° Minimum land purchase  0.5 acres ° Building area  1300 ft2 per mgd for systems < 10 mgd  1100 ft2 per mgd for systems > 10 mgd ° Building is square ° 50 foot perimeter around building The land area was compared to the land costs at various percentages, and a " reasonableness" valuation was made based on best professional judgment. Under the final scenario, estimates of land costs gradually increased from $ 2,200 per acre for the smallest system size to $ 92,500 per acre for the largest. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 58 Operator Training The NDWAC cost working group also recommended inclusion of operator training. Based upon system size, this training could last a few hours or a few days. Exhibit 4.25 summarizes the operator training cost assumptions used in this document. Costs are based on experience with similar systems and best professional judgement.

Exhibit 4.25: Summary of MF/ UF Operator Training Assumptions Design Flow ( mgd) Training Cost ($)

< 0.5 included in membrane system price 0.5  1 $ 1,000 1  10 $ 3,000 10  100 $ 10,000 > 100 $ 25,000 Backwash Pipeline Capital costs for a 500 foot pipeline to discharge backwash and reject water to a sanitary sewer were estimated based on cost equations presented in Small Water System Byproducts Treatment and Disposal Cost Document ( DPRA 1993a) and Water System Byproducts Treatment and Disposal Cost Document ( DPRA 1993b). These costs are shown as an indirect cost ( after the application of the capital cost multiplier) because they already include factors for engineering, contractor overhead and profit, and installation.

Exhibit 4.26 summarizes the pipe diameter assumptions used in the DPRA documents. The equations used to estimate pipeline costs follow the exhibit. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 59 Exhibit 4.26: Summary of Backwash Disposal Pipeline Assumptions Backwash Volume ( mgd) Pipeline Diameter ( inches) Pipe Material < 162,500 2 Sch 40 PVC 162,500  500,000 3 Sch 40 PVC 500,000  750,000 4 Sch 40 PVC 750,000  10,000,000 6 Sch 40 PVC 10,000,000  25,000,000 24 Reinforced concrete > 25,000,000 36 Reinforced concrete Source: DPRA ( 1993a and 1993b).

For systems < 1 mgd ( DPRA 1993a) Backwash volume < 150,000 gpd: Pipeline cost ($) = 3,500 Backwash volume > 150,000 gpd: Pipeline cost ($) = 27,000 + ( 3.1 × ( Backwash Volume) 0.5)

For systems > 1 mgd ( DPRA 1993b) Backwash volume < 150,000 gpd: Pipeline cost ($) = 4,500 Backwash volume > 150,000 gpd: Pipeline cost ($) = 4,600 + ( 0.0019 × Backwash Volume)

Costs in the DPRA documents are presented in year 1992 dollars. The ENR BCI ( average 1992 value = $ 2,834) was used to escalate costs to June 2001 ( index = 3,572). Consequently, the results of the previous equations were multiplied by a factor of 1.26 ( 3,572 ÷ 2,834) to obtain the final pipeline cost estimates.

<IP_ADDRESS> Summary of MF/ UF O& M Cost Assumptions MF/ UF operations and maintenance costs were based on vendor estimates, industry guidelines, and cost models. Exhibit 4.28 presents a summary of line item O& M costs. This section discusses the assumptions regarding O& M estimates presented in this document.

Membrane Replacement Membrane replacement costs for all flows were derived from typical, or average, replacement cost estimates provided by manufacturers. The manufacturer estimates as shown in Exhibit 4.27 were Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 60 plotted and liner regressions were used to develop the following best fit equation for the full range of design flows:

Membrane replacement ($/ yr) = ( 0.5647 × Design Flow2) + ( 13,152 × Design Flow) + 304.49 Exhibit 4.27: Summary of Membrane Replacement Costs Design Flow ( mgd) Average Membrane Replacement Cost ($/ year)

0.01 $ 300 0.1 $ 1200 1 $ 12,000 10 $ 134,400 50 $ 672,000 430 $ 5,760,000 Source: Vendor estimates Performance Monitoring In addition to continuous turbidity or particle count monitoring ( included in the process monitoring equipment line item), the costs for periodic HPC monitoring were included in the O& M estimates. HPC is monitored to detect biological activity on the finished water side of the membrane. HPC tests are available for approximately $ 1 per test, and require one hour of labor. Thus, the cost per test is $ 25.96 ($ 1 for materials, $ 24.96 for one hour of labor). One test per membrane skid per week was assumed.

Clean in Place Chemicals MF/ UF systems will require periodic ( typically, quarterly or semi annually) chemical cleaning to remove biological and colloidal foulants. This is referred to as a clean in place ( CIP) operation. CIP practices can include the use of detergents, acids, bases, oxidizing agents ( e. g., chlorine for removal of biofilm), chelating agents, or enzymatic cleaners. Because of the variability in CIP practices, a standard rule of thumb of $ 0.01 per 1000 gallons of water produced was applied to estimate CIP chemical costs. Thus, CIP chemical costs can be estimated as follows:

CIP chemicals ($/ yr) = 0.01 × Average Flow ( mgd) × 1000 × 365 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 61 Materials Materials include replacement parts for interstage piping and pumping and were estimated based on output from the Water and W/ W Cost models. The resulting material cost equations are presented below:

For average flow < 0.35 mgd Materials ($/ yr) = ( 283.6 × Average Flow2) + ( 283.77 × Average Flow) + 107.62 For average flow 0.35 to 4.5 mgd Materials ($/ yr) = ( 547.62 × Average Flow)  24.122 For average flow > 4.5 mgd Materials ($/ yr) = ( 0.3794 × Average Flow2) + ( 394.56 × Average Flow) + 672.35 Power Power costs include electricity for interstage pumps, membrane skids, and instrumentation. Interstage pumping power costs were estimated based on annual kWh estimates provided by the Water and W/ W Cost models and membrane skid power requirements provided by vendors. The equations used for annual power costs are provided below.

For average flow < 0.36 mgd: Power ($/ yr) = 16561 × ( Average Flow) 1.0113 For average flow 0.36  4.5 mgd: Power ($/ yr) = ( 5096.5 × Average Flow) + 4058.8 For average flow > 4.5 mgd: Power ($/ yr) = ( 5356.9 × Average Flow) + 2666.3 Labor Labor estimates include operation and maintenance of interstage pumping and membrane skids, as well as labor associated with repair of process equipment. A technical labor rate of $ 24.96 per hour was assumed for all system sizes. Labor hours are based on vendor estimates and experience with similar systems. No additional managerial labor was assumed. A summary of labor hour assumptions is provided in Exhibit 4.28. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 62 Exhibit 4.28: Summary of MF/ UF Labor Assumptions System Size ( mgd) Technical Labor ( hrs/ week)

< 0.1 4 0.1  1 12 1  5 24 5  10 40 10  100 80 > 100 160 POTW Surcharge The reject and backwash volume is assumed to be at a volume of seven percent of the feed flow ( i. e., 93 percent recovery). The discharge of reject and backwash water to a POTW assumed the following ( DPRA 1993):

° POTW surcharge of $ 0.00183/ 1,000 gallons discharged ° Base charge of $ 375/ year for small systems, $ 1,000/ year for large systems Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 63 Design Flow 0.007 0.022 0.037 0.091 0.18 0.27 0.36 0.68 1 Average Flow 0.0015 0.0054 0.0095 0.025 0.054 0.084 0.11 0.23 0.35 Unit Capital Cost Summary Total Unit Capital Cost $ 126,730 $ 206,121 $ 260,157 $ 393,517 $ 605,175 $ 720,600 $ 818,777 $ 1,089,993 $ 1,533,916 Indirect Capital Costs $ 18,712 $ 20,327 $ 21,797 $ 25,425 $ 92,318 $ 95,458 $ 99,102 $ 106,480 $ 170,348 Membrane housing $ 9,790 $ 9,790 $ 9,790 $ 9,790 $ 63,635 $ 63,635 $ 63,635 $ 63,635 $ 63,635 Bench/ pilot scale testing $ 1,000 $ 1,000 $ 1,000 $ 1,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 60,000 Permitting $ 2,500 $ 3,338 $ 4,282 $ 6,612 $ 9,213 $ 11,230 $ 12,928 $ 17,668 $ 24,495 Land $ 1,080 $ 1,858 $ 2,384 $ 3,681 $ 5,129 $ 6,251 $ 7,197 $ 9,835 $ 13,636 Operator Training $ 1,000 $ 1,000 $ 3,000 500' backwash discharge pipeline $ 4,342 $ 4,342 $ 4,342 $ 4,342 $ 4,342 $ 4,342 $ 4,342 $ 4,342 $ 5,582 Capital Cost Multiplier $ 108,019 $ 185,794 $ 238,360 $ 368,092 $ 512,857 $ 625,142 $ 719,676 $ 983,514 $ 1,363,568 Subtotal Process Cost $ 64,682 $ 111,254 $ 142,730 $ 220,415 $ 307,100 $ 374,336 $ 430,943 $ 588,930 $ 816,508 Interstage piping and pumping $ 750 $ 1,723 $ 2,514 $ 4,834 $ 7,935 $ 10,653 $ 13,129 $ 20,840 $ 30,428 Membrane equipment $ 61,321 $ 106,725 $ 137,253 $ 212,153 $ 295,118 $ 359,093 $ 412,728 $ 561,462 $ 676,659 Process monitoring equipment $ 2,460 $ 2,460 $ 2,460 $ 2,460 $ 2,460 $ 2,460 $ 2,460 $ 2,460 $ 4,921 Electrical $ 150 $ 345 $ 503 $ 967 $ 1,587 $ 2,131 $ 2,626 $ 4,168 $ 6,086 I& C $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 98,415 Annual O& M Summary Total Annual O& M Cost $ 7,145 $ 7,601 $ 8,071 $ 9,815 $ 23,306 $ 26,497 $ 29,421 $ 41,671 $ 69,500 Membrane Replacement $ 397 $ 594 $ 791 $ 1,501 $ 2,672 $ 3,856 $ 5,039 $ 9,248 $ 13,457 Performance monitoring $ 1,350 $ 1,350 $ 1,350 $ 1,350 $ 1,350 $ 1,350 $ 1,350 $ 1,350 $ 1,350 CIP Chemicals $ 5 $ 20 $ 35 $ 91 $ 197 $ 307 $ 402 $ 840 $ 1,278 Materials $ 108 $ 109 $ 110 $ 115 $ 122 $ 129 $ 135 $ 158 $ 172 Electricity $ 23 $ 84 $ 149 $ 397 $ 865 $ 1,353 $ 1,777 $ 3,746 $ 5,728 Technical Labor $ 5,192 $ 5,192 $ 5,192 $ 5,192 $ 15,575 $ 15,575 $ 15,575 $ 15,575 $ 31,150 Managerial labor POTW surcharge $ 70 $ 252 $ 444 $ 1,169 $ 2,525 $ 3,928 $ 5,143 $ 10,754 $ 16,365 Exhibit 4.29: Microfiltration/ Ultrafiltration Cost Summary Note: Based on Temperature= 10 ° C Assume discharge to sanitary sewer Source: Section 4.4.5 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 64 Design Flow 1.2 2 3.5 7 17 22 76 210 430 520 Average Flow 0.41 0.77 1.4 3 7.8 11 38 120 270 350 Unit Capital Cost Summary Total Unit Capital Cost $ 1,672,053 $ 2,615,310 $ 3,981,989 $ 7,095,991 $ 15,365,946 $ 19,274,465 $ 58,795,535 $ 147,293,783 $ 282,503,048 $ 335,884,024 Indirect Capital Costs $ 186,486 $ 254,863 $ 382,005 $ 675,810 $ 1,275,681 $ 1,617,073 $ 4,949,693 $ 12,606,239 $ 25,102,001 $ 30,204,293 Membrane housing $ 76,362 $ 127,270 $ 222,723 $ 445,445 $ 915,365 $ 1,184,590 $ 4,092,220 $ 11,307,450 $ 23,153,350 $ 27,999,400 Bench/ pilot scale testing $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 Permitting $ 26,687 $ 35,407 $ 54,000 $ 96,303 $ 211,354 $ 264,861 $ 500,000 $ 500,000 $ 500,000 $ 500,000 Land $ 14,856 $ 23,604 $ 36,000 $ 64,202 $ 70,451 $ 88,287 $ 269,229 $ 673,438 $ 1,287,005 $ 1,528,399 Operator Training $ 3,000 $ 3,000 $ 3,000 $ 3,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 25,000 $ 25,000 $ 25,000 500' backwash discharge pipeline $ 5,582 $ 5,582 $ 6,283 $ 6,861 $ 8,511 $ 9,335 $ 18,244 $ 40,351 $ 76,646 $ 91,494 Capital Cost Multiplier $ 1,485,567 $ 2,360,447 $ 3,599,984 $ 6,420,181 $ 14,090,265 $ 17,657,392 $ 53,845,841 $ 134,687,544 $ 257,401,046 $ 305,679,731 Subtotal Process Cost $ 889,561 $ 1,180,224 $ 1,799,992 $ 3,210,090 $ 7,045,133 $ 8,828,696 $ 26,922,921 $ 67,343,772 $ 128,700,523 $ 152,839,865 Interstage piping and pumping $ 35,272 $ 53,358 $ 83,971 $ 147,250 $ 302,207 $ 372,424 $ 1,016,940 $ 2,317,216 $ 4,141,634 $ 4,831,142 Membrane equipment $ 743,899 $ 1,012,859 $ 1,517,159 $ 2,693,859 $ 5,949,293 $ 7,491,133 $ 22,686,175 $ 56,271,657 $ 106,778,594 $ 126,547,591 Process monitoring equipment $ 4,921 $ 4,921 $ 9,841 $ 19,683 $ 44,287 $ 54,128 $ 186,988 $ 516,678 $ 1,057,960 $ 1,279,394 Electrical $ 7,054 $ 10,672 $ 16,794 $ 29,450 $ 60,441 $ 74,485 $ 203,388 $ 463,443 $ 828,327 $ 966,228 I& C $ 98,415 $ 98,415 $ 172,226 $ 319,848 $ 688,904 $ 836,527 $ 2,829,429 $ 7,774,778 $ 15,894,007 $ 19,215,510 Annual O& M Summary Total Annual O& M Cost $ 75,603 $ 106,304 $ 162,699 $ 321,899 $ 781,382 $ 1,029,635 $ 3,295,042 $ 9,873,367 $ 21,396,307 $ 27,162,834 Membrane Replacement $ 16,088 $ 26,611 $ 46,343 $ 92,396 $ 224,052 $ 289,922 $ 1,003,118 $ 2,787,128 $ 5,760,078 $ 6,992,039 Performance monitoring $ 1,350 $ 1,350 $ 2,700 $ 5,400 $ 12,149 $ 14,849 $ 51,297 $ 141,742 $ 290,233 $ 350,979 CIP Chemicals $ 1,497 $ 2,811 $ 5,110 $ 10,950 $ 28,470 $ 40,150 $ 138,700 $ 438,000 $ 985,500 $ 1,277,500 Materials $ 200 $ 398 $ 743 $ 1,619 $ 3,727 $ 4,967 $ 15,118 $ 42,556 $ 79,545 $ 92,292 Electricity $ 6,148 $ 7,983 $ 11,194 $ 19,348 $ 44,450 $ 61,592 $ 206,229 $ 645,494 $ 1,449,029 $ 1,877,581 Technical Labor $ 31,150 $ 31,150 $ 31,150 $ 51,917 $ 103,834 $ 103,834 $ 103,834 $ 207,667 $ 207,667 $ 207,667 Managerial labor POTW surcharge $ 19,170 $ 36,003 $ 65,459 $ 140,270 $ 364,701 $ 514,322 $ 1,776,747 $ 5,610,780 $ 12,624,255 $ 16,364,775 Exhibit 4.29 ( continued): Microfiltration/ Ultrafiltration Cost Summary Note: Based on Temperature= 10 ° C Assume discharge to sanitary sewer Source: Section 4.4.5 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 65 4.4.6 Bag and Cartridge Filtration The costs presented in this section assume installation of bag or cartridge filters following conventional treatment ( i. e., granular media filtration). This level of pre treatment reduces the suspended solids concentration delivered to the filters, which in turn allows for longer run times and reduced maintenance demands. As a result, costs for installation of bag or cartridge filters as the sole treatment technology may be different than those presented here.

Costs for bag and cartridge filters were only estimated for systems with a design flow of 2 mgd or less. These technologies are not typically used in large systems due to poor economies of scale and difficulties with design for high flow rates.

<IP_ADDRESS> Summary of Bag and Cartridge Filter Capital Cost Assumptions Process Costs Capital costs for bag and cartridge filters were estimated using vendor quotes and cost estimating guides ( RS Means). Vendor quotes were received in July 2002 and adjusted to year 2000 dollars using the ENR BCI. Bag and cartridge filter vendors were screened based on anticipated Cryptosporidium removal credits granted under the LT2ESWTR and on demonstrated Cryptosporidium removal efficiency. Bag filters are eligible for up to l log removal credit and must have been capable of 1.5 log removal ( includes 0.5 log safety factor). Cartridge filters are eligible for up to 2 log removal credit and must have been capable of 2.5 log removal ( includes 0.5 log safety factor). Two bag filter and three cartridge filter vendors were identified that met these criteria. Exhibits 4.32 and 4.33 present line item summaries of capital costs for bag and cartridge filters. This section presents the methodology by which line item costs are estimated.

Filter Housing Estimates for bag and cartridge filter housing were estimated based on quotes provided by vendors. Vendors provided estimates for stainless steel filter housing at each of the flows for which costs were provided. Vendor quotations were averaged at each flow to develop estimates for filter housing costs.

Initial Bag and Cartridge Filters The initial cost of bag and cartridge filters was estimated using vendor quotes. As previously mentioned, vendors were pre screened based on demonstrated Cryptosporidium removal efficiency. Vendors provided estimates for a variety of bag and cartridge types and sizes. Exhibit 4.30 is a summary of the design criteria provided by the vendors for bag and cartridge filtration. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 66 Exhibit 4.30: Design Criteria for Bag and Cartridge Filters Criteria Bag Filters Cartridge Filters Nominal Pore Size 1 micron 1 micron Material polyester or polypropylene pleated polyester, pleated polypropylene, spun bonded polypropylene, and absolute rated polypropylene Dimensions 7 inches by 16 inches, and 7 inches by 32 inches 1 inch ID by 2.5 inches OD, lengths of 10, 20, and 30 inches Housing Construction 304 Stainless Steel 304 Stainless Steel Loading Rate 45 gpm per 16 inches equivalent length 10 gpm ( pleated construction only), 5 gpm per 10 inches equivalent length Source: Vendor quotes Vendors provided estimates at each of the flows for which costs are provided. Vendor quotations were averaged at each flow to develop the estimates for initial bags or cartridges.

Interstage Pumping Costs for centrifugal in line vertical mount single stage pumps were estimated using RS Means ( 1999). A summary of the data used for estimating the line item cost for pumping is presented in Exhibit 4.31. The resulting equation is listed here.

Interstage pumping ($) = ( 2,245.4 × Design Flow2) + ( 8,127.7 × Design Flow) + 149.26 Exhibit 4.31: Summary of Bag and Cartridge Filter Pump Cost Data Design Flow ( mgd) Max Pumping Rate ( gpm) Pump Rating ( Hp) Pump Cost ($)

0.024 50 3 $ 445 0.087 75 5 $ 755 0.27 200 7.5 $ 2,125 0.65 750 25 $ 4,525 1.8 1500 50 $ 7,500 Source: RS means Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 67 Instrumentation and Controls, Pipes and Valves Estimates for P& V and I& C, which primarily include tie ins to existing electrical and pressure gauges, were based on vendor estimates. Vendors provided estimates for these items at each of the flows for which costs were provided. The quotations were averaged at each flow to estimate the costs presented in Exhibits 4.32 and 4.33.

Capital Cost Multipliers Filter housing, initial filters, pumps, electrical, and P& V were totaled to arrive at the total process cost. For systems treating less than 2 mgd, the process cost was multiplied by a capital cost factor of 1.2, assuming that these are package systems which only require an installation cost. A capital cost factor of 1.67 was used for the 2 mgd systems.

Indirect Capital Costs Indirect capital costs include permitting, operator training, and housing. Permitting fees were estimated at $ 2,500 for all system sizes. Operator training was assumed to be $ 500 for all system sizes.

Housing represents the cost associated with a building for the bag or cartridge filters. Many facilities may be able to incorporate these systems into the existing plant footprint. However, it was assumed that, in half or more cases, this would not be possible. In such cases, bag or cartridge filters would be installed near the plant high service pump station, which may not have sufficient space available to accommodate these processes. Based on housing area requirements for membrane processes ( e. g., 1,300 ft2 per mgd for MF/ UF less than 10 mgd), a housing area of 500 ft2 per mgd was assumed. This was based on best professional judgment as to the relative size of bag and cartridge filter systems and membrane systems. A minimum housing area of 50 ft2 was assumed. Housing costs were generated by multiplying the footprint area by an average housing cost of $ 48.95 per square foot ( factory building in RS Means).

<IP_ADDRESS> Summary of Bag and Cartridge Filter O& M Cost Assumptions O& M costs for bag and cartridge filters were estimated using vendor data and cost estimating guides. Line item summaries of O& M costs are presented in Exhibits 4.32 and 4.33. This section discusses the assumption used to estimate the costs presented in the tables.

Bag and Cartridge Replacement The average cost of a single bag or cartridge, as well as the average number of bags or cartridges, was determined based on vendor estimates. Cartridges are typically more durable than Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 68 bags and require less frequent replacement. For the purposes of this document, it was assumed that cartridges would be replaced every six months and that bags would be replaced every three months.

Power Power requirements were based solely on the additional power required for the interstage pumping. Costs were estimated based on pump horsepower ratings ( see Exhibit 4.31) and a unit cost of $ 0.076 per kWh. A linear regression was completed to develop the following equation and estimate line item costs:

Power ($/ yr) = ( 286.6 × Average Flow2) + ( 545.48 × Average Flow) + 7.4011 Labor Labor requirements are considered a function of the durability of the bag or cartridge filter and the size of the system. For systems less than 2 mgd, one hour of labor per month plus 15 minutes per bag or cartridge per replacement was assumed. For systems 2 mgd and larger, one hour of labor per week plus 15 minutes per bag or cartridge per replacement was assumed. A technical labor rate of $ 24.96 was applied to these estimates to produce labor costs. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 69 Design Flow 0.007 0.022 0.037 0.091 0.18 0.27 0.36 0.68 1 1.2 2 Average Flow 0.0015 0.0054 0.0095 0.025 0.054 0.084 0.11 0.23 0.35 0.41 0.77 Unit Capital Cost Summary Total Unit Capital Cost $ 10,280 $ 10,421 $ 12,828 $ 13,320 $ 19,487 $ 23,423 $ 28,771 $ 42,479 $ 65,654 $ 75,011 $ 136,788 Indirect Capital Costs $ 5,448 $ 5,448 $ 5,448 $ 5,448 $ 7,406 $ 9,608 $ 11,811 $ 19,643 $ 27,475 $ 32,370 $ 51,950 Operator Training $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 Housing $ 2,448 $ 2,448 $ 2,448 $ 2,448 $ 4,406 $ 6,608 $ 8,811 $ 16,643 $ 24,475 $ 29,370 $ 48,950 Permitting $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 Capital Cost Multiplier $ 4,833 $ 4,974 $ 7,381 $ 7,873 $ 12,082 $ 13,815 $ 16,960 $ 22,836 $ 38,179 $ 42,641 $ 84,838 Subtotal Process Cost $ 4,027 $ 4,145 $ 6,151 $ 6,561 $ 10,068 $ 11,512 $ 14,133 $ 19,030 $ 31,816 $ 35,535 $ 50,801 Pipes and Valves $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 1,938 $ 1,938 $ 2,907 I& C $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 1,938 $ 1,938 $ 2,907 Pumping $ 200 $ 317 $ 433 $ 843 $ 1,492 $ 2,113 $ 2,698 $ 4,494 $ 5,845 $ 6,463 $ 7,193 Bag Filters $ 48 $ 48 $ 97 $ 97 $ 145 $ 194 $ 291 $ 485 $ 775 $ 969 $ 1,454 Filter Housing $ 1,841 $ 1,841 $ 3,682 $ 3,682 $ 6,493 $ 7,268 $ 9,206 $ 12,113 $ 21,319 $ 24,226 $ 36,340 Annual O& M Summary Total Annual O& M Cost $ 527 $ 529 $ 750 $ 758 $ 992 $ 1,226 $ 1,676 $ 2,605 $ 3,963 $ 4,858 $ 8,119 Bag Replacement $ 194 $ 194 $ 388 $ 388 $ 581 $ 775 $ 1,163 $ 1,938 $ 3,101 $ 3,876 $ 5,814 Electricity $ 8 $ 10 $ 13 $ 21 $ 36 $ 51 $ 64 $ 118 $ 163 $ 183 $ 257 Labor $ 324 $ 324 $ 349 $ 349 $ 374 $ 399 $ 449 $ 549 $ 699 $ 799 $ 2,047 Exhibit 4.32: Bag Filter Cost Summary Source: Section 4.4.6 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 70 Design Flow 0.007 0.022 0.037 0.091 0.18 0.27 0.36 0.68 1 1.2 2 Average Flow 0.0015 0.0054 0.0095 0.025 0.054 0.084 0.11 0.23 0.35 0.41 0.77 Unit Capital Cost Summary Total Unit Capital Cost $ 10,465 $ 10,606 $ 13,197 $ 17,256 $ 24,024 $ 31,480 $ 43,699 $ 73,535 $ 111,151 $ 136,393 $ 265,091 Indirect Capital Cost $ 5,448 $ 5,448 $ 5,448 $ 5,448 $ 7,406 $ 9,608 $ 11,811 $ 19,643 $ 27,475 $ 32,370 $ 51,950 Operator Training $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 Housing $ 2,448 $ 2,448 $ 2,448 $ 2,448 $ 4,406 $ 6,608 $ 8,811 $ 16,643 $ 24,475 $ 29,370 $ 48,950 Permitting $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 Capital Cost Multiplier $ 5,017 $ 5,158 $ 7,750 $ 11,808 $ 16,619 $ 21,871 $ 31,888 $ 53,892 $ 83,676 $ 104,023 $ 213,141 Subtotal Process Cost $ 4,181 $ 4,298 $ 6,458 $ 9,840 $ 13,849 $ 18,226 $ 26,573 $ 44,910 $ 69,730 $ 86,686 $ 127,629 Pipes and Valves $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 1,938 $ 1,938 $ 2,907 I& C $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 969 $ 1,938 $ 1,938 $ 2,907 Pumping $ 200 $ 317 $ 433 $ 843 $ 1,492 $ 2,113 $ 2,698 $ 4,494 $ 5,845 $ 6,463 $ 7,193 Cartridge Filters $ 202 $ 202 $ 404 $ 566 $ 1,213 $ 2,062 $ 2,556 $ 4,561 $ 6,711 $ 8,513 $ 12,870 Filter Housing $ 1,841 $ 1,841 $ 3,682 $ 6,493 $ 9,206 $ 12,113 $ 19,381 $ 33,917 $ 53,298 $ 67,834 $ 101,751 Annual O& M Summary Total Annual O& M Cost $ 725 $ 727 $ 1,146 $ 1,490 $ 2,836 $ 4,600 $ 5,625 $ 9,826 $ 14,321 $ 18,082 $ 28,157 Cartridge Replacement $ 404 $ 404 $ 809 $ 1,132 $ 2,426 $ 4,125 $ 5,112 $ 9,121 $ 13,421 $ 17,025 $ 25,741 Electricity $ 8 $ 10 $ 13 $ 21 $ 36 $ 51 $ 64 $ 118 $ 163 $ 183 $ 257 Labor $ 312 $ 312 $ 324 $ 337 $ 374 $ 424 $ 449 $ 587 $ 736 $ 874 $ 2,159 Exhibit 4.33 Cartridge Filter Cost Summary Source: Section 4.4.6 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 71 4.4.7 Bank Filtration Because bank filtration has not been a widely used technology, little cost data are available. In 2000, design experts from the Technical Work Group ( TWG) were asked to estimate a cost for three plant sizes: 0.6, 6.5, and 55 mgd. Costs for other plant sizes were derived from these estimates. Plants less than 0.6 mgd in design flow were assumed to incur the same costs as a 0.6 mgd plant. Costs for plants with greater than 0.6 mgd were calculated assuming a linear cost versus design flow function. The costs provided by the TWG are given in Exhibit 4.34.

Exhibit 4.34: Bank Filtration Cost Estimates for Three System Sizes Design Flow ( mgd) Capital Cost ($) O & M Cost ($)

0.6 150,000 0 6.5 1,625,000 0 55 13,750,000 0 Source: TWG 4.4.8 Second Stage Filtration Chapter 3 provides design criteria for systems to receive 0.5 log credit for Cryptosporidium inactivation using second stage filtration. Because second stage filtration has not been a widely used technology, little cost data are available. Design experts from the TWG were asked to estimate a cost for three bank filtration plant sizes that meet the criteria in Chapter 3: 0.6, 6.5, and 55 mgd. Costs for other size plants were derived from these estimates. Plants less than 0.6 mgd in design flow were assumed to incur the same costs as a 0.6 mgd plant. Costs for plants with greater than 0.6 mgd were calculated by assuming a linear cost versus design flow function. The costs provided by the TWG are given in Exhibit 4.35.

Exhibit 4.35: Second Stage Filtration Cost Estimates for Three System Sizes Design Flow ( mgd) Capital Cost ($) O & M Cost ($)

0.6 1,106,000 62,300 6.5 5,550,000 148,500 55 20,600,000 393,000 Source: TWG Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 72 4.4.9 Pre Sedimentation Chapter 3 provides design criteria for systems to receive 0.5 log credit for Cryptosporidium inactivation using pre sedimentation basins. Because pre sedimentation basins have not been a widely used technology, little cost data are available for this technology. Design experts from the TWG were asked to estimate a cost for three plant sizes, which met the design criteria in Chapter 3: 0.6, 6.5, and 55 mgd. Costs for other plant sizes were derived from these estimates. Plants less than 0.6 mgd in design flow were assumed to incur the same costs as a 0.6 mgd plant. Costs for plants with greater than 0.6 mgd were calculated by assuming a linear cost versus design flow function. The costs provided by the TWG are given in Exhibit 4.36.

Exhibit 4.36: Pre Sedimentation Cost Estimates for Three System Sizes Design Flow ( mgd) Capital Cost ($) O & M Cost ($)

0.6 1,200,000 37,000 6.5 3,700,000 119,000 55 25,500,000 560,000 Source: TWG 4.4.10 Watershed Control Chapter 3 provides criteria for systems to receive Cryptosporidium inactivation credit for watershed control. Because each watershed control program will be site specific, it is difficult to estimate costs for such programs. However, the TWG provided EPA with rough estimates of capital and O& M costs, based on flow for a program that meets the criteria outlined in Chapter 3. Capital costs are assumed to include development of an oocyst loading model, as well as associated validation monitoring. These capital costs are $ 250,000 for small systems, $ 500,000 for medium systems, and $ 1,000,000 for large systems. O& M costs are divided into three categories: agreements and legal mechanisms to mitigate sources, staff and resources to mitigate sources in the watershed, and public health surveillance for Cryptosporidium. O& M costs for these categories and for three system sizes are shown in Exhibit 4.37. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 73 Exhibit 4.37: Watershed Cost Categories for Three System Sizes Watershed Program Component O& M Cost ($)

Small ( 0.6 mgd) Medium ( 6.5 mgd) Large ( 55 mgd)

Agreements and Legal Mechanisms to Mitigate Sources 150,000 500,000 1,000,000 Demonstrated Staff/ Resource Commitment to Mitigate Sources 100,000 250,000 1,000,000 Public Health Surveillance for Cryptosporidium 100,000 250,000 500,000 Source: TWG 4.4.11 Combined Filter Performance Combined filter performance is not a single technology, but a variety of actions that a system can take to achieve 0.15 NTU combined filter effluent concentration 95 percent of the time. Chapter 3 provides a list of actions or steps that a plant could take to reduce effluent turbidity. The actions are:

° Chemical Addition   Installing backwash polymer feed capability   Coagulant improvement   Adding primary coagulant feed points ° Filter Improvements   Filter media addition   Post backwash filter to waste   Filter rate of flow controller ° Process Management Changes   Plant staffing increase   Staff qualifications Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 74 ° Laboratory Modifications   Turbidimeter purchase   Jar test apparatus purchase   Purchase a particle counter or other alternative process control testing equipment ° Process Control Testing Modification   Staff Training Each action was costed individually. Then the proportion of plants selecting each action was estimated. Percentages were multiplied by the individual unit costs to arrive at an average unit cost.

Similar assumptions were used for all of the steps involving filtration. The assumptions regarding filter size and flow were the same for filter media addition, filter to waste, and filter rate offlow controller replacement. Exhibit 4.38 summarizes the design assumptions used in estimating capital and O& M costs for filtration improvements. A conservative filter design loading rate ( 2.5 gpm/ ft2) was used to estimate the number of filters. The number of filters was based on a maximum filter area   125 ft2, 250 ft2, 700 ft2, or 1,000 ft2   determined by system size. The total number of filters was based on the number of filters required to produce the design flow at the design loading rate plus one ( n+ 1). Filter piping diameters were determined using the criteria below ( Water Treatment Plant Design, AWWA, 1969).

° Filter effluent piping velocity = 3 6 feet per second ( fps)

° Filter to waste ( FTW) piping velocity = 6 12 fps ° Drain piping velocity = 3 8 fps Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 75 Exhibit 4.38: Summary of Filtration Improvement Design Assumptions Population 500  1,000 1,001  3,300 3,301  10,000 10,001 50,000 50,001 100,000 100,001 1,000,000 > 1,000,000 Avg. Flow ( mgd) 0.093 0.250 0.626 2.758 5.082 23.671 109.707 Design Flow ( mgd) 0.245 0.633 1.511 6.277 11.040 48.429 205.503 Design Filter Loading Rate ( gpm/ sf) 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 Total Filter Area ( sf) 68 176 420 1744 3067 13453 57084 Max filter area ( sf) 125 125 250 700 700 700 1000 Number of Filters 2 3 3 4 6 21 59 Pipe Sizing Loading Rate ( gpm/ sf) 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 Flow per Filter ( gpm) 340 440 1049 2906 3067 3363 4921 Effluent Piping Diameter ( inches) 6 6 10 16 16 20 20 Filter Effluent Pipe Velocity ( fps) 3.9 5.0 4.3 4.6 4.9 3.4 5.0 FTW Diameter ( in) 4 6 8 12 12 14 16 FTW Pipe Velocity ( fps) 8.7 5.0 6.7 8.2 8.7 7.0 7.9 Backwash Rate ( gpm/ sf) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Backwash Flow ( gpm) 1,361 1,758 4,197 11,624 12,267 13,453 19,684 Drain Diameter ( inches) 10 12 16 30 36 36 36 Drain Pipe Velocity ( fps) 5.6 5.0 6.7 5.3 3.9 4.2 6.2 Source: Section 4.4.11 Because of the operator attention required to produce such low turbidity water and because few very small plants are conventional, it was assumed that systems serving fewer than 500 people would not use this technology. Also construction, engineering, and indirect costs, such as housing or permitting, are not typically included in the cost estimates. This is because most of these actions are either operational changes or involve very little capital modifications. Therefore, costs for items such as engineering and sitework are not appropriate.

The assumptions behind each filter improvement action are given in section <IP_ADDRESS> to <IP_ADDRESS>. Unit capital and O& M costs for each action are summarized in Exhibits 4.40 and 4.41. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 76 <IP_ADDRESS> Installing Backwash Polymer Feed Capital costs were based on feeding a 0.5 ppm dose of polymer from a 0.25 percent, by weight, solution. The backwash duration was assumed to be 15 minutes per filter at a backwash rate of 20 gpm/ ft2, with an average filter run of three days. Conceptual design assumed a dry polymer feed system that can be loaded with a seven day polymer supply. Extra storage capacity for dry polymer bags was assumed within the plant. Equipment includes mixing tank, solution tank, secondary dilution mixer, and metering pumps.

Capital costs include equipment, installation ( 25 percent of equipment), electrical ( 10 percent of equipment), instrumentation and control ( 10 percent of equipment), contingencies ( 30 percent of equipment, installation, electrical, and instrumentation and control), contractor overhead and profit ( 15 percent of equipment, installation, electrical, and instrumentation and control), and engineering ( 20 percent of equipment, installation, electrical, and instrumentation and control).

O& M costs for the backwash water polymer feed system include polymer cost ($ 2.25 per pound), additional maintenance labor, and parts and materials ( 10 percent of equipment cost per year). A labor rate of $ 24.96/ hr was used for all labor costs.

<IP_ADDRESS> Installing Additional Coagulant Feed Points Capital costs were based on a 5 ppm dose of primary coagulant. The primary coagulant was assumed to be ferric chloride, ferric sulfate, or alum. Thirty days of bulk storage were assumed for ferric chloride or ferric sulfate ( equivalent to approximately 15 days of storage for alum). Equipment includes bulk storage tanks, day tanks, metering pumps, pipes, and valves.

Capital costs include equipment, installation ( 25 percent of equipment), electrical ( 10 percent of equipment), instrumentation and control ( 10 percent of equipment), contingencies ( 30 percent of equipment, installation, electrical, and instrumentation and control), contractor overhead and profit ( 15 percent of equipment, installation, electrical, and instrumentation and control), and engineering ( 20 percent of equipment, installation, electrical, and instrumentation and control).

O& M costs for expansion of the coagulant feed system include coagulant cost ($ 350 per ton), additional maintenance labor, and parts and materials ( 10 percent of equipment cost per year). A labor rate of $ 24.96/ hr was used for all labor costs.

<IP_ADDRESS> Filter Media Addition Individual filter area and number of filters were based on a design filter loading rate of 2.5 gpm/ sf as listed in Exhibit 4.38. It was assumed that only anthracite media needs to be replaced ( i. e., Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 77 no sand media losses in dual media filters) and that only anthracite media is added to increase the total media depth. Topping off existing media was assumed to require 2 inches to 6 inches of anthracite and average 4 inches of anthracite per filter. It was also assumed that an additional 6 inches of anthracite media is added to each filter to increase the total media depth, giving a total required depth of 10 inches.

Capital costs were based on a total of 10 inches additional anthracite media. Costs include anthracite media, transportation ($ 2/ mile   assumed 1,000 miles   plus $ 0.50/ lb), installation ( 25 percent of media cost), contingencies ( 30 percent of media, transportation, and installation), contractor overhead and profit ( 15 percent of media, transportation, and installation), and engineering ( 20 percent of media, transportation, and installation). O& M costs for this task were assumed to be zero.

<IP_ADDRESS> Filter to Waste The number of filters was based on design filter loading rate of 2.5 gpm/ ft2, and pipe sizing was based on a filter loading rate of 5 gpm/ ft2, as listed in Exhibit 4.38. Filter effluent piping, filter to waste piping, and drain piping sizes are also listed in Exhibit 4.38. Installing filter to waste capability requires modification of existing filter effluent piping and connection of the new filter to waste piping to the filter drain piping. The extent of modifications required to complete these modifications can vary significantly depending on plant size and existing piping configuration. The cost estimates presented were based on the following assumptions:

° Cutting existing pipe ° Replacing 10 feet of filter effluent pipe per filter ° Replacing two filter effluent valves ( control valve and isolation valve) per filter ° Installing one tee in filter effluent piping for FTW piping per filter ° Installing one filter to waste isolation valve per filter ° Installing 25 feet of filter to waste piping and four 90 degree elbows per filter ° Connecting FTW, including conical reducers and tees, into existing drain piping Capital costs include equipment, installation ( 25 percent of equipment), electrical ( 10 percent of equipment), instrumentation and control ( 10 percent of equipment), contingencies ( 30 percent of equipment, installation, electrical, and instrumentation and control), contractor overhead and profit ( 15 percent of equipment, installation, electrical, and instrumentation and control), and engineering ( 20 percent of equipment, installation, electrical, and instrumentation and control). Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 78 O& M costs for addition of filter to waste capabilities include additional labor associated with longer backwash/ filter to waste/ return to service duration ( 15 minutes per filter per backwash), additional maintenance labor ( 1 hour per filter per month), and parts and materials ( 10 percent of equipment cost per year). A labor rate of $ 24.96/ hr was used for all labor costs. Filter run time between backwashes was assumed to be 72 hours.

<IP_ADDRESS> Filter Rate of Flow Controller Replacement Number of filters was based on a design filter loading rate of 2.5 gpm/ ft2, and pipe sizing was based on a filter loading rate of 5 gpm/ ft2, as listed in Exhibit 4.38. Filter effluent piping sizes are also listed in Exhibit 4.38. Installing or replacing the filter rate of flow controller requires replacement of existing filter effluent piping and valves. The extent of modifications required to complete these modifications can vary significantly depending on plant size and existing piping configuration. The cost estimates presented were based on the following assumptions:

° Cutting existing pipe ° Replacing 10 feet of filter effluent pipe per filter ° Replacing two filter effluent valves ( control valve and isolation valve) per filter ° Installing/ Replacing a venturi meter Capital costs include equipment, installation ( 25 percent of equipment), electrical ( 10 percent of equipment), instrumentation and control ( 10 percent of equipment), contingencies ( 30 percent of equipment, installation, electrical, and instrumentation and control), contractor overhead and profit ( 15 percent of equipment, installation, electrical, and instrumentation and control), and engineering ( 20 percent of equipment, installation, electrical, and instrumentation and control).

O& M costs for addition or replacement of filter rate of flow controllers include additional maintenance labor ( 1 hour per filter per month), electricity ( based on valve actuator horsepower and a motor efficiency of 70 percent), and parts and materials ( 10 percent of equipment cost per year). Exhibit 4.39 shows the assumptions for valve actuator horsepower. Horsepowers are based on experience with similar systems and vender quotes. A labor rate of $ 24.96/ hr was used for all labor costs. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 79 Exhibit 4.39: Valve Actuator Horsepower Assumptions Valve Diameter ( in) Actuator Horsepower ( Hp)

< 8 1/ 50 < 14 1/ 6 < 24 1/ 4 > 24 1 <IP_ADDRESS> Increase Plant Staffing A capital cost of $ 6,000 per new staff or fraction thereof for office and field fixtures, computer hardware, and training was assumed. The O& M costs were developed assuming labor increases between 10 and 120 hours per week, depending on system size. Systems serving 3,300 or fewer people were assumed to increase labor by ten hours per week ( 0.25 operator). Systems serving between 3,301 and 50,000 people were assumed to hire one half time operator. Systems serving between 50,001 and 100,000 people were assumed to hire one additional operator. Systems serving between 100,001 and 1, 000,000 people were assumed to hire two additional operators. Systems serving 1,000,000 or more people were assumed to hire three operators. Costs were based on an hourly labor rate of $ 24.96 for trained operators.

<IP_ADDRESS> Update Plant Staff Qualifications No capital costs were associated with this estimate. The O& M costs were calculated including an annual allowance for training staff members. The best means of continuing the education of staff is through local or state operator certification training. Using current AWWA prices ( March 2003), class fees per operator were assumed to be $ 260 for systems serving 10,000 people or fewer and $ 400 for systems serving more than 10,000 people. Systems serving 10,000 people or fewer were assumed to send one operator. Systems serving between 10,001 and 100,000 people were assumed to send two operators. Systems serving between 100,001 and 1,000,000 people were assumed to send four operators. It was assumed that systems serving more than 1,000,000 people would send six operators to the training course. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 80 <IP_ADDRESS> Purchase Turbidimeter This step involves replacing obsolete bench top or on line turbidimeters with new on line units with electronic data acquisition interface. Based on vendor quotes, the cost for a conventional turbidimeter, including shipping and installation, was estimated to be $ 3,242, and the cost of a laser turbidimeter, including shipping and installation, was estimated to be $ 5,449.

For systems serving more than 10,000 people, it was assumed that laser turbidity meters will be purchased. For systems serving 10,000 or fewer people it was assumed that standard on line turbidimeters will be purchased. It was assumed that systems serving more than 1,000,000 people would purchase six additional laser turbidimeters. Systems serving between 100,001 and 1,000,000 people were assumed to purchase four additional laser instruments. Systems serving between 50,001and100,000 people were assumed to purchase two additional laser instruments. Systems serving between 10,001 and 50,000 people were assumed to purchase one additional instrument ( laser). Systems serving 10,000 people or fewer were assumed to purchase one additional standard on line instrument.

The O& M costs were calculated considering annual maintenance material and labor required for general maintenance and monthly calibration of the equipment. For each additional instrument, twenty hours per year were assumed to be required for labor at the hourly rate of $ 24.96.

<IP_ADDRESS> Purchase Jar Test Apparatus Based on vendor quotes the cost of a six paddled stirrer with two liter jars, including shipping, was estimated to be $ 2,722. Systems serving 100,000 people or fewer were assumed to purchase one apparatus. Systems serving between 100,001 and 1,000,000 people were assumed to purchase two apparatuses. It was assumed that systems serving more than 1,000,000 people would purchase three apparatuses.

More frequent jar testing may be required to optimize chemical addition during coagulation. It has been assumed that seven hours per week will be required to operate each jar testing apparatus.

<IP_ADDRESS> Purchase Particle Counters Based on vendor quotes, the cost of a particle counter with interface for data acquisition system was estimated to be $ 6,024. It was assumed that only systems serving more than 1,000 people would purchase the instrument. Systems serving between 1,001 and 100,000 people were assumed to purchase one instrument. Systems serving between 100,001 and 1,000,000 people were assumed to purchase two particle counters. Systems serving more than 1,000,000 people were assumed to purchase three particle counters. It was assumed that 20 hours per unit would be required for installation and initial calibration of each unit. It was assumed that 40 hours of labor per year would be required for the calibration and maintenance of each instrument. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 81 System Population Size Categories 501 1,000 1,001 3,300 3,301 10,000 10,001  50,000 50,001  100,000 100,001  1,000,000 > 1,000,000 Chemical Addition Install backwash water polymer feed capability $ 113,000 $ 113,000 $ 118,300 $ 126,200 $ 126,200 $ 210,300 $ 323,300 Coagulant Improvements Primary coagulant feed points, control, measurement $ 36,300 $ 37,400 $ 57,500 $ 116,000 $ 128,400 $ 207,900 $ 703,300 Filtration Improvements Filter media additions ( 10" typical) $ 5,900 $ 9,500 $ 19,800 $ 67,800 $ 106,100 $ 401,600 $ 1,644,900 Post backwash filter to waste $ 18,900 $ 38,100 $ 70,700 $ 243,900 $ 434,600 $ 1,906,300 $ 5,436,900 Filter rate of flow controller replacement $ 21,360 $ 38,079 $ 94,418 $ 233,728 $ 479,684 $ 2,749,255 $ 9,801,092 Process Managament Changes Plant staffing increase $ 1,500 $ 1,500 $ 3,000 $ 3,000 $ 6,000 $ 12,000 $ 18,000 Staff qualifications $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 Laboratory Modifications Purchase on line turbidimeter with data acquisition interface $ 3,243 $ 3,243 $ 3,243 $ 5,449 $ 21,796 $ 87,184 $ 196,164 Jar test apparatus purchase $ 2,722 $ 2,722 $ 2,722 $ 2,722 $ 2,722 $ 5,444 $ 8,166 Alternative process control testing equipment, particle counter $ 0 $ 6,523 $ 6,523 $ 6,523 $ 6,523 $ 13,046 $ 19,570 Process Control Modifications Staff training ( consultant as trainer) $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 <IP_ADDRESS> Staff Training No capital costs were associated with this estimate. The costs associated with this estimate were assumed to be an annual O& M commitment for training all staff members and were based on an average consultant hourly wage of $ 100/ hour. The O& M costs were developed assuming between 14 and 140 hours of consultant time, depending on the size of the system. The hours budgeted for consultants include time spent on site conducting training and time for customizing the training.

Exhibit 4.40: Capital Unit Costs for Combined Filter Performance Components Source: Section 4.4.11 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 82 System Population Size Categories 501 1,000 1,001 3,300 3,301 10,000 10,001  50,000 50,001  100,000 100,001  1,000,000 > 1,000,000 Chemical Addition Install backwash water polymer feed capability $ 6,000 $ 6,100 $ 6,700 $ 8,000 $ 8,300 $ 16,300 $ 36,700 Coagulant Improvements Primary coagulant feed points, control, measurement $ 2,000 $ 2,300 $ 3,200 $ 8,800 $ 14,100 $ 54,000 $ 199,800 Filtration Improvements Filter media additions ( 10" typical) $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 Post backwash filter to waste $ 2,300 $ 3,600 $ 3,900 $ 6,600 $ 10,500 $ 40,700 $ 116,200 Filter rate of flow controller replacement $ 2,500 $ 3,800 $ 5,400 $ 8,700 $ 13,100 $ 47,800 $ 134,300 Process Managament Changes Plant staffing increase $ 12,979 $ 12,979 $ 25,958 $ 25,958 $ 51,917 $ 103,834 $ 155,750 Staff qualifications $ 460 $ 460 $ 659 $ 1,199 $ 1,599 $ 3,197 $ 4,796 Laboratory Modifications Purchase on line turbidimeter with data acquisition interface $ 684 $ 684 $ 684 $ 724 $ 1,223 $ 2,447 $ 3,445 Jar test apparatus purchase $ 9,085 $ 9,085 $ 9,085 $ 9,085 $ 9,085 $ 18,171 $ 27,256 Alternative process control testing equipment $ 0 $ 1,239 $ 1,239 $ 1,239 $ 1,239 $ 2,238 $ 3,236 Particle counter Process Control Modifications Staff training ( consultant as trainer) $ 1,400 $ 1,600 $ 2,800 $ 5,000 $ 7,000 $ 10,000 $ 14,000 Exhibit 4.41: O& M Unit Costs for Combined Filter Performance Components Source: Section 4.4.11 <IP_ADDRESS> Average Plant Cost Percentages of plants using each of the filter performance options described in <IP_ADDRESS> through <IP_ADDRESS> were determined using best professional judgement. The percentages do not add to 100 as many systems will have to use more than one of the steps to achieve the desired reduction in CFE turbidity. Exhibit 4.42 shows the percentages used. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 83 System Population Size Categories 501 1,000 1,001 3,300 3,301 10,000 10,001 50,000 50,001 100,000 100,001 1,000,000 > 1,000,000 Chemical Addition Install backwash water polymer feed capability 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

Coagulant Improvements Primary coagulant feed points, control, measurement 0% 5% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10%

Filtration Improvements Filter media additions ( 10" typical) 5% 10% 15% 20% 20% 20% 20% Post backwash filter to waste 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% Filter rate of flow controller replacement 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15%

Process Managament Changes Plant staffing increase 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Staff qualifications 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100%

Laboratory Modifications Bench top turbidimeter purchase replace obsolete units 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Jar test apparatus purchase 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% 10% Alternative process control testing equipment, particle counter 10% 10% 10% 20% 20% 20% 20%

Process Control Modifications Staff training ( consultant as trainer) 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% 80% Exhibit 4.42: Percentages of Plants Using Each Filter Improvement Option Source: Section 4.4.11 To computer an average capital and O& M cost for all plants using the combined filter performance toolbox option, the percentages were multiplied by the capital and O& M costs for each of the processes from Exhibits 4.40 and 4.41. Exhibits 4.43 and 4.44 show the final capital and O& M costs used for plants using combined filter performance to achieve LT2ESWTR compliance. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 84 System Population Size Categories 501 1,000 1,001 3,300 3,301 10,000 10,001  50,000 50,001  100,000 100,001  1,000,000 > 1,000,000 Chemical Addition Install backwash water polymer feed capability $ 11,300 $ 11,300 $ 11,830 $ 12,620 $ 12,620 $ 21,030 $ 32,330 Coagulant Improvements Primary coagulant feed points, control, measurement $ 0 $ 1,870 $ 5,750 $ 11,600 $ 12,840 $ 20,790 $ 70,330 Filtration Improvements Filter media additions ( 10" typical) $ 295 $ 950 $ 2,970 $ 13,560 $ 21,220 $ 80,320 $ 328,980 Post backwash filter to waste $ 945 $ 1,905 $ 3,535 $ 12,195 $ 21,730 $ 95,315 $ 271,845 Filter rate of flow controller replacement $ 3,204 $ 5,712 $ 14,163 $ 35,059 $ 71,953 $ 412,388 $ 1,470,164 Process Managament Changes Plant staffing increase $ 1,500 $ 1,500 $ 3,000 $ 3,000 $ 6,000 $ 12,000 $ 18,000 Staff qualifications $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 Laboratory Modifications Purchase on line turbidimeter with data acquisition interface $ 324 $ 324 $ 324 $ 545 $ 2,180 $ 8,718 $ 19,616 Jar test apparatus purchase $ 272 $ 272 $ 272 $ 272 $ 272 $ 544 $ 817 Alternative process control testing equipment, particle counter $ 0 $ 652 $ 652 $ 1,305 $ 1,305 $ 2,609 $ 3,914 Process Control Modifications Staff training ( consultant as trainer) $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 Total 17,840 24,486 42,497 90,156 150,119 653,715 2,215,996 Exhibit 4.43: Capital Cost Estimates for the Combined Filter Performance Source: Capital costs from Exhibit 4.40 multiplied by percentages in Exhibit 4.42. " Total" represents the average cost per plant. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 85 System Population Size Categories 501 1,000 1,001 3,300 3,301 10,000 10,001  50,000 50,001  100,000 100,001  1,000,000 > 1,000,000 Chemical Addition Install backwash water polymer feed capability $ 600 $ 610 $ 670 $ 800 $ 830 $ 1,630 $ 3,670 Coagulant Improvements Primary coagulant feed points, control, measurement $ 0 $ 115 $ 320 $ 880 $ 1,410 $ 5,400 $ 19,980 Filtration Improvements Filter media additions ( 10" typical) $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 Post backwash filter to waste $ 115 $ 180 $ 195 $ 330 $ 525 $ 2,035 $ 5,810 Filter rate of flow controller replacement $ 375 $ 570 $ 810 $ 1,305 $ 1,965 $ 7,170 $ 20,145 Process Managament Changes Plant staffing increase $ 12,979 $ 12,979 $ 25,958 $ 25,958 $ 51,917 $ 103,834 $ 155,750 Staff qualifications $ 460 $ 460 $ 659 $ 1,199 $ 1,599 $ 3,197 $ 4,796 Laboratory Modifications Purchase on line turbidimeter with data acquisition interface $ 68 $ 68 $ 68 $ 72 $ 122 $ 245 $ 345 Jar test apparatus purchase $ 909 $ 909 $ 909 $ 909 $ 909 $ 1,817 $ 2,726 Alternative process control testing equipment $ 0 $ 124 $ 124 $ 248 $ 248 $ 448 $ 647 Particle counter Process Control Modifications Staff training ( consultant as trainer) $ 1,120 $ 1,280 $ 2,240 $ 4,000 $ 5,600 $ 8,000 $ 11,200 Total 16,626 17,295 31,954 35,702 65,124 133,775 225,069 Exhibit 4.44: O& M Costs for the Combined Filter Performance Source: O& M costs from Exhibit 4.41 multiplied by the percentages in Exhibit 4.42. " Total" represents the average O& M cost per plant.

4.5 DBP Precursor and Microbial Removal Technologies This section presents capital and O& M estimates for new or enhanced technologies employed for the removal of DBP precursors. It should be noted that all of the technologies discussed in this section may not be applicable for all systems.

4.5.1 Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption Costs for GAC adsorption were estimated for two EBCTs: 10 minutes and 20 minutes. Installation of the GAC contactors was assumed to be after filtration. The number of contactors ( n) varies by system size, with a minimum of two operating contactors to take advantage of blending. Exhibit 4.45 presents the number of contactors assumed for each system size for which costs are presented. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 86 Exhibit 4.45: GAC Contactor Assumptions Design Flow ( mgd) Number of Contactors 0.024 0.087 0.1 0.27 0.45 0.65 0.83 1 10 11 18 26 51 210 430 520 n 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 n+ 1 3 3 5 5 6 6 6 6 11 11 11 11 11 21 21 21 Note: n = number of operating contactors n+ 1 = number of contactors including redundant contactors, which are used for costing Source: Calculated based on flow and reactor size.

Costs are also presented for a range of reactivation frequencies ( 90, 240, and 360 days) to account for variability in source water quality. For an EBCT of 10 minutes, costs are presented for reactivation frequency of 360 days. For an EBCT of 20 minutes, costs are presented for reactivation frequencies of 90 and 240 days. The reactivation frequency is a function of the number of contactors and system size. The reactivation frequency identified ( e. g., 90 days) represents the reactivation frequency of the largest system for which costs are provided ( 430 mgd). The frequency for systems with fewer than 20 contactors ( i. e., the number of operating contactors assumed for the largest system) is actually a fraction of the frequency identified. The correlation between n and blended run time is based upon results presented in Analysis of GAC Effluent Blending During the ICR Treatment Studies ( USEPA 1999a), which includes an analysis of the incremental increase in blended run time attributable to the addition of a contactor in parallel. The true reactivation frequencies for each system size are presented in Exhibits 4.46 through 4.48.

<IP_ADDRESS> Summary of GAC Capital Cost Assumptions Costs were generally obtained from the Water model. Some cost components were based on vendor quotes; these were discounted to year 2000 dollars using the ENR BCI.

Process Costs At least two contactors were assumed to be in service with one stand by. Exhibit 4.45 summarizes the number of contactors or pressure vessels assumed for each flow category. Systems with design flows of less than 1 mgd were assumed to use package plants.

GAC Contactor, Media, and Regeneration Furnace Costs ( large systems)

For large systems (> 1 mgd design flow), the capital costs for GAC contactor, initial media, and regeneration furnace were obtained from the Water model. The model was used to calculate the capital costs, based on design flow, average operating flow, EBCT, and regeneration frequency. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 87 Capital costs include concrete gravity contactors operated at a loading rate 5 gpm/ ft2, troughs and pipes for carbon removal as a slurry, initial virgin carbon.

Large systems regenerate on site utilizing a multiple hearth furnace. The size of the furnace is affected by the carbon usage rate, which is affected by the reactivation frequency. A loading rate of 50 lb/ ft2 per day was assumed for all systems.

For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: GAC Contactor and Regeneration Furnace ($) = 194516 × ( Design Flow) 0.751 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: GAC Contactor and Regeneration Furnace($) = 298015 × ( Design Flow) 0.7876 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: GAC Contactor and Regeneration Furnace ($) = 370226 × ( Design Flow) 0.7562 Package GAC System Costs ( Small Systems)

For small systems ( 0.1 1.0 mgd design flow), the capital costs for package units were estimated using the Water model. Capital costs include pressure vessels, factory assembled contactors mounted on steel skid, initial charge of activated carbon, supply and backwash pump, valves, piping, and pressure gauges, and electrical control panels.

For very small systems (< 0.1 mgd design flow), the capital costs for GAC package units were estimated using the VSS Model. Capital costs include GAC pressure contactor vessels, virgin GAC, pipes and valves, and instrumentation and controls.

Because small and very small systems operate on a replacement basis, capital costs are unaffected by reactivation frequency or carbon usage rate. As a result, capital costs for small systems vary only by EBCT and design flow.

For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: GAC Package Plant ($) =  33425 × ( Design Flow) 2+ 332500 × ( Design Flow) + 17765 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: GAC Package Plant ($) =  129710 × ( Design Flow) 2+ 640704 × ( Design Flow) + 10721 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: GAC Package Plant ($) =  129710 × ( Design Flow) 2+ 640704 × ( Design Flow) + 10721 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 88 Piping and Valves Costs For large systems, the capital costs for pipes and valves were obtained from the Water model. The costs include the pipes and valves associated with GAC contactors, regeneration furnace, and booster pumps.

For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: Pipes and Valves ($) = 81744 × ( Design Flow) 0.7327 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: Pipes and Valves ($) = 104596 × ( Design Flow) 0.7701 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: Pipes and Valves ($) = 106594 × ( Design Flow) 0.7674 For small and very small systems, the capital costs for pipes and valves were included in the GAC package costs.

Electrical Costs For large systems, the electrical capital costs are obtained from the Water model. These costs included flow measurement and instrumentation, and master operations control panel.

For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: Electrical ($) = 25862 × ( Design Flow) 0.7329 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: Electrical ($) = 32569 × ( Design Flow) 0.7623 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: Electrical ($) = 34188 × ( Design Flow) 0.7554 For small and very small systems, the capital costs for electrical control panels were included in the GAC package costs.

Process Monitoring Equipment Costs The performance of GAC in removing DBP can be measured by monitoring the amount of TOC or DOC removed by the GAC column. Regular monitoring for TOC will also enable the detection of any unexpected breakthrough. For large systems, it was assumed that TOC monitoring will be conducted in house; therefore, two TOC analyzers will be purchased. For small systems, it was assumed that samples will be sent to contracted laboratories for TOC measurement; therefore, TOC analyzers will not be purchased. Costs were obtained from vendor quotes. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 89 Booster Pump Costs A booster pump system is included to overcome additional head loss introduced by the GAC system. For design flows greater than 1 mgd, the capital costs for the booster pump system were obtained from the Water model. These costs were projected to 0.1 mgd using a straight line. The assumption in the model was a horizontal centrifugal pump capable of providing up to 100 feet of head. For design flows less than 0.1 mgd, estimates from vendors were used to determine capital costs for an in line centrifugal pump.

For design flow > 0.1 mgd: Booster Pump ($) = 20913 × ( Design Flow) 0.7543 For design flow < 0.1 mgd: Booster Pump ($) = 665970 × ( Design Flow) 2   13682 × ( Design Flow) + 829.1 Capital Cost Multipliers The total direct costs were estimated by multiplying the subtotal of process costs by 1.67 for small systems ( design flow less than 1 mgd) and 2.0 for large systems ( design flow greater than 1 mgd). The capital cost multiplier includes percentages for process installation, site work, contractor overhead and profit, contingencies, engineering and design, mobilization and bonding, legal and administrative, and interest during construction. See Exhibit 4.2 for the percentages of each that make up the multiplier.

Indirect Capital Costs The indirect capital costs for all systems include housing, piloting, permitting, land, and operator training.

Housing Costs For design flows greater than 1 mgd, a building cost was assumed to house the process equipment. The process costs estimated in the previous steps do not include the cost of the building. The building cost was assumed to be a function of the process area. The process area was obtained from the Water model.

Process Area ( sq ft) = 681.18 × ( Design Flow) 0.612 Housing ($) = 48.95 × Process Area Additional housing was not assumed to be needed for small systems. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 90 Piloting Costs It was assumed that pilot scale or bench scale tests would be necessary to determine the capacity of GAC to remove DBP precursors ( TOC or DOC) for a particular type of water. Piloting costs were assumed to be $ 5,000 for design flow less than 0.1 mgd, $ 10,000 for design flow greater than 0.1 mgd but less than 1.0 mgd, and $ 50,000 for design flow greater than 1.0 mgd.

Permitting Costs Permitting costs were assumed for all system sizes. Permitting was estimated at three percent of the total process cost ( i. e., pre capital cost multiplier). A minimum permitting cost of $ 2,500 and a maximum of $ 500,000 was also assumed. For further details about these costs, refer to section 4.2.

Land Costs Land costs were assumed to be two percent of the total capital cost for all system sizes. For further details about these costs, refer to section 4.2.

Operator Training Costs While the operators from large systems generally undergo regular training, the operators from small systems may require additional training. For design flow less than 1 mgd, it was assumed that one operator will be trained on GAC treatment process for three days at a cost of approximately $ 500 ($ 25 per hour).

<IP_ADDRESS> Summary of GAC O& M Cost Assumptions GAC Usage Rate and Replacement Costs For design flows greater than 10 mgd and in the 0.1 1 mgd range, the annual GAC usage rate ( lbs/ year) was calculated from average flow, EBCT, and number of regenerations per year. The annual GAC replacement costs were based on a unit cost that declines with higher quantities of GAC. The unit cost ranged from $ 1.00 to $ 1.20 per pound. For design flows between 1 and 10 mgd, the annual GAC replacement costs were obtained by linear interpolation between the costs for 1 mgd and 10 mgd systems. For design flows less than 0.1 mgd, the annual GAC replacement costs were not listed separately but were included in the total O& M costs obtained from the VSS model. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 91 For design flow < 1 mgd For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: GAC Replacement ($/ yr) = 33034 × ( Average Flow) + 111.2 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: GAC Replacement ($/ yr) = 98716 × ( Average Flow) + 344.55 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: GAC Replacement ($/ yr) = 260881 × ( Average Flow) + 795.77 For design flow > 1 mgd and < 10 mgd For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: GAC Replacement ($/ yr) = 926.57 × ( Average Flow) + 11693 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: GAC Replacement ($/ yr)) = 2774.2 × ( Average Flow) + 34957 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: GAC Replacement ($/ yr) = 7266.7 × ( Average Flow) + 92267 For design flow > 10 mgd For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: GAC Replacement ($/ yr) = 3146.3 × ( Average Flow) + 4073.3 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: GAC Replacement ($/ yr) = 9440.3 × ( Average Flow) + 11853 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: GAC Replacement ($/ yr) = 25190 × ( Average Flow) + 27754 Labor Costs For design flows greater than 10 mgd, the annual labor hours were obtained from the Water model. The labor hours include the requirements associated with operation of GAC contactors, media replacement, regeneration furnace, and booster pumps.

For design flows between 0.1 1 mgd, the annual labor hours were obtained from the Water model. For this model, the labor hours included requirements associated with operation of the GAC package unit, media replacement, and booster pumps. For design flows between 1 and 10 mgd, the Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 92 annual labor hours were obtained by linear interpolation between the labor hours for 1 mgd and 10 mgd systems.

For the very small systems ( design flows < 0.1 mgd), labor requirements were assumed to be one hour per week plus an additional 8 hours per reactivation. However, the annual labor hours were not listed separately but were included in the total O& M costs obtained from the VSS model.

The annual labor costs for all flow rates were obtained by multiplying the labor hours by unit labor costs of $ 24.96 per hour.

For design flow < 1 mgd For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: Labor ($/ yr) = (( 858.36 × Average Flow) + 402.56) × 24.96)

For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: Labor ($/ yr) = (( 1503.2 × Average Flow) + 433.84) × 24.96 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: Labor ($/ yr) = (( 1503.2 × Average Flow) + 433.84) × 24.96 For design flow > 1 mgd and < 10 mgd For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: Labor ($/ yr) = (( 551.97 × Average Flow) + 533.12 ) × 24.96 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: Labor ($/ yr) = (( 683.86 × Average Flow) + 709.64) × 24.96 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: Labor ($/ yr) = (( 810.91 × Average Flow) + 663.91) × 24.96 For design flow > 10 mgd For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: Labor ($/ yr) = ( 143.15 × Average Flow) + 2538.7) × 24.96 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: Labor ($/ yr) = (( 0.2147 × Average Flow2) + ( 343.74 × Average Flow) + 2100) × 24.96 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: Labor ($/ yr) = ( 1297.2 × Average Flow0.7536) × 24.96 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 93 Power ( Electricity) Costs For design flows greater than 10 mgd, the annual power requirements ( kWh/ year) were obtained from the Water model. For this model, the power requirements included those associated with operation of GAC contactors, media replacement, regeneration furnace, and booster pumps.

For design flows between 0.1 1 mgd, the annual power requirements were obtained from the Water model. For this model, the power requirements included those associated with operation of GAC package unit and booster pumps.

For design flows between 1 and 10 mgd, the annual power requirements were obtained by linear interpolation between the power requirements for 1 mgd and 10 mgd systems.

For the very small systems ( design flows < 0.1 mgd), the annual power costs were not listed separately but were included in the total O& M costs obtained from the VSS model.

The annual power costs were obtained by multiplying the energy requirements ( kWh/ year) by unit energy costs of $ 0.076 per kWh.

For design flow < 1 mgd For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: Power ($/ yr)) = ( 240221 × Average Flow) + 71518) × 0.076 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: Power ($/ yr) = ( 276311 × Average Flow0.3872) × 0.076 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: Power ($/ yr) = ( 276311 × Average Flow0.3872) × 0.076 For design flow > 1 mgd and < 10 mgd For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: Power ($/ yr)) = (( 74235 × Average Flow) + 127519) × 0.076 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: Power ($/ yr) = (( 99122 × Average Flow) + 149023) × 0.076 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: Power ($/ yr) = (( 127743 × Average Flow) + 138719) × 0.076 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 94 For design flow > 10 mgd For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: Power ($/ yr) = (( 73380 × Average Flow) + 215530) × 0.076 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: Power ($/ yr) = (( 75925 × Average Flow) + 329950) × 0.076 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: Power ($/ yr) = (( 79096 × Average Flow) + 410520) × 0.076 Natural Gas Costs For design flows greater than 1 mgd, the natural gas requirements ( cubic feet/ year) associated with the regeneration furnace were obtained from the Water model. The annual costs for natural gas were obtained by multiplying the gas requirements ( cubic feet/ year) by unit gas costs of $ 0.006 per cubic feet.

For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: Natural Gas ($/ yr) = ( 510552 × Average Flow0.84) × 0.006 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: Natural Gas ($/ yr) = ( 1000000 × Average Flow0.853) × 0.006 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: Natural Gas ($/ yr) = ( 3000000 × Average Flow0.8702) × 0.006 Performance Monitoring Costs For design flows less than 1 mgd, the number of TOC samples were based on analyzing one sample every two weeks per GAC pressure vessel. Performance monitoring costs were based on the assumption that the samples will be sent to contract laboratories and that the cost of TOC analyses are $ 65 per sample.

For design flows greater than 1 mgd, it was assumed that the TOC samples will be analyzed inhouse using the automated TOC analyzers. Therefore, no additional performance monitoring costs were assumed for this system size.

Maintenance Materials Costs Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 95 For design flows greater than 10 mgd, the maintenance materials costs were obtained from the Water model. For this model, the maintenance materials included those associated with operation of GAC contactors, media replacement, regeneration furnace, and booster pumps.

For design flows between 0.1 1 mgd, the maintenance materials costs were obtained from the Water model. For this model, the maintenance materials requirements included those associated with operation of GAC package units and booster pumps.

For design flows between 1 and 10 mgd, the maintenance materials costs were obtained by linear interpolation between the power requirements for 1 mgd and 10 mgd systems. For the very small systems ( design flows < 0.1 mgd), the maintenance materials costs were not listed separately but included in the total O& M costs obtained from the VSS model.

For design flow < 1 mgd For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: Materials ($/ yr) = ( 6702.4 × Average Flow) + 626.84 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: Materials ($/ yr) = ( 12444 × Average Flow) + 898.16 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: Materials ($/ yr) = ( 12444 × Average Flow) + 898.16 For design flow > 1 mgd and < 10 mgd For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: Materials ($/ yr) = ( 1390.1 × Average Flow) + 2637.4 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: Materials ($/ yr) = ( 2708.8 × Average Flow) + 4333.4 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: Materials ($/ yr) = ( 3529.2 × Average Flow) + 4038 For design flow > 10 mgd For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: Materials ($/ yr) = 3458.7 × Average Flow0.6551 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: Materials ($/ yr) = 6202.7 × Average Flow0.641 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 96 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: Materials ($/ yr) = 7750.8 × Average Flow0.6105 VSS Model Costs For the very small systems ( design flows < 0.1 mgd), the total O& M costs were obtained from the VSS model. These costs include operation of GAC pressure vessels and booster pumps, material replacement, labor, and power.

For EBCT 10 min and Reactivation Frequency = 360 days: VSS Model ($/ yr) = 144625 × Average Flow0.5907 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 240 days: VSS Model ($/ yr) = 231094 × Average Flow0.6421 For EBCT 20 min and Reactivation Frequency = 90 days: VSS Model ($/ yr) = 607295 × Average Flow0.7075 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 97 Design Flow ( mgd) 0.007 0.022 0.037 0.091 0.18 0.27 0.36 0.68 1.0 Average Flow ( mgd) 0.0015 0.0054 0.0095 0.025 0.054 0.084 0.11 0.23 0.35 CAPITAL COST SUMMARY TOTAL CAPITAL COST $ 60,750 $ 97,307 $ 153,426 $ 206,628 $ 258,604 $ 434,477 $ 753,229 INDIRECT CAPITAL COSTS $ 9,034 $ 9,872 $ 17,306 $ 19,839 $ 22,314 $ 30,689 $ 83,963 Process area ( sq ft) Housing Piloting $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 50,000 Permitting $ 2,500 $ 2,623 $ 4,084 $ 5,604 $ 7,089 $ 12,114 $ 20,078 Land $ 1,034 $ 1,749 $ 2,722 $ 3,736 $ 4,726 $ 8,076 $ 13,385 Operator Training $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 WITH CAPITAL COST MULTIPLIER $ 51,716 $ 87,435 $ 136,120 $ 186,789 $ 236,289 $ 403,788 $ 669,265 SUBTOTAL PROCESS COST $ 30,968 $ 52,356 $ 81,509 $ 111,850 $ 141,491 $ 241,789 $ 334,633 Nos of GAC contactors in use 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 GAC Contactor, Media, & Regeneration Furnace *** *** *** *** *** *** *** GAC Package Unit ( for small systems) $ 29,744 $ 47,305 $ 75,825 $ 104,132 $ 131,903 $ 226,299 $ 313,913 Pipes and Valves *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Electrical ( Instrumentaion & Controls) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Process Monitoring Equipment ( TOC *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Booster Pumps $ 1,223 $ 5,052 $ 5,684 $ 7,717 $ 9,587 $ 15,490 $ 20,720 O & M SUMMARY TOTAL O& M COST PER YEAR $ 12,360 $ 19,485 $ 28,052 $ 30,902 $ 34,917 $ 46,132 $ 57,232 GAC Replacement ( lbs/ yr) *** *** 1895 2886 3745 7709 11673 GAC Replacement ($/ yr) $ 2,859 $ 4,289 $ 5,513 $ 11,047 $ 16,466 Labor ( hr/ yr) *** *** 449 475 497 600 703 Labor ($/ yr) $ 11,205 $ 11,848 $ 12,405 $ 14,976 $ 17,547 Power ( kWh/ yr) *** *** 84,490 91,697 97,942 126,769 155,595 Power ($/ yr) $ 6,759 $ 7,336 $ 7,835 $ 10,142 $ 12,448 Natural Gas ( cu ft/ yr) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Natural Gas ($/ yr) TOC measurement ( samples/ year) 48 48 96 96 120 120 120 Performance Monitoring ($/ yr) $ 3,120 $ 3,120 $ 6,240 $ 6,240 $ 7,800 $ 7,800 $ 7,800 Maintenance Materials ($/ yr) *** *** $ 989 $ 1,190 $ 1,364 $ 2,168 $ 2,973 Total O& M costs ( from VSS Model)  $/ yr $ 9,240 $ 16,365 *** *** *** *** *** Exhibit 4.46: Summary of GAC Costs ( EBCT = 10 minutes, 360 day reactivation frequency)

Note: *** = N/ A Source: Section 4.5.1 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 98 Design Flow ( mgd) 1.2 2 3.5 7 17 22 76 210 430 520 Average Flow ( mgd) 0.41 0.77 1.4 3 7.8 11 38 120 270 350 CAPITAL COST SUMMARY TOTAL CAPITAL COST $ 961,218 $ 1,331,550 $ 1,935,301 $ 3,129,311 $ 5,894,486 $ 7,103,058 $ 17,577,650 $ 36,661,251 $ 61,958,498 $ 71,251,757 INDIRECT CAPITAL COSTS $ 128,896 $ 159,561 $ 208,135 $ 301,112 $ 508,138 $ 596,426 $ 1,334,309 $ 2,120,273 $ 3,090,983 $ 3,438,096 Process area ( sq ft) 762 1,041 1,466 2,241 3,857 4,517 9,645 17,966 27,858 31,294 Housing $ 37,280 $ 50,962 $ 71,777 $ 109,702 $ 188,821 $ 221,094 $ 472,142 $ 879,453 $ 1,363,632 $ 1,531,823 Piloting $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 Permitting $ 24,970 $ 35,160 $ 51,815 $ 84,846 $ 161,590 $ 195,199 $ 487,300 $ 500,000 $ 500,000 $ 500,000 Land $ 16,646 $ 23,440 $ 34,543 $ 56,564 $ 107,727 $ 130,133 $ 324,867 $ 690,820 $ 1,177,350 $ 1,356,273 Operator Training WITH CAPITAL COST MULTIPLIER $ 832,322 $ 1,171,989 $ 1,727,166 $ 2,828,199 $ 5,386,348 $ 6,506,633 $ 16,243,341 $ 34,540,978 $ 58,867,516 $ 67,813,660 SUBTOTAL PROCESS COST $ 416,161 $ 585,994 $ 863,583 $ 1,414,099 $ 2,693,174 $ 3,253,316 $ 8,121,670 $ 17,270,489 $ 29,433,758 $ 33,906,830 Nos of GAC contactors in use 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 GAC Contactor, Media, & Regeneration Furnace $ 220,999 $ 324,338 $ 493,764 $ 830,985 $ 1,618,049 $ 1,963,740 $ 4,982,135 $ 10,688,361 $ 18,308,774 $ 21,117,522 GAC Package Unit ( for small systems) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Pipes and Valves $ 92,564 $ 134,583 $ 202,798 $ 336,999 $ 645,617 $ 779,863 $ 1,934,181 $ 4,073,006 $ 6,886,005 $ 7,914,813 Electrical ( Instrumentaion & Controls) $ 29,286 $ 42,585 $ 64,177 $ 106,660 $ 204,375 $ 246,884 $ 612,462 $ 1,289,988 $ 2,181,224 $ 2,507,206 Process Monitoring Equipment ( TOC $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 Booster Pumps $ 23,775 $ 34,950 $ 53,306 $ 89,917 $ 175,595 $ 213,292 $ 543,354 $ 1,169,595 $ 2,008,217 $ 2,317,751 O & M SUMMARY TOTAL O& M COST PER YEAR $ 51,976 $ 61,522 $ 77,734 $ 117,714 $ 223,726 $ 276,141 $ 700,590 $ 1,930,628 $ 4,109,268 $ 5,253,236 GAC Replacement ( lbs/ yr) 12073 12406 12990 14473 28614 38683 123633 381629 853574 1105278 GAC Replacement ($/ yr) $ 17,007 $ 17,459 $ 18,248 $ 20,246 $ 38,974 $ 52,056 $ 158,605 $ 466,311 $ 1,005,806 $ 1,286,948 Labor ( hr/ yr) 759 958 1306 2189 3655 4113 7978 19717 41189 52641 Labor ($/ yr) $ 18,955 $ 23,915 $ 32,595 $ 54,638 $ 91,236 $ 102,669 $ 199,141 $ 492,129 $ 1,028,082 $ 1,313,924 Power ( kWh/ yr) 157,955 184,680 231,448 350,224 787,894 1,022,710 3,003,970 9,021,130 20,028,130 25,898,530 Power ($/ yr) $ 12,636 $ 14,774 $ 18,516 $ 28,018 $ 63,032 $ 81,817 $ 240,318 $ 721,690 $ 1,602,250 $ 2,071,882 Natural Gas ( cu ft/ yr) 241423 409913 677310 1284759 2866814 3826572 10840722 28480803 56284076 69993408 Natural Gas ($/ yr) $ 1,449 $ 2,459 $ 4,064 $ 7,709 $ 17,201 $ 22,959 $ 65,044 $ 170,885 $ 337,704 $ 419,960 TOC measurement ( samples/ year) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Performance Monitoring ($/ yr) Maintenance Materials ($/ yr) $ 1,929 $ 2,914 $ 4,312 $ 7,104 $ 13,284 $ 16,639 $ 37,483 $ 79,613 $ 135,425 $ 160,521 Total O& M costs ( from VSS Model)  $/ yr *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Exhibit 4.46 ( continued): Summary of GAC Costs ( EBCT = 10 minutes, 360 day reactivation frequency)

Note: *** = N/ A Source: Section 4.5.1 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 99 Design Flow ( mgd) 0.007 0.022 0.037 0.091 0.18 0.27 0.36 0.68 1.0 Average Flow ( mgd) 0.0015 0.0054 0.0095 0.025 0.054 0.084 0.11 0.23 0.35 CAPITAL COST SUMMARY TOTAL CAPITAL COST $ 34,944 $ 51,211 $ 67,885 $ 132,410 $ 232,148 $ 326,766 $ 417,447 $ 708,992 $ 1,179,491 INDIRECT CAPITAL COSTS $ 8,528 $ 8,847 $ 9,174 $ 11,543 $ 21,055 $ 25,560 $ 29,878 $ 43,762 $ 104,261 Process area ( sq ft) Housing Piloting $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 50,000 Permitting $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 3,626 $ 6,333 $ 9,036 $ 11,627 $ 19,957 $ 32,257 Land $ 528 $ 847 $ 1,174 $ 2,417 $ 4,222 $ 6,024 $ 7,751 $ 13,305 $ 21,505 Operator Training $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 WITH CAPITAL COST MULTIPLIER $ 26,416 $ 42,364 $ 58,711 $ 120,866 $ 211,093 $ 301,206 $ 387,568 $ 665,231 $ 1,075,230 SUBTOTAL PROCESS COST $ 15,818 $ 25,368 $ 35,156 $ 72,375 $ 126,403 $ 180,363 $ 232,077 $ 398,342 $ 537,615 Nos of GAC contactors in use 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 GAC Contactor, Media, & Regeneration Furnace *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** GAC Package Unit ( for small systems) $ 15,059 $ 24,525 $ 33,933 $ 67,323 $ 120,719 $ 172,645 $ 222,489 $ 382,852 $ 516,895 Pipes and Valves *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Electrical ( Instrumentaion & Controls) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Process Monitoring Equipment ( TOC Analyzer) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Booster Pumps $ 759 $ 843 $ 1,223 $ 5,052 $ 5,684 $ 7,717 $ 9,587 $ 15,490 $ 20,720 O & M SUMMARY TOTAL O& M COST PER YEAR $ 9,222 $ 18,223 $ 25,644 $ 47,782 $ 48,603 $ 61,851 $ 74,549 $ 123,862 $ 171,361 GAC Replacement ( lbs/ yr) *** *** *** *** 14883 22710 29493 60798 92104 GAC Replacement ($/ yr) $ 20,798 $ 31,216 $ 40,122 $ 80,331 $ 119,625 Labor ( hr/ yr) *** *** *** *** 515 560 599 780 960 Labor ($/ yr) $ 12,855 $ 13,980 $ 14,956 $ 19,458 $ 23,961 Power ( kWh/ yr) *** *** *** *** 89,244 105,896 117,551 156,408 184,018 Power ($/ yr) $ 7,140 $ 8,472 $ 9,404 $ 12,513 $ 14,721 Natural Gas ( cu ft/ yr) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Natural Gas ($/ yr) TOC measurement ( samples/ year) 48 48 48 48 96 96 120 120 120 Performance Monitoring ($/ yr) $ 3,120 $ 3,120 $ 3,120 $ 3,120 $ 6,240 $ 6,240 $ 7,800 $ 7,800 $ 7,800 Maintenance Materials ($/ yr) *** *** *** *** $ 1,570 $ 1,943 $ 2,267 $ 3,760 $ 5,254 Total O& M costs ( from VSS Model)  $/ yr $ 6,102 $ 15,103 $ 22,524 $ 44,662 *** *** *** *** *** Exhibit 4.47: Summary of GAC Costs ( EBCT = 20 minutes, 90 day reactivation frequency)

Note: *** = N/ A Source: Section 4.5.1 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 100 Design Flow ( mgd) 1.2 2 3.5 7 17 22 76 210 430 520 Average Flow ( mgd) 0.41 0.77 1.4 3 7.8 11 38 120 270 350 CAPITAL COST SUMMARY TOTAL CAPITAL COST $ 1,491,296 $ 2,117,739 $ 3,146,100 $ 5,196,469 $ 9,994,133 $ 12,105,188 $ 30,250,612 $ 64,392,745 $ 110,161,213 $ 127,064,791 INDIRECT CAPITAL COSTS $ 181,926 $ 235,771 $ 321,625 $ 487,224 $ 859,504 $ 1,019,256 $ 2,020,399 $ 3,485,977 $ 5,343,940 $ 6,011,591 Process area ( sq ft) 1,358 1,873 2,664 4,122 7,207 8,477 18,504 35,094 55,109 62,115 Housing $ 66,457 $ 91,673 $ 130,401 $ 201,762 $ 352,773 $ 414,959 $ 905,795 $ 1,717,842 $ 2,697,595 $ 3,040,527 Piloting $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 Permitting $ 39,281 $ 56,459 $ 84,734 $ 141,277 $ 274,039 $ 332,578 $ 500,000 $ 500,000 $ 500,000 $ 500,000 Land $ 26,187 $ 37,639 $ 56,490 $ 94,185 $ 182,693 $ 221,719 $ 564,604 $ 1,218,135 $ 2,096,345 $ 2,421,064 Operator Training WITH CAPITAL COST MULTIPLIER $ 1,309,370 $ 1,881,968 $ 2,824,475 $ 4,709,244 $ 9,134,629 $ 11,085,933 $ 28,230,212 $ 60,906,768 $ 104,817,273 $ 121,053,200 SUBTOTAL PROCESS COST $ 654,685 $ 940,984 $ 1,412,238 $ 2,354,622 $ 4,567,314 $ 5,542,966 $ 14,115,106 $ 30,453,384 $ 52,408,637 $ 60,526,600 Nos of GAC contactors in use 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 GAC Contactor, Media, & Regeneration Furnace $ 421,030 $ 619,548 $ 945,933 $ 1,597,714 $ 3,125,370 $ 3,798,185 $ 9,698,560 $ 20,916,945 $ 35,963,742 $ 41,521,951 GAC Package Unit ( for small systems) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Pipes and Valves $ 121,469 $ 179,768 $ 276,197 $ 470,143 $ 928,856 $ 1,132,080 $ 2,931,151 $ 6,394,005 $ 11,082,189 $ 12,822,209 Electrical ( Instrumentaion & Controls) $ 38,874 $ 57,180 $ 87,263 $ 147,309 $ 287,955 $ 349,872 $ 892,502 $ 1,923,301 $ 3,304,950 $ 3,815,151 Process Monitoring Equipment ( TOC Analyzer) $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 Booster Pumps $ 23,775 $ 34,950 $ 53,306 $ 89,917 $ 175,595 $ 213,292 $ 543,354 $ 1,169,595 $ 2,008,217 $ 2,317,751 O & M SUMMARY TOTAL O& M COST PER YEAR $ 177,461 $ 198,999 $ 235,875 $ 327,328 $ 649,586 $ 854,448 $ 2,426,385 $ 6,675,323 $ 13,806,859 $ 17,448,504 GAC Replacement ( lbs/ yr) 95246 97862 102440 114067 224236 304844 984974 3050554 6829054 8844254 GAC Replacement ($/ yr) $ 123,533 $ 126,783 $ 132,460 $ 146,831 $ 280,444 $ 376,193 $ 1,153,011 $ 3,384,412 $ 7,278,711 $ 9,302,877 Labor ( hr/ yr) 996 1288 1799 3097 6099 7903 20116 47850 88162 107205 Labor ($/ yr) $ 24,870 $ 32,156 $ 44,908 $ 77,292 $ 152,242 $ 197,263 $ 502,084 $ 1,194,325 $ 2,200,530 $ 2,675,847 Power ( kWh/ yr) 191,094 237,081 317,559 521,948 1,027,469 1,280,576 3,416,168 9,902,040 21,766,440 28,094,120 Power ($/ yr) $ 15,287 $ 18,966 $ 25,405 $ 41,756 $ 82,198 $ 102,446 $ 273,293 $ 792,163 $ 1,741,315 $ 2,247,530 Natural Gas ( cu ft/ yr) 1380911 2389712 4020517 7803909 17923465 24173591 71096618 193385886 391646277 490873138 Natural Gas ($/ yr) $ 8,285 $ 14,338 $ 24,123 $ 46,823 $ 107,541 $ 145,042 $ 426,580 $ 1,160,315 $ 2,349,878 $ 2,945,239 TOC measurement ( samples/ year) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Performance Monitoring ($/ yr) Maintenance Materials ($/ yr) $ 5,485 $ 6,755 $ 8,979 $ 14,626 $ 27,163 $ 33,506 $ 71,417 $ 144,108 $ 236,425 $ 277,013 Total O& M costs ( from VSS Model)  $/ yr *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Exhibit 4.47 ( continued): Summary of GAC Costs ( EBCT = 20 minutes, 90 day reactivation frequency)

Note: *** = N/ A Source: Section 4.5.1 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 101 Design Flow ( mgd) 0.007 0.022 0.037 0.091 0.18 0.27 0.36 0.68 1.0 Average Flow ( mgd) 0.0015 0.0054 0.0095 0.025 0.054 0.084 0.11 0.23 0.35 CAPITAL COST SUMMARY TOTAL CAPITAL COST $ 34,944 $ 51,211 $ 67,885 $ 132,410 $ 232,148 $ 326,766 $ 417,447 $ 708,992 $ 1,179,491 INDIRECT CAPITAL COSTS $ 8,528 $ 8,847 $ 9,174 $ 11,543 $ 21,055 $ 25,560 $ 29,878 $ 43,762 $ 104,261 Process area ( sq ft) Housing Piloting $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 5,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 50,000 Permitting $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 3,626 $ 6,333 $ 9,036 $ 11,627 $ 19,957 $ 32,257 Land $ 528 $ 847 $ 1,174 $ 2,417 $ 4,222 $ 6,024 $ 7,751 $ 13,305 $ 21,505 Operator Training $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 $ 500 WITH CAPITAL COST MULTIPLIER $ 26,416 $ 42,364 $ 58,711 $ 120,866 $ 211,093 $ 301,206 $ 387,568 $ 665,231 $ 1,075,230 SUBTOTAL PROCESS COST $ 15,818 $ 25,368 $ 35,156 $ 72,375 $ 126,403 $ 180,363 $ 232,077 $ 398,342 $ 537,615 Nos of GAC contactors in use 2 2 2 2 4 4 5 5 5 GAC Contactor, Media, & Regeneration Furnace *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** GAC Package Unit ( for small systems) $ 15,059 $ 24,525 $ 33,933 $ 67,323 $ 120,719 $ 172,645 $ 222,489 $ 382,852 $ 516,895 Pipes and Valves *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Electrical ( Instrumentaion & Controls) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Process Monitoring Equipment ( TOC Analyzer) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Booster Pumps $ 759 $ 843 $ 1,223 $ 5,052 $ 5,684 $ 7,717 $ 9,587 $ 15,490 $ 20,720 O & M SUMMARY TOTAL O& M COST PER YEAR $ 6,673 $ 11,206 $ 14,742 $ 24,752 $ 36,031 $ 42,959 $ 50,255 $ 75,195 $ 98,890 GAC Replacement ( lbs/ yr) *** *** *** *** 5675 8637 11203 23049 34895 GAC Replacement ($/ yr) $ 8,227 $ 12,323 $ 15,828 $ 31,664 $ 47,154 Labor ( hr/ yr) *** *** *** *** 515 560 599 780 960 Labor ($/ yr) $ 12,855 $ 13,980 $ 14,956 $ 19,458 $ 23,961 Power ( kWh/ yr) *** *** *** *** 89,244 105,896 117,551 156,408 184,018 Power ($/ yr) $ 7,140 $ 8,472 $ 9,404 $ 12,513 $ 14,721 Natural Gas ( cu ft/ yr) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Natural Gas ($/ yr) TOC measurement ( samples/ year) 48 48 48 48 96 96 120 120 120 Performance Monitoring ($/ yr) $ 3,120 $ 3,120 $ 3,120 $ 3,120 $ 6,240 $ 6,240 $ 7,800 $ 7,800 $ 7,800 Maintenance Materials ($/ yr) *** *** *** *** $ 1,570 $ 1,943 $ 2,267 $ 3,760 $ 5,254 Total O& M costs ( from VSS Model)  $/ yr $ 3,553 $ 8,086 $ 11,622 $ 21,632 *** *** *** *** *** Exhibit 4.48: Summary of GAC Costs ( EBCT = 20 minutes, 240 day reactivation frequency)

Note: *** = N/ A Source: Section 4.5.1 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 102 Design Flow ( mgd) 1.2 2 3.5 7 17 22 76 210 430 520 Average Flow ( mgd) 0.41 0.77 1.4 3 7.8 11 38 120 270 350 CAPITAL COST SUMMARY TOTAL CAPITAL COST $ 1,299,190 $ 1,855,588 $ 2,780,301 $ 4,651,079 $ 9,110,253 $ 11,096,119 $ 28,529,679 $ 62,098,782 $ 107,964,358 $ 125,068,321 INDIRECT CAPITAL COSTS $ 158,193 $ 204,326 $ 279,067 $ 425,947 $ 763,932 $ 911,168 $ 1,883,588 $ 3,296,933 $ 5,133,225 $ 5,801,272 Process area ( sq ft) 1,045 1,466 2,125 3,364 6,060 7,189 16,357 32,092 51,616 58,548 Housing $ 51,143 $ 71,762 $ 104,005 $ 164,690 $ 296,616 $ 351,920 $ 800,666 $ 1,570,896 $ 2,526,602 $ 2,865,931 Piloting $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 $ 50,000 Permitting $ 34,230 $ 49,538 $ 75,037 $ 126,754 $ 250,390 $ 305,549 $ 500,000 $ 500,000 $ 500,000 $ 500,000 Land $ 22,820 $ 33,025 $ 50,025 $ 84,503 $ 166,926 $ 203,699 $ 532,922 $ 1,176,037 $ 2,056,623 $ 2,385,341 Operator Training WITH CAPITAL COST MULTIPLIER $ 1,140,997 $ 1,651,263 $ 2,501,234 $ 4,225,132 $ 8,346,321 $ 10,184,951 $ 26,646,091 $ 58,801,849 $ 102,831,133 $ 119,267,049 SUBTOTAL PROCESS COST $ 570,499 $ 825,631 $ 1,250,617 $ 2,112,566 $ 4,173,160 $ 5,092,476 $ 13,323,046 $ 29,400,924 $ 51,415,567 $ 59,633,524 Nos of GAC contactors in use 5 5 5 10 10 10 10 11 12 13 GAC Contactor, Media, & Regeneration Furnace $ 340,856 $ 509,681 $ 791,982 $ 1,367,119 $ 2,749,849 $ 3,368,987 $ 8,944,087 $ 19,915,314 $ 35,020,875 $ 40,675,366 GAC Package Unit ( for small systems) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Pipes and Valves $ 119,251 $ 176,729 $ 271,939 $ 463,761 $ 918,444 $ 1,120,170 $ 2,910,039 $ 6,365,394 $ 11,053,969 $ 12,796,122 Electrical ( Instrumentaion & Controls) $ 37,079 $ 54,733 $ 83,853 $ 142,230 $ 279,734 $ 340,488 $ 876,027 $ 1,901,084 $ 3,282,967 $ 3,794,748 Process Monitoring Equipment ( TOC Analyzer) $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 $ 49,538 Booster Pumps $ 23,775 $ 34,950 $ 53,306 $ 89,917 $ 175,595 $ 213,292 $ 543,354 $ 1,169,595 $ 2,008,217 $ 2,317,751 O & M SUMMARY TOTAL O& M COST PER YEAR $ 96,841 $ 110,105 $ 133,014 $ 190,387 $ 361,906 $ 463,435 $ 1,278,749 $ 3,580,415 $ 7,445,710 $ 9,260,140 GAC Replacement ( lbs/ yr) 36094 37093 38841 43280 85487 115696 370584 1144689 2560734 3315958 GAC Replacement ($/ yr) $ 48,709 $ 50,002 $ 52,261 $ 57,980 $ 111,376 $ 148,839 $ 453,404 $ 1,330,667 $ 2,865,233 $ 3,663,897 Labor ( hr/ yr) 990 1236 1667 2761 4768 5855 14852 40257 79258 96108 Labor ($/ yr) $ 24,711 $ 30,856 $ 41,609 $ 68,920 $ 119,012 $ 146,145 $ 370,708 $ 1,004,818 $ 1,978,284 $ 2,398,862 Power ( kWh/ yr) 189,663 225,347 287,794 446,389 922,165 1,165,125 3,215,100 9,440,950 20,829,700 26,903,700 Power ($/ yr) $ 15,173 $ 18,028 $ 23,024 $ 35,711 $ 73,773 $ 93,210 $ 257,208 $ 755,276 $ 1,666,376 $ 2,044,681 Natural Gas ( cu ft/ yr) 467,417 800,160 1,332,439 2,552,610 5,767,090 7,732,287 22,261,550 59,366,522 118,564,122 147,941,508 Natural Gas ($/ yr) $ 2,805 $ 4,801 $ 7,995 $ 15,316 $ 34,603 $ 46,394 $ 133,569 $ 356,199 $ 711,385 $ 887,649 TOC measurement ( samples/ year) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Performance Monitoring ($/ yr) Maintenance Materials ($/ yr) $ 5,444 $ 6,419 $ 8,126 $ 12,460 $ 23,143 $ 28,848 $ 63,859 $ 133,455 $ 224,432 $ 265,050 Total O& M costs ( from VSS Model)  $/ yr *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Exhibit 4.48 ( continued): Summary of GAC Costs ( EBCT = 20 minutes, 240 day reactivation frequency)

Note: *** = N/ A Source: Section 4.5.1 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 103 4.5.2 Nanofiltration Nanofiltration can be effective for the control of DBP precursors ( i. e., NOM), as well as microbial contaminants. NF is an advanced treatment process that typically requires higher levels of pre and post treatment than traditional water treatment processes. The costs provided in this section assume that the NF system is an " add on" polishing treatment process for an existing conventional treatment plant generating water of desired quality for NF. These costs do not include any additional post treatments that may be necessary. Costs were developed assuming a feed water temperatures of 10 ° C. ( Costs of a NF system can vary with temperature.)

The cost estimates assume that 100 percent of the flow will be treated by the NF membranes ( i. e., no blending). Recovery was assumed to be 85 percent. In some regions, an additional cost for purchased water may be incurred as a result of the 15 percent water loss. The costs associated with these losses were not included in the estimates provided.

<IP_ADDRESS> Summary of NF Capital Cost Assumptions Process Costs Capital costs were estimated based on vendor quotations, cost estimating guides, and best professional judgment and were adjusted to year 2000 dollars using the ENR BCI. Exhibit 4.54 presents a summary of line item capital costs for retrofitting NF into an existing treatment plant for design flows ranging from 0.007 mgd to 520 mgd. Costs were based on a feed water temperature of 10 ° C and a recovery of 85 percent. The spent brine was assumed to be directly discharged to a sewer, storm drain, ocean outfall, or a salinity interceptor. The methodology used for estimating capital costs is discussed in this section.

Membrane System Costs Unlike other treatment processes, NF systems are typically supplied by equipment vendors as package skid mounted units. Vendors, contacted to provide cost estimates, provided a single cost estimate that included the following items:

° Membrane skid with filter housings ° NF membrane elements ( initial batch)

° Cartridge pre filtration ° System feed pumps Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 104 ° Acid and anti scalant feed systems ° Clean in place system ° Instrumentation and controls ° Pipes and valves The typical percent distribution of the above components in the NF equipment cost is shown in Exhibit 4.49. The NF skids are equipped with all necessary instrumentation and controls and pipes and valves; therefore, these costs were included as part of the NF equipment cost.

Exhibit 4.49: Percent Distribution of NF Equipment Cost Capital Cost Item NF Equipment Cost ( as %)

Membrane skid with filter housings 20%

NF membrane elements ( initial batch) 20%

Cartridge pre filtration 10%

System feed pumps 12%

Acid and anti scalant feed systems 3%

Clean in place system 5%

Instrumentation and controls 20%

Pipes and valves 10%

Sub Total NF Equipment Cost 100%

Source: Vendor quotes Online Process Monitoring Equipment Additional process monitoring for pH and turbidity was assumed for all NF systems. Process monitoring equipment includes an on line conductivity/ pH meter ($ 2,500 for meter and probe) and a turbidimeter ($ 2,500 for meter and probe). For systems smaller than 2 mgd capacity, one conductivity/ pH meter and one turbidimeter were assumed. For systems larger than 2 mgd, the number of meters was based on one instrument per train/ skid. Costs were obtained from vendor quotes and were adjusted to the year 2000 dollars using the ENR BCI. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 105 Brine Discharge Pipeline Costs for brine discharge include construction of a 500 foot pipeline from the NF process to an appropriate sanitary sewer connector. Pipe material was assumed to be PVC or reinforced concrete with diameters varying from 2 to 24 inches depending on the quantity of water to be discharged. Costs for the pipeline were obtained from Small Water System Byproducts Treatment and Disposal Cost Document ( DPRA 1993a) and Water System Byproducts Treatment and Disposal Cost Document ( DPRA 1993b). For more details on pipeline costs refer to section 4.4.5.

Capital Cost Multipliers Total direct capital costs were obtained by applying a capital cost multiplier to the sum of all process costs. The capital cost multipliers of 1.67 and 2.0 were used respectively for small (< 2 mgd) and large (> 2 mgd) systems. Unlike other treatment processes, membrane systems are typically supplied by the equipment vendor as package, skid mounted units; therefore, smaller multipliers were used compared to those recommended by NDWAC. For more discussion on the multipliers refer to section 4.2.1.

Indirect Capital Costs Costs for permitting, piloting, membrane housing, land, and operator training were totaled and are referred to as indirect capital costs for the purposes of this document. Indirect capital costs were added to the direct capital costs to obtain total capital costs.

Permitting Incorporating NF treatment will likely require coordination with the appropriate regulatory agencies. To account for this, permitting costs were included at three percent of the process cost. A minimum permitting fee of $ 2,500 and a maximum of $ 500,000 was assumed.

Pilot Testing It was assumed that pilot or bench scale tests would be necessary to ensure compatibility of membrane materials with process chemicals ( e. g., coagulants or polymers), as well as to determine critical design parameters, such as design flux and cleaning frequency. Bench scale flat sheet tests were assumed for systems less than 0.1 mgd, at a cost of $ 1,000. Single element tests at a one time cost of $ 10,000 was assumed for systems between 0.1 and 1 mgd. For systems larger than 1 mgd, three month pilot tests at a cost of $ 60,000 were assumed. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 106 Membrane Housing Membrane housing costs include the cost for a building to house the membrane skids and any associated appurtenances ( e. g., building electrical, HVAC, and lighting). Housing costs will vary depending on size of the system. Exhibit 4.50 summarizes the membrane housing cost assumptions used for NF costs. A range of housing areas from 900 to 1,100 ft2 per mgd was assumed with a minimum of 100 ft2. Housing areas are based on experience with similar systems. A unit cost of $ 48.95/ ft2 was taken from RS Means. The $ 48.95/ ft2 unit cost assumes a factory type building.

Exhibit 4.50: Summary of NF Housing Cost Assumptions System Size ( mgd) Housing Area1 < 10 mgd 1,100 ft2 per mgd > 10 mgd 900 ft2 per mgd Note: 1A minimum housing area of 100 ft2 was also assumed for very small systems.

Land Land cost assumptions for NF treatment are listed in Exhibit 4.51. The NDWAC cost working group recommended a factor of two to five percent of capital cost for land. Previous technology cost efforts ( USEPA 2001) adopted land costs at a factor of five percent for systems less than 1 mgd and two percent for systems greater than 1 mgd; however, previous cases assumed new plant construction, instead of a retrofit which was assumed in this document. Using a two to five percent factor for land resulted in unrealistic costs for land acquisition ($/ acre). Therefore, the land cost factors were adjusted, as discussed under MF cost assumptions, to obtain reasonable costs.

Exhibit 4.51: NF Land Cost Assumptions System Design Flow ( mgd) Land Cost (% of Total Direct Cost)

< 1 2%

1  10 1%

> 10 0.5%

Source: Exhibit 4.7 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 107 Operator Training The NDWAC cost working group also recommended inclusion of operator training. The operator training costs were based on the number of hours required per system size to train an operator. Training hours are based on experience with similar systems. Based upon system size, this training could last a few hours or a few days. Exhibit 4.52 summarizes the operator training cost assumptions used in this document.

Exhibit 4.52: NF Operator Training Cost Assumptions System Design Flow ( mgd) Training Cost ($)

< 0.5 included in membrane system price 0.5  1 $ 1,000 1  10 $ 3,000 10  100 $ 10,000 > 100 $ 25,000 <IP_ADDRESS> Summary of NF O& M Cost Assumptions NF O& M costs were estimated using current plant operational data and industry guidelines. Exhibit 4.54 presents a summary of line items of O& M costs. This section discusses the assumptions regarding O& M estimates presented in this document.

Clean in Place Chemicals NF systems will require periodic ( typically quarterly or semi annually) chemical cleaning to remove biological/ particulate foulants and scalants from the membrane surfaces. Membrane cleaning is performed using manufacturer recommended cleaning agents, and costs can vary. Based on discussions with manufacturers and experience with similar systems, a typical costs of $ 0.01 per 1,000 gallons of water produced was assumed for all system sizes to account for cleaning chemical costs. Thus, cleaning chemical costs can be estimated by the following equation:

Cleaning Chemicals ($/ yr) = 0.01 × Average Flow ( mgd) × 1,000 × 365 A minimum cost of $ 50/ year was assumed for cleaning chemicals; this accounts for the cost of purchasing a 15 gallon pail of cleaning chemical. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 108 Acid/ Anti Scalant and Caustic Chemicals Addition of acid and anti scalant is necessary to reduce the fouling and scaling of NF membranes. Caustic may be necessary to raise pH and lower the corrosiveness of the product water. The dosages of acid, anti scalant, and caustic are a function of the feed water quality. Based on conversations with manufacturers and experience with similar NF systems, a typical cost for all three chemicals is $ 0.04 per 1,000 gallons of water produced for average flows less than 0.35 mgd, and $ 0.03 per 1,000 gallons for average flows above 0.35 mgd. Therefore, acid, anti scalant, and caustic chemical costs can be estimated by the following equations:

For average flows less than 0.35 mgd Acid, Anti Scalant, and Caustic Chemicals ($/ yr) = 0.04 × Average Flow ( mgd) × 1,000 × 365 For average flows above 0.35 mgd Acid, Anti Scalant, and Caustic Chemicals ($/ yr) = 0.03 × Average Flow ( mgd) × 1,000 × 365 A minimum cost of $ 50 was assumed for acid/ anti scalants and caustic to account for purchasing these chemicals in small quantities of five gallons.

NF Membrane Replacement NF membranes were assumed to have a life of five years, which is typical for this type of membrane. Therefore, the annual cost for NF membrane replacement was assumed to be 20 percent of the NF membrane purchase cost.

NF Membrane Replacement ($/ yr) = 0.20 × NF Membrane Element Process Cost Cartridge Filter Replacement Cartridge filters collect particles and keep them from depositing on to the NF membranes. These cartridge filters must be replaced more frequently for turbid waters. Cost for cartridge filter replacement was assumed to be $ 0.002 per 1,000 gallons of water produced for systems with average flows less than 0.35 mgd and $ 0.02 per 1,000 gallons produced for systems with flows above 0.35 mgd. Costs were obtained from a study of Florida NF plants ( Bergman 1996).

For average flows less than 0.35 mgd Cartridge Filter Replacement Cost ($/ yr) = 0.0002 × Average Flow ( mgd) × 1,000 × 365 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 109 For average flows above 0.35 mgd Cartridge Filter Replacement Cost ($/ yr) = 0.02 × Average Flow ( mgd) × 1,000 × 365 Repair, Maintenance and Replacement NF systems require periodic maintenance and repair. The O& M costs for repair, maintenance, and purchase of replacement parts is typically about $ 0.01 per 1,000 gallons produced ( Bergman 1996) for existing systems. A minimum cost of $ 100 per year was assumed for repair and replacement for small systems. The cost equation for repair, maintenance, and replacement is:

Repair, Maintenance & Replacement Cost ($/ yr) = 0.01 * Average Flow ( mgd) × 1,000 × 365 Performance Monitoring In addition to on line conductivity, pH, and turbidity meters ( included in capital cost estimates), periodic HPC tests are typically performed to monitor biological activity on the finished water side of the membrane. Field HPC tests cost approximately $ 1 per test and require one hour of labor. Thus, the cost per test, including labor ( at $ 24.96 per hour), is $ 25.96. The frequency of HPC testing was assumed to be one test per membrane skid per week. As mentioned earlier, the NF skid size of 2 mgd was assumed for all system sizes.

Power Power costs include power for NF feed pumps, instrumentation and controls, and building maintenance. The power requirements for process pumping and building maintenance were assumed to be 1.2 kWh/ 1,000 gallons and 0.6 kWh/ 1,000 gallons, respectively. Additional power for instruments and controls was assumed to be negligible. Unit power cost of $ 0.076 per kWh was used to estimate the power cost. The equation for power cost is given below.

Power Cost ($/ yr) = 1.8 x 0.076 x Average Flow ( mgd) x 1,000 x 365 Labor Technical labor estimates for operation and maintenance of the membrane systems include periodic data logging, repair of process equipment, and sampling. Hours are based on experience with similar systems. Consistent with other technologies, a technical labor rate of $ 24.96 per hour was assumed. No additional managerial labor was assumed. A summary of labor hour assumptions is provided in Exhibit 4.53. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 110 Exhibit 4.53: Summary of NF Technical Labor Assumptions System Size ( mgd) Technical Labor ( hrs/ week)

< 0.1 4 0.1  1 12 1  5 24 5  10 40 10  100 80 > 100 160 POTW Surcharge A fee of $ 0.00183 per 1,000 gallons discharged to the sanitary sewer was assumed. This rate was based upon data provided in the DPRA reports ( 1993a and 1993b). The discharge volume was based on an average system recovery of 85 percent; therefore, the waste volume is 0.15 × average daily flow. The surcharge for brine discharge can be calculated using the equation below.

Surcharge for Brine Discharge ($/ yr) = 0.00183 × 0.15 × Average Flow ( mgd) × 1,000 × 365 Costs for concentrate handling included the following components:

° Direct discharge of 15 percent of the feed flow to a sewer/ storm/ salinity interceptor or ocean outfall, located 500 feet or less from the NF plant ( at 85 percent recovery, 15 percent would be the brine stream).

° No additional pumping is necessary, assuming that the brine stream is leaving the NF system at 30 psi residual pressure. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 111 Design Flow, mgd 0.007 0.022 0.037 0.091 0.18 0.27 0.36 0.68 1 Average Flow, mgd 0.0015 0.0054 0.0095 0.025 0.054 0.084 0.11 0.23 0.35 Unit Capital Cost Summary Total Unit Capital Cost $ 57,525 $ 74,149 $ 90,772 $ 157,393 $ 221,934 $ 311,361 $ 351,040 $ 645,274 $ 889,719 Indirect Capital Costs $ 9,358 $ 9,684 $ 10,010 $ 11,441 $ 27,089 $ 35,029 $ 42,112 $ 69,474 $ 137,870 Piloting $ 1,000 $ 1,000 $ 1,000 $ 1,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 60,000 Permitting $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,500 $ 2,622 $ 3,500 $ 4,964 $ 5,550 $ 10,344 $ 13,506 Land $ 963 $ 1,289 $ 1,615 $ 2,919 $ 3,897 $ 5,527 $ 6,179 $ 11,516 $ 7,518 Operator Training $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 0 $ 1,000 $ 1,000 $ 3,000 Housing $ 4,895 $ 4,895 $ 4,895 $ 4,900 $ 9,692 $ 14,538 $ 19,384 $ 36,615 $ 53,845 Capital Cost After Multiplier $ 48,167 $ 64,464 $ 80,762 $ 145,952 $ 194,845 $ 276,332 $ 308,927 $ 575,800 $ 751,849 Subtotal Process Cost $ 28,842 $ 38,601 $ 48,360 $ 87,396 $ 116,673 $ 165,468 $ 184,986 $ 344,790 $ 450,209 Subtotal NF Equipment Cost $ 19,815 $ 29,723 $ 39,630 $ 79,261 $ 108,984 $ 158,522 $ 178,337 $ 340,574 $ 445,843 Pipes and Valves $ 1,982 $ 2,972 $ 3,963 $ 7,926 $ 10,898 $ 15,852 $ 17,834 $ 34,057 $ 44,584 Instrumentation and Controls $ 3,963 $ 5,945 $ 7,926 $ 15,852 $ 21,797 $ 31,704 $ 35,667 $ 68,115 $ 89,169 Cartridge Prefiltration $ 1,585 $ 2,378 $ 3,170 $ 6,341 $ 8,719 $ 12,682 $ 14,267 $ 27,246 $ 35,667 Acid and Anti Scalent Feed Systems $ 594 $ 892 $ 1,189 $ 2,378 $ 3,270 $ 4,756 $ 5,350 $ 10,217 $ 13,375 System Feed Pumps $ 2,477 $ 3,715 $ 4,954 $ 9,908 $ 13,623 $ 19,815 $ 22,292 $ 42,572 $ 55,730 Nanofilter Membrane Elements $ 3,963 $ 5,945 $ 7,926 $ 15,852 $ 21,797 $ 31,704 $ 35,667 $ 68,115 $ 89,169 Membrane Skid with Filter Housing $ 3,963 $ 5,945 $ 7,926 $ 15,852 $ 21,797 $ 31,704 $ 35,667 $ 68,115 $ 89,169 Clean In Place ( CIP) System $ 991 $ 1,486 $ 1,982 $ 3,963 $ 5,449 $ 7,926 $ 8,917 $ 17,029 $ 22,292 Online Conductivity/ pH and Turbidity Meters $ 4,954 $ 4,954 $ 4,954 $ 4,954 $ 4,954 $ 4,954 $ 4,954 $ 4,954 $ 4,954 500 ft Brine Pipeline Cost $ 4,371 $ 4,371 $ 4,371 $ 4,371 $ 4,371 $ 4,371 $ 4,371 $ 4,371 $ 6,100 Brine Discharge Pump ( Not Included) $ 248 $ 372 $ 495 $ 991 $ 1,362 $ 1,982 $ 2,229 $ 4,257 $ 5,573 Annual O& M Summary Total Annual O& M Cost $ 7,789 $ 8,800 $ 9,872 $ 14,051 $ 30,613 $ 37,777 $ 43,061 $ 70,281 $ 111,819 Acid, Anti Scalant, Caustic Chemicals $ 50 $ 79 $ 139 $ 365 $ 788 $ 1,226 $ 1,606 $ 3,358 $ 3,832 Clean in Place Chemicals $ 50 $ 50 $ 50 $ 91 $ 197 $ 307 $ 401 $ 839 $ 1,277 NF Membrane Replacement $ 793 $ 1,189 $ 1,585 $ 3,170 $ 4,359 $ 6,341 $ 7,133 $ 13,623 $ 17,834 Cartridge Filter Replacement $ 30 $ 30 $ 30 $ 30 $ 39 $ 61 $ 80 $ 168 $ 2,555 Repair, Maintenance and Replacement $ 100 $ 100 $ 100 $ 100 $ 197 $ 307 $ 401 $ 839 $ 1,277 Process Monitoring ( HPCs) $ 1,350 $ 1,350 $ 1,350 $ 1,350 $ 1,350 $ 1,350 $ 1,350 $ 1,350 $ 1,350 Power $ 75 $ 270 $ 474 $ 1,248 $ 2,696 $ 4,194 $ 5,493 $ 11,484 $ 17,476 Labor $ 5,192 $ 5,192 $ 5,192 $ 5,192 $ 15,575 $ 15,575 $ 15,575 $ 15,575 $ 31,150 Surcharge for Brine Discharge ( Sewer/ Storm Drain/ Brine Interceptor) $ 150 $ 541 $ 952 $ 2,505 $ 5,410 $ 8,416 $ 11,021 $ 23,044 $ 35,067 Exhibit 4.54: Nanofiltration Cost Summary Note: Assume temperature = 10 ° C, discharge to sewer Source: Section 4.5.2 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 112 Design Flow, mgd 1.2 2 3.5 7 17 22 76 210 430 520 Average Flow, mgd 0.41 0.77 1.4 3 7.8 11 38 120 270 350 Unit Capital Cost Summary Total Unit Capital Cost $ 1,051,390 $ 1,954,756 $ 3,286,990 $ 6,499,205 $ 14,869,801 $ 19,105,695 $ 55,387,959 $ 124,824,207 $ 255,424,078 $ 306,978,901 Indirect Capital Costs $ 152,744 $ 214,204 $ 325,495 $ 587,703 $ 1,094,442 $ 1,393,455 $ 4,189,174 $ 10,408,628 $ 20,702,259 $ 24,903,975 Piloting $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 $ 60,000 Permitting $ 16,143 $ 26,108 $ 44,422 $ 88,673 $ 206,630 $ 265,684 $ 500,000 $ 500,000 $ 500,000 $ 500,000 Land $ 8,986 $ 17,406 $ 29,615 $ 59,115 $ 68,877 $ 88,561 $ 255,994 $ 572,078 $ 1,173,609 $ 1,410,375 Operator Training $ 3,000 $ 3,000 $ 3,000 $ 3,000 $ 10,000 $ 10,000 $ 25,000 $ 25,000 $ 25,000 $ 25,000 Housing $ 64,614 $ 107,690 $ 188,458 $ 376,915 $ 748,935 $ 969,210 $ 3,348,180 $ 9,251,550 $ 18,943,650 $ 22,908,600 Capital Cost After Multiplier $ 898,646 $ 1,740,553 $ 2,961,495 $ 5,911,502 $ 13,775,358 $ 17,712,241 $ 51,198,785 $ 114,415,579 $ 234,721,819 $ 282,074,926 Subtotal Process Cost $ 538,111 $ 870,276 $ 1,480,748 $ 2,955,751 $ 6,887,679 $ 8,856,120 $ 25,599,393 $ 57,207,790 $ 117,360,910 $ 141,037,463 Subtotal NF Equipment Cost $ 535,011 $ 866,916 $ 1,486,142 $ 2,972,284 $ 6,935,330 $ 8,916,853 $ 25,759,798 $ 57,464,166 $ 117,900,616 $ 141,678,891 Pipes and Valves $ 53,501 $ 86,692 $ 148,614 $ 297,228 $ 693,533 $ 891,685 $ 2,575,980 $ 5,746,417 $ 11,790,062 $ 14,167,889 Instrumentation and Controls $ 107,002 $ 173,383 $ 297,228 $ 594,457 $ 1,387,066 $ 1,783,371 $ 5,151,960 $ 11,492,833 $ 23,580,123 $ 28,335,778 Cartridge Prefiltration $ 42,801 $ 69,353 $ 118,891 $ 237,783 $ 554,826 $ 713,348 $ 2,060,784 $ 4,597,133 $ 9,432,049 $ 11,334,311 Acid and Anti Scalent Feed Systems $ 16,050 $ 26,007 $ 44,584 $ 89,169 $ 208,060 $ 267,506 $ 772,794 $ 1,723,925 $ 3,537,018 $ 4,250,367 System Feed Pumps $ 66,876 $ 108,365 $ 185,768 $ 371,536 $ 866,916 $ 1,114,607 $ 3,219,975 $ 7,183,021 $ 14,737,577 $ 17,709,861 Nanofilter Membrane Elements $ 107,002 $ 173,383 $ 297,228 $ 594,457 $ 1,387,066 $ 1,783,371 $ 5,151,960 $ 11,492,833 $ 23,580,123 $ 28,335,778 Membrane Skid with Filter Housing $ 107,002 $ 173,383 $ 297,228 $ 594,457 $ 1,387,066 $ 1,783,371 $ 5,151,960 $ 11,492,833 $ 23,580,123 $ 28,335,778 Clean In Place ( CIP) System $ 26,751 $ 43,346 $ 74,307 $ 148,614 $ 346,767 $ 445,843 $ 1,287,990 $ 2,873,208 $ 5,895,031 $ 7,083,945 Online Conductivity/ pH and Turbidity Meters $ 4,954 $ 9,908 $ 9,908 $ 19,815 $ 44,584 $ 59,446 $ 193,198 $ 525,104 $ 1,070,022 $ 1,292,944 500 ft Brine Pipeline Cost $ 6,171 $ 6,456 $ 6,990 $ 8,236 $ 11,795 $ 13,574 $ 32,793 $ 80,483 $ 158,780 $ 190,811 Brine Discharge Pump ( Not Included) $ 6,688 $ 10,836 $ 18,577 $ 37,154 $ 86,692 $ 111,461 $ 321,997 $ 718,302 $ 1,473,758 $ 1,770,986 Annual O& M Summary Total Annual O& M Cost $ 125,926 $ 203,795 $ 339,238 $ 703,226 $ 1,763,644 $ 2,409,108 $ 7,862,441 $ 23,730,069 $ 52,646,948 $ 67,712,655 Acid, Anti Scalant, Caustic Chemicals $ 4,489 $ 8,431 $ 15,329 $ 32,848 $ 85,405 $ 120,442 $ 416,073 $ 1,313,916 $ 2,956,311 $ 3,832,255 Clean in Place Chemicals $ 1,496 $ 2,810 $ 5,110 $ 10,949 $ 28,468 $ 40,147 $ 138,691 $ 437,972 $ 985,437 $ 1,277,418 NF Membrane Replacement $ 21,400 $ 34,677 $ 59,446 $ 118,891 $ 277,413 $ 356,674 $ 1,030,392 $ 2,298,567 $ 4,716,025 $ 5,667,156 Cartridge Filter Replacement $ 2,993 $ 5,621 $ 10,219 $ 21,899 $ 56,936 $ 80,295 $ 277,382 $ 875,944 $ 1,970,874 $ 2,554,836 Repair, Maintenance and Replacement $ 1,496 $ 2,810 $ 5,110 $ 10,949 $ 28,468 $ 40,147 $ 138,691 $ 437,972 $ 985,437 $ 1,277,418 Process Monitoring ( HPCs) $ 1,350 $ 2,700 $ 2,700 $ 5,400 $ 12,149 $ 16,199 $ 52,647 $ 143,092 $ 291,583 $ 352,329 Power $ 20,472 $ 38,448 $ 69,905 $ 149,796 $ 389,470 $ 549,252 $ 1,897,416 $ 5,991,840 $ 13,481,640 $ 17,476,200 Labor $ 31,150 $ 31,150 $ 31,150 $ 51,917 $ 103,834 $ 103,834 $ 103,834 $ 207,667 $ 207,667 $ 207,667 Surcharge for Brine Discharge ( Sewer/ Storm Drain/ Brine Interceptor) $ 41,079 $ 77,148 $ 140,270 $ 300,578 $ 781,502 $ 1,102,118 $ 3,807,315 $ 12,023,100 $ 27,051,975 $ 35,067,375 Exhibit 4.54 ( continued): Nanofiltration Cost Summary Note: Assume temperature = 10 ° C, discharge to sewer Source: Section 4.5.1 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 113 4.6 Annualized Costs To compare technologies' cost to one another, it is helpful to annualize the capital costs and add them to the O& M costs to obtain an average annual expenditure for each technology. The annualization is done according to the methodology described in section 4.3. Expressing the annualized costs in cents per thousand gallons allows costs to be expressed in similar units for all size plants so economies of scale and other factors can be seen. Exhibit 4.55 shows the annualized cost for each of the technologies discussed above for all size ranges. Costs are annualized using a three percent discount rate over a twenty year period, which is the assumed lifetime of the equipment. Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 114 Design Flow 0.007 0.022 0.037 0.091 0.18 0.27 0.36 0.68 1 Average Flow 0.0015 0.0054 0.0095 0.025 0.054 0.084 0.11 0.23 0.35 Bag Filters 222.4 62.4 46.5 18.1 11.7 9.1 9.0 6.5 6.6 Cartridge Filters ( filter loading 30 pgm/ filter) 260.8 73.0 58.6 29.0 22.6 21.9 21.3 17.6 17.1 Convert to Chloramines ( NH4 dose = 0.55mg/ l) 628.7 174.8 99.5 38.0 18.3 17.9 13.9 6.9 6.2 Convert to Chloramines ( NH4 dose = 0.15mg/ l) 628.5 174.6 99.3 37.8 18.0 17.7 13.7 6.8 6.1 GAC ( EBCT = 10, 360 day regeneration) 474.2 285.2 194.6 146.1 130.3 89.7 84.4 GAC ( EBCT = 20, 90 day regeneration) 2,113.4 1,099.2 871.1 621.2 325.8 273.4 255.6 204.3 196.2 GAC ( EBCT = 20, 240 day regeneration) 1,647.8 743.2 556.7 368.8 262.0 211.7 195.1 146.3 139.5 Nanofiltration ( 100% flow treated, 10C) 2,128.9 699.3 460.6 269.9 231.0 191.5 166.0 135.4 134.3 Chlorine Dioxide ( ClO2 dose = 1.25 mg/ l, no additional contact time) 186.4 94.2 63.3 49.2 24.7 16.7 Ozone ( 0.5 log dose, 12 minute contact time) 845.5 400.7 276.4 214.6 115.6 80.9 Ozone ( 1.0 log dose, 12 minute contact time) 846.8 423.1 277.2 231.2 120.0 91.6 Ozone ( 2.0 log dose, 12 minute contact time) 894.8 424.2 298.8 240.0 139.6 99.2 UV ( dose = 40 mJ/ cm2, UV254 = 0.05, turbidity = 0.1 NTU, Alk = 60 mg/ l, Hardness = 100 mg/ l) 742.7 217.1 139.8 68.4 37.5 31.4 26.9 17.4 18.8 UV ( dose = 200 mJ/ cm2, UV254 = 0.05, turbidity = 0.1 NTU, Alk = 60 mg/ l, Hardness = 100 mg/ l) 972.4 290.8 189.6 97.0 59.4 48.9 42.4 29.1 32.6 UV with UPS ( dose = 40 mJ/ cm2, UV254 = 0.05, turbidity = 0.1 NTU, Alk = 60 mg/ l, Hardness = 100 mg/ l) 754.5 220.3 142.5 70.1 38.9 33.0 28.5 19.1 20.5 UV with UPS ( dose = 200 mJ/ cm2, UV254 = 0.05, turbidity = 0.1 NTU, Alk = 60 mg/ l, Hardness = 100 mg/ l) 1,252.4 427.3 289.0 145.0 80.6 70.3 67.4 42.1 49.1 Microfiltration/ Ultrafiltration ( T = 10C, sewer discharge) 2,860.9 1,088.6 737.1 397.4 324.6 244.4 210.4 136.9 135.1 Ozone w/ pH adj ( 0.5 log dose, 12 minute contact time) 873.1 426.3 297.1 233.3 130.6 94.8 Ozone w/ pH adj ( 1.0 log dose, 12 minute contact time) 874.4 448.7 297.9 249.8 135.0 105.5 Ozone w/ pH adj ( 2.0 log dose, 12 minute contact time) 922.4 449.8 319.5 258.6 154.7 113.1 Combined Filter Performance 61.8 41.5 In Bank Filtration Secondary Filters Watershed Control Presedimentation Basins Data Not Used Data Not Used Data Not Used Exhibit 4.55: Annualized Cost Summary Source: Derived from sections 4.4 and 4.5 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 4 115 Design Flow 1.2 2 3.5 7 17 22 76 210 430 520 Average Flow 0.41 0.77 1.4 3 7.8 11 38 120 270 350 Bag Filters 6.6 6.2 Cartridge Filters ( filter loading 30 pgm/ filter) 18.2 16.4 Convert to Chloramines ( NH4 dose = 0.55mg/ l) 7.7 4.3 2.6 1.4 0.8 0.7 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 Convert to Chloramines ( NH4 dose = 0.15mg/ l) 7.5 4.1 2.4 1.3 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 GAC ( EBCT = 10, 360 day regeneration) 77.9 53.7 40.7 30.0 21.8 18.8 13.6 10.0 8.4 7.9 GAC ( EBCT = 20, 90 day regeneration) 185.6 121.5 87.5 61.8 46.4 41.5 32.2 25.1 21.5 20.3 GAC ( EBCT = 20, 240 day regeneration) 123.1 83.6 62.6 45.9 34.2 30.1 23.0 17.7 14.9 13.8 Nanofiltration ( 100% flow treated, 10C) 131.4 119.3 109.6 104.1 97.1 92.0 83.5 73.3 70.8 69.2 Chlorine Dioxide ( ClO2 dose = 1.25 mg/ l, no additional contact time) 16.3 9.6 6.6 3.5 1.8 1.5 0.9 0.6 0.5 0.5 Ozone ( 0.5 log dose, 12 minute contact time) 73.7 49.1 32.3 20.3 12.9 10.6 8.3 6.2 5.0 4.8 Ozone ( 1.0 log dose, 12 minute contact time) 85.9 52.2 35.4 24.4 14.2 12.2 9.9 7.3 6.4 6.0 Ozone ( 2.0 log dose, 12 minute contact time) 91.3 56.4 38.3 32.2 21.2 18.6 15.7 12.2 10.9 10.2 UV ( dose = 40 mJ/ cm2, UV254 = 0.05, turbidity = 0.1 NTU, Alk = 60 mg/ l, Hardness = 100 mg/ l) 16.8 11.4 8.1 5.5 3.9 3.4 2.7 2.3 2.1 2.0 UV ( dose = 200 mJ/ cm2, UV254 = 0.05, turbidity = 0.1 NTU, Alk = 60 mg/ l, Hardness = 100 mg/ l) 30.3 22.1 16.9 13.5 11.5 10.3 9.0 8.0 7.4 7.1 UV with UPS ( dose = 40 mJ/ cm2, UV254 = 0.05, turbidity = 0.1 NTU, Alk = 60 mg/ l, Hardness = 100 mg/ l) 18.5 13.3 9.3 6.4 4.6 3.9 3.1 2.5 2.3 2.2 UV with UPS ( dose = 200 mJ/ cm2, UV254 = 0.05, turbidity = 0.1 NTU, Alk = 60 mg/ l, Hardness = 100 mg/ l) 50.5 35.2 33.4 23.4 23.5 39.2 27.4 18.0 8.3 9.2 Microfiltration/ Ultrafiltration ( T = 10C, sewer discharge) 125.6 100.4 84.2 73.0 63.7 57.9 52.2 45.1 41.0 38.9 Ozone w/ pH adj ( 0.5 log dose, 12 minute contact time) 87.3 61.7 44.5 32.1 24.5 22.2 19.9 17.6 16.4 16.1 Ozone w/ pH adj ( 1.0 log dose, 12 minute contact time) 99.5 64.9 47.7 36.3 25.9 23.8 21.5 18.8 17.8 17.4 Ozone w/ pH adj ( 2.0 log dose, 12 minute contact time) 105.0 69.1 50.5 44.1 32.9 30.2 27.3 23.7 22.3 21.6 Combined Filter Performance 14.9 6.9 6.2 2.7 0.0 In Bank Filtration 4.6 4.6 4.6 Secondary Filters 62.4 22.0 8.9 Watershed Control 115.3 43.6 12.8 Presedimentation Basins 49.6 15.5 11.3 Data Not Used Exhibit 4.55 ( continued): Annualized Cost Summary Source: Derived from sections 4.4 and 4.5 Technologies and Costs for Control of Microbial Contaminants and Disinfection Byproducts June 2003 5 1 5. 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