Table 59.   Private elementary and secondary enrollment, teachers, and schools, by selected characteristics: Fall 1999 Selected school characteristics Kindergarten to 12th grade enrollment Teachers Schools Total Catholic Other religious Nonsectarian Total Catholic Other religious Nonsectarian Total Catholic Other religious Nonsectarian 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total ...................... 5,162,684 2,511,040 1,843,580 808,063 395,317 149,600 152,915 92,801 27,223 8,102 13,232 5,889 Standard error ...... 25,410 4,787 24,799 5,428 2,881 210 2,759 722 239 24 228 68 Level of school Elementary ............. 2,831,372 1,814,676 750,026 266,669 187,833 100,565 58,386 28,882 16,530 6,707 6,843 2,981 Secondary .............. 806,639 607,682 112,132 86,825 62,737 41,301 10,586 10,849 2,538 1,114 718 707 Combined .............. 1,524,673 88,682 981,422 454,569 144,746 7,734 83,943 53,070 8,155 282 5,672 2,201 School enrollment Less than 50 .......... 196,309 5,497 128,007 62,806 26,329 769 15,898 9,662 7,565 172 5,031 2,362 50 to 149 ............... 716,129 149,542 385,184 181,403 71,676 12,543 36,431 22,702 7,738 1,408 4,280 2,050 150 to 299 ............. 1,424,018 767,888 496,825 159,306 102,457 45,928 38,371 18,157 6,571 3,450 2,364 757 300 to 499 ............. 1,228,631 720,044 357,479 151,109 84,086 41,439 26,627 16,020 3,219 1,876 946 397 500 to 749 ............. 805,490 477,806 215,910 111,774 54,078 26,057 15,964 12,057 1,352 805 360 187 750 or more ........... 792,106 390,264 260,177 141,666 56,691 22,864 19,624 14,203 778 391 250 136 Percent minority students None ...................... 291,838 61,442 212,771 17,624 25,578 4,053 19,613 1,912 4,012 415 3,228 368 1 to 9 percent ........ 2,282,659 1,216,054 806,530 260,075 164,869 72,015 64,951 27,903 9,219 3,737 4,149 1,332 10 to 29 percent .... 1,360,769 589,224 433,044 338,502 115,605 37,070 37,304 41,231 6,435 1,733 2,702 1,999 30 to 49 percent .... 414,323 190,783 139,742 83,798 32,424 11,471 10,994 9,959 2,455 604 1,007 844 50 percent or more 813,095 453,537 251,494 108,064 56,841 24,991 20,053 11,797 5,103 1,613 2,145 1,345 Community type Central city ............. 2,540,516 1,293,629 870,219 376,668 189,984 76,118 71,244 42,622 10,825 3,737 4,550 2,538 Urban fringe/ large town .................... 2,051,094 1,022,949 714,090 314,056 155,436 59,815 58,053 37,568 10,359 3,142 4,725 2,492 Rural/ small town .... 571,074 194,463 259,272 117,340 49,897 13,667 23,619 12,611 6,040 1,223 3,958 859 NOTE: Includes only schools that offer the first grade or a higher grade. Excludes prekindergarten students. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Private School Universe Survey, 1999   2000.'' ( This table was prepared September 2001.) 72 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: PRIVATE SCHOOLS Table 60.   Private elementary and secondary staff and student/ staff ratios, by level and orientation of school: 1993   94 Orientation and type of staff Full time equivalent staff Students per full time equivalent staff member Total Elementary 1 Secondary 2 Combined 3 Total Elementary 1 Secondary 2 Combined 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total ................................. 534,636 240,894 104,213 189,529 9.3 11.6 7.8 7.2 Principals .............................. 23,589 13,180 2,459 7,950 210.7 212.7 329.8 170.6 Assistant principals .............. 8,361 3,094 2,113 3,154 594.5 906.1 383.9 430.0 Other managers ................... 7,801 1,510 3,483 2,808 637.2 1,856.5 232.9 483.0 Instruction coordinators ........ 6,063 1,837 1,293 2,933 819.8 1,526.1 627.3 462.4 Teachers .............................. 330,838 155,220 60,644 114,974 15.0 18.1 13.4 11.8 Teacher aides ...................... 33,905 16,516 2,566 14,823 146.6 169.7 316.1 91.5 Guidance counselors ........... 8,640 1,713 3,758 3,169 575.3 1,636.5 215.8 428.0 Librarians/ media specialists 8,946 4,320 1,950 2,676 555.6 648.9 415.9 506.8 Library/ media center aides .. 3,768 1,942 588 1,238 1,319.2 1,443.5 1,379.4 1,095.5 Student support staff 4 ......... 11,003 2,207 2,684 6,112 451.8 1,270.2 302.2 221.9 Secretaries/ clerical staff ....... 37,634 15,170 9,061 13,403 132.1 184.8 89.5 101.2 Other employees 5 ............... 54,092 24,187 13,615 16,290 91.9 115.9 59.6 83.3 Catholic Total ................................ 206,094 135,831 59,239 11,024 12.2 13.6 10.0 6.9 Principals .............................. 8,186 6,702 1,177 307 307.4 275.8 503.0 247.1 Assistant principals .............. 2,854 1,210 1,475 169 881.6 1,527.5 401.4 448.9 Other managers ................... 3,139 717 2,168 254 801.6 2,577.8 273.1 298.7 Instruction coordinators ........ 1,138 619 477 42 2,211.0 2,985.9 1,241.1 1,806.2 Teachers .............................. 132,240 88,524 37,132 6,584 19.0 20.9 15.9 11.5 Teacher aides ...................... 9,078 8,144 176 758 277.2 226.9 3,363.7 100.1 Guidance counselors ........... 3,843 1,144 2,341 358 654.7 1,615.6 252.9 211.9 Librarians/ media specialists 4,291 2,836 1,230 225 586.4 651.7 481.3 337.2 Library/ media center aides .. 1,969 1,489 363 117 1,277.9 1,241.3 1,630.9 648.4 Student support staff 4 ......... 2,287 1,418 568 301 1,100.2 1,303.4 1,042.3 252.0 Secretaries/ clerical staff ....... 13,731 8,139 4,841 751 183.2 227.1 122.3 101.0 Other employees 5 ............... 23,338 14,889 7,291 1,158 107.8 124.1 81.2 65.5 Other religious orientation Total ................................ 184,521 72,798 16,970 94,753 9.1 9.9 7.3 8.9 Principals .............................. 9,917 4,535 573 4,809 170.0 158.4 217.2 175.4 Assistant principals .............. 3,184 1,102 278 1,804 529.5 651.7 447.7 467.5 Other managers ................... 1,932 584 340 1,008 872.7 1,229.7 366.0 836.8 Instruction coordinators ........ 2,298 775 153 1,370 733.7 926.7 813.4 615.7 Teachers .............................. 120,253 46,973 10,366 62,914 14.0 15.3 12.0 13.4 Teacher aides ...................... 10,021 4,827 171 5,023 168.3 148.8 727.8 167.9 Guidance counselors ........... 2,001 473 403 1,125 842.6 1,518.3 308.8 749.7 Librarians/ media specialists 2,596 977 349 1,270 649.5 735.1 356.6 664.1 Library/ media center aides .. 990 330 112 548 1,703.1 2,176.3 1,111.1 1,539.1 Student support staff 4 ......... 1,318 489 231 598 1,279.3 1,468.7 538.7 1,410.4 Secretaries/ clerical staff ....... 13,551 5,033 1,637 6,881 124.4 142.7 76.0 122.6 Other employees 5 ............... 16,460 6,700 2,357 7,403 102.4 107.2 52.8 113.9 Non sectarian Total ................................ 144,025 32,267 28,005 83,753 5.3 7.3 3.4 5.2 Principals .............................. 5,486 1,943 709 2,834 140.1 121.9 133.5 154.2 Assistant principals .............. 2,323 782 360 1,181 330.8 303.0 262.9 369.9 Other managers ................... 2,730 209 975 1,546 281.5 1,133.6 97.1 282.6 Instruction coordinators ........ 2,627 443 663 1,521 292.5 534.8 142.7 287.2 Teachers .............................. 78,345 19,723 13,146 45,476 9.8 12.0 7.2 9.6 Teacher aides ...................... 14,806 3,545 2,219 9,042 51.9 66.8 42.6 48.3 Guidance counselors ........... 2,796 96 1,014 1,686 274.8 2,468.0 93.3 259.1 Librarians/ media specialists 2,059 507 371 1,181 373.2 467.3 255.1 369.9 Library/ media center aides .. 809 123 113 573 949.9 1,926.3 837.4 762.5 Student support staff 4 ......... 7,398 300 1,885 5,213 103.9 789.8 50.2 83.8 Secretaries/ clerical staff ....... 10,352 1,998 2,583 5,771 74.2 118.6 36.6 75.7 Other employees 5 ............... 14,294 2,598 3,967 7,729 53.8 91.2 23.9 56.5 1 Includes schools beginning with grade 6 or below and with no grade higher than 8. 2 Schools have no grade lower than 7. 3 Schools have grades lower than 7 and higher than 8. 4 Includes student support services professional staff, such as school psychologists, social workers, occupational therapists, speech therapists, and nurses. 5 Includes cafeteria workers and maintenance staff. NOTE: Data are based upon a sample survey and may not be strictly comparable with data reported elsewhere. Includes only schools that offer first grade or above.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94.'' ( This table was prepared August 1995, new data forthcoming in 2002.) 73 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: PRIVATE SCHOOLS Table 61.   Private elementary and secondary enrollment and schools, by amount of tuition, level, and orientation of school: 1993   94 Orientation and tuition Kindergarten through 12th grade enrollment 1 Schools Average tuition paid by students 2 Total Elementary Secondary Combined Total Elementary Secondary Combined Total Elementary Secondary Combined 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total ........................................................ 4,970,646 2,803,359 811,087 1,356,199 26,093 15,538 2,551 8,004 $ 3,116 $ 2,138 $ 4,578 $ 4,266 Catholic ....................................................... 2,516,130 1,848,257 592,011 75,862 8,351 6,924 1,161 266 2,178 1,628 3,643 4,153 Less than $ 1,000 ................................... 393,901 378,724 ( 3) ( 3) 1,786 1,706 ( 3) ( 3)         $ 1,000 to $ 2,499 .................................... 1,368,046 1,274,601 81,955 ( 3) 4,834 4,542 235 ( 3)         $ 2,500 to $ 4,999 .................................... 675,708 188,123 452,901 ( 3) 1,533 642 782 ( 3)         $ 5,000 or more ...................................... 71,929 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3)         Other religious ............................................ 1,686,064 718,170 124,447 843,448 12,180 6,328 612 5,240 2,915 2,606 5,261 2,831 Less than $ 1,000 ................................... 113,382 66,259 ( 3) 45,878 2,435 1,386 ( 3) 1,044         $ 1,000 to $ 2,499 .................................... 839,447 387,917 ( 3) 435,788 6,759 3,645 ( 3) 3,012         $ 2,500 to $ 4,999 .................................... 513,773 187,164 62,993 263,615 2,198 970 316 913         $ 5,000 or more ...................................... 203,014 68,255 38,655 96,104 738 303 172 263         Non sectarian .............................................. 768,451 236,932 94,629 436,890 5,563 2,287 778 2,498 6,631 4,693 9,525 7,056 Less than $ 1,000 ................................... 49,128 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 912 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3)         $ 1,000 to $ 2,499 .................................... 121,869 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) 666 ( 3) ( 3) ( 3)         $ 2,500 to $ 4,999 .................................... 200,857 119,326 ( 3) 74,395 1,810 1,301 ( 3) 465         $ 5,000 or more ...................................... 396,244 82,596 74,283 239,364 2,166 456 408 1,302           Not available. 1 Only includes kindergarten students who attend schools that offer first grade or above. 2 Tuition weighted by the number of students enrolled in schools. 3 Too few sample cases ( fewer than 30 schools) for reliable estimates.

NOTE: Data are based upon a sample survey and may not be strictly comparable with data reported elsewhere. Elementary schools have grade 6 or lower and no grade higher than 8. Secondary schools have no grade lower than 7. Combined schools have grades lower than 7 and higher than 8. Excludes prekindergarten students. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding and missing values in cells with too few sample sizes.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94.'' ( This table was prepared August 1995, new data forthcoming in 2002.)

Table 62.   Summary statistics on Catholic elementary and secondary schools, by level: 1919   20 to 2000   01 School year Number of schools Enrollment Instructional staff Total Elementary Secondary Total Elementary Secondary Total Elementary Secondary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1919   20 ......... 8,103 6,551 1,552 1,925,521 1,795,673 129,848 1 49,516 1 41,592 1 7,924 1929   30 ......... 10,046 7,923 2,123 2,464,467 2,222,598 241,869 1 72,552 1 58,245 1 14,307 1939   40 ......... 10,049 7,944 2,105 2,396,305 2,035,182 361,123 1 81,057 1 60,081 1 20,976 1949   50 ......... 10,778 8,589 2,189 3,066,387 2,560,815 505,572 1 94,295 1 66,525 1 27,770 Fall 1960 ........ 12,893 10,501 2,392 5,253,791 4,373,422 880,369 1 151,902 1 108,169 1 43,733 1969   70 ......... 11,771 9,695 2,076 4,658,098 3,607,168 1,050,930 2 195,400 2 133,200 2 62,200 1970   71 ......... 11,350 9,370 1,980 4,363,566 3,355,478 1,008,088 166,208 112,750 53,458 1974   75 ......... 10,127 8,437 1,690 3,504,000 2,602,000 902,000 150,179 100,011 50,168 1975   76 ......... 9,993 8,340 1,653 3,415,000 2,525,000 890,000 149,276 99,319 49,957 1979   80 ......... 9,640 8,100 1,540 3,139,000 2,293,000 846,000 147,294 97,724 49,570 1980   81 ......... 9,559 8,043 1,516 3,106,000 2,269,000 837,000 145,777 96,739 49,038 1981   82 ......... 9,494 7,996 1,498 3,094,000 2,266,000 828,000 146,172 96,847 49,325 1982   83 ......... 9,432 7,950 1,482 3,007,189 2,211,412 795,777 146,460 97,337 49,123 1983   84 ......... 9,401 7,937 1,464 2,969,000 2,179,000 790,000 146,913 98,591 48,322 1984   85 ......... 9,325 7,876 1,449 2,903,000 2,119,000 784,000 149,888 99,820 50,068 1985   86 ......... 9,220 7,790 1,430 2,821,000 2,061,000 760,000 146,594 96,741 49,853 1986   87 ......... 9,102 7,693 1,409 2,726,000 1,998,000 728,000 141,930 93,554 48,376 1987   88 ......... 8,992 7,601 1,391 2,623,031 1,942,148 680,883 139,887 93,199 46,688 1988   89 ......... 8,867 7,505 1,362 2,551,119 1,911,911 639,208 137,700 93,154 44,546 1989   90 ......... 8,719 7,395 1,324 2,499,000 1,894,000 606,000 136,900 94,197 42,703 1990   91 ......... 8,587 7,291 1,296 2,475,439 1,883,906 591,533 131,198 91,039 40,159 1991   92 ......... 8,508 7,239 1,269 2,442,924 1,856,302 586,622 153,334 109,084 44,250 1992   93 ......... 8,423 7,174 1,249 2,444,842 1,860,937 583,905 154,816 109,825 44,991 1993   94 ......... 8,345 7,114 1,231 2,444,609 1,859,947 584,662 157,201 112,199 45,002 1994   95 ......... 8,293 7,055 1,238 2,475,207 1,877,782 597,425 3 164,219 3 117,620 3 46,599 1995   96 ......... 8,250 7,022 1,228 2,491,111 1,884,461 606,650 3 166,759 3 118,753 3 48,006 1996   97 ......... 8,231 7,005 1,226 2,497,198 1,885,037 612,161 3 153,276 3 107,548 3 45,728 1997   98 ......... 8,223 7,004 1,219 2,497,894 1,879,737 618,157 3 152,259 3 105,717 3 46,542 1998   99 ......... 8,217 6,990 1,227 2,496,488 1,876,211 620,277 3 153,081 3 105,943 3 47,138 1999   2000 ..... 8,144 6,923 1,221 2,500,416 1,877,236 623,180 3 157,134 3 109,404 3 47,730 2000   01 ......... 8,146 6,920 1,226 2,647,301 2,004,037 643,264 3 160,731 3 111,937 3 48,794 1 Includes part time teachers.

2 Includes estimates for the nonreporting schools.

3 Full time equivalent.

NOTE: Data reported by the National Catholic Educational Association and data reported by the National Center for Education Statistics are not directly comparable because survey procedures and definitions differ. Excludes prekindergarten enrollment. SOURCE: National Catholic Educational Association, A Statistical Report on Catholic Elementary and Secondary Schools for the Years 1967   68 to 1969   70, as compiled from the Official Catholic Directory ( Copyright   1970 by the National Catholic Educational Association); Catholic Schools in America ( 1978 edition, Copyright   1978 by the Franklin Press); and United States Catholic Elementary and Secondary Schools, 1989   90, 1990   91, 1991   92, 1992   93, 1993   94, 1994   95, 1995   96, 1996   97, 1997   98, 1998   99, 1999   2000, and 2000   01 ( Copyright   1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001 by the National Catholic Educational Association All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 74 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: PRIVATE SCHOOLS Table 63.   Private elementary and secondary schools, enrollment, teachers, and high school graduates, by state: 1991 to 1999 State Number of schools Enrollment 1 Teachers High school graduates 1999 2 Standard error Fall 1991 Fall 1993 Fall 1997 Fall 1999 Fall 1999 Standard error 1998   99 Standard error Enrollment Standard error Enrollment Standard error Enrollment Standard error Enrollment Standard error 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 United States 3 ... 27,223 238.6 4,889,545 26,471 4,836,442 12,875 5,076,118 15,549 5,162,684 25,410 395,317 2,881 273,025 2,054 Alabama ......... 374 21.6 69,441 8,390 72,630 4,724 72,486 682 73,352 2,527 5,934 170 4,324 194 Alaska ............ 69 1.6 5,520 543 5,884 0 6,253 220 6,172 63 572 51 245 8 Arizona ........... 276 4.4 39,460 ( 4) 41,957 0 44,991 652 44,060 428 3,319 63 2,399 39 Arkansas ........ 192 14.0 22,792 ( 4) 29,011 3,995 26,645 290 26,424 1,233 2,075 90 1,320 86 California ........ 3,318 27.8 613,068 16,643 569,062 1,987 609,506 3,730 619,067 1,533 43,159 503 28,097 253 Colorado ........ 339 5.5 57,352 11,374 53,732 7,798 52,563 1,109 52,142 397 4,353 115 2,470 79 Connecticut .... 348 5.7 67,374 ( 4) 70,198 1,875 69,293 494 70,058 224 6,879 87 5,141 142 Delaware ........ 96 2.7 22,803 ( 4) 22,308 0 24,193 911 22,779 303 1,784 28 1,151 18 District of Columbia .... 89 4.4 17,776 322 15,854 0 16,671 155 16,690 701 1,898 31 1,231 83 Florida ............ 1,545 79.1 205,600 2,988 233,743 3,789 273,628 2,359 290,872 8,152 22,929 776 12,866 279 Georgia .......... 592 31.4 96,683 4,078 97,726 3,586 107,065 1,477 116,407 4,157 10,677 591 6,819 317 Hawaii ............ 130 1.5 36,306 ( 4) 30,537 0 33,300 350 32,193 169 2,475 23 2,533 31 Idaho .............. 94 2.0 6,644 ( 4) 8,019 0 9,635 203 10,209 96 790 29 459 8 Illinois ............. 1,354 11.8 301,374 1,158 293,038 794 298,620 1,101 299,871 1,365 19,589 142 16,652 122 Indiana ........... 677 13.9 99,450 7,004 91,986 0 105,358 1,836 105,533 1,461 7,362 198 4,597 133 Iowa ............... 265 4.8 51,431 ( 4) 50,602 211 50,138 520 49,565 446 3,545 46 2,693 69 Kansas ........... 237 16.7 35,077 ( 4) 37,045 0 40,573 363 43,113 1,731 3,166 158 2,071 64 Kentucky ........ 368 17.0 65,990 ( 4) 58,058 0 70,731 413 75,084 1,927 5,478 193 3,997 191 Louisiana ........ 434 12.8 139,248 ( 4) 145,512 4,036 141,633 696 138,135 1,982 9,206 113 8,716 296 Maine ............. 139 4.6 14,854 ( 4) 16,999 0 17,187 292 18,287 133 1,760 51 2,050 43 Maryland ........ 701 36.9 113,774 ( 4) 112,481 0 129,898 937 144,131 4,700 12,152 288 7,596 329 Massachusetts 694 13.1 125,006 3,419 126,744 1,362 127,165 1,163 132,154 506 12,497 149 9,632 192 Michigan ......... 1,012 13.9 187,095 710 187,741 0 187,740 1,538 179,579 1,554 11,771 179 9,114 167 Minnesota ...... 530 8.7 93,404 2,401 86,051 0 90,400 918 92,795 1,047 6,467 129 4,010 114 Mississippi ...... 207 9.1 58,757 1,377 58,655 1,564 54,529 457 51,369 1,357 3,884 106 3,649 159 Missouri .......... 576 7.2 116,440 1,884 117,466 616 119,534 964 122,387 1,076 9,105 114 6,851 170 Montana ......... 90 2.0 9,644 ( 4) 9,111 0 8,341 220 8,711 88 740 37 395 23 Nebraska ........ 237 4.2 39,673 ( 4) 39,564 0 40,943 320 42,141 415 2,963 67 2,303 74 Nevada ........... 80 1.3 8,482 ( 4) 10,723 0 12,847 241 13,926 81 973 24 639 6 New Hampshire ............ 171 5.7 18,712 1,330 18,386 0 21,143 297 23,383 193 2,208 72 1,894 46 New Jersey .... 905 14.1 209,913 8,195 195,921 0 205,126 1,535 198,631 785 15,496 198 11,072 339 New Mexico ... 182 3.5 23,236 ( 4) 20,007 0 19,251 534 23,055 195 1,992 73 1,361 46 New York ....... 1,981 22.0 498,668 7,158 473,119 4,776 467,520 1,821 475,942 1,227 37,190 404 26,314 338 North Carolina 588 37.1 63,255 5,224 69,000 1,803 88,127 1,260 96,262 3,775 8,962 422 4,256 160 North Dakota .. 55 1.3 7,518 ( 4) 7,577 0 7,332 72 7,148 97 545 12 448 20 Ohio ............... 974 11.2 269,064 13,362 246,805 3,480 251,543 1,528 254,494 1,694 16,165 134 13,394 173 Oklahoma ....... 179 11.0 34,025 9,317 25,837 3,584 27,675 345 31,276 1,049 2,727 83 1,635 49 Oregon ........... 347 12.4 30,918 1,003 34,092 0 44,290 1,364 45,352 1,287 3,473 92 2,376 75 Pennsylvania .. 1,964 51.8 359,440 6,920 342,298 4,260 343,191 4,401 339,484 2,954 24,453 848 18,002 414 Rhode Island .. 127 3.0 21,242 ( 4) 23,153 0 25,597 195 24,738 127 1,961 26 1,404 56 South Carolina 326 19.0 46,086 2,013 51,600 1,819 56,169 700 55,612 2,506 4,912 281 2,915 202 South Dakota 83 2.6 10,539 ( 4) 9,575 0 9,794 143 9,364 232 743 24 442 19 Tennessee ..... 533 39.9 82,969 2,953 84,538 2,909 84,651 746 93,680 3,519 7,921 265 6,717 162 Texas ............. 1,281 52.6 170,670 472 211,337 7,591 223,294 1,703 227,645 7,260 19,777 410 9,988 353 Utah ............... 78 1.4 9,836 ( 4) 9,793 0 12,653 201 12,614 114 1,091 29 792 42 Vermont ......... 122 4.9 8,351 ( 4) 9,107 0 10,823 196 12,170 199 1,361 65 1,273 57 Virginia ........... 582 34.2 80,887 1,872 84,438 4,584 98,307 1,071 100,171 4,171 9,389 248 5,010 178 Washington .... 494 8.8 66,556 2,798 70,205 1,858 76,956 1,462 76,885 519 5,697 144 3,262 48 West Virginia .. 151 11.8 12,908 ( 4) 13,539 0 14,640 225 15,895 974 1,486 151 883 96 Wisconsin ....... 991 16.6 142,339 220 141,762 0 143,577 1,748 139,455 1,828 10,025 241 5,525 168 Wyoming ........ 41 1.4 1,840 ( 4) 1,919 0 2,593 110 2221 45 241 28 41 5 1 Includes special education, vocational/ technical education, and alternative schools. Excludes prekindergarten enrollment. 2 The estimates for 1999 were computed using a different procedure from that used prior to 1997   98. 3 NCES employed an area frame sample to account for noninclusion of schools at the national level. However, caution should be exercised in interpreting state by state characteristics since the samples were not designed to produce such numbers. 4 Insufficient data to compute a standard error. NOTE: Standard errors for states are root mean squared errors to correct for bias in model based estimates. Tabulation includes only schools that offer first grade or above. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Private School Universe Survey, 1999   2000;'' and Indirect State Level Estimation for the Private School Survey, 1999. ( This table was prepared August 2001.) 75 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 64.   Public elementary and secondary pupil/ teacher ratios, by level, type, and enrollment size of school: Fall 1987 to fall 1999 Type, level, and enrollment size of school 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 All schools .................................................. 17.9 17.9 17.9 17.4 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.7 17.8 17.6 17.2 16.9 16.6 Under 300 ................................................ 14.6 14.8 14.6 14.0 14.1 14.1 14.3 14.1 14.1 14.0 13.7 13.6 13.3 300 to 499 ............................................... 17.6 17.7 17.6 17.0 17.1 17.0 17.3 17.2 17.1 16.9 16.5 16.2 15.8 500 to 999 ............................................... 18.5 18.4 18.5 18.0 18.1 18.1 18.2 18.1 18.2 17.9 17.5 17.1 16.8 1,000 to 1,499 ......................................... 18.5 18.3 18.5 17.9 18.2 18.6 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.5 18.1 17.7 17.6 1,500 or more .......................................... 19.4 20.1 19.4 19.2 19.6 20.0 19.7 19.9 20.0 20.0 19.7 19.3 19.3 Regular schools ....................................... 18.1 18.0 18.1 17.6 17.7 17.8 17.9 17.8 17.9 17.7 17.3 17.0 16.7 Alternative ................................................ 16.0 14.8 16.0 14.2 15.8 16.5 17.4 18.0 16.6 16.6 16.5 16.4 15.8 Special education .................................... 6.2 6.9 6.2 6.5 6.8 7.0 7.4 6.9 7.2 7.4 7.6 7.3 7.2 Vocational ................................................ 13.0   13.0 13.0 12.3 13.0 13.1 12.9 12.7 12.9 12.9 13.1 13.0 Elementary schools ................................. 18.6 18.6 18.6 18.1 18.2 18.1 18.2 18.0 18.1 17.8 17.4 17.0 16.7 Regular ................................................. 18.7 18.7 18.7 18.2 18.2 18.1 18.3 18.0 18.1 17.9 17.4 17.0 16.7 Under 300 ......................................... 16.6 16.7 16.6 16.0 16.1 15.9 16.0 15.7 15.7 15.6 15.3 15.1 14.6 300 to 499 ........................................ 18.3 18.3 18.3 17.6 17.6 17.5 17.7 17.5 17.5 17.2 16.8 16.4 16.1 500 to 999 ........................................ 19.4 19.4 19.4 18.8 18.8 18.7 18.8 18.5 18.6 18.3 17.8 17.4 17.1 1,000 to 1,499 .................................. 20.1 20.0 20.1 19.5 19.6 19.7 19.7 19.6 19.7 19.4 18.8 18.4 18.3 1,500 or more ................................... 19.5 18.9 19.5 19.9 20.9 20.3 21.2 20.4 20.9 21.2 20.7 19.9 20.0 Secondary schools .................................. 17.2 17.2 17.2 16.6 16.9 17.3 17.3 17.5 17.6 17.5 17.3 17.0 16.8 Regular ................................................. 17.3 17.1 17.3 16.7 17.0 17.4 17.4 17.6 17.7 17.6 17.4 17.1 16.9 Under 300 ......................................... 12.4 12.7 12.4 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.7 12.5 12.5 12.0 300 to 499 ........................................ 15.5 15.4 15.5 14.9 15.1 15.3 15.5 15.7 15.7 15.5 15.3 15.1 14.6 500 to 999 ........................................ 16.8 16.6 16.8 16.1 16.4 16.7 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.7 16.4 16.2 16.0 1,000 to 1,499 .................................. 17.9 17.7 17.9 17.2 17.5 17.9 17.8 17.9 18.0 17.9 17.5 17.2 17.1 1,500 or more ................................... 19.5 19.5 19.5 19.3 19.6 20.0 19.6 19.9 20.0 20.0 19.7 19.3 19.2 Combined schools ................................... 15.5 15.9 15.5 14.5 15.0 14.8 15.3 15.1 15.0 14.7 14.4 13.4 13.4 Under 300 ......................................... 9.5 9.8 9.5 8.9 9.3 9.3 9.6 9.3 9.0 8.7 8.6 8.9 9.1 300 to 499 ........................................ 14.4 15.3 14.4 14.2 14.3 14.4 14.8 14.4 14.7 14.3 14.0 13.6 13.8 500 to 999 ........................................ 17.6 17.1 17.6 16.3 16.7 15.6 16.5 16.6 16.6 16.6 16.2 15.5 14.9 1,000 to 1,499 .................................. 19.0 18.5 19.0 17.8 17.9 18.6 18.6 18.3 18.2 18.4 18.0 16.9 16.9 1,500 or more ................................... 18.8 18.8 18.8 17.7 18.6 18.9 18.8 19.5 19.6 19.3 19.3 18.7 19.2 Ungraded ................................................. 5.9 6.8 5.9 6.4 6.5 6.9 7.1 6.7 6.9 5.9 6.2 5.9 5.3   Not available.

NOTE: Pupil/ teacher ratios are based on data reported by types of schools rather than by instructional programs within schools. Ratios are based on data reported by schools and may differ from data reported in other tables that reflect aggregate totals reported by states.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data surveys. ( This table was prepared July 2001.) 76 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 65.   Public and private elementary and secondary teachers, enrollment, and pupil/ teacher ratios: Fall 1955 to fall 2001 Year Elementary and secondary teachers Elementary and secondary enrollment Elementary and secondary pupil/ teacher ratio Total Public Private Total Public Private Total Public Private 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1955 ...................... 1,286 1,141 1 145 35,280 30,680 1 4,600 27.4 26.9 1 31.7 1960 ...................... 1,600 1,408 1 192 42,181 36,281 1 5,900 26.4 25.8 1 30.7 1965 ...................... 1,933 1,710 223 48,473 42,173 6,300 25.1 24.7 28.3 1970 ...................... 2,292 2,059 233 51,257 45,894 5,363 22.4 22.3 23.0 1971 ...................... 2,293 2,063 1 230 51,271 46,071 1 5,200 22.4 22.3 1 22.6 1972 ...................... 2,337 2,106 1 231 50,726 45,726 1 5,000 21.7 21.7 1 21.6 1973 ...................... 2,372 2,136 1 236 50,446 45,446 1 5,000 21.3 21.3 1 21.2 1974 ...................... 2,410 2,165 1 245 50,073 45,073 1 5,000 20.8 20.8 1 20.4 1975 ...................... 2,453 2,198 1 255 49,819 44,819 1 5,000 20.3 20.4 1 19.6 1976 ...................... 2,457 2,189 268 49,478 44,311 5,167 20.1 20.2 19.3 1977 ...................... 2,488 2,209 279 48,717 43,577 5,140 19.6 19.7 18.4 1978 ...................... 2,479 2,207 272 47,635 42,550 5,085 19.2 19.3 18.7 1979 ...................... 2,461 2,185 1 276 46,651 41,651 1 5,000 19.0 19.1 1 18.1 1980 ...................... 2,485 2,184 301 46,208 40,877 5,331 18.6 18.7 17.7 1981 ...................... 2,440 2,127 1 313 45,544 40,044 1 5,500 18.7 18.8 1 17.6 1982 ...................... 2,458 2,133 1 325 45,165 39,566 1 5,600 18.4 18.6 1 17.2 1983 ...................... 2,476 2,139 337 44,967 39,252 5,715 18.2 18.4 17.0 1984 ...................... 2,508 2,168 1 340 44,908 39,208 1 5,700 17.9 18.1 1 16.8 1985 ...................... 2,549 2,206 343 44,979 39,422 5,557 17.6 17.9 16.2 1986 ...................... 2,592 2,244 1 348 45,205 39,753 1 5,452 17.4 17.7 1 15.7 1987 ...................... 2,631 2,279 352 45,487 40,008 5,479 17.3 17.6 15.6 1988 ...................... 2,668 2,323 1 345 45,430 40,189 1 5,242 17.0 17.3 1 15.2 1989 ...................... 2,734 2,357 377 45,741 40,543 5,198 16.7 17.2 13.8 1990 ...................... 2,753 2,398 1 355 46,451 41,217 1 5,234 16.9 17.2 1 14.7 1991 ...................... 2,787 2,432 355 47,322 42,047 5,275 17.0 17.3 14.9 1992 ...................... 2,822 2,459 1 363 48,145 42,823 1 5,322 17.1 17.4 1 14.7 1993 ...................... 2,870 2,504 366 48,813 43,465 5,348 17.0 17.4 14.6 1994 ...................... 2,926 2,552 1 374 49,609 44,111 1 5,498 17.0 17.3 1 14.7 1995 ...................... 2,978 2,598 380 50,502 44,840 5,662 17.0 17.3 14.9 1996 ...................... 3,054 2,667 1 387 51,375 45,611 1 5,764 16.8 17.1 1 14.9 1997 ...................... 3,134 2,746 388 51,968 46,127 5,841 16.6 16.8 15.1 1998 ...................... 3,221 2,830 1 391 52,476 46,539 1 5,937 16.3 16.4 1 15.2 1999 ...................... 3,304 2,907 397 52,875 46,857 6,018 16.0 16.1 15.2 2000 1 .................... 3,381 2,953 2 428 53,104 47,160 2 5,944 15.7 16.0 2 13.9 2001 2 .................... 3,551 3,119 432 53,157 47,213 5,944 15.0 15.1 13.8 1 Estimated. 2 Projected.

NOTE: Data for teachers are expressed in full time equivalents. Includes kindergarten and a relatively small number of nursery school teachers and students. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Statistics of Public Elementary and Secondary Day Schools; Common Core of Data surveys and Projections of Education Statistics to 2011. ( This table was prepared July 2001.) 77 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 66.   Public elementary and secondary teachers, by level and state: Fall 1995 to fall 2000 State or other area Fall 1995 Fall 1996 Fall 1997 Fall 1998 1 Fall 1999 Estimated, fall 2000 2 Total Elementary Secondary Unclassified Total Elementary Secondary Unclassified 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States .................. 2,598,220 3 2,667,419 3 2,746,157 3 2,830,286 3 1,570,661 1,012,907 246,718 3 2,906,554 3 1,620,344 3 1,031,245 254,965 4 2,953,311 Alabama .............................. 44,056 3 45,035 3 45,967 3 47,766 3 26,743 21,023   3 48,614 3 27,906 20,708   47,527 Alaska .................................. 7,379 7,418 7,625 8,118 5,186 2,932   7,838 5,271 2,567   8,136 Arizona ................................ 38,017 40,521 41,129 42,352 30,729 11,623   43,892 31,489 12,403   4 44,562 Arkansas ............................. 26,449 3 26,681 3 26,931 27,953 12,419 12,668 2,866 31,362 13,567 13,054 4,741 5 29,025 California ............................. 230,849 3 248,818 3 268,535 3 281,784 3 188,055 65,483 28,246 3 287,344 3 192,694 68,292 26,358 4 299,897 Colorado .............................. 35,388 36,398 37,840 39,434 20,378 19,056   40,772 20,633 20,139   42,100 Connecticut ......................... 36,070 36,551 37,658 38,772 22,647 11,284 4,841 39,907 23,422 11,487 4,998 42,512 Delaware ............................. 6,463 6,642 6,850 7,074 3,552 3,522   7,318 3,696 3,622   5 7,466 District of Columbia ............. 5,305 5,288 4,388 5,187 3,103 1,974 110 3 4,779 3 2,899 3 1,880  5,000 Florida ................................. 114,938 120,471 124,473 126,796 55,642 49,025 22,129 130,336 57,116 49,890 23,330 5 133,545 Georgia ................................ 79,480 81,795 86,244 88,658 52,375 36,283   90,638 53,491 37,147   93,636 Hawaii .................................. 10,500 10,576 10,653 10,639 5,835 4,762 42 10,866 5,959 4,858 49 10,785 Idaho ................................... 12,784 13,078 13,207 13,426 6,924 6,499 3 13,641 6,960 6,681  13,900 Illinois .................................. 113,538 116,274 118,734 121,758 73,297 30,455 18,006 124,815 75,085 31,030 18,700 128,817 Indiana ................................. 55,821 56,708 57,371 58,084 29,812 25,639 2,633 58,864 30,680 25,527 2,657 59,728 Iowa ..................................... 32,318 32,593 32,700 32,822 19,691 11,985 1,146 33,480 20,371 12,073 1,036 34,203 Kansas ................................ 30,729 30,875 31,527 32,003 14,743 13,862 3,398 32,969 15,020 14,414 3,535 33,010 Kentucky .............................. 39,120 39,331 40,488 40,803 22,322 11,878 6,603 41,954 22,814 11,868 7,272 4 40,746 Louisiana ............................. 46,980 47,334 48,599 49,124 34,201 14,406 517 50,031 34,468 15,107 456 50,366 Maine ................................... 15,392 15,551 15,700 15,890 10,847 5,043   16,349 11,142 5,207   17,000 Maryland .............................. 47,819 47,943 48,318 49,840 25,191 24,649   50,995 30,758 20,237   53,673 Massachusetts .................... 62,710 64,574 67,170 69,752 24,971 34,857 9,924 77,596 27,822 39,452 10,322 6 79,473 Michigan .............................. 83,179 88,051 90,529 93,220 40,457 42,139 10,624 96,111 42,029 42,950 11,132 95,200 Minnesota ............................ 46,971 48,245 51,998 54,449 28,430 24,626 1,393 56,010 29,463 25,009 1,538 56,000 Mississippi ........................... 28,997 29,293 29,441 31,140 15,701 10,165 5,274 30,722 15,441 10,035 5,246 5 30,782 Missouri ............................... 57,951 59,428 60,889 62,449 31,531 30,204 714 63,890 32,471 30,661 758 64,000 Montana .............................. 10,076 10,268 10,228 10,221 6,911 3,310   10,353 7,035 3,318   10,290 Nebraska ............................. 20,028 20,174 20,065 20,310 11,922 8,273 115 20,766 12,310 8,311 145 5 20,939 Nevada ................................ 13,878 14,805 16,053 16,415 8,535 6,010 1,870 17,380 8,872 6,448 2,060 17,838 New Hampshire ................... 12,346 12,692 12,931 13,290 9,243 4,047   14,037 9,619 4,418   14,019 New Jersey ......................... 86,706 87,642 89,671 92,264 51,921 26,769 13,574 95,883 54,243 27,226 14,414 4 98,395 New Mexico ......................... 19,398 19,971 19,647 19,981 11,561 4,705 3,715 19,797 11,441 4,680 3,676 20,078 New York ............................. 181,559 185,104 190,874 197,253 100,746 67,610 28,897 202,078 104,299 68,466 29,313 216,000 North Carolina ..................... 73,201 75,239 77,785 79,531 48,076 28,479 2,976 81,914 49,507 29,250 3,157 5 80,390 North Dakota ....................... 7,501 7,892 8,070 7,974 4,920 3,054   8,150 4,862 3,288   6 7,713 Ohio ..................................... 107,347 108,515 110,761 113,984 76,044 37,671 269 116,200 78,068 37,827 305 113,000 Oklahoma ............................ 39,364 39,568 40,215 40,876 18,894 17,532 4,450 41,498 19,268 17,684 4,546 42,120 Oregon ................................ 26,680 26,757 26,935 27,152 14,649 8,209 4,294 27,803 14,730 8,400 4,673 27,900 Pennsylvania ....................... 104,921 106,432 108,014 111,065 50,758 46,530 13,777 114,525 52,804 47,289 14,432 114,700 Rhode Island ....................... 10,482 10,656 10,598 11,124 4,924 4,617 1,583 11,041 4,856 4,555 1,630 6 11,272 South Carolina .................... 39,922 41,463 42,336 43,689 30,246 13,443   45,468 31,786 13,682   44,449 South Dakota ...................... 9,641 9,625 9,282 9,273 5,444 2,994 835 9,384 5,335 2,630 1,419 9,296 Tennessee ........................... 53,403 54,790 54,142 59,258 43,026 14,940 1,292 60,702 44,305 15,195 1,202 56,971 Texas ................................... 240,371 247,650 254,557 259,739 126,739 96,352 36,648 267,935 130,273 98,495 39,167 274,345 Utah ..................................... 20,039 19,734 21,115 21,501 10,303 8,782 2,416 21,832 10,527 8,909 2,396 21,500 Vermont ............................... 7,676 7,751 7,909 8,221 3,119 3,160 1,942 8,474 3,265 3,280 1,929 8,710 Virginia ................................ 74,731 3 74,526 3 77,575 3 79,323 3 47,787 31,536   3 81,073 3 48,528 32,545   4 82,616 Washington ......................... 46,907 48,307 49,074 49,671 24,902 20,325 4,444 50,368 25,495 20,424 4,449 4 51,164 West Virginia ....................... 21,073 20,888 20,947 20,989 10,243 7,072 3,674 21,082 10,337 7,016 3,729 20,337 Wisconsin ............................ 55,033 54,769 55,732 61,176 41,865 17,971 1,340 60,778 42,699 18,079  6 61,285 Wyoming ............................. 6,734 6,729 6,677 6,713 3,101 3,474 138 6,940 3,213 3,532 195 6,895 Bureau of Indian Affairs ......                         Department of Defense dependents schools 7 .......   5,000 5,227 5,171 2,337 1,847 987 7,415 3,204 2,149 2,062   Outlying areas American Samoa ................. 728 734 762 764 513 236 15 801 577 209 15 4 815 Guam ................................... 1,802 1,552 1,363 1,052 513 523 16 1,809 954 840 15 4 1,869 Northern Marianas .............. 422 441 483 496 304 182 10 488 288 193 7 6 521 Puerto Rico ......................... 39,328 39,743 38,953 39,781 21,097 15,296 3,388 41,349 21,870 15,952 3,527 4 41,708 Virgin Islands ....................... 1,622 1,580 1,559 1,567 765 764 38 1,528 753 748 27 1,520   Not available. 1 Data have been revised from previously published figures. 2 Unless otherwise indicated, data were estimated by state education agencies. 3 Includes imputations for underreporting of prekindergarten teachers. 4 Data imputed by the National Center for Education Statistics based on previous year's data. 5 Actual preliminary count by state. 6 Early estimate number reported by state, adjusted by the National Center for Education Statistics. 7 Includes overseas schools only through 1998. Data for 1999 includes both overseas and domestic schools.

NOTE: Distribution of elementary and secondary teachers determined by reporting units. Teachers reported in full time equivalents.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data surveys. ( This table was prepared March 2001.) 78 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 67.   Teachers, enrollment, and pupil/ teacher ratios in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: Fall 1994 to fall 1999 State or other area Pupil/

teacher ratio, fall 1994 Pupil/

teacher ratio, fall 1995 Pupil/

teacher ratio, fall 1996 Fall 1997 Fall 1998 1 Fall 1999 Teachers Enrollment Pupil/

teacher ratio Teachers Enrollment Pupil/

teacher ratio Teachers Enrollment Pupil/

teacher ratio 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States .......................................... 17.3 17.3 17.1 2 2,746,157 2 46,126,897 16.8 2 2,830,286 2 46,538,585 2 16.4 2 2,906,554 2 46,857,321 2 16.1 Alabama ...................................................... 17.2 16.9 16.6 2 45,967 2 749,207 16.3 2 47,766 2 747,980 2 15.7 2 48,614 2 740,732 2 15.2 Alaska .......................................................... 17.6 17.3 17.5 7,625 132,123 17.3 8,118 135,373 16.7 7,838 134,391 17.1 Arizona ........................................................ 19.3 19.6 19.7 41,129 814,113 19.8 42,352 848,262 20.0 43,892 852,612 19.4 Arkansas ...................................................... 17.1 17.1 17.1 2 26,931 456,497 17.0 27,953 452,256 16.2 31,362 451,034 14.4 California ..................................................... 24.0 24.0 22.9 2 268,535 2 5,803,887 21.6 2 281,784 2 5,926,037 2 21.0 2 287,344 2 6,038,589 2 21.0 Colorado ...................................................... 18.4 18.5 18.5 37,840 687,167 18.2 39,434 699,135 17.7 40,772 708,109 17.4 Connecticut .................................................. 14.4 14.4 14.4 37,658 535,164 14.2 38,772 544,698 14.0 39,907 553,993 13.9 Delaware ..................................................... 16.6 16.8 16.6 6,850 111,960 16.3 7,074 113,262 16.0 7,318 112,836 15.4 District of Columbia ..................................... 13.2 15.0 14.9 3 4,388 77,111 17.6 5,187 71,889 13.9 2 4,779 77,194 2 16.2 Florida .......................................................... 19.1 18.9 18.6 124,473 2,294,077 18.4 126,796 2,337,633 18.4 130,336 2,381,396 18.3 Georgia ........................................................ 16.3 16.5 16.5 86,244 1,375,980 16.0 88,658 1,401,291 15.8 90,638 1,422,762 15.7 Hawaii .......................................................... 17.9 17.8 17.7 10,653 189,887 17.8 10,639 188,069 17.7 10,866 185,860 17.1 Idaho ............................................................ 19.1 19.0 18.8 13,207 244,403 18.5 13,426 244,722 18.2 13,641 245,331 18.0 Illinois ........................................................... 17.3 17.1 17.0 118,734 1,998,289 16.8 121,758 2,011,530 16.5 124,815 2,027,600 16.2 Indiana ......................................................... 17.5 17.5 17.3 57,371 986,836 17.2 58,084 989,001 17.0 58,864 988,702 16.8 Iowa ............................................................. 15.8 15.5 15.4 32,700 501,054 15.3 32,822 498,214 15.2 33,480 497,301 14.9 Kansas ......................................................... 15.1 15.1 15.1 31,527 468,687 14.9 32,003 472,353 14.8 32,969 472,188 14.3 Kentucky ...................................................... 17.0 16.9 16.7 40,488 669,322 16.5 40,803 655,687 16.1 41,954 648,180 15.4 Louisiana ..................................................... 16.8 17.0 16.8 48,599 776,813 16.0 49,124 768,734 16.6 50,031 756,579 16.6 Maine ........................................................... 13.8 13.9 13.7 15,700 212,579 13.5 15,890 211,051 13.3 16,349 209,253 12.8 Maryland ...................................................... 17.0 16.8 17.1 48,318 830,744 17.2 49,840 841,671 16.9 50,995 846,582 16.6 Massachusetts ............................................. 14.8 14.6 14.5 67,170 949,006 14.1 69,752 962,317 13.8 77,596 971,425 12.5 Michigan ...................................................... 20.1 19.7 19.1 90,529 1,702,717 18.8 93,220 2 1,720,287 2 18.5 96,111 1,725,617 18.0 Minnesota .................................................... 17.5 17.8 17.6 51,998 853,621 16.4 54,449 856,455 15.7 56,010 854,034 15.2 Mississippi ................................................... 17.5 17.5 17.2 29,441 504,792 17.1 31,140 502,379 16.1 30,722 500,716 16.3 Missouri ....................................................... 15.5 15.4 15.2 60,889 910,613 15.0 62,449 913,494 14.6 63,890 914,110 14.3 Montana ....................................................... 16.3 16.4 16.0 10,228 162,335 15.9 10,221 159,988 15.7 10,353 157,556 15.2 Nebraska ..................................................... 14.5 14.5 14.5 20,065 292,681 14.6 20,310 291,140 14.3 20,766 288,261 13.9 Nevada ........................................................ 18.7 19.1 19.1 16,053 296,621 18.5 16,415 311,061 18.9 17,380 325,610 18.7 New Hampshire ........................................... 15.6 15.7 15.6 12,931 201,629 15.6 13,290 204,713 15.4 14,037 206,783 14.7 New Jersey .................................................. 13.8 13.8 14.0 89,671 1,250,276 13.9 92,264 1,268,996 13.8 95,883 1,289,256 13.4 New Mexico ................................................. 17.2 17.0 16.7 19,647 331,673 16.9 19,981 328,753 16.5 19,797 324,495 16.4 New York ..................................................... 15.2 15.5 15.4 190,874 2,861,823 15.0 197,253 2,877,143 14.6 202,078 2,887,776 14.3 North Carolina ............................................. 16.2 16.2 16.1 77,785 1,236,083 15.9 79,531 1,254,821 15.8 81,914 1,275,925 15.6 North Dakota ............................................... 15.3 15.9 15.2 8,070 118,572 14.7 7,974 114,927 14.4 8,150 112,751 13.8 Ohio ............................................................. 16.6 17.1 17.0 110,761 1,847,114 16.7 113,984 1,842,163 16.2 116,200 1,836,554 15.8 Oklahoma .................................................... 15.5 15.7 15.7 40,215 623,681 15.5 40,876 628,492 15.4 41,498 627,032 15.1 Oregon ......................................................... 19.9 19.8 20.1 26,935 541,346 20.1 27,152 542,809 20.0 27,803 545,033 19.6 Pennsylvania ............................................... 17.1 17.0 17.0 108,014 1,815,151 16.8 111,065 1,816,414 16.4 114,525 1,816,716 15.9 Rhode Island ............................................... 14.7 14.3 14.2 10,598 153,321 14.5 11,124 154,785 13.9 11,041 156,454 14.2 South Carolina ............................................. 16.4 16.2 15.7 42,336 2 659,273 15.6 43,689 2 664,600 2 15.2 45,468 666,780 14.7 South Dakota ............................................... 14.4 15.0 14.9 9,282 142,443 15.3 9,273 132,495 14.3 9,384 131,037 14.0 Tennessee ................................................... 18.6 16.7 16.5 54,142 2 893,044 16.5 59,258 2 905,454 2 15.3 60,702 2 916,202 2 15.1 Texas ........................................................... 15.7 15.6 15.5 254,557 3,891,877 15.3 259,739 3,945,367 15.2 267,935 3,991,783 14.9 Utah ............................................................. 24.3 23.8 24.4 21,115 482,957 22.9 21,501 481,176 22.4 21,832 480,255 22.0 Vermont ....................................................... 13.8 13.8 13.7 7,909 105,984 13.4 8,221 105,120 12.8 8,474 104,559 12.3 Virginia ......................................................... 14.6 14.4 14.7 2 77,575 1,110,815 14.3 2 79,323 1,124,022 2 14.2 2 81,073 2 1,133,994 2 14.0 Washington .................................................. 20.2 20.4 20.2 49,074 991,235 20.2 49,671 998,053 20.1 50,368 1,003,714 19.9 West Virginia ............................................... 14.8 14.6 14.6 20,947 301,419 14.4 20,989 297,530 14.2 21,082 291,811 13.8 Wisconsin .................................................... 15.9 15.8 16.1 55,732 881,780 15.8 61,176 879,542 14.4 60,778 877,753 14.4 Wyoming ...................................................... 14.9 14.8 14.7 6,677 97,115 14.5 6,713 95,241 14.2 6,940 92,105 13.3 Bureau of Indian Affairs ..............................                         Department of Defense dependents schools 4 ...............................     16.1 5,227 78,254 15.0 5,171 78,170 15.1 7,415 107,585 14.5 Outlying areas American Samoa ......................................... 20.7 20.0 20.1 762 15,214 20.0 764 15,372 20.1 801 15,477 19.3 Guam ........................................................... 17.6 18.3 21.5 1,363 32,444 23.8 1,052 32,222 30.6 1,809 32,951 18.2 Northern Marianas ....................................... 20.8 20.9 20.5 483 9,246 19.1 496 9,498 19.1 488 9,732 19.9 Puerto Rico .................................................. 15.6 16.0 15.6 38,953 617,157 15.8 39,781 613,862 15.4 41,349 613,019 14.8 Virgin Islands ............................................... 15.1 14.0 14.2 1,559 22,136 14.2 1,567 20,976 13.4 1,528 20,866 13.7   Not available.

1 Data revised from previously published data.

2 Includes imputations for underreporting.

3 Data imputed by the National Center for Education Statistics based on previous year's data. 4 Includes overseas schools only through 1998. Data for 1999 includes both overseas and domestic schools.

NOTE: Teachers reported in full time equivalents.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Common Core of Data surveys. ( This table was prepared February 2001.) 79 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 68.   Teachers in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by selected characteristics: 1993   94 Selected characteristics Total 1 Percent of teachers, by highest degree earned Percent of teachers, by years of full time teaching experience No degree Associate Bachelor's Master's Education specialist Doctor's Less than 3 3 to 9 10 to 20 Over 20 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Public schools Total ................................................................ 2,561,294 0.6 0.2 52.0 42.0 4.6 0.7 9.7 25.5 35.0 29.8 Men ............................................................ 694,098 1.3 0.4 46.2 45.7 5.1 1.3 8.9 21.6 29.9 39.6 Women ....................................................... 1,867,195 0.3 0.1 54.1 40.6 4.4 0.5 10.0 26.9 37.0 26.1 Race/ ethnicity White .......................................................... 2,216,605 0.5 0.1 51.8 42.5 4.4 0.7 9.4 25.5 35.1 30.0 Black ........................................................... 188,371 0.5 0.2 48.4 44.6 5.4 0.9 8.5 20.8 35.5 35.2 Hispanic ...................................................... 108,744 0.9 0.5 62.8 29.8 4.6 1.4 16.7 32.1 34.1 17.1 Asian or Pacific Islander ............................ 27,510 0.9 0.4 49.3 34.7 13.1 1.7 14.9 29.7 29.2 26.2 American Indian or Alaskan Native ........... 20,064 0.8 0.3 54.9 39.1 4.3 0.6 11.3 27.6 34.5 26.6 Age Less than 30 .............................................. 280,342 0.5 0.1 83.9 14.5 1.0 0.1 47.8 52.2 ( 2) ( 2) 30 to 39 ...................................................... 573,444 0.5 0.2 59.4 36.6 3.0 0.3 10.5 48.7 40.8 ( 2) 40 to 49 ...................................................... 1,070,459 0.4 0.1 46.3 47.0 5.4 0.7 4.3 16.9 47.5 31.3 50 to 59 ...................................................... 540,491 0.7 0.2 40.6 51.2 6.1 1.2 1.4 7.8 25.0 65.7 60 or more .................................................. 96,557 1.5 0.1 43.1 46.2 6.6 2.5 0.8 4.4 19.9 74.9 Level Elementary ................................................. 1,331,281 0.2 ( 2) 55.5 39.7 4.1 0.4 9.7 27.1 35.5 27.7 General ................................................... 938,636 0.3 ( 2) 58.0 38.0 3.5 0.3 9.2 26.5 34.9 29.4 English .................................................... 2,093 ( 2) ( 2) 46.0 52.3 1.0 0.8 12.5 11.2 17.9 58.4 Mathematics ........................................... 3,372 ( 2) ( 2) 74.6 24.4 ( 2) 1.0 11.6 13.1 40.9 34.3 Special education ................................... 127,877 ( 2) ( 2) 45.1 46.9 7.2 0.9 11.1 34.1 39.9 15.0 Other elementary .................................... 259,304 0.3 0.1 51.3 42.6 4.9 0.8 11.1 25.8 35.6 27.5 Secondary .................................................. 1,230,013 0.9 0.3 48.2 44.4 5.1 1.1 9.7 23.8 34.5 32.0 English .................................................... 172,603 0.1 ( 2) 48.3 44.8 5.5 1.3 9.2 22.9 33.6 34.3 Mathematics ........................................... 141,051 0.1 ( 2) 50.2 45.5 3.4 0.8 9.4 24.3 31.7 34.5 Science ................................................... 132,179 0.2 ( 2) 47.9 45.8 4.8 1.2 9.5 26.1 31.2 33.2 Social studies ......................................... 130,045 0.1 ( 2) 47.8 46.0 4.9 1.2 10.3 20.5 28.7 40.5 Special education ................................... 111,215 0.1 0.1 42.1 49.1 7.2 1.3 9.3 28.8 45.1 16.8 Vocational/ technical ................................ 113,269 7.3 2.3 45.2 39.9 4.7 0.5 6.8 23.0 35.7 34.5 Other secondary ..................................... 429,653 0.5 0.2 50.1 43.0 5.1 1.1 10.7 23.1 35.6 30.7 Private schools Total ................................................................ 378,365 5.2 1.5 59.0 29.8 2.9 1.7 20.9 33.9 29.6 15.6 Men ............................................................ 93,130 4.4 0.9 47.3 40.6 2.6 4.3 21.7 28.2 28.7 21.4 Women ....................................................... 285,235 5.4 1.7 62.8 26.3 3.0 0.8 20.6 35.8 29.9 13.7 Race/ ethnicity White .......................................................... 347,811 4.8 1.3 59.4 30.2 2.6 1.6 20.4 33.6 30.0 16.0 Black ........................................................... 11,664 8.3 3.7 55.8 26.4 4.8 1.0 26.9 34.9 27.9 10.3 Hispanic ...................................................... 12,221 11.1 4.9 57.4 19.9 4.4 2.3 25.5 41.8 21.6 11.1 Asian or Pacific Islander ............................ 5,167 6.8 0.9 46.1 36.8 5.7 3.6 26.1 34.6 26.6 12.7 American Indian or Alaskan Native ........... 1,502 3.4 6.0 49.4 16.1 25.1 ( 2) 29.4 42.8 17.9 9.9 Age Less than 30 .............................................. 65,168 7.7 1.6 78.8 10.8 1.0 0.2 54.9 44.9 0.1 ( 2) 30 to 39 ...................................................... 93,999 5.9 1.2 63.1 25.7 2.6 1.4 21.7 51.2 27.1 ( 2) 40 to 49 ...................................................... 131,492 3.9 1.6 54.0 35.1 3.4 2.0 12.6 29.8 45.5 12.1 50 to 59 ...................................................... 65,691 4.0 1.8 49.7 38.4 3.5 2.5 7.4 15.7 35.7 41.2 60 or more .................................................. 22,015 5.6 0.9 39.4 46.6 4.4 2.9 6.6 6.5 13.8 73.1 Level Elementary ................................................. 221,036 7.0 1.7 65.9 21.8 2.8 0.8 21.9 36.0 29.0 13.1 General ................................................... 153,691 6.1 1.3 69.4 19.5 3.2 0.4 17.7 37.4 31.0 14.0 Special education ................................... 7,652 5.0 0.2 46.4 45.0 3.4 0.0 18.2 46.8 26.5 8.5 Other elementary .................................... 59,692 9.3 2.9 59.3 24.7 1.6 2.0 33.3 31.2 24.2 11.3 Secondary .................................................. 157,329 2.6 1.2 49.2 41.1 3.0 2.8 19.5 30.9 30.4 19.2 English .................................................... 24,335 1.6 ( 2) 51.3 43.1 1.5 2.5 16.3 30.8 31.3 21.7 Mathematics ........................................... 23,238 1.3 0.9 50.1 42.6 3.0 2.2 14.7 31.1 29.3 24.8 Science ................................................... 18,399 0.1 ( 2) 49.5 42.3 4.2 4.0 21.3 27.7 31.2 19.9 Social studies ......................................... 20,059 0.2 0.4 53.5 38.7 4.1 3.1 21.0 27.8 30.8 20.4 Special education ................................... 6,048 0.1 3.7 56.5 33.7 5.1 0.9 17.8 42.8 29.0 10.4 Vocational/ technical ............................... 2,834 14.0 4.6 40.8 40.6 ( 2) ( 2) 12.7 22.6 42.1 22.6 Other secondary ..................................... 62,415 4.8 2.0 46.3 40.9 2.9 3.1 22.0 32.1 29.7 16.2 1 Data are based upon a sample survey and may not be strictly comparable with data reported elsewhere.

2 Less than .05 percent.

NOTE: Excludes prekindergarten teachers. Data are based on a head count of all teachers rather than on the number of full time equivalent teachers reported in other tables Detail may not sum to totals due to survey item nonresponse and rounding. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94.'' ( This table was prepared June 1997, new data forthcoming in 2002.) 80 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 69.   Highest degree earned, number of years teaching experience, and average class size for teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1993   94 State Total 1 Percent of teachers, by highest degree 2 Percent of teachers, by years of full time teaching experience Average class size 3 Bachelor's Master's Education specialist Doctor's Less than 3 3 to 9 10 to 20 Over 20 Elementary Secondary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United States ......... 2,561,294 52.0 ( 0.3) 42.0 ( 0.3) 4.6 ( 0.1) 0.7 ( 0.1) 9.7 ( 0.2) 25.5 ( 0.3) 35.0 ( 0.3) 29.8 ( 0.3) 24.1 ( 0.1) 23.6 ( 0.1)

Alabama ....................... 44,791 38.5 ( 1.9) 52.6 ( 1.7) 7.8 ( 0.8) 0.7 ( 0.3) 11.1 ( 0.8) 22.0 ( 1.5) 42.2 ( 1.9) 24.7 ( 1.5) 21.7 ( 0.4) 24.2 ( 0.2) Alaska .......................... 8,152 59.0 ( 1.1) 35.3 ( 1.0) 4.2 ( 0.5) 0.2 ( 0.1) 8.0 ( 0.6) 29.3 ( 1.4) 42.7 ( 1.4) 20.0 ( 1.1) 22.6 ( 0.5) 22.0 ( 0.5) Arizona ......................... 37,600 51.4 ( 1.8) 43.3 ( 1.7) 4.0 ( 0.6) 0.7 ( 0.2) 13.1 ( 1.0) 29.1 ( 1.6) 38.1 ( 1.7) 19.8 ( 1.4) 25.8 ( 0.4) 25.5 ( 0.3) Arkansas ...................... 30,621 64.9 ( 2.1) 32.5 ( 1.7) 1.8 ( 0.6) 0.5 ( 0.1) 9.2 ( 0.8) 27.3 ( 1.7) 40.2 ( 1.8) 23.3 ( 1.6) 21.0 ( 0.4) 21.3 ( 0.3) California ...................... 209,032 58.6 ( 1.8) 32.6 ( 1.8) 6.8 ( 0.7) 1.0 ( 0.2) 9.8 ( 0.8) 27.8 ( 1.9) 31.8 ( 1.7) 30.7 ( 1.7) 29.3 ( 0.3) 29.7 ( 0.4)

Colorado ...................... 35,723 46.5 ( 1.7) 49.4 ( 1.7) 2.5 ( 0.6) 0.5 ( 0.1) 9.4 ( 0.8) 26.1 ( 1.6) 38.7 ( 1.6) 25.7 ( 1.4) 24.7 ( 0.3) 24.5 ( 0.4) Connecticut .................. 35,465 19.6 ( 1.1) 62.4 ( 1.5) 15.7 ( 0.7) 1.4 ( 0.4) 6.4 ( 0.6) 19.8 ( 1.1) 35.5 ( 1.7) 38.3 ( 1.6) 21.4 ( 0.2) 19.7 ( 0.2) Delaware ...................... 7,027 46.0 ( 1.6) 48.3 ( 1.8) 5.1 ( 0.9) 0.2 ( 0.1) 7.7 ( 1.0) 24.1 ( 1.9) 36.2 ( 2.3) 32.0 ( 2.1) 24.8 ( 0.4) 24.1 ( 0.4) District of Columbia ..... 5,185 41.2 ( 1.8) 54.4 ( 1.7) 2.4 ( 0.8) 2.0 ( 0.7) 10.8 ( 1.4) 14.7 ( 2.1) 30.6 ( 2.2) 43.9 ( 3.4) 21.8 ( 0.3) 20.7 ( 0.6) Florida .......................... 106,535 57.2 ( 1.2) 37.0 ( 1.2) 3.3 ( 0.6) 1.4 ( 0.4) 8.7 ( 0.9) 29.4 ( 1.6) 37.8 ( 1.7) 24.0 ( 1.4) 26.0 ( 0.3) 26.6 ( 0.4)

Georgia ........................ 74,907 48.9 ( 1.5) 42.5 ( 1.6) 7.7 ( 0.8) 0.2 ( 0.1) 13.3 ( 1.1) 28.3 ( 1.4) 35.6 ( 1.4) 22.8 ( 1.3) 22.2 ( 0.2) 24.2 ( 0.3) Hawaii .......................... 11,137 47.8 ( 2.1) 21.7 ( 1.5) 27.5 ( 2.2) 1.1 ( 0.4) 16.2 ( 1.4) 28.1 ( 1.6) 22.0 ( 1.4) 33.7 ( 2.2) 23.6 ( 0.3) 23.6 ( 0.8) Idaho ............................ 12,166 74.4 ( 1.6) 21.7 ( 1.5) 2.6 ( 0.5) 0.6 ( 0.2) 12.4 ( 1.2) 33.3 ( 1.5) 33.7 ( 1.3) 20.6 ( 1.2) 24.0 ( 0.5) 23.7 ( 0.4) Illinois ........................... 111,511 49.7 ( 1.3) 46.1 ( 1.4) 3.4 ( 0.5) 0.5 ( 0.2) 9.0 ( 0.6) 25.1 ( 1.0) 30.8 ( 1.3) 35.1 ( 1.3) 24.5 ( 0.3) 24.0 ( 0.3) Indiana ......................... 57,732 21.4 ( 1.7) 72.9 ( 1.7) 4.9 ( 0.6) 0.1 ( 0.1) 5.6 ( 0.8) 24.7 ( 2.0) 37.1 ( 2.2) 32.6 ( 2.0) 21.9 ( 0.4) 23.0 ( 0.3)

Iowa ............................. 35,861 67.3 ( 1.8) 31.3 ( 1.9) 1.2 ( 0.5) 0.2 ( 0.1) 10.1 ( 1.0) 23.3 ( 1.7) 32.1 ( 2.1) 34.5 ( 2.3) 22.5 ( 0.6) 21.4 ( 0.5) Kansas ......................... 31,164 53.5 ( 1.4) 42.8 ( 1.2) 2.3 ( 0.5) 1.1 ( 0.3) 12.3 ( 0.8) 28.2 ( 1.3) 35.2 ( 1.3) 24.3 ( 1.1) 20.6 ( 0.3) 20.7 ( 0.4) Kentucky ...................... 41,571 23.4 ( 2.2) 56.8 ( 2.4) 18.7 ( 1.5) 0.8 ( 0.4) 9.5 ( 1.6) 26.8 ( 2.3) 32.9 ( 2.2) 30.8 ( 2.2) 24.4 ( 0.9) 23.5 ( 0.4) Louisiana ...................... 48,948 60.5 ( 1.6) 31.2 ( 1.5) 6.9 ( 0.7) 0.5 ( 0.1) 9.7 ( 0.8) 29.8 ( 1.3) 35.1 ( 1.4) 25.5 ( 1.3) 22.9 ( 0.3) 23.7 ( 0.3) Maine ........................... 15,658 68.4 ( 1.9) 28.4 ( 1.9) 1.6 ( 0.4) 0.2 ( 0.1) 7.0 ( 0.7) 28.7 ( 1.9) 37.4 ( 1.8) 26.9 ( 1.8) 21.5 ( 1.1) 18.5 ( 0.4)

Maryland ...................... 43,862 43.3 ( 1.9) 49.7 ( 2.3) 6.2 ( 1.1) 0.6 ( 0.2) 11.7 ( 0.9) 23.6 ( 1.6) 32.4 ( 1.4) 32.4 ( 1.5) 26.3 ( 0.7) 25.0 ( 0.3) Massachusetts ............. 58,416 38.8 ( 1.2) 54.8 ( 1.4) 3.9 ( 0.5) 0.9 ( 0.1) 8.4 ( 0.7) 17.1 ( 1.0) 33.6 ( 1.3) 41.0 ( 1.1) 23.1 ( 0.4) 20.9 ( 0.3) Michigan ....................... 83,288 46.6 ( 1.9) 48.1 ( 1.8) 4.7 ( 0.8) 0.6 ( 0.3) 7.4 ( 1.0) 21.5 ( 1.8) 29.4 ( 2.1) 41.9 ( 2.2) 27.3 ( 1.9) 25.5 ( 0.3) Minnesota .................... 44,150 63.4 ( 2.1) 33.6 ( 2.0) 2.6 ( 0.6) 0.4 ( 0.2) 13.0 ( 1.1) 20.0 ( 1.5) 33.0 ( 1.7) 34.0 ( 1.8) 24.5 ( 1.0) 25.9 ( 0.4) Mississippi .................... 29,851 56.3 ( 1.5) 37.5 ( 1.7) 4.3 ( 0.9) 0.4 ( 0.2) 10.5 ( 0.8) 22.8 ( 1.4) 39.8 ( 1.8) 26.9 ( 1.2) 23.6 ( 0.4) 22.5 ( 0.4)

Missouri ........................ 62,454 54.3 ( 2.0) 42.4 ( 1.9) 2.2 ( 0.5) 0.6 ( 0.2) 10.6 ( 1.1) 26.9 ( 2.0) 37.2 ( 2.2) 25.3 ( 1.9) 23.7 ( 0.5) 22.5 ( 0.4) Montana ....................... 12,851 71.3 ( 1.3) 26.0 ( 1.1) 1.8 ( 0.4) 0.5 ( 0.2) 11.1 ( 0.7) 27.5 ( 1.3) 39.0 ( 1.3) 22.5 ( 1.1) 21.2 ( 0.8) 19.3 ( 0.4) Nebraska ...................... 20,411 61.5 ( 1.7) 36.0 ( 1.6) 1.9 ( 0.4) 0.4 ( 0.2) 10.1 ( 1.0) 24.4 ( 1.4) 39.0 ( 1.1) 26.5 ( 1.6) 20.0 ( 0.8) 18.7 ( 0.4) Nevada ......................... 12,822 50.5 ( 2.2) 42.8 ( 2.3) 5.7 ( 0.9) 0.6 ( 0.3) 12.0 ( 1.1) 33.2 ( 2.4) 35.0 ( 1.8) 19.8 ( 1.8) 24.4 ( 0.7) 26.6 ( 0.6) New Hampshire ........... 12,299 60.2 ( 2.0) 35.9 ( 1.9) 2.6 ( 0.6) 0.7 ( 0.3) 10.6 ( 1.2) 26.8 ( 1.7) 38.2 ( 1.6) 24.4 ( 1.6) 21.8 ( 0.4) 20.5 ( 0.4)

New Jersey .................. 83,935 56.2 ( 2.9) 37.4 ( 2.7) 4.8 ( 1.0) 1.0 ( 0.3) 5.8 ( 0.8) 21.1 ( 2.0) 34.6 ( 2.4) 38.5 ( 1.9) 23.2 ( 0.8) 20.5 ( 0.4) New Mexico ................. 19,265 53.2 ( 1.6) 43.6 ( 1.6) 2.2 ( 0.5) 0.4 ( 0.2) 12.5 ( 1.0) 32.5 ( 1.4) 33.9 ( 1.6) 21.1 ( 1.5) 21.9 ( 0.3) 24.5 ( 0.4) New York ..................... 178,701 25.0 ( 1.9) 68.1 ( 1.9) 5.3 ( 0.8) 1.5 ( 0.6) 10.3 ( 1.2) 23.9 ( 1.7) 29.7 ( 1.6) 36.1 ( 2.0) 23.9 ( 0.4) 23.2 ( 0.4) North Carolina .............. 72,305 61.8 ( 1.5) 35.0 ( 1.6) 1.2 ( 0.4) 0.5 ( 0.3) 9.7 ( 0.7) 26.6 ( 1.4) 38.8 ( 1.3) 25.0 ( 1.3) 24.8 ( 0.2) 22.4 ( 0.3) North Dakota ................ 8,404 79.3 ( 1.1) 18.0 ( 0.9) 1.6 ( 0.3) 0.2 ( 0.1) 12.1 ( 1.0) 27.2 ( 1.0) 37.7 ( 1.5) 23.0 ( 1.4) 20.7 ( 0.7) 19.7 ( 0.5)

Ohio ............................. 111,518 53.2 ( 2.2) 41.8 ( 2.3) 3.1 ( 0.7) 0.4 ( 0.2) 6.8 ( 0.8) 23.2 ( 1.8) 38.6 ( 2.1) 31.4 ( 2.1) 25.0 ( 1.2) 22.3 ( 0.4) Oklahoma ..................... 42,220 56.9 ( 1.8) 39.5 ( 1.9) 3.2 ( 0.5) 0.4 ( 0.2) 10.4 ( 0.8) 27.0 ( 1.7) 41.2 ( 1.8) 21.5 ( 1.1) 20.5 ( 0.4) 20.5 ( 0.3) Oregon ......................... 25,706 51.5 ( 1.9) 43.1 ( 1.9) 4.0 ( 0.9) 0.8 ( 0.5) 7.4 ( 0.8) 27.0 ( 1.6) 39.6 ( 1.7) 26.0 ( 1.7) 24.4 ( 0.3) 23.9 ( 0.4) Pennsylvania ................ 114,571 46.7 ( 2.3) 45.6 ( 1.9) 6.9 ( 1.2) 0.3 ( 0.2) 6.9 ( 1.0) 18.3 ( 2.0) 33.0 ( 2.2) 41.8 ( 2.2) 25.2 ( 0.6) 24.1 ( 0.3) Rhode Island ................ 9,217 40.1 ( 2.5) 53.3 ( 2.4) 5.7 ( 0.9) 1.0 ( 0.5) 7.2 ( 1.1) 21.9 ( 1.8) 28.6 ( 1.7) 42.3 ( 2.0) 23.2 ( 0.6) 20.8 ( 0.5)

South Carolina ............. 39,623 48.8 ( 2.5) 43.4 ( 2.6) 5.6 ( 0.9) 0.7 ( 0.3) 10.5 ( 1.4) 25.1 ( 1.9) 42.3 ( 1.9) 22.1 ( 1.7) 23.3 ( 0.7) 22.5 ( 0.4) South Dakota ............... 10,579 75.1 ( 1.2) 23.2 ( 1.1) 1.5 ( 0.3) 0.1 ( 0.1) 10.4 ( 0.7) 28.6 ( 1.2) 37.3 ( 1.1) 23.8 ( 1.2) 19.2 ( 0.3) 20.9 ( 0.4) Tennessee ................... 47,662 51.2 ( 2.0) 42.0 ( 2.0) 4.8 ( 0.8) 1.2 ( 0.4) 12.4 ( 1.1) 22.9 ( 1.9) 35.5 ( 2.0) 29.2 ( 2.2) 24.4 ( 1.2) 25.2 ( 0.4) Texas ........................... 223,800 69.7 ( 1.3) 26.8 ( 1.5) 1.8 ( 0.4) 0.9 ( 0.5) 12.1 ( 0.9) 30.1 ( 1.5) 37.5 ( 1.4) 20.4 ( 1.4) 20.1 ( 0.2) 22.5 ( 0.4) Utah ............................. 19,884 70.6 ( 1.4) 23.5 ( 1.3) 4.2 ( 0.7) 0.4 ( 0.1) 12.7 ( 0.8) 32.8 ( 1.4) 36.1 ( 1.4) 18.3 ( 1.0) 27.5 ( 0.4) 28.8 ( 0.2)

Vermont ....................... 7,327 49.4 ( 1.8) 47.5 ( 1.8) 2.1 ( 0.8) 0.5 ( 0.4) 12.3 ( 1.5) 25.3 ( 1.9) 34.4 ( 1.9) 28.0 ( 1.8) 19.7 ( 0.8) 19.2 ( 0.4) Virginia ......................... 64,937 64.4 ( 2.1) 31.3 ( 2.0) 2.4 ( 0.6) 0.5 ( 0.2) 10.5 ( 1.2) 26.0 ( 2.2) 37.5 ( 2.0) 26.1 ( 1.9) 22.6 ( 0.3) 21.6 ( 0.3) Washington .................. 48,452 56.3 ( 1.9) 37.5 ( 2.2) 3.6 ( 0.9) 1.0 ( 0.3) 10.8 ( 0.9) 30.1 ( 2.0) 32.2 ( 1.9) 26.9 ( 1.6) 25.9 ( 1.3) 25.5 ( 0.2) West Virginia ................ 21,473 41.7 ( 1.7) 53.1 ( 1.7) 4.3 ( 0.6)     4.4 ( 0.8) 21.6 ( 1.6) 42.7 ( 1.5) 31.4 ( 1.7) 20.9 ( 0.5) 22.5 ( 0.3) Wisconsin ..................... 62,958 59.3 ( 1.7) 38.1 ( 1.6) 1.7 ( 0.4) 0.6 ( 0.3) 9.1 ( 0.8) 24.7 ( 1.8) 29.5 ( 2.2) 36.7 ( 2.2) 23.1 ( 0.4) 23.1 ( 0.4) Wyoming ...................... 7,567 71.3 ( 1.0) 26.5 ( 0.9) 1.4 ( 0.3) 0.4 ( 0.1) 9.4 ( 0.8) 22.6 ( 1.2) 41.6 ( 1.3) 26.5 ( 1.3) 21.0 ( 0.3) 19.3 ( 0.3)

  Not available.

1 Data are based on a head count of all teachers rather than on the number of fulltime equivalent teachers appearing in other tables.

2 Teachers with less than a bachelor's degree are not shown.

3 Elementary teachers are those who taught self contained classes at the elementary level and secondary teachers are those who taught departmentalized classes ( e. g., science, art, social science, or other course subjects) at the secondary level. Excludes special education teachers. Teachers were classified as elementary or secondary on the basis of the grades they taught, rather than on the level of the school in which they taught.

NOTE: Excludes prekindergarten teachers. Standard errors appear in parentheses. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94;'' and Condition of Education, 1997, Supplemental Tables. ( This table was prepared February 1998, new data forthcoming in 2002.) 81 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 70.   Selected characteristics of public school teachers: Spring 1961 to spring 1996 Item 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Number of teachers, in thousands ............ 1,408 1,710 2,055 2,196 2,185 2,206 2,398 2,164 Sex ( percent) Men ...................................................................... 31.3 31.1 34.3 32.9 33.1 31.2 27.9 25.6 Women ................................................................. 68.7 68.9 65.7 67.1 66.9 68.8 72.1 74.4 Median age ( years) All teachers .......................................................... 41 36 35 33 37 41 42 44 Men ...................................................................... 34 33 33 33 38 42 43 46 Women ................................................................. 46 40 37 33 36 41 42 44 Race ( percent) White ....................................................................     88.3 90.8 91.6 89.6 86.8 90.7 Black .....................................................................     8.1 8.0 7.8 6.9 8.0 7.3 Other ....................................................................     3.6 1.2 0.7 3.4 5.2 2.0 Marital status ( percent) Single ................................................................... 22.3 22.0 19.5 20.1 18.5 12.9 11.7 12.4 Married ................................................................. 68.0 69.1 71.9 71.3 73.0 75.7 75.7 75.9 Widowed, divorced, or separated ........................ 9.7 9.0 8.6 8.6 8.5 11.4 12.6 11.8 Highest degree held ( percent) 1 Less than bachelor's ............................................ 14.6 7.0 2.9 0.9 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.3 Bachelor's ............................................................. 61.9 69.6 69.6 61.6 50.1 48.3 46.3 43.6 Master's or specialist degree ............................... 23.1 23.2 27.1 37.1 49.3 50.7 52.6 54.5 Doctor's ................................................................ 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.5 1.7 College credits earned in last 3 years Percent who earned credits .................................     60.7 63.2 56.1 53.1 50.3 50.2 Mean number of credits earned 2 ........................     14   9 4 4   Median years of teaching experience .......................... 11 8 8 8 12 15 15 15 Teaching for first year ( percent) ................................... 8.0 9.1 9.1 5.5 2.4 3.1 3.0 2.1 Average number of pupils per class Elementary teachers, not departmentalized ........ 29 28 27 25 25 24 24 24 Elementary teachers, departmentalized ..............     25 23 22       Secondary teachers ............................................. 28 26 27 25 23 25 26 31 Mean number of students taught per day by secondary teachers ........................................ 138 132 134 126 118 94 93 97 Average number of hours in required school day ........ 7.4 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.3 7.2 7.3 Average number of hours per week spent on all teaching duties All teachers ................................................... 47 47 47 46 46 49 47 49 Elementary teachers ..................................... 49 47 46 44 44 47 44 47 Secondary teachers ...................................... 46 48 48 48 48 51 50 52 Average number of days of classroom teaching in school year .......................................................   181 181 180 180 180 180 180 Average number of nonteaching days in school year .......................................................   5 4 5 6 5 5 6 In current dollars Average annual salary as classroom teacher .............. 3 $ 5,264 $ 6,253 $ 9,261 $ 12,005 $ 17,209 $ 24,504 $ 31,790 $ 35,549 Total income, including spouse's ( if married) ..............     $ 15,021 $ 19,957 $ 29,831 $ 43,413 $ 55,491 $ 63,171 Willingness to teach again ( percent) Certainly would ..................................................... 49.9 52.6 44.9 37.5 21.8 22.7 28.6 32.1 Probably would ..................................................... 26.9 25.4 29.5 26.1 24.6 26.3 30.5 30.5 Chances about even ............................................ 12.5 12.9 13.0 17.5 17.6 19.8 18.5 17.3 Probably would not .............................................. 7.9 7.1 8.9 13.4 24.0 22.0 17.0 15.8 Certainly would not .............................................. 2.8 2.0 3.7 5.6 12.0 9.3 5.4 4.3   Not available.

1 Figures for curriculum specialist or professional diploma based on six years of college study are not included.

2 Measured in semester hours.

3 Includes extra pay for extra duties. NOTE: Data are based upon sample surveys of public school teachers. Data differ from figures appearing in other tables because of varying processing procedures and time period coverages. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: National Education Association, `` Status of the American Public School Teacher, 1995   96.'' ( Copyright   1997 by the National Education Association. All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared October 1997.) 82 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 71.   Public secondary school teachers, by subject taught: Spring 1966 to spring 1996 [ Percentage distribution]

Teaching field in which largest portion of time was spent 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Total secondary school teachers, in thousands .......................................... 746 927 1,016 995 970 1,012 1,049 Percent distribution, by field of study All fields ................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Agriculture ................................................... 1.6 0.6 0.6 1.1 0.6 0.3 0.5 Art ............................................................... 2.0 3.7 2.4 3.1 1.5 2.6 3.3 Business education .................................... 7.0 5.9 4.6 6.2 6.5 3.5 4.1 English ........................................................ 18.1 20.4 19.9 23.8 21.8 25.0 23.9 Foreign language ........................................ 6.4 4.8 4.2 2.8 3.7 3.8 5.2 Health and physical education ................... 6.9 8.3 7.9 6.5 5.6 7.5 5.9 Home economics ........................................ 5.9 5.1 2.8 3.6 2.6 3.1 2.2 Industrial arts .............................................. 5.1 4.1 3.9 5.2 2.2 2.1 0.5 Mathematics ............................................... 13.9 14.4 18.2 15.3 19.2 14.5 17.2 Music .......................................................... 4.7 3.8 3.0 3.7 4.8 4.2 4.3 Science ....................................................... 10.8 10.6 13.1 12.1 11.0 13.3 12.6 Social studies ............................................. 15.3 14.0 12.4 11.2 13.6 11.0 13.4 Special education ....................................... 0.4 1.1 3.0 2.1 3.5 5.2 1.7 Other ........................................................... 1.9 3.1 4.0 3.3 3.4 3.9 5.2 NOTE: Data are based upon sample surveys of public school teachers. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. SOURCE: National Education Association, Status of the American Public School Teacher, 1995   96. ( Copyright   1997 by the National Education Association. All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared October 1997.)

Table 72.   Percent of vocational and nonvocational public school teachers of grades 9 to 12, by selected demographic and educational characteristics: 1993   94 Characteristics of teachers Total Teacher type Characteristics of teachers Total Teacher type Nonvocational Vocational Nonvocational Vocational 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 Total .................................................................. 100.0 100.0 100.0 Sex Major field of study Male .................................................................. 48.3 46.2 63.2 Business and management .............................. 1.1 0.7 6.5 Female ............................................................. 51.7 53.8 36.8 Education .......................................................... 52.4 50.3 75.2 Academic area ............................................... 26.7 28.6 5.3 English education ....................................... 5.2 5.7 0.3 Race/ ethnicity Music education ......................................... 3.4 3.7 0.2 White ................................................................ 88.8 88.9 88.5 Physical education ..................................... 9.1 9.5 3.8 Black ................................................................. 6.0 5.9 7.1 Other academic area ................................. 9.0 9.7 1.0 Hispanic ............................................................ 3.4 3.5 2.8 Administration ................................................ 5.3 5.1 7.0 Asian ................................................................ 0.9 0.9 0.8 General .......................................................... 4.5 4.6 3.3 American Indian or Alaskan Native ................. 0.8 0.8 0.8 Special education .......................................... 6.8 7.3 1.3 Vocational education ..................................... 6.5 3.7 37.2 Other education ............................................. 7.9 6.7 21.5 Age English .............................................................. 4.1 4.4 0.3 Under 30 years ................................................ 9.8 10.3 6.4 Foreign language .............................................. 4.7 5.1 0.1 30 to 39 years .................................................. 22.1 22.3 20.8 Mathematics ...................................................... 3.2 3.5 0.6 40 to 49 years .................................................. 40.7 40.7 40.6 Sciences ............................................................ 7.8 8.1 4.3 50 years and over ............................................ 27.5 26.8 32.2 Social sciences and history .............................. 10.0 10.7 1.8 Visual and performing arts ................................ 2.6 2.7 1.0 Other ................................................................. 6.1 6.2 5.5 Highest college degree Age at which first began to Less than a bachelor's degree ........................ 1.7 0.5 10.3 teach full time or part time Bachelor's degree ............................................ 46.6 47.0 43.5 25 or under .................................................... 75.7 75.6 76.5 Master's degree ............................................... 45.4 46.2 39.8 26 to 35 ......................................................... 22.1 22.1 21.7 Education specialist ......................................... 5.3 5.2 5.6 36 to 45 ......................................................... 2.2 2.2 1.9 Doctorate or first professional .......................... 1.1 1.1 0.7 46 to 55 ......................................................... 0.1 0.1 0.0 NOTE: Education specialist degrees or certificates are generally awarded for one year's work beyond the master's level. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94.'' ( This table was prepared September 1996, new data forthcoming in 2002.) 83 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 73.   Teachers' perceptions about serious problems in their schools, by type and control of school: 1990   91 and 1993   94 Problem area Percent of teachers indicating item is a serious problem Public school teachers Private school teachers 1990   91 1993   94 1990   91 1993   94 Total Total Elementary schools Secondary schools Combined schools Total Total Elementary schools Secondary schools Combined schools 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Student tardiness .......................................... 11.2 10.5 6.3 18.3 7.8 3.4 2.6 1.8 4.3 2.6 Student absenteeism .................................... 14.1 14.4 7.2 27.1 15.0 2.6 2.2 0.8 5.2 2.7 Teacher absenteeism ................................... 1.6 1.5 1.3 1.9 2.0 0.7 0.8 0.7 1.2 0.9 Students cutting class ................................... 4.6 5.1 1.3 11.9 4.6 0.7 0.7 0.2 2.4 0.7 Physical conflicts among students ............... 6.5 8.2 7.8 8.6 8.1 1.1 1.5 0.9 2.1 2.1 Robbery or theft ............................................ 3.4 4.1 3.0 5.8 3.6 0.8 0.8 0.4 1.4 1.1 Vandalism of school property ....................... 5.4 6.7 5.2 9.0 5.9 0.9 1.2 0.9 2.0 1.2 Student pregnancy ........................................ 6.4 7.3 1.1 18.4 10.1 0.3 0.4 0.2 1.1 0.4 Student use of alcohol .................................. 8.2 9.3 1.6 23.1 14.2 2.4 3.1 0.3 11.0 2.7 Student drug abuse ...................................... 4.2 5.7 1.0 14.2 7.1 0.5 1.3 0.2 4.0 1.4 Student possession of weapons ................... 1.2 2.8 1.2 5.6 2.7 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.6 0.3 Verbal abuse of teachers ............................. 7.5 11.1 8.6 14.8 14.3 1.7 2.3 0.7 2.8 4.4 Student disrespect for teachers .................... 13.0 18.5 15.3 23.6 20.3 2.9 3.4 2.2 4.2 4.7 Students dropping out .................................. 6.3 5.8 1.2 14.1 7.7 0.2 0.6 0.3 1.3 0.7 Student apathy .............................................. 20.6 23.6 15.6 38.0 28.9 4.1 4.5 2.2 9.7 5.1 Lack of academic challenge ......................... 5.7 6.5 4.2 10.4 9.9 1.3 1.5 1.0 2.5 1.6 Lack of parental involvement ........................ 25.4 27.6 23.0 34.5 35.5 4.3 4.0 2.8 7.1 4.7 Parental alcoholism/ drug abuse ................... 12.0 13.1 12.9 12.3 18.7 2.2 2.6 1.6 4.2 3.4 Poverty .......................................................... 17.1 19.5 20.8 15.9 26.8 2.0 2.7 2.2 3.2 3.0 Racial tension ............................................... 3.8 5.1 4.0 6.7 5.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 1.7 0.8 Students come unprepared to learn .............   28.8 24.3 36.0 30.9   4.1 2.6 7.6 4.6   Not available. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey,'' 1990   91 and 1993   94. ( This table was prepared September 1996, new data forthcoming in 2002.)

Table 74.   Teachers' perceptions about teaching and school conditions, by type and control of school: 1993   94 Statement Percent of teachers somewhat agreeing or strongly agreeing with statement Public school teachers Private school teachers Total Elementary schools Secondary schools Combined schools Total Elementary schools Secondary schools Combined schools 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 The school administration's behavior toward the staff is supportive ............... 79.2 80.7 76.8 77.0 88.2 89.4 83.3 88.7 My principal enforces school rules for student conduct and backs me up when I need it ............................................................................................... 80.8 82.0 78.6 81.4 88.4 89.3 84.4 88.5 The principal lets staff members know what is expected of them ................... 85.6 86.9 83.5 82.1 88.2 89.1 86.6 88.2 Principal talks to me frequently about my instructional practices .................... 44.3 49.0 35.6 45.7 54.0 58.3 41.2 53.7 Goals and priorities for the school are clear .................................................... 82.8 85.4 78.1 79.3 90.2 90.9 88.3 90.2 Teachers in this school are evaluated fairly .................................................... 87.9 88.6 86.6 85.3 89.8 90.4 87.3 90.3 In this school, staff members are recognized for a job well done ................... 67.9 71.7 61.7 62.6 81.1 82.4 74.7 82.1 Principal knows what kind of school he/ she wants and has communicated it to the staff ......................................................................... 80.5 82.8 76.7 77.1 88.6 89.1 85.5 89.9 Principal does a poor job in getting resources for this school ......................... 16.1 15.1 18.1 19.6 10.5 10.6 12.9 8.7 Most of my colleagues share my beliefs and values about what the central mission of the school should be ................................................................... 84.2 87.3 79.1 81.4 93.2 95.0 88.4 93.7 Teachers participate in making most of the important education decisions in this school ................................................................................. 58.3 62.8 50.3 58.4 74.0 75.1 66.1 75.3 There is a great deal of cooperative effort among staff .................................. 77.5 80.9 71.8 76.3 90.5 90.3 86.2 93.0 I receive a great deal of support from parents for the work I do ..................... 52.5 58.4 43.2 47.4 84.6 87.3 77.7 83.1 I make a conscious effort to coordinate the content of my courses with that of other teachers ........................................................................................... 85.0 88.0 79.8 82.9 85.2 86.6 78.5 86.1 Routine duties and paperwork interfere with my job of teaching .................... 70.8 70.9 71.4 65.7 40.1 40.5 45.2 36.2 I have to follow rules in this school that conflict with my best professional judgement ................................................................................. 24.2 22.0 27.4 26.4 15.0 15.1 19.1 13.0 Level of student misbehavior in this school interferes with my teaching ........ 44.1 42.9 45.5 43.9 22.4 22.7 20.2 25.1 Amount of student tardiness and class cutting in this school interferes with my teaching ........................................................................... 27.9 18.4 45.3 24.6 8.6 6.4 13.4 9.2 Rules for student behavior are consistently enforced by teachers in this school, even for students who are not in their classes ................................ 61.8 70.9 45.8 59.5 77.6 83.1 63.6 77.0 I am satisfied with my class sizes .................................................................... 64.9 62.9 68.2 78.1 84.4 82.2 84.0 89.3 I am satisfied with my teaching salary ............................................................. 44.9 44.1 47.2 43.1 41.6 35.5 43.6 49.5 I sometimes feel it is a waste of time to try to do my best as a teacher ........ 26.8 23.4 32.6 30.8 13.4 12.1 16.5 13.7 I plan with the librarian/ media specialist for the integration of services into my teaching ............................................................................. 66.9 67.8 65.8 64.5 60.6 58.6 65.4 61.2 Library/ media materials are adequate to support my instructional objectives ...................................................................................................... 65.6 64.9 67.7 59.9 61.0 56.4 67.2 63.4 Necessary materials are available as needed by staff .................................... 73.1 73.7 73.0 72.3 85.7 84.5 85.3 87.3 SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94.'' ( This table was prepared September 1996, new data forthcoming in 2002.) 84 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 75.   Mobility of public and private elementary and secondary teachers, by selected school and teacher characteristics: 1987   88 to 1994   95 Characteristic Percentage distribution of public school teachers Percentage distribution of private school teachers 1987   88 to 1988   89 1990   91 to 1991   92 1993   94 to 1994   95 1987   88 to 1988   89 1990   91 to 1991   92 1993   94 to 1994   95 Remained teaching in the same school Remained in teaching but changed schools Left teaching Remained teaching in the same school Remained in teaching but changed schools Left teaching Remained teaching in the same school Remained in teaching but changed schools Left teaching Left teaching Left teaching Remained teaching in the same school Remained in teaching but changed schools Left teaching 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Total .......................................... 86.5 7.9 5.6 87.6 7.3 5.1 86.3 7.2 6.6 12.7 12.3 82.3 5.8 11.9 Sex Male ...................................... 87.7 7.3 5.1 89.1 6.4 4.5 88.2 6.6 5.2 10.2 12.1 82.1 4.8 13.1 Female .................................. 86.1 8.1 5.8 87.1 7.6 5.3 85.6 7.4 7.1 13.4 12.3 82.4 6.1 11.6 Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic ............. 86.5 7.8 5.7 87.6 7.3 5.1 86.7 6.8 6.5 12.1 12.0 82.5 5.7 11.7 Total minority ........................ 87.0 8.6 4.4 87.5 7.1 5.3 83.7 9.5 6.8 21.4 15.4 79.2   14.8 Black, non Hispanic .......... 86.2 8.8 5.1 85.5 8.3 6.1 84.9 8.5 6.6 34.7 19.3 82.3   12.6 Hispanic ............................ 88.9 8.2 2.9 89.6 6.0 4.4 79.4 11.5 9.1 21.3 13.6 77.2   14.6 Age Less than 25 ......................... 78.7 17.0 4.3 73.8 17.2 9.1 81.1 15.2 3.8 19.0 23.8 67.4 12.6 20.0 25 to 29 ................................ 75.0 16.1 9.0 76.6 14.3 9.0 76.3 13.7 10.0 17.6 17.8 76.1 10.8 13.1 30 to 39 ................................ 85.2 9.0 5.8 85.9 9.9 4.2 84.8 8.6 6.7 12.4 13.7 77.6 7.5 14.9 40 to 49 ................................ 91.2 6.4 2.4 92.5 5.5 2.0 89.9 6.1 3.9 10.5 7.7 87.2 4.1 8.7 50 to 59 ................................ 90.4 3.9 5.7 89.3 4.0 6.7 88.9 4.8 6.3 11.3 9.6 89.3 2.4 8.2 60 to 64 ................................ 72.0 4.5 23.4 71.0 2.2 26.8 68.0 1.5 30.5 16.9 17.8 84.9 2.0 13.1 65 and over .......................... 83.3   16.7 48.9 10.3 40.9 63.2   34.1 7.9 20.7 56.6   41.9 Full time teaching experience Less than 1 year .................. 76.9 11.5 11.6 51.5 31.3 17.2 79.7 11.1 9.3 27.4 28.4 70.3 7.6 22.1 1 to 3 years .......................... 77.4 14.3 8.3 79.7 13.1 7.2 79.6 12.7 7.8 15.9 16.7 72.3 10.3 17.3 1 year ................................ 77.3 14.2 8.5 79.0 12.6 8.4 81.2 12.4 6.4 18.8 18.8 66.7 11.6 21.7 2 years .............................. 78.8 13.6 7.6 78.7 14.1 7.1 76.4 14.6 9.1 14.6 15.8 71.9 11.2 17.0 3 years .............................. 76.0 15.2 8.8 81.6 12.4 5.9 81.4 10.8 7.8 14.3 14.7 79.8 7.8 12.4 4 to 9 years .......................... 82.9 11.1 6.0 84.8 9.9 5.3 83.0 9.9 7.1 12.8 12.7 81.2 7.0 11.9 10 to 19 years ...................... 89.3 6.7 4.0 91.0 6.5 2.4 89.1 6.6 4.4 11.4 6.2 89.7 2.4 7.9 20 to 24 years ...................... 93.6 4.1 2.2 93.3 3.3 3.4 92.5 2.8 4.6 7.4 4.7 92.3 2.5 5.2 25 years or more .................. 84.9 4.1 11.0 85.9 3.1 11.0 84.9 4.1 11.1 7.4 14.6 85.5 2.9 11.6 Level taught Elementary ........................... 85.0 9.5 5.5 87.1 8.1 4.8 86.0 7.6 6.4 12.5 11.3 82.4 6.1 11.5 Secondary ............................ 88.1 6.2 5.6 88.2 6.4 5.5 86.6 6.7 6.7 12.9 13.3 82.2 5.2 12.6 School size Less than 150 ....................... 85.6 9.8 4.5 86.6 8.1 5.3 78.6 10.3 11.1 19.4 17.0 76.0 7.9 16.2 150 to 299 ............................ 84.6 9.9 5.4 88.0 7.7 4.3 85.8 7.0 7.1 12.1 13.8 79.6 8.0 12.4 300 to 499 ............................ 86.9 7.5 5.6 85.8 8.5 5.7 86.2 7.3 6.5 10.2 7.7 84.3 3.2 12.5 500 to 749 ............................ 86.8 7.5 5.7 87.7 7.6 4.7 85.3 7.1 7.6 9.2 9.8 89.6 3.3 7.1 750 or more .......................... 87.7 7.4 4.9 88.6 6.1 5.4 87.7 6.6 5.7 12.8 6.7 89.6 4.2 6.2 Percent minority enrollment Less than 5% ....................... 88.0 6.9 5.1 89.6 5.7 4.6 87.1 4.9 8.0 13.2 11.5 83.9 5.1 11.0 5 to 19% ............................... 86.6 7.6 5.8 88.1 6.4 5.5 87.3 6.7 6.0 10.3 12.2 84.8 4.2 11.1 20 to 49% ............................. 87.3 7.6 5.2 85.6 8.6 5.9 86.6 7.2 6.2 18.9 12.2 77.0 7.4 15.6 50% or more ......................... 85.0 9.7 5.3 86.2 8.9 4.9 83.6 9.6 6.8 13.6 13.1 75.8 10.9 13.2 Community type Central city ...........................       86.3 8.6 5.2 86.1 7.6 6.3   12.7 83.4 5.7 10.9 Urban fringe/ small town .......       87.2 7.3 5.5 86.3 7.2 6.5   10.6 81.9 5.5 12.6 Rural/ small town ...................       88.8 6.4 4.8 86.4 6.8 6.8   13.9 80.0 6.4 13.6   Not available.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Characteristics of Stayers, Movers, and Leavers: Results from the Teacher Followup Survey: 1994   95. ( This table was prepared April 1997.) 85 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 76.   Average salaries for full time teachers in public and private elementary and secondary schools, by selected characteristics: 1993   94 Selected characteristics Total earned income Base salary Number of full time teachers School year supplemental contract Supplemental contract during summer Number of teachers with nonschool employment Number of teachers Supplemental salary Number of teachers Supplemental salary Teaching or tutor Education related Not education related 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Public schools Total 1 ............................................................... $ 36,498 $ 34,153 2,340,443 815,827 $ 2,075 401,516 $ 2,070 118,603 80,014 237,177 Men .............................................................. 41,031 36,182 642,807 348,855 2,923 147,299 2,530 37,297 39,150 124,487 Women ......................................................... 34,781 33,384 1,697,636 466,972 1,442 254,218 1,803 81,305 40,863 112,689 Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic ..................................... 36,576 34,221 2,012,142 722,694 2,067 328,492 2,015 100,017 68,991 208,306 Black, non Hispanic ..................................... 36,200 33,889 181,896 48,968 2,325 40,819 2,221 10,734 5,490 16,336 Hispanic ....................................................... 35,197 32,996 102,965 31,653 1,930 24,122 2,477 5,817 3,644 7,337 Asian or Pacific Islander .............................. 38,292 36,134 25,383 6,391 1,873 5,381 2,285 1,298 910 2,327 American Indian or Alaskan Native ............. 35,635 32,994 18,057 6,121 2,068 2,703 2,305 737 979 2,871 Age Less than 30 ................................................ 27,151 24,737 258,692 113,918 1,777 51,862 1,819 11,924 8,078 28,228 30 to 39 ........................................................ 31,596 29,270 517,638 204,607 2,163 102,314 1,942 24,860 19,623 49,690 40 to 49 ........................................................ 38,106 35,751 974,299 328,974 2,107 161,320 2,053 50,193 34,480 100,528 50 or more ................................................... 42,243 39,931 589,815 168,328 2,109 86,021 2,404 31,625 17,833 58,730 Years of teaching experience First year ...................................................... 26,641 23,544 99,833 35,238 1,573 16,007 2,516 4,554 2,463 13,210 2 to 4 years .................................................. 27,217 25,089 272,905 109,127 1,660 54,192 1,806 10,991 9,575 30,150 5 to 9 years .................................................. 30,709 28,451 388,370 145,326 1,998 79,198 2,046 23,195 11,272 36,451 10 to 14 years .............................................. 33,805 31,792 355,460 114,950 2,110 58,360 2,003 16,150 12,281 30,036 15 to 19 years .............................................. 37,984 35,809 380,168 131,094 2,177 65,105 1,842 19,878 14,175 35,835 20 or more years ......................................... 43,796 41,215 843,707 280,091 2,279 128,653 2,285 43,835 30,248 91,495 Level Elementary ................................................... 34,944 33,517 1,193,257 254,890 1,503 170,059 1,801 47,820 27,084 90,749 Secondary .................................................... 38,114 34,815 1,147,186 560,937 2,335 231,457 2,267 70,783 52,930 146,427 Private schools Total 1 ............................................................... $ 24,053 $ 21,968 302,431 64,063 $ 1,894 62,847 $ 2,122 20,237 11,424 34,099 Men .............................................................. 30,215 26,120 72,264 27,418 2,408 21,317 2,584 3,993 4,969 14,283 Women ......................................................... 22,118 20,669 230,167 36,645 1,509 41,530 1,885 16,244 6,456 19,816 Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic ..................................... 24,084 22,000 278,749 59,475 1,903 55,950 2,109 18,461 10,677 31,724 Black, non Hispanic ..................................... 23,043 20,796 8,946 1,350 2,451 3,024 2,173 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) Hispanic ....................................................... 22,256 20,672 9,862 2,013 1,209 2,269 2,298 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) Asian or Pacific Islander .............................. 28,505 25,861 3,786 997 2,054 1,185 2,643 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) American Indian or Alaskan Native ............. 25,082 21,625 1,088 ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2)

Age Less than 30 ................................................ 19,438 17,010 56,709 14,802 1,572 15,865 1,781 4,600 2,373 8,982 30 to 39 ........................................................ 23,334 20,925 73,855 16,590 1,947 17,227 2,161 4,636 3,247 10,087 40 to 49 ........................................................ 25,230 23,224 102,226 21,284 1,915 20,355 2,196 6,965 3,794 9,580 50 or more ................................................... 26,845 25,273 69,641 11,388 2,193 9,400 2,467 4,035 2,010 5,449 Years of teaching experience First year ...................................................... 19,408 16,318 22,922 4,832 1,539 4,545 1,973 1,798 ( 2) 3,395 2 to 4 years .................................................. 19,858 17,719 54,831 12,001 1,580 15,974 1,899 3,970 1,924 8,207 5 to 9 years .................................................. 21,764 19,748 66,567 13,905 1,816 14,111 2,112 4,625 3,184 8,044 10 to 14 years .............................................. 24,266 22,424 49,880 10,007 1,741 9,171 2,032 2,369 1,404 5,133 15 to 19 years .............................................. 27,238 25,351 42,209 8,985 2,129 8,460 2,257 3,601 1,812 3,452 20 or more years ......................................... 29,258 27,178 66,022 14,334 2,310 10,585 2,508 3,874 2,320 5,867 Level Elementary ................................................... 21,485 19,977 179,936 23,015 1,514 33,338 1,846 11,805 5,645 18,137 Secondary .................................................... 27,824 24,896 122,496 41,048 2,106 29,509 2,435 8,432 5,780 15,962 1 Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding or missing values in cells with too few cases, or survey item nonresponse. 2 Too few sample cases ( fewer than 30) for a reliable estimate. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Schools and Staffing Survey, 1993   94,'' unpublished data. ( This table was prepared November 1997, new data forthcoming in 2002.) 86 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 77.   Estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools: 1959   60 to 2000   01 School year Current dollars Constant 2000   01 dollars All teachers Elementary teachers Secondary teachers All teachers Elementary teachers Secondary teachers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1959   60 ................................................. $ 4,995 $ 4,815 $ 5,276 $ 29,765 $ 28,692 $ 31,439 1961   62 ................................................. 5,515 5,340 5,775 32,126 31,106 33,640 1963   64 ................................................. 5,995 5,805 6,266 34,034 32,955 35,572 1965   66 ................................................. 6,485 6,279 6,761 35,586 34,455 37,100 1967   68 ................................................. 7,423 7,208 7,692 38,218 37,111 39,603 1969   70 ................................................. 8,626 8,412 8,891 39,983 38,991 41,211 1970   71 ................................................. 9,268 9,021 9,568 40,850 39,761 42,172 1971   72 ................................................. 9,705 9,424 10,031 41,294 40,099 42,682 1972   73 ................................................. 10,174 9,893 10,507 41,613 40,464 42,975 1973   74 ................................................. 10,770 10,507 11,077 40,445 39,457 41,598 1974   75 ................................................. 11,641 11,334 12,000 39,354 38,317 40,568 1975   76 ................................................. 12,600 12,280 12,937 39,781 38,770 40,845 1976   77 ................................................. 13,354 12,989 13,776 39,838 38,749 41,097 1977   78 ................................................. 14,198 13,845 14,602 39,691 38,704 40,820 1978   79 ................................................. 15,032 14,681 15,450 38,423 37,526 39,492 1979   80 ................................................. 15,970 15,569 16,459 36,018 35,114 37,121 1980   81 ................................................. 17,644 17,230 18,142 35,663 34,826 36,670 1981   82 ................................................. 19,274 18,853 19,805 35,860 35,077 36,848 1982   83 ................................................. 20,695 20,227 21,291 36,918 36,083 37,981 1983   84 ................................................. 21,935 21,487 22,554 37,734 36,963 38,798 1984   85 ................................................. 23,600 23,200 24,187 39,069 38,406 40,040 1985   86 ................................................. 25,199 24,718 25,846 40,546 39,772 41,588 1986   87 ................................................. 26,569 26,057 27,244 41,822 41,016 42,885 1987   88 ................................................. 28,034 27,519 28,798 42,373 41,594 43,527 1988   89 ................................................. 29,564 29,022 30,218 42,713 41,930 43,657 1989   90 ................................................. 31,367 30,832 32,049 43,253 42,516 44,194 1990   91 ................................................. 33,084 32,490 33,896 43,256 42,480 44,318 1991   92 ................................................. 34,063 33,479 34,827 43,153 42,414 44,121 1992   93 ................................................. 35,029 34,350 35,880 43,033 42,199 44,079 1993   94 ................................................. 35,737 35,233 36,566 42,794 42,191 43,787 1994   95 ................................................. 36,675 36,088 37,523 42,694 42,011 43,681 1995   96 ................................................. 37,642 37,138 38,397 42,659 42,088 43,515 1996   97 ................................................. 38,477 38,039 39,184 42,396 41,913 43,175 1997   98 ................................................. 39,417 39,056 40,040 42,670 42,280 43,345 1998   99 ................................................. 40,580 40,275 41,159 43,182 42,857 43,798 1999   2000 ............................................. 41,724 41,466 42,430 43,153 42,887 43,884 2000   01 ................................................. 42,898 42,613 43,663 42,898 42,613 43,663 NOTE: Constant 2000   01 dollars based on the Consumer Price Index, prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. SOURCE: National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics, various years; and unpublished data. ( Copyright   2001 by the National Education Association. All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared July 2001.) 87 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 78.   Estimated average annual salary of teachers in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1969   70 to 2000   01 State Current dollars Constant 2000   01 dollars Percent change, 1989   90 to 2000   01 in constant dollars 1969   70 1979   80 1989   90 1995   96 1998   99 1999   2000 2000   01 1969   70 1979   80 1989   90 1995   96 1998   99 1999   2000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 United States .............. $ 8,626 $ 15,970 $ 31,367 $ 37,642 $ 40,580 $ 41,724 $ 42,898 $ 39,983 $ 36,018 $ 43,253 $ 42,659 $ 43,182 $ 43,153   0.8 Alabama ........................... 6,818 13,060 24,828 31,313 35,820 36,689 37,956 31,602 29,455 34,237 35,486 38,117 37,946 10.9 Alaska .............................. 10,560 27,210 43,153 49,620 46,845 47,262 46,986 48,947 61,369 59,506 56,233 49,849 48,881   21.0 Arizona ............................. 8,711 15,054 29,402 32,483 35,025 35,650 36,302 40,377 33,953 40,544 36,812 37,271 36,871   10.5 Arkansas .......................... 6,307 12,299 22,352 29,533 32,330 33,386 34,476 29,234 27,739 30,822 33,469 34,403 34,530 11.9 California .......................... 10,315 18,020 37,998 42,259 46,129 47,680 48,923 47,811 40,642 52,397 47,891 49,087 49,314   6.6 Colorado .......................... 7,761 16,205 30,758 35,364 38,157 38,163 39,284 35,973 36,548 42,414 40,077 40,604 39,470   7.4 Connecticut ...................... 9,262 16,229 40,461 50,254 51,424 51,780 52,100 42,931 36,603 55,794 56,952 54,721 53,554   6.6 Delaware .......................... 9,015 16,148 33,377 40,533 43,164 44,435 47,047 41,786 36,420 46,025 45,935 45,932 45,957 2.2 District of Columbia ......... 10,285 22,190 38,402 43,700 47,076 47,076 48,651 47,672 50,047 52,954 49,524 50,094 48,689   8.1 Florida .............................. 8,412 14,149 28,803 33,330 35,916 36,722 37,824 38,991 31,911 39,718 37,772 38,219 37,980   4.8 Georgia ............................ 7,276 13,853 28,006 34,002 39,675 41,023 42,216 33,725 31,244 38,619 38,534 42,219 42,428 9.3 Hawaii .............................. 9,453 19,920 32,047 35,807 39,871 40,578 41,980 43,816 44,927 44,191 40,579 42,427 41,968   5.0 Idaho ................................ 6,890 13,611 23,861 30,892 34,063 35,162 36,375 31,936 30,698 32,903 35,009 36,247 36,367 10.6 Illinois ............................... 9,569 17,601 32,794 40,919 45,269 46,486 48,053 44,354 39,697 45,221 46,373 48,172 48,079 6.3 Indiana ............................. 8,833 15,599 30,902 37,675 41,159 41,850 43,055 40,942 35,182 42,612 42,696 43,798 43,284 1.0 Iowa ................................. 8,355 15,203 26,747 32,372 34,998 35,678 36,479 38,727 34,289 36,883 36,687 37,242 36,900   1.1 Kansas ............................. 7,612 13,690 28,744 32,382 37,506 38,453 39,432 35,283 30,876 39,636 36,698 39,911 39,770   0.5 Kentucky .......................... 6,953 14,520 26,292 33,080 35,526 36,380 37,234 32,228 32,748 36,255 37,489 37,804 37,626 2.7 Louisiana ......................... 7,028 13,760 24,300 27,530 32,384 33,109 34,253 32,576 31,034 33,508 31,199 34,460 34,243 2.2 Maine ............................... 7,572 13,071 26,881 32,869 34,906 35,561 36,256 35,097 29,480 37,068 37,250 37,144 36,779   2.2 Maryland .......................... 9,383 17,558 36,319 41,160 43,112 44,048 44,997 43,491 39,600 50,082 46,646 45,876 45,557   10.2 Massachusetts ................. 8,764 17,253 34,712 41,408 45,075 46,250 47,523 40,622 38,912 47,866 46,927 47,965 47,835   0.7 Michigan .......................... 9,826 19,663 37,072 46,832 47,448 48,695 49,975 45,545 44,348 51,120 53,074 50,490 50,363   2.2 Minnesota ........................ 8,658 15,912 32,190 36,922 39,458 39,802 40,577 40,131 35,888 44,388 41,843 41,988 41,166   8.6 Mississippi ....................... 5,798 11,850 24,292 27,692 29,530 31,857 32,957 26,874 26,726 33,497 31,383 31,423 32,948   1.6 Missouri ........................... 7,799 13,682 27,094 32,322 34,807 35,656 36,764 36,149 30,858 37,361 36,630 37,039 36,878   1.6 Montana ........................... 7,606 14,537 25,081 29,364 31,354 32,121 32,930 35,255 32,786 34,585 33,278 33,364 33,221   4.8 Nebraska ......................... 7,375 13,516 25,522 31,496 32,880 33,284 34,175 34,184 30,484 35,194 35,694 34,988 34,424   2.9 Nevada ............................ 9,215 16,295 30,590 36,167 38,883 39,390 40,172 42,713 36,751 42,182 40,987 41,376 40,740   4.8 New Hampshire ............... 7,771 13,017 28,986 35,792 37,405 37,734 38,303 36,020 29,358 39,970 40,562 39,803 39,027   4.2 New Jersey ...................... 9,130 17,161 35,676 48,751 51,193 52,174 53,281 42,319 38,705 49,195 55,249 54,475 53,961 8.3 New Mexico ..................... 7,796 14,887 24,756 29,074 32,398 32,554 33,785 36,135 33,576 34,137 32,949 34,475 33,669   1.0 New York ......................... 10,336 19,812 38,925 48,115 49,437 50,173 50,920 47,909 44,684 53,676 54,528 52,607 51,892   5.1 North Carolina ................. 7,494 14,117 27,883 30,411 36,883 39,419 41,167 34,736 31,839 38,449 34,464 39,248 40,770 7.1 North Dakota ................... 6,696 13,263 23,016 26,969 28,976 29,863 30,891 31,037 29,913 31,738 30,563 30,834 30,886   2.7 Ohio ................................. 8,300 15,269 31,218 37,835 40,561 41,436 42,716 38,472 34,437 43,048 42,878 43,162 42,856   0.8 Oklahoma ........................ 6,882 13,107 23,070 28,404 31,115 31,298 34,434 31,899 29,561 31,812 32,190 33,110 32,370 8.2 Oregon ............................. 8,818 16,266 30,840 39,706 42,833 40,919 42,333 40,873 36,686 42,527 44,998 45,579 42,321   0.5 Pennsylvania ................... 8,858 16,515 33,338 46,087 48,457 48,321 49,500 41,058 37,248 45,971 52,230 51,564 49,976 7.7 Rhode Island ................... 8,776 18,002 36,057 41,765 45,650 47,041 48,474 40,678 40,601 49,721 47,332 48,577 48,653   2.5 South Carolina ................. 6,927 13,063 27,217 31,622 34,506 36,081 37,327 32,108 29,462 37,531 35,837 36,718 37,317   0.5 South Dakota ................... 6,403 12,348 21,300 26,346 28,552 29,072 30,265 29,679 27,849 29,372 29,857 30,383 30,068 3.0 Tennessee ....................... 7,050 13,972 27,052 33,126 35,490 36,328 37,074 32,678 31,512 37,303 37,541 37,766 37,573   0.6 Texas ............................... 7,255 14,132 27,496 31,400 34,337 37,567 38,614 33,628 31,873 37,916 35,585 36,539 38,854 1.8 Utah ................................. 7,644 14,909 23,686 30,588 34,070 34,946 36,049 35,431 33,625 32,662 34,665 36,254 36,143 10.4 Vermont ........................... 7,968 12,484 29,012 36,295 36,800 37,714 38,651 36,933 28,156 40,006 41,132 39,160 39,006   3.4 Virginia ............................. 8,070 14,060 30,938 34,792 37,266 38,123 40,197 37,405 31,711 42,662 39,429 39,655 39,429   5.8 Washington ...................... 9,225 18,820 30,457 37,853 38,687 41,013 42,101 42,759 42,446 41,999 42,898 41,168 42,418 0.2 West Virginia ................... 7,650 13,710 22,842 32,155 34,244 35,008 35,764 35,459 30,921 31,498 36,441 36,440 36,207 13.5 Wisconsin ........................ 8,963 16,006 31,921 38,182 40,657 41,153 41,646 41,545 36,100 44,017 43,271 43,264 42,563   5.4 Wyoming .......................... 8,232 16,012 28,141 31,571 33,500 34,140 34,189 38,156 36,113 38,805 35,779 35,648 35,310   11.9 NOTE: Constant 2000   01 dollars based on the Consumer Price Index prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor. Price index does not account for different rates of change in the cost of living among states. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. SOURCE: National Education Association, Estimates of School Statistics; and unpublished data. ( Copyright   2001 by the National Education Association. All rights reserved ( This table was prepared July 2001.) 88 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 79.   Minimum and average teacher salaries, by state: 1990   91, 1998   99, and 1999   2000 State 1990   91 1998   99 1999   2000 Percent change, 1990   91 to 1999   2000 ( constant dollars) 1 Minimum ( beginning) salary Average salary Minimum ( beginning) salary ( in 1999   2000 dollars) 1 Average salary ( in 1999   2000 dollars) 1 Minimum ( beginning) salary Average salary Minimum ( beginning) salary ( in 1999   2000 dollars) 1 Average salary ( in 1999   2000 dollars) 1 Minimum ( beginning) salary Average salary Minimum ( beginning) salary as a percent of average salary Minimum ( beginning) salary Average salary 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 United States ................. $ 21,542 $ 32,880 $ 27,232 $ 41,565 $ 26,855 $ 40,540 $ 27,630 $ 41,710 $ 27,989 $ 41,820 66.9 2.8 0.6 Alabama .............................. 22,114 26,846 27,956 33,938 29,092 35,820 29,932 36,854 2 29,790 36,689 81.2 6.6 8.1 Alaska ................................. 2 29,950 43,406 2 37,861 54,872 33,057 46,312 34,011 47,649 33,676 46,481 72.5   11.1   15.3 Arizona ................................ 2 21,375 30,773 2 27,021 38,902 24,755 33,197 25,470 34,155 2 25,613 34,824 73.5   5.2   10.5 Arkansas ............................. 3 17,458 4 23,735 3 22,070 4 30,005 21,975 32,819 22,609 33,766 22,599 5 33,691 67.1 2.4 12.3 California ............................. 2 24,570 2 39,118 2 31,060 2 49,451 31,129 46,129 32,028 47,461 32,190 2,5 47,680 67.5 3.6   3.6 Colorado ............................. 19,786 31,819 25,013 40,224 24,293 38,157 24,994 39,259 2 24,875 2 39,073 63.7   0.6   2.9 Connecticut ......................... 25,312 43,398 31,998 54,862 29,992 52,070 30,858 53,573 30,466 52,410 58.1   4.8   4.5 Delaware ............................. 21,112 35,246 26,689 44,556 29,981 43,164 30,846 44,410 2 30,945 2 44,435 69.6 15.9   0.3 District of Columbia ............ 23,327 2 39,362 29,489 2 49,760 3 30,000 46,536 30,866 47,879 30,850 48,304 63.9 4.6   2.9 Florida ................................. 21,368 30,555 27,012 38,626 24,402 35,916 25,106 36,953 25,132 36,722 68.4   7.0   4.9 Georgia ............................... 20,471 4 28,950 25,879 4 36,597 29,491 39,776 30,342 40,924 5 30,402 5 41,122 73.9 17.5 12.4 Hawaii ................................. 23,792 33,548 30,077 42,410 28,315 40,416 29,132 41,583 29,204 41,292 70.7   2.9   2.6 Idaho ................................... 15,685 25,510 19,828 32,249 20,306 34,062 20,892 35,045 20,915 35,155 59.5 5.5 9.0 Illinois .................................. 4 21,954 4 34,642 4 27,753 4 43,793 6 28,954 6 45,286 29,790 46,593 2,7 30,151 2,7 46,480 64.9 8.6 6.1 Indiana ................................ 4 20,247 4 32,931 4 25,595 4 41,630 26,268 41,165 27,026 42,353 26,553 41,855 63.4 3.7 0.5 Iowa .................................... 19,404 27,949 24,530 35,332 24,132 35,007 24,829 36,018 25,275 5 35,678 70.8 3.0 1.0 Kansas ................................ 8 18,954 8 28,188 8 23,961 8 35,634 24,648 5 35,383 25,360 36,404 25,252 5,8 36,282 69.6 5.4 1.8 Kentucky ............................. 19,311 29,115 24,412 36,806 9 24,387 9 35,383 25,091 36,404 24,753 5 36,255 68.3 1.4   1.5 Louisiana ............................ 17,486 26,170 22,105 33,083 24,102 32,384 24,798 33,319 25,738 5 33,109 77.7 16.4 0.1 Maine .................................. 18,878 28,531 23,865 36,068 22,513 9 34,906 23,163 35,914 22,942 35,561 64.5   3.9   1.4 Maryland ............................. 23,548 3 38,312 29,768 4 48,432 9 27,605 9 42,557 28,402 43,786 28,612 43,720 65.4   3.9   9.7 Massachusetts .................... 2 21,800 36,090 2 27,559 45,623 29,312 45,149 30,158 46,452 2 30,330 2 46,955 64.6 10.1 2.9 Michigan ............................. 2 22,400 2 37,800 2 28,317 2 47,785 4 27,822 47,448 28,625 48,818 2 28,545 48,729 58.6 0.8 2.0 Minnesota ........................... 4 21,029 33,128 4 26,584 41,879 24,468 39,493 25,174 40,633 25,666 2 40,678 63.1   3.5   2.9 Mississippi .......................... 2 18,950 2 24,609 2 23,956 2 31,110 21,145 2 29,550 21,755 30,403 10 23,040 31,897 72.2   3.8 2.5 Missouri .............................. 2 20,293 2 27,636 2 25,654 2 34,936 25,306 34,806 26,037 35,811 25,977 5 35,660 72.8 1.3 2.1 Montana .............................. 2 18,400 26,696 2 23,260 33,748 20,732 31,356 21,330 32,261 20,969 5 32,121 65.3   9.9   4.8 Nebraska ............................ 18,344 26,592 23,190 33,616 22,611 32,880 23,264 33,829 22,923 33,237 69.0   1.1   1.1 Nevada ............................... 6 24,358 6 35,269 6 30,792 6 44,586 28,428 2 42,528 29,249 43,756 7 28,734 2 43,083 66.7   6.7   3.4 New Hampshire .................. 2 20,635 31,273 2 26,086 39,534 4 24,406 37,405 25,111 38,485 2 24,650 37,734 65.3   5.5   4.6 New Jersey ......................... 24,500 38,411 30,972 48,558 4 29,112 51,475 29,952 52,961 2 30,480 9 50,878 59.9   1.6 4.8 New Mexico ........................ 19,124 4 25,800 24,176 4 32,615 24,393 31,838 25,097 32,757 2 25,042 32,713 76.6 3.6 0.3 New York ............................ 9 26,375 9 42,080 9 33,342 9 53,196 9 30,808 9 49,490 31,697 50,919 31,910 9 51,020 62.5   4.3   4.1 North Carolina .................... 19,810 29,165 25,043 36,869 25,044 36,883 25,767 37,948 27,968 39,404 71.0 11.7 6.9 North Dakota ...................... 16,274 23,574 20,573 29,801 19,136 29,002 19,688 29,839 20,422 29,863 68.4   0.7 0.2 Ohio .................................... 18,452 31,964 23,326 40,407 23,096 40,746 23,763 41,922 23,597 41,713 56.6 1.2 3.2 Oklahoma ........................... 8 18,575 8 24,378 8 23,482 8 30,818 8 23,818 8 29,444 24,506 30,294 24,025 29,525 81.4 2.3   4.2 Oregon ................................ 6 20,357 6 32,295 6 25,734 6 40,826 2 28,589 2 43,789 29,414 45,053 6 29,733 6 45,103 65.9 15.5 10.5 Pennsylvania ...................... 2 23,250 4 36,057 2 29,392 4 45,582 29,793 48,457 30,653 49,856 30,185 2 48,321 62.5 2.7 6.0 Rhode Island ...................... 20,887 2 38,220 26,404 2 48,316 26,237 4 46,286 26,994 47,622 2 27,286 2 48,138 56.7 3.3   0.4 South Carolina .................... 4 19,757 4 28,174 4 24,976 4 35,616 23,827 34,506 24,515 35,502 25,215 36,081 69.9 1.0 1.3 South Dakota ...................... 16,676 22,363 21,081 28,270 21,376 28,386 21,993 29,205 2 21,889 29,072 75.3 3.8 2.8 Tennessee .......................... 20,150 28,248 25,473 35,710 26,314 35,490 27,074 36,515 27,228 36,328 75.0 6.9 1.7 Texas .................................. 2 20,150 2 28,100 2 25,473 2 35,523 25,586 34,336 26,325 35,327 28,400 37,567 75.6 11.5 5.8 Utah .................................... 17,234 4 25,415 21,786 4 32,129 22,941 34,079 23,603 35,063 23,273 34,946 66.6 6.8 8.8 Vermont .............................. 2 18,509 2 29,714 2 23,398 2 37,563 4 25,435 35,896 26,169 36,932 2 25,791 36,402 70.9 10.2   3.1 Virginia ................................ 4 22,206 4 32,692 4 28,072 4 41,328 4 25,777 37,527 26,521 38,610 2 26,783 7 38,992 68.7   4.6   5.7 Washington ......................... 4 20,612 4 32,975 4 26,057 4 41,686 23,650 38,693 24,333 39,810 26,514 41,047 64.6 1.8   1.5 West Virginia ...................... 18,728 25,966 23,675 32,825 9 23,316 9 34,248 23,989 35,237 23,829 5 35,011 68.1 0.6 6.7 Wisconsin ........................... 20,689 33,077 26,154 41,814 6 24,839 6 39,374 25,556 40,511 25,344 5 39,897 63.5   3.1   4.6 Wyoming ............................. 19,238 28,996 24,320 36,655 23,507 33,500 24,186 34,467 24,168 34,188 70.7   0.6   6.7 1 Based on the Consumer Price Index prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor. Price index does not account for different rates of change in the cost of living among states. 2 Estimated by the American Federation of Teachers. See NOTE. 3 Preliminary or state estimate. 4 Excludes state paid health insurance. 5 Includes pay for extra duties. 6 Includes employer pick up of employee pension contribution. 7 Includes pension and extra duty pay where applicable. 8 Estimated to exclude fringe benefits. 9 Median salary. 10 Includes estimated $ 1,000 in local supplements.

NOTE: Data in this table reflect results of surveys conducted by the American Federation of Teachers. Because of differing survey and estimation methods, these data are not entirely comparable with figures appearing in other tables. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.

SOURCE: American Federation of Teachers, Survey and Analysis of Teacher Salary Trends, various years. ( This table was prepared June 2001.) 89 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: TEACHERS Table 80.   Average annual salary of instructional staff in public elementary and secondary schools, by state: 1939   40 to 2000   01 State or other area Current dollars Constant 2000   01 dollars 1 1939   40 1949   50 1959   60 1969   70 1979   80 1989   90 1998   99 1999   2000 2000   01 1969   70 1979   80 1989   90 1998   99 1999   2000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 United States .............. $ 1,441 $ 3,010 $ 5,174 $ 9,047 $ 16,715 $ 32,638 2 $ 42,488 2 $ 43,768 2 $ 44,993 $ 41,934 $ 37,699 $ 45,006 $ 45,212 $ 45,268 Alabama ........................... 744 2,111 4,002 6,954 13,338 26,200 36,740 38,324 2 39,150 32,233 30,082 36,128 39,096 39,637 Alaska ..............................     6,859 10,993 27,697 2 43,161 48,085 2 48,676 48,512 50,954 62,467 59,517 51,168 50,344 Arizona ............................. 1,544 3,556 5,590 8,975 16,180 33,592 2 45,785 2 46,771 2 47,779 41,600 36,492 46,322 48,721 48,373 Arkansas .......................... 584 1,801 3,295 6,461 12,704 23,296 33,783 35,022 2 35,777 29,948 28,652 32,124 35,949 36,222 California .......................... 2,351   2 6,600 10,950 18,626 2 39,309 46,593 2 47,817 2 49,539 50,755 42,009 54,205 49,580 49,455 Colorado .......................... 1,393 2,821 4,997 8,105 16,840 31,832 2 39,421 2 40,270 2 41,356 37,568 37,981 43,895 41,949 41,650 Connecticut ...................... 1,861 3,558 6,008 9,597 16,989 41,888 53,272 53,753 54,000 44,483 38,317 57,761 56,688 55,595 Delaware .......................... 1,684 3,273 2 5,800 9,387 16,845 34,620 44,916 46,662 49,080 43,510 37,992 47,739 47,796 48,261 District of Columbia ......... 2,350 3,920 6,280 10,700 23,027 43,637 2 49,153 2 49,153 2 50,746 49,596 51,935 60,173 52,305 50,837 Florida .............................. 1,012 2,958 5,080 8,785 14,875 30,275 37,048 37,900 39,037 40,720 33,549 41,748 39,423 39,198 Georgia ............................ 770 1,963 3 3,904 7,520 14,547 29,541 41,591 43,048 44,328 34,856 32,809 40,736 44,258 44,523 Hawaii ..............................     5,390 9,600 20,436 32,956 41,107 41,830 2 43,281 44,497 46,091 45,445 43,743 43,263 Idaho ................................ 1,057 2,481 4,216 7,081 14,110 24,758 35,643 36,823 38,093 32,821 31,823 34,140 37,928 38,085 Illinois ............................... 1,700 3,458 4 5,814 9,789 18,271 33,912 47,049 48,390 50,021 45,373 41,208 46,763 50,066 50,048 Indiana ............................. 1,433 3,401 5,542 9,239 16,256 31,905 42,330 43,062 2 44,262 42,824 36,663 43,995 45,044 44,537 Iowa ................................. 1,017 2,420 2 4,030 8,779 15,776 27,619 36,283 36,980 37,811 40,692 35,581 38,085 38,609 38,247 Kansas ............................. 1,014 2,628 2 4,450 7,811 14,513 30,154 39,690 40,670 41,687 36,205 32,732 41,581 42,235 42,063 Kentucky .......................... 826 1,936 3,327 7,325 15,350 27,482 37,251 38,239 39,227 33,952 34,620 37,896 39,639 39,549 Louisiana ......................... 1,006 2,983 4,978 7,264 14,020 25,036 33,969 34,759 2 35,904 33,670 31,620 34,523 36,147 35,950 Maine ............................... 894 2,115 3,694 8,059 13,743 27,831 36,125 38,762 39,000 37,355 30,996 38,378 38,441 40,090 Maryland .......................... 1,642 3,594 5,557 9,885 18,308 37,520 44,843 45,809 2 46,796 45,818 41,292 51,738 47,718 47,378 Massachusetts ................. 2,037 3,338 5 5,545 9,347 18,900 40,175 2 58,065 2 59,906 2 59,763 43,325 42,627 55,399 61,788 61,958 Michigan .......................... 1,576 3,420 5,654 10,125 20,682 2 37,286 47,448 2 48,695 2 49,975 46,931 46,646 51,415 50,490 50,363 Minnesota ........................ 1,276 3,013 5,275 9,250 16,654 33,340 40,707 41,044 2 41,928 42,875 37,561 45,974 43,317 42,450 Mississippi ....................... 559 1,416 3,314 5,959 12,274 25,079 30,743 33,147 2 34,292 27,621 27,683 34,583 32,714 34,283 Missouri ........................... 1,159 2,581 4,536 8,064 14,543 28,166 36,570 37,469 38,700 37,378 32,800 38,839 38,915 38,753 Montana ........................... 1,184 2,962 2 4,425 7,875 15,080 29,526 33,034 33,827 34,679 36,502 34,011 40,715 35,152 34,986 Nebraska ......................... 829 2,292 3,876 7,633 14,236 27,024 36,571 2 37,359 2 38,219 35,380 32,108 37,265 38,916 38,639 Nevada ............................ 1,557 3,209 5,693 9,615 17,290 31,970 41,007 2 41,543 2 42,469 44,567 38,996 44,085 43,636 42,966 New Hampshire ............... 1,258 2,712 4,455 8,016 13,508 2 29,798 2 45,187 2 46,161 2 47,184 37,155 30,466 41,090 48,084 47,742 New Jersey ...................... 2,093 3,511 5,871 9,650 18,851 37,485 2 54,342 2 55,513 2 56,709 44,729 42,516 51,690 57,826 57,415 New Mexico ..................... 1,144 3,215 5,382 10,021 15,406 25,790 33,714 34,529 34,614 46,449 34,746 35,563 35,876 35,712 New York ......................... 2,604 3,706 6,537 11,240 20,400 40,000 2 50,300 2 51,384 2 52,491 52,099 46,010 55,158 53,525 53,144 North Carolina ................. 946 2,688 4,178 7,762 14,445 28,952 2 38,263 2 40,843 2 42,798 35,978 32,579 39,923 40,716 42,242 North Dakota ................... 745 2,324 3,695 6,840 13,684 23,788 29,215 30,114 31,194 31,704 30,863 32,802 31,088 31,146 Ohio ................................. 1,587 3,088 5,124 8,594 16,100 32,467 41,980 42,939 2 44,250 39,834 36,312 44,770 44,672 44,410 Oklahoma ........................ 1,014 2,736 4,659 7,257 13,500 23,944 32,795 33,039 36,220 33,637 30,448 33,018 34,898 34,171 Oregon ............................. 1,333 3,323 5,535 9,200 16,996 32,100 43,142 42,776 2 44,254 42,643 38,332 44,264 45,908 44,242 Pennsylvania ................... 1,640 3,006 5,308 8,899 17,060 34,110 49,566 49,550 50,700 41,248 38,477 47,036 52,744 51,248 Rhode Island ................... 1,809 3,294 6 5,499 9,030 18,425 36,704 2 51,689 2 52,367 2 55,609 41,855 41,555 50,613 55,003 54,161 South Carolina ................. 743 1,891 3,450 7,069 13,670 28,453 36,217 37,864 2 39,171 32,766 30,831 39,235 38,539 39,161 South Dakota ................... 807 2,064 3,725 7,200 13,010 22,120 29,387 30,256 31,142 33,373 29,343 30,502 31,271 31,293 Tennessee ....................... 862 2,302 3,929 7,187 14,193 27,949 36,897 37,790 38,566 33,313 32,011 38,540 39,263 39,085 Texas ............................... 1,079 3,122 4,708 7,598 14,729 28,549 36,358 39,806 40,720 35,218 33,220 39,368 38,689 41,170 Utah ................................. 1,394 3,103 5,096 8,049 17,403 24,591 37,240 39,280 2 40,682 37,308 39,250 33,910 39,628 40,626 Vermont ........................... 981 2,348 4,466 8,225 13,300 29,012 37,081 37,880 2 38,696 38,124 29,997 40,006 39,459 39,178 Virginia ............................. 899 2,328 4,312 8,364 14,655 31,656 2 38,249 2 38,909 2 41,103 38,768 33,053 43,652 40,701 40,242 Washington ...................... 1,706 3,487 6 5,643 9,792 19,735 31,828 40,612 43,024 44,223 45,387 44,510 43,889 43,216 44,498 West Virginia ................... 1,170 2,425 3,952 7,954 14,395 23,842 35,451 36,250 37,006 36,868 32,466 32,877 37,724 37,492 Wisconsin ........................ 1,379 3,007 7 4,870 9,150 16,335 32,445 43,587 44,105 44,634 42,411 36,842 44,740 46,382 45,616 Wyoming .......................... 1,169 2,798 4,937 8,496 16,830 29,047 34,683 35,341 35,393 39,380 37,958 40,054 36,907 36,552 Outlying areas American Samoa .............     852 5,130           22,991         Guam ...............................     4,107 7,800           34,956         Puerto Rico ......................     8 2,360                       Virgin Islands ...................     3,407                         Not available. 1 Based on the Consumer Price Index prepared by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, U. S. Department of Labor. Price index does not account for different rates of change in the cost of living among states. 2 Estimated by National Education Association. 3 Excludes kindergarten teachers. 4 Includes administrators. 5 Includes clerical assistants to instructional personnel. 6 Includes attendance personnel. 7 Excludes vocational schools not operated as part of the regular public school system. 8 Median salary.

NOTE: Instructional staff includes supervisors, principals, classroom teachers, and other instructional staff. Some data have been revised from previously published figures.