Technical Support Document (TSD)
                         for the final Transport Rule
                      Docket ID No. EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0491

                            Emissions Inventory TSD

                     U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                          Office of Air and Radiation
                                   June 2011

                               TABLE OF CONTENTS
Acronyms	iv
List of Tables	vi
List of Figures	vii
List of Appendices	viii
1	Introduction	1
2	2005 Emission Inventories and Approaches	4
2.1	2005 NEI point sources (ptipm and ptnonipm)	10
2.1.1	IPM sector (ptipm)	11
2.1.2	Non-IPM sector (ptnonipm)	13
2.2	2005 nonpoint sources (afdust, ag, nonpt)	15
2.2.1	Area fugitive dust sector (afdust)	15
2.2.2	Agricultural ammonia sector (ag)	16
2.2.3	Other nonpoint sources (nonpt)	19
2.3	Fires (avefire)	21
2.4	Biogenic sources (biog)	22
2.5	2005 mobile sources (on_noadj, on_moves_runpm, on_moves_startpm, nonroad, alm_no_c3, seca_c3)	22
2.5.1	Onroad gasoline exhaust cold-start mode PM (on_moves_startpm)	25
2.5.2	Onroad gasoline exhaust running mode PM (on_moves_runpm)	27
2.5.3	Onroad mobile with no adjustments for daily temperature (on_noadj)	28
2.5.4	Nonroad mobile sources:  NMIM-based (nonroad)	28
2.5.5	Nonroad mobile sources:  locomotive and non-C3 commercial marine (alm_no_c3)	29
2.5.6	Nonroad mobile sources:  C3 commercial marine (seca_c3)	31
2.6	Emissions from Canada, Mexico and offshore drilling platforms (othpt, othar, othon)	34
2.7	SMOKE-ready non-anthropogenic inventories for chlorine	36
3	Emissions Modeling Summary	37
3.1	Key emissions modeling settings	38
3.1.1	Spatial configuration	39
3.1.2	Chemical speciation configuration	41
3.1.3	Temporal processing configuration	49
3.2	Emissions modeling ancillary files	51
3.2.1	Spatial allocation data	51
3.2.2	Chemical speciation ancillary files	56
3.2.3	Temporal allocation ancillary files	60
4	Development of 2012 and 2014 Base-Case Emissions	69
4.1	Stationary source projections:  EGU sector (ptipm)	75
4.2	Stationary source projections:  non-EGU sectors (ptnonipm, nonpt, ag, afdust)	76
4.2.1	Livestock emissions growth (ag, afdust)	76
4.2.2	Residential wood combustion growth (nonpt)	77
4.2.3	Gasoline Stage II growth and control (nonpt, ptnonipm)	78
4.2.4	Portable fuel container growth and control (nonpt)	79
4.2.5	Aircraft growth (ptnonipm)	80
4.2.6	Stationary source control programs, consent decrees & settlements, and plant closures (ptnonipm, nonpt)	81
4.2.7	Oil and gas projections in TX, OK, and non-California WRAP states (nonpt)	86
4.2.8	Future-year VOC Speciation for gasoline-related sources (ptnonipm, nonpt)	87
4.3	Mobile source projections	87
4.3.1	Onroad mobile (on_noadj, on_moves_runpm, on_moves_startpm)	88
4.3.2	Nonroad mobile (nonroad)	89
4.3.3	Locomotives and Class 1 & 2 commercial marine vessels (alm_no_c3)	90
4.3.4	Class 3 commercial marine vessels (seca_c3)	92
4.3.5	Future-year VOC Speciation (on_noadj, nonroad)	93
4.4	Canada, Mexico, and Offshore sources (othar, othon, and othpt)	94
5	Source Apportionment	95
6	Remedy Case	95
7	Emission Summaries	99
8	References	111

                                    Acronyms
BAFM
Benzene, Acetaldehyde, Formaldehyde and Methanol
BEIS
Biogenic Emissions Inventory System
C3
Category 3 (commercial marine vessels)
CAIR
Clean Air Interstate Rule
CAMD
The EPA's Clean Air Markets Division
CAMX
Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions
CAP
Criteria Air Pollutant
CARB
California Air Resources Board
CEM
Continuous Emissions Monitoring
CHIEF
Clearinghouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors
Cl
Chlorine
CMAQ
Community Multiscale Air Quality
CMV
Commercial marine vessel
CO
Carbon monoxide
EGU
Electric generating units
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
EMFAC
Emission Factor (California's onroad mobile model)
EEZ
Exclusive Economic Zone
FAA
Federal Aviation Administration
FCCS
Fuel Characteristic Classification System
FIPS
Federal Information Processing Standards
HAP
Hazardous Air Pollutant
HCl
Hydrochloric acid
Hg
Mercury
HGNRVA
Natural recycled, volcanic and anthropogenic Hg
HMS
Hazard Mapping System
ICI
Industrial/Commercial/Institutional (boilers and process heaters)
ICR
Information Collection Request
IMO
International Marine Organization
IPM
Integrated Planning Model
ITN
Itinerant
MACT
Maximum Achievable Control Technology
MMS
Minerals Management Service (now known as the Bureau of Energy Management, Regulation and Enforcement (BOEMRE)
MOBILE
OTAQ's model for estimation of onroad mobile emissions factors
MOVES
Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator -- OTAQ's model for estimation of onroad mobile emissions  -  replaces the use of  the MOBILE model
MSAT2
Mobile Source Air Toxics Rule
NEEDS
National Electric Energy Database System
NEI
National Emission Inventory
NESHAP
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NH3
Ammonia
nm
nautical mile
NMIM
National Mobile Inventory Model
NOAA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NODA
Notice of Data Availability
NONROAD
OTAQ's model for estimation of nonroad mobile emissions
NOX
Nitrogen oxides
OAQPS
The EPA's Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
OTAQ
The EPA's Office of Transportation and Air Quality
ORD
The EPA's Office of Research and Development
ORL
One Record per Line
PF
Projection Factor, can account for growth and/or controls
PFC
Portable Fuel Container
PM2.5
Particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns
PM10
Particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns
ppm
Parts per million
RIA
Regulatory Impact Analysis
RRF
Relative Response Factor
RWC
Residential Wood Combustion
RPO
Regional Planning Organization
SCC
Source Classification Code
SMARTFIRE
Satellite Mapping Automated Reanalysis Tool for Fire Incident Reconciliation
SMOKE
Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions
SO2
Sulfur dioxide
SOA
Secondary Organic Aerosol
SPPD
Sector Policies and Programs Division
TAF
Terminal Area Forecast
TCEQ
Texas Commission on Environmental Quality
TSD
Technical support document
VOC
Volatile organic compounds
VMT
Vehicle miles traveled
WRAP
Western Regional Air Partnership

                                 List of Tables
Table 1-1.  List of cases run in support of the Transport Rule air quality modeling	1
Table 2-1.  Platform sectors used in emissions modeling for the 2005 platform, version 4.2	4
Table 2-2.  Summary of significant changes between v4 and v4.2 platforms by sector	7
Table 2-3.  2005 Emissions by Sector:  VOC, NOX, CO, SO2, NH3, PM10, PM2.5	9
Table 2-4.  SCCs in the afdust platform sector	16
Table 2-5.  Livestock SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI to create the ag sector	17
Table 2-6.  Fertilizer SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI for inclusion in the "ag" sector	19
Table 2-7.  Additional TCEQ oil and gas emissions added to the 2005v2 NEI	20
Table 2-8.  SCCs provided with Oklahoma oil and gas sector emissions	21
Table 2-9.  Changes to Oklahoma oil and gas emissions	21
Table 2-10.  Data sources for onroad mobile sources in the 2005v4 and 2005v4.2 platforms[1]	23
Table 2-11.  SCCs in the 2005 alm_no_c3 inventory compared to the 2002 platform alm sector	30
Table 2-12.  Adjustment factors to update the 2005 seca_c3 sector emissions for the v4.2 platform.	33
Table 2-13.  Contiguous U.S. C3 CMV emissions in the 2005v4 and 2005v4.2 platforms	34
Table 2-14.  Summary of the othpt, othar, and othon sectors changes from the 2002 platform	35
Table 3-1.  Key emissions modeling steps by sector.	38
Table 3-2.  Descriptions of the 2005-based platform grids	40
Table 3-3.  Model species produced by SMOKE for CB05 with SOA for CMAQ4.7 and CAMX*	42
Table 3-4.  Integration status of benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) for each platform sector	46
Table 3-5.  Source-category specific criteria for integrating nonpt SCCs for categories comprising 80% of the nonpoint VOC emissions	47
Table 3-6.  Temporal settings used for the platform sectors in SMOKE, v4.2 platform	50
Table 3-7.  U.S. Surrogates available for the 2005v4.2 platform.	52
Table 3-8.  Surrogate assignments to new mobile categories in the 2005v4 platform	54
Table 3-9.  Canadian Spatial Surrogates for 2005-based platform Canadian Emissions (v4.2 unchanged from v4)	55
Table 3-10.  Differences between two profiles used for commercial marine residual oil	58
Table 3-11.  Differences between two profiles used for coal combustion	59
Table 3-12: PM2.5 speciation profile updates assignments for the v4 platform	59
Table 3-13. Summary of VOC speciation profile approach by sector for 2005	60
Table 3-14.  Summary of spatial surrogates, temporal profiles, and speciation profiles used by gasoline vehicle types for the onroad parking area-related SCCs.	64
Table 3-15.  Summary of spatial surrogates, temporal profiles, and speciation profiles used by diesel vehicle types for the onroad parking area-related SCCs from MOVES2010.	66
Table 4-1.  Control strategies and growth assumptions for creating the 2012 and 2014 base-case emissions inventories from the 2005 base case	72
Table 4-2.  Growth factors from year 2005 to future years for Animal Operations	77
Table 4-3.  Projection Factors for growing year 2005 Residential Wood Combustion Sources	78
Table 4-4.  Factors used to project 2005 base-case aircraft emissions to future years	80
Table 4-5.  Summary of Non-EGU Emission Reductions Applied to the 2005 Inventory due to Unit and Plant Closures	82
Table 4-6.  Future-year ISIS-based cement industry annual reductions (tons/yr)  for the non-EGU (ptnonipm) sector	84
Table 4-7.  State-level non-MACT Boiler Reductions from ICR Data Gathering	84
Table 4-8.  National Impact of RICE Controls on 2012 and 2014 Non-EGU Projections	85
Table 4-9.  Impact of Fuel Sulfur Controls on 2014 Non-EGU Projections	86
Table 4-10.  Oil and Gas NOX and SO2 Emissions for 2005, 2012, and 2014 including additional reductions due to the RICE NESHAP	87
Table 4-11.  Factors applied to year 2005 emissions to project locomotives and Class 1 and Class 2 Commercial Marine Vessel Emissions	90
Table 4-12.  NOX, SO2, and PM2.5 Factors to Project Class 3 Commercial Marine Vessel emissions to 2012 and 2014	92
Table 4-13.  Future-year Profiles for Mobile Source Related Sources	93
Table 6-1.  Transport Rule Status of States	97
Table 7-1.  State-level Total NOX Emissions for each Transport Rule Modeling Case in 48 States and Washington, D.C.	100
Table 7-2.  State-level Total SO2 Emissions for each Transport Rule Modeling Case in 48 States and Washington, D.C.	101
Table 7-3.  State-level Electric Generating Unit Sector NOX Emissions for each Transport Rule Modeling Case in 48 States and Washington, D.C.	103
Table 7-4.  State-level Electric Generating Unit Sector SO2 Emissions for each Transport Rule Modeling Case in 48 States and Washington, D.C.	105
Table 7-5.  Group 1 and Group 2 States NOX Total Emissions for each TR1 Modeling Case	107
Table 7-6.  Group 1 and Group 2 States SO2 Total Emissions for each TR1 Modeling Case	108
Table 7-7.  Group 1 and Group 2 States NOX EGU Sector Emissions for each TR1 Modeling Case	109
Table 7-8.  Group 1 and Group 2 States SO2 EGU Sector Emissions for each TR1 Modeling Case	110
Table 7-9.  26-State Total and Electric Generating Unit Sector Summer NOX Emissions for each TR1 Modeling Case	110

                                List of Figures

Figure 2-1.  MOVES exhaust temperature adjustment functions.	26
Figure 3-1. Air quality modeling domains	40
Figure 3-2.  Process of integrating BAFM with VOC for use in VOC Speciation	45
Figure 3-3.  Diurnal Profiles based on road type (use local for "start") and whether the road is urban versus rural	62
Figure 3-4.  Diurnal temporal profile for HDDV 2B through 8B at Parking areas	63
Figure 4-1.  MOVES exhaust temperature adjustment functions for 2005, 2012, and 2014	89
Figure 4-2.  Tier 2 Fraction of Light Duty Vehicles	94
Figure 6-1.  States Covered by the Final Transport Rule	96
Figure 6-2.  Group 1 and Group 2 States Covered by the Annual PM Component of the  Final Transport Rule	97

                               List of Appendices

 Appendix A:	Revisions to 2005 Inventories from Version 4 to Version 4.2
 Appendix B:		Ancillary Input Data Differences between 2005 and Future-year Scenarios
 Appendix C:	SMOKE Input Inventory Data Files used for each TR1 Modeling Case
Appendix D:	Summary of Future Base Case Transport Rule Non-EGU Control Programs, Closures and Projections

Introduction
This technical support document (TSD) provides the details of emissions data processing done in support of the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) final rulemaking effort for the Federal Transport Rule (hereafter referred to as Transport Rule).  The Transport Rule air quality modeling results were evaluated with respect to the 1997 annual and 2006 24-hour National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for particulate matter less than 2.5 microns (PM2.5), as well as the 1997 8-hour ozone NAAQS.

The emissions and modeling effort for Transport Rule consists of four `complete' emissions cases: 2005 base case, 2012 base case, 2014 base case, and 2014 remedy (i.e., "control") case.  Table 1-1 provides more information on these emissions cases. The purpose of 2005 base case is to provide a 2005 case that is consistent with the methods used in the future-year base cases and remedy case.  For regulatory applications, this case is used with the outputs from the 2012 base case in the relative response factor (RRF) calculations to identify future nonattainment and maintenance. For more information on the use of RRFs, please see the Air Quality Modeling Final Rule TSD.  The outputs of the 2014 remedy case were compared to the outputs from the 2014 base case to quantify the benefits of the rule. Not listed in Table 1-1 are source apportionment runs that were based on the 2012 base case and used to quantify the contributions of emissions in upwind states to the annual average 24-hour PM2.5 and 8-hour ozone concentrations in other states in 2012.  For more information on the benefits of this rulemaking, please see the Regulatory Impact Assessment for the Transport Rule NFR.
Table 1-1.  List of cases run in support of the Transport Rule air quality modeling
Case Name
Internal EPA Abbreviation
Description
2005 base case
2005cs
2005 case created using average-year fires data and an average-year temporal allocation approach for Electrical Generating Units (EGUs); used for computing relative response factors with 2012 and 2014 scenarios
2012 base case
2012cs
2012 "baseline" scenario, representing the best estimate for the future year without implementation of EGU remedy controls.
2014 base case
2014cs
2014 "baseline" scenario, representing the best estimate for the future year without implementation of EGU remedy controls.
2014 Remedy case
2014cs_tr1remedy
2014 EGU remedy or "control" scenario to address significant contribution for the 1997 ozone and annual PM standards, and 2006 daily PM standard.

The air quality modeling platform consists of all the emissions inventories and input ancillary files, along with the meteorological, initial condition, and boundary condition files needed to run the air quality model.  The platform for this rule uses all Criteria Air Pollutants (CAPs) and the following select Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs): chlorine (CL2), hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chloride (HCl) and benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and methanol.  The latter four are also denoted `BAFM'.  The  Final Transport Rule modeling platform is called the "CAP-BAFM 2005-Based Platform, Version 4.2" platform (we will use the shortened name "2005v4.2" in this documentation).

The data used in the 2005 emissions base case are an updated version of the 2005-based air quality modeling platform that was used for the Transport Rule Proposal (2005v4).  This TSD describes the emissions inventory and emissions modeling for the 2005v4.2 version of the platform used for the Final Transport Rule, and focuses on the changes made since the 2005v4 platform.  The 2005v4 platform is documented at the emissions modeling clearinghouse website, http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/, under the section entitled "2005-Based Modeling Platform" and the subsection entitled "CAP-BAFM 2005-Based Platform Version 4 (do not use for Mercury)".  It should be noted that this 2005v4.2 platform includes all non-mercury (Hg) updates reflected in the 2005v4.1 platform, which is under the section entitled "CAP-Hg-BAFM 2005-Based Platform Version 4.1 (use for Mercury)".

The 2005v4.2 platform includes both the evolutionary platform changes between 2005v4 and 2005v4.2, as well as implementation of inventory changes resulting from the incorporation of comments on the Transport Rule Proposal. For details on the emissions inventory-related comments received on the Transport Rule NPR and the EPA's responses to those, see the document "Emissions Inventories Response to Comments for the Transport Rule NFR".  This document is in the Transport Rule docket (EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0491) and is posted on the emissions modeling clearinghouse website listed above.  For simplicity, this TSD refers to the cumulative changes in both the 2005v4.1 and 2005v4.2 platforms, thus any comparisons made in this document will be against data in the 2005v4 platform used in the Transport Rule Proposal.  For more information on the emissions inventories used for the Transport Rule Proposal, see the document "Federal Transport Rule Emissions Inventory for Air Quality Modeling Technical Support Document", available in the Transport Rule docket and on the emissions modeling clearinghouse website specified above.

The underlying 2005 inventories used are most significantly defined by:  1) for point sources: the 2005 National Emission Inventory (NEI) version 2, and 2) for onroad mobile sources: the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator with database corrections for diesel toxics (MOVES2010) (http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/index.htm).  This document describes the approach and data used to produce the emission inputs to the air quality model used in the 2005v4.2 platform for the 2005 and future-year scenarios.

Emissions preparation for the 2005v4.2 platform supports both the Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model and the Comprehensive Air Quality Model, with extensions (CAMX).  Both models support modeling ozone (O3), and particulate matter (PM), and require hourly and gridded emissions of chemical species from the following inventory pollutants:  carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOX), volatile organic compounds (VOC), sulfur dioxide (SO2), ammonia (NH3), particulate matter less than or equal to 10 microns (PM10), and individual component species for particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 microns (PM2.5).  In addition, the CMAQ Carbon Bond 05 (CB05) chemical mechanism with chlorine chemistry, which is part of the "base" version of CMAQ, allows explicit treatment of BAFM and includes HAP emissions of HCl and CL2.  In the platform, BAFM emissions come from either the NEI values for benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) or via speciation of NEI VOC into the component species.  For the Transport Rule air quality modeling, only the CAMX model was used.

The creation of emission inputs for the 2005v4.2 platform included:

   (1) modifying the emission inventories used for the 2005v4 base case,
   (2) updating the emissions modeling ancillary files used by the emissions modeling tools, and
   (3) applying the emissions modeling tools.

The primary emissions modeling tool used to create the air quality model-ready emissions was the Sparse Matrix Operator Kernel Emissions (SMOKE) modeling system (http://www.smoke-model.org/index.cfm).  We used SMOKE version 2.6 to create emissions files for a 36-km national grid, and a 12-km Eastern grid for the 2005 base case (also known as the "2005cs_05b" case).

Unlike the version 4 platform (2005v4), the 2005v4.2 platform includes only a base case for 2005 and does not include a traditional model evaluation case.  That is, the evaluation case in the 2005v4 platform uses 2005-specific fire emissions and 2005 hour-specific continuous emission monitoring (CEM) data for electric generating units (EGUs) whereas the 2005 base case in 2005v4.2 includes an "average year" scenario for fires and a illustrative (rather than year-specific) temporal allocation approach for EGUs to allocate annual 2005 emissions to days and hours.  This approach to temporal allocation of emissions was used for all base and control cases modeled to provide temporal consistency between the years.  It is intended to be a conceivable representation of temporal allocation of the emissions without tying the approach to a single year.  For example, each year has different days and different locations with large fires, unplanned EGU shutdowns, and periods of high electricity demand.  By using a base-case approach such as the one used on 2005v4.2, the temporal and spatial aspects of the inventory for these sources are maintained into the future-year modeling. This avoids potentially spurious year-specific artifacts in the air quality modeling estimates.  The 2005v4.2 platform biogenic emissions data is the same as the 2005v4 platform and was held constant between the 2005 case and all future-year cases.

The 2005v4.2 platform was developed using the concepts, tools and emissions modeling data from the EPA's 2005v4 platform, documented by: ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005v4/2005_emissions_tsd_07jul2010.pdf  (main document) , ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005v4/2005_emissions_tsd_appendices_11may2010.pdf  (appendices to the main document), and http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/transport/tr_proposal_emissions_tsd.pdf  (future year).

The future-year inventories, ancillary files, and detailed projection data used for this modeling are available in the Transport Rule docket at EPA-HQ-OAR-2009-0491 as part of the Final Transport Rulemaking.  Since the data are large, the data files themselves are not posted with online access through the docket.  A more convenient access location is the 2005 platform section of the EPA Emissions Modeling Clearinghouse website (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/index.html#2005).  The Final Transport Rule data files are provided as a subheading under this main link.

In the remainder of this document, we provide a description of the approaches taken for the emissions modeling in support of air quality modeling for the Transport Rule.  In Section 2, we review the 2005 base-case inventory (2005cs_05b) and provide high - level emissions summaries.  Section 3 describes the emissions modeling and the ancillary files used with the emission inventories.  In Section 4, we describe the development of the future year 2012 (2012cs_05b) and 2014 (2014cs_05b) base cases.  The 2012 Source Tagging scenarios are described in Section 5.  The 2014 EGU Transport Rule Remedy (Control) case (2014cs_tr1remedy_05b) is discussed in Section 6.  In Section 7 we provide data summaries comparing the modeling cases, followed by the technical references for this document.  Appendices A through D provide additional details about specific technical methods.  Some additional emission summaries are also provided in the Final Transport Rule Regulatory Impact Analysis, Chapter 3.

2005 Emission Inventories and Approaches
This section describes the 2005 emissions data created for input to SMOKE that is part of the 2005v4.2 platform.  As with the 2005v4 platform, the primary basis for the 2005 stationary source emission inputs is the 2005 National Emission Inventory (NEI), version 2, which includes emissions of CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, NH3, PM10, PM2.5 and hazardous air pollutants (HAPs).   The HAPs we used from this inventory are mercury, chlorine (CL2), hydrogen chloride (HCl), benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, and methanol.  We began with the same SMOKE-formatted inventory inputs as the 2005v4 platform (the EPA case name: 2005ck_05b) and made the changes described below.

Documentation for the 2005 NEI can be found at:  http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2005inventory.html#documentation.  For inventories outside of the United States, which include Canada and Mexico, we used the latest available base-year inventories as discussed in Section 2.6.  The 2005 NEI includes five sectors: nonpoint (formerly called "stationary area") sources, point sources, nonroad mobile sources, onroad mobile sources, and fires.  Because the 2005v4.2 platform includes only a base case as opposed to a model evaluation case, the day-specific wildfire and prescribed burning data from the 2005 NEI was not used; rather an average fire inventory is used for both base and future years.  In addition to the NEI data, biogenic emissions and emissions from the Canadian and Mexican inventories are included in the 2005v4.2 platform.  Some inventories are augmented with other emissions data as explained below.

For the purposes of preparing the air quality model-ready emissions, we split the 2005 emissions inventory into "platform" sectors in the same way as was done in the 2005v4 platform.  The significance of an emissions modeling or "platform" sector is that the data is run through all of the SMOKE programs except the final merge (Mrggrid) independently from the other sectors.  The final merge program then combines the sector-specific gridded, speciated and hourly emissions together to create CMAQ-ready emission inputs.  These inputs are then converted into emissions that can be used by CAMX, as was needed for the Transport Rule modeling.

Table 2-1 presents the sectors in the 2005 platform.  The sector abbreviations are provided in italics; these abbreviations are used in the SMOKE modeling scripts and inventory file names, and throughout the remainder of this document.  Table 2-1 does not describe in specific detail the updates in the 2005v4.2 platform from those in the 2005v4 platform.  The specific updates to the 2005v4.2 platform as compared to the 2005v4 platform are highlighted in Table 2-2 and discussed in detail later in this section.
Table 2-1.  Platform sectors used in emissions modeling for the 2005 platform, version 4.2
                          Platform Sector: short name
2005 NEI Sector
             Description and resolution of the data input to SMOKE
EGU (also called the IPM sector):  ptipm
Point
2005v2 NEI point source EGUs mapped to the Integrated Planning Model (IPM) model using the National Electric Energy Database System (NEEDS) 2006 version 4.10.  Day-specific emissions created for input into SMOKE.  Includes updates from Transport Rule comments and evolutionary improvements from 2005v4.
Non-EGU (also called the non-IPM sector): ptnonipm
Point
All 2005v2 NEI point source records not matched to the ptipm sector.  Includes all aircraft emissions and point source fugitive dust emissions for which county-specific PM transportable fractions were applied.  Annual resolution.  Includes updates from Transport Rule comments and evolutionary improvements from 2005v4.
Average-fire:  avefire
Not applicable
Average-year wildfire and prescribed fire emissions, unchanged from the 2005v4 platform; county and annual resolution.
Agricultural:  ag
Nonpoint
NH3 emissions from NEI nonpoint livestock and fertilizer application, county and annual resolution.  Unchanged from the 2005v4 platform.
Area fugitive dust:  afdust
Nonpoint
PM10 and PM2.5 from fugitive dust sources from the NEI nonpoint inventory after application of county-specific PM transportable fractions. Includes building construction, road construction, paved roads, unpaved roads, agricultural dust), county and annual resolution.  Unchanged from the 2005v4 platform.
Remaining nonpoint: nonpt
Nonpoint
Primarily 2002 NEI nonpoint sources not otherwise included in other SMOKE sectors; county and annual resolution.  Also includes  updated Residential Wood Combustion emissions, year 2005 non-California WRAP oil and gas Phase II inventory, year 2005 Texas and Oklahoma oil and gas inventories, and updates resulting from Transport Rule comments.
Nonroad:  nonroad
Mobile: Nonroad
Monthly nonroad emissions from the National Mobile Inventory Model (NMIM) using NONROAD2005 version nr05c-BondBase, which is equivalent to  NONROAD2008a, since it incorporated Bond rule revisions  to some of the base-case inputs and the Bond rule controls did not take effect until later.
NMIM was used for all states except California.  Monthly emissions for California created from annual emissions submitted by the California Air Resources Board (CARB) for the 2005v2 NEI.
locomotive, and non-C3 commercial marine:  alm_no_c3
Mobile: Nonroad
Primarily 2002 NEI non-rail maintenance locomotives, and category 1 and category 2 commercial marine vessel (CMV) emissions sources, county and annual resolution.  Aircraft emissions are included in the Non-EGU sector (as point sources) and category 3 CMV emissions are contained in the seca_c3 sector.  Includes updates resulting from Transport Rule comments.
C3 commercial marine:  seca_c3
Mobile : Nonroad
Annual point source-formatted, year 2005 category 3 (C3) CMV emissions, developed for the rule called "Control of Emissions from New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or Above 30 Liters per Cylinder", usually described as the Emissions Control Area (ECA) study (http://www.epa.gov/otaq/oceanvessels.htm).  Utilized final projections from 2002, developed for the C3 ECA Proposal to the International Maritime Organization
(EPA-420-F-10-041, August 2010).  Includes updates resulting from Transport Rule comments.
Onroad California, NMIM-based, and MOVES sources not subject to temperature adjustments:  on_noadj
Mobile: onroad
Three, monthly, county-level components:
   1) California onroad, created using annual emissions for all pollutants, submitted by CARB for the 2005v2 NEI.  NH3 (not submitted by CARB) from MOVES2010.
   2) Onroad gasoline and diesel vehicle emissions from MOVES2010 not subject to temperature adjustments:  exhaust CO, NOX, VOC, NH3, benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, 1,3-butadiene, acrolein, naphthalene, brake and tirewear PM, and evaporative VOC, benzene, and naphthalene.
   3) Onroad emissions for Hg from NMIM using MOBILE6.2, other than for California.
Onroad cold-start gasoline exhaust mode vehicle from MOVES subject to temperature adjustments:  on_moves_startpm
Mobile: onroad
Monthly, county-level MOVES2010-based onroad gasoline emissions subject to temperature adjustments.  Limited to exhaust mode only for PM species and naphthalene.  California emissions not included.  This sector is limited to cold start mode emissions that contain different temperature adjustment curves from running exhaust (see on_moves_runpm sector).
Onroad running gasoline exhaust mode vehicle from MOVES subject to temperature adjustments:  on_moves_runpm
Mobile: onroad
Monthly, county-level draft MOVES2010-based onroad gasoline emissions subject to temperature adjustments.  Limited to exhaust mode only for PM species and naphthalene.  California emissions not included.  This sector is limited to running mode emissions that contain different temperature adjustment curves from cold start exhaust (see on_moves_startpm sector).
Biogenic:  biog
Not applicable
Hour-specific, grid cell-specific emissions generated from the BEIS3.14 model, including emissions in Canada and Mexico.  Unchanged from the 2005v4 platform.
Other point sources not from the NEI:  othpt
Not applicable
Point sources from Canada's 2006 inventory and Mexico's Phase III 1999 inventory, annual resolution.  Also includes annual U.S. offshore oil 2005v2 NEI point source emissions.  Unchanged from the 2005v4 platform.
Other nonpoint and nonroad not from the NEI: othar
Not applicable
Annual year 2006 Canada (province resolution) and year 1999 Mexico Phase III (municipio resolution) nonpoint and nonroad mobile inventories.  Unchanged from the 2005v4 platform.
Other onroad sources not from the NEI:  othon
Not applicable
Year 2006 Canada (province resolution) and year 1999 Mexico Phase III (municipio resolution) onroad mobile inventories, annual resolution.  Unchanged from the 2005v4 platform.

The emission inventories in SMOKE input format for the 2005 base case are available at the 2005v4.2 website (see the end of Section 1). The "readme" file provided indicates the particular zipped files associated with each platform sector.

Before discussing the specific components of the 2005v4.2 emissions platform, we provide in Table 2-2 a summary of the significant differences between the 2005v4 emissions platform and the 2005v4.2 platform.  The sectors that did not change between 2005v4.2 and 2005v4 are not included in the table and are the following: average fire, agriculture, area fugitive dust, biogenic sources, and "other" (i.e. non-US) point, nonpoint, nonroad, and onroad sources.
Table 2-2.  Summary of significant changes between v4 and v4.2 platforms by sector
Platform Sector
Summary of Significant Inventory Differences from V4 to V4.2
IPM sector: ptipm
1) Added or changed ORIS Boiler IDs to some units with missing or incorrect values, and for a subset of these, recomputed annual emissions of NOX, SO2 or both using 2005 CEM data.  Only replaced emissions if 2005 CEM data were confirmed to be for the entire year (since some CEMs only run for the summer season).  A facility-level summary of these changes is provided in Appendix A, Table A-1 of the 2005v4.1 TSD: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/toxics/2005v4.1_appendices.pdf.
2) Moved several stacks and units from the ptnonipm sector, assigning ORIS facility and boiler codes and matching stack parameters to those provided in the future-year IPM emissions.  These edits ensure future-year EGUs are not double counted and that base year and future-year stack parameters are similar.  These sources are listed in Appendix A, Table A-1.
3) Deleted several units from the inventory that were found to be either double counts or closed.  These sources are listed in Appendix A, Table A-2.
Non-IPM sector: ptnonipm
     1)    Revised 2005 emissions to remove duplicates, improve estimates from ethanol plants, and reflect new emissions and controls information collected from industry and a state through the Boiler MACT Information Collection Request (ICR).
     2)    Moved several stacks and units from the ptnonipm sector to the ptipm sector (Appendix A, Table A-1).  This edit prevents double counting of EGU emissions in the future years.
     3)    Deleted several units from the inventory that were found to be either double counts or closed.  These sources are listed in Appendix A, Table A-2.
     4)    Revised emissions in several states from improved information obtained from Transport Rule comments.  These sources are summarized in Appendix A, Table A-2.
Remaining nonpoint sector: nonpt
1) Added: year 2005 oil and gas data for Texas and Oklahoma provided by these states.  Replaced previous Oklahoma oil and gas emissions from this sector (SCC<PHONE_NUMBER>).  No removals for Texas since the new oil and gas emissions only cover oil rig emissions that are in the nonroad sector.  The nonroad sector emissions were not removed because they were very small compared to the newer Texas oil and gas emissions added to this sector and the possibility of double counting was not able to be confirmed by the EPA.
2) Changed pesticide category to "no-integrate," thereby using VOC speciation (rather than the HAP emissions) to compute the BAFM emissions.
3) Incorporation of Transport Rule comments including:  i) replacing Delaware fuel combustion, residential wood burning, and open burning, ii) removing South Carolina residual oil emissions from industrial boilers, iii) replacing Nebraska industrial fuel combustion emissions.  Details of these comments are shown in Appendix A, Table A-3.
Nonroad sector:  nonroad
Added PM to 7 California counties which were found to be 0 in the 2005v4 platform.  Data used came from an earlier version of the 2005 inventory provided by CARB, which had the same PM values as the 2005v2 NEI other than in the missing counties, for which nonzero PM values were provided.
locomotive, and non-C3 commercial marine:  alm_no_c3
Updated diesel fuel commercial marine vessel emissions in Delaware per Transport Rule comments.   Details of these comments are shown in Appendix A, Table A-3.
C3 commercial marine:  seca_c3
1) Revised 2005 emissions reflect the final projections from 2002 developed for the category 3 commercial marine vessel Emissions Control Area (ECA) Proposal to the International Maritime Organization (EPA-420-F-10-041, August 2010).
2) Projected Canada as part of the ECA rather than an "outside the ECA" region, using region-specific growth rates.  For example, British Columbia emissions were projected the same as "North Pacific" growth and control used in Washington.  Therefore the v4.2 seca_c3 inventories contain Canadian province codes.
3) Updated Delaware emissions per Transport Rule comments.  Details of these comments are shown in Appendix A, Table A-3.
4) Redefined the spatial extent of state boundaries off-shore from up to 200 nautical miles to under 10 miles based on Mineral Management Service (MMS) state-federal water boundaries data.  This item did not change emissions but it drastically reduces areas that are assigned to states.
Onroad California, NMIM-based, and MOVES sources not subject to temperature adjustments:  on_noadj
1) For all states except California:  All pollutants and modes (exhaust, tire and brake wear) from all vehicle types are now from MOVES2010.  In the 2005v4 platform, only exhaust mode onroad gasoline vehicles, other than motorcycles, were included from MOVES in this sector and the rest had been from MOBILE6.
2) For California:  Replaced NMIM-based NH3 with MOVES2010 emissions for California because California does not provide NH3 in its onroad inventory.  For the 2005v4 platform, we used NH3 from NMIM but since MOVES generates all criteria pollutants, we now use MOVES.
Onroad cold-start gasoline exhaust mode vehicle from MOVES subject to temperature adjustments:  on_moves_startpm
For the 2005v4.2 platform, this sector uses MOVES2010 based emissions for all exhaust mode onroad gasoline vehicle types including motorcycles.  In the v4 version, motorcycle exhaust mode PM emissions relied on NMIM and were therefore in the on_noadj sector, and other exhaust mode gasoline vehicle PM emissions used the draft version of MOVES.  As with v4, these PM and naphthalene cold start mode emissions are subject to grid cell and hourly temperature adjustments.
Onroad running gasoline exhaust mode vehicle from MOVES subject to temperature adjustments:  on_moves_runpm
Same change as "on_moves_startpm"
Annual emission summaries for 2005v4.2, with comparisons to 2005v4 CAPs emissions by emissions modeling sector are provided in Table 2-3.  VOC totals are before BAFM speciation (i.e., they are inventory VOC emissions, and not the sum of VOC emissions after BAFM speciation.

The emission inventories for input to SMOKE for the 2005 base case are available at the 2005v4 website (see the end of Section 1) under the link "Data Files" (see the "2005emis" directory).  The inventories "readme" file indicates the particular zipped files associated with each platform sector.

Table 2-3.  2005 Emissions by Sector:  VOC, NOX, CO, SO2, NH3, PM10, PM2.5
Sector short name
                                     2005
                                 VOC [tons/yr]
                                     2005
                                 NOX [tons/yr]
                                     2005
                                 CO [tons/yr]
                                     2005
                                 SO2 [tons/yr]
                                     2005
                                 NH3 [tons/yr]

                                     2005
                                PM10 [tons/yr]

                                     2005
                                PM2_5 [tons/yr]

                                     V4.2
                                      V4
                                     V4.2
                                      V4
                                     V4.2
                                      V4
                                     V4.2
                                      V4
                                     V4.2
                                      V4
                                     V4.2
                                      V4
                                     V4.2
                                      V4
                                                                         afdust

                                                                      8,858,992
                                                                           same
                                                                      1,030,391
                                                                           same
                                                                             ag

                                                                      3,251,990
                                                                           same

                                                                      alm_no_c3
                                                                         67,690
                                                                           same
                                                                      1,922,723
                                                                      1,924,925
                                                                        270,007
                                                                           same
                                                                        153,068
                                                                        154,016
                                                                            773
                                                                           same
                                                                         59,342
                                                                         59,366
                                                                         56,666
                                                                         56,687
                                                         seca_c3 (US component)
                                                                          4,580
                                                                         22,367
                                                                        130,164
                                                                        642,088
                                                                         11,862
                                                                         53,746
                                                                         97.485
                                                                        417,312

                                                                         11,628
                                                                         53,580
                                                                         10,673
                                                                         49,294
                                                     seca_c3 (non-US component)
                                                                         62,132
                                                                         18,241
                                                                      1,801,699
                                                                        526,760
                                                                        146,027
                                                                         42,959
                                                                      1,085,894
                                                                        319,200

                                                                        146,312
                                                                         43,014
                                                                        134,604
                                                                         39,574
                                                                          nonpt
                                                                      7,530,578
                                                                      7,474,512
                                                                      1,696,902
                                                                      1,683,490
                                                                      7,410,946
                                                                      7,376,314
                                                                      1,216,362
                                                                      1,252,645
                                                                        133,962
                                                                        134,080
                                                                      1,349,639
                                                                      1,349,685
                                                                      1,079,906
                                                                      1,076,954
                                                                        nonroad
                                                                      2,691,844
                                                                           same
                                                                      2,115,408
                                                                           same
                                                                     19,502,718
                                                                           same
                                                                        197,341
                                                                           same
                                                                          1,972
                                                                           same
                                                                        211,807
                                                                        209,100
                                                                        201,138
                                                                        198,734
                                                                       on_noadj
                                                                      3,949,362
                                                                      3,123,642
                                                                      9,142,274
                                                                      7,203,876
                                                                     43,356,130
                                                                     41,647,066
                                                                        177,977
                                                                        144,216
                                                                        156,528
                                                                        295,203
                                                                        308,497
                                                                        170,554
                                                                        236,927
                                                                        115,991
                                                                       on_moves
                                                                         _runpm

                                                                         54,071
                                                                         46,430
                                                                         49,789
                                                                         42,753
                                                                      on_moves_
                                                                        startpm

                                                                         22,729
                                                                         23,607
                                                                         20,929
                                                                         21,738
                                                                          ptipm
                                                                         41,089
                                                                         40,950
                                                                      3,729,161
                                                                      3,728,190
                                                                        603,788
                                                                        601,564
                                                                     10,380,883
                                                                     10,381,411
                                                                         21,995
                                                                         21,684
                                                                        602,236
                                                                        615,095
                                                                        496,877
                                                                        508,903
                                                                       ptnonipm
                                                                      1,309,895
                                                                      1,310,085
                                                                      2,226,250
                                                                      2,247,228
                                                                      3,214,833
                                                                      3,222,221
                                                                      2,082,159
                                                                      2,117,649
                                                                        158,524
                                                                        159,003
                                                                        646,373
                                                                        653,957
                                                                        433,381
                                                                        442,656
                                                                        avefire
                                                                      1,958,992
                                                                           same
                                                                        189,428
                                                                           same
                                                                      8,554,551
                                                                           same
                                                                         49,094
                                                                           same
                                                                         36,777
                                                                           same
                                                                        796,229
                                                                           same
                                                                        684,035
                                                                           same
Canada othar[1]
                                                                      1,281,095
                                                                           same
                                                                        734,587
                                                                           same
                                                                      3,789,362
                                                                           same
                                                                         95,086
                                                                           same
                                                                        546,034
                                                                           same
                                                                      1,666,188
                                                                           same
                                                                        432,402
                                                                           same
Canada othon
                                                                        270,872
                                                                           same
                                                                        524,837
                                                                           same
                                                                      4,403,745
                                                                           same
                                                                          5,309
                                                                           same
                                                                         21,312
                                                                           same
                                                                         14,665
                                                                           same
                                                                         10,395
                                                                           same
Canada othpt
                                                                        447,313
                                                                           same
                                                                        857,977
                                                                           same
                                                                      1,270,438
                                                                           same
                                                                      1,664,040
                                                                           same
                                                                         21,268
                                                                           same
                                                                        117,669
                                                                           same
                                                                         68,689
                                                                           same
Mexico othar
                                                                        586,842
                                                                           same
                                                                        249,045
                                                                           same
                                                                        644,733
                                                                           same
                                                                        101,047
                                                                           same
                                                                        486,484
                                                                           same
                                                                        143,816
                                                                           same
                                                                         92,861
                                                                           same
Mexico othon
                                                                        183,429
                                                                           same
                                                                        147,419
                                                                           same
                                                                      1,455,121
                                                                           same
                                                                          8,270
                                                                           same
                                                                          2,547
                                                                           same
                                                                          6,955
                                                                           same
                                                                          6,372
                                                                           same
Mexico othpt
                                                                        113,044
                                                                           same
                                                                        258,510
                                                                           same
                                                                         88,957
                                                                           same
                                                                        980,359
                                                                           same
                                                                              0
                                                                           same
                                                                        125,385
                                                                           same
                                                                         88,132
                                                                           same
offshore othpt
                                                                         51,240
                                                                           same
                                                                         82,581
                                                                           same
                                                                         89,812
                                                                           same
                                                                          1,961
                                                                           same
                                                                              0
                                                                           same
                                                                            839
                                                                           same
                                                                            837
                                                                           same
   1. Canada provided 2006 fires but we did not use them in the 2005 platform (for neither v4.2 nor v4)

The remainder of Section 2 provides details about the data contained in each of the 2005 platform sectors.  Different levels of detail are provided for different sectors depending on the availability of reference information for the data, the degree of changes or manipulation of the data needed for preparing it for input to SMOKE, and whether the 2005v4.2 platform emissions changed appreciably since the previously-documented 2005v4 platform.

2005 NEI point sources (ptipm and ptnonipm)
Point sources are sources of emissions for which specific geographic coordinates (e.g., latitude/longitude) are specified, as in the case of an individual facility.  A facility may have multiple emission points, which may be characterized as units such as boilers, reactors, spray booths, kilns, etc.  A unit may have multiple processes (e.g., a boiler that sometimes burns residual oil and sometimes burns natural gas).  Note that this section describes only NEI point sources within the contiguous United States.  The offshore oil platform (othpt sector) and category 3 CMV emissions (seca_c3 sector) are also point source formatted inventories that are discussed in Section 2.6 .

After removing offshore oil platforms (othpt sector), we created two platform sectors from the remaining 2005v2 NEI point sources for input into SMOKE: the EGU sector  -  also called the Integrated Planning Model (IPM) sector (i.e., ptipm) and the non-EGU sector  -  also called the non-IPM sector (i.e., ptnonipm).  This split facilitates the use of different SMOKE temporal processing and future-year projection techniques for each of these sectors.  The inventory pollutants processed through SMOKE for both ptipm and ptnonipm sectors were:  CO, NOX, VOC, SO2, NH3, PM10, and PM2.5 and the following HAPs:  HCl (pollutant code = 7647010), and CL2 (code = 7782505).  We did not utilize BAFM from these sectors as we chose to speciate VOC without any use (i.e., integration) of VOC HAP pollutants from the inventory (integration is discussed in detail in Section <IP_ADDRESS>).

The ptnonipm emissions were provided to SMOKE as annual emissions.  The ptipm emissions for the base case were input to SMOKE as daily emissions.

Documentation for the development of the 2005 point source NEI v2, is at:
http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2005inventory.html#documentation.  A summary of this documentation describes these data as follows:
   1. Electric generating unit (EGU) emissions are obtained from emissions/heat input from the EPA's Acid Rain Program for Continuous Emissions Monitoring System (CEMS) reporting.  The following approach applied to units in the 2002 NEI that matched to 2005 CEMS units.  For pollutants covered by the CEMS, the 2005 CEMS data were used.  For CEMS units with pollutants not covered by CEMS (e.g., VOC, PM2.5, HCl) unit-specific ratios of 2005 to 2002 heat input were applied to 2002v3 NEI emissions to obtain 2005 estimates.
   2. Non-EGU stationary source development for the 2005 NEI focused on improving the following sectors:
         a. HAP data received from States and industry to support the MACT program, including the recent Risk and Technology Review rulemaking
         b. 2005 State, local, and tribal data submitted to the EPA under the Consolidated Emissions Reporting Rule (CERR)
         c. HAP data from Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) for missing facilities and pollutants
         d. Off-shore platform data from Mineral Management Services (MMS)

The changes made to the 2005v2 NEI point inventory prior to modeling 2005v4 are as follows:
   * The tribal data, which do not use state/county Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) codes in the NEI, but rather use the tribal code, were assigned a state/county FIPS code of 88XXX, where XXX is the 3-digit tribal code in the NEI.  We made this change because SMOKE requires the 5-digit state/county FIPS code.
   * Stack parameters were defaulted for some point sources when modeling in SMOKE. SMOKE uses an ancillary file, called the PSTK file that provides default stack parameters by SCC code to either gap fill stack parameters if they are missing in the NEI, or to correct stack parameters if they are outside the ranges specified in SMOKE as acceptable values.  The SMOKE PSTK file is contained in the ancillary file directory of the 2005v4 website (see the end of Section 1).
   * We applied a transport fraction to all SCCs that we identified as PM fugitive dust, to prevent the overestimation of fugitive dust impacts in the grid modeling as described in Section 2.2.1.

There are several changes made to the ptipm and ptnonipm sectors for the 2005v4.2 platform that were briefly discussed in Table 2-2.  One of these changes involved reassigning stacks, units and facilities from the ptnonipm sector to the ptipm sector because it was determined that these sources were reflected in the future-year IPM data.  By moving these sources from ptnonipm to ptipm, we prevent their being double counted in future-year emissions processing.  These changes and other updates in the ptipm and ptnonipm sectors for 2005v4.2 are discussed in the following sections.
IPM sector (ptipm)
The ptipm sector contains emissions from EGUs in the 2005v2 NEI point inventory that we were able match to the units found in the NEEDS database.  While we originally used version 3.02 of NEEDS to split out the ptipm sector for v4 of the platform, there were no changes to the mapping when we moved to NEEDs version 4.10 (http://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/progsregs/epa-ipm/index.html).  The IPM model provides future-year emission inventories for the universe of EGUs contained in the NEEDS database.  As described below, this matching was done (1) to provide consistency between the 2005 EGU sources and future-year EGU emissions for sources which are forecasted by IPM and (2) to avoid double counting in projecting point source emissions.

The 2005v4 platform document provides additional details on how the 2005 NEI point source inventory was split into the ptipm and ptnonipm sectors.

Creation of temporally resolved emissions for the ptipm sector
Another reason we separated the ptipm sources from the other sources was due to the difference in the temporal resolution of the data input to SMOKE.  For the base-case 2005 run, the ptipm sector uses daily emissions input into SMOKE.  The daily emissions are computed from the annual emissions.  First, we allocate annual emissions to each month (this process occurs outside of SMOKE).  To do this, we created state-specific, three-year averages of 2004-2006 CEM data.  These average annual-to-month factors were assigned to sources by state.  To allocate the monthly emissions to each day, we used the 2005 CEM data to compute state-specific month-to-day factors, averaged across all units in each state.  The resulting daily emissions were input into SMOKE.  The daily-to-hourly allocation was performed with SMOKE using diurnal profiles.  The development of these diurnal ptipm-specific profiles, which are considered ancillary data for SMOKE, is described in Section 3.2.3.

Ptipm updates from the 2005v4 platform used in creating the 2005v4.2 platform

   * We started with the same ptipm/ptnonipm split as was used for the v4 platform; however, we changed some emissions values based on updates we made to some ORIS identifiers in the ptipm file.  For a subset of the units for which we added or changed ORIS identifiers, we recomputed annual emissions for SO2, NOX or both using the CEMS data available at the EPA's data and maps website.  Facility-level impacts of these changes are provided in Appendix A, Table A-1 of the 2005v4.1 TSD:  http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/toxics/2005v4.1_appendices.pdf.
   * Several sources in the 2005v4 ptnonipm inventory were found to be EGU emissions that were either found in the future-year IPM inventories or determined to have closed between 2005 and the future years.  If these emissions were retained in the ptnonipm sector, then future-year projections would either double-count these EGU emissions, or incorrectly not close these units; in both cases, future-year EGU emissions were inflated in the 2005v4 platform.  Therefore, we reassigned these known EGU emissions to the ptipm sector.  In situations where emissions were moved from ptnonipm to ptipm and these sources were not closed in the future (they were in the future-year IPM inventories), facility, and unit identifier codes were changed to match IPM codes, and more importantly, ORIS facility and boiler identifier codes were also changed to match IPM codes and hence, the CEMS data base.  Facilities and units that were moved from the ptnonipm to ptipm sector for 2005v4.2 are provided in Appendix A, Table A-1.
   * Several units and facilities in the 2005v4 ptipm inventory were found to be either double counts, or were determined to have closed prior to 2005.  In most cases, these deletions were for closures at facilities reported in the 2002 NEI that were not updated in the 2005 NEI as closed.  These changes are detailed in Appendix A, Table A-2.

Non-IPM sector (ptnonipm)
The non-IPM (ptnonipm) sector contains all 2005v2 NEI point sources that we did not include in the IPM (ptipm) sector.  The ptnonipm sector contains fugitive dust PM emissions from vehicular traffic on paved or unpaved roads at industrial facilities or coal handling at coal mines.  Prior to input to SMOKE, we reduced the fugitive dust PM emissions to estimate the emissions that remain aloft by applying county-specific fugitive dust transportable fraction factors.  This is discussed further in Section 2.2.1.

For some geographic areas, some of the sources in the ptnonipm sector belong to source categories that are contained in other sectors.  This occurs in the inventory when states, tribes or local programs report certain inventory emissions as point sources because they have specific geographic coordinates for these sources.  They may use point source SCCs (8-digit) or non-point, onroad or nonroad (10-digit) SCCs.  In the 2005 NEI, examples of these types of sources include:  aircraft emissions in all states, waste disposal emissions in several states, firefighting training in New Mexico, several industrial processes and solvent utilization sources in North Carolina and Tennessee, livestock (i.e., animal husbandry) in primarily Kansas and Minnesota, and petroleum product working losses.

The modifications between the published 2005v2 NEI and the 2005v4 ptnonipm inventory we used for modeling are summarized here:

Ptnonipm changes from the original 2005v2 inventory for the v4 platform development
   * Removed duplicate annual records.  We did not delete some apparent duplicates because they were in fact covering different parts of the year (i.e., the emissions in the inventory file were sub-annual).
   * Removed a source with a state/county FIPS code of 30777; the "777" county FIPS represents portable facilities that move across counties, but is not currently a valid state/county FIPS code in the SMOKE ancillary file "COSTCY".  This Montana FIPS code was located in northern Wyoming and contained very small emissions.
   * Dropped sources with coordinates located well into the oceans or lakes.
   * Fixed the coordinates for several larger sources that had a state/county FIPS code mismatch with their inventory coordinates greater than 10 km and emissions greater than 10 tons per year of either NOX, VOC, SO2, or 5 tons/yr of PM2.5.  These corrections were limited to a small number of plants in Arizona, Indiana, Kentucky, Ohio, and Virginia.

In addition to the ptnonipm inventory updates implemented in the 2005v4 platform, we applied the following updates in the 2005v4.2 ptnonipm sector:

 Ptnonipm updates from 2005v4 platform used in creating the 2005v4.2 platform
   * As discussed in Section 2.1.1, several sources in the 2005v4 ptnonipm inventory were found to be EGU emissions that were either found in the future-year IPM inventories or determined to have closed between 2005 and the future years.  Therefore, we reassigned these known EGU emissions to the ptipm sector; these are provided in Appendix A, Table A-1.
   * Several units and facilities in the 2005v4 ptnonipm inventory were found to be either double counts, or were determined to have closed prior to 2005.  In most cases, these deletions were for closures at facilities reported in the 2002 NEI that were not updated in the 2005 NEI as closed.
   * Evolutionary inventory updates and updates from the Transport Rule comments were applied to several facilities.  A list of all facilities with updated or deleted ptnonipm emissions between 2005v4 and 2005v4.2 is provided in Appendix A.  One of the most significant evolutionary updates was incorporating the PM condensable portion of emissions to the Clarion Steel Plant in Allegheny County Pennsylvania (PLANTID=4200300032), where by-product Coke Manufacturing, quenching PM condensable emissions were augmented, increasing total plant-level PM2.5 emissions from under 500 annual tons in the 2005v4 platform to approximately 2,000 annual tons in the 2005v4.2 platform.
   * We added the North Dakota ADM facility (FIPS code = 38067) that was in the 2005v1 NEI but was missing from the 2005v2 NEI and was not determined to have shut down.  The 2002-based emissions were added to the ptnonipm file, since 2005 data were not available.
   * We added an inventory of 2005 ethanol plants using plant names and data provided by the EPA's Office of Transportation and Air Quality for use in a previous modeling effort (Renewable Fuel Standards 2), which included these with the 2005v1 inventory.  The list below includes only the ethanol plants that were used in the previous modeling effort but were missing from the 2005v2 NEI.
State/County FIPS code
Plant Name
                                 CO (tons/yr)
                                 NOX (tons/yr)
                                PM10 (tons/yr)
                                PM2.5 (tons/yr)
                                 SO2 (tons/yr)
                                 VOC (tons/yr)
06065
Golden Cheese Company of CA
                                                                             10
                                                                             30
                                                                             12
                                                                              1
                                                                             39
                                                                             14
13205
Wind Gap Farms (Anheuser/Miller Brewery)
                                                                              1
                                                                              2
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              3
                                                                              1
19033
Golden Grain Energy LLC
                                                                            147
                                                                            424
                                                                            170
                                                                             15
                                                                            540
                                                                            201
19035
Little Sioux Corn Processors
                                                                            184
                                                                            534
                                                                            213
                                                                             19
                                                                            679
                                                                            252
19055
Permeate Refining
                                                                              3
                                                                              9
                                                                              4
                                                                              0
                                                                             12
                                                                              4
19057
Big River Resources, LLC
                                                                            109
                                                                            315
                                                                            126
                                                                             13
                                                                            401
                                                                            149
19083
Hawkeye Renewables, LLC
                                                                            115
                                                                            333
                                                                            133
                                                                             14
                                                                            424
                                                                            158
19093
Quad-County Corn Processors
                                                                             57
                                                                            164
                                                                             65
                                                                              7
                                                                            208
                                                                             77
19167
Siouxland Energy & Livestock Coop (SELC)
                                                                            209
                                                                            606
                                                                            243
                                                                             26
                                                                            772
                                                                            287
21047
Commonwealth Agri-Energy, LLC
                                                                             46
                                                                            133
                                                                             53
                                                                              5
                                                                            170
                                                                             63
31047
Cornhusker Energy Lexington (CEL)
                                                                             25
                                                                             73
                                                                             29
                                                                              3
                                                                             93
                                                                             34
31145
SW Energy, LLC.
                                                                             42
                                                                            121
                                                                             49
                                                                              5
                                                                            154
                                                                             57
35041
Abengoa Bioenergy Corporation
                                                                             10
                                                                             30
                                                                             12
                                                                              1
                                                                             39
                                                                             14
46005
Heartland Grain Fuels, LP
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
                                                                              0
                                                                              1
                                                                              0
46109
North Country Ethanol (NCE)
                                                                             63
                                                                            182
                                                                             73
                                                                              7
                                                                            231
                                                                             86
19109
Global Ethanol
                                                                             29
                                                                             85
                                                                             34
                                                                              3
                                                                            108
                                                                             40
20055
Reeve Agri-Energy
                                                                             52
                                                                            152
                                                                             61
                                                                              6
                                                                            193
                                                                             72

TOTAL TONS
                                                                          1,104
                                                                          3,195
                                                                          1,278
                                                                            127
                                                                          4,066
                                                                          1,510
2005 nonpoint sources (afdust, ag, nonpt)
The 2005v2 NEI typically used the same values for nonpoint emissions as were found in the 2002 NEI. This modeling platform took a similar approach, with a couple of notable exceptions discussed in Section 2.2.3.  We created several sectors from the 2002 nonpoint NEI.  We removed the nonpoint tribal-submitted emissions to prevent possible double counting with the county-level emissions.  Because the tribal nonpoint emissions are small, we do not anticipate these omissions having an impact on the results at the 36-km and 12-km scales used for this modeling. The documentation for the nonpoint sector of the 2005 NEI is available at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2005inventory.html

In the rest of this section, we describe in more detail each of the platform sectors into which we separated the 2005 nonpoint NEI, and the changes we made to these data.  We will refer to the 2002 platform documentation for sectors that did not change.
Area fugitive dust sector (afdust)
The emissions for this sector are unchanged from the 2005v4 platform, and the documentation is repeated here for convenience.  However, we changed the temporal allocation of the emissions to account for day-of-week variation.  In particular, we used updated dust profiles that are consistent with the activity related to non-dust profiles for similar processes.  The processes and profiles updated are provided in Pouliot, et. al., 2010.  In previous modeling, all days within the same month had the same emissions.

The area-source fugitive dust (afdust) sector contains PM10 and PM2.5 emission estimates for 2002 NEI nonpoint SCCs identified by the EPA staff as dust sources.  This sector is separated from other nonpoint sectors to make it easier to apply a "transport fraction," which reduces emissions to reflect observed diminished transport from these sources at the scale of our modeling.  Application of the transport fraction prevents the overestimation of fugitive dust impacts in the grid modeling as compared to ambient samples.  Categories included in this sector are paved roads, unpaved roads and airstrips, construction (residential, industrial, road and total), agriculture production and all of the mining 10-digit SCCs beginning with the digits "2325."  It does not include fugitive dust from grain elevators because these are elevated point sources.

We created the afdust sector from the 2002 NEI based on SCCs and pollutant codes (i.e., PM10 and PM2.5) that are considered "fugitive".  A complete list of all possible fugitive dust SCCs (including both 8-digit point source SCCs and 10-digit nonpoint SCCs) is provided at: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/dustfractions/tf_scc_list2002nei_v2.xls.  However, not all of the SCCs in this file are present in the 2002 NEI.  The SCCs included in the 2002 NEI that comprise the 2005 (and 2002) platform afdust sector (which are a subset of the SCCs in the web link) are provided in Table 2-4.
Table 2-4.  SCCs in the afdust platform sector
SCC
SCC Description
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Mobile Sources;Aircraft;Unpaved Airstrips;Total
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Mobile Sources;Paved Roads;All Paved Roads;Total: Fugitives
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Mobile Sources;Unpaved Roads;All Unpaved Roads;Total: Fugitives
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Mobile Sources;Unpaved Roads;Public Unpaved Roads;Total: Fugitives
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Mobile Sources;Unpaved Roads;Industrial Unpaved Roads;Total: Fugitives
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;All Processes;Total
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Residential;Total
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Residential;Ground Excavations
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Residential;Vehicle Traffic
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Industrial/Commercial/Institutional;Total
2311020040
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Industrial/Commercial/Institutional;Ground Excavations
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Industrial Processes;Construction: SIC 15 - 17;Road Construction;Total
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Industrial Processes;Mining and Quarrying: SIC 14;All Processes;Total
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Total
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Planting
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Tilling
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Harvesting
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Crops;Agriculture - Crops;Loading
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Livestock;Agriculture - Livestock;Total
2805001000
Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production - Livestock;Beef cattle - finishing operations on feedlots (drylots);Dust Kicked-up by Hooves (use 28-05-020, -001, -002, or -003 for Waste

Our approach was to apply the transportable fractions by county such that all afdust SCCs in the same county receive the same factor.  The approach used to calculate the county-specific transportable fractions is based on land use data and is described by:  http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/dustfractions/transportable_fraction_080305_rev.pdf
As this paper mentions, a limitation of the transportable fraction approach is the lack of monthly variability, which would be expected due to seasonal changes in vegetative cover.  Further, the variability due to soil moisture, precipitation, and wind speeds is not accounted for by the methodology.  An electronic version of the county-level transport fractions can be found at:  http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/dustfractions/transportfractions052506rev.xls

The 2002 platform documentation describes an error in which the transportable fraction application for PM2.5 was not applied.  This error was fixed for the 2005v4.2 platform, and 2005 PM2.5 afdust emissions are therefore correctly about 43% less than those in the 2002 platform.
Agricultural ammonia sector (ag)
This sector is unchanged from the 2005v4 platform; the documentation is repeated here for completeness.

The agricultural NH3 "ag" sector is comprised of livestock and agricultural fertilizer application emissions from the nonpoint sector of the 2002 NEI.  This sector is unchanged in the 2005 platform.  The rest of this section documentation is therefore very similar to that in the 2002 documentation.

In building this sector we extracted livestock and fertilizer emissions based on the SCC.  The livestock SCCs are listed in Table 2-5, and the fertilizer SCCs are listed in Table 2-6.
Table 2-5.  Livestock SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI to create the ag sector
                                      SCC
                               SCC Description*
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Agriculture - Livestock;Total
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Beef cattle - finishing operations on feedlots (drylots);Confinement
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Beef cattle - finishing operations on feedlots (drylots);Manure handling and storage
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Beef cattle - finishing operations on feedlots (drylots);Land application of manure
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Beef cattle production composite;Not Elsewhere Classified
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Beef cattle - finishing operations on pasture/range;Confinement
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry production - layers with dry manure management systems;Confinement
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry production - layers with dry manure management systems;Land application of manure
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry production - layers with wet manure management systems;Confinement
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry production - layers with wet manure management systems;Manure handling and storage
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry production - layers with wet manure management systems;Land application of manure
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry production - broilers;Confinement
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry production - broilers;Manure handling and storage
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry production - broilers;Land application of manure
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry production - turkeys;Confinement
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry production - turkeys;Manure handling and storage
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry production - turkeys;Land application of manure
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Dairy cattle composite;Not Elsewhere Classified
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Dairy cattle - flush dairy;Confinement
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Dairy cattle - flush dairy;Manure handling and storage
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Dairy cattle - flush dairy;Land application of manure
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Milk Cows
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Beef Cows
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Heifers and Heifer Calves
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Cattle and Calves Waste Emissions;Steers, Steer Calves, Bulls, and Bull Calves
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Dairy cattle - scrape dairy;Confinement
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Dairy cattle - scrape dairy;Manure handling and storage
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Dairy cattle - scrape dairy;Land application of manure
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Dairy cattle - deep pit dairy;Confinement
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Dairy cattle - deep pit dairy;Manure handling and storage
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Dairy cattle - deep pit dairy;Land application of manure
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Dairy cattle - drylot/pasture dairy;Confinement
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Dairy cattle - drylot/pasture dairy;Manure handling and storage
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Dairy cattle - drylot/pasture dairy;Land application of manure
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Swine production composite;Not Elsewhere Classified (see also 28-05-039, -047, -053)
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry Waste Emissions;Not Elsewhere Classified (see also 28-05-007, -008, -009)
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry Waste Emissions;Pullet Chicks and Pullets less than 13 weeks old
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry Waste Emissions;Pullets 13 weeks old and older but less than 20 weeks old
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry Waste Emissions;Layers
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry Waste Emissions;Broilers
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry Waste Emissions;Ducks
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry Waste Emissions;Geese
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Poultry Waste Emissions;Turkeys
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Horses and Ponies Waste Emissions;Not Elsewhere Classified
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Swine production - operations with lagoons (unspecified animal age);Confinement
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Swine production - operations with lagoons (unspecified animal age);Manure handling and storage
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Swine production - operations with lagoons (unspecified animal age);Land application of manure
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Sheep and Lambs Waste Emissions;Total
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Goats Waste Emissions;Not Elsewhere Classified
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Goats Waste Emissions;Angora Goats
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Goats Waste Emissions;Milk Goats
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Swine production - deep-pit house operations (unspecified animal age);Confinement
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Swine production - deep-pit house operations (unspecified animal age);Land application of manure
<PHONE_NUMBER>
Swine production - outdoor operations (unspecified animal age);Confinement
* All SCC Descriptions begin "Miscellaneous Area Sources;Agriculture Production  -  Livestock"

The "ag" sector includes all of the NH3 emissions from fertilizer from the NEI.  However, the "ag" sector does not include all of the livestock ammonia emissions, as there are also significant NH3 emissions from livestock in the point source inventory that we retained from the 2002 NEI.  Note that in these cases, emissions were not also in the nonpoint inventory for counties for which they were in the point source inventory; therefore no double counting occurred.  Most of the point source livestock NH3 emissions were reported by the states of Kansas and Minnesota.  For these two states, farms with animal operations were provided as point sources using the following SCCs:
    *     30202001:  Industrial Processes; Food and Agriculture; Beef Cattle Feedlots; Feedlots General
    *     30202101:  Industrial Processes; Food and Agriculture; Eggs and Poultry Production; Manure Handling: Dry
    *     30203099:  Industrial Processes; Food and Agriculture; Dairy Products; Other Not Classified

There are also livestock NH3 emissions in the point source inventory with SCCs of 39999999 (Industrial Processes; Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries; Miscellaneous Industrial Processes; Other Not Classified) and 30288801 (Industrial Processes; Food and Agriculture; Fugitive Emissions; Specify in Comments Field).  We identified these sources as livestock NH3 point sources based on their facility name.  The reason why we needed to identify livestock NH3 in the ptnonipm sector was to properly implement the emission projection techniques for livestock sources, which cover all livestock sources, not only those in the ag sector, but also those in the ptnonipm sector.
Table 2-6.  Fertilizer SCCs extracted from the 2002 NEI for inclusion in the "ag" sector
2002 SCC
2002 SCC Description*
2801700001
Anhydrous Ammonia
2801700002
Aqueous Ammonia
2801700003
Nitrogen Solutions
2801700004
Urea
2801700005
Ammonium Nitrate
2801700006
Ammonium Sulfate
2801700007
Ammonium Thiosulfate
2801700010
N-P-K (multi-grade nutrient fertilizers)
2801700011
Calcium Ammonium Nitrate
2801700012
Potassium Nitrate
2801700013
Diammonium Phosphate
2801700014
Monoammonium Phosphate
2801700015
Liquid Ammonium Polyphosphate
2801700099
Miscellaneous Fertilizers
* All descriptions include "Miscellaneous Area Sources; Agriculture Production  -  Crops; Fertilizer Application" as the beginning of the description.

Other nonpoint sources (nonpt)
Nonpoint sources that were not subdivided into the afdust, ag, or avefire sectors were assigned to the "nonpt" sector.
The 2002 platform documentation describes the creation of the 2002 nonpt sector in great detail, but the rest of this section will simply document what has changed for the 2005v4.2 platform.  Below is a list of changes made from the 2002 platform both for the v4 platform and for the v4.2 platform.  Details on the changes to 2002 for the version 4 platform are in the v4 documentation.

Updates to the nonpt sector from 2002 platform made for creation of the nonpt sector of the 2005v4 platform

   * The 2005 platform replaces 2002v3 NEI non-California Western Regional Air Partnership (WRAP) oil and gas emissions (SCCs beginning with "23100") with WRAP year 2005 Phase II oil and gas emissions.
   * Residential wood combustion (RWC) emissions were replaced with data for Oregon and New York.  This update is consistent with the 2005v2 NEI.
   * RWC VOC emissions were recalculated for all states except California to reflect an updated emissions factor for VOC from RWC sources.  This update is consistent with the 2005v2 NEI.
   * We utilized benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and methanol (BAFM) emissions from sources that met the HAP-CAP integration criteria discussed in Section <IP_ADDRESS> (i.e., the "integrate" sources).  We removed BAFM from sources that did not meet the integration criteria (i.e., the "no-integrate" sources) so that BAFM would not be double counted with the BAFM generated via speciation of VOC.

Updates from 2005v4 platform used in creating the 2005v4.2 platform

   * We changed the integration status for pesticide emissions from using the "integrate" case to using the "no-integrate" case.  The main reason is that there were significant benzene emissions from this category in the NEI that was considered incorrect.  The NEI benzene came from solvent utilization data (Fredonia) for "other markets" for the year 1998. Since benzene no longer allowed in pesticides, we chose to eliminate the use of these HAP data and use a VOC speciation profile that did not include benzene emissions to be more consistent with the changed regulations.
   * We replaced Delaware fuel combustion (all industrial, commercial, and residential), residential wood combustion, and open burning with revised state estimates for NOX, SO2, and PM.  The impact of this inventory change is shown in Appendix A, Table A-3.
   * We removed South Carolina residual oil emissions from industrial boilers.  We determined that these nonpoint emissions were a double count from those in the point inventory.  Removing these emissions is consistent with the preliminary 2008 NEI data submittal.  The impact of this inventory change is shown in Appendix A, Table A-3.
   * We replaced Nebraska industrial fuel combustion emissions with 2005 Central Regional Air Planning Association (CENRAP) dataset, version G.  The impact of this inventory change is shown in Appendix A, Table A-3.
   * We added oil and gas emissions for Texas and replaced oil and gas emissions with updated 2005 data from Oklahoma.

TCEQ Oil and Gas Emissions

The Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) provided 2005 oil and gas emissions which we added to the nonpt sector.  The emissions were for a single SCC:<PHONE_NUMBER> Industrial Processes; Oil and Gas Exploration and Production; All Processes; Drill Rigs.  The TCEQ indicated that these should replace emissions in the nonroad inventory from the NONROAD model (drill rigs: SCC=2270010010).  Because the nonroad emissions are significantly less than the updated nonpt emissions, we did not remove the nonroad emissions.  Both the TCEQ and related nonroad emissions from the 2005 NEI are summarized in Table 2-7.
Table 2-7.  Additional TCEQ oil and gas emissions added to the 2005v2 NEI
                                   Pollutant
                TCEQ Emissions 2005, added to nonpt
(tons/yr)
       NEI 2005 Emissions (nonroad inventory), not subtracted
(tons/yr)
                                      CO
                                    15,878
                                     1,396
                                      NH3

                                       3
                                      NOX
                                    42,854
                                     4,704
                                     PM10
                                     3,036
                                      275
                                     PM2.5
                                     2,945
                                      267
                                      SO2
                                     5,977
                                      573
                                      VOC
                                     4,337
                                      340

Oklahoma Oil and Gas Emissions

The state of Oklahoma provided and emissions replacement for their 2005 oil and gas sector emissions.  These data added emissions for the SCCs shown in Table 2-8.
Table 2-8.  SCCs provided with Oklahoma oil and gas sector emissions
SCC
SCC Description
31000103
Crude Oil Production;Wells: Rod Pumps[*]
31000122
Crude Oil Production;Drilling and Well Completion[*]
31000203
Natural Gas Production;Compressors[*]
31000215
Natural Gas Production;Flares Combusting Gases >1000 BTU/scf[*]
31000222
Natural Gas Production;Drilling and Well Completion[*]
31000227
Gas Production;Glycol Dehydrator Reboiler Still Stack[*]
31000228
Natural Gas Production;Glycol Dehydrator Reboiler Burner[*]
31000403
Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production;Process Heaters;Crude Oil
31000404
Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production;Process Heaters;Natural Gas
31088811
Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production;Fugitive Emissions;Fugitive Emissions
* These SCC descriptions start with the preface "Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production"

In addition, this update removed emissions for SCC<PHONE_NUMBER>, which is "Industrial Processes;Oil and Gas Production: SIC 13;All Processes;Total: All Processes."

The resultant Oklahoma emissions are shown below in Table 2-9.  Note that Oklahoma instructed that PM10 emissions were size PM2.5, and therefore no coarse PM (PMC) was generated and PM10 is the same as PM2.5
Table 2-9.  Changes to Oklahoma oil and gas emissions
Pollutant
    2005 Oklahoma Oil and gas emissions 2005, removed from nonpt (tons/yr)
         2005 Oklahoma Oil and gas emissions, added to nonpt (tons/yr)
CO
                                                                         11,251
                                                                         32,821
VOC
                                                                        104,193
                                                                        155,908
NOX
                                                                         66,480
                                                                         39,668
SO2
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,014
PM10 = PM2.5
                                                                              0
                                                                          1,918

Fires (avefire)

The purpose of the avefire sector is to represent emissions for a typical year's fires for use in projection year inventories, since the location and degree of future-year fires are not known.  This approach keeps the fires information constant between the 2005 base case and future-year cases to eliminate large and uncertain differences between those cases that would be caused by changing the fires.  Using an average of multiple years of data reduces the possibility that a single-year's high or low fire activity would unduly affect future-year model-predicted concentrations.

The avefire sector contains wildfire and prescribed burning emissions.  It excludes agricultural burning and other open burning sources, which are included in the nonpt sector.  Generally, their year-to-year impacts are not as variable as wildfires and non-agricultural prescribed/managed burns.

We use this sector for the 2005 base case, and all future-year cases.  Emissions are annual and county-level.  The same emissions are used in the v4 and v4.2 versions of the 2005-based platform.  Refer to the 2005v4 platform documentation for more information.

Biogenic sources (biog)
This sector is unchanged from the 2005v4 platform; the documentation is repeated here for completeness.

The biogenic emissions were computed based on 2005 meteorology data using the BEIS3.14 model within SMOKE.  The 2002 platform used the BEIS3.13 model; otherwise, all underlying land use data and parameters are unchanged for the 2005 platform.

The BEIS3.14 model creates gridded, hourly, model-species emissions from vegetation and soils. It estimates CO, VOC, and NOX emissions for the U.S., Mexico, and Canada.  The BEIS3.14 model is described further in: http://www.cmascenter.org/conference/2008/slides/pouliot_tale_two_cmas08.ppt

The inputs to BEIS include:
   * Temperature data at 2 meters which were obtained from the meteorological input files to the air quality model,
   * Land-use data from the Biogenic Emissions Landuse Database, version 3 (BELD3).  BELD3 data provides data on the 230 vegetation classes at 1-km resolution over most of North America, which is the same land-use data were used for the 2002 platform.

2005 mobile sources (on_noadj, on_moves_runpm, on_moves_startpm, nonroad, alm_no_c3, seca_c3)

For the 2005 platform, as indicated in Table 2-2, we separated the 2005 onroad emissions into three sectors:  (1) "on_moves_startpm"; (2) "on_moves_runpm"; and (3) "on_noadj".  The on_moves_startpm and on_moves_runpm sectors are processed separately because these sectors contain gasoline exhaust PM emissions that are subject to mode-specific (start versus running) hourly temperature adjustments during SMOKE processing.  All pollutants and sources in the on_noadj sector are not subject to hourly temperature adjustments.  The aircraft, locomotive, and commercial marine emissions are divided into two nonroad sectors: "alm_no_c3" and "seca_c3", and as previously mentioned, the aircraft emissions are in the non-EGU (ptnonipm) point inventory.  The seca_c3 emissions are treated as point emissions with an elevated release component while all other nonroad emissions are treated as county-specific low-level emissions.

The onroad emissions were primarily based on the publicly released 12/21/2009 version of the Motor Vehicle Emissions Simulator (MOVES2010) (http://www.epa.gov/otaq/models/moves/).  MOVES was run with a state/month aggregation using county-average fuels for each state, state/month-average temperatures, and national default vehicle age distributions.  2005 Vehicle Miles Travelled (VMT), consistent with the 2005v2 NEI, were used.

The major changes between v4.2 and v4 versions of the 2005-based platform are that (1) we used a publicly released version of MOVES (MOVES2010), rather than a draft version of MOVES; (2) we used the MOVES emissions for all vehicle types and modes (as opposed to non-motorcycle gasoline exhaust vehicles only); (3) MOVES2010 emissions cover all criteria pollutants and criteria pollutant precursors (as opposed to draft MOVES that covered only exhaust mode PM2.5, VOC, NOX and CO); and (4) we used NH3 from MOVES for California (as opposed to NH3 from NMIM) since California-supplied emissions in the 2005v2 NEI do not include NH3.  It should also be noted that the exhaust PM2.5 from diesel vehicles, which had previously come from NMIM but in v4.2 comes from MOVES, are not impacted by cold temperatures.  In addition, PM brake wear and tire wear mode emissions are now provided in MOVES in v4.2; these emissions for both gasoline and diesel vehicles are also not impacted by cold temperatures.

Table 2-10 lists the data source for all pollutants, vehicle types, and modes (e.g., exhaust, evaporative, brake and tire wear) for all pollutants in the 2005v4 and 2005v4.2 emissions modeling platform.  Naphthalene, 1-3-butadiene, and acrolein are also provided by MOVES2010 but were not included in our 2005v4.2 platform.
Table 2-10.  Data sources for onroad mobile sources in the 2005v4 and 2005v4.2 platforms[1]
                           Pollutants/vehicles/modes
                                    2005v4
                                   2005v4.2
PM2.5; gasoline exhaust, partially speciated[2]
Draft MOVES
MOVES2010
PM2.5; diesel exhaust, partially speciated[2]
NMIM
MOVES2010
PM2.5, brake and tirewear, unspeciated
NMIM
MOVES2010
VOC, Benzene (except refueling); gasoline
Draft MOVES
MOVES2010
VOC, Benzene (except refueling); diesel
NMIM
MOVES2010
CO, NOX, SO2, NH3, Acetaldehyde, Formaldehyde; gasoline
Draft MOVES
MOVES2010
CO, NOX, SO2, NH3, Acetaldehyde, Formaldehyde; diesel
NMIM
MOVES2010
[1] For California, 2005v4 and 2005v4.2 use draft MOVES and MOVES2010 (respectively) only for NH3.
2 Exhaust mode PM2.5 species from MOVES consist of: PEC, PSO4 and the difference between PM2.5 and PEC (named as "PM25OC").  Procedures to produce the species needed are provided in Appendix D of the 2005v4.1 TSD: http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/toxics/2005v4.1_appendices.pdf.  Diesel partially speciated emissions are not impacted by cold temperatures and do not need to be adjusted by gridded temperature as do the gasoline exhaust particulate emissions.  Brake wear and tire wear PM2.5 emissions were not pre-speciated.

Similar to the v4 platform, we used the MOVES data to create emissions by state and month (and SCC) and then allocated to counties based on 2005 NMIM-based county-level data.  The reason for using the state resolution was due to (a) run time issues that made a county run for the entire nation infeasible in the timeframe required and (b) incomplete efforts to create a national database of county-specific inputs to MOVES.  For 2005v4.2, no pollutants are obtained from the 2005 NMIM runs.

The 2005v2 NEI does not contain the MOVES data that we use for the 2005 platform.  Instead, it contains onroad and nonroad mobile emissions that we generated using NMIM (EPA, 2005a) for all of the U.S. except for California.  The NMIM data was used only to allocate California-submitted data to road types, to allocate the state-month-SCC MOVES data to counties, and for some of the nonroad mobile sources.  NMIM relies on calculations from the MOBILE6 and NONROAD2005 models as described below, and in the NEI documentation.  Inputs to NMIM are posted with the 2005 Emission Inventory.  The direct link is: ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005_nei/mobile_sector/ncd/ncd20080522.zip.

NMIM creates the onroad and nonroad emissions on a month-specific basis that accounts for temperature, fuel types, and other variables that vary by month.  Inventory documentation for the 2005v2 NEI onroad and nonroad sectors is also posted with other 2005 NEI documentation; the direct link is:
ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2005_nei/mobile/2005_mobile_nei_version_2_report.pdf

The residual fuel commercial marine vessel (CMV), also referred to as Category 3 (C3) from the 2002 platform were replaced with a set of approximately 4-km resolution point source format emissions; these were modeled separately as point sources in the "seca_c3" sector for the 2005 platform.  They were updated for v4.2 by using revised 2005 emissions from the category 3 commercial marine vessel sector to reflect the final projections from 2002 developed for the category 3 commercial marine Emissions Control Area (ECA) Proposal to the International Maritime Organization (EPA-420-F-10-041, August 2010).  Unlike for the v4 platform, we projected Canada as part of the ECA, using region-specific growth rates; thus the v4.2 seca_c3 inventories contain Canadian province codes for near shore emissions.

The nonroad sector, based on NMIM did not change for the v4.2 platform other than for California, for which missing PM2.5 emissions for 7 counties was discovered.  We corrected these PM2.5 emissions by using an earlier version of the 2005 submittal which California had provided values for the 7 counties.

The mobile sectors are compiled at a county and SCC resolution, with the exception of the seca_c3 sector that uses point sources to map the pre-gridded data to the modeling domain.  Similar to v4, in v4.2, tribal data from the alm_no_c3 sector have been dropped because we do not have spatial surrogate data, and the emissions are small; these data were removed from the SMOKE input inventories for 2005.

Most mobile sectors use the HAP portion on the inventory to provide benzene, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde and/or methanol to the modeling inputs through HAP VOC "integration", as described in Section <IP_ADDRESS>.  A few categories of nonroad sources (CNG and LPG-fueled equipment) do not have the BAFM pollutants in the inventory and therefore utilize the "no-integrate", "no-hap-use" case, which means VOC from these sources is speciated to provide BAFM.
Onroad gasoline exhaust cold-start mode PM (on_moves_startpm)
This sector contains MOVES2010 emissions for PM and naphthalene for non-California onroad gasoline cold-start exhaust.  These emissions (and the on_moves_runpm sector discussed in the next section) are processed separately from the remainder of the onroad mobile emissions because they are subject to hourly temperature adjustments, and these temperature adjustments are different for cold-start and running exhaust modes.

Temperature adjustments were applied to account for the strong sensitivity of PM and naphthalene exhaust emissions to temperatures below 72ºF.  Because it was not feasible to run MOVES directly for all of the gridded, hourly temperatures needed for modeling, we created emissions of PM and naphthalene exhaust at 72ºF and applied temperature adjustments after the emissions were spatially and temporally allocated.  The PM2.5 (and naphthalene) adjustment factors were different for starting and running exhaust because these two processes respond differently to temperature as shown in Figure 2-1 which shows how these emissions increase with colder temperatures.  The temperature adjustment factor in this figure is defined in terms of primary elemental carbon (PEC) as follows:

                       PEC = Adjustment Factor x PEC_72

                  Where:
                        PEC = PEC at Temperatures below 72ºF
                        PEC_72 = PEC at 72ºF or higher

As seen in the figure, start exhaust emissions increase more than running exhaust emissions as temperatures decrease from 72ºF.

Figure 2-1 also shows that the actual adjustments are different for start exhaust and running exhaust emissions.  The method for applying these adjustments was the same for both start and running exhaust sectors:  They were applied to SMOKE gridded, hourly intermediate files, based upon the gridded hourly temperature data (these same data are also input to the air quality model).  One result of this approach is that inventory summaries based on the raw SMOKE inputs for the on_moves_startpm and on_moves_runpm sectors will not be valid because they will not include the temperature adjustments.  As a result, the post-processing for temperature adjustments included computing the emissions totals at state, county, and month resolution to use for summaries.

Figure 2-1.  MOVES exhaust temperature adjustment functions.

The MOVES output data required pre-processing to develop county-level monthly ORL files for input to SMOKE.  As stated earlier, the resolution of the MOVES data was state-SCC totals, and the state level data were allocated to county level prior to input into SMOKE.  An additional pre-processing step was for the exhaust PM2.5, for which emissions from MOVES were partially speciated.  To retain the speciated elemental carbon and sulfate emissions from MOVES, the speciation step that is usually done in SMOKE was performed prior to SMOKE, and it was modified to allow the temperature adjustments to be applied to only the species affected by temperature as described in the list below.  Finally, because the start exhaust emissions were broken out separately from running exhaust emissions, they were assigned to new SCCs (urban and rural parking areas) that allowed for the appropriate spatial and temporal profiles to be applied in SMOKE.

A list of the procedures performed to prepare the MOVES data for input into SMOKE is provided here.

                 i.       We allocated state-level emissions to counties using state-county emission ratios by SCC, pollutant, month, and emissions mode (e.g., evaporative, exhaust, brake wear, and tire wear) for each month.  The ratios were computed using NMIM 2005 data (same data included in the 2005v2 NEI).
                 ii.       We assigned these start exhaust emissions to urban and rural SCCs based on the county-level ratio of emissions from urban versus rural local roads from the NMIM onroad gasoline exhaust mode data.  For example, we split light duty gasoline vehicle (LDGV) start emissions in the state-total MOVES data (assigned SCC<PHONE_NUMBER>) into urban<PHONE_NUMBER>) and rural<PHONE_NUMBER>) based on the ratio of LDGV urban<PHONE_NUMBER>) and rural<PHONE_NUMBER>) local roads.
                 iii.        	We converted MOVES-based PM2.5 species at 72ºF to SMOKE-ready PM species.  The SMOKE-ready species are listed below and the speciation technique used to obtain the SMOKE-ready species is further discussed in Appendix D of the 2005v4.1 TSD:  http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/toxics/2005v4.1_appendices.pdf.

         * NAPHTH_72:  unchanged from MOVES-based file, subject to temperature adjustment below 72ºF.
         * PEC_72:  unchanged from MOVES-based PM25EC, subject to temperature adjustment below 72ºF.
         * POC_72:  modified MOVES-based PM25OC to remove metals, PNO3 (computed from MOVES-based PM25EC), NH4 (computed from MOVES-based PM25SO4 and PNO3), and MOVES-based PM25SO4.  Subject to temperature adjustment below 72ºF.
         * PSO4:  unchanged from MOVES-based PM25SO4, not subject to temperature adjustment.
         * PNO3:  computed from MOVES-based PM25EC, not subject to temperature adjustment.
         * OTHER:  sum of computed metals (fraction of MOVES-based PM25EC) and NH4 (computed from PNO3 and PSO4), not subject to temperature adjustment.
         * PMFINE_72:  Computed from OTHER and fraction of POC_72.  Subject to temperature adjustment below 72 ºF.
         * PMC_72:  Computed as fraction of sum of PMFINE_72, PEC_72, POC_72, PSO4, and PNO3.  Subject to temperature adjustment below 72 ºF.

The total MOVES PM emissions are conserved during allocation from states to counties, and from the generic total "start" SCCs to the two new parking SCCs that end in "350" and "370".  PEC and PSO4 components of PM2.5 emissions are also conserved as they are simply renamed from the MOVES species "PM25EC" and "PM25SO4".  However, as seen above, POC, PNO3, and PMFINE components involve multiplying the MOVES PM species by components of an onroad gasoline exhaust speciation profile described in Appendix D of the 2005v4.1 TSD.

Onroad gasoline exhaust running mode PM (on_moves_runpm)
This sector is identical to the on_moves_startpm sector discussed in Section 2.5.1, but contains running exhaust emissions instead of cold-start exhaust emissions.  The same pollutants are in this sector, and allocation from the MOVES state-level to county-level inventory is a simple match by SCC and month to NMIM state-county ratios.  The only reason this sector is separated from on_moves_startpm is because the temperature adjustments are less extreme for these running emissions at colder temperatures when compared to the curve for cold-start emissions (Figure 2-1).

Onroad mobile with no adjustments for daily temperature (on_noadj)
This sector consists of the bulk of the onroad mobile emissions, which are not covered by the on_moves_startpm and on_moves_runpm sectors.  These emissions did not receive any temperature adjustments in our processing.  There are four sources of data that are pre-processed to create two sets of monthly inventories for this sector.
   1. MOVES-based onroad gasoline and diesel:  These are the MOVES-based emissions monthly (not including gasoline exhaust mode PM and naphthalene) consisting of the following:
         a. Gasoline Exhaust: VOC, NOX, CO, SO2, NH3, 1,3-butadiene (106990), acetaldehyde (75070), acrolein (107028), benzene (71432), formaldehyde (50000), and brake and tire wear PM2.5;
         b. Diesel Exhaust: Partially-speciated PM2.5 (that were fully speciated prior to input into SMOKE (via Appendix D of the 2005v4.1 TSD:  http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/toxics/2005v4.1_appendices.pdf), VOC, NOX, CO, SO2, NH3, 1,3-butadiene (106990), acetaldehyde (75070), acrolein (107028), benzene (71432), formaldehyde (50000), and brake and tire wear PM2.5.  Because diesel exhaust PM does not require the same intermediate temperature adjustments as gasoline exhaust PM, diesel exhaust PM can therefore be processed with the remaining onroad mobile emissions.