1,998	Retail Price

 No data available

	Total per year (O&M)

$333

	Engine Improvements	Mechanical Turbo compounding	No TBC	Mechanical TBC Class 8 Transit Bus

N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

	Electric Turbo compounding	No TBC	Electric TBC	Class 8 Transit Bus

N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A

	Variable Valve Actuation	no VVA

Class 8 Transit Bus

Cam-operated, partial motion, electric valve, intake only

	Number Cylinders

	6

Total

	$585	Retail Price

 No data available

	Cam-operated, partial motion, electric valve, intake and exhaust

Number Cylinders

	6

	Engine Improvements	Variable Valve Actuation	No VVA	Total

	$1,170	Retail Price

 No data available

	Mechanical, cam-operated VVA, intake only

Total

$700

Manufacturer Cost	 No data available

	Fully variable, camless VVA

Total

$2,350

Manufacturer Cost	 No data available

	Variable Geometry Turbo (VGT)	Baseline Fixed (FGT)	VGT system	Class 8 Transit Bus

Incremental to FGT

$935	Incremental Retail 	No data available

Drivetrain Improvements	Hybrid Powertrain	Conventional Powertrain	Class 8 Transit Bus

	Hardware Cost to Manufacturer

     30 kW Motor/Generator	$900

    100 kW Motor/Generator	$3,000

     8 kW Battery Pack	$6,400

     Power Electronics	$3,900

     Balance of Plant	$8,500

     Modified Clutch Assembly	$2,000

     Electrification of Accessories	$1,250

Total Hardware Cost	$25,950

      Labor @ $28/hr	$4,480

      Labor Overhead @ 40%	$1,792

      Markup @ 29%	$9,344

      Warranty Markup at 5%	$1,298

Total  Component Cost	$42,864

 Fixed Cost to Engine Manufacturer

      R&D Costs	$10,000,000

      Tooling Costs	$3,500,000

Drivetrain Improvements

      Units/yr.	1000

      Years to recover	5

Fixed cost/unit

$3,710

Total Cost from Engine Manufacturer	$46,574

 Manufacturer Cost 	 No data available

Truck Manufacturer Markup @ 29%

$13,506

	Total Cost to Truck Purchaser

$60,080	Retail Price

 No data available

Air Conditioning	Low Power Draw A/C	Roof-mounted Evaporative Unit	Class 8 Transit Bus

$6,000	Retail Price

 No data available

	Roof-mounted A/C System	Class 8 Transit Bus

$6,650	Retail Price

 No data available

	Use of Leakage Reducing Components	Class 8 Transit Bus 	$30

Incremental Manufacturer Cost	 No data available

	Use of Highly Reflective Structural Materials	Baseline Al Roof

Class 8 Transit Bus (43’ 52-passenger)

	Composite Reflective Roof

Roof

	$645

Fasteners, etc.

	$100

Total

	$745	Retail Price

 No data available

	Number of small holes per year

2

Hole patch cost

	$100

O&M Cost

	$200

	Coated Roof

	Incremental

	Roof

	$620	Incremental Retail Price	 No data available

	Adding Reflective Tape

100 ft roll

	$100

spacing (strips/ft)

	1

	Air Conditioning	Use of Highly Reflective Structural Materials	Baseline Al Roof	bus width (ft)

	8.5

bus length (ft)

	43

bus height (ft)

	9.5

Incremental Total, per 24' trailer

$1,183	Incremental Retail Price	 No data available

	Alternative Refrigerants

CO2 as refrigerant	Class 8 Transit Bus 	$70

Manufacturer Cost	 No data available

	HFC-152A	Class 8 Transit Bus 	$50

Manufacturer Cost	 No data available

	Propane as refrigerant	Class 8 Transit Bus 	$50

Manufacturer Cost	 No data available

	HFO-1234yf	Class 8 Transit Bus

	hardware changes

$10

	incremental refrigerant costs

$683

	Total

$                 693	Incremental Retail Price	 No data available

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 Interviews with Frank Sonzala, Executive VP of Sales and Marketing, Pressure Systems International, 2010.

 NC State, “Best Practices Guidebook for Greenhouse Gas Reductions in Freight Transportation,” Prepared for U.S. DOT, October 4, 2007.

 California Energy Commission. “Tires and Fuel Efficiency.” June 2006.   HYPERLINK "http://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-600-2006-003/CEC-600-2006 -003-FS.PDF"  http://www.energy.ca.gov/2006publications/CEC-600-2006-003/CEC-600-2006- 003-FS.PDF

 “Low Rolling Resistance Tires,” SmartWay Finance Center Technology website. Accessed June 10, 2010.   HYPERLINK "http://www.smartwayfinancecenter.com/technology.cfm?productTypeID=4&pro ductTypeCategoryID=9"  http://www.smartwayfinancecenter.com/technology.cfm?productTypeID=4&prod uctTypeCategoryID=9 .

 NESCCAF, ICCT, Southwest Research Institute, TIAX, LLC. Reducing Heavy-Duty Long Haul Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions, October 2009.   HYPERLINK "http://www.nescaum.org/documents/heavy-duty-truck-ghg_report_final-2009 10.pdf"  http://www.nescaum.org/documents/heavy-duty-truck-ghg_report_final-20091 0.pdf .

 ICF International, “Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Trucking,” Prepared for Environmental Defense Fund, December 2009.

 US EPA, “A Glance at Clean Freight Strategies –Single Wide-Based Tires,” SmartWay Transport Partnership. Accessed June 10, 2010.   HYPERLINK "http://www.epa.gov/smartway/transport/documents/tech/supersingles.pdf"  http://www.epa.gov/smartway/transport/documents/tech/supersingles.pdf .

 NC State, “Best Practices Guidebook for Greenhouse Gas Reductions in Freight Transportation,” Prepared for U.S. DOT, October 4, 2007.

 ICF International, “Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Trucking,” Prepared for Environmental Defense Fund, December 2009.

 US EPA and Community Development Transportation Lending Service, SmartWay Clean Diesel Financing loan application form.   HYPERLINK "http://www.ctaa.org/webmodules/webarticles/articlefiles/SmartWay_Brochu re_and_Application.pdf"  http://www.ctaa.org/webmodules/webarticles/articlefiles/SmartWay_Brochur e_and_Application.pdf .

 US EPA, “A Glance at Clean Freight Strategies –Single Wide-Based Tires.”   HYPERLINK "http://www.epa.gov/smartway/documents/supersingles.pdf"  http://www.epa.gov/smartway/documents/supersingles.pdf

 US EPA, “A Glance at Clean Freight Strategies Drivers Training.”   HYPERLINK "http://www.epa.gov/smartway/documents/drivertraining.pdf"  http://www.epa.gov/smartway/documents/drivertraining.pdf .

 Conversation with Jim Voorhees, Instructional Technologies.

 Environmental Awareness and Outreach Measures to Reduce GHG Emissions From the Trucking Sector, L-P Tardif & Associates Inc., August, 1999.

 Conversation with Brian Mormino, Cummins.

 “Truckers Back a National 65-mph Speed Limit,” U.S. News and World Report, March 26, 2008.

 Conversation with Tim Blubaugh, Engine Manufacturers Association.

 Conversation with Tim Blubaugh, Engine Manufacturers Association.

 Conversation with Tim Blubaugh, Engine Manufacturers Association.

 Conversation with Brian Mormino, Cummins.

 Conversation with Brian Mormino, Cummins.

 Conversation with Tim Blubaugh, Engine Manufacturers Association.

 Conversation with Brian Mormino, Cummins.

 Conversation with Brian Mormino, Cummins.

 Conversation with Tim Blubaugh, Engine Manufacturers Association.

 ICF International, Industry Options for Improving Ground Freight Fuel Efficiency, Prepared for EPA, 2002

 Conversation with John Beavers, Western Branch Diesel.

 ICF International, Industry Options for Improving Ground Freight Fuel Efficiency, Prepared for EPA, 2002..

 Conversation with Brian Mormino, Cummins.

 Conversation with Brian Mormino, Cummins.

 Detroit Diesel.

 Conversation with John Beavers, Western Branch Diesel.

 Detroit Diesel.

 Webasto Blue Cool Truck Product Brochure,   HYPERLINK "http://www.webasto.us/am/en/am_trucks_aircon.html"  http://www.webasto.us/am/en/am_trucks_aircon.html .

Guide to Saving Fuel and Reducing Emissions, Cascade Sierra Solutions Report, 2008 Fall Edition   HYPERLINK "https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide -Fall08-Web.pdf"  https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide- Fall08-Web.pdf

   HYPERLINK "http://www.webastoshowroom.com/bluecooltruck/.../Webasto_BlueCool_Hybri d_Fact_Sheet_Final.doc"  www.webastoshowroom.com/bluecooltruck/.../Webasto_BlueCool_Hybrid_Fact_S heet_Final.doc

 Webasto Blue Cool Truck Product Brochure,   HYPERLINK "http://www.webasto.us/am/en/am_trucks_aircon.html"  http://www.webasto.us/am/en/am_trucks_aircon.html .

 Conversation with Josh Lucas, Webasto, May 19, 2010

 Conversation with Josh Lucas, Webasto, May 19, 2010.

 http://autothermusa.com/wordpress/no-engin-idle-facts/

 Guide to Saving Fuel and Reducing Emissions, Cascade Sierra Solutions Report, 2008 Fall Edition   HYPERLINK "https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide -Fall08-Web.pdf"  https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide- Fall08-Web.pdf

 Conversation with Autotherm Sales Department, May 5, 2010

 US EPA, “A Glance at Clean Freight Strategies – Idle Reduction.” http://www.epa.gov/smartway/transport/documents/carrier-strategy-docs/ap u.pdf .

 “Delphi truck fuel-cell APU to hit road in 2012,” SAE International. May 12, 2010. Accessed June 10, 2010.   HYPERLINK "http://www.sae.org/mags/AEI/8222"  http://www.sae.org/mags/AEI/8222

 Guide to Saving Fuel and Reducing Emissions, Cascade Sierra Solutions Report, 2008 Fall Edition   HYPERLINK "https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide -Fall08-Web.pdf"  https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide- Fall08-Web.pdf

 Webasto Product Brochure: Engine pre-heating, in-cab heating and bunk cooling.   HYPERLINK "http://www.webasto.us/am/en/am_trucks_heaters.html"  http://www.webasto.us/am/en/am_trucks_heaters.html .

 How an Air Heater Works, Espar,   HYPERLINK "http://www.espar.com/html/products/technology_air.html"  http://www.espar.com/html/products/technology_air.html .

 Webasto Product Brochure: Engine pre-heating, in-cab heating and bunk cooling.   HYPERLINK "http://www.webasto.us/am/en/am_trucks_heaters.html"  http://www.webasto.us/am/en/am_trucks_heaters.html ..

 http://fuelcellsworks.com/news/2010/05/13/delphi-field-testing-solid-ox ide-fuel-cell-apu-with-a-heavy-duty-truck-manufacturer-and-the-technolog y-is-scheduled-to-be-in-production-in-2012/

 Automotive Engineering Online, Delphi truck fuel-cell APU to hit road in 2012, May 12, 2010.   HYPERLINK "http://www.sae.org/mags/AEI/8222"  http://www.sae.org/mags/AEI/8222 .

 Perrot et al., Truck Stop Electrification As A Long-Haul Tractor Idling Alternative, TRB 2004 Annual Meeting CD-ROM.

 Perrot et al., Truck Stop Electrification As A Long-Haul Tractor Idling Alternative, TRB 2004 Annual Meeting CD-ROM.

   HYPERLINK "http://www.shorepower.com/"  http://www.shorepower.com/

   HYPERLINK "http://www.envirodock.com/index.php"  http://www.envirodock.com/index.php

   HYPERLINK "http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2008/may/14/idleaire-turns-off-its-engines /"  http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2008/may/14/idleaire-turns-off-its-engines/

   HYPERLINK "http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2010/jan/28/idleaire-fails-find-buyer-clos ing-friday/"  http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2010/jan/28/idleaire-fails-find-buyer-closi ng-friday/

   HYPERLINK "http://www.etrucker.com/apps/news/article.asp?id=85394"  http://www.etrucker.com/apps/news/article.asp?id=85394 . However, as of July 20, 2010, no active locations are reported on their website.

   HYPERLINK "http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/tse/"  http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/tse/

 Ed Maxwell, EnviroDock, 5/10/2010.

 http://www.controlmod.com/pdfs/pr_releases/AlabamaPressRelease.doc

 Perrot et al., Truck Stop Electrification as a Long-Haul Tractor Idling Alternative, TRB 2004 Annual Meeting CD-ROM.

 Ed Maxwell, EnviroDock, 5/10/2010.

 NESCCAF, ICCT, Southwest Research Institute, TIAX, LLC. Reducing Heavy-Duty Long Haul Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions, October 2009.   HYPERLINK "http://www.nescaum.org/documents/heavy-duty-truck-ghg_report_final-2009 10.pdf"  http://www.nescaum.org/documents/heavy-duty-truck-ghg_report_final-20091 0.pdf .

 “Turbocompound System,” Turbo Technologies website. Cummins. Accessed June 10, 2010.   HYPERLINK "http://www.holset.co.uk/mainsite/files/2_5_1_3-turbocompound%20system.p hp"  http://www.holset.co.uk/mainsite/files/2_5_1_3-turbocompound%20system.ph p .

 Conversation with Brian Mormino. Cummins.

 Conversation with Bob Leopold of Allison Transmission, May 6, 2010.

 ARB, AB 118: Air Quality Improvement Program (AQIP), FY 2010-11 Funding Plan Discussion Document, April 2010.   HYPERLINK "http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/aqip/meetings/fy%202010-11/aqip_fy10-11_fp _discussion_doc_040810.pdf"  http://www.arb.ca.gov/msprog/aqip/meetings/fy%202010-11/aqip_fy10-11_fp_ discussion_doc_040810.pdf .

 US EPA, “A Glance at Clean Freight Strategies –Low-Viscosity Lubricants,” SmartWay Transport Partnership. Accessed June 10, 2010.   HYPERLINK "http://www.epa.gov/smartway/documents/lowviscositylubes.pdf"  http://www.epa.gov/smartway/documents/lowviscositylubes.pdf .

 ICF International, “Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Trucking,” Prepared for Environmental Defense Fund, December 2009.

 NC State, “Best Practices Guidebook for Greenhouse Gas Reductions in Freight Transportation,” Prepared for U.S. DOT, October 4, 2007.

 ICF International, “Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Trucking,” Prepared for Environmental Defense Fund, December 2009.

 NC State, “Best Practices Guidebook for Greenhouse Gas Reductions in Freight Transportation,” Prepared for U.S. DOT, October 4, 2007.

 ICF International, “Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Trucking,” Prepared for Environmental Defense Fund, December 2009.

 Guide to Saving Fuel and Reducing Emissions, Cascade Sierra Solutions Report, 2008 Fall Edition   HYPERLINK "https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide -Fall08-Web.pdf"  https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide- Fall08-Web.pdf .

 NESCCAF, ICCT, Southwest Research Institute, TIAX, LLC. Reducing Heavy-Duty Long Haul Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions, October 2009.   HYPERLINK "http://www.nescaum.org/documents/heavy-duty-truck-ghg_report_final-2009 10.pdf"  http://www.nescaum.org/documents/heavy-duty-truck-ghg_report_final-20091 0.pdf .

 Conversation with Brian Mormino, Cummins.

 Conversation with Michigan Truck Supplies Sales Department, March 5, 2010.

 Note that aluminum fuel tanks are more frequently offered as optional equipment than aluminum air tanks.

 As estimated by Franklin Josey, Volvo, February 9, 2010

 Alcoa 24.5” LvL One.   HYPERLINK "http://www.alcoa.com/alcoawheels/north_america/en/brochures/docs/Alcoa_ LvL_One24.pdf"  http://www.alcoa.com/alcoawheels/north_america/en/brochures/docs/Alcoa_L vL_One24.pdf .

 Conversation with Utility Trailers Sales Contact, March 2, 2010.

 “New Alcoa 22.4x14 wide base wheel fits low profile longhaul needs,” Fleet Equipment, November 1, 2001.   HYPERLINK "http://www.allbusiness.com/transportation-warehousing/828191-1.html"  http://www.allbusiness.com/transportation-warehousing/828191-1.html .

 Skydel, Seth. “Fuel efficiency: aluminum wheels, side base singles.” Fleet Equipments, April 1, 2009. 	  HYPERLINK "http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices/1231927 0-1.html"  http://www.allbusiness.com/government/government-bodies-offices/12319270 -1.html .

 Heavy Duty Truck/Trailer. Alcoa Wheels website. Accessed June 10, 2010.   HYPERLINK "http://www.alcoa.com/alcoawheels/north_america/en/hdtt/index.asp"  http://www.alcoa.com/alcoawheels/north_america/en/hdtt/index.asp .

 ICF International, “Opportunities to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Trucking,” Prepared for Environmental Defense Fund, December 2009.

 CentriFuse Product Brochure,   HYPERLINK "http://ppimw.archercom.com/assets/centrifuse_brake_drums_brochure.pdf"  http://ppimw.archercom.com/assets/centrifuse_brake_drums_brochure.pdf .

 Conversations with Product Development Specialist, Motor Wheel Commercial Vehicle System, July 16, 2010.

 Conversations with Product Development Specialist, Motor Wheel Commercial Vehicle Systems, March 19, 2010.

 Precision Partners Press Release, March 16, 2009.   HYPERLINK "http://www.precisionpartnersinc.com/corporate/breaking-news/announces-i ts-new-long-life-severe-service-brake-drums-centrifuse-plus/"  http://www.precisionpartnersinc.com/corporate/breaking-news/announces-it s-new-long-life-severe-service-brake-drums-centrifuse-plus/ .

 Emmons, Bruce. System Optimization of an Ultralight Electric Transit Bus. Autokinetics, Inc. April 20, 2006. http://www1.eere.energy.gov/vehiclesandfuels/pdfs/hvso_2006/23_emmons.pd f.

 NC State, “Best Practices Guidebook for Greenhouse Gas Reductions in Freight Transportation,” Prepared for U.S. DOT, October 4, 2007.

 Franklin Josey, Volvo, 2/9/2010.

 Conversation with Utility Trailers Sales.

 Franklin Josey, Volvo, 2/9/2010

 Conversation with Utility Trailers Sales.

 NESCCAF, ICCT, Southwest Research Institute, TIAX, LLC. Reducing Heavy-Duty Long Haul Combination Truck Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions, October 2009.   HYPERLINK "http://www.nescaum.org/documents/heavy-duty-truck-ghg_report_final-2009 10.pdf"  http://www.nescaum.org/documents/heavy-duty-truck-ghg_report_final-20091 0.pdf .

 Email exchange with Brad Hicks, ArvinMeritor, March 26, 2010.

 Peter Coll, SAE. Posted at:   HYPERLINK "http://www.refrigeration-engineer.com/forums/showthread.php?t=23669"  http://www.refrigeration-engineer.com/forums/showthread.php?t=23669

 Industry Evaluation of low global warming potential refrigerant HFO-1234yf, SAE CRP1234, 11/10/2009.

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 E.g.,   HYPERLINK "http://www.koolit.net/prod_list.php?sci=9"  http://www.koolit.net/prod_list.php?sci=9 , 5/25/2010

 Numerous conversations, including Gary Hansen, RedDotCorp.com, 5/26/2010.

 Conversation with John, Dan’s Truck Refrigeration.

 Conservation with John, UPS.

 SolarCool Coatings Brochure provided by Pat Scanlon of Solar Cool Coatings.

 “Truck Reflective Tape,” Thomasnet website. Accessed June 10, 2010.   HYPERLINK "http://www.thomasnet.com/products/truck-reflective-tape-87831160-1.html "  http://www.thomasnet.com/products/truck-reflective-tape-87831160-1.html .

 Conversation with Bill Beckwith, Crane Composites.

 Conversations with Sales Staff at Cool Moves

 Conversations with Sales Staff at Cool Moves

 Guide to Saving Fuel and Reducing Emissions, Cascade Sierra Solutions Report, 2008 Fall Edition   HYPERLINK "https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide -Fall08-Web.pdf"  https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide- Fall08-Web.pdf .

 Guide to Saving Fuel and Reducing Emissions, Cascade Sierra Solutions Report, 2008 Fall Edition   HYPERLINK "https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide -Fall08-Web.pdf"  https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide- Fall08-Web.pdf .

 Conversations with Sales Staff at Cool Moves

 Guide to Saving Fuel and Reducing Emissions, Cascade Sierra Solutions Report, 2008 Fall Edition   HYPERLINK "https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide -Fall08-Web.pdf"  https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide- Fall08-Web.pdf .

 Conversations with Sales Staff at Cool Moves

 Guide to Saving Fuel and Reducing Emissions, Cascade Sierra Solutions Report, 2008 Fall Edition   HYPERLINK "https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide -Fall08-Web.pdf"  https://secure.cascadesierrasolutions.org/downloads/documents/CSS-Guide- Fall08-Web.pdf .

 Revised Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons for Proposed Rulemaking: Airborne Toxic Control Measure for In-Use Diesel-Fueled Transport Refrigeration Units (TRU) and TRU Generator Sets, and Facilities Where TRUs Operate, CARB, October 28, 2003, p VI-11.

 Revised Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons for Proposed Rulemaking: Airborne Toxic Control Measure for In-Use Diesel-Fueled Transport Refrigeration Units (TRU) and TRU Generator Sets, and Facilities Where TRUs Operate, CARB, October 28, 2003, p VI-11.

 Conversation with David Kiefer, Transicold.

 Conversation with David Kiefer.

 DTI, “The Commercialisation of Solar Powered Transport Refrigeration.” 2001.   HYPERLINK "http://www.bis.gov.uk/files/file16833.pdf"  http://www.bis.gov.uk/files/file16833.pdf .

 Conversation with David Kiefer.

 Conversation with David Kiefer.

 Revised Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons for Proposed Rulemaking: Airborne Toxic Control Measure for In-Use Diesel-Fueled Transport Refrigeration Units (TRU) and TRU Generator Sets, and Facilities Where TRUs Operate, CARB, October 28, 2003, p VI-11.

 Revised Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons for Proposed Rulemaking: Airborne Toxic Control Measure for In-Use Diesel-Fueled Transport Refrigeration Units (TRU) and TRU Generator Sets, and Facilities Where TRUs Operate, CARB, October 28, 2003, p VI-11.

 Thermo King CryoTech Brochure.

 Conversation with Tom Kampf, ThermoKing.

 Conversation with Herman Viegas, ThermoKing.

 Conversation with Herman Viegas, ThermoKing.

 Revised Staff Report: Initial Statement of Reasons for Proposed Rulemaking: Airborne Toxic Control Measure for In-Use Diesel-Fueled Transport Refrigeration Units (TRU) and TRU Generator Sets, and Facilities Where TRUs Operate, CARB, October 28, 2003, p VI-11.

 ThermoKing CryoTech Brochure.

 Conversation with Sam Dutta, ThermoKing.

 Conversation with Tom Kampf.

 Draft Regulatory Impact Analysis, Proposed Rulemaking to Establish Light-Duty Vehicle Greenhouse Gas Emission Standards and Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, EPA-420-D-09-003, September 2009.

 NC State, “Best Practices Guidebook for Greenhouse Gas Reductions in Freight Transportation,” Prepared for U.S. DOT, October 4, 2007.

 Conversation with David Kiefer.

ICF International	  PAGE  70 	  STYLEREF  Client  \* MERGEFORMAT  US Environmental Protection Agency

  STYLEREF  "Production Number"  \* MERGEFORMAT  EPA Contract EP-C-06-094 -- WA 3-05 		  STYLEREF  Date  \* MERGEFORMAT  July 20, 2010

ICF International	  PAGE  3 	  STYLEREF  Client  \* MERGEFORMAT  US Environmental Protection Agency

  STYLEREF  "Production Number"  \* MERGEFORMAT  EPA Contract EP-C-06-094 -- WA 3-05 		  STYLEREF  Date  \* MERGEFORMAT  July 20, 2010

  STYLEREF  "Document Title"  \* MERGEFORMAT  Investigation of Costs for Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gas Emissions for Heavy-Duty On-Road Vehicles

  STYLEREF  "Heading 1"  \* MERGEFORMAT  Bibliography

ICF International	  PAGE  112 	  STYLEREF  Client  \* MERGEFORMAT  US Environmental Protection Agency

  STYLEREF  "Production Number"  \* MERGEFORMAT  EPA Contract EP-C-06-094 -- WA 3-05 		  STYLEREF  Date  \* MERGEFORMAT  July 20, 2010

ICF International	  PAGE  71 	  STYLEREF  Client  \* MERGEFORMAT  US Environmental Protection Agency

  STYLEREF  "Production Number"  \* MERGEFORMAT  EPA Contract EP-C-06-094 -- WA 3-05 		  STYLEREF  Date  \* MERGEFORMAT  July 20, 2010

Source:   HYPERLINK "http://www.truckpaper.com"  http://www.truckpaper.com

Source:   HYPERLINK "http://www.truckpaper.com"  http://www.truckpaper.com


[Federal Register: October 5, 2010 (Volume 75, Number 192)]
[Notices]
[Page 61478-61479]
[DOCID:fr05oc10-88]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

[Docket Nos. RM06-16-010; RM06-16-011]

Mandatory Reliability Standards for the Bulk Power System; Notice
Allowing Post-Technical Conference Comments

September 24, 2010.
    On September 23, 2010, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
conducted a Technical Conference on Frequency Response in the Wholesale
Electric Grid. The purpose of the technical conference was to provide
an opportunity for a public discussion regarding technical issues
pertaining to the development of a frequency response requirement. All
interested persons are invited to file written comments on or before
October 14, 2010, that relate to the issues discussed

during the technical conference. Commenters are encouraged to use the
questions presented in the agenda for the conference to organize their
comments.

Kimberly D. Bose,
Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2010-24942 Filed 10-4-10; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6717-01-P