Appendix O Human Health Based Chemical Selection Process December 19, 2003 Office of Water Office of Science and Technology  2 CONTENTS Abbreviations 1. INTRODUCTION 2. OCCURRENCE INFORMATION 3. HUMAN HEALTH BENCHMARKS 4. CHEMICAL SELECTION PROCESS 4.1 Availability of Human Health Benchmarks and Occurrence Information 4.2 Is the Chemical Already Regulated in Round One? 4.3 Chemicals Evaluated and Determined not to be Hazardous in Sewage Sludge 4.4 Identifying Chemicals with Concentration Values in U. S. Sewage Sludge 4.5 Identifying Chemicals Occurring in U. S. Sewage Sludge and with IRIS or OPP Chronic Human Health Benchmarkss 4.6 Is an IRIS or OPP Assessment Ongoing? 4.7 Candidate Chemicals for Exposure and Hazard Screening Analysis 5. QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION ON HUMAN HEALTH BENCHMARKS 5.1 Oral Human Health Benchmarks 5.2 Inhalation Human Health Benchmarks 6. PRIORITIZATION OF CHEMICALS WITH ONGOING ASSESSMENTS FOR POSSIBLE INCLUSION IN A TARGETED SURVEY 6.1 Theoretical Average Daily Intake 6.2 Comparison of Theoretical Hazard Quotients to Exposure and Hazard Screening Results 7. REFERENCES List of Figures Figure 1. Human Health Based Chemical Selection Process List of Tables Table 1. Candidate chemicals for sewage sludge screening Table 2. Chemicals reported in sewage sludge and having human health benchmarks from a variety of data sources Table 3. Chemicals regulated in Round One Table 4. Chemicals evaluated and determined not to be hazardous in sewage sludge  3 Table 5. Chemicals reported in U. S. sewage sludge from literature search or national sewage sludge survey and having human health benchmarks from a variety of data sources Table 6. Identifying availability of IRIS or OPP human health benchmarks for chemicals occurring in U. S. sewage sludge Table 7. Chemicals occurring in U. S. sewage sludge and having IRIS or OPP human health benchmarks Table 8. Chemicals occurring in U. S. sewage sludge with ongoing health assessments and existing IRIS or OPP human health benchmarks Table 9. Candidate chemicals for exposure and hazard screening Table 10. A. Oral human health benchmarks for candidate chemicals for exposure and hazard screening Table 10. B. Inhalation human health benchmarks for candidate chemicals for exposure and hazard screening Table 11 Prioritization of chemicals with ongoing health assessments and IRIS or OPP oral human health benchmarks Table 12 Theoretical hazard quotients for chemicals which qualified for exposure and hazard screening  4 Abbreviations ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry AUR Air unit risk Cal EPA California Environmental Protection Agency CASRN Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number CC Critical concentration CWA Clean Water Act EPA U. S. Environmental Protection Agency FQPA Food Quality Protection Act FY Fiscal year HEAST Health effects assessment summary tables HHB Human health benchmark HQ Hazard quotient IRED Interim reregistration eligibility decision IRIS Integrated Risk Information System MRL Minimal risk level NRC National Research Council NSSS National sewage sludge survey NTP National Toxicology Program OCD Oral critical dose OPP Office of Pesticide Programs OSF Oral slope factor OW Office of Water PAD Population adjusted dose PPRTV Provisional peer reviewed toxicity values RED Reregistration eligibility decision RfC Reference concentration RfD Reference dose TADI Theoretical average daily intake THQ Theoretical hazard quotient UL Tolerable upper intake level  5 1. INTRODUCTION Under the Clean Water Act, the U. S. EPA must periodically review sewage sludge regulations for the purpose of identifying additional toxic pollutants for potential regulations. Section 405( d)( 2)( C) of the CWA states:

"( C) Review. )

From time to time, but not less often than every 2 years, the Administrator shall review the regulations promulgated under this paragraph for the purpose of identifying additional toxic pollutants and promulgating regulations for such pollutants consistent with the requirements of this paragraph."

As part of fulfilling this statutory requirement, EPA developed a screening process to identify chemicals in sewage sludge that qualify for exposure and hazard screening, and could qualify for further risk characterization and potential future regulatory action. The flowchart for the entire screening process is depicted in Figure 1 and a description of this screening process follows.

2. OCCURRENCE INFORMATION EPA conducted an extensive literature search to obtain publicly available information on chemicals that may occur in sewage sludge, both at the national and international level. The literature search covered the period 1990 2002 and identified a substantial number of chemicals that were analyzed for in sewage sludge from 25 countries ( Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Italy, Japan, Jordan, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, the United Kingdom and the USA). In addition, more than 400 chemicals were monitored in the 1989 National Sewage Sludge Survey ( NSSS) ( EPA, 1996; 1990). These were combined with the chemicals identified in the literature search, resulting in a total of 803 candidate chemicals for the screening analysis. These chemicals are listed in Table 1 and include the " classical" pollutants, as well as a number of emerging chemical categories such as pharmaceuticals, brominated flame retardants, and personal care products, which have recently been identified in sewage sludge. Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (" dioxins") are not listed in Table 1 since these are the subject of another Agency review ( EPA, 2003a).

Frequency of detection is indicated in Table 1 for the NSSS in three broad categories: not detected, detected in 1% of the samples analyzed, or detected in greater than 1% of the samples analyzed ( EPA, 1996; 1990). Only qualitative information (" yes" or " no") is presented in Table 1 for those chemicals found in sewage sludge based on the national and international literature search.  6 No further evaluation at this time ( 9)

Was the chemical previously evaluated & determined not to be a hazard?

Is a HHB available from a final IRIS or OPP assessment? Yes Yes No No Is an IRIS or OPP assessment ongoing ? Is the chemical already regulated in Round One?

No ( 223)

Yes ( 79) No ( 208)

Yes ( 61)

Yes Figure 1. Human Health Based Chemical Selection Process ( Number of chemicals)

No further evaluation at this time ( 15)

No further evaluation at this time ( 129) Were measured concentrations in US sludge reported in the NSSS or in the literature search?

No further evaluation at this time ( 18)

Prioritize for possible inclusion in a targeted survey ( 21)

Candidate chemicals for exposure and hazard screening ( 40) No ( 40) Chemicals reported in sewage sludge & having HHB from a variety of sources ( 232) Candidate chemicals for sewage sludge screening ( 803)  7 3. HUMAN HEALTH BENCHMARKS Table 1 indicates whether or not human health benchmarks ( HHBs) are available for the 803 chemicals. HHBs used at this step were from any of the following data sources:

° Integrated Risk Information System ( IRIS). Health assessments by IRIS undergo internal ( EPA) and external peer reviews and are available on IRIS website at: http:// www. epa. gov/ iris/ subst/ index. htm. IRIS assessments may include oral reference doses ( RfD) and inhalation reference concentrations ( RfC) for chronic noncarcinogenic health effects, and oral slope factors ( OSF) and inhalation air unit risks ( AUR) for carcinogenic effects.

° Office of Pesticide Programs ( OPP) Reregistration Eligibility Decisions ( REDs) or Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decisions ( IREDs) available on OPP website at: http:// cfpub. epa. gov/ oppref/ rereg/ status. cfm? show= rereg. OPP establishes RfDs for chronic and acute oral exposures, acute and chronic Population Adjusted Doses ( PAD) which take into account the Food Quality Protection Act ( FQPA) safety factor for the protection of infants and children, and oral cancer slope factors. During the review of the toxicity data and the dose response assessment, the pesticide being evaluated undergoes review by several in house peer review committees. Public comments are also received on the health assessments.

° Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables ( HEAST). The HEAST is a database of human health toxicity values developed for chemicals of interest to Superfund, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the EPA in general. Most of the toxicity values in the HEAST are " provisional." HEAST is not available on the Internet.

° EPA's Office of Research and Development, National Center for Environmental Assessment Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values ( PPRTV). PPRTVs are developed for the EPA Superfund Program to provide time critical information for chemicals that lack toxicity values on IRIS or HEAST. PPRTVs are not available on the Internet.

° Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry ( ATSDR) Minimal Risk Levels ( MRLs) for non neoplastic endpoints. ATSDR derives MRLs for acute, intermediate, and chronic exposure durations, and for the oral and inhalation routes of exposure. Cancer risk estimates from oral or inhalation exposures are not quantified. MRLs are available in ATSDR's Toxicological Profiles at: http:// www. atsdr. cdc. gov/ toxpro2. html# A.

° California Environmental Protection Agency toxicity values address both cancer and noncancer effects. Cal EPA toxicity values are listed at: http: www. oehha. ca. gov/ risk/ chemicalDB// index. asp.  8 4. CHEMICAL SELECTION PROCESS A series of screening criteria was applied to the master Table 1 of 803 chemicals. Chemicals failing successive screening steps were eliminated from further consideration. Each of these screening steps is described below ( see also Figure 1).

4.1 Availability of Human Health Benchmarks and Occurrence Information Chemicals with no human health benchmarks from any of the data sources described in Section 3 ( IRIS, OPP, PPRTV, HEAST, ATSDR, Cal EPA) were removed from consideration since further hazard screening is not possible in the absence of HHBs. In addition, if a chemical was monitored but not detected in the NSSS (" A" in that column in Table 1) and not reported in the national and international literature search (" no" in that column in Table 1), the chemical was deleted from further consideration, because it appears not to be present in sewage sludge and therefore does not constitute a health hazard.

Applying these two screening criteria to chemicals listed in Table 1 resulted in the elimination of 571 chemicals. The remaining 232 chemicals are listed in Table 2.

4.2 Is the Chemical Already Regulated in Round One?

Nine metals listed in Table 3 were regulated in Round One of the Part 503 sewage sludge standards. EPA intends to assess the need and appropriate level for a numerical standard for molybdenum in sewage sludge using the results and conclusions of a Workshop held in 2000 and supplemented with additional data developed since 2000. EPA expects to complete this assessment in 2005. New IRIS health assessments are ongoing for arsenic, cadmium, copper, nickel and zinc. These new assessments may influence the HHBs to be used for the exposure and hazard screening analysis. In addition, EPA plans to include Round One metals in a targeted survey, using improved analytical techniques, to be initiated in FY 2005. For these reasons, these nine metals are, for the time being, eliminated from further consideration.

4.3 Chemicals Evaluated and Determined not to be Hazardous in Sewage Sludge Table 4 lists 15 chemicals that are unlikely to pose a hazard from their presence in sewage sludge. Calcium and magnesium are essential nutrients. The magnitudes of the tolerable upper intake levels ( ULs) for calcium and magnesium of 2.5 g/ day and 0.35 g/ day, respectively ( IOM, 1999), indicate unlikely hazards from their presence in sewage sludge. Phthalic anhydride was removed from consideration because of its extremely rapid degradation in soil for the required sewage sludge 30 day holding period. Chromium can be present in the environment as chromium III or the more toxic chromium VI species. In sewage sludge, it is present in the less toxic chromium III form and is therefore unlikely to present a hazard. The remaining 11 chemicals ( aldrin, chlordane, DDD, DDE, DDT, dieldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, lindane and toxaphene) are banned or severely restricted pesticides. These organochlorine pesticides were  9 evaluated in 1992 and were not considered to present a health hazard from their presence in sewage sludge ( EPA, 1992). Indications are that concentrations of these pesticides in sewage sludge are on the decline in the U. S. In addition, NRC concluded that it seems highly unlikely that the banned or severely restricted chlorinated pesticides, at their level of occurrence in sewage sludge, will harm crops or their consumers ( NRC, 1996).

Except for lindane, there were no changes in oral human health benchmarks for these banned or severely restricted pesticides since their evaluation in 1992. OPP's recent health assessment of lindane has resulted in a chronic population adjusted dose ( PAD) of 0.0016 mg/ kg/ day compared to the 1988 IRIS RfD of 0.0003 mg/ kg/ day ( EPA, 1988; 2002). Under the 1999 draft revised guidelines for carcinogen risk assessment, OPP concluded that lindane shows suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity, but not sufficient to assess human carcinogenic potential ( EPA, 1999; 2002). Quantitative cancer assessment of lindane was also not available in the 1988 IRIS file. The new OPP health assessment of lindane will make it even less likely to be a health hazard in sewage sludge.

For the above reasons, it is considered not necessary to conduct an exposure screening analysis for these 15 chemicals.

4.4 Identifying Chemicals with Concentration Values in U. S. Sewage Sludge Table 5 lists the remaining 208 chemicals not eliminated in the above described previous steps. These chemicals were reported in sewage sludge, and have human health benchmarks from a variety of data sources.

It is considered appropriate in this screening exercise to use only concentration values found in U. S. sewage sludge. The nature and concentration of chemicals in sewage sludge are highly dependent on national laws and regulations governing the use of chemicals, and operation of wastewater treatment plants. Pretreatment regulations can vary significantly from country to country, and as a consequence, the final repository concentration of chemicals in sewage sludge will also vary significantly from country to country. Wastewater pretreatment regulations, which became effective in the U. S. in 1978, have dramatically reduced the discharge of industrial wastes into sewage treatment works and therefore also the concentrations of industrial chemicals in the resultant biosolids ( NRC, 2002). As a result, chemicals found in sewage sludge from other countries, will not necessarily be found in sewage sludge in the U. S., and vice versa. In addition, concentration values for chemicals in sewage sludge, for example in Canada, Poland, Spain or the UK, are highly unlikely to be representative of concentrations found in U. S. sewage sludge. For these reasons, in this screening step, only those concentration values that have been measured in U. S. sewage sludge are considered appropriate for estimating exposure of the U. S. population to chemicals in sewage sludge.

On the basis of availability of concentration data for U. S. sewage sludge, chemicals not detected or not monitored in the NSSS and with no literature concentration values in U. S. sewage sludge were  10 deleted from further consideration giving a list of 79 chemicals qualifying for additional screening ( Table 6).

4.5 Identifying Chemicals Occurring in U. S. Sewage Sludge and with IRIS or OPP Chronic Human Health Benchmarks Table 6 also identifies whether or not IRIS or OPP chronic HHBs are available for these 79 chemicals.

Of the health assessment databases described in Section 3, EPA considers that IRIS and OPP databases are best suited for the Agency's potential regulatory activities: human health benchmarks developed by IRIS or OPP have received adequate internal and external peer reviews, these databases are readily available to the public on the Internet, provide detailed explanation of the scientific basis of the health assessment, and are not likely to change rapidly making any sewage sludge regulation obsolete before the next two year review cycle. EPA is therefore using only IRIS and OPP human health benchmarks in this screening process.

If a pesticide has human health benchmarks from both IRIS and OPP, OPP health assessment of a pesticide registered for food uses takes precedence over IRIS assessment of the same pesticide.

Of the 79 chemicals listed in Table 6, no IRIS or OPP toxicity values were available for 17 chemicals. Strontium has an IRIS human health benchmark and was not monitored for in the NSSS but a mean concentration of 230 mg/ kg in U. S. sludge was reported in the literature ( Raven and Loeppert, 1997). However, available data on the environmental properties of strontium are inadequate to conduct exposure screening for this chemical. These 18 chemicals are therefore deleted from further consideration. The remaining 61 chemicals with final IRIS or OPP chronic human health benchmarks qualify for additional screening and are listed in Table 7. Table 7 also indicates whether or not new assessments are ongoing for these chemicals.

4.6 Is an IRIS or OPP Assessment Ongoing?

IRIS and OPP are currently conducting, as of October 1, 2003, a detailed review of recent scientific information for 20 chemicals ( EPA, 2003b, 2003c). In addition, at the request of OW, the National Research Council is reviewing the toxicological, epidemiological, clinical, and exposure data on orally ingested fluoride, and potential risks to children. Because the results of the new health assessments for these 21 chemicals with existing IRIS or OPP HHBs are not yet available, OW does not believe it appropriate to include these 21 chemicals, listed in Table 8, in the exposure screening analysis at this time: the completed health assessments could result in significant changes in the existing toxicity values, making these chemicals of more or less potential health concerns, and potentially requiring a change in rule making process. However, OW recognizes that chemicals of potential health concerns that are undergoing reevaluation may need to be included in a targeted survey so that concentration values in sewage sludge may be obtained and used in future reviews or screening activities. As a substitute for the probabilistic exposure  11 model used in the exposure screening analysis, a simple estimate of oral exposure was used to determine which chemicals with ongoing health assessments may be of priority health concern, and thus could be included, subject to the availability of adequate budgetary resources, in a targeted survey to be initiated in FY 2005. This prioritization scheme is further described in Section 6 below.

4.7 Candidate Chemicals for Exposure and Hazard Screening Analysis Table 9 lists 40 chemicals passing all the screening steps and qualifying for exposure and hazard screening using a probabilistic exposure model. Concentrations of chemicals in U. S. sewage sludge are needed before the exposure screening can proceed for these 40 chemicals. The screening concentrations ( mg/ kg dry weight of sludge) used in this analysis were the higher of the following values:

° The 95th percentile concentration of the chemical in sewage sludge in the 1989 NSSS, or ° The upper concentration values of the chemical measured in U. S. sewage sludge from the literature search. Upper concentration values varied from a single value to a mean, maximum or 90th percentile concentrations.

Surprisingly, only a limited number of publications on chemicals in U. S. sewage sludge could be located, postdating the 1989 NSSS. In addition, when concentration values in U. S. sludge were available from the literature, the upper reported literature concentrations were lower than those reported at the 95th percentile level in the NSSS ( Kelley, 1997; Raven and Loeppert, 1997; Mata Gonzalez et al. 2002; Barker, 2001; Gutenmann et al. 1994). For this reason, only the NSSS 95th percentile values are used in the exposure screening analysis. Although the available literature data are too limited to draw any firm conclusions, this perhaps indicates that concentrations of certain xenobiotic chemicals are on the decline in U. S. sewage sludge.

5. QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION ON HUMAN HEALTH BENCHMARKS IRIS and OPP human health benchmarks for chronic oral and inhalation exposures, and for noncancer and cancer endpoints were used in this screening exercise.

5.1 Oral Human Health Benchmarks Chronic RfDs or chronic PADs were used as the HHBs for oral exposure to threshold chemicals. The RfD is an estimate ( with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a daily exposure to the human population ( including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime ( EPA, 2003e). The PAD includes an additional safety factor applied to the RfD of up to ten fold, if necessary, to account for uncertainty in data relative to children, a requirement of the 1996 FQPA which places an emphasis on protecting the health of infants, children, or other sensitive individuals exposed to pesticides ( EPA, 2003f). RfD and PAD are usually expressed in mg per kilogram of body weight per day  12 ( mg/ kg/ day).

For carcinogenic chemicals, the oral slope factor ( OSF) is an upper bound estimate, approximating a 95% confidence limit, on the increased cancer risk from a lifetime exposure to the chemical. This estimate is usually expressed in units of proportion ( of a population) affected per mg/ kg/ day ( EPA, 2003e). The dose for a cancer risk level of E 5 ( 1 in 100,000) was calculated from the OSF.

The oral critical dose ( OCD) is the lower of the RfD, PAD and dose corresponding to E 5 cancer risk. Table 10. A. lists the 40 chemicals together with their 95th percentile concentration from the NSSS, the various oral HHBs for each chemical, and the OCD used in subsequent exposure screening.

5.2 Inhalation Human Health Benchmarks Inhalation RfCs are established for threshold chemicals. The RfC is an estimate ( with uncertainty spanning perhaps an order of magnitude) of a continuous inhalation exposure to the human population ( including sensitive subgroups) that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime ( EPA, 2003e). RfCs are usually expressed in units of mg/ m3. OPP does not establish RfCs for pesticides since the margin of exposure ( MOE) approach is used for characterization of risk via the inhalation exposure. However, for this exercise, OPP derived " equivalent" inhalation benchmarks for azinphos methyl, chlorpyrifos, diazinon and naled, based on information contained in the IREDs for these pesticides ( OPP, 2003).

For carcinogenic chemicals, the air unit risk ( AUR) is the 95% upper bound excess lifetime cancer risk estimated to result from continuous exposure to the chemical at a concentration of 1 mg/ m3 in air ( EPA, 2003e). The air concentration associated with a risk level of E 5 ( 1 in 100,000) was calculated from the AUR.

The inhalation critical concentration ( CC) is the lower of the RfC and concentration for E 5 cancer risk. Table 10. B. lists the 40 chemicals together with their 95th percentile concentration from the NSSS, the oral critical dose determined in Table 10. A, IRIS RfCs or OPP derived " equivalent" inhalation benchmarks, IRIS concentration corresponding to E 5 cancer risk, and the CC used in subsequent exposure screening.

6. PRIORITIZATION OF CHEMICALS WITH ONGOING ASSESSMENTS FOR POSSIBLE INCLUSION IN A TARGETED SURVEY As a substitute for the EPA probabilistic exposure model, a simple estimate of exposure is used to determine which chemicals listed in Table 8 with ongoing health assessments at October 1, 2003, may be of priority health concern, and thus could be included in the targeted survey, to be initiated in FY 2005. 6.1 Theoretical Average Daily Intake  13 An estimate of " Theoretical Average Daily Intake" ( TADI) is made using the exposure scenario of a 1 3 year old child, one of the most highly exposed population group on a kg body weight basis. The following assumptions are made:

° Child body weight is 13 kg ( EPA, 1997a); ° Total daily diet consumed by child consists of 0.8 kg food ( EPA, 1997b) and 0.3 kg drinking water ( EPA, 2000); ° The average concentration ( C avg) in mg/ kg of sludge ( dry weight basis) of the chemical is assumed to be entirely translocated to the daily total diet of 1.1 kg.

TADI, mg/ kg/ day = C avg x 1.1 13 TADIs calculated in this manner are based on conservative assumptions and are, in effect, equivalent to the daily consumption of 1.1 kg of dried sewage sludge containing average concentration of the chemical under consideration.

A Theoretical Hazard Quotient ( THQ) is then derived. The THQ is the ratio of the TADI to the oral critical dose ( OCD), where the OCD, in mg/ kg/ day, is the lower of the reference dose, population adjusted dose, or dose for 10 5 cancer risk, i. e.,

THQ = TADI OCD The THQs have been calculated for each of the 20 chemicals with ongoing health assessments and with IRIS or OPP existing oral human health benchmarks. These THQs are given in Table 11 and are sorted in decreasing order.

6.2 Comparison of Theoretical Hazard Quotients to Exposure and Hazard Screening Results Forty chemicals qualified for exposure and hazard screening using the EPA probabilistic exposure model. Hazard quotients ( HQ) have been calculated for these chemicals ( EPA, 2003d). The HQ is the ratio of the estimated exposure derived using the probabilistic model, to the oral critical dose ( OCD), where the OCD, in mg/ kg/ day, is the lower of the reference dose, population adjusted dose, or dose corresponding to 10 5 cancer risk. Chemicals " failing" the exposure screen for oral exposure i. e., with HQ greater than one are barium, 4 chloroaniline, manganese, nitrate, nitrite and silver ( EPA, 2003d). Theoretical hazard quotients ( THQs) were also calculated for these 40 chemicals and are listed in Table 12. It can be seen from Table 12 that the six chemicals having HQ > 1 always had THQs equal to or greater than 75 using the TADI approach.

On this basis, a prioritization scale was established for the 20 chemicals with ongoing health assessments and IRIS or OPP oral human health benchmarks:  14 THQ

75: High priority chemicals for inclusion in the targeted survey.

THQ < 75: Low priority chemicals Using this priority scale, chemicals with THQs equal to or greater than 75 are high priority chemicals of potential health concern and could be included, subject to the availability of adequate budgetary resources, in the targeted survey to be initiated in FY 2005. These are benzo[ a] pyrene, polychlorinated biphenyl congeners and Aroclors ( excluding coplanar PCB congeners already included in the 2001 dioxins survey), di( 2 ethylhexyl) phthalate, thallium, antimony, carbon tetrachloride and fluoride. Chemicals with THQs less than 75 are considered of low priority and are not planned to be included in the survey.

Inhalation exposure was not included in this theoretical estimation of exposure since in all cases of application of the probabilistic exposure model, the inhalation route of exposure was negligible ( EPA, 2003d).

Priority for inclusion or exclusion of chemicals with ongoing health assessments in the planned survey will be reconsidered if the results of ongoing IRIS, OPP or NRC assessments become available and indicate a different priority order.

7. REFERENCES Barker AV. 2001. Evaluation of Compost for Growth of Grass Sod. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 32 ( 11 and 12), 1841 1860.

EPA ( U. S. Environmental Protection Agency). 1988. IRIS Summary for Gamma Hexachlorocyclohexane ( Gamma HCH). Available at: http:// www. epa. gov/ iris/ subst/ 0065. htm EPA. 1990. National Sewage Sludge Survey; Availability of Information and Data, and Anticipated Impacts on Proposed Regulations; Proposed Rule. Federal Register Vol. 55, No. 218: 47210 47283. Friday, November 9, 1990.

EPA. 1992. Technical Support Document for Land Application of Sewage Sludge. Appendix B. November 1992. Office of Water. Washington, D. C.

EPA. 1996. Technical Support Document for the Round Two Sewage Sludge Pollutants. EPA 822 R 96 003. August 1996. Office of Water. Washington, D. C.  15 EPA. 1997a. Exposure Factor Handbook. Volume I  General Factors. EPA/ 600/ P 95/ 002Fa. August 1997. Office of Research and Development. National Center for Environmental Assessment. Washington, D. C.

EPA. 1997b. Exposure Factor Handbook. Volume II  Food Ingestion Factors. EPA/ 600/ P 95/ 002Fb. August 1997. Office of Research and Development. National Center for Environmental Assessment. Washington, D. C.

EPA. 1999. Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Office of Research and Development. NCEA F 0644. July 1999 Review Draft. Available at: www. epa. gov/ ncea/

EPA. 2000. Estimated Per Capita Water Ingestion in the United States. EPA 822 R 00 008. Office of Water. Washington, D. C.

EPA. 2002. Office of Pesticide Programs. Pesticide Reregistration Status. Lindane RED ( 08/ 2002) available at: http:// www. epa. gov/ oppsrrd1/ REDs/ lindane_ red. pdf EPA. 2003a. Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge: Decision Not To Regulate Dioxins in Land Applied Sewage Sludge; Notice. Federal Register Vol. 68, No. 206: 61083 61096. Friday, October 24, 2003.

EPA. 2003b. Integrated Risk Information System. Announcement of 2003 Program; Request for Information and Announcement of Workshop. Federal Registry. Vol. 68, No. 24. Wednesday, February 5, 2003. pp. 5870 5873.

EPA. 2003c. Office of Pesticide Programs. Candidates for Reregistration Decisions. Available at: http:// www. epa. gov/ oppsrrd1/ reregistration/ candidates. htm.

EPA. 2003d. Technical Background Document for the Sewage Sludge Exposure and Hazard Assessment. Office of Water. RTI Project No. 08<IP_ADDRESS>. Appendix Q.

EPA. 2003e. Integrated Risk Information System. National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, Washington, D. C. Available online at http:// www. epa. gov/ iris/ gloss8. htm# u EPA. 2003f. Office of Pesticide Programs. Food Quality Protection Act ( FQPA) of 1996. Available at: http:// www. epa. gov/ oppfead1/ fqpa/

Gutenmann WH, Rutzke M, Kuntz T, Lisk DJ. 1994. Elements and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Sewage Sludge of Large Cities in the United States. Chemosphere, 28 ( 4): 725 728.

IOM ( Institute of Medicine). 1999. Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Fluoride. The National Academies Press. Washington, D. C.  16 Kelley EF. 1997. Vermont Wastewater Treatment Facilities Biosolids Sampling Project. Final Report. June 10, 1997. Waterbury, Vermont.

Mata Gonzalez R, Sosebee RE, Wan C. 2002. Physiological Impacts of Biosolids Application in Desert Grasses. Environmental and Experimental Biology. 48: 139 148.

NRC ( National Research Council). 1996. Use of Reclaimed Water and Sludge in Food Crop Production. National Academy Press. Washington, D. C.

NRC. 2002. Biosolids Applied to Land  Advancing Standards and Practices. National Research Council of the National Academies. The National Academies Press. Washington, D. C.

OPP. 2003. Office of Pesticide Programs. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Derivation of " Equivalent" Reference Concentrations for Azinphos Methyl, Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon and Naled. October 20, 2003. Washington, D. C.

Raven KP, Loeppert RH. 1997. Heavy Metals in the Environment  Trace Elements Composition of Fertilizers and Soil Amendments. J. Environ. Qual. 26: 551 557.  17 Table 1: Candidate Chemical for Sewage Sludge Screening Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments Acenaphthene 83329 yes yes A Acenaphthylene 208968 yes no A Acetaldehyde 75070 yes yes NA E Acetaminophen 103902 yes no NA Acetone; 2 Propanone 67 64 1 yes yes C Acetophenone 98862 yes yes C Acetyl 1,1,3,4,4,6 hexamethyl tetrahydronaphthalene, 7 ; AHTN 21145777 yes no NA Acetyl 3 isopropyl, 1,1,2,6 tetramethylindane, 5 68140487 yes no NA Acetyl 6 tertbutyl 1,1 dimethylindane, 4 13171001 yes no NA Acrolein; Propenal, 2 107028 no yes A Acrylonitrile 107131 no yes A Albuteral 18559949 yes no NA Aldrin 309002 yes yes C Aliphatics NA yes no NA Alkylbenzene sulfonates, linear NA yes no NA Alkylbenzenes, linear; LABs NA yes no NA Alkylphenol diethoxylate NA yes no NA Alkylphenol mono ethoxylate NA yes no NA Alkylphenol polyethoxylates NA yes no NA Allopurinol 315300 yes no NA Allyl chloride; Chloropropene, 3 107051 no yes A Allyl Mercaptan 870235 yes no NA Alum 7784249 yes no NA Aluminum 7429905 yes yes C Aminobiphenyl, 4 92671 no yes A Aminosalicylic acid, 5 ; Mesalazine 89576 yes no NA Ammonia 7664417 yes yes NA Amoxycillin 26787780 yes no NA Amyl mercaptan 110667 yes no NA Androsterone, cis 53418 yes no NA Aniline 62533 yes yes A Aniline, 2,4,5 trimethyl 137177 no no A Anisidine, o 90040 no yes A Anthracene 120127 yes yes C Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  18 Antimony and compounds 7440360 yes yes C E Aramite 140578 no yes A Aroclor 1016 12674112 yes yes A Aroclor 1210 147601874 yes no NA Aroclor 1216 151820278 yes no NA Aroclor 1221 11104282 yes no A Aroclor 1231 37234405 yes no NA Aroclor 1232 11141165 yes no A Aroclor 1240 71328897 yes no NA Aroclor 1242 53469219 yes no A Aroclor 1248 12672296 yes no C Aroclor 1250 165245512 yes no NA Aroclor 1252 89577786 yes no NA Aroclor 1254 11097691 yes yes C Aroclor 1260 11096825 yes no C Aroclor 1262 37324235 yes no NA Aroclor 1268 11100144 yes no NA Arsenic and compounds* 7440 38 2 yes yes C E Aspirin 50782 yes no NA Atenolol 29122687 yes no NA Atrazine 1912249 yes yes NA E Azinphos ethyl 2642719 yes no A Azinphos methyl 86500 yes yes C Barium 7440393 yes yes C Benzamide 55210 yes no NA Benzanthrone 82053 no no A Benzene 71432 yes yes A Benzenesulfonic acid, linear alkyl derivatives 42615292 yes no NA Benzenethiol 108985 yes yes A Benzidine 92875 no yes A Benzo[ a] anthracene 56553 yes yes C Benzo[ a] carbazole 243287 yes no NA Benzo[ a] fluorene; Benzofluorene, 1,2 238846 yes no NA Benzo[ a] pyrene 50328 yes yes C E Benzo[ b] fluoranthene 205992 yes yes C Benzo[ b] fluorene; Benzofluorene, 2,3 243174 yes no A Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  19 Benzo[ b] naphtho( 2,3 d) furan 243425 yes no NA Benzo[ c] phenanthrene 195197 yes no NA Benzo[ e] pyrene 192 97 2 yes no NA Benzo[ ghi] perylene 191242 yes no A Benzo[ j] fluoranthene 205823 yes yes NA Benzo[ k] fluoranthene 207089 yes yes C Benzoic acid 65 85 0 yes yes C Benzoic acid phenylester 93992 yes no NA Benzonitrile, 3,5 dibromo 4 hydroxy; Bromoxynil 1689845 no yes A Benzyl alcohol 100 51 6 yes no A Benzyl Mercaptan 100538 yes no NA Beryllium 7440417 yes yes C Betaxolol 63659187 yes no NA Bezafibrate 41859670 yes no NA Biphenyl, 1,1 92524 yes yes B Biphenyl, 4 nitro 92933 no no A Bis( 2 chloroethoxy) methane 111911 yes no A Bis( 2 chloroethyl) ether 111444 yes yes A Bis( 2 chloroisopropyl) ether 108601 yes yes A Bis[( 4 anilino 6 morpholino 1,3,5 triazin 2 yl) amino] stilbene 2,2' dis ulfonate, 4,4' ; DAS 81118 yes no NA Bismuth 7440699 yes no NA Bisoprolol 66722449 yes no NA Bisphenol A 80057 yes yes NA Boron 7440428 yes yes C E Brominated dibenzofurans NA yes no NA Brominated dibenzo p dioxins NA yes no NA Bromo 2 chlorobenzene, 1 694804 no no A Bromo 3 chlorobenzene, 1 108372 no no A Bromobiphenyl, 3 2113577 yes no NA Bromobiphenyl, 4 92660 yes no NA Bromodichloromethane 75274 no yes A E Bromodiphenyl ether, 4 101553 yes no A Bromomethane 74839 no yes A Butanol, n ; n Butyl alcohol 71363 yes yes NA Butyl amine 109739 yes no NA Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  20 Butyl benzyl phthalate 85687 yes yes C Butylated hydroxy toluene 128370 yes no NA Butylphen 98544 yes no NA Cadmium and compounds* 7440439 yes yes C E Caffeine 58082 yes no NA Calcium 7440 70 2 yes yes C D Captafol 2425061 yes yes A Captan 133062 yes yes A Carazolol 57775298 yes no NA Carbamazepine 298464 yes no NA Carbaryl 63252 yes yes NA Carbazole 86748 yes no A Carbodox 6804075 yes no NA Carbon disulfide 75 15 0 yes yes C Carbon tetrachloride; Tetrachloromethane 56 23 5 yes yes C E Carbophenothion; Trithion 786196 yes no A Cerium 7440451 yes no NA Cesium 7440462 yes no NA Chlordane 57749 yes yes A Chlordane, cis 5103719 yes yes NA Chlorine 7782505 yes yes NA Chloro 2 methyl phenol, 4 1570645 yes no NA Chloro 2 methyl phenoxy acetic acid, 4 ; MCPA 94746 yes yes NA E Chloro 2 nitroaniline, 4 89634 no no A Chloro 3 methylphenol, 4 ; p Chloro m cresol; PCMC 59507 yes yes A Chloro 3 nitrobenzene, 1 121733 no no A Chloro 6 methyl phenol, 2 87649 yes no NA Chloroacetonitrile 107142 no no A Chloroaniline, 4; p Chloroaniline 106478 yes yes C Chloroanilines 27134265 yes yes NA Chlorobenzene; Phenyl chloride 108907 yes yes C Chlorobenzilate 510156 yes yes C Chloroethane 75003 no yes A E Chloroethylvinyl ether, 2 110758 no no A Chlorofenvinphos 470906 yes no A Chloroform 67663 yes yes B E Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  21 Chloronaphthalene, 1 90131 yes no NA Chloronaphthalene, 2 25586430 yes no B Chlorophenol 25167800 yes yes NA Chlorophenol, 2 95578 yes yes A Chlorophenol, 4 106489 yes yes NA Chlorophenylphenyl ether, 4 7005723 yes no A Chloroprene; 2 Chloro 1,3 butadiene 126998 yes yes A E Chlorpyrifos 2921882 yes yes C Chlortetracycline 57625 yes no NA Cholesterol 57885 yes no NA Chromium and compounds 7440 47 3 yes yes C E ( NTP)

Chrysene 218019 yes yes C Cimetidine 51481619 yes no NA Ciprofloxacin 85721331 yes no NA Clenbuterol 37148279 yes no NA Clolibric Acid 882097 yes no NA Cobalt 7440484 yes yes C E Codeine 76573 yes no NA Copper and compounds* 7440508 yes yes C E Coprostanol 360689 yes no NA Coronene 191071 yes no NA Cotinine 486566 yes no NA Coumaphos 56724 yes yes A Cresol, m ; 3 Methylphenol 108394 yes yes NA Cresol, o ; 2 Methylphenol 95 48 7 yes yes C Cresol, p ; 4 Methylphenol 106445 yes yes C Crotonaldehyde 4170303 no yes A Crotoxyphos; Ciodrin 7700176 yes no A Cyanides ( soluble salts & complexes) NA yes no C E: HCN Cyclophosphamide 50180 yes no NA Cymene p 99 87 6 yes no C DDD, 4,4' 72548 yes yes A DDE, 4,4' 72559 yes yes B DDT ; p, p' Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 50293 yes yes C Decabromobiphenyl , 2,2', 3,3', 4,4', 5,5', 6,6'  13654096 yes no NA Decabromodiphenyl ether 1163195 yes yes NA E Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  22 Decane n 124 18 5 yes no C Dehydronifedipine 67035227 yes no NA Demeton 8065483 yes yes A Di( 2 ethylhexyl) adipate; DEHA 103231 yes yes NA E Di( 2 ethylhexyl) phthalate; DEHP 117817 yes yes C E Diallate 2303164 yes yes A Diazinon 333415 yes yes C Dibenz[ a, h] acridine 226368 yes yes NA Dibenz[ a, h] anthracene 53703 yes yes A Dibenz[ a, j] acridine 224420 yes yes NA Dibenzo[ a, e] pyrene 192654 yes yes NA Dibenzo[ a, h] pyrene 189640 yes yes NA Dibenzo[ a, i] pyrene 189559 yes yes NA Dibenzo[ a, l] pyrene 191300 yes yes NA Dibenzo[ c, g] carbazole, 7H 194592 yes yes NA Dibenzofuran 132 64 9 yes no C Dibenzothiophene 132650 yes no A Dibromo 3 chloropropane, 1,2; DBCP 96128 no yes A Dibromobiphenyl 27479658 yes no NA Dibromobiphenyl, 2,2' 13029099 yes no NA Dibromobiphenyl, 2,3 115245062 yes no NA Dibromobiphenyl, 2,3' 49602906 yes no NA Dibromobiphenyl, 2,4' 49602917 yes no NA Dibromobiphenyl, 2,4 53592102 yes no NA Dibromobiphenyl, 2,5 57422772 yes no NA Dibromobiphenyl, 2,6 59080329 yes no NA Dibromobiphenyl, 3,3' 16400514 yes no NA Dibromobiphenyl, 3,4' 57186900 yes no NA Dibromobiphenyl, 3,4 60108727 yes no NA Dibromobiphenyl, 3,5 16372966 yes no NA Dibromobiphenyl, 4,4' 92864 yes no NA Dibromochloromethane 124481 no yes A E Dibromodiphenyl ether, p, p' 2050477 yes no NA Dibromoethane, 1,2; Ethylene dibromide 106934 no yes A E Dibromomethane 74953 no yes A Dibutyl amine 111922 yes no NA Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  23 Dibutyl phthalate 84742 yes yes C E Dichloro 2 butene, trans 1,4 110576 no no A Dichloro 2 propanol, 1,3 96231 no no A Dichloro 4 nitroaniline, 2,6 99309 no no A Dichloro 6 methyl phenol, 2,4 1570656 yes no NA Dichloroaniline, 2,3 608275 no no A Dichloroaniline, 2,4 554007 yes no NA Dichlorobenzene, 1,2 95501 yes yes A E Dichlorobenzene, 1,3 541731 yes yes A E Dichlorobenzene, 1,4 106467 yes yes C E Dichlorobenzenes, total ( mixed isomers) 25321226 yes yes NA Dichlorobenzidine, 3,3' 91941 yes yes A Dichloroethane, 1,1 75343 no yes A Dichloroethane, 1,2 ; Ethylene dichloride 107062 yes yes A E Dichloroethene, 1,1 75 35 4 yes yes A Dichloroethene, 1,2 trans 156 60 5 yes yes B Dichloroisopropanol, 1,3 96 23 1 yes no A Dichloromethane; Methylene chloride 75092 yes yes C Dichloronitrobenzene, 2,3 3209221 no no A Dichlorophenol, 2,4 120832 yes yes A Dichlorophenol, 2,5 583788 yes no NA Dichlorophenol, 2,6 87650 yes no A Dichlorophenol, 3,5 591355 yes no NA Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4 ; 2,4 D 94757 yes yes C E Dichloropropane, 1,2 78875 no yes A Dichloropropane, 1,3 142289 no no A Dichloropropene, trans 1,3 10061026 no yes A Dichlorvos; DDVP 62737 yes yes A E Dichoropropene, cis 1,3 10061015 no yes A Diclofenac sodium 15307796 yes no NA Dicrotophos; Bidrin 141662 yes yes A Dieldrin 60571 yes yes C Diepoxybutane, 1,2,3,4 1464 53 5 yes no C Diethyl ether 60297 no yes A Diethyl phthalate 84662 yes yes A Diethylstilbestrol 56531 yes yes NA Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  24 Diethyltoluamide, N, N'; DEET 134623 yes no NA Digoxigenin 1672464 yes no NA Digoxin 20830755 yes no NA Diisopropylamine 108189 yes no NA Diltiazem 42399417 yes no NA Diltiazem Hydrochloride 33286225 yes no NA Dimethoate 60515 yes yes B E Dimethoxybenzidine, 3,3' 119904 no yes A Dimethyl phthalate 131113 yes no B Dimethyl sulfide 75183 yes no NA Dimethyl sulfone 67710 no no A Dimethylamine 124403 yes no NA Dimethylaminoazobenzene, p 60117 no yes A Dimethylbenz( a) anthracene, 7,12 57976 no yes A Dimethyldisulfide 624920 yes no NA Dimethylformamide, N, N' 68122 no yes A Dimethylnaphthalene, 2,6 581420 yes no NA Dimethylphenanthrene, 3,6 1576676 no no A Dimethylphenol, 2,4; Xylenol 105679 yes yes A Dimethylxanthine, 1,7 611596 yes no NA Dinitro 2,6 dimethyl 4 tertbutylacetophenone, 3,5, 81141 yes no NA Dinitrobenzene, 1,4 100254 no yes A Dinitrophenol ( mixed isomers) 25550587 yes yes NA Dinitrophenol, 2,4 51285 yes yes A Dinitropyrene, 1,6 42397648 yes yes NA Dinitropyrene, 1,8 42397659 yes yes NA Dinitrotoluene, 2,4 121142 yes yes A Dinitrotoluene, 2,6 606202 yes yes A Di N octyl phthalate 117840 yes yes B Dinonylphenol, 2,4 137995 yes no NA Dinoseb 88857 yes yes NA Di N propylnitrosamine 621647 no yes A Dioxane, 1,4 123 91 1 yes yes C Dioxathion 78342 yes no A Diphenylamine 122394 no yes A Diphenyldisulfide 882337 no no A Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  25 Diphenylhydrazine, 1,2 122667 no yes A Disulfoton 298044 yes yes A Ditallowdimethylammonium chloride; DTDMAC 68783788 yes no NA Di tert butyl 1,4 benzoquinone, 2,6 719222 yes no A Di tert butylphenol, 2,6 128392 yes no NA Docosane n 629 97 0 yes no C Dodecane n 112 40 3 yes no C Dodecylphenols 27193868 yes no NA Dodecyltrimethylammonium salt 112005 yes no NA Doxycycline 564250 yes no NA Dysprosium 7429916 yes no NA Eicosane n 112 95 8 yes no C Enalaprilat 76420729 yes no NA Endosulfan 115297 yes yes NA Endosulfan I; alpha Endosulfan 959988 yes yes B Endosulfan II; beta Endosulphan 33213659 yes yes C Endosulfan sulfate 1031078 yes no A Endrin 72208 yes yes C Endrin aldehyde 7421934 yes no A Endrin ketone 53494705 yes no A Enrofloxacin 93106606 yes no NA Equilenin 517099 yes no NA Equilin 474862 yes no NA Erbium 7440520 yes no NA Erythromycin 114078 yes no NA Estradiol 50271 yes no NA Estradiol, 17alpha 57910 yes no NA Estradiol, 17beta 50282 yes no NA Estrone 53167 yes no NA Ethanol, 2( 2( nonylphenoxy) ethoxy) 27176938 yes no NA Ethanol, 2 butoxy phosphate 78513 yes no NA Ethion 563122 yes yes A E Ethyl cyanide 107120 no no A Ethyl mercaptan 75081 yes no NA Ethyl methacrylate 97632 no yes A Ethyl methanesulfonate 62500 no no A Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  26 Ethyl p nitrophenyl phenylphosphorothioate; EPN; Santox 2104645 yes yes C Ethylamine 75047 yes no NA Ethylbenzene 100414 yes yes C E Ethylenethiourea 96457 no yes A Ethynyl estradiol, 17alpha 57636 yes no NA Europium 7440531 yes no NA Famphur 52857 yes no A Fensulfothion 115902 yes no A Fenthion 55389 yes yes A Ferric chloride 7705080 yes no NA Ferrous sulfate 7720787 yes no NA Flucoxacillim sodium 5250395 yes no NA Fluoranthene 206440 yes yes C Fluorene 86737 yes yes A Fluoride 16984488 yes yes C E ( NRC)

Fluoxetine 54910893 yes no NA Gadolinium 7440542 yes no NA Gallium 7440553 yes no NA Gemfibrozil 25812300 yes no NA Germanium 7440564 yes no NA Gliclazide 21187984 yes no NA Gold 7440575 yes no NA Hafnium 7440586 yes no NA Heptabromobiphenyl 35194786 yes no NA Heptabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 4,4', 5 69278600 yes no NA Heptabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 4,5,5' 82865927 yes no NA Heptabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 4,5,6' 88700043 yes no NA Heptabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 5,5', 6 119264549 yes no NA Heptabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,4,4', 5,5' 67733522 yes no NA Heptabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,4,4', 5,6' 119264550 yes no NA Heptabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,4,4', 6,6' 119264561 yes no NA Heptabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,4', 5,5', 6 84303491 yes no NA Heptabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,4,5,6,6' 119264572 yes no NA Heptabromobiphenyl, 2,3,3', 4,4', 5,5' 88700065 yes no NA Heptabromobiphenyl, 2,3,3', 4,4', 5,6 79682250 yes no NA Heptabromobiphenyl, 2,3', 3,4', 5,6,6' 119264583 yes no NA Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  27 Heptabromodibenzofuran, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8 NA yes no NA Heptabromodibenzofuran, 1,2,3,4,7,8,9 NA yes no NA Heptabromodibenzo p dioxin, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8 NA yes no NA Heptabromodiphenyl ether 68928803 yes no NA Heptachlor 76448 yes yes A Heptachlor epoxide 1024573 yes yes C Heptaoxatricosan 1 ol, 23( nonylphenoxy) 3,6,9,12,15,18,21 27177055 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl 36355018 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 4,4' 82865892 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 4,5' 82865905 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 4,6' 119264505 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 5,5' 55066767 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 5,6' 119264516 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,4,4', 5' 67888986 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,4,4', 5 81381524 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,4,5,5' 120991471 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,4', 5', 6 69278597 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,4', 5,6' 93261837 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,4,5', 6 119264527 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,5,5', 6 119264538 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 4,4', 5,5' 59080409 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 4,4', 5,6' 36402150 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 4,4', 6,6' 59261084 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,3,3', 4,4', 5' 84303479 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,3,3', 4,4', 5 77607091 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,3,3', 4,5,5' 120991482 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,3,3', 4', 5', 6 82865916 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,3', 4,4', 5,5' 67888997 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 2,3', 4,4', 5', 6 84303480 yes no NA Hexabromobiphenyl, 3,3', 4,4', 5,5' 60044260 yes no NA Hexabromodibenzofuran, 1,2,3,4,7,8 NA yes no NA Hexabromodibenzofuran, 1,2,3,6,7,8 NA yes no NA Hexabromodibenzofuran, 1,2,3,7,8,9 NA yes no NA Hexabromodibenzofuran, 2,3,4,6,7,8 NA yes no NA Hexabromodibenzo p dioxin, 1,2,3,4,7,8 NA yes no NA Hexabromodibenzo p dioxin, 1,2,3,6,7,8 NA yes no NA Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  28 Hexabromodibenzo p dioxin, 1,2,3,7,8,9 NA yes no NA Hexabromodiphenyl ether 36483600 yes no NA E Hexachlorobenzene 118741 yes yes A Hexachlorobutadiene 87683 yes yes A E Hexachlorocyclohexane, alpha 319846 yes yes C Hexachlorocyclohexane, beta 319857 yes yes C Hexachlorocyclohexane, delta 319868 yes no C Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 77474 yes yes A E Hexachloroethane 67721 no yes A Hexachloronaphthalene 1335871 yes no NA Hexachloropropene 1888717 no no A Hexacosane n 630 01 3 yes no C Hexadecane n 544 76 3 yes no C Hexadecyltrimethylammonium salt 112027 yes no NA Hexahydro 4,6,6,7,8,8 hexamethylcyclopenta g 2 benzopyrane, 1,3,4, 6,7,8 1222055 yes no NA Hexanoic acid n 142 62 1 yes no C Hexanone 2 591 78 6 yes no C Holmium 7440600 yes no NA Hydrogen 1333740 yes no NA Hydrogen sulfide 7783 06 4 no yes NA E Ibuprofen 15687271 yes no NA Ifosfamide 3778732 yes no NA Indeno[ 1,2,3 cd] pyrene 193395 yes yes A Indium 7440746 yes no NA Indole 120729 yes no NA Iodine 7553562 yes yes NA Iodomethane; Methyl iodide 74884 no no A Iridium 7439885 yes no NA Iron 7439896 yes no C Isobutyl alcohol 78 83 1 yes yes C Isodrin 465736 yes no A Isophorone 78591 no yes A Isopropylnaphthalene, 2 2027170 no no A Isosafrole 120581 no no A Ketoprofen 22071154 yes no NA Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  29 Lanthanum 7439910 yes no NA Lead and compounds* 7439921 yes yes C Leptophos 21609905 yes no A Levonorgestrel 797637 yes no NA Lime 1305788 yes no NA Lincomycin 154212 yes no NA Lindane; gamma Hexachlorocyclohexane 58899 yes yes A Linuron 330552 yes yes NA Lithium 7439932 yes no NA Longifolene 475207 no no A Lopamidol 60166930 yes no NA Lopromide 73334073 yes no NA Lutetium 7439943 yes no NA Magnesium 7439 95 4 yes yes C D Malachite green 569642 no yes A Malathion 121755 yes yes A E Manganese 7439965 yes yes C Mebeverine hydrochloride 2753459 yes no NA Mefenamic acid 61687 yes no NA Mercury and compounds* Various yes yes C Includes MeHg Mestranol 72333 yes no A Metformin 657249 yes no NA Methapyrilene 91805 no no A Methoxychlor 72435 yes yes A E Methyl chloride; Chloromethane 74873 yes yes A Methyl ethyl ketone; 2 Butanone 78 93 3 yes yes C Methyl isobutyl ketone; MIBK; Methyl 2 pentanone, 4 108101 yes yes C Methyl mercaptan 74931 yes no NA Methyl methacrylate 80626 no yes A Methyl methansulfonate 66273 no no A Methyl parathion 298000 yes yes A Methyl pentanone 63072 44 6 yes no NA Methyl 1H benzotriazole, 5 136856 yes no NA Methylamine 74895 yes no NA Methylbenzothiazole, 2 120752 no no A Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  30 Methylcholanthrene, 3 56495 no yes A Methylchrysene, 5 3697243 yes yes NA Methylene bis( 2 chloroaniline), 4,4' 101144 no yes A Methylene phenanthrene, 4,5 203 64 5 no no A Methylfluorene, 1 1730376 no no A Methylnaphthalene, 1 90120 yes yes NA Methylnaphthalene, 2 91576 yes no B E Methylphenanthrene, 1 832699 yes no A Methylthio benzothiazole, 2 615 22 5 yes no NA Metoprolol 37350586 yes no NA Mevinphos; Phosdrin 7786347 yes yes A Mineral oils 8012951 yes no NA Mirex 2385855 yes yes A E Molybdenum and compounds* 7439987 yes yes C Monobromobiphenyl 26264108 yes no NA Monocrotophos 6923224 yes no A Monuron 150685 yes no NA Musk xylene 81152 yes no NA Musks NA yes no NA Nadolol 42200339 yes no NA Naled 300765 yes yes C Naloxone 465656 yes yes NA Naphthalene 91203 yes yes B E Naphthalenediamine, 1,5 2243621 no no A Naphthoquinone, 1,4 130 15 4 no no A Naphthoquinone, 2,3 dichloro, 1,4 117806 yes no A Naphthylamine, alpha 134327 no no A Naphthylamine, beta 91598 no yes A Naproxen 22204531 yes no NA n Butyl Mercaptan 109795 yes no NA Neodymium 7440008 yes no NA Nickel and compounds* 7440020 yes yes C E Niobium 7440031 yes no NA Nitrate 14797558 yes yes C Nitrite 14797 65 0 yes yes C Nitroaniline, 2 88744 no yes A Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  31 Nitroaniline, 3 99092 no no A Nitroaniline, 4 100016 no no A Nitrobenzamide, 4 619807 yes no NA Nitrobenzene 98953 yes yes A E Nitrochrysene, 6 2043937 no no NA Nitrofen ( TOK) NA yes yes C Nitrofluorene, 2 607578 yes yes NA Nitrogen 7727379 yes no NA Nitrogen, organic & inorganic 14798039 yes no NA Nitro o toluidine, 5 99558 no yes A Nitrophenol, 2 88755 yes no A Nitrophenol, 4 100027 yes yes A Nitropyrene, 1 5522430 yes yes NA Nitropyrene, 4 57835924 yes yes NA Nitrosamines 35576911 yes no NA N Nitrosodiethylamine 55185 yes yes A N nitrosodimethylamine ( NDMA) 62759 yes yes A N Nitrosodi N butylamine 924163 no yes A N Nitrosodiphenylamine 86306 yes yes B N Nitrosomethylethylamine 10595956 no yes A N Nitrosomethylphenylamine 614 00 6 no no A N nitrosomorpholine; NMOR 59892 yes yes A N Nitrosopiperidine 100754 no yes A N nonylphenol NA yes no NA Nonabromobiphenyl 27753522 yes no NA Nonabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 4,4', 5,5', 6 69278622 yes no NA Nonabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 4,4', 5,6,6' 119264629 yes no NA Nonabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 4,5,5', 6,6' 119264630 yes no NA Nonabromodiphenyl ether 63936561 yes no NA Nonidet P 40 NA yes yes NA Nonoxynol 10 26027383 yes no NA Nonylphenol ( branched), 4 84852153 yes no NA Nonylphenol diethoxylate, 4 NA yes no NA Nonylphenol ethoxylates NA yes no NA Nonylphenol monoethoxylate 27986363 yes no NA Nonylphenol, 2 136834 yes no NA Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  32 Nonylphenol, 3 139844 yes no NA Nonylphenol, 4 25154523 yes no NA Nonylphenol, 4 104405 yes no NA Nonylphenoxy acetic acid, 4 3115499 yes no NA Nonylphenoxy 3,6,9,12 tetraoxatetradecan 1 ol, 14 26264028 yes no NA Norethisterone, 19 68224 yes no NA Norfloxacin 70458967 yes no NA N Phenylacetamide 103844 yes no NA Octabromobiphenyl 27858077 yes no NA Octabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 4,4', 5,5' 67889003 yes no NA Octabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 4,4', 6,6' 119264594 yes no NA Octabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 4,5', 6,6' 69887112 yes no NA Octabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3', 5,5', 6,6' 59080410 yes no NA Octabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,3' 4,5', 6,6' 119264607 yes no NA Octabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,4,4', 5,6,6' 119264618 yes no NA Octabromodibenzofuran, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9 NA yes no NA Octabromodibenzo p dioxin, 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,9 NA yes no NA Octabromodiphenyl ether 32536520 yes yes NA Octachloronaphthalene 2234131 yes no NA Octacosane n 630 02 4 yes no C Octadecane n 593 45 3 yes no C Octadecyltrimethylammonium chloride 112038 yes no NA Octylphenol 67554501 yes no NA Octylphenol diethoxylate, 4 NA yes no NA Octylphenol monoethoxylate, 4 NA yes no NA Octylphenol, 4 1806264 yes no NA Osmium 7440042 yes no NA Oxytetracycline 79572 yes yes NA Palladium 7440053 yes no NA Parathion; Ethyl parathion 56382 no yes A E Paroxetine metabolite NA yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl 56307790 yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,4,6 77910044 yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 3,5', 6 88700054 yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 4,4', 5 81397991 yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 4,4', 6 97038976 yes no NA Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  33 Pentabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 4,5,5' 67888964 yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 4,5', 6 59080396 yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 4,5,6' 80274926 yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 4,6,6' 97063757 yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl, 2', 3,4,4', 5 74114775 yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl, 2,3,4,4', 5 96551701 yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl, 2,3', 4,4', 5 67888975 yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl, 2,3', 4,4', 6 86029643 yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl, 2,3', 4,5,5' 80407701 yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl, 2,3,4,5,6 38421624 yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl, 3,3', 4,4', 5 84303468 yes no NA Pentabromobiphenyl, 3,3', 4,5,5' 81902332 yes no NA Pentabromodibenzofuran, 1,2,3,7,8 NA yes no NA Pentabromodibenzofuran, 2,3,4,7,8 NA yes no NA Pentabromodibenzo p dioxin, 1,2,3,7,8 NA yes no NA Pentabromodiphenyl ether 32534819 yes yes NA E Pentachlorobenzene 608935 yes yes A Pentachloroethane 76017 no no A Pentachloronaphthalene 1321648 yes no NA Pentachloronitrobenzene; PCNB 82688 yes yes C E Pentachlorophenol 87865 yes yes A E Pentamethyl 4,6 dinitrolindane, 1,1,3,3,5 116665 yes no NA Pentamethylbenzene 700129 no no A Permethrin, cis 54774457 yes yes NA Permethrin, trans 51877748 yes yes NA Perylene 198550 yes no A Phantolide 15323350 yes no NA Phenacetin 62442 no no A Phenanthrene 85018 yes no C Phenazone 60800 yes no NA Phenol 108952 yes yes C Phenol, 2 methyl 4,6 dinitro; Dinitro o cresol; DNOC 534521 no yes A Phenothiazine 92842 no no A Phenoxymethylpenicyllim 87081 yes no NA Phenyl ether; Diphenyl ether 101 84 8 yes yes A Phenyl sulfide 139662 yes no NA Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  34 Phenylnaphthalene, 1 605027 no no A Phenylnaphthalene, 2 612942 yes no A Phorate 298022 yes yes A Phosmet 732116 yes yes A Phosphamidon 13171216 yes no A E Phosphoric acid, tri o tolyl ester 78 30 8 yes no C Phosphoric, triamide, hexamethyl 680319 yes no A Phthalates 88993 yes no NA Phthalic anhydride 85449 yes yes NA Phytane 638368 yes no NA Picoline, 2 109068 yes no B Platinum 7440064 yes no NA Polybrominated biphenyls 67774327 yes yes NA Polychlorinated biphenyls; PCBs 1336 36 3 yes yes C E Polyethylene glycol nonylphenyl ether 9016459 yes no NA Polyethylene glycols 25322683 yes no NA Potassium 7440097 yes no NA Potassium oxide 12136457 yes no NA Praseodymium 7440100 yes no NA Pristane 1921706 yes no NA Progesterone 57830 yes no NA Pronamide 23950585 no yes A Propanil 709988 yes yes NA E Propen 1 ol, 2 ; Allyl alcohol 107186 no yes A Propenenitrile, 2 methyl, 2 ; Methacrylonitrile 126987 no yes A Propionic acid, 2( 4 chloro 2 methylphenoxy) ; MCPP 93652 yes yes NA Propranolol 525666 yes no NA Propyl mercaptan 107039 yes no NA Pyrene 129000 yes yes C Pyridine 110861 yes yes A Quinine sulphate 7778930 yes no NA Ranitidine 66357355 yes no NA Ranitidine hydrochloride 71130068 yes no NA Resorcinol 108463 no no A Rhenium 7440155 yes no NA Rhodium 7440166 yes no NA Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  35 Roxithromycin 80214831 yes no NA Rubidium 7440177 yes no NA Ruthenium 7440188 yes no NA Safrole 94597 no yes A Salicylic acid 69727 yes no NA Samarium 7440199 yes no NA Sarafloxacin 98105998 yes no NA Scandium 7440202 yes no NA Selenium and compounds* 7782492 yes yes C Silicon 7440213 yes no NA Silver 7440224 yes yes C Simazine 122349 yes yes NA E Skatole 83341 yes no NA Sodium 7440 23 5 yes no C Sodium hydroxide 1310 73 2 yes yes NA Sodium n dodecylbenzene sulfonate 25155300 yes no NA Sodium valproate 1069665 yes no NA Squalene 7683649 no no A Stigmastanol 19466478 yes no NA Strontium 7440246 yes yes NA Styrene 100 42 5 yes yes C E Sulfachloropyridazine 80320 yes no NA Sulfadimethoxine 122112 yes no NA Sulfamerazine 127797 yes no NA Sulfamethazine 57681 yes no NA Sulfamethizole 144821 yes no NA Sulfamethoxazole 723466 yes no NA Sulfathiazole 72140 yes no NA Sulfur 7704349 yes no NA Sulfur dioxide 2025 88 4 no yes NA Sulfuric acid 7664939 yes yes NA Sulphasalazine 599791 yes no NA Tantalum 7440257 yes no NA Tellurium 13494809 yes no NA Terbataline 23031256 yes no NA Terbium 7440279 yes no NA Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  36 Terbufos 13071799 yes yes A Terpineol, alpha 8006 39 1 yes no C Tert butyl 4 hydroxy anisole, 3 25013165 yes no NA Testosterone 58220 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl 40088457 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 4,4' 66115579 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 4,5' 60044248 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 4,6' 97038954 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 5,5' 59080374 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 5,6' 60044259 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 2,2', 6,6' 97038965 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 2,3,3', 4 97038998 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 2,3', 4,4' 84303457 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 2,3,4,5 115245095 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 2,3', 4', 5 59080385 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 2,3,4,6 115245108 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 2,4,4', 6 64258022 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 3,3', 4,4' 77102820 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 3,3', 4,5' 97038987 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 3,3', 5,5' 16400503 yes no NA Tetrabromobiphenyl, 3,4,4', 5 59589923 yes no NA Tetrabromobisphenol A 79947 yes no NA Tetrabromodibenzofuran, 2,3,7,8 NA yes no NA Tetrabromodibenzo p dioxin, 2,3,7,8 NA yes no NA Tetrabromodiphenyl ether 40088479 yes no NA E Tetrachlorobenzene 12408105 yes yes NA Tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5 95943 yes yes A Tetrachloroethane 25322207 yes yes NA Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,1,2 630206 no yes A Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2 79345 yes yes A Tetrachloroethylene; Perchloroethylene 127184 yes yes C E Tetrachloronaphthalene 1335882 yes no NA Tetrachloronaphthalene, 1,2,3,4 20020024 yes no NA Tetrachlorophenol 25167833 yes yes NA Tetrachlorophenol, 2,3,4,6 58902 no yes A Tetrachlorvinphos 961115 yes yes A Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  37 Tetracosane n 646 31 1 yes no C Tetracycline 60548 yes no NA Tetradecane n 629 59 4 yes no C Tetradecyltrimethylammonium salt 4574043 yes no NA Tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate; TEDP; Sulfotepp 3689245 yes yes A Tetraethylpyrophosphate 107 49 3 yes no C Tetramethylbutyl phenol, 4 1,1,3,3 140669 no no NA Thallium 7440280 yes yes C E Thianaphthene 95158 no no A Thioacetamide 62555 no yes A Thioxanthe 9 one 492228 no no A Thorium 7440291 yes no NA Thulium 7440304 yes no NA Timolol 26839758 yes no NA Tin and compounds Various yes yes C Titanium 7440326 yes no C Titanium tetrachloride 7550450 yes yes NA Tolfenamic acid 13710195 yes no NA Toluene 108883 yes yes C E Toluene, 2,4 diamino 95807 no yes A Toluidine, 5 chloro, o 95794 no no A Toluidine, o 95534 no yes A Toxaphene 8001352 yes yes A Tri( 2 chloroethyl) phosphate 115968 yes no NA Tri( dichlorisopropyl) phosphate 13674878 yes no NA Triacontane n 638 68 6 yes no C Tribromobiphenyl 51202790 yes no NA Tribromobiphenyl, 2,2', 5 59080341 yes no NA Tribromobiphenyl, 2,3', 5 59080352 yes no NA Tribromobiphenyl, 2,4,4' 6430906 yes no NA Tribromobiphenyl, 2,4', 5 59080363 yes no NA Tribromobiphenyl, 2,4,5 115245073 yes no NA Tribromobiphenyl, 2,4', 6 64258033 yes no NA Tribromobiphenyl, 2,4,6 59080330 yes no NA Tribromobiphenyl, 3,4,4' 6683358 yes no NA Tribromobiphenyl, 3,4,5 115245084 yes no NA Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  38 Tribromobiphenyl, 3,4', 5 72416876 yes no NA Tribromodiphenyl ether 49690940 yes no NA Tribromomethane; Bromoform 75252 yes yes A E Tribromophenol, 2,4,6 118796 yes yes NA Tributyl tin compounds 56573854 yes yes NA E Trichlorfon 52686 yes yes A Trichlorobenzene 12002481 yes yes NA Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,3 87616 no no A Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4 120821 yes yes A Trichlorobenzene, 1,3,5 108703 yes no NA Trichloroethane 25323891 yes yes NA Trichloroethane, 1,1,1 71556 yes yes A E Trichloroethane, 1,1,2 79005 yes yes A Trichloroethene 79016 yes yes B E Trichlorofluoromethane 75 69 4 yes yes C Trichloronaphthalene 1321659 yes no NA Trichlorophenol 25167822 yes yes NA Trichlorophenol, 2,3,6 933 75 5 no no A Trichlorophenol, 2,4,5 95954 no yes A Trichlorophenol, 2,4,6 88062 yes yes A Trichlorophenoxy propionic acid, 2 2,4,5 ; Silvex 93721 yes yes C Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5; 2,4,5 T 93765 yes yes C Trichloropropane, 1,2,3 96184 no yes A Triclosan 3380345 yes yes NA Triethylamine 121448 yes yes NA Trifluralin 1582098 yes yes C Trimethoprim 738705 yes no NA Trimethoxybenzene, 1,2,3 634366 no no A Trimethyl phosphate 512561 yes yes A Trimethylamine 75503 yes no NA Trimethylnaphthalene, 2,3,6 829265 yes no NA Triphenyl phosphate 115866 yes no NA Triphenylene 217594 no no A Tripropyleneglycol methyl ether 25498491 no no A Trithiane, 1,3,5 291 21 4 no no A Tungsten 7440337 yes no NA Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  39 Tylosin 1401690 yes no NA Uranium 7440 61 1 yes yes NA E Vanadium 7440622 yes yes C Vinyl acetate 108054 yes yes A E Vinyl Chloride 75014 yes yes A Virginiamycin 21411530 yes no NA Volatile Organic Compounds NA yes no NA Warfarin 81812 yes yes NA Xylene, m 108 38 3 yes yes C Xylene, o 95476 yes yes NA Xylene, p 106423 yes yes NA Xylene ( o, p, m mixture) 1330207 yes yes C Ytterbium 7440644 yes no NA Yttrium 7440655 yes no C Zinc and compounds* 7440666 yes yes C E Zirconium 7440677 yes no NA CASRN = Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number. * = Metals regulated in Round One. Column F: National & international literature search conducted for the period 1990 2002. Column G: Human health benchmarks from a number of databases. The HHBs have not necessarily been fully evaluated with regard to acceptability for use in this screening process. Column H: NSSS = 1989 National Sewage Sludge Survey; A = not detected in sewage sludge samples; B = detected in 1% of samples collected; C = detected in > 1% of samples collected. Column I: D = Essential nutrient. E = Ongoing IRIS or OPP health assessment at October 1, 2003. E( NTP) = Ongoing NTP toxicological studies for Cr+ 6. E( NRC) = Ongoing NRC review of fluoride toxicological data, requested by EPA. NA = Not applicable or not available. Reference for NSSS data: EPA, 1990; 1996.  40 Table 2: Chemicals Reported in Sewage Sludge and Having Human Health Benchmarks from a Variety of Data Sources Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments Acenaphthene 83329 yes yes A Acetaldehyde 75070 yes yes NA E Acetone; 2 Propanone 67 64 1 yes yes C Acetophenone 98862 yes yes C Aldrin 309002 yes yes C Aluminum 7429905 yes yes C Ammonia 7664417 yes yes NA Aniline 62533 yes yes A Anthracene 120127 yes yes C Antimony and compounds 7440360 yes yes C E Aroclor 1016 12674112 yes yes A E: PCBs Aroclor 1254 11097691 yes yes C E: PCBs Arsenic and compounds* 7440 38 2 yes yes C E Atrazine 1912249 yes yes NA E Azinphos methyl 86500 yes yes C Barium 7440393 yes yes C Benzene 71432 yes yes A Benzenethiol 108985 yes yes A Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  41 Benzo[ a] anthracene 56553 yes yes C Benzo[ a] pyrene 50328 yes yes C E Benzo[ b] fluoranthene 205992 yes yes C Benzo[ j] fluoranthene 205823 yes yes NA Benzo[ k] fluoranthene 207089 yes yes C Benzoic acid 65 85 0 yes yes C Beryllium 7440417 yes yes C Biphenyl, 1,1 92524 yes yes B Bis( 2 chloroethyl) ether 111444 yes yes A Bis( 2 chloroisopropyl) ether 108601 yes yes A Bisphenol A 80057 yes yes NA Boron 7440428 yes yes C E Butanol, n ; n Butyl alcohol 71363 yes yes NA Butyl benzyl phthalate 85687 yes yes C Cadmium and compounds* 7440439 yes yes C E Calcium 7440 70 2 yes yes C D Captafol 2425061 yes yes A Captan 133062 yes yes A Carbaryl 63252 yes yes NA Carbon disulfide 75 15 0 yes yes C Carbon tetrachloride; Tetrachloromethane 56 23 5 yes yes C E Chlordane 57749 yes yes A Chlordane, cis 5103719 yes yes NA Chlorine 7782505 yes yes NA Chloro 2 methyl phenoxy acetic acid, 4 ; MCPA 94746 yes yes NA E Chloro 3 methylphenol, 4 ; p Chloro m cresol; PCMC 59507 yes yes A Chloroaniline, 4; p Chloroaniline 106478 yes yes C Chloroanilines 27134265 yes yes NA Chlorobenzene; Phenyl chloride 108907 yes yes C Chlorobenzilate 510156 yes yes C Chloroform 67663 yes yes B E Chlorophenol 25167800 yes yes NA Chlorophenol, 2 95578 yes yes A Chlorophenol, 4 106489 yes yes NA Chloroprene; 2 Chloro 1,3 butadiene 126998 yes yes A E Chlorpyrifos 2921882 yes yes C Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  42 Chromium and compounds 7440 47 3 yes yes C E ( NTP)

Chrysene 218019 yes yes C Cobalt 7440484 yes yes C E Copper and compounds* 7440508 yes yes C E Coumaphos 56724 yes yes A Cresol, m ; 3 Methylphenol 108394 yes yes NA Cresol, o ; 2 Methylphenol 95 48 7 yes yes C Cresol, p ; 4 Methylphenol 106445 yes yes C DDD, 4,4' 72548 yes yes A DDE, 4,4' 72559 yes yes B DDT ; p, p' Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane 50293 yes yes C Decabromodiphenyl ether 1163195 yes yes NA E Demeton 8065483 yes yes A Di( 2 ethylhexyl) adipate; DEHA 103231 yes yes NA E Di( 2 ethylhexyl) phthalate; DEHP 117817 yes yes C E Diallate 2303164 yes yes A Diazinon 333415 yes yes C Dibenz[ a, h] acridine 226368 yes yes NA Dibenz[ a, h] anthracene 53703 yes yes A Dibenz[ a, j] acridine 224420 yes yes NA Dibenzo[ a, e] pyrene 192654 yes yes NA Dibenzo[ a, h] pyrene 189640 yes yes NA Dibenzo[ a, i] pyrene 189559 yes yes NA Dibenzo[ a, l] pyrene 191300 yes yes NA Dibenzo[ c, g] carbazole, 7H 194592 yes yes NA Dibutyl phthalate 84742 yes yes C E Dichlorobenzene, 1,2 95501 yes yes A E Dichlorobenzene, 1,3 541731 yes yes A E Dichlorobenzene, 1,4 106467 yes yes C E Dichlorobenzenes, total ( mixed isomers) 25321226 yes yes NA Dichlorobenzidine, 3,3' 91941 yes yes A Dichloroethane, 1,2 ; Ethylene dichloride 107062 yes yes A E Dichloroethene, 1,1 75 35 4 yes yes A Dichloroethene, 1,2 trans 156 60 5 yes yes B Dichloromethane; Methylene chloride 75092 yes yes C Dichlorophenol, 2,4 120832 yes yes A Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  43 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4 ; 2,4 D 94757 yes yes C E Dichlorvos; DDVP 62737 yes yes A E Dicrotophos; Bidrin 141662 yes yes A Dieldrin 60571 yes yes C Diethyl phthalate 84662 yes yes A Diethylstilbestrol 56531 yes yes NA Dimethoate 60515 yes yes B E Dimethylphenol, 2,4; Xylenol 105679 yes yes A Dinitrophenol ( mixed isomers) 25550587 yes yes NA Dinitrophenol, 2,4 51285 yes yes A Dinitropyrene, 1,6 42397648 yes yes NA Dinitropyrene, 1,8 42397659 yes yes NA Dinitrotoluene, 2,4 121142 yes yes A Dinitrotoluene, 2,6 606202 yes yes A Di N octyl phthalate 117840 yes yes B Dinoseb 88857 yes yes NA Dioxane, 1,4 123 91 1 yes yes C Disulfoton 298044 yes yes A Endosulfan 115297 yes yes NA Endosulfan I; alpha Endosulfan 959988 yes yes B Endosulfan II; beta Endosulphan 33213659 yes yes C Endrin 72208 yes yes C Ethion 563122 yes yes A E Ethyl p nitrophenyl phenylphosphorothioate; EPN; Santox 2104645 yes yes C Ethylbenzene 100414 yes yes C E Fenthion 55389 yes yes A Fluoranthene 206440 yes yes C Fluorene 86737 yes yes A Fluoride 16984488 yes yes C E ( NRC)

Heptachlor 76448 yes yes A Heptachlor epoxide 1024573 yes yes C Hexachlorobenzene 118741 yes yes A Hexachlorobutadiene 87683 yes yes A E Hexachlorocyclohexane, alpha 319846 yes yes C Hexachlorocyclohexane, beta 319857 yes yes C Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 77474 yes yes A E Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  44 Indeno[ 1,2,3 cd] pyrene 193395 yes yes A Iodine 7553562 yes yes NA Isobutyl alcohol 78 83 1 yes yes C Lead and compounds* 7439921 yes yes C Lindane; gamma Hexachlorocyclohexane 58899 yes yes A Linuron 330552 yes yes NA Magnesium 7439 95 4 yes yes C D Malathion 121755 yes yes A E Manganese 7439965 yes yes C Mercury and compounds* Various yes yes C Includes MeHg Methoxychlor 72435 yes yes A E Methyl chloride; Chloromethane 74873 yes yes A Methyl ethyl ketone; 2 Butanone 78 93 3 yes yes C Methyl isobutyl ketone; MIBK; Methyl 2 pentanone, 4 108101 yes yes C Methyl parathion 298000 yes yes A Methylchrysene, 5 3697243 yes yes NA Methylnaphthalene, 1 90120 yes yes NA Mevinphos; Phosdrin 7786347 yes yes A Mirex 2385855 yes yes A E Molybdenum and compounds* 7439987 yes yes C Naled 300765 yes yes C Naloxone 465656 yes yes NA Naphthalene 91203 yes yes B E Nickel and compounds* 7440020 yes yes C E Nitrate 14797558 yes yes C Nitrite 14797 65 0 yes yes C Nitrobenzene 98953 yes yes A E Nitrofen ( TOK) NA yes yes C Nitrofluorene, 2 607578 yes yes NA Nitrophenol, 4 100027 yes yes A Nitropyrene, 1 5522430 yes yes NA Nitropyrene, 4 57835924 yes yes NA N Nitrosodiethylamine 55185 yes yes A N nitrosodimethylamine ( NDMA) 62759 yes yes A N Nitrosodiphenylamine 86306 yes yes B Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  45 N nitrosomorpholine; NMOR 59892 yes yes A Nonidet P 40 NA yes yes NA Octabromodiphenyl ether 32536520 yes yes NA Oxytetracycline 79572 yes yes NA Pentabromodiphenyl ether 32534819 yes yes NA E Pentachlorobenzene 608935 yes yes A Pentachloronitrobenzene; PCNB 82688 yes yes C E Pentachlorophenol 87865 yes yes A E Permethrin, cis 54774457 yes yes NA Permethrin, trans 51877748 yes yes NA Phenol 108952 yes yes C Phenyl ether; Diphenyl ether 101 84 8 yes yes A Phorate 298022 yes yes A Phosmet 732116 yes yes A Phthalic anhydride 85449 yes yes NA Polybrominated biphenyls 67774327 yes yes NA Polychlorinated biphenyls; PCBs 1336 36 3 yes yes C E Propanil 709988 yes yes NA E Propionic acid, 2( 4 chloro 2 methylphenoxy) ; MCPP 93652 yes yes NA Pyrene 129000 yes yes C Pyridine 110861 yes yes A Selenium and compounds* 7782492 yes yes C Silver 7440224 yes yes C Simazine 122349 yes yes NA E Sodium hydroxide 1310 73 2 yes yes NA Strontium 7440246 yes yes NA Styrene 100 42 5 yes yes C E Sulfuric acid 7664939 yes yes NA Terbufos 13071799 yes yes A Tetrachlorobenzene 12408105 yes yes NA Tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5 95943 yes yes A Tetrachloroethane 25322207 yes yes NA Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2 79345 yes yes A Tetrachloroethylene; Perchloroethylene 127184 yes yes C E Tetrachlorophenol 25167833 yes yes NA Tetrachlorvinphos 961115 yes yes A Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  46 Tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate; TEDP; Sulfotepp 3689245 yes yes A Thallium 7440280 yes yes C E Tin and compounds Various yes yes C Titanium tetrachloride 7550450 yes yes NA Toluene 108883 yes yes C E Toxaphene 8001352 yes yes A Tribromomethane; Bromoform 75252 yes yes A E Tribromophenol, 2,4,6 118796 yes yes NA Tributyl tin compounds 56573854 yes yes NA E Trichlorfon 52686 yes yes A Trichlorobenzene 12002481 yes yes NA Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4 120821 yes yes A Trichloroethane 25323891 yes yes NA Trichloroethane, 1,1,1 71556 yes yes A E Trichloroethane, 1,1,2 79005 yes yes A Trichloroethene 79016 yes yes B E Trichlorofluoromethane 75 69 4 yes yes C Trichlorophenol 25167822 yes yes NA Trichlorophenol, 2,4,6 88062 yes yes A Trichlorophenoxy propionic acid, 2 2,4,5 ; Silvex 93721 yes yes C Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5; 2,4,5 T 93765 yes yes C Triclosan 3380345 yes yes NA Triethylamine 121448 yes yes NA Trifluralin 1582098 yes yes C Trimethyl phosphate 512561 yes yes A Uranium 7440 61 1 yes yes NA E Vanadium 7440622 yes yes C Vinyl acetate 108054 yes yes A E Vinyl Chloride 75014 yes yes A Warfarin 81812 yes yes NA Xylene, m 108 38 3 yes yes C Xylene, o 95476 yes yes NA Xylene, p 106423 yes yes NA Xylenes ( o, p, m mixture) 1330207 yes yes C Zinc and compounds* 7440666 yes yes C E Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  47 * = Metals regulated in Round One. Column F: National & international literature search conducted for the period 1990 2002. Column G: Human health benchmarks from a number of databases; the HHBs have not necessarily been fully evaluated with regard to acceptability for use in this screening process. Column H: NSSS = 1989 National Sewage Sludge Survey; A = not detected; B = detected in 1% of samples; C = detected in > 1% of samples collected. NA = Not applicable or not available; Reference for NSSS data: EPA, 1990; 1996. Column I: D = Essential nutrient; E = Ongoing EPA health assessment at October 1, 2003; E( NTP) = Ongoing NTP toxicological studies for Cr+ 6; E( NRC) = Ongoing NRC review of fluoride toxicity, requested by EPA.

Table 3: Chemicals Regulated in Round One Chemical Comments Arsenic E Cadmium E Copper E Lead Mercury Includes MeHg Molybdenum * Chemical Comments  48 Nickel E Selenium Zinc E Molybdenum*: EPA will review criteria for molybdenum in land applied treated sewage sludge. E = Ongoing Integrated Risk Information System ( IRIS) assessment at October 1, 2003. EPA plans to include all nine metals in a targeted national survey to be initiated in FY 2005.  49 Table 4: Chemicals Previously Evaluated and Determined Not to be Hazardous in Sewage Sludge Chemical CASRN Reported in Literature Human Health Benchmark Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments Aldrin 309002 yes IRIS 91 C J ( banned)

Calcium 7440 70 2 yes IOM 99 C D Chlordane 57749 yes IRIS 98 A J ( banned)

Chromium* 16065 83 1 yes IRIS 98 C Cr III predominates DDD; p, p' DDD 72548 yes IRIS 88 A J ( banned)

DDE; p, p' DDE 72559 yes IRIS 88 B J ( banned)

DDT; p, p' DDT 50293 yes IRIS 88 C J ( banned)

Dieldrin 60571 yes IRIS 91 C J ( banned)

Heptachlor 76 44 8 yes OPP 92 A J ( severely restricted)

Heptachlor epoxide 1024 57 3 yes OPP 92 C J ( severely restricted)

Hexachlorobenzene 118741 yes IRIS 91 A J ( banned)

Lindane; gamma Hexachlorocyclohexane 58899 yes OPP 02 C J ( severely restricted)

Magnesium 7439 95 4 yes IOM 99 C D Phthalic anhydride** 85449 yes IRIS 88 NA 1/ 2 life considerations Toxaphene 8001352 yes IRIS 91 A J ( banned)

Column F: National & International literature search conducted for the period 1990 2002. Column G: IRIS or OPP human health benchmark & year of assessment. Column H: NSSS = National Sewage Sludge Survey; A = not detected in sewage sludge samples; B = detected in 1% of samples collected; C = detected in > 1% of samples collected; NA = not applicable. Column I: D = Essential nutrient. Tolerable upper intake levels ( UL) established by the Institute of Medicine ( IOM, 1999) for calcium and magnesium are 2.5 g/ day & 0.35 g/ day, respectively, indicating unlikely hazard from their presence in sewage sludge; J = Banned or severely restricted pesticide. Chromium*: The less toxic Cr III, rather than Cr VI, predominates in sewage sludge. Phthalic anhydride** was removed from consideration because of its extremely rapid degradation in soil for the required sewage sludge 30 day holding period.  50 Table 5: Chemicals Reported in U. S. Sewage Sludge from the Literature or the National Sewage Sludge Survey and Having Human Health Benchmarks from a Variety of Data Sources Chemical CASRN HHB Literature Reports Concn Values in U. S. Sludge Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments Acenaphthene 83329 yes n. d. A Acetaldehyde 75070 yes NA E Acetone; 2 Propanone 67 64 1 yes yes C Acetophenone 98862 yes C Aluminum 7429905 yes yes C Ammonia 7664417 yes NA Aniline 62533 yes n. d. A Anthracene 120127 yes n. d. C Antimony and compounds 7440360 yes yes C E Aroclor 1016 12674112 yes A E: PCBs Aroclor 1254 11097691 yes C E: PCBs Atrazine 1912249 yes NA E Azinphos methyl 86500 yes C Barium 7440393 yes yes C Benzene 71432 yes n. d. A Benzenethiol 108985 yes A Benzo[ a] anthracene 56553 yes n. d. C Benzo[ a] pyrene 50328 yes n. d. C E Benzo[ b] fluoranthene 205992 yes C Benzo[ j] fluoranthene 205823 yes NA Benzo[ k] fluoranthene 207089 yes C Benzoic acid 65 85 0 yes n. d. C Beryllium 7440417 yes yes C Biphenyl, 1,1 92524 yes B Bis( 2 chloroethyl) ether 111444 yes n. d. A Bis( 2 chloroisopropyl) ether 108601 yes n. d. A Bisphenol A 80057 yes NA Boron 7440428 yes yes C E Butanol, n ; n Butyl alcohol 71363 yes NA Butyl benzyl phthalate 85687 yes n. d. C Captafol 2425061 yes A Captan 133062 yes A Chemical CASRN HHB Literature Reports Concn Values in U. S. Sludge Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  51 Carbaryl 63252 yes NA Carbon disulfide 75 15 0 yes n. d. C Carbon tetrachloride; Tetrachloromethane 56 23 5 yes n. d. C E Chlordane, cis 5103719 yes NA Chlorine 7782505 yes NA Chloro 2 methyl phenoxy acetic acid, 4 ; MCPA 94746 yes NA E Chloro 3 methylphenol, 4 ; p Chloro m cresol; PCMC 59507 yes n. d. A Chloroaniline, 4; p Chloroaniline 106478 yes n. d. C Chloroanilines 27134265 yes NA Chlorobenzene; Phenyl chloride 108907 yes n. d. C Chlorobenzilate 510156 yes C Chloroform 67663 yes yes B E Chlorophenol 25167800 yes NA Chlorophenol, 2 95578 yes n. d. A Chlorophenol, 4 106489 yes NA Chloroprene; 2 Chloro 1,3 butadiene 126998 yes A E Chlorpyrifos 2921882 yes yes C Chrysene 218019 yes n. d. C Cobalt 7440484 yes yes C E Coumaphos 56724 yes A Cresol, m ; 3 Methylphenol 108394 yes NA Cresol, o ; 2 Methylphenol 95 48 7 yes n. d. C Cresol, p ; 4 Methylphenol 106445 yes yes C Decabromodiphenyl ether 1163195 yes yes NA E Demeton 8065483 yes A Di( 2 ethylhexyl) adipate; DEHA 103231 yes NA E Di( 2 ethylhexyl) phthalate; DEHP 117817 yes yes C E Diallate 2303164 yes A Diazinon 333415 yes C Dibenz[ a, h] acridine 226368 yes NA Dibenz[ a, h] anthracene 53703 yes n. d. A Dibenz[ a, j] acridine 224420 yes NA Dibenzo[ a, e] pyrene 192654 yes NA Dibenzo[ a, h] pyrene 189640 yes NA Dibenzo[ a, i] pyrene 189559 yes NA Dibenzo[ a, l] pyrene 191300 yes NA Chemical CASRN HHB Literature Reports Concn Values in U. S. Sludge Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  52 Dibenzo[ c, g] carbazole, 7H 194592 yes NA Dibutyl phthalate 84742 yes n. d. C E Dichlorobenzene, 1,2 95501 yes n. d. A E Dichlorobenzene, 1,3 541731 yes n. d. A E Dichlorobenzene, 1,4 106467 yes n. d. C E Dichlorobenzenes, total ( mixed isomers) 25321226 yes NA Dichlorobenzidine, 3,3' 91941 yes n. d. A Dichloroethane, 1,2 ; Ethylene dichloride 107062 yes n. d. A E Dichloroethene, 1,1 75 35 4 yes n. d. A Dichloroethene, 1,2 trans 156 60 5 yes B Dichloromethane; Methylene chloride 75092 yes n. d. C Dichlorophenol, 2,4 120832 yes n. d. A Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4 ; 2,4 D 94757 yes C E Dichlorvos; DDVP 62737 yes A E Dicrotophos; Bidrin 141662 yes A Diethyl phthalate 84662 yes A Diethylstilbestrol 56531 yes NA Dimethoate 60515 yes B E Dimethylphenol, 2,4; Xylenol 105679 yes n. d. A Dinitrophenol ( mixed isomers) 25550587 yes NA Dinitrophenol, 2,4 51285 yes n. d. A Dinitropyrene, 1,6 42397648 yes NA Dinitropyrene, 1,8 42397659 yes NA Dinitrotoluene, 2,4 121142 yes n. d. A Dinitrotoluene, 2,6 606202 yes n. d. A Di N octyl phthalate 117840 yes n. d. B Dinoseb 88857 yes NA Dioxane, 1,4 123 91 1 yes C Disulfoton 298044 yes A Endosulfan 115297 yes n. d. NA Endosulfan I; alpha Endosulfan 959988 yes n. d. B Endosulfan II; beta Endosulphan 33213659 yes n. d. C Endrin 72208 yes n. d. C Ethion 563122 yes A E Ethyl p nitrophenyl phenylphosphorothioate; EPN; Santox 2104645 yes C Ethylbenzene 100414 yes n. d. C E Chemical CASRN HHB Literature Reports Concn Values in U. S. Sludge Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  53 Fenthion 55389 yes A Fluoranthene 206440 yes yes C Fluorene 86737 yes n. d. A Fluoride 16984488 yes C E ( NRC)

Hexachlorobutadiene 87683 yes n. d. A E Hexachlorocyclohexane, alpha 319846 yes n. d. C Hexachlorocyclohexane, beta 319857 yes n. d. C Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 77474 yes n. d. A E Indeno[ 1,2,3 cd] pyrene 193395 yes n. d. A Iodine 7553562 yes NA Isobutyl alcohol 78 83 1 yes C Linuron 330552 yes NA Malathion 121755 yes A E Manganese 7439965 yes yes C Methoxychlor 72435 yes n. d. A E Methyl chloride; Chloromethane 74873 yes n. d. A Methyl ethyl ketone; 2 Butanone 78 93 3 yes n. d. C Methyl isobutyl ketone; MIBK; Methyl 2 pentanone, 4 108101 yes n. d. C Methyl parathion 298000 yes A Methylchrysene, 5 3697243 yes NA Methylnaphthalene, 1 90120 yes n. d. NA Mevinphos; Phosdrin 7786347 yes A Mirex 2385855 yes A E Naled 300765 yes C Naloxone 465656 yes NA Naphthalene 91203 yes n. d. B E Nitrate 14797558 yes yes C Nitrite 14797 65 0 yes C Nitrobenzene 98953 yes n. d. A E Nitrofen ( TOK) NA yes C Nitrofluorene, 2 607578 yes NA Nitrophenol, 4 100027 yes n. d. A Nitropyrene, 1 5522430 yes NA Nitropyrene, 4 57835924 yes NA N Nitrosodiethylamine 55185 yes A N nitrosodimethylamine ( NDMA) 62759 yes n. d. A Chemical CASRN HHB Literature Reports Concn Values in U. S. Sludge Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  54 N Nitrosodiphenylamine 86306 yes n. d. B N nitrosomorpholine; NMOR 59892 yes A Nonidet P 40 NA yes NA Octabromodiphenyl ether 32536520 yes NA Oxytetracycline 79572 yes NA Pentabromodiphenyl ether 32534819 yes yes NA E Pentachlorobenzene 608935 yes A Pentachloronitrobenzene; PCNB 82688 yes C E Pentachlorophenol 87865 yes n. d. A E Permethrin, cis 54774457 yes NA Permethrin, trans 51877748 yes NA Phenol 108952 yes yes C Phenyl ether; Diphenyl ether 101 84 8 yes A Phorate 298022 yes A Phosmet 732116 yes A Polybrominated biphenyls 67774327 yes NA Polychlorinated biphenyls; PCBs 1336 36 3 yes yes C E Propanil 709988 yes NA E Propionic acid, 2( 4 chloro 2 methylphenoxy) ; MCPP 93652 yes NA Pyrene 129000 yes yes C Pyridine 110861 yes A Silver 7440224 yes yes C Simazine 122349 yes NA E Sodium hydroxide 1310 73 2 yes NA Strontium 7440246 yes yes NA Styrene 100 42 5 yes n. d. C E Sulfuric acid 7664939 yes NA Terbufos 13071799 yes A Tetrachlorobenzene 12408105 yes NA Tetrachlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5 95943 yes A Tetrachloroethane 25322207 yes NA Tetrachloroethane, 1,1,2,2 79345 yes n. d. A Tetrachloroethylene; Perchloroethylene 127184 yes n. d. C E Tetrachlorophenol 25167833 yes NA Tetrachlorvinphos 961115 yes A Tetraethyldithiopyrophosphate; TEDP; Sulfotepp 3689245 yes A Chemical CASRN HHB Literature Reports Concn Values in U. S. Sludge Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  55 Thallium 7440280 yes yes C E Tin and compounds Various yes C Titanium tetrachloride 7550450 yes NA Toluene 108883 yes yes C E Tribromomethane; Bromoform 75252 yes n. d. A E Tribromophenol, 2,4,6 118796 yes NA Tributyl tin compounds 56573854 yes NA E Trichlorfon 52686 yes A Trichlorobenzene 12002481 yes NA Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4 120821 yes A Trichloroethane 25323891 yes n. d. NA Trichloroethane, 1,1,1 71556 yes A E Trichloroethane, 1,1,2 79005 yes n. d. A Trichloroethene 79016 yes n. d. B E Trichlorofluoromethane 75 69 4 yes n. d. C Trichlorophenol 25167822 yes NA Trichlorophenol, 2,4,6 88062 yes n. d. A Trichlorophenoxy propionic acid, 2 2,4,5 ; Silvex 93721 yes C Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5; 2,4,5 T 93765 yes C Triclosan 3380345 yes NA Triethylamine 121448 yes NA Trifluralin 1582098 yes C Trimethyl phosphate 512561 yes A Uranium 7440 61 1 yes yes NA E Vanadium 7440622 yes yes C Vinyl acetate 108054 yes n. d. A E Vinyl Chloride 75014 yes n. d. A Warfarin 81812 yes NA Xylene, m 108 38 3 yes C Xylene, o 95476 yes NA Xylene, p 106423 yes NA Xylenes ( o, p, m mixtures) 1330207 yes n. d. C Chemical CASRN HHB Literature Reports Concn Values in U. S. Sludge Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  56 Column D: HHB = Human health benchmarks from a variety of databases. The HHBs have not necessarily been fully evaluated with regard to acceptability for use in this screening process. Column F: Literature search for concentration values in U. S. sewage sludge conducted for the period 1990 2002; yes = value reported; n. d. = not detected; blank = not mentioned in the literature. Column G: NSSS = National Sewage Sludge Survey; A = not detected in sewage sludge samples; B = detected in 1% of samples collected; C = detected in > 1% of samples collected. NA = not applicable i. e., not monitored in NSSS. Column H: E = Ongoing IRIS or OPP health assessment at October 1, 2003. E( NRC) = Ongoing NRC review of fluoride toxicological data, requested by EPA.  57 Table 6: Identifying Availability of IRIS or OPP Human Health Benchmarks for Chemicals Occurring in U. S. Sewage Sludge Chemical CASRN IRIS or OPP HHB Literature Reports Concn Values in U. S. Sludge Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments Acetone; 2 Propanone 67 64 1 yes yes C Acetophenone 98862 yes C Aluminum 7429905 no yes C Anthracene 120127 yes n. d. C Antimony and compounds 7440360 yes yes C E Aroclor 1254 11097691 yes C E: PCBs Azinphos methyl 86500 yes C Barium 7440393 yes yes C Benzo[ a] anthracene 56553 no n. d. C Benzo[ a] pyrene 50328 yes n. d. C E Benzo[ b] fluoranthene 205992 no C Benzo[ k] fluoranthene 207089 no C Benzoic acid 65 85 0 yes n. d. C Beryllium 7440417 yes yes C Biphenyl, 1,1 92524 yes B Boron 7440428 yes yes C E Butyl benzyl phthalate 85687 yes n. d. C Carbon disulfide 75 15 0 yes n. d. C Carbon tetrachloride; Tetrachloromethane 56 23 5 yes n. d. C E Chloroaniline, 4; p Chloroaniline 106478 yes n. d. C Chlorobenzene; Phenyl chloride 108907 yes n. d. C Chlorobenzilate 510156 yes C Chloroform 67663 yes yes B E Chlorpyrifos 2921882 yes yes C Chrysene 218019 no n. d. C Cobalt 7440484 no yes C E Cresol, o ; 2 Methylphenol 95 48 7 yes n. d. C Cresol, p ; 4 Methylphenol 106445 no yes C Decabromodiphenyl ether 1163195 yes yes NA E Di( 2 ethylhexyl) phthalate; DEHP 117817 yes yes C E Diazinon 333415 yes C Dibutyl phthalate 84742 yes n. d. C E Dichlorobenzene, 1,4 106467 yes n. d. C E Chemical CASRN IRIS or OPP HHB Literature Reports Concn Values in U. S. Sludge Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  58 Dichloroethene, 1,2 trans 156 60 5 yes B Dichloromethane; Methylene chloride 75092 yes n. d. C Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4 ; 2,4 D 94757 yes C E Dimethoate 60515 yes B E Di N octyl phthalate 117840 no n. d. B Dioxane, 1,4 123 91 1 yes C Endosulfan I; alpha Endosulfan 959988 no n. d. B Endosulfan II; beta Endosulphan 33213659 no n. d. C Endrin 72208 yes n. d. C Ethyl p nitrophenyl phenylphosphorothioate; EPN; Santox 2104645 yes C Ethylbenzene 100414 yes n. d. C E Fluoranthene 206440 yes yes C Fluoride 16984488 yes C E ( NRC)

Hexachlorocyclohexane, alpha 319846 yes n. d. C Hexachlorocyclohexane, beta 319857 yes n. d. C Isobutyl alcohol 78 83 1 yes C Manganese 7439965 yes yes C Methyl ethyl ketone; 2 Butanone 78 93 3 yes n. d. C Methyl isobutyl ketone; MIBK; Methyl 2 pentanone, 4 108101 yes n. d. C Naled 300765 yes C Naphthalene 91203 yes n. d. B E Nitrate 14797558 yes yes C Nitrite 14797 65 0 yes C Nitrofen ( TOK) NA no C N Nitrosodiphenylamine 86306 yes n. d. B Pentabromodiphenyl ether 32534819 yes yes NA E Pentachloronitrobenzene; PCNB 82688 no C E Phenol 108952 yes yes C Polychlorinated biphenyls; PCBs 1336 36 3 yes yes C E Pyrene 129000 yes yes C Silver 7440224 yes yes C Strontium* 7440246 yes yes NA Styrene 100 42 5 yes n. d. C E Tetrachloroethylene; Perchloroethylene 127184 yes n. d. C E Thallium 7440280 yes yes C E Tin and compounds Various no C Chemical CASRN IRIS or OPP HHB Literature Reports Concn Values in U. S. Sludge Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  59 Toluene 108883 yes yes C E Trichloroethene 79016 no n. d. B E Trichlorofluoromethane 75 69 4 yes n. d. C Trichlorophenoxy propionic acid, 2 2,4,5 ; Silvex 93721 yes C Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5; 2,4,5 T 93765 yes C Trifluralin 1582098 yes C Uranium 7440 61 1 no yes NA E Vanadium 7440622 no yes C Xylene, m 108 38 3 no C Xylenes ( o, p, m mixtures) 1330207 yes n. d. C Chemicals listed in this table have reported concentration values in U. S. sewage sludge from the literature search and/ or NSSS. Column D = Human health benchmarks available ( yes) or not available ( no) from IRIS or OPP. Column F: Literature search for concentration values in U. S. sewage sludge conducted for the period 1990 2002; yes = concentration values reported; n. d. = not detected; blank = not mentioned in the literature. Column G: NSSS = National Sewage Sludge Survey; B = detected in 1% of samples collected; C = detected in > 1% of samples collected; NA = not applicable i. e., not monitored in NSSS. Column H: E = Ongoing IRIS or OPP health assessment at October 1, 2003. E( NRC) = Ongoing NRC review of fluoride toxicological data, requested by EPA. * Strontium: Environmental properties data not available to conduct exposure analysis.  60 Table 7: Chemicals Occurring in U. S. Sewage Sludge and Having IRIS or OPP Human Health Benchmarks Chemical CASRN IRIS or OPP HHB Literature Reports Concn Values in U. S. Sludge Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments Acetone; 2 Propanone 67 64 1 yes yes C Acetophenone 98862 yes C Anthracene 120127 yes n. d C Antimony and compounds 7440360 yes yes C E Aroclor 1254 11097691 yes C E: PCBs Azinphos methyl 86500 yes C Barium 7440393 yes yes C Benzo[ a] pyrene 50328 yes n. d C E Benzoic acid 65 85 0 yes n. d C Beryllium 7440417 yes yes C Biphenyl, 1,1 92524 yes B Boron 7440428 yes yes C E Butyl benzyl phthalate 85687 yes n. d C Carbon disulfide 75 15 0 yes n. d C Carbon tetrachloride; Tetrachloromethane 56 23 5 yes n. d C E Chloroaniline, 4; p Chloroaniline 106478 yes n. d C Chlorobenzene; Phenyl chloride 108907 yes n. d C Chlorobenzilate 510156 yes C Chloroform 67663 yes yes B E Chlorpyrifos 2921882 yes yes C Cresol, o ; 2 Methylphenol 95 48 7 yes n. d C Decabromodiphenyl ether 1163195 yes yes NA E Di( 2 ethylhexyl) phthalate; DEHP 117817 yes yes C E Diazinon 333415 yes C Dibutyl phthalate 84742 yes n. d C E Dichlorobenzene, 1,4 106467 yes n. d C E Dichloroethene, 1,2 trans 156 60 5 yes B Dichloromethane; Methylene chloride 75092 yes n. d C Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4 ; 2,4 D 94757 yes C E Dimethoate 60515 yes B E Dioxane, 1,4 123 91 1 yes C Endrin 72208 yes n. d C Ethyl p nitrophenyl phenylphosphorothioate; EPN; Santox 2104645 yes C Chemical CASRN IRIS or OPP HHB Literature Reports Concn Values in U. S. Sludge Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments  61 Ethylbenzene 100414 yes n. d C E Fluoranthene 206440 yes yes C Fluoride 16984488 yes C E ( NRC)

Hexachlorocyclohexane, alpha 319846 yes n. d C Hexachlorocyclohexane, beta 319857 yes n. d C Isobutyl alcohol 78 83 1 yes C Manganese 7439965 yes yes C Methyl ethyl ketone; 2 Butanone 78 93 3 yes n. d C Methyl isobutyl ketone; MIBK; Methyl 2 pentanone, 4 108101 yes n. d C Naled 300765 yes C Naphthalene 91203 yes n. d B E Nitrate 14797558 yes yes C Nitrite 14797 65 0 yes C N Nitrosodiphenylamine 86306 yes n. d B Pentabromodiphenyl ether 32534819 yes yes NA E Phenol 108952 yes yes C Polychlorinated biphenyls; PCBs 1336 36 3 yes yes C E Pyrene 129000 yes yes C Silver 7440224 yes yes C Styrene 100 42 5 yes n. d C E Tetrachloroethylene; Perchloroethylene 127184 yes n. d C E Thallium 7440280 yes yes C E Toluene 108883 yes yes C E Trichlorofluoromethane 75 69 4 yes n. d C Trichlorophenoxy propionic acid, 2 2,4,5 ; Silvex 93721 yes C Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5; 2,4,5 T 93765 yes C Trifluralin 1582098 yes C Xylenes ( o, p, m mixture) 1330207 yes n. d C Column D: Human health benchmarks ( HHB) available from IRIS or OPP. Column F: Literature search for concentration values in U. S. sewage sludge conducted for the period 1990 2002; yes = values reported; n. d. = not detected; blank = not mentioned in the literature. Column G: NSSS = National Sewage Sludge Survey; B = detected in 1% of samples collected; C = detected in > 1% of samples collected; NA = not applicable i. e., not monitored in NSSS. Column H: E = Ongoing IRIS or OPP health assessment at October 1, 2003; E( NRC) = Ongoing NRC review of fluoride toxicological data, requested by EPA.  62 Table 8: Chemicals Occurring in U. S. Sewage Sludge with Ongoing Health Assessments and Existing IRIS or OPP Human Health Benchmarks Chemical CASRN IRIS or OPP Oral HHB Literature Reports Concn Values in U. S. Sludge Monitored in 1989 NSSS Comments Antimony and compounds 7440360 yes yes C E Aroclor 1254 11097691 yes C E: PCBs Benzo[ a] pyrene 50328 yes n. d C E Boron 7440428 yes yes C E Carbon tetrachloride; Tetrachloromethane 56 23 5 yes n. d C E Chloroform 67663 yes yes B E Decabromodiphenyl ether 1163195 yes yes NA E Di( 2 ethylhexyl) phthalate; DEHP 117817 yes yes C E Dibutyl phthalate 84742 yes n. d C E Dichlorobenzene, 1,4 106467 no n. d C E Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4 ; 2,4 D 94757 yes C E Dimethoate 60515 yes B E Ethylbenzene 100414 yes n. d C E Fluoride 16984488 yes C E ( NRC)

Naphthalene 91203 yes n. d B E Pentabromodiphenyl ether 32534819 yes yes NA E Polychlorinated biphenyls; PCBs 1336 36 3 yes yes C E Styrene 100 42 5 yes n. d C E Tetrachloroethylene; Perchloroethylene 127184 yes n. d C E Thallium 7440280 yes yes C E Toluene 108883 yes yes C E Chemicals listed in this table have ongoing IRIS or OPP health assessments, reported concentration values in U. S. sewage sludge from the literature search and/ or NSSS. Column D: Oral human health benchmarks available ( yes) or not available ( no) from IRIS or OPP. Column F: Literature search for concentration values in U. S. sewage sludge conducted for the period 1990 2002; yes = values reported; n. d = not detected; blank = not mentioned in the literature. Column G: NSSS = National Sewage Sludge Survey; B = detected in 1% of samples collected; C = detected in > 1% of samples collected; NA = not applicable i. e., not monitored in NSSS. Column H: E = Ongoing IRIS or OPP health assessment at October 1, 2003; E( NRC) = Ongoing NRC review of fluoride toxicological data, requested by EPA.  63 Table 9: Candidate Chemicals for Exposure and Hazard Screening Chemical CASRN IRIS or OPP Chronic HHB & Year Literature Reports Concn Values in U. S. Sludge Monitored in 1989 NSSS Acetone; 2 Propanone 67 64 1 IRIS 03 yes C Acetophenone 98862 IRIS 91 C Anthracene 120127 IRIS 91 n. d. C Azinphos methyl 86500 OPP 01 C Barium 7440393 IRIS 99 yes C Benzoic acid 65 85 0 IRIS 91 n. d. C Beryllium 7440417 IRIS 98 yes C Biphenyl, 1,1 92524 IRIS 91 B Butyl benzyl phthalate 85687 IRIS 89 n. d. C Carbon disulfide 75 15 0 IRIS 95 n. d. C Chloroaniline, 4; p Chloroaniline 106478 IRIS 88 n. d. C Chlorobenzene; Phenyl chloride 108907 IRIS 90 n. d. C Chlorobenzilate 510156 IRIS 89 C Chlorpyrifos 2921882 OPP 01 yes C Cresol, o ; 2 Methylphenol 95 48 7 IRIS 92 n. d. C Diazinon 333415 OPP 02 C Dichloroethene, 1,2 trans 156 60 5 IRIS 88 B Dichloromethane; Methylene chloride 75092 IRIS 91 n. d. C Dioxane, 1,4 123 91 1 IRIS 88 C Endrin 72208 IRIS 89 n. d. C Ethyl p nitrophenyl phenylphosphorothioate; EPN; Santox 2104645 IRIS 87 C Fluoranthene 206440 IRIS 90 yes C Hexachlorocyclohexane, alpha 319846 IRIS 91 n. d. C Hexachlorocyclohexane, beta 319857 IRIS 91 n. d. C Isobutyl alcohol 78 83 1 IRIS 87 C Manganese 7439965 IRIS 95 yes C Methyl ethyl ketone; 2 Butanone 78 93 3 IRIS 03 n. d. C Methyl isobutyl ketone; MIBK; Methyl 2 pentanone, 4 108101 IRIS 03 n. d. C Naled 300765 OPP 02 C Nitrate 14797558 IRIS 91 yes C Nitrite 14797 65 0 IRIS 87 C N Nitrosodiphenylamine 86306 IRIS 87 n. d. B Phenol 108952 IRIS 02 yes C Pyrene 129000 IRIS 91 yes C Chemical CASRN IRIS or OPP Chronic HHB & Year Literature Reports Concn Values in U. S. Sludge Monitored in 1989 NSSS  64 Silver 7440224 IRIS 91 yes C Trichlorofluoromethane 75 69 4 IRIS 87 n. d. C Trichlorophenoxy propionic acid, 2 2,4,5 ; Silvex 93721 IRIS 88 C Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5; 2,4,5 T 93765 IRIS 88 C Trifluralin 1582098 OPP 95 C Xylenes ( o, p, m mixture) 1330207 IRIS 03 n. d. C Chemicals listed in this table have reported concentration values in U. S. sewage sludge from the literature search and/ or NSSS. Column D: IRIS or OPP chronic human health benchmarks and assessment year. Column F: Literature search for concentration values in U. S. sewage sludge conducted for the period 1990 2002; yes = values reported; n. d. = not detected; blank = not mentioned in the literature. Column G: NSSS = National Sewage Sludge Survey; B = detected in 1% of samples collected; C = detected in > 1% of samples collected.  65 Table 10A: Oral Human Health Benchmarks for Candidate Chemicals for Exposure and Hazard Screening Chemical CASRN % detect 1989 NSSS NSSS 95th perc. Concn mg/ kg IRIS/ OPP Chronic HHB & Year RfD PAD OSF Dose for E 5 OCD Acetone; 2 Propanone 67 64 1 58 116.00 IRIS 03 9.00e 01 9.00e 01 Acetophenone 98862 2 32.90 IRIS 91 1.00e 01 1.00e 01 Anthracene 120127 2 32.90 IRIS 91 3.00e 01 3.00e 01 Azinphos methyl 86500 2 0.31 OPP 01 1.49e 03 1.49e 03 1.49e 03 Barium 7440393 100 1730.00 IRIS 99 7.00e 02 7.00e 02 Benzoic acid 65 85 0 4 167.00 IRIS 91 4.00e+ 00 4.00e+ 00 Beryllium 7440 41 7 22 8.00 IRIS 98 2.00e 03 2.00e 03 Biphenyl, 1,1 92524 1 33.30 IRIS 91 5.00e 02 5.00e 02 Butyl benzyl phthalate 85687 9 32.90 IRIS 89 2.00e 01 2.00e 01 Carbon disulfide 75 15 0 10 3.13 IRIS 95 1.00e 01 1.00e 01 Chloroaniline, 4; p Chloroaniline 106478 5 33.30 IRIS 88 4.00e 03 4.00e 03 Chlorobenzene; Phenyl chloride 108907 2 3.13 IRIS 90 2.00e 02 2.00e 02 Chlorobenzilate 510156 7 0.10 IRIS 89 2.00e 02 2.00e 02 Chlorpyrifos 2921882 3 0.16 OPP 01 3.00e 04 3.00e 05 3.00e 05 Cresol, o; 2 Methylphenol 95 48 7 6 42.80 IRIS 92 5.00e 02 5.00e 02 Diazinon 333415 2 0.15 OPP 02 2.00e 04 2.00e 04 2.00e 04 Dichloroethene, 1,2 trans 156 60 5 1 2.94 IRIS 88 2.00e 02 2.00e 02 Dichloromethane; Methylene chloride 75 09 2 42 31.30 IRIS 91 6.00e 02 7.50e 03 1.33e 03 1.33e 03 Dioxane, 1,4 123 91 1 2 3.13 IRIS 88 1.10e 02 9.09e 04 9.09e 04 Endrin 72208 6 0.04 IRIS 89 3.00e 04 3.00e 04 Ethyl p nitrophenyl phenylphosphorothioate; EPN; Santox 2104645 2 0.12 IRIS 87 1.00e 05 1.00e 05 Fluoranthene 206440 5 32.90 IRIS 90 4.00e 02 4.00e 02 Hexachlorocyclohexane, alpha 319846 2 0.02 IRIS 91 6.30e+ 00 1.59e 06 1.59e 06 Hexachlorocyclohexane, beta 319857 6 0.04 IRIS 91 1.80e+ 00 5.56e 06 5.56e 06 Isobutyl alcohol 78 83 1 3 3.13 IRIS 87 3.00e 01 3.00e 01 Manganese ( from drinking water) * 7439965 100 1620.00 IRIS 95 4.67e 02 4.67e 02 Methyl ethyl ketone; 2 Butanone 78 93 3 34 69.30 IRIS 03 6.00e 01 6.00e 01 Methyl isobutyl ketone ( MIBK); Methyl 2 pentanone, 4 108101 2 15.60 IRIS 03 NA Naled 300765 2 0.84 OPP 02 2.00e 03 2.00e 03 2.00e 03 Nitrate ( as Nitrate nitrogen) 14797558 95 5020.00 IRIS 91 1.60e+ 00 1.60e+ 00 Nitrite ( as Nitrate nitrogen) 14797 65 0 83 462.00 IRIS 87 1.00e 01 1.00e 01 N Nitrosodiphenylamine 86306 1 65.80 IRIS 87 4.90e 03 2.04e 03 2.04e 03 Phenol 108952 34 57.50 IRIS 02 3.00e 01 3.00e 01 Chemical CASRN % detect 1989 NSSS NSSS 95th perc. Concn mg/ kg IRIS/ OPP Chronic HHB & Year RfD PAD OSF Dose for E 5 OCD  66 Pyrene 129000 5 33.00 IRIS 91 3.00e 02 3.00e 02 Silver 7440224 84 128.00 IRIS 91 5.00e 03 5.00e 03 Trichlorofluoromethane 75 69 4 5 3.47 IRIS 87 3.00e 01 3.00e 01 Trichlorophenoxy propionic acid, 2 2,4,5; Silvex 93 72 1 15 0.04 IRIS 88 8.00e 03 8.00e 03 Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5; 2,4,5 T 93765 29 0.05 IRIS 88 1.00e 02 1.00e 02 Trifluralin 1582098 3 0.16 OPP 95 2.40e 02 7.70e 03 1.30e 03 1.30e 03 Xylenes ( mixture) 1330207 4 6.18 IRIS 03 2.00e 01 2.00e 01 NSSS = 1989 National Sewage Sludge Survey; Reference for NSSS data: EPA, 1996. HHB = Human health benchmark. RfD = Reference dose, mg/ kg/ day. PAD = Population adjusted dose, mg/ kg/ day. OSF = Oral slope factor, cancer risk per mg/ kg/ day. Dose for E 5 = Dose for a cancer risk of E 5, mg/ kg/ day. OCD = Oral critical dose, mg/ kg/ day = the smaller of the RfD, PAD or dose for E 5. NA = Not available. * RfD and OCD for Mn from food = 1.40E 1 mg/ kg/ day.  67 Table 10B: Inhalation Human Health Benchmarks for Candidate Chemicals for Exposure and Hazard Screening Chemical CASRN % detect 1989 NSSS NSSS 95th perc. Concn mg/ kg IRIS/ OPP Chronic HHB & Year OCD RfC AUR Concn for E 5 CC Acetone; 2 Propanone 67 64 1 58 116.00 IRIS 03 9.00e 01 Acetophenone 98862 2 32.90 IRIS 91 1.00e 01 Anthracene 120127 2 32.90 IRIS 91 3.00e 01 Azinphos methyl** 86500 2 0.31 OPP 01 1.49e 03 2.20e 03 2.20e 03 Barium 7440393 100 1730.00 IRIS 99 7.00e 02 Benzoic acid 65 85 0 4 167.00 IRIS 91 4.00e+ 00 Beryllium 7440 41 7 22 8.00 IRIS 98 2.00e 03 2.00e 05 2.40e 06 4.00e 06 4.00e 06 Biphenyl, 1,1 92524 1 33.30 IRIS 91 5.00e 02 Butyl benzyl phthalate 85687 9 32.90 IRIS 89 2.00e 01 Carbon disulfide 75 15 0 10 3.13 IRIS 95 1.00e 01 7.00e 01 7.00e 01 Chloroaniline, 4; p Chloroaniline 106478 5 33.30 IRIS 88 4.00e 03 Chlorobenzene; Phenyl chloride 108907 2 3.13 IRIS 90 2.00e 02 Chlorobenzilate 510156 7 0.10 IRIS 89 2.00e 02 Chlorpyrifos** 2921882 3 0.16 OPP 01 3.00e 05 5.00e 05 5.00e 05 Cresol, o; 2 Methylphenol 95 48 7 6 42.80 IRIS 92 5.00e 02 Diazinon** 333415 2 0.15 OPP 02 2.00e 04 6.00e 05 6.00e 05 Dichloroethene, 1,2 trans 156 60 5 1 2.94 IRIS 88 2.00e 02 Dichloromethane; Methylene chloride 75 09 2 42 31.30 IRIS 91 1.33e 03 4.70e 04 2.00e 02 2.00e 02 Dioxane, 1,4 123 91 1 2 3.13 IRIS 88 9.09e 04 Endrin 72208 6 0.04 IRIS 89 3.00e 04 Ethyl p nitrophenyl phenylphosphorothioate; EPN; Santox 2104645 2 0.12 IRIS 87 1.00e 05 Fluoranthene 206440 5 32.90 IRIS 90 4.00e 02 Hexachlorocyclohexane, alpha 319846 2 0.02 IRIS 91 1.59e 06 1.80e+ 00 6.00e 06 6.00e 06 Hexachlorocyclohexane, beta 319857 6 0.04 IRIS 91 5.56e 06 5.30e 01 2.00e 05 2.00e 05 Isobutyl alcohol 78 83 1 3 3.13 IRIS 87 3.00e 01 Manganese ( from drinking water) * 7439965 100 1620.00 IRIS 95 4.67e 02 5.00e 05 5.00e 05 Methyl ethyl ketone; 2 Butanone 78 93 3 34 69.30 IRIS 03 6.00e 01 5.00e+ 00 5.00e+ 00 Methyl isobutyl ketone ( MIBK); Methyl 2 pentanone, 4 108101 2 15.60 IRIS 03 NA 3.00e+ 00 3.00e+ 00 Naled** 300765 2 0.84 OPP 02 2.00e 03 4.00e 04 4.00e 04 Nitrate ( as nitrate nitrogen) 14797558 95 5020.00 IRIS 91 1.60e+ 00 Nitrite ( as nitrate nitrogen) 14797 65 0 83 462.00 IRIS 87 1.00e 01 N Nitrosodiphenylamine 86306 1 65.80 IRIS 87 2.04e 03 Phenol 108952 34 57.50 IRIS 02 3.00e 01 Pyrene 129000 5 33.00 IRIS 91 3.00e 02 Silver 7440224 84 128.00 IRIS 91 5.00e 03 Chemical CASRN % detect 1989 NSSS NSSS 95th perc. Concn mg/ kg IRIS/ OPP Chronic HHB & Year OCD RfC AUR Concn for E 5 CC  68 Trichlorofluoromethane 75 69 4 5 3.47 IRIS 87 3.00e 01 Trichlorophenoxy propionic acid, 2 2,4,5; Silvex 93 72 1 15 0.04 IRIS 88 8.00e 03 Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5; 2,4,5 T 93765 29 0.05 IRIS 88 1.00e 02 Trifluralin 1582098 3 0.16 OPP 95 1.30e 03 Xylenes ( mixture) 1330207 4 6.18 IRIS 03 2.00e 01 1.00e 01 1.00e 01 NSSS = 1989 National Sewage Sludge Survey; Reference for NSSS data: EPA, 1996. OCD = Oral critical dose, mg/ kg/ day = the smaller of the reference dose ( RfD), population adjusted dose ( PAD) or dose for a cancer risk of E 5 ( derived in Table 10. A.). RfC = Reference concentration, mg/ m3. AUR = Air unit risk = cancer risk per mg/ m3. Concn for E 5 = Air concentration for a risk of E 5, mg/ m3. CC = Critical concentration, mg/ m3 = the smaller of the RfC and concentration for E 5. * Manganese is more bioavailable from drinking water; RfD and OCD for Mn from food = 1.40E 1 mg/ kg/ day. ** OPP derived inhalation human health benchmarks ( OPP, 2003). NA = not available.  69 Table 11: Prioritization of Chemicals with Ongoing Health Assessments and IRIS or OPP Oral Human Health Benchmarks Chemical CASRN Lit. or NSSS Avg Concn mg/ kg Ongoing RfD PAD OSF Dose for E 5 OCD TADI THQ = TADI/ OCD Dichlorobenzene, 1,4 106 46 7 9.72 IRIS NA NA NA Benzo( a) pyrene 50328 9.74 IRIS 7.3e+ 00 1.4e 06 1.4e 06 8.2e 01 605995.5 PCBs; Aroclor ( mixture) 1336 36 3 2.12 IRIS 2.0e+ 00 5.0e 06 5.0e 06 1.8e 01 35876.9 Di( 2 ethylhexyl) phthalate; DEHP 117817 55.60 IRIS 2.0e 02 1.4e 02 7.1e 04 7.1e 04 4.7e+ 00 6589.1 Thallium 7440280 5.20 IRIS 8.0e 05 8.0e 05 4.4e 01 5500.0 Aroclor 1254 11097691 0.50 IRIS 2.0e 05 2.0e 05 4.2e 02 2119.6 Antimony and compounds 7440360 6.47 IRIS 4.0e 04 4.0e 04 5.5e 01 1368.7 Carbon tetrachloride; Tetrachloromethane 56 23 5 0.97 IRIS 7.0e 04 1.3e 01 7.6e 05 7.6e 05 8.2e 02 1078.8 Fluoride 16984488 126.00 NRC 1.2e 01 1.2e 01 1.1e+ 01 88.8 Decabromodiphenyl ether 1163195 4.89 IRIS 1.0e 02 1.0e 02 4.1e 01 41.4 Naphthalene 91203 9.69 IRIS 2.0e 02 2.0e 02 8.2e 01 41.0 Pentabromodiphenyl ether 32534819 0.72 IRIS 2.0e 03 2.0e 03 6.1e 02 30.7 Toluene 108883 41.30 IRIS 2.0e 01 2.0e 01 3.5e+ 00 17.5 Dimethoate 60515 0.06 OPP 5.0e 04 5.0e 04 5.0e 04 5.3e 03 10.6 Dibutyl phthalate 84742 11.20 IRIS 1.0e 01 1.0e 01 9.5e 01 9.5 Tetrachloroethylene; Perchloroethylene 127184 0.99 IRIS 1.0e 02 1.0e 02 8.4e 02 8.4 Chloroform 67663 0.99 IRIS 1.0e 02 1.0e 02 8.3e 02 8.3 Styrene 100 42 5 12.10 IRIS 2.0e 01 2.0e 01 1.0e+ 00 5.1 Ethylbenzene 100414 1.00 IRIS 1.0e 01 1.0e 01 8.4e 02 0.8 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4; 2,4 D 94757 0.01 OPP 5.0e 03 5.0e 03 5.0e 03 8.5e 04 0.2 Boron 7440428 0.03 IRIS 9.0e 02 9.0e 02 2.9e 03 0.0 Lit. or NSSS Avg Concn, mg/ kg = Average concentration from the 1990 2002 literature search or the 1989 National Sewage Sludge Survey ( EPA, 1996). Ongoing = Ongoing health assessment by IRIS, OPP or NRC ( review of fluoride toxicological data requested by EPA/ OW). RfD = Reference dose, mg/ kg/ day. PAD = Population adjusted dose, mg/ kg/ day. OSF = Oral slope factor, risk per mg/ kg/ day. Dose for E 5 = Dose for cancer risk of E 5. OCD = Oral critical dose = The smaller of the RfD, PAD and dose for E 5. TADI = Theoretical average daily intake, mg/ kg/ day, assumes consumption of 1.1 kg/ day of total diet ( 0.8 kg of food and 0.3 kg of drinking water) containing the average concentration of the chemical, by a 1 3 year old child weighing 13 kg, i. e. TADI = Cavg x ( 1.1/ 13). THQ = Theoretical Hazard Quotient = TADI/ OCD; THQ greater than 75 are High Priority, THQ less than 75 are Low Priority. NA = Not available ( oral human health benchmark not available for 1,4 dichlorobenzene).  70  71 Table 12: Theoretical Hazard Quotients for Chemicals Which Qualified for Exposure and Hazard Screening Chemical CASRN % detect 1989 NSSS NSSS Avg Concn, mg/ kg TADI OCD THQ = TADI/ OCD Methyl isobutyl ketone ( MIBK) 108101 2 10.20 8.63e 01 NA NA Manganese ( from water and soil) * 7439965 100 538.00 4.55e+ 01 4.67e 02 975.6 Silver 7440224 84 48.20 4.08e+ 00 5.00e 03 815.7 Barium 7440393 100 673.00 5.69e+ 01 7.00e 02 813.5 N Nitrosodiphenylamine 86306 1 19.40 1.64e+ 00 2.04e 03 804.7 Hexachlorocyclohexane, alpha 319846 2 0.01 1.10e 03 1.59e 06 693.1 Dichloromethane; Methylene chloride 75 09 2 42 8.56 7.24e 01 1.33e 03 544.6 Ethyl p nitrophenyl phenylphosphorothioate; EPN; Santox 2104645 2 0.06 5.33e 03 1.00e 05 533.1 Hexachlorocyclohexane, beta 319857 6 0.01 1.18e 03 5.56e 06 213.3 Chloroaniline, 4 106478 5 9.84 8.33e 01 4.00e 03 208.2 Chlorpyrifos 2921882 3 0.06 5.50e 03 3.00e 05 183.3 Nitrite 14797 65 0 83 201.00 1.70e+ 01 1.00e 01 170.1 Biphenyl, 1,1 92524 1 68.70 5.81e+ 00 5.00e 02 116.3 Dioxane, 1,4 123 91 1 2 0.99 8.35e 02 9.09e 04 91.9 Beryllium 7440 41 7 22 1.84 1.56e 01 2.00e 03 77.8 Nitrate 14797558 95 1420.00 1.20e+ 02 1.60e+ 00 75.1 Pyrene 129000 5 9.95 8.42e 01 3.00e 02 28.1 Cresol, o; 2 Methylphenol 95 48 7 6 16.50 1.40e+ 00 5.00e 02 27.9 Diazinon 333415 2 0.06 5.42e 03 2.00e 04 27.1 Fluoranthene 206440 5 9.95 8.42e 01 4.00e 02 21.0 Naled+ A23 300765 2 0.42 3.59e 02 2.00e 03 17.9 Azinphos methyl 86500 2 0.16 1.34e 02 1.49e 03 9.0 Acetophenone 98862 2 9.72 8.22e 01 1.00e 01 8.2 Acetone; 2 Propanone 67 64 1 58 64.30 5.44e+ 00 9.00e 01 6.0 Phenol 108952 34 19.70 1.67e+ 00 3.00e 01 5.6 Trifluralin 1582098 3 0.07 5.58e 03 1.30e 03 4.3 Endrin 72208 6 0.02 1.27e 03 3.00e 04 4.2 Chlorobenzene; Phenyl chloride 108907 2 1.00 8.42e 02 2.00e 02 4.2 Butyl benzyl phthalate 85687 9 9.86 8.34e 01 2.00e 01 4.2 Dichloroethene, 1,2 trans 156 60 5 1 0.98 8.25e 02 2.00e 02 4.1 Methyl ethyl ketone; 2 Butanone 78 93 3 34 25.50 2.16e+ 00 6.00e 01 3.6 Anthracene 120127 2 9.74 8.24e 01 3.00e 01 2.7 Chemical CASRN % detect 1989 NSSS NSSS Avg Concn, mg/ kg TADI OCD THQ = TADI/ OCD  72 Benzoic acid 65 85 0 4 53.10 4.49e+ 00 4.00e+ 00 1.1 Carbon disulfide 75 15 0 10 1.08 9.14e 02 1.00e 01 0.9 Xylenes ( mixture) 1330207 3 0.97 8.21e 02 2.00e 01 0.4 Trichlorofluoromethane 75 69 4 5 1.00 8.46e 02 3.00e 01 0.3 Isobutyl alcohol 78 83 1 3 0.97 8.18e 02 3.00e 01 0.3 Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 2,4,5; 2,4,5 T 93765 29 0.02 1.78e 03 1.00e 02 0.2 Chlorobenzilate 510156 7 0.03 2.54e 03 2.00e 02 0.1 Trichlorophenoxy propionic acid, 2 2,4,5; Silvex 93 72 1 15 0.01 9.31e 04 8.00e 03 0.1 Avg Concn NSSS = Average concentration from the 1989 National Sewage Sludge Survey ( EPA, 1996). TADI = Theoretical average daily intake, mg/ kg/ day, assumes consumption of 1.1 kg/ day of total diet ( 0.8 kg of food and 0.3 kg of drinking water) containing the average concentration of the chemical, by a 1 3 year old child weighing 13 kg, i. e. TADI = Cavg x ( 1.1/ 13). OCD = Oral critical dose, mg/ kg/ day = the smaller of the reference dose, population adjusted dose, or dose for a cancer risk of E 5. THQ = Theoretical Hazard Quotient = TADI/ OCD. NA = Not applicable. * Manganese: OCD for Mn from food = 1.40E 01. Chemicals failing the refined probabilistic oral exposure model are barium, beryllium, 4 chloroaniline, manganese, nitrate, nitrite and silver. As shown in this table, these chemicals have THQs equal to or greater than 75 using the TADI approach.