RESIDENTIAL FUELWOOD

ASSESSMENT

STATE OF MINNESOTA

2007 – 2008 Heating Season

Sponsors:

	Northern Research Station	  Division of Forestry

                                                 Forest Inventory and
Analysis

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This project was funded through a grant provided by the Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency as part of its emissions inventory from
residential biomass burning. The cooperating partners, US Forest Service
– Northern Research Station - Forest Inventory and Analysis, Minnesota
Department of Natural Resources – Division of Forestry and the Health,
Patio and Barbecue Association assisted with the project design.

The report was prepared by:

Mimi Barzen, Minnesota DNR-Forestry, Grand Rapids

Ronald Piva, USFS, Northern Research Station - Forest Inventory and
Analysis, St. Paul

Chun Yi Wu, P.E., Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Environmental
Outcomes Division, St. Paul

Rick Dahlman, Minnesota DNR-Forestry, St Paul

For more information or to request a copy, contact:

Mimi Barzen

DNR Forestry

1201 East Highway 2

Grand Rapids MN 55744

218-327-4119

<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
or

DNR Information Center

Twin Cities:<PHONE_NUMBER>

Minnesota toll free:<PHONE_NUMBER>

TTY:<PHONE_NUMBER>

More information about the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources,
Wood Utilization and Marketing Program is available at   HYPERLINK
"http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/forestry/um"
http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/forestry/um

Table of Contents

	Page

Executive Summary	3

Introduction: purpose, methods, and objectives	5

Minnesota map indicating survey units	8

Results	9

Appendices

	      Sources of Secondary Calculations of Fuelwood Volumes	23

      Tables	25

      Fuelwood Survey Questionnaire	46

Tables

Table 1: Number of Households Sampled by Survey Unit and Corresponding
Population

Table 2: Percent of Households Burning Fuelwood by Survey Unit and
Reason for Burning

Table 3: Percent of Volume Burned by Type of Wood-Burning Facility

Table 4: Number of Cords Burned by Survey Unit and Place of Consumption

Table 5: Number of Cords Burned by Fuel Type

Table 6: Percent of Fuelwood Burned by Species and Survey Year

Table 7: Percent of Fuelwood Consumption by Procurement Method and
Reason for Burning

Table 8: Percent of Fuelwood Consumption from Roundwood Cut by
Households by Reason for

  Burning and Survey Year

Table 9: Percent and Volume of Fuelwood Harvested by Source of Material

Figures

Figure 1: Percent of Households by Survey Unit That Burned Fuelwood
During 2007-2008 Heating

 Season

Figure 2: Percent of Households that Burn Fuelwood by Reason for Burning
and Survey Year

Figure 3: Fuelwood Consumption in Minnesota by Survey Year

Figure 4: Percent of Fuelwood Burned by Survey Unit and Reason for
Burning

Figure 5: Percent of Fuelwood Burned by Reason for Burning by Survey
Year

Figure 6: Average Number of Cords Burned per Household by Reason for
Burning and Survey Year

Figure 7: Volume of Fuelwood Harvested by Households and Loggers by
Source of Material

Figure 8: Volume of Fuelwood Harvested from Growing Stock by Survey Year

Figure 9: Volume of Fuelwood Cut by Households and Loggers in Minnesota
by Species, 2007-2008

1

2

Executive Summary

   A total of 1,434 households responded to the Minnesota residential
fuelwood study that was conducted for the 2007-2008 heating season.
Approximately 978,900 cords of fuelwood were consumed by 615,900
households in Minnesota between April 2007 and March 2008. This
represents a 49 percent increase in volume and a 57 percent increase in
the number of households compared to the 656,300 cords of fuelwood
consumed by 391,700 households between April 2002 and March 2003, a
clear reversal of the steady decline in fuelwood consumption recorded
since 1985. This upward swing indicates that almost 30 percent of all
Minnesota households burned fuelwood between April 2007 and March 2008.

   This increase can partially be attributed to the recent spike in the
prices of fossil fuels. However, the use of fuelwood for pleasure rather
then as a heat source has increased significantly since 1985.  Of those
burning fuelwood, 67 percent of the households consume it for pleasure
and recreation.

Trends From Past Surveys

   Minnesota has surveyed fuelwood consumption periodically since 1960
when 607,000 cords were consumed. Consumption has fluctuated from a low
of 224,000 cords in 1970 to a high of 1.42 million cords in the
1984-1985 heating season.  Shifts in consumption appear to track closely
with petroleum and natural gas prices.  Use increased dramatically
following the 1970 oil embargo and began to decline steadily as natural
gas lines were extended across the state in the late 1980s through the
1990s.

   The steady decline in the use of fuelwood as a heat source from
1984-1985 through the winter of 2002-2003 also likely reflects a
tightening of insurance companies standards for the use of wood burning
facilities of all kinds.

Fuelwood Use: Pleasure and Primary and Secondary Heating

   The way fuelwood has been used often does not follow the volume
consumed.  While fuelwood consumption declined from 1984-1985 to
2002-2003, the use of fuelwood as primary source of heat increased from
48 percent of the total volume in both the 1988-1989 and 1995-1996
heating seasons to 53 percent of the total volume in 2002-2003.  It then
declined to 45 percent in 2007-2008.  At the same time, the use of
fuelwood as secondary heat source declined from 44 percent 1988-1989 and
1995-1996 to 35 percent in 2002-2003, and declined further to 26 percent
of the total fuelwood consumed in 2007-2008. Over the same time period,
burning fuelwood for pleasure increased from 8 percent during the
1988-1989 and 1995-1996 heating seasons to 12 percent of the fuelwood
consumed in 2002-2003 heating season. This increased dramatically to 30
percent of the fuelwood consumed in 2007-2008. Much of the increase in
the pleasure category could be due to the popularity of fire pits and
chimineas, which has occurred in the past few years.  While many people
no longer burn fuelwood as a heating source, use for recreational
purposes, including backyard use and camping, is climbing rapidly.

   Even though the volume of fuelwood use increased in the last five
years, its use as a primary source of heat dropped from 18 percent of
the households that burned in 2002-2003 to 13 percent in 2007-2008.
Burning fuelwood as a secondary heat source fell from 30 percent of the
households in 2002-2003 to 20 percent in 2007-2008. During this same
period, use for pleasure grew from 52 percent of the households to 67
percent statewide. Even though the percentage of households using wood
for primary and secondary heat declined, these two uses account for
688,000 cords consumed, or 70 percent of all fuelwood burned.

3

Fuelwood Harvesting

  Along with the increased volume of fuelwood consumed in 2007-2008, the
proportion of fuelwood harvested by households remains high, with 80
percent harvested by households. In addition, 84 percent of the fuelwood
harvested in 2007-2008 was removed from private land. The remainder was
derived from, in descending order: state, county, and municipal lands,
with minor amounts harvested from forest industry and federal lands.
This compares to 60 percent of the volume harvested by households in
2002-2003, 62 percent in 1995-1996, and 51 percent in 1988-1989.

    Households that burn fuelwood as primary heat source are more likely
to harvest their own fuelwood, with a total of 48 percent doing so. This
compares to 58 percent of the volume harvested by households for primary
use in 2002-2003, 54 percent in 1995-1996 and 51 percent in 1988-1989
heating seasons.  Twenty-seven percent of those using fuelwood as a
secondary source harvested their own fuelwood in 2007-2008, while 25
percent of households that burned for pleasure cut their own fuelwood.

Fuelwood Preferences

   Oak continues to be the species of choice for roundwood fuelwood
consumption, with 30 percent of the total volume. Ash is the next most
popular firewood species, with 18 percent of the total. Aspen, elm,
birch, and maple combined, account for another 40 percent of the volume
of roundwood burned. Other species burned include: pine, basswood,
cottonwood, spruce, cedar, and tamarack.

  Secondary fuelwood sources of mixed species, which includes: scrap
lumber, pallets, sawmill slabs, sawdust, and branches, manufactured
fireplace logs, and wood pellets have been highly variable, doubling
from 15 percent of the total fuelwood burned in 1988-1989 to 32 percent
in 1995-1996, then plunging to 8 percent in 2002-2003 and 2007-2008.

    In 2007-2008, 66,400 cords were derived from wood manufacturing
residues. This compares to 2002-2003, when 45,000 cords were derived
from wood residues, an increase of 47 percent in five years. In
addition, a huge jump took place in manufactured logs and wood pellets.
In 2002-2003, only 4,900 cords of pellets and waxed logs were purchased.
 During the 2007-2008 heating season, 12,300 cords were purchased, more
than 2.5 times the amount bought in 2002-2003. This reflects the recent
expansion of the manufactured fireplace logs and wood pellet industries.

   A total of about 161,750 cords of fuelwood was harvested from growing
stock on forestland by landowners and loggers for use as fuelwood. This
is a 9 percent increase from the 149,000 cords harvested for the
2002-2003 heating season. When compared to the 1995-1996 heating season,
this is a reduction of 14 percent from the 188,000 cords reported during
that survey and a 59 percent decrease from the 237,000 cords reported
for the 1988-1989 heating season.

Conclusion

   Despite the trend toward use of fuelwood for pleasure rather then for
heat, the recent economic crisis and the associated downturn in
industrial demand for wood could increase the consumption of fuelwood
for primary and secondary heating.  The impact could be very significant
in a short time because more than 100,000 additional households have
wood burning facilities that currently do not use fuelwood, and nearly
another 40,000 households plan to purchase wood burning facilities in
the near future (Appendix Table A).

   The spike in the volume of fuelwood consumed and the number of
households that utilized fuelwood appear to be closely tied to the cost
and availability of fossil fuel, particularly natural gas. With the
current cost of energy, the volume of fuelwood consumed is likely to
fluctuate with the changing prices of other sources of fuel.

4

INTRODUCTION

Project Purpose

   During the spring and summer of 2008, the cooperating partners
conducted a survey to determine the volume of residential fuelwood
burned during the 2007-2008 heating season. Similar surveys were
conducted for the 1960, 1969-1970, 1979-1980, 1984-1985, 1988-1989,
1995-1996, and 2002-2003 heating seasons. These surveys are part of a
long-term effort to monitor trends in use of the fuelwood by residential
households in Minnesota.

Survey Objectives

The objectives of this survey were to:

Estimate the total volume of fuelwood harvested and consumed in
Minnesota during the

2007-2008 heating season.

2)   Identify the suppliers of fuelwood (purchased, given free, or
self-harvested).

Estimate the volume of fuelwood harvested from different land ownership
(state, federal, county, forest industry, and private lands).

Estimate the volume of fuelwood from the following wood supply
categories: live and/or dead trees, logging residue, land clearing,
yard/boulevard trees, mill residues, lumber scraps, salvage of wood
pallets, and commercial fuel products such as wood and paper pellets and
manufactured fireplace logs.

Determine the geographic distribution of households burning fuelwood by
type of usage  (primary heating source, secondary heating source, and
pleasure), type of wood, and type of wood burning facilities used.

Identify trends in residential fuelwood consumption over time.

Identify types of residential wood burning facilities

Identify changes in trends of burning fuelwood

Methods

   The survey consisted of a mailed questionnaire. It was resent to
nonresponders approximately one month after the original deadline. The
combination of the two surveys resulted in a 1,434-survey sample that
reflects not only broad distribution of respondents across the state,
but is also large enough for each survey region to meet the statistical
sampling standard utilized in previous surveys.

   The survey sample was determined based upon the 2007 census data
obtained from the State Demographic Center, using the total number of
households statewide to identify a statistically adequate sample size.
The state was divided up into five survey units based on the four
USDA-Forest Service, Forest Inventory and Analysis survey units for
Minnesota forests, with the seven metropolitan counties comprising the
fifth unit. The units were determined by population densities and
consisted of Aspen-Birch in the northeast, Northern Pine in the north
central part of the state, Central Hardwoods located north, west, and
south of the Twin Cities, the seven metro counties, and Prairie, the
largest unit, consisting of 41 counties.  The distribution is shown on
the map in Figure 1.

   Since all units have at least 100,000 households, the sample size was
stratified into five equal-size groups. Previous studies were designed
to have a sampling error of plus/minus six percentage points at a 95
percent

5

confidence level. Based on calculations from the Minnesota Center for
Survey Research at the University of  Minnesota, it was determined that
272 completed surveys from each unit would satisfy the sample error
requirement. (See Table 1). Marketing Systems Group, of Port Washington,
Pennsylvania provided the 6,600-address list.  This total was determined
by assuming a rate of deliverable mail at over 90 percent and using an
expected response rate of 30 percent. To aid our efforts in obtaining a
higher return rate, a postcard was mailed approximately two weeks prior
to the survey, to alert potential respondents about the upcoming
mailing.

   While enough responses were received from the first mailing in the
Northern Pine and Aspen-Birch units, the expected number of responses
was not obtained in the Prairie, Metro, and Central Hardwoods units.  A
second mailing of 450 surveys, or 150 surveys per unit, were sent out in
late April to random households in the three units with an inadequate
return rate, to create a statistically significant sampling.

   Survey forms were edited, keypunched and entered into a relational
database. All volumes were converted to standard cords. (See “Sources
of Secondary Calculations of Fuelwood Volumes, found in the Appendix.)
Expansion factors were calculated by dividing the total number of
households in each survey unit (based on the U.S. Census Bureau
estimates of number of households for 2007) by the number of survey
forms that were returned from each survey unit. From this database, all
tables were created.

   The lists of the state of Minnesota registered loggers and firewood
processors/sellers were combined. Duplicates, firewood retailers only,
and individual members of a single company that were already on the
combined list, were deleted to determine the total number of possible
firewood processors in Minnesota. The total number of possible firewood
processors in each survey unit was divided by the number of survey forms
that were returned in each survey unit.

   As in previous surveys, responding households were classified by
location, county, and fuelwood-use class.

Table 1: Number of Households Sampled by Survey Unit and Corresponding
Population

Survey Unit	Number of Households Sampled	Total Number of Households in
Each Unit	Population in Each Unit

2007 census

	Target Number	Actual Number

Aspen-Birch	272	283	111,116	260,185

Northern Pine	272	276	120,089	291,974

Central Hardwoods	272	323	416,067	1,086,451

Prairie	272	308	312,035	764,215

Metro	272	244	1,121,570	2,794,796

Total	1,360	1,434	2,080,877	5,197,621

   Note: Number of households surveyed was based on 2007 census data.

 Fuelwood use classes:

1. Nonuser – Households that do not burn fuelwood.

2. Primary – Fuelwood provided the main source of heat in the home.
The user may have another fuel system for back-up purposes, but more
than 50 percent of the household heating needs comes from wood.

3. Secondary – Fuelwood is used as a back-up heating system, with
another fuel providing the major source for heating. Less than 50
percent of household heating needs comes from wood.

4. Pleasure – Fuelwood is burned for pleasure only. Some heating
benefit may occur, but fuelwood is not considered a heating system.

6

   Households were also asked the type of wood burning unit used,
species of wood burned, whether they purchased or cut their own
fuelwood, ownership where fuelwood was harvested, the location fuelwood
was used (primary or secondary home and/or other building), and the
source of fuelwood harvested. Woodland included: live trees, dead trees,
and logging residue. Non-woodland consisted of: fence rows/windbreaks,
rural/agricultural land clearing, rural yard trees, and trees inside
city limits.

Logger Survey

   A significant portion of fuelwood purchased and consumed by
households in Minnesota is from commercial suppliers, primarily loggers.
In an attempt to identify and quantify the sources of this portion of
fuelwood consumed, 240 loggers were selected from a statewide list of
state timber sale permittees. In addition, a list of 60 fuelwood vendors
was compiled.  Loggers and fuelwood vendors were sent a survey to
identify the quantity, species of trees, and source of fuelwood
harvested between April 2007 and March 2008. The survey also asked
respondents to identify the land ownerships from which they harvested
fuelwood, and whether the fuelwood sold came from live trees, dead
trees, or logging residue from forest land, or trees from nonforest
sources.

   The results were then extrapolated to an estimated 1,480 logging and
firewood businesses statewide that harvest 95 percent of all timber in
Minnesota. An expansion factor for each returned response was calculated
based on the number of logging and firewood businesses and the number of
returned responses in each survey unit.

7

Figure 1: Percent of Households by Survey Unit That Burned Fuelwood
During 2007-2008 Heating

                 Season

8

RESULTS

Characteristics of Fuelwood Users

   Statewide, 30 percent of households burn fuelwood. (See Table 2.)
This is an increase from the 21 percent identified in the 2002-2003
survey and the 25 percent identified in the 1995-1996 survey.  However,
this figure was eclipsed by the 33 percent identified in the 1988-1989
survey. In the previous two surveys, each geographic unit had a similar
reduction in the proportion of households burning fuelwood. As shown in
Figure 1, the percent of households burning fuelwood within each survey
unit varies from 22 percent in the Prairie unit where fuelwood is not as
accessible, to 44 percent in the Northern Pine unit, which has an
abundance of fuelwood available. The way households utilize fuelwood
also varies, with 13 percent using it as a primary source of heating, 20
percent as a secondary heat source, and 67 percent for pleasure only.

   The percentage of households burning wood as their primary source of
heat is highest in the Northern Pine unit with a total of 37 percent.
The Aspen-Birch and Prairie units also have a significant number of
households using fuelwood as a primary source of heat. As can be
expected, the Metro area, where fuelwood costs are the highest and
availability the lowest, has just one percent of households using
fuelwood as a primary source of heat.

   The highest proportion of households burning fuelwood as a secondary
heat source is found in the Aspen-Birch unit with 38 percent.
Approximately a quarter of households in the Northern Pine, Central
Hardwoods and Prairie units use fuelwood as a secondary source of heat.
Fourteen percent of Metro area residents use fuelwood for this purpose.

   The largest increase in households using fuelwood has been for
pleasure, not heating homes.  Households burning primarily for pleasure
are most heavily represented in the Metro unit with a whooping 80
percent.  This is a continuation of the trend moving away from using
fuelwood as a primary and supplemental heat source to burning fuelwood
for pleasure. (See Figure 2.)

Table 2: Percent of Households Burning Fuelwood by Survey Unit and
Reason for Burning

Survey Unit	Percentage of Households Burning Wood	Reason for Burning

Primary Heat	Secondary Heat	Pleasure	Camping	Other

Aspen-Birch	39	29	38	30	3	--

Northern Pine	44	37	24	36	2	2

Central Hardwoods	32	19	23	55	3	--

Prairie	22	25	25	47	3	--

Metro	28	1	14	80	4	--

Statewide	30	13	20	63	4	0

Note: The category “Other” consists of brush clearing/disposal.

9

Figure 2: Percent of Households that Burn Fuelwood by Reason for Burning
and Survey Year

Note: Burning for pleasure also includes volume that was burned for
camping or other non heating uses.

  Households burning fuelwood identified six categories of wood burning
facilities and 14 combination categories of two or more types of wood
burning facilities. There has been a substantial decrease in the
proportion of wood furnaces and boilers used, while wood stoves saw a
substantial increase in use.  There also was an increase in the use of
fire rings and pits, reflecting the strong shift toward burning wood for
pleasure. (See Table 3.)

     This data appears to indicate the shift in reasons for consuming
fuelwood is largely driven by the cost of alternative fuels and
convenience. While there has been a strong shift in the use of fuelwood
for pleasure and access to natural gas continues to rise, the cost of
this heat source is also rising, prompting many households to use wood
stoves as a source of heat. This has caused a resurgence in the purchase
and use of wood stoves in the last five years, jumping 14 percent.

   It is also important to note that the number of households using
fuelwood was relatively constant between the 1995-1996 (393,000) and
2002-2003 (391,000) heating seasons, yet the number of households with a
wood burning facility in the 2002-2003 heating season (513,000) was
nearly the same as in the1984-1985 heating season (520,000).

10

Table 3: Percent of Volume Burned by Type of Wood-Burning Facility

Type of Wood-Burning Facility	Percent of Total

	1988-1989	1995-1996	2002-2003	2007-2008

Wood Stove	46	44	15	29

Wood Pellet or Corn Stove	-	-	-	1

Fireplace	17	9	21	3

Fireplace Insert	2	11	9	6

Wood Furnace or Boiler	26	27	31	16

Fire Pit or Ring	-	-	1	10

Wood Stove/Fireplace or Fireplace Insert	3	4	5	3

Wood Stove/Wood Furnace or Boiler	-	3	4	3

Wood Stove/Wood Pellet or Corn Stove	-	-	-	0

Wood Stove/Fire Pit or Ring	-	-	-	8

Fireplace/ Fireplace Insert	-	-	1	0

Fireplace/Wood Furnace or Boiler	6	-	9	0

Fireplace/Wood Pellet or Corn Stove	-	-	-	1

Fireplace/Fire Pit or Ring	-	-	4	6

Fireplace Insert/Fire Pit or Ring	-	-	-	2

Wood Furnace or Boiler/Fire Pit or Ring	-	-	-	3

Wood Furnace or Boiler/Wood Pellet or Corn Stove	-	-	-	0

Wood Furnace or Boiler/ Fireplace Insert	-	-	-	2

Fire Pit or Ring /Wood Pellet or Corn Stove	-	-	-	0

3 or More Different Types of Wood-Burning Equipment	-	-	-	7

Total	100	100	100	100

Note: A value of 0 = less than .5%.

   In the 2007-2008 heating season, the number of households with wood
burning facilities increased to 734,300, with 615,900 actually burning
wood. Despite the trend toward use of fuelwood for pleasure rather then
for heat, the recent economic crisis and the associated downturn in
industrial demand for wood could increase the consumption of fuelwood
for primary and secondary heating.  The impact could be very significant
in a short time because of the more then100,000 additional households
that have wood burning facilities that currently do not use fuelwood,
and the nearly 40,000 households that plan to purchase wood burning
facilities in the near future (Appendix Table A).

11

Volume of Fuelwood Consumed

   The total volume of fuelwood consumed in Minnesota during the
2007-2008 heating season for heating residential homes, secondary
building, and burning for pleasure was 978,900 cords (1). This is an
increase of 49 percent, a large upturn in consumption after declining a
total of 54 percent between the 1984-1985 and the 2002-2003 heating
seasons. (See Figure 3.)

(1) One standard cord is a stack of wood four feet high by four feet
deep by eight feet long, or 128 cubic feet consisting of 70 cubic feet
of wood and 58 cubic feet of bark and air space.

Figure 3: Fuelwood Consumption in Minnesota by Survey Year

   Despite the shift toward burning wood for pleasure, the largest
volume of fuelwood is still consumed as a primary or secondary heat
source for households outside the Metro survey unit. (See Figures 4 and
5.)

Figure 4: Percent of Fuelwood Burned by Survey Unit and Reason for
Burning

Note: Burning for pleasure also includes volume that was burned for
camping or other non heating uses.

12

Figure 5: Percent of Fuelwood Burned by Reason for Burning by Survey
Year

Note: Burning for pleasure also includes volume that was burned for
camping or other non heating uses

   The volume of fuelwood consumed for heating primary residences was
813,000 cords, an increase of 40 percent over the volume in 2002-2003 of
581,000 cords. The volume consumed to heat second homes also increased
by eight percent while heating of other buildings increased 3.5 times to
121,400 cords. (See Table 4.)

Table 4: Number of Cords Burned by Survey Unit and Place of Consumption

Survey Unit

Place of fuelwood consumption

	Number of Wood-Burning Households	Number of Active Wood-Burning
Facilities*	Total Volume

(Cords)	Primary

Residence

(Cords)	Secondary

Residence

(Cords)	Other

Buildings **

(Cords)

Aspen-Birch	43,190	78,838	154,218	90,562	13,228	50,428

Northern Pine	52,648	94,207	208,755	175,659	11,470	21,626

Central Hardwoods	133,966	183,807	252,066	216,413	9,486	26,167

Prairie	68,891	95,974	146,758	123,864	9,476	13,418

Metro	317,165	376,921	217,098	206,543	766	9,789

Statewide	615,860	829,747	978,895	813,040	44,426	121,429

*Note: Number of wood-burning facilities does not equal number of
wood-burning households because some households have more than one wood
burning facility.

**Other buildings include garages, business buildings, recreational
buildings, and camping.

13

   The largest volume of fuelwood, 83 percent, was consumed at primary
residences. The Central Hardwoods unit used the most wood at primary
residences, but the Metro unit was not far behind in volume consumed.
The Aspen-Birch unit reported the least volume of fuelwood burned at
primary residences.

   The average volume burned by households using fuelwood as a primary
heat source increased when compared to 2002-2003 survey, but this figure
is lower than survey results from previous years. (See Figure 6.)
Statewide, major users burned an average of 5.6 cords during a heating
season, with households in the Northern Pine unit burning two cords more
wood per household than those in the other survey units. This may be a
result of differences in severity and length of heating seasons, a lower
cost to obtain fuelwood, more storage area for a winter’s worth of
fuelwood, and/or the use of more efficient burning facilities elsewhere.
The Aspen-Birch unit, which had the lowest number of households in the
state and a high percent of those households within Duluth city limits,
burned the least number of cords statewide.

Figure 6: Average Number of Cords Burned per Household by Reason for
Burning and Survey Year

*Note: Burning for pleasure also includes any volume that was burned fro
camping or other nonheating uses

Type of Tree Species Burned as Fuelwood

   Beginning in 2002-2003 survey, more specific information was
requested to determine the type of tree species (roundwood by species)
and other wood products including: wood residues from sawmills (slabs,
scrap lumber, and recycled pallets), manufactured fireplace logs, and
wood or paper pellets, burned by households. This information was
requested in the 2007-2008 survey as well because it is important for
land managers to determine if there are preferences for the type of tree
species burned and to predict potential utilization conflicts. Of the
978,900 cords, 92 percent is derived directly from a roundwood source in
the form of logs or split wood.  (See Table 5.)

14

Table 5: Number of Cords Burned by Fuel Type

Fuel Type	Standard cords	Percent of Total

Roundwood/logs	312,517	32

Split wood	587,726	60

Slabs	38,463	4

Wood pellets	11,023	1

Wax/manufactured logs	1,272	< 1

Pallets/crates	17,987	2

Scrap lumber	6,415	< 1

Saw dust	1,667	< 1

Branches/brush	1,825	0

   Total	978,895	100

   Oak continues to be the preferred fuelwood species. (See Table 6.)
While the use of oak declined from 2002-2003, it still is the single
most important tree species utilized. The proportion of ash consumed
more than doubled in 2002-2003, and doubled again in 2007-2008 to
157,600 cords.  The use of birch took a tumble from 13 percent to nine
percent, while the use of aspen went up by 50 percent and elm nearly
doubled.

Table 6: Percent of Fuelwood Burned by Species and Survey year

Species	Survey Year

	1988-1989	1995-1996	2002-2003	2007-2008

Oak	32	27	38	29

Birch	13	14	13	9

Ash	8	4	10	17

Elm	14	3	5	9

Maple	8	4	8	10

Aspen	7	10	8	12

Other Species	3	6	9	10

Slabs and scrap lumber	15	32	8	4

  Note: Slabs and scrap lumber are included in this species breakdown.

Sources of Fuelwood

  Households continue to do much of the fuelwood harvesting themselves.
In 2002-2003, households harvested 60 percent of the fuelwood burned.
This figure fell slightly, to 58 percent, or 570,500 cords, in
2007-2008. (See Table 7.) In 2007-2008, households purchased 24 percent,
or 233,000 cords, of roundwood fuelwood for residential use.  Another 18
percent, or 175,300 cords was free wood, leftover wood, gift wood, wood
residues, scrap lumber, manufacture logs, and wood pellets. (See Table M
in appendix.)

15

Table 7: Percent of Fuelwood Consumption by Procurement Method and
Reason for Burning

Procurement Method	Reason for Burning	Percent of

Total

	Primary Heat	Secondary Heat	Pleasure

	Roundwood Cut by Households	55	26	19	58

Roundwood Purchased	33	29	38	24

Roundwood Other*	22	15	63	10

     Total Roundwood	46	25	29	92

Other Fuelwood Types**	31	27	42	8

Percent of Total	44	26	30	100

NOTE: Burning for pleasure also includes any volume that was burned for
camping or other non heating uses.
                                                             *Other
sources of roundwood include: free, gift, and wood leftover from
previous years

** Other fuelwood types include: wood residues, scrap lumber,
manufactured logs, and wood pellets.

   Individual households cut 570,500 cords of the fuelwood that was
burned during the 2007-2008 heating season, almost 1.5 times the number
of cords harvested by households in 2002-2003 when 393,500 cords were
cut. The volume cut by households was highest in the Central Hardwoods
unit, followed by the Northern Pine unit. Households using roundwood
fuelwood as the primary source of heat harvested 46 percent of the total
fuelwood cut by households. (See Table 8).

Table 8: Percent of Fuelwood Consumption from Roundwood Cut by
Households by Reason for                     Burning and Survey Year

Reason for Burning	Survey Year

	1988-1989	1995-1996	2002-2003	2007-2008

Primary Heat	50	54	58	46

Secondary Heat	45	37	35	25

Pleasure	5	9	7	29

      NOTE: Burning for pleasure also includes any volume that was
burned for camping or other non heating uses.

Volume of Fuelwood Harvested

   It is desirable to identify the sources of wood to assess the impacts
on different land ownership categories and competing uses of wood. The
volumes cut by homeowners and loggers are reported separately because of
significant differences in the data.  As can be seen in Table S, located
in the Appendix, 92 percent, or 870,200 cords of the fuelwood cut by
households was harvested from private land. There were 55,192 cords
(1,034,087 cords harvested minus 978,895 cords harvested and burned) of
firewood that was harvested but not burned by households that was cut in
2007-2008. Some of this firewood was sold or given away to others and
the rest will most likely be saved for future heating seasons.

   Loggers procure a much higher percent of fuelwood from land
administered by public agencies (53 percent) than private households.
Like households, a substantial amount of fuelwood, or 45 percent, is
also derived from private land.

16

Figure 7: Volume of Fuelwood Harvested by Households and Loggers by
Source of Material

   Much of the wood cut (61 percent) by residential households comes
from dead or downed trees and logging residues. Nine percent comes from
live standing trees in the forest. The remainder, 29 percent, is from
cropland/pasture, yard, and city trees.  This differs from logger’s
sources of fuelwood, where 57 percent or 119,700 cords, comes from live
trees from forestland. (See Figure 7.) Thirty-two percent, or 66,700
cords, is derived from logging residue from forestland. (See Table 9.)

       Table 9: Percent of Fuelwood Cut by Source of Material

Type of Material	State total	Households	Loggers

	percent	cords	percent	cords	percent	cords

Live Trees from Forestland

   Growing-stock Trees	12	123,526	6	48,119	36	75,407

   Non-growing-stock Trees	7	72,554	3	28,260	21	44,294

      Total Live Trees	19	196,080	9	76,379	57	119,701

Logging Residues from Forestland

   From Growing-stock Trees	4	38,226	2	16,209	10	22,017

   From Non-growing-stock Trees	7	77,400	4	32,700	21	44,700

      Total Logging Residues	11	115,625	6	48,908	32	66,717

Dead Trees from Forestland	46	475,327	55	456,529	9	18,798

Total Forest land	76	787,033	71	581,817	97	205,216

Wooded Strips, Fence Rows, and Wind Breaks	3	28,436	3	28,240	< 1	196

Cropland and Pasture	6	57,702	7	57,196	< 1	506

City Trees	5	47,251	5	43,760	2	3,491

Yard Trees	11	113,666	14	112,037	1	1,629

Total Non-Forestland	24	247,054	29	241,232	3	5,822

Total	100	1,034,087	100	823,049	100	211,038

        *This figure does not equal the total number of cords consumed
(978,900 cords) because it does not take into account other
     wood residue such as slabs, crates, etc.

17

Impact of Fuelwood Harvested on Commercial Forestland

   Approximately 161,750 cords of fuelwood produced for the 2007-2008
heating season were harvested from growing stock on forestland. (See
Figure 8.) This is a nine percent increase from the 2002-2003 survey,
but total roundwood harvested for fuelwood increased by over 60 percent.
This indicates a reduced impact of fuelwood use on the availability of
growing stock for higher value forest products. This is further
delineated by volume that is derived from other sources of timber on
forestland.  Non-growing stock consists of trees and forest residue that
is not usable as a higher value timber product, such as trees with
excessive amount of defects or rot. The total volume of fuelwood removed
from forestlands remains high, at 76 percent.

Figure 8: Volume of Fuelwood Harvested from Growing Stock by Survey Year

   The remaining fuelwood harvested in Minnesota comes from logging
slash and trees on non-forest land, which includes pastures, residential
and commercial lots, parks, roads, and street rights-of-way.

   Loggers and households that cut their own fuelwood harvested more oak
as a fuelwood source than any other species, while ash followed with 19
percent of the total harvested. (See Figure 9.) When cutting for
firewood, loggers cut more volume in species that make better firewood.
Oaks, ash, and some maples are a denser wood, thus burn longer and put
out more heat. In Minnesota, oak is the preferred firewood species.

18

Figure 9: Volume of Fuelwood Cut by Households and Loggers in Minnesota
by Species, 2007-2008

Trends in Household Fuelwood Consumption

   Until the 2007-2008 survey, the volume of fuelwood burned by
Minnesota households had been decreasing, sharply at times, since the
1984-1985 survey, when 1.42 million cords of fuelwood were burned.

   Until now, the decline was primarily attributable to four factors.
The most important factor probably was the decline in the price of
fossil fuel and the increased availability of natural gas. The increased
industrial demand for wood to manufacture paper and other forest
products was also an important factor. The latter had and still has the
greatest impact on the availability of fuelwood from aspen, birch, and
maple.

   Other factors contributing to the decline in residential fuelwood
consumption include the amount of labor associated with producing
one’s own fuelwood, the inconvenience of stoking and cleaning a wood
burning facility, and the risk of structural fires and associated
insurance costs attributed to wood burning facilities.  However, steady
increases in fossil fuel prices over the past several years has shifted
demand back to the use of fuelwood as a source of heat.

    Despite the trend toward use of fuelwood for pleasure rather then
for heat, the recent economic crisis and the associated downturn in
industrial demand for wood could increase the consumption of fuelwood
for primary and secondary heating. The impact could be very significant
in a short time, because even though 615,900 households are currently
consuming fuelwood, there are approximately 734,300 households with wood
burning facilities. In addition, the number of households planning to
burn fuelwood in 2009-2010 is 631,300, an increase of more than 15,000.
This means there still will be more than 100,000 households with the
capability of burning fuelwood if they choose to do so. In addition,
almost 40,000 households plan to purchase a wood-burning facility in the
next year.

19

20

Appendices

21

22

Sources of Secondary Calculations of Fuelwood Volumes

1) Calculations of growing-stock and non-growing stock sources on
forestland were based on factors obtained from the Minnesota Logging
Utilization Study, 1989, and other regional utilization studies.

2) A conversion factor of 1.0368 tons per cord was used for sawmill
slabs and edgings, based on: Release No. 232. Cord-Cubic Volume of
Relationship of Slabwood and Edgings, Bell, G. E. and Brooks, E.
American Pulpwood Association. New York, NY, 1955.

3) A conversion factor of 2.752 tons per cord was used for wood pellets,
based on: Jason Berthiaume, Pellet Fuels Institute (PFI). Current
standards require a minimum density for PFI-graded pellets of 40lbs/cu
ft. Under newly approved standards, which will begin implementation in
2009 and fully phased in by 2010, density for super-premium and premium
pellets will be 40-46lbs/cu ft, with standard and utility grades at
38-46lbs/cu ft. As super-premium and premium will make up the vast
majority of residential heating pellets, it makes sense to use the 40-46
range. Mid-range of 43 X 128 cubic feet per cord = 2.752 tons per cord.

4) A conversion factor of 1.0989 tons per cord was used for
wax/manufactured fireplace logs, based on:  Houck, J. E. OMNI Consulting
Services, Inc. Beaverton, Oregon. July 2002. Email:   HYPERLINK
<EMAIL_ADDRESS><EMAIL_ADDRESS>. He determined 444
typical logs make up a cord. The weighted average mass of wax/sawdust
fireplace logs is 4.95 lbs (2.5 lbs, 3.2 lbs, 5 lbs, and 6 lbs logs are
sold).  The average mass of densified logs sold is 5 lbs.

5) A conversion factor of 0.5184 tons per cord was used for wood pallets
and crates, based on: WikiAnswers: “How much does a pallet weigh?”
And “What is the standard size of a wooden pallet?” It was assumed
the Grocery Manufacturers' Association pallet was 48" x 40" and each
weighed 45 pounds.

    Web site:   HYPERLINK
"http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_average_weight_of_a_wooden_pallet
"
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_average_weight_of_a_wooden_pallet
and

    Web site:   HYPERLINK
"http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_standard_size_of_a_wooden_pallet"
 http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_is_the_standard_size_of_a_wooden_pallet
.

    Both accessed Dec. 4, 2008.

6) A conversion factor of 1.60435 tons per cord was used for scrap
lumber, based on:

    WikiAnswers: “How much does a 2 X 4 weigh?” Assuming 400 - 2 X
4s per cord and pine average of 27.5 pounds per cubic foot. 1.5 x 3.5 x
96 = 504 cubic inches or 0.2917 cubic feet. .2917 X 27.5 = 8.02175lbs.
per 2 X 4 X 8.

    Web site:   HYPERLINK
"http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_much_does_a_2_x_4_weigh"
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/How_much_does_a_2_x_4_weigh . Accessed Dec. 2,
2008.

7) A conversion factor of 1.054815 tons per cord was used for branches,
based on: Oregon Department of

    Environmental Quality; Oregon Material Recovery Survey Attachments;
Attachment B: Measurement

    Standards and Reporting Guidelines. Average yard debris loose and
compacted.

    Website:
http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/pubs/docs/sw/MRAttachmentB.pdf. Accessed
Dec. 2, 2008.

8) A conversion factor of 0.954074 tons per cord was used for sawdust,
based on: Oregon Department of Environmental Quality; Oregon Material
Recovery Survey Attachments; Attachment B: Measurement Standards and
Reporting Guidelines. Average wet and dry.

    Web site:
http://www.deq.state.or.us/lq/pubs/docs/sw/MRAttachmentB.pdf. Accessed
Dec. 2, 2008.

9) An average density of 1.396742 tons per cord was calculated as a
weighted average density of 12 species

    groups burned in the state.

23

24

Tables

Table A: Household Possession and Use of Wood-Burning Facilities by
Survey Unit

Table B: Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Reason for Burning and
Survey Unit

Table C: Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Type of Wood-Burning
Facility and Reason for
                                                         Burning

Table D:Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Type of Wood-Burning
Facility and Survey Unit

Table E:Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Place of Burning and Survey
Unit

Table F: Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Type of Fuelwood, Survey
Unit, and
         Detailed Type of Burning Facility

Table G:Residential Fuelwood Consumption in Secondary Residences Within
Each Survey Unit       by Wood Burners of Each Unit

Table H:Survey Units Where Residents of Each Unit Burned Wood

Table I: Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Reason for Burning and When
First Burned Wood

Table J: Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Type of Fuelwood

Table K:Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Type of Fuelwood, Survey
Unit, and       Detailed Type of Burning Facility

Table L: Residential Fuelwood Consumption of Roundwood by Species Group
and Survey Unit

Table M:Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Method of Procurement and
Survey Unit

Table N:Residential Fuelwood Consumption of Purchased Fuelwood by Survey
Unit and Size of                                      Fuelwood

Table O:Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Survey Unit and Place of
Consumption

Table P: Residential Fuelwood Production by Survey Unit and Source of
Material

Table Q:Residential Fuelwood Production by Species Group and Source of
Material

Table R:Residential Fuelwood Production by Ownership Class and Source of
Material

Table S: Residential Fuelwood Production by Species Group and Ownership
Class

Table T: Residential Fuelwood Production by Species Group and Survey
Unit

Table U:  Residential Fuelwood Production by Homeowners and Loggers and
Survey Unit

25

Table A: Household Possession and Use of Wood-Burning Facilities by
Survey Unit

Survey

Unit	Numbers

	Households

(Bureau of the Census 2007)	Households with Wood-Burning Facilities
Households Burning Wood in 2007-2008	Households Planning to Burn Wood in
2009	Households Planning to Buy Wood-Burning Facilities	Households
Burning Wood and Planning to Buy Wood-Burning Facilities

Aspen-Birch	111,116	49,080	43,190	45,153	1,963	785

Northern Pine	120,089	58,739	52,648	51,342	5,221	4,351

Central Hardwoods	416,067	142,983	133,966	139,118	11,593	7,729

Prairie	312,035	79,022	68,891	73,956	7,092	4,052

Metro	1,121,570	404,501	317,165	321,762	13,790	4,597

Total	2,080,877	734,325	615,860	631,331	39,659	21,514

Table B: Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Reason for Burning and
Survey Unit

Survey Unit Where Burned and

Reason for Burning 	Number of Wood

Burning Facilities	Volume

(cords)	Average Volume

(cords per facility)

Aspen-Birch	Pleasure	42,998	50,600	1.18

	Primary Heat	17,779	65,720	3.70

	Secondary Heat	18,061	37,898	2.10

	           Total	78,838	154,218	1.96

Northern

Pine	Pleasure	52,002	27,852	0.54

	Primary Heat	23,061	150,154	6.51

	Secondary Heat	19,145	30,750	1.61

	           Total	94,207	208,756	2.22

Central

Hardwoods	Pleasure	114,804	68,356	0.60

	Primary Heat	28,339	123,864	4.37

	Secondary Heat	40,664	59,846	1.47

	Total	183,807	252,066	1.37

Prairie	Pleasure	54,906	30,186	0.55

	Primary Heat	19,249	75,501	3.92

	Secondary Heat	21,819	41,071	1.88

	           Total	95,974	146,757	1.53

Metro	Pleasure	321,762	113,888	0.35

	Primary Heat	4,597	20,685	4.50

	Secondary Heat	50,563	82,526	1.63

	           Total	376,921	217,098	0.58

All

Units	Pleasure	586,471	290,881	0.50

	Primary Heat	93,024	435,923	4.69

	Secondary Heat	150,252	252,091	1.68

	           Total	829,747	978,895	1.18

 Note: Number of wood burning facilities does not equal number of
households because some households have

 more than one wood burning facility.

26

Table C: Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Type of Wood-Burning
Facility and Reason for         Burning

Type of facility	Primary heat	Secondary heat	Pleasure

	Number of Wood-Burning

Facilities	Volume

(Cords)	Number of

Wood-Burning

Facilities	Volume

(Cords)	Number of Wood-Burning

Facilities	Volume

(Cords)

Wood Stove	32,284	136,414	49,361	103,751	26,215	42,085

Fireplace	--	--	6,320	8,565	65,998	23,812

Fireplace Insert	1,841	13,909	30,380	33,246	29,839	12,832

Wood Furnace or Boiler	20,752	147,712	2,694	6,539	--	--

Wood Pellet Stove	1,723	1,922	2,969	3,024	--	--

Fire Pit or Ring	--	--	--	--	235,221	97,891

Combination	36,424	135,967	58,528	96,991	229,198	114,235

   Total	93,024	435,923	150,252	252,116	586,471	290,856

27

Table D: Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Type of Wood-Burning
Facility and Survey Unit

Survey Unit and

Reason for Burning 	Number of Wood

Burning Facilities	Volume

(cords)	Average Volume

(cords per facility)

Aspen-Birch	Wood Stove	28,432	97,277	3.42

	Fireplace	5,382	1,384	0.26

	Fireplace Insert	3,534	4,042	1.14

	Wood Furnace or Boiler	10,994	3,196	0.29

	Wood Pellet Stove	393	2,945	7.50

	Fire Pit or Ring	393	29	0.07

	Combination	29,711	45,346	1.53

	   Total	78,838	154,218	1.96

Northern

Pine	Wood Stove	12,183	43,930	3.61

	Fireplace	1,740	1,624	0.93

	Fireplace Insert	4,351	7,512	1.73

	Wood Furnace or Boiler	5,656	55,693	9.85

	Wood Pellet Stove	435	237	0.55

	Fire Pit or Ring	24,906	17,028	0.68

	Combination	44,935	82,731	1.84

	   Total	94,207	208,756	2.22

Central

Hardwoods	Wood Stove	21,898	48,175	2.20

	Fireplace	11,593	9,930	0.86

	Fireplace Insert	17,478	16,244	0.93

	Wood Furnace or Boiler	10,305	70,598	6.85

	Wood Pellet Stove	3,864	4,681	1.21

	Fire Pit or Ring	47,661	20,333	0.43

	Combination	71,007	82,105	1.16

	   Total	183,807	252,066	1.37

Prairie	Wood Stove	13,170	30,962	2.35

	Fireplace	3,039	1,186	0.39

	Fireplace Insert	9,118	21,056	2.31

	Wood Furnace or Boiler	7,092	25,014	3.53

	Fire Pit or Ring	22,956	8,858	0.39

	Combination	40,599	59,682	1.47

	   Total	95,974	146,757	1.53

Metro	Wood Stove	32,176	61,906	1.92

	Fireplace	50,563	18,254	0.36

	Fireplace Insert	27,580	11,133	0.40

	Fire Pit or Ring	128,705	48,477	0.38

	Combination	137,898	77,329	0.56

	   Total	376,921	217,098	0.58

All

Units	Wood Stove	107,860	282,250	2.62

	Fireplace	72,317	32,378	0.45

	Fireplace Insert	62,060	59,987	0.97

	Wood Furnace or Boiler	34,047	154,501	4.54

	Wood Pellet Stove	4,692	7,863	1.68

	Fire Pit or Ring	224,620	94,724	0.42

	Combination	324,150	347,193	1.07

	   Total	829,747	978,895	1.18

Note: Number of wood burning facilities does not equal number of
households because some households have

more than one wood burning facility.

28

Table E: Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Place of Burning and Survey
Unit

Place of Burning and

Survey Unit	Number of Wood

Burning Facilities	Volume

(cords)	Average Volume

(cords per facility)

Primary Residence	Aspen-Birch	39,656	90,562	2.28

	Northern Pine	56,999	175,659	3.08

	Central Hardwoods	141,695	216,413	1.53

	Prairie	69,904	123,864	1.77

	Metro	330,955	206,543	0.62

	   Total	639,209	813,040	1.27

Secondary/ Recreational Residence	Aspen-Birch	29,323	54,738	1.87

	Northern Pine	24,381	18,863	0.77

	Central Hardwoods	21,777	18,264	0.84

	Prairie	8,029	10,388	1.29

	Metro	9,193	996	0.11

	   Total	92,703	103,248	1.11

Business	Aspen-Birch	--	--	--

	Northern Pine	870	1,876	2.16

	Central Hardwoods	2,576	10,402	4.04

	Prairie	1,013	624	0.62

	Metro	4,597	4,684	1.02

	   Total	9,056	17,585	1.94

Garage/shop	Aspen-Birch	3,534	7,672	2.17

	Northern Pine	2,176	9,907	4.55

	Central Hardwoods	5,153	3,517	0.68

	Prairie	4,052	8,332	2.06

	Metro	4,597	1,052	0.23

	   Total	19,511	30,481	1.56

Camping	Aspen-Birch	6,325	1,246	0.20

	Northern Pine	9,781	2,450	0.25

	Central Hardwoods	12,606	3,470	0.28

	Prairie	12,976	3,549	0.27

	Metro	27,580	3,824	0.14

	   Total	69,268	14,540	0.21

All

Units	Aspen-Birch	78,838	154,218	1.96

	Northern Pine	94,207	208,756	2.22

	Central Hardwoods	183,807	252,066	1.37

	Prairie	95,974	146,757	1.53

	Metro	376,921	217,098	0.58

	   Total	829,747	978,895	1.18

29

Table F: Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Type of Fuelwood, Survey
Unit, and                Detailed Type of Burning Facility

Survey Unit Where Consumed and Detailed Type of Burning Facility	Total
Volume	Roundwood	Wood Residues or Scrap Lumber	Manufactured Logs or
Pellets

	(Cords)	(Dry Tons)	(Cords)	(Dry Tons)	(Cords)	(Dry Tons)	(Cords)	(Dry
Tons)

Aspen-Birch

	Woodstove: Conventional, Uncertified	90,851	126,607	90,379	126,236	469
369	2	2

	Woodstove: Catalytic, Certified	8,499	11,877	8,468	11,828	31	49	--	--

	Woodstove: Non-Catalytic, Certified	19,463	27,188	19,446	27,161	17	27
--	--

	Wood Pellet/Corn Stove	385	1,060	--	--	--	--	385	1,060

	Fireplace: Regular	1,938	2,662	1,787	2,496	--	--	151	166

	Fireplace: Insert, Uncertified	3,989	5,512	3,921	5,477	68	35	--	--

	Fireplace: Insert, Non-Catalytic, Certified	2,323	3,249	2,307	3,222	17
27	--	--

	Fireplace: Insert, Catalytic, Certified	1,178	1,645	1,178	1,645	--	--
--	--

	Boiler/Furnace: Indoor	3,392	4,738	3,392	4,738	--	--	--	--

	Boiler/Furnace: Outdoor	13,251	18,508	13,251	18,508	--	--	--	--

	Fire Pit/Ring/Chimenea	8,948	12,120	8,193	11,444	755	676	--	--

	   Total	154,218	215,166	152,323	212,756	1,357	1,182	538	1,228

Northern Pine

	Woodstove: Conventional, Uncertified	43,196	59,301	39,554	55,247	3,643
4,054	--	--

	Woodstove: Catalytic, Certified	9,173	12,840	9,037	12,622	136	218	--	--

	Woodstove: Non-Catalytic, Certified	13,986	19,534	13,984	19,532	2	2	--
--

	Wood Pellet/Corn Stove	1,225	3,371	--	--	--	--	1,225	3,371

	Fireplace: Regular	4,147	5,636	3,712	5,185	435	451	--	--

	Fireplace: Insert, Uncertified	7,385	10,308	7,361	10,281	--	--	25	27

	Fireplace: Insert, Non-Catalytic, Certified	2,428	3,391	2,428	3,391	--
--	--	--

	Fireplace: Insert, Catalytic, Certified	1,595	2,228	1,595	2,228	--	--
--	--

	Boiler/Furnace: Indoor	16,961	23,537	16,447	22,972	--	--	514	565

	Boiler/Furnace: Outdoor	84,737	116,475	79,515	111,062	5,221	5,413	--	--

	Fire Pit/Ring/Chimenea	23,922	31,065	18,525	25,875	5,397	5,190	--	--

	    Total	208,756	287,684	192,158	268,395	14,834	15,325	1,764	3,964

Central Hardwoods

	Woodstove: Conventional, Uncertified	51,625	72,157	51,194	71,505	431
652	--	--

	Woodstove: Catalytic, Certified	3,383	4,419	2,533	3,538	850	881	--	--

	Woodstove: Non-Catalytic, Certified	20,771	29,012	20,771	29,012	--	--
--	--

	Wood Pellet/Corn Stove	8,898	24,487	--	--	--	--	8,898	24,487

	Fireplace: Regular	16,353	22,801	16,172	22,588	108	133	73	80

	Fireplace: Insert, Uncertified	15,118	21,116	15,118	21,116	--	--	--	--

	Fireplace: Insert, Non-Catalytic, Certified	7,059	9,898	6,879	9,608	181
290	--	--

	Boiler/Furnace: Indoor	15,245	21,293	15,245	21,293	--	--	--	--

	Boiler/Furnace: Outdoor	79,924	107,553	70,032	97,817	9,892	9,736	--	--

	Fire Pit/Ring/Chimenea	33,687	43,263	28,241	39,445	5,447	3,818	--	--

	    Total	252,066	356,000	226,185	315,922	16,910	15,510	8,972	24,568

30

Survey Unit Where Consumed and Detailed Type of Burning Facility	Total
Volume	Roundwood	Wood Residues or Scrap Lumber	Manufactured Logs or
Pellets

	(Cords)	(Dry Tons)	(Cords)	(Dry Tons)	(Cords)	(Dry Tons)	(Cords)	(Dry
Tons)

Prairie

	Woodstove: Conventional, Uncertified	40,614	57,073	38,258	53,437	2,356
3,636	--	--

	Woodstove: Catalytic, Certified	3,294	4,358	2,619	3,658	675	700	--	--

	Woodstove: Non-Catalytic, Certified	19,228	26,862	19,213	26,836	14	26
--	--

	Fireplace: Regular	8,222	11,510	8,020	11,202	170	274	31	34

	Fireplace: Insert, Uncertified	22,916	32,008	22,916	32,008	--	--	--	--

	Fireplace: Insert, Non-Catalytic, Certified	891	1,162	780	1,089	111	73
--	--

	Fireplace: Insert, Catalytic, Certified	1,013	1,415	1,013	1,415	--	--
--	--

	Boiler/Furnace: Indoor	14,366	20,095	14,224	19,867	142	228	--	--

	Boiler/Furnace: Outdoor	21,326	29,422	20,313	28,372	1,013	1,050	--	--

	Fire Pit/Ring/Chimenea	14,888	20,197	13,982	19,529	907	668	--	--

	   Total	146,757	204,097	141,337	197,411	5,389	6,652	31	34

Metro

	Woodstove: Conventional, Uncertified	6,744	9,429	6,706	9,367	39	62	--
--

	Woodstove: Catalytic, Certified	57,171	79,858	57,145	79,817	26	41	--	--

	Fireplace: Regular	58,739	77,651	47,852	66,837	10,191	10049	696	765

	Fireplace: Insert, Uncertified	3,756	5,214	3,647	5,094	--	--	109	120

	Fireplace: Insert, Non-Catalytic, Certified	9,875	13,755	9,745	13,611
--	--	131	144

	Fireplace: Insert, Catalytic, Certified	3,447	4,815	3,447	4,815	--	--
--	--

	Fire Pit/Ring/Chimenea	77,365	97,628	59,698	83,383	17,613	14,186	54	59

	   Total	217,098	288,349	188,240	262,923	27,869	24,338	990	1,088

All Units	Woodstove: Conventional, Uncertified	233,031	324,564	226,090
315,789	6,938	8,773	2	2

	Woodstove: Catalytic, Certified	81,520	113,352	79,802	111,463	1,718
1,889	--	--

	Woodstove: Non-Catalytic, Certified	73,448	102,597	73,415	102,542	33	55
--	--

	Wood Pellet/Corn Stove	10,509	28,921	--	--	--	--	10,509	28,921

	Fireplace: Regular	89,400	120,261	77,544	108,309	10,905	10,907	951
1,045

	Fireplace: Insert, Uncertified	53,164	74,155	52,962	73,974	68	35	133
146

	Fireplace: Insert, Non-Catalytic, Certified	22,576	31,455	22,138	30,921
308	390	131	144

	Fireplace: Insert, Catalytic, Certified	7,234	10,104	7,234	10,104	--	--
--	--

	Boiler/Furnace: Indoor	49,964	69,664	49,308	68,871	142	228	514	565

	Boiler/Furnace: Outdoor	199,238	271,959	183,112	255,760	16,127	16,199
--	--

	Fire Pit/Ring/Chimenea	158,811	204,271	128,638	179,674	30,119	24,538	54
59

	   Total	978,895	1,351,299	900,243	1,257,407	66,357	63,010	12,295
30,882

31

Table G: Residential Fuelwood Consumption in Secondary Residences
Within Each Survey Unit by Wood Burners of Each Unit

Primary Residence of Wood Burners	Location of secondary residence 1	All
Units

	Aspen-Birch	Northern Pine	Central Hardwoods	Prairie	Metro

Number of Households	Volume

(Cords)	Number of Households	Volume

(Cords)	Number of Households	Volume

(Cords)	Number of Households	Volume

(Cords)	Number of Households	Volume

(Cords)	Number of Households	Volume

(Cords)

Aspen-Birch	22,380	21,318	393	196	--	--	393	283	--	--	23,166	21,797

Northern Pine	435	7	17,404	20,266	435	218	--	--	--	--	18,274	20,491

Central Hardwoods	2,576	3,864	5,153	3,392	36,068	31,506	1,288	602	--	--
45,085	39,364

Prairie	--	--	5,066	1,888	1,013	390	15,197	11,284	--	--	21,276	13,562

Metro	13,790	38,466	9,193	7,355	4,597	3,539	9,193	10,725	45,966	10,555
82,739	70,640

   Total	39,181	63,655	37,209	33,097	42,113	35,653	26,071	22,894	45,966
10,555	190,540	165,854

1 Includes secondary residences, recreational and business buildings,
camping, and other places of consumption.

32

Table H: Survey Units Where Residents of Each Unit Burned Wood

Primary Residence of Wood Burners and Where Residents Burn Wood	Number
of Households	Survey Unit Where Wood is Burned

(Cords)	Consumption by Wood Burners of each Unit (Cords)	Average Volume

(Cords per Household)

Aspen-Birch

	Northern Pine

	Central Hardwoods

	Prairie

	Metro

Aspen-Birch	Burn Outside of Unit	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--

	Burn Within Unit	42,405	111,880	--	--	--	--	111,880	2.64

	Burn Within and Outside of Unit	785	--	196	--	283	--	479	0.61

	   Total	43,190	111,880	196	--	283	--	112,359	2.6

Northern Pine	Burn Outside of Unit	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--

	Burn Within Unit	51,778	--	194,555	--	--	--	194,555	3.76

	Burn Within and Outside of Unit	870	7	1,371	218	--	--	1,595	1.83

	   Total	52,648	7	195,925	218	--	--	196,150	3.73

Central Hardwoods	Burn Outside of Unit	--	--	--	--	--	--	--	--

	Burn Within Unit	126,237	--	--	242,331	--	--	242,331	1.92

	Burn Within and Outside of Unit	7,729	3,864	3,392	5,588	602	--	13,446
1.74

	Total	133,966	3,864	3,392	247,919	602	--	255,777	1.91

Prairie	Burn Outside of Unit	1,013	--	810	--	--	--	810	0.80

	Burn within Unit	63,825	--	--	--	125,409	--	125,409	1.96

	Burn Within and Outside of Unit	4,052	--	1,077	390	9,738	--	11,206	2.77

	   Total	68,891	--	1,888	390	135,148	--	137,425	1.99

Metro	Burn Outside of Unit	13,790	38,052	4,597	--	--	--	42,649	3.09

	Burn Within Unit	284,989	--	--	--	--	207,352	207,352	0.73

	Burn Within and Outside of Unit	18,386	414	2,758	3,539	10,725	9,746
27,183	1.48

	   Total	317,165	38,466	7,355	3,539	10,725	217,098	277,184	0.87

All Units	Burn Outside of Unit	14,803	38,052	5,407	--	--	--	43,458	2.93

	Burn Within Unit	569,234	111,880	194,555	242,331	125,409	207,352
881,527 	1.55

	Burn Within and Outside of Unit	31,822	4,285	8,794	9,735	21,348	9,746
53,909	1.69

	   Total	615,859	154,217	208,756	252,066	146,757	217,098	978,894	1.59

33Table I: Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Reason for Burning

               and When First Burned Wood

Reason for Burning

and When First

Burned Wood	Number of

Households	Volume

(Cords)	Average

(Cords per

Household)

Pleasure	Last year	28,175	12,221	0.43

	2 years ago	12,715	7,676	0.60

	3 years ago	31,154	12,565	0.40

	4 years ago	3,421	1,612	0.47

	5 years ago	12,179	1,869	0.15

	More than 5 years ago	325,276	216,133	0.66

	   Total	412,920	252,076	0.61

Primary Heat	Last year	10,718	45,369	4.23

	2 years ago	--	--	--

	3 years ago	1,448	6,371	4.40

	4 years ago	2,158	14,708	6.81

	5 years ago	1,406	9,348	6.65

	More than 5 years ago	63,996	371,638	5.81

	   Total	79,726	447,434	5.61

Secondary Heat	Last year	2,191	2,876	1.31

	2 years ago	8,436	10,278	1.22

	3 years ago	2,509	8,004	3.19

	4 years ago	6,002	10,011	1.67

	5 years ago	1,406	1,252	0.89

	More than 5 years ago	102,669	246,963	2.41

	   Total	123,213	279,384	2.27

All Reasons	Last year	41,084	60,466	1.47

	2 years ago	21,151	17,954	0.85

	3 years ago	35,111	26,940	0.77

	4 years ago	11,581	26,331	2.27

	5 years ago	14,991	12,469	0.83

	More than 5 years ago	491,941	834,734	1.70

	   Total	615,860	978,895	1.59

34

Table J: Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Type of Fuelwood*

Survey Unit Where Consumed and

Type of

Roundwood Burned	Number of

Wood-Burning

Facilities	Type of Fuelwood	Total

Volume

(Cords)	Average

(Cords per

Facility)

Roundwood

(Cords)	Wood Residues

and

Scrap Lumber

(Cords)	Manufactured

Logs or

Wood Pellets

(Cords)

Aspen-Birch	Roundwood	61,677	140,972	--	--	140,972	2.29

	Wood Residues	3,534	--	78	--	78	0.02

	Manufactured Logs	1,178	--	--	29	29	0.02

	Combination	12,449	11,352	1,279	510	13,140	1.06

	Total	78,838	152,323	1,357	538	154,218	1.96

Northern

Pine	Roundwood	75,596	175,345	--	--	175,345	2.32

	Wood residues	2,611	--	6,418	--	6,418	2.46

	Manufactured Logs	1,740	--	--	1,739	1,739	1

	Combination	14,260	16,813	8,416	25	25,253	1.77

	Total	94,207	192,158	14,834	1,764	208,756	2.22

Central Hardwoods	Roundwood	128,417	189,902	--	--	189,902	1.48

	Wood Residues	6,441	--	337	--	337	0.05

	Manufactured Logs	9,017	--	--	4,696	4,696	0.52

	Combination	39,932	36,282	16,573	4,275	57,131	1.43

	Total	183,807	226,185	16,910	8,972	252,066	1.37

Prairie	Roundwood	73,411	119,439	--	--	119,439	1.63

	Wood Residues	5,066	--	1,086	--	1,086	0.21

	Manufactured Logs	--	--	--	--	--	--

	Combination	17,498	21,898	4,303	31	26,233	1.5

	Total	95,975	141,337	5,389	31	146,757	1.53

Metro	Roundwood	220,637	124,848	--	--	124,848	0.57

	Wood Residues	9,193	--	431	--	431	0.05

	Manufactured Logs	13,790	--	--	185	185	0.01

	Combination	133,301	63,392	27,437	805	91,634	0.69

	Total	376,921	188,240	27,869	990	217,098	0.58

All Units	Roundwood	559,738	750,506	--	--	750,506	1.34

	Wood Residues	26,845	--	8,350	--	8,350	0.31

	Manufactured Logs	25,725	--	--	6,649	6,649	0.26

	Combination	217,440	149,737	58,008	5,646	213,390	0.98

	Total	829,748	900,243	66,357	12,295	978,895	1.18

  *Most of this volume is derived from dead and cull trees, not trees
from growing stock.

35

Table K: Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Type of Fuelwood, Survey
Unit, and                              Detailed Type of Burning
Facility*

Survey Unit Where Consumed and Detailed

Type of Burning Facility	Total Volume

(Cords)	Roundwood (Cords)	Wood Residues or Scrap Lumber (Cords)
Manufactured Logs or Pellets (Cords)

Aspen-Birch	Woodstove: Conventional, Uncertified	90,851	90,379	469	2

	Woodstove: Catalytic, Certified	8,499	8,468	31	 --

	Woodstove: Non-Catalytic, Certified	19,463	19,446	17	 --

	Wood Pellet/Corn Stove	385	 -- 	 -- 	385

	Fireplace: Regular	1,938	1,787	 -- 	151

	Fireplace: Insert, Uncertified	3,989	3,921	68	 --

	Fireplace: Insert, Non-Catalytic, Certified	2,323	2,307	17	 --

	Fireplace: Insert, Catalytic, Certified	1,178	1,178	 -- 	 --

	Boiler/Furnace: Indoor	3,392	3,392	 -- 	 --

	Boiler/Furnace: Outdoor	13,251	13,251	 -- 	 --

	Fire Pit/Ring/Chimenea	8,948	8,193	755	 --

	   Total	154,218	152,323	1,357	538

Northern Pine	Woodstove: Conventional, Uncertified	43,196	39,554	3,643
--

	Woodstove: Catalytic, Certified	9,173	9,037	136	 --

	Woodstove: Non-Catalytic, Certified	13,986	13,984	2	 --

	Wood Pellet/Corn Stove	1,225	 -- 	 -- 	1,225

	Fireplace: Regular	4,147	3,712	435	 --

	Fireplace: Insert, Uncertified	7,385	7,361	 -- 	25

	Fireplace: Insert, Non-Catalytic, Certified	2,428	2,428	 -- 	 --

	Fireplace: Insert, Catalytic, Certified	1,595	1,595	 -- 	 --

	Boiler/Furnace: Indoor	16,961	16,447	 -- 	514

	Boiler/Furnace: Outdoor	84,737	79,515	5,221	 --

	Fire Pit/Ring/Chimenea	23,922	18,525	5,397	 --

	    Total	208,756	192,158	14,834	1,764

Central Hardwoods	Woodstove: Conventional, Uncertified	51,625	51,194	431
 --

	Woodstove: Catalytic, Certified	3,383	2,533	850	 --

	Woodstove: Non-Catalytic, Certified	20,771	20,771	 -- 	 --

	Wood Pellet/Corn Stove	8,898	 -- 	 -- 	8,898

	Fireplace: Regular	16,353	16,172	108	73

	Fireplace: Insert, Uncertified	15,118	15,118	 -- 	 --

	Fireplace: Insert, Non-Catalytic, Certified	7,059	6,879	181	 --

	Boiler/Furnace: Indoor	15,245	15,245	 -- 	 --

	Boiler/Furnace: Outdoor	79,924	70,032	9,892	 --

	Fire Pit/Ring/Chimenea	33,687	28,241	5,447	 --

	    Total	252,066	226,185	16,910	8,972

36

Survey Unit Where Consumed and Detailed

Type of Burning Facility	Total Volume

(Cords)	Roundwood (Cords)	Wood Residues or Scrap Lumber (Cords)
Manufactured Logs or Pellets** (Cords)

Prairie	Woodstove: Conventional, Uncertified	40,614	38,258	2,356	 --

	Woodstove: Catalytic, Certified	3,294	2,619	675	 --

	Woodstove: Non-Catalytic, Certified	19,228	19,213	14	 --

	Fireplace: Regular	8,222	8,020	170	31

	Fireplace: Insert, Uncertified	22,916	22,916	 -- 	 --

	Fireplace: Insert, Non-Catalytic, Certified	891	780	111	 --

	Fireplace: Insert, Catalytic, Certified	1,013	1,013	 -- 	 --

	Boiler/Furnace: Indoor	14,366	14,224	142	 --

	Boiler/Furnace: Outdoor	21,326	20,313	1,013	 --

	Fire Pit/Ring/Chimenea	14,888	13,982	907	 --

	   Total	146,757	141,337	5,389	31

Metro	Woodstove: Conventional, Uncertified	6,744	6,706	39	 --

	Woodstove: Catalytic, Certified	57,171	57,145	26	 --

	Fireplace: Regular	58,739	47,852	10,191	696

	Fireplace: Insert, Uncertified	3,756	3,647	 -- 	109

	Fireplace: Insert, Non-Catalytic, Certified	9,875	9,745	 -- 	131

	Fireplace: Insert, Catalytic, Certified	3,447	3,447	 -- 	 --

	Fire Pit/Ring/Chimenea	77,365	59,698	17,613	54

	   Total	217,098	188,240	27,869	990

All Units	Woodstove: Conventional, Uncertified	233,031	226,090	6,938	2

	Woodstove: Catalytic, Certified	81,520	79,802	1,718	 --

	Woodstove: Non-Catalytic, Certified	73,448	73,415	33	 --

	Wood Pellet/Corn Stove	10,509	 -- 	 -- 	10,509

	Fireplace: Regular	89,400	77,544	10,905	951

	Fireplace: Insert, Uncertified	53,164	52,962	68	133

	Fireplace: Insert, Non-Catalytic, Certified	22,576	22,138	308	131

	Fireplace: Insert, Catalytic, Certified	7,234	7,234	 -- 	 --

	Boiler/Furnace: Indoor	49,964	49,308	142	514

	Boiler/Furnace: Outdoor	199,238	183,112	16,127	 --

	Fire Pit/Ring/Chimenea	158,811	128,638	30,119	54

	   Total	978,895	900,243	66,357	12,295

  *Most of this volume is derived from dead and cull trees, not trees
from growing stock.

 **If material burned takes place in a pellet stove, the material is
pellets. If burned in a fireplace, the material is manufactured logs.

37

 Table L: Residential Fuelwood Consumption of Roundwood by Species
Group and Survey Unit*

Species Group	All Units

(Cords)	Survey Unit where Consumed (cords)

Aspen-

Birch

	Northern

Pine

	Central

Hardwoods

	Prairie

	Metro

Softwoods

Cedar	6,034	1,257	12	1,032	2,114	1,619

Tamarack	782	226	522	34	 -- 	 --

Spruce-fir	1,830	736	64	34	536	460

Pine	55,660	10,516	25,847	7,809	2,916	8,572

   Total	64,306	12,735	26,445	8,909	5,566	10,651

Hardwoods

Maple	92,701	12,377	13,097	22,108	19,638	25,481

Birch	87,420	42,339	19,309	12,033	4,365	9,374

Ash	157,611	37,538	12,752	26,296	42,223	38,802

Aspen	108,092	32,967	36,829	28,546	7,149	2,601

Oak	275,167	9,977	77,604	92,925	22,674	71,987

Basswood	19,649	4,031	1,395	8,484	4,075	1,664

Elm	85,169	336	4,549	22,572	31,574	26,138

Other Hardwoods	10,127	24	177	4,313	4,071	1,542

   Total	835,936	139,589	165,712	217,277	135,769	177,589

All Species	900,242	152,324	192,157	226,186	141,335	188,240

             *Most of this volume is derived from dead and cull trees,
not trees from growing stock.

38

Table M: Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Method of Procurement and
Survey Unit

Survey Unit Where Consumed and

Procurement Method	Roundwood Procurement Method	Total Round-wood Volume

 (Cords)	Total Other

Fuelwood Types2

(Cords)	Total Fuelwood

(Cords)

	Volume

Cut

(Cords)	Volume

Purchased

(Cords)	Volume

Other 1

 (Cords)

	Aspen-Birch

	Cut	42,666	--	2,984	45,650	578	46,228

	Purchased 1	--	72,786	769	73,556	701	74,257

	Cut and Purchased 1	9,500	16,432	7,185	33,117	615	33,733

	   Total	52,166	89,218	10,939	152,323	1,895	154,218

Northern Pine

	Cut	118,496	--	4,251	122,747	3,755	126,502

	Purchased 1	--	15,701	562	16,264	8,701	24,964

	Cut and Purchased 1	21,713	25,140	6,294	53,147	4,142	57,289

	   Total	140,209	40,841	11,108	192,158	16,598	208,756

Central Hardwoods

	Cut	148,846	--	11,757	160,603	7,722	168,325

	Purchased 1	--	16,200	4,232	20,432	10,084	30,517

	Cut and Purchased 1	12,021	19,249	13,879	45,149	8,075	53,224

	   Total	160,867	35,449	29,868	226,185	25,881	252,066

Prairie

	Cut	115,374	--	1,499	116,873	2,100	118,973

	Purchased 1	--	8,624	507	9,131	1,327	10,458

	Cut and Purchased 1	1,646	1,646	12,041	15,334	1,993	17,327

	   Total	117,020	10,271	14,047	141,337	5,420	146,757

Metro

	Cut	95,930	--	5,865	101,795	2,920	104,715

	Purchased 1	--	35,192	7,521	42,713	8,885	51,598

	Cut and Purchased 1	4,317	22,104	17,310	43,732	17,053	60,785

	   Total	100,248	57,296	30,696	188,240	28,858	217,098

All units

	Cut	521,312	--	26,357	547,668	17,075	564,743

	Purchased 1	--	148,504	13,591	162,095	29,699	191,794

	Cut and Purchased 1	49,198	84,572	56,710	190,480	31,879	222,358

	   Total	570,510	233,076	96,658	900,243	78,652	978,895

1 Includes gift wood, free wood, and leftover wood.

2 Includes wood residues, scrap lumber, manufactured logs and pellets.

39

Table N: Residential Fuelwood Consumption of Purchased Fuelwood by
Survey Unit and Size of Fuelwood

Survey Unit Where Consumed and

Size of Wood Purchased	Number of

Wood-Burning

Facilities	Volume

(Cords)	Average

(Cords per

Facility)

Aspen-Birch	16 inches	10,094	8,738	0.87

	24 inches	785.2721	1,178	1.50

	72 inches	785.2721	220.8578	0.28

	100 inches	9,466	31,871	3.37

	Mixed slabs and endings	392.636	98.15901	0.25

	Mixed roundwood	8,916	40,339	4.52

	Tree length	785.2721	6,478	8.25

	Roundwood and Residues	392.636	392.636	1.00

	   Total	31,616	89,316	2.83

Northern Pine	12 inches	2,176	803	0.37

	16 inches	6,527	11,024	1.69

	24 inches	870.2101	1240.049	1.43

	100 inches	3,046	10,171	3.34

	Mixed slabs and endings	5,902	7,714	1.31

	Mixed roundwood	3,046	5,112	1.68

	Tree length	1,305	10,225	7.83

	Roundwood and Residues	2,176	3,250	1.49

	   Total	25,047	49,539	1.98

Central Hardwoods	12 inches	6,441	1,231	0.19

	16 inches	11,037	11,465	1.04

	24 inches	1,288	1	0.00

	100 inches	1,288	4,830	3.75

	Mixed slabs and endings	1,288	1,787	1.39

	Mixed roundwood	3,864	6,183	1.60

	Roundwood and Residues	12,881	11,171	0.87

	   Total	38,088	36,668	0.96

Prairie	12 inches	1,013	4,559	4.50

	16 inches	2,026	317	0.16

	24 inches	2,026	1,646	0.81

	Mixed slabs and endings	2,026	537	0.27

	Mixed roundwood	3,432	1,975	0.58

	Roundwood and Residues	1,013	1,268	1.25

	   Total	11,537	10,301	0.89

40

Survey Unit Where Consumed and

Size of Wood Purchased

	Number of

Wood-Burning

Facilities 	Volume

(Cords)	Average

(Cords per

Facility)

Metro	12 inches	22,983	2,464	0.11

	16 inches	64,352	17,322	0.27

	Mixed slabs and endings	18,386	3,751	0.20

	Mixed roundwood	22,983	10,285	0.45

	Tree length	9,193	33,096	3.60

	Roundwood and Residues	18,386	3,652	0.20

	   Total	156,284	70,569	0.45

All units	12 inches	32,612	9,057	0.28

	16 inches	94,036	48,866	0.52

	24 inches	4,970	4,065	0.82

	72 inches	785.2721	220.8578	0.28

	100 inches	13,800	46,872	3.40

	Mixed slabs and endings	27,995	13,887	0.50

	Mixed roundwood	42,241	63,894	1.51

	Tree length	11,284	49,799	4.41

	Roundwood and Residues	34,849	19,733	0.57

	   Total	262,572	256,394	0.98

41

Table O: Residential Fuelwood Consumption by Survey Unit and Place of
Consumption

Survey Unit Where Consumed and

Place of Consumption	Number of

Wood-Burning

Facilities	Primary

Residence

(Cords)	Secondary

Residence

(Cords)	Other

Buildings 1

(Cords)	Total

Fuelwood

(Cords)	Average

(Cords per

Facility)

Aspen-Birch	Primary Residence	31,018	69,667	--	--	69,667	2.25

	Secondary Residence	6,167	--	2,219	--	2,219	0.36

	Other Buildings 1	12,057	--	--	45,047	45,047	3.74

	Combination	29,596	20,895	11,008	5,381	37,284	1.26

	   Total	78,838	90,562	13,228	50,428	154,218	1.96

Northern Pine	Primary Residence	46,991	156,736	--	--	156,736	3.34

	Secondary Residence	6,772	--	6,623	--	6,623	0.98

	Other Buildings 1	5,757	--	--	12,673	12,673	2.20

	Combination	34,687	18,923	4,847	8,953	32,724	0.94

	   Total	94,207	175,659	11,470	21,626	208,756	2.22

Central Hardwoods	Primary Residence	108,203	186,349	--	--	186,349	1.72

	Secondary Residence	3,864	--	3,301	--	3,301	0.85

	Other Buildings 1	6,441	--	--	14,577	14,577	2.26

	Combination	65,299	30,064	6,185	11,590	47,839	0.73

	   Total	183,807	216,413	9,486	26,167	252,066	1.37

Prairie	Primary Residence	53,694	90,777	--	--	90,777	1.69

	Secondary Residence	393	--	283	--	283	0.72

	Other Buildings 1	4,052	--	--	6,975	6,975	1.72

	Combination	37,835	33,086	9,193	6,443	48,723	1.29

	   Total	95,974	123,864	9,476	13,418	146,757	1.53

Metro	Primary Residence	266,603	179,530	--	--	179,530	0.67

	Secondary Residence	4,597	--	766	--	766	0.17

	Other Buildings 1	4,597	--	--	41	41	0.01

	Combination	101,125	27,013	--	9,748	36,761	0.36

	   Total	376,921	206,543	766	9,789	217,098	0.58

All units	Primary Residence	506,510	683,059	--	--	683,059	1.35

	Secondary Residence	21,793	--	13,192	--	13,192	0.61

	Other Buildings 1	32,903	--	--	79,314	79,314	2.41

	Combination	268,541	129,981	31,234	42,115	203,330	0.76

	   Total	829,747	813,040	44,426	121,429	978,895	1.18

1 Include: garages, business and recreational buildings.

42

   Table P: Residential Fuelwood Production by Homeowners and Loggers,
Survey Unit, and Source   of Material

Survey Unit	All Sources

cords	Forest Land (cords)	Non-Forest Land (cords)

Standing

Live Trees	Logging

Waste	Dead Trees	Windbreaks and

Fencerows	Pasture and

Cropland	Cities and

Towns	Yard Trees

Aspen-Birch	100,875	62,311	3,273	26,672	1,021	790	760	6,048

Northern Pine	245,895	58,417	27,829	130,747	787	11,519	4,536	12,060

Central Hardwoods	419,255	67,019	79,718	185,858	14,107	15,400	20,007
37,147

Prairie	195,491	8,326	4,805	120,265	12,062	29,993	5,561	14,479

Metro	72,571	8	--	11,785	460	--	16,387	43,932

All Units	1,034,087	196,080	115,625	475,327	28,436	57,702	47,251	113,666

Table Q: Residential Fuelwood Production by Homeowners, Loggers, Species
Group, and Source of Material

Ownership Class	All Sources

cords	Forest Land (cords)	Non-Forest Land (cords)

Standing

Live Trees	Logging

Waste	Dead Trees	Windbreaks and

Fencerows	Pasture and

Cropland	Cities and

Towns	Yard Trees

Softwoods

Cedar	3,247	927	81	1,879	69	 -- 	268	24

Tamarack	14,528	2,045	646	11,838	 -- 	 -- 	 -- 	 --

Spruce-fir	2,560	469	 -- 	1,617	94	32	143	205

Pine	53,269	5,101	9,670	28,784	776	1,955	1,706	5,278

   Total	73,604	8,542	10,396	44,117	939	1,987	2,116	5,507

Hardwoods

Maple	120,703	31,151	13,506	52,375	353	2,663	7,151	13,502

Birch	77,138	31,030	6,167	29,143	678	2,224	1,834	6,061

Ash	195,778	27,106	8,726	86,616	14,293	26,489	9,716	22,834

Cottonwood	8,547	313	 -- 	1,454	547	2,214	738	3,281

Aspen	115,731	31,887	21,376	44,990	1,167	4,930	1,416	9,966

Oak	304,146	57,535	45,530	153,127	4,154	8,743	13,328	21,730

Basswood	32,116	6,261	6,931	10,248	38	502	1,975	6,161

Elm	99,036	1,507	2,640	51,570	6,092	5,965	6,859	24,403

Other Hardwoods	7,288	747	354	1,687	175	1,986	2,118	221

   Total	960,482	187,538	105,229	431,209	27,497	55,715	45,135	108,159

43

Table R: Residential Fuelwood Production by Homeowners, Loggers,
Ownership Class, and Source of Material

Ownership Class	All Sources

cords	Forest Land (cords)	Non-Forest Land (cords)

Standing

Live Trees	Logging

Waste	Dead Trees	Windbreaks and

Fencerows	Pasture and

Cropland	Cities and

Towns	Yard Trees

National Forest	6,578	5,767	303	507	--	--	--	--

Other Federal	48	18	--	29	--	--	--	--

State	88,052	46,293	36,745	5,014	--	--	--	--

County	55,162	37,862	6,186	11,114	--	--	--	--

Municipal	6,748	--	81	2,616	--	--	3,931	121

Forest Industry	7,340	2,019	1,368	3,952	--	--	--	--

Private	870,159	114,422	70,942	452,095	28,171	57,453	42,120	104,957

   All ownerships	1,034,087	206,381	115,625	475,327	28,171	57,453	46,051
105,078

.

Table S: Residential Fuelwood Production by Homeowners, Loggers, Species
Group, and Ownership Class

Species Group	All

Ownerships

cords	Ownership Class (cords)

National Forest	Other Federal	State	County	Municipal	Forest Industry
Private

Softwoods

Cedar	3,247	--	--	61	--	50	18	3,119

Tamarack	14,528	--	--	3,056	1,111	--	--	10,361

Spruce-fir	2,560	--	--	--	--	50	--	2,509

Pine	53,269	52	22	2,811	2,684	121	2,514	45,065

   Total	73,604	52	22	5,927	3,795	221	2,532	61,055

Hardwoods

Maple	120,703	1,749	4	9,601	11,429	1,011	603	96,305

Birch	77,138	1,962	16	6,997	11,631	162	1,679	54,691

Ash	195,778	1,361	1	12,656	7,481	384	280	173,615

Cottonwood	8,547	--	--	--	--	725	--	7,823

Aspen	115,731	1,144	0	10,781	4,860	1,197	212	97,537

Oak	304,146	282	5	36,381	13,773	1,413	1,579	250,713

Basswood	32,116	26	0	5,274	158	100	0	26,557

Elm	99,036	1	1	434	2,033	1,536	453	94,578

Other Hardwoods	7,288	0	0	0	0	0	0	7,285

   Total	960,482	6,525	26	82,125	51,367	6,528	4,807	809,104

All Species	1,034,087	6,578	48	88,052	55,162	6,748	7,340	870,159

      	0= Less than ½ cord

44Table T: Residential Fuelwood Production by Homeowners, Loggers,
Species Group, and Survey Unit

Species Group	All

Units

cords	Survey Unit (cords)

Aspen-

Birch	Northern

Pine	Central

Hardwoods	Prairie	Metro

Softwoods

Cedar	3,247	1,564	85	525	904	170

Tamarack	14,528	892	13,572	--	65	--

Spruce-fir	2,560	1,500	3	--	914	143

Pine	53,269	3,980	31,535	12,906	3,316	1,532

   Total	73,604	7,936	45,195	13,431	5,199	1,845

Hardwoods

Maple	120,703	17,041	14,164	48,477	26,079	14,941

Birch	77,138	29,675	29,081	13,384	2,034	2,964

Ash	195,778	16,556	19,041	71,174	75,264	13,743

Cottonwood	8,547	--	--	4,434	4,100	13

Aspen	115,731	21,704	46,549	39,108	7,842	528

Oak	304,146	6,556	86,242	169,184	26,752	15,412

Basswood	32,116	355	3,223	24,317	3,726	494

Elm	99,036	1,042	2,359	34,666	40,369	20,601

Other Hardwoods	7,288	9	41	1,079	4,126	2,032

   Total	960,482	92,938	200,700	405,823	190,292	70,728

All Species	1,034,087	100,875	245,895	419,255	195,491	72,571

Table U: Residential Fuelwood Production by Homeowners, Loggers,
Ownership Class, and Survey Unit

Ownership Class	All Units

cords	Survey Unit (cords)

Aspen-Birch	Northern Pine	Central Hardwoods	Prairie	Metro

Households	National Forest	776	5	764	7	--	--

	Other Federal	48	41	--	7	--	--

	State	9,109	5	7,926	1,178	--	--

	County	27,403	2,282	11,639	1,514	3,120	8,848

	Municipal	6,184	654	322	4,040	896	272

	Forest Industry	3,467	1,128	825	1,514	--	--

	Private	776,063	54,360	171,456	298,351	189,358	62,538

	   Total	823,050	58,475	192,932	306,611	193,374	71,658

Loggers	National Forest	5,802	4,726	1,076	--	--	--

	State	78,943	12,346	13,894	52,582	121	--

	County	27,758	13,581	14,113	64	--	--

	Municipal	564	--	--	56	--	508

	Forest Industry	3,873	129	3,744	--	--	--

	Private	94,097	11,617	20,138	59,942	1,995	405

	   Total	211,037	42,399	52,965	112,644	2,116	913

Total Harvest	National Forest	6,577	4,731	1,839	7	--	--

	Other Federal	48	41	--	7	--	--

	State	88,052	12,351	21,820	53,760	121	--

	County	55,160	15,863	25,751	1,578	3,120	8,848

	Municipal	6,748	654	322	4,096	896	780

	Forest Industry	7,340	1,257	4,569	1,514	--	--

	Private	870,159	65,977	191,593	358,293	191,353	62,943

	   Total	1,034,087	100,875	245,895	419,255	195,491	72,571

45

 PAGE

 PAGE


[Federal Register: March 16, 2006 (Volume 71, Number 51)]
[Notices]
[Page 13648-13649]
[DOCID:fr16mr06-92]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

[Release No. 34-53455; File No. SR-OCC-2005-22]

Self-Regulatory Organizations; The Options Clearing Corporation;
Order Granting Approval of a Proposed Rule Change Relating to
Allocations Processing

March 8, 2006.

I. Introduction

    On December 13, 2005, The Options Clearing Corporation (``OCC'')
filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (``Commission'')
proposed rule change SR-OCC-2005-22 pursuant to Section 19(b)(1) of the
Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (``Act'').\1\ Notice of the proposal
was published in the Federal Register on January 30, 2006.\2\ No
comment letters were received. For the reasons discussed below, the
Commission is granting approval of the proposed rule change.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \1\ 15 U.S.C. 78s(b)(1).
    \2\ Securities Exchange Act Release No. 53150 (January 19,
2006), 71 FR 4953.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

II. Description

    The proposed rule change relates to new Rule 405, ``Allocations,''
which governs the processing of post-trade allocation instructions by
clearing members. OCC installed a new system to process post-trade
allocation instructions in January 2006, and in order to accommodate
the immediate use of the allocation system for commodity contracts
cleared by OCC that are subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the
Commodity Futures Trading Commission (``CFTC''), OCC adopted Rule 405
by submitting File No. SR-OCC-2005-21 for immediate effectiveness
pursuant to Section 19(b)(3)(A) of the Act.\3\ OCC included
Interpretation and Policy .02 to Rule 405 to provide that the new
system could not be used for positions in contracts which are subject
to the Commission's jurisdiction (i.e., securities options or security
futures) until the Commission issued an order approving the use of Rule
405 and the new system for processing post-trade allocations with
respect to such positions. The purpose of the proposed rule change is
to obtain such Commission approval and to delete Interpretation and
Policy .02 to Rule 405.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ Securities Exchange Act Release No. 53151 (January 19,
2006), 71 FR 4951 (January 30, 2006).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The new allocation system and Rule 405 provide clearing members
with a centralized system for processing allocation or ``give-up''
instructions across all exchanges for which OCC provides clearing
services. Allocations are post-trade instructions entered by one
clearing member (i.e., an authorized ``executing'' or ``giving-up''
clearing member) that direct OCC to move a transaction or position to
the account of another clearing member (i.e., the ``carrying'' or
``given-up'' clearing member).
    Post-trade allocations of securities options have been processed
through OCC's Clearing Member Trade Assignment (``CMTA'')
functionality, which normally causes a transaction to automatically be
moved into an account of the carrying clearing member so long as the
executing and carrying clearing members have an effective CMTA
arrangement registered with OCC for the exchange submitting the
matching trade information for that transaction.\4\ Under the new
allocation system, clearing members will be able to elect either to
continue to use the existing CMTA system or to use the new allocation
system for securities options.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \4\ OCC Rule 403.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Most post-trade allocations of commodity futures cleared through
OCC have been processed through The Clearing Corporation's (``CCorp'')
``give-up'' system, which requires the given-up clearing member to
affirmatively accept a transaction.\5\ OCC's new allocation system has
enabled clearing members to process commodity futures ``give-ups''
without going through the CCorp system.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \5\ OCC Rule 404.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    New Rule 405 currently governs the processing of allocation
instructions for contracts subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the
CFTC. As amended by this proposed rule change, Rule 405 will operate in
the same fashion for contracts subject to the Commission's
jurisdiction. Transactions will first clear in the designated account
of the giving-up clearing member. Instructions to allocate positions
may be submitted either through an exchange's system for providing
matching trade information to OCC or through OCC's clearing system,
ENCORE. In either case, if the given-up and giving-up clearing members
are parties to an allocation agreement that has been registered with
OCC, OCC will automatically allocate the positions resulting from an
allocation instruction to a designated account of the given-up clearing
member without further action by the clearing members.\6\ If the
clearing members are not parties to a registered allocation agreement,
OCC will not effect the allocation instruction until the given-up
clearing member gives OCC notice of its affirmative acceptance of the
allocated positions. (In contrast, the CMTA system does not allow for
acceptance of allocated positions without a registered CMTA agreement.)
If the given-up clearing member does not give OCC notice of such
acceptance by an OCC-specified deadline, the allocation instruction
will not be processed, and the positions will remain in the account of
the giving-up clearing member, which will remain responsible for the
positions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \6\ Unlike CMTAs, clearing members will not be required to
register their allocation arrangement by exchange.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    A given-up clearing member will be responsible for appropriately
allocated positions. Given-up positions are moved to the given-up
clearing member's account at the premium price in the case of options
or at the contract price in the case of futures at which the positions
were established by the executing clearing member. Positions that are
allocated on an intraday basis will not be reflected in position
reports until the following business day. However, OCC will take those
positions into account in processing any intraday settlements
authorized by its By-laws and Rules, including intraday margin
settlements. A given-up clearing member may enter an instruction to
reverse an allocation that was accepted in error. If the given-up and
giving-up clearing members are parties to a registered allocation
agreement, the reversing instruction will be automatically processed.
If the clearing members are not parties to a registered allocation
agreement, the reversing instruction must be affirmatively accepted by
the original giving-up clearing member.
    Allocation instructions may be for a single position (i.e., a
position in a given series established at a single price) or for a
group of positions (i.e., positions in the same series established at
different prices). Allocation instructions for grouped positions must
be submitted through ENCORE. For single positions, the instruction must
identify the contract quantity, series, and price as specified in the
matching trade information. For grouped positions, the allocation
instruction must provide the same information, but the price may be an
average price if not prohibited under exchange rules and applicable
law.\7\ For

the convenience of clearing members, OCC's system will produce a
suggested average price for grouped allocations that clearing members
may adopt for purposes of processing the instruction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \7\ Average pricing is permitted under the Commodity Exchange
Act in certain circumstances. In those circumstances, a clearing
member may instruct OCC to use the average price in clearing and
settling the trades. Clearing members have requested that OCC
provide functionality that would also permit positions in securities
options and security futures to be allocated at an average price.
Accordingly, OCC has developed its allocation system to accommodate
the use of such prices for security options and security futures,
provided that such use does not violate exchange rules or applicable
law.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    Registration of allocation agreements may be terminated either by
mutual agreement or unilaterally. Mutually terminated registrations
will be effected immediately in OCC's system. Unilaterally terminated
registrations will be terminated in OCC's system effective as of 8 a.m.
CST the business day after the termination notice is received by OCC
and the other clearing member. These are the same standards currently
applied to terminating CMTA arrangements under OCC Rule 403. Following
termination of registration of an allocation agreement, an allocated
position may be allocated to a given-up clearing member only upon its
affirmative acceptance.

III. Discussion

    Section 17A(b)(3)(F) of the Act provides that the rules of a
clearing agency should be designed to promote the prompt and accurate
clearance and settlement of securities transactions. OCC's rules
permitting allocation of clearing member positions are designed to
ensure that positions are carried in the appropriate clearing member
account at OCC. The new allocation service offered under Rule 405 is
designed to improve upon and add efficiencies to OCC's existing CMTA
functionality for allocating post-trade instructions by centralizing
and further automating post-trade allocations. Although OCC designed
the new allocation system to be an improvement upon its current system,
clearing members may choose to continue using the CMTA functionality.
Accordingly, because the proposed rule change is designed to enhance
OCC's service offerings and to provide efficiencies to clearing
members, the Commission finds that the proposed rule change is designed
to promote the prompt and accurate clearance and settlement of
securities transactions.

IV. Conclusion

    On the basis of the foregoing, the Commission finds that the
proposed rule change is consistent with the requirements of the Act and
in particular with the requirements of Section 17A of the Act and the
rules and regulations thereunder.
    It is therefore ordered, pursuant to Section 19(b)(2) of the Act,
that the proposed rule change (File No. SR-OCC-2005-22) be and hereby
is approved.

    For the Commission by the Division of Market Regulation,
pursuant to delegated authority.\8\
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \8\ 17 CFR 200.30-3(a)(12).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

Nancy M. Morris,
Secretary.
[FR Doc. E6-3807 Filed 3-15-06; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 8010-01-P