45.750   46.250   46.750   47.250   47.750   48.250   48.750   49.250
   49.750   50.250   50.750   51.250   51.750   52.250   52.750   53.250
   53.750   54.250   54.750   55.250   55.750   56.250   56.750   57.250
   57.750   58.250   58.750   59.250   59.750   60.250   60.750   61.250
   61.750   62.250   62.750   63.250   63.750   64.250   64.750   65.250
   65.750   66.250   66.750   67.250   67.750   68.250   68.750   69.250
   69.750   70.250   70.750   71.250   71.750   72.250   72.750   73.250
   73.750   74.250   74.750   75.250   75.750   76.250   76.750   77.250
   77.750   78.250   78.750   79.250   79.750   80.250   80.750   81.250
   81.750   82.250   82.750   83.250   83.750   84.250   84.750   85.250
   85.750   86.250   86.750   87.250   87.750   88.250   88.750   89.250
   89.750   90.000
0.5° x 0.667° latitude centers:
  -89.875  -89.500  -89.000  -88.500  -88.000  -87.500  -87.000  -86.500
  -86.000  -85.500  -85.000  -84.500  -84.000  -83.500  -83.000  -82.500
  -82.000  -81.500  -81.000  -80.500  -80.000  -79.500  -79.000  -78.500
  -78.000  -77.500  -77.000  -76.500  -76.000  -75.500  -75.000  -74.500
  -74.000  -73.500  -73.000  -72.500  -72.000  -71.500  -71.000  -70.500
  -70.000  -69.500  -69.000  -68.500  -68.000  -67.500  -67.000  -66.500
  -66.000  -65.500  -65.000  -64.500  -64.000  -63.500  -63.000  -62.500
  -62.000  -61.500  -61.000  -60.500  -60.000  -59.500  -59.000  -58.500
  -58.000  -57.500  -57.000  -56.500  -56.000  -55.500  -55.000  -54.500
  -54.000  -53.500  -53.000  -52.500  -52.000  -51.500  -51.000  -50.500
  -50.000  -49.500  -49.000  -48.500  -48.000  -47.500  -47.000  -46.500
  -46.000  -45.500  -45.000  -44.500  -44.000  -43.500  -43.000  -42.500
  -42.000  -41.500  -41.000  -40.500  -40.000  -39.500  -39.000  -38.500
  -38.000  -37.500  -37.000  -36.500  -36.000  -35.500  -35.000  -34.500
  -34.000  -33.500  -33.000  -32.500  -32.000  -31.500  -31.000  -30.500
  -30.000  -29.500  -29.000  -28.500  -28.000  -27.500  -27.000  -26.500
  -26.000  -25.500  -25.000  -24.500  -24.000  -23.500  -23.000  -22.500
  -22.000  -21.500  -21.000  -20.500  -20.000  -19.500  -19.000  -18.500
  -18.000  -17.500  -17.000  -16.500  -16.000  -15.500  -15.000  -14.500
  -14.000  -13.500  -13.000  -12.500  -12.000  -11.500  -11.000  -10.500
  -10.000   -9.500   -9.000   -8.500   -8.000   -7.500   -7.000   -6.500
   -6.000   -5.500   -5.000   -4.500   -4.000   -3.500   -3.000   -2.500
   -2.000   -1.500   -1.000   -0.500    0.000    0.500    1.000    1.500
    2.000    2.500    3.000    3.500    4.000    4.500    5.000    5.500
    6.000    6.500    7.000    7.500    8.000    8.500    9.000    9.500
   10.000   10.500   11.000   11.500   12.000   12.500   13.000   13.500
   14.000   14.500   15.000   15.500   16.000   16.500   17.000   17.500
   18.000   18.500   19.000   19.500   20.000   20.500   21.000   21.500
   22.000   22.500   23.000   23.500   24.000   24.500   25.000   25.500
   26.000   26.500   27.000   27.500   28.000   28.500   29.000   29.500
   30.000   30.500   31.000   31.500   32.000   32.500   33.000   33.500
   34.000   34.500   35.000   35.500   36.000   36.500   37.000   37.500
   38.000   38.500   39.000   39.500   40.000   40.500   41.000   41.500
   42.000   42.500   43.000   43.500   44.000   44.500   45.000   45.500
   46.000   46.500   47.000   47.500   48.000   48.500   49.000   49.500
   50.000   50.500   51.000   51.500   52.000   52.500   53.000   53.500
   54.000   54.500   55.000   55.500   56.000   56.500   57.000   57.500
   58.000   58.500   59.000   59.500   60.000   60.500   61.000   61.500
   62.000   62.500   63.000   63.500   64.000   64.500   65.000   65.500
   66.000   66.500   67.000   67.500   68.000   68.500   69.000   69.500
   70.000   70.500   71.000   71.500   72.000   72.500   73.000   73.500
   74.000   74.500   75.000   75.500   76.000   76.500   77.000   77.500
   78.000   78.500   79.000   79.500   80.000   80.500   81.000   81.500
   82.000   82.500   83.000   83.500   84.000   84.500   85.000   85.500
   86.000   86.500   87.000   87.500   88.000   88.500   89.000   89.500
   89.875

A2.6.1 China/SE Asia 0.5° x 0.667° nested grid
The GMAO 0.5 ° x 0.667 ° (GEOS - 5 met fields) nested-grid over China and SE Asia is defined on the following grid (121 longitudes x 133 latitudes):
Longitude centers:
   70.000   70.667   71.333   72.000   72.667   73.333   74.000   74.667
   75.333   76.000   76.667   77.333   78.000   78.667   79.333   80.000
   80.667   81.333   82.000   82.667   83.333   84.000   84.667   85.333
   86.000   86.667   87.333   88.000   88.667   89.333   90.000   90.667
   91.333   92.000   92.667   93.333   94.000   94.667   95.333   96.000
   96.667   97.333   98.000   98.667   99.333  100.000  100.667  101.333
  102.000  102.667  103.333  104.000  104.667  105.333  106.000  106.667
  107.333  108.000  108.667  109.333  110.000  110.667  111.333  112.000
  112.667  113.333  114.000  114.667  115.333  116.000  116.667  117.333
  118.000  118.667  119.333  120.000  120.667  121.333  122.000  122.667
  123.333  124.000  124.667  125.333  126.000  126.667  127.333  128.000
  128.667  129.333  130.000  130.667  131.333  132.000  132.667  133.333
  134.000  134.667  135.333  136.000  136.667  137.333  138.000  138.667
  139.333  140.000  140.667  141.333  142.000  142.667  143.333  144.000
  144.667  145.333  146.000  146.667  147.333  148.000  148.667  149.333
  150.000
Latitude centers:
  -11.000  -10.500  -10.000   -9.500   -9.000   -8.500   -8.000   -7.500
   -7.000   -6.500   -6.000   -5.500   -5.000   -4.500   -4.000   -3.500
   -3.000   -2.500   -2.000   -1.500   -1.000   -0.500    0.000    0.500
    1.000    1.500    2.000    2.500    3.000    3.500    4.000    4.500
    5.000    5.500    6.000    6.500    7.000    7.500    8.000    8.500
    9.000    9.500   10.000   10.500   11.000   11.500   12.000   12.500
   13.000   13.500   14.000   14.500   15.000   15.500   16.000   16.500
   17.000   17.500   18.000   18.500   19.000   19.500   20.000   20.500
   21.000   21.500   22.000   22.500   23.000   23.500   24.000   24.500
   25.000   25.500   26.000   26.500   27.000   27.500   28.000   28.500
   29.000   29.500   30.000   30.500   31.000   31.500   32.000   32.500
   33.000   33.500   34.000   34.500   35.000   35.500   36.000   36.500
   37.000   37.500   38.000   38.500   39.000   39.500   40.000   40.500
   41.000   41.500   42.000   42.500   43.000   43.500   44.000   44.500
   45.000   45.500   46.000   46.500   47.000   47.500   48.000   48.500
   49.000   49.500   50.000   50.500   51.000   51.500   52.000   52.500
   53.000   53.500   54.000   54.500   55.000

A2.6.2 North America 0.5° x 0.667° nested grid
The GMAO 0.5° x 0.667° (GEOS - 5 met fields) nested-grid over North America is defined on the following grid (151 longitudes x 121 latitudes):
Longitude centers:
 -140.000 -139.333 -138.667 -138.000 -137.333 -136.667 -136.000 -135.333
 -134.667 -134.000 -133.333 -132.667 -132.000 -131.333 -130.667 -130.000
 -129.333 -128.667 -128.000 -127.333 -126.667 -126.000 -125.333 -124.667
 -124.000 -123.333 -122.667 -122.000 -121.333 -120.667 -120.000 -119.333
 -118.667 -118.000 -117.333 -116.667 -116.000 -115.333 -114.667 -114.000
 -113.333 -112.667 -112.000 -111.333 -110.667 -110.000 -109.333 -108.667
 -108.000 -107.333 -106.667 -106.000 -105.333 -104.667 -104.000 -103.333
 -102.667 -102.000 -101.333 -100.667 -100.000  -99.333  -98.667  -98.000
  -97.333  -96.667  -96.000  -95.333  -94.667  -94.000  -93.333  -92.667
  -92.000  -91.333  -90.667  -90.000  -89.333  -88.667  -88.000  -87.333
  -86.667  -86.000  -85.333  -84.667  -84.000  -83.333  -82.667  -82.000
  -81.333  -80.667  -80.000  -79.333  -78.667  -78.000  -77.333  -76.667
  -76.000  -75.333  -74.667  -74.000  -73.333  -72.667  -72.000  -71.333
  -70.667  -70.000  -69.333  -68.667  -68.000  -67.333  -66.667  -66.000
  -65.333  -64.667  -64.000  -63.333  -62.667  -62.000  -61.333  -60.667
  -60.000  -59.333  -58.667  -58.000  -57.333  -56.667  -56.000  -55.333
  -54.667  -54.000  -53.333  -52.667  -52.000  -51.333  -50.667  -50.000
  -49.333  -48.667  -48.000  -47.333  -46.667  -46.000  -45.333  -44.667
  -44.000  -43.333  -42.667  -42.000  -41.333  -40.667  -40.000
Latitude centers:
   10.000   10.500   11.000   11.500   12.000   12.500   13.000   13.500
   14.000   14.500   15.000   15.500   16.000   16.500   17.000   17.500
   18.000   18.500   19.000   19.500   20.000   20.500   21.000   21.500
   22.000   22.500   23.000   23.500   24.000   24.500   25.000   25.500
   26.000   26.500   27.000   27.500   28.000   28.500   29.000   29.500
   30.000   30.500   31.000   31.500   32.000   32.500   33.000   33.500
   34.000   34.500   35.000   35.500   36.000   36.500   37.000   37.500
   38.000   38.500   39.000   39.500   40.000   40.500   41.000   41.500
   42.000   42.500   43.000   43.500   44.000   44.500   45.000   45.500
   46.000   46.500   47.000   47.500   48.000   48.500   49.000   49.500
   50.000   50.500   51.000   51.500   52.000   52.500   53.000   53.500
   54.000   54.500   55.000   55.500   56.000   56.500   57.000   57.500
   58.000   58.500   59.000   59.500   60.000   60.500   61.000   61.500
   62.000   62.500   63.000   63.500   64.000   64.500   65.000   65.500
   66.000   66.500   67.000   67.500   68.000   68.500   69.000   69.500
   70.000

A2.6.3 Europe 0.5° x 0.667° nested grid
The GMAO 0.5° x 0.667° (GEOS - 5 met fields) nested-grid over Europe is defined on the following grid (121 longitudes x 81 latitudes):
Longitude centers:
 -30.000 -29.333 -28.667 -28.000 -27.333 -26.667 -26.000 -25.333
 -24.667 -24.000 -23.333 -22.667 -22.000 -21.333 -20.667 -20.000
 -19.333 -18.667 -18.000 -17.333 -16.667 -16.000 -15.333 -14.667
 -14.000 -13.333 -12.667 -12.000 -11.333 -10.667 -10.000  -9.333
  -8.667  -8.000  -7.333  -6.667  -6.000  -5.333  -4.667  -4.000
  -3.333  -2.667  -2.000  -1.333  -0.667   0.000   0.667   1.333
   2.000   2.667   3.333   4.000   4.667   5.333   6.000   6.667
   7.333   8.000   8.667   9.333  10.000  10.667  11.333  12.000
  12.667  13.333  14.000  14.667  15.333  16.000  16.667  17.333
  18.000  18.667  19.333  20.000  20.667  21.333  22.000  22.667
  23.333  24.000  24.667  25.333  26.000  26.667  27.333  28.000
  28.667  29.333  30.000  30.667  31.333  32.000  32.667  33.333
  34.000  34.667  35.333  36.000  36.667  37.333  38.000  38.667
  39.333  40.000  40.667  41.333  42.000  42.667  43.333  44.000
  44.667  45.333  46.000  46.667  47.333  48.000  48.667  49.333
  50.000
Latitude centers:
  30.000  30.500  31.000  31.500  32.000  32.500  33.000  33.500
  34.000  34.500  35.000  35.500  36.000  36.500  37.000  37.500
  38.000  38.500  39.000  39.500  40.000  40.500  41.000  41.500
  42.000  42.500  43.000  43.500  44.000  44.500  45.000  45.500
  46.000  46.500  47.000  47.500  48.000  48.500  49.000  49.500
  50.000  50.500  51.000  51.500  52.000  52.500  53.000  53.500
  54.000  54.500  55.000  55.500  56.000  56.500  57.000  57.500
  58.000  58.500  59.000  59.500  60.000  60.500  61.000  61.500
  62.000  62.500  63.000  63.500  64.000  64.500  65.000  65.500
  66.000  66.500  67.000  67.500  68.000  68.500  69.000  69.500
  70.000
Longitude edges:
 -30.333 -29.667 -29.000 -28.333 -27.667 -27.000 -26.333 -25.667
 -25.000 -24.333 -23.667 -23.000 -22.333 -21.667 -21.000 -20.333
 -19.667 -19.000 -18.333 -17.667 -17.000 -16.333 -15.667 -15.000
 -14.333 -13.667 -13.000 -12.333 -11.667 -11.000 -10.333  -9.667
  -9.000  -8.333  -7.667  -7.000  -6.333  -5.667  -5.000  -4.333
  -3.667  -3.000  -2.333  -1.667  -1.000  -0.333   0.333   1.000
   1.667   2.333   3.000   3.667   4.333   5.000   5.667   6.333
   7.000   7.667   8.333   9.000   9.667  10.333  11.000  11.667
  12.333  13.000  13.667  14.333  15.000  15.667  16.333  17.000
  17.667  18.333  19.000  19.667  20.333  21.000  21.667  22.333
  23.000  23.667  24.333  25.000  25.667  26.333  27.000  27.667
  28.333  29.000  29.667  30.333  31.000  31.667  32.333  33.000
  33.667  34.333  35.000  35.667  36.333  37.000  37.667  38.333
  39.000  39.667  40.333  41.000  41.667  42.333  43.000  43.667
  44.333  45.000  45.667  46.333  47.000  47.667  48.333  49.000
  49.667  50.333
Latitude edges:
  29.750  30.250  30.750  31.250  31.750  32.250  32.750  33.250
  33.750  34.250  34.750  35.250  35.750  36.250  36.750  37.250
  37.750  38.250  38.750  39.250  39.750  40.250  40.750  41.250
  41.750  42.250  42.750  43.250  43.750  44.250  44.750  45.250
  45.750  46.250  46.750  47.250  47.750  48.250  48.750  49.250
  49.750  50.250  50.750  51.250  51.750  52.250  52.750  53.250
  53.750  54.250  54.750  55.250  55.750  56.250  56.750  57.250
  57.750  58.250  58.750  59.250  59.750  60.250  60.750  61.250
  61.750  62.250  62.750  63.250  63.750  64.250  64.750  65.250
  65.750  66.250  66.750  67.250  67.750  68.250  68.750  69.250
  69.750  70.250

A2.7 Generic 1° x 1° grid

Generic 1° x 1° grid (detail of SE Asia region)
Many emissions are provided to us on the "generic" 1° x 1° grid. The date line (-180° longitude) is the western edge of the first grid box and -179.5° is the center of the first box. This grid is shifted by 1/2 degree with respect to the GMAO 1° x 1° grid.
1° x 1° longitude edges:
 -180.000 -179.000 -178.000 -177.000 -176.000 -175.000 -174.000 -173.000
 -172.000 -171.000 -170.000 -169.000 -168.000 -167.000 -166.000 -165.000
 -164.000 -163.000 -162.000 -161.000 -160.000 -159.000 -158.000 -157.000
 -156.000 -155.000 -154.000 -153.000 -152.000 -151.000 -150.000 -149.000
 -148.000 -147.000 -146.000 -145.000 -144.000 -143.000 -142.000 -141.000
 -140.000 -139.000 -138.000 -137.000 -136.000 -135.000 -134.000 -133.000
 -132.000 -131.000 -130.000 -129.000 -128.000 -127.000 -126.000 -125.000
 -124.000 -123.000 -122.000 -121.000 -120.000 -119.000 -118.000 -117.000
 -116.000 -115.000 -114.000 -113.000 -112.000 -111.000 -110.000 -109.000
 -108.000 -107.000 -106.000 -105.000 -104.000 -103.000 -102.000 -101.000
 -100.000  -99.000  -98.000  -97.000  -96.000  -95.000  -94.000  -93.000
  -92.000  -91.000  -90.000  -89.000  -88.000  -87.000  -86.000  -85.000
  -84.000  -83.000  -82.000  -81.000  -80.000  -79.000  -78.000  -77.000
  -76.000  -75.000  -74.000  -73.000  -72.000  -71.000  -70.000  -69.000
  -68.000  -67.000  -66.000  -65.000  -64.000  -63.000  -62.000  -61.000
  -60.000  -59.000  -58.000  -57.000  -56.000  -55.000  -54.000  -53.000
  -52.000  -51.000  -50.000  -49.000  -48.000  -47.000  -46.000  -45.000
  -44.000  -43.000  -42.000  -41.000  -40.000  -39.000  -38.000  -37.000
  -36.000  -35.000  -34.000  -33.000  -32.000  -31.000  -30.000  -29.000
  -28.000  -27.000  -26.000  -25.000  -24.000  -23.000  -22.000  -21.000
  -20.000  -19.000  -18.000  -17.000  -16.000  -15.000  -14.000  -13.000
  -12.000  -11.000  -10.000   -9.000   -8.000   -7.000   -6.000   -5.000
   -4.000   -3.000   -2.000   -1.000    0.000    1.000    2.000    3.000
    4.000    5.000    6.000    7.000    8.000    9.000   10.000   11.000
   12.000   13.000   14.000   15.000   16.000   17.000   18.000   19.000
   20.000   21.000   22.000   23.000   24.000   25.000   26.000   27.000
   28.000   29.000   30.000   31.000   32.000   33.000   34.000   35.000
   36.000   37.000   38.000   39.000   40.000   41.000   42.000   43.000
   44.000   45.000   46.000   47.000   48.000   49.000   50.000   51.000
   52.000   53.000   54.000   55.000   56.000   57.000   58.000   59.000
   60.000   61.000   62.000   63.000   64.000   65.000   66.000   67.000
   68.000   69.000   70.000   71.000   72.000   73.000   74.000   75.000
   76.000   77.000   78.000   79.000   80.000   81.000   82.000   83.000
   84.000   85.000   86.000   87.000   88.000   89.000   90.000   91.000
   92.000   93.000   94.000   95.000   96.000   97.000   98.000   99.000
  100.000  101.000  102.000  103.000  104.000  105.000  106.000  107.000
  108.000  109.000  110.000  111.000  112.000  113.000  114.000  115.000
  116.000  117.000  118.000  119.000  120.000  121.000  122.000  123.000
  124.000  125.000  126.000  127.000  128.000  129.000  130.000  131.000
  132.000  133.000  134.000  135.000  136.000  137.000  138.000  139.000
  140.000  141.000  142.000  143.000  144.000  145.000  146.000  147.000
  148.000  149.000  150.000  151.000  152.000  153.000  154.000  155.000
  156.000  157.000  158.000  159.000  160.000  161.000  162.000  163.000
  164.000  165.000  166.000  167.000  168.000  169.000  170.000  171.000
  172.000  173.000  174.000  175.000  176.000  177.000  178.000  179.000
  180.000
1° x 1° longitude centers:
 -179.500 -178.500 -177.500 -176.500 -175.500 -174.500 -173.500 -172.500
 -171.500 -170.500 -169.500 -168.500 -167.500 -166.500 -165.500 -164.500
 -163.500 -162.500 -161.500 -160.500 -159.500 -158.500 -157.500 -156.500
 -155.500 -154.500 -153.500 -152.500 -151.500 -150.500 -149.500 -148.500
 -147.500 -146.500 -145.500 -144.500 -143.500 -142.500 -141.500 -140.500
 -139.500 -138.500 -137.500 -136.500 -135.500 -134.500 -133.500 -132.500
 -131.500 -130.500 -129.500 -128.500 -127.500 -126.500 -125.500 -124.500
 -123.500 -122.500 -121.500 -120.500 -119.500 -118.500 -117.500 -116.500
 -115.500 -114.500 -113.500 -112.500 -111.500 -110.500 -109.500 -108.500
 -107.500 -106.500 -105.500 -104.500 -103.500 -102.500 -101.500 -100.500
  -99.500  -98.500  -97.500  -96.500  -95.500  -94.500  -93.500  -92.500
  -91.500  -90.500  -89.500  -88.500  -87.500  -86.500  -85.500  -84.500
  -83.500  -82.500  -81.500  -80.500  -79.500  -78.500  -77.500  -76.500
  -75.500  -74.500  -73.500  -72.500  -71.500  -70.500  -69.500  -68.500
  -67.500  -66.500  -65.500  -64.500  -63.500  -62.500  -61.500  -60.500
  -59.500  -58.500  -57.500  -56.500  -55.500  -54.500  -53.500  -52.500
  -51.500  -50.500  -49.500  -48.500  -47.500  -46.500  -45.500  -44.500
  -43.500  -42.500  -41.500  -40.500  -39.500  -38.500  -37.500  -36.500
  -35.500  -34.500  -33.500  -32.500  -31.500  -30.500  -29.500  -28.500
  -27.500  -26.500  -25.500  -24.500  -23.500  -22.500  -21.500  -20.500
  -19.500  -18.500  -17.500  -16.500  -15.500  -14.500  -13.500  -12.500
  -11.500  -10.500   -9.500   -8.500   -7.500   -6.500   -5.500   -4.500
   -3.500   -2.500   -1.500   -0.500    0.500    1.500    2.500    3.500
    4.500    5.500    6.500    7.500    8.500    9.500   10.500   11.500
   12.500   13.500   14.500   15.500   16.500   17.500   18.500   19.500
   20.500   21.500   22.500   23.500   24.500   25.500   26.500   27.500
   28.500   29.500   30.500   31.500   32.500   33.500   34.500   35.500
   36.500   37.500   38.500   39.500   40.500   41.500   42.500   43.500
   44.500   45.500   46.500   47.500   48.500   49.500   50.500   51.500
   52.500   53.500   54.500   55.500   56.500   57.500   58.500   59.500
   60.500   61.500   62.500   63.500   64.500   65.500   66.500   67.500
   68.500   69.500   70.500   71.500   72.500   73.500   74.500   75.500
   76.500   77.500   78.500   79.500   80.500   81.500   82.500   83.500
   84.500   85.500   86.500   87.500   88.500   89.500   90.500   91.500
   92.500   93.500   94.500   95.500   96.500   97.500   98.500   99.500
  100.500  101.500  102.500  103.500  104.500  105.500  106.500  107.500
  108.500  109.500  110.500  111.500  112.500  113.500  114.500  115.500
  116.500  117.500  118.500  119.500  120.500  121.500  122.500  123.500
  124.500  125.500  126.500  127.500  128.500  129.500  130.500  131.500
  132.500  133.500  134.500  135.500  136.500  137.500  138.500  139.500
  140.500  141.500  142.500  143.500  144.500  145.500  146.500  147.500
  148.500  149.500  150.500  151.500  152.500  153.500  154.500  155.500
  156.500  157.500  158.500  159.500  160.500  161.500  162.500  163.500>
  164.500  165.500  166.500  167.500  168.500  169.500  170.500  171.500
  172.500  173.500  174.500  175.500  176.500  177.500  178.500  179.500
1° x 1° latitude edges:
  -90.000  -89.000  -88.000  -87.000  -86.000  -85.000  -84.000  -83.000
  -82.000  -81.000  -80.000  -79.000  -78.000  -77.000  -76.000  -75.000
  -74.000  -73.000  -72.000  -71.000  -70.000  -69.000  -68.000  -67.000
  -66.000  -65.000  -64.000  -63.000  -62.000  -61.000  -60.000  -59.000
  -58.000  -57.000  -56.000  -55.000  -54.000  -53.000  -52.000  -51.000
  -50.000  -49.000  -48.000  -47.000  -46.000  -45.000  -44.000  -43.000
  -42.000  -41.000  -40.000  -39.000  -38.000  -37.000  -36.000  -35.000
  -34.000  -33.000  -32.000  -31.000  -30.000  -29.000  -28.000  -27.000
  -26.000  -25.000  -24.000  -23.000  -22.000  -21.000  -20.000  -19.000
  -18.000  -17.000  -16.000  -15.000  -14.000  -13.000  -12.000  -11.000
  -10.000   -9.000   -8.000   -7.000   -6.000   -5.000   -4.000   -3.000
   -2.000   -1.000    0.000    1.000    2.000    3.000    4.000    5.000
    6.000    7.000    8.000    9.000   10.000   11.000   12.000   13.000
    4.000   15.000   16.000   17.000   18.000   19.000   20.000   21.000
   22.000   23.000   24.000   25.000   26.000   27.000   28.000   29.000
   30.000   31.000   32.000   33.000   34.000   35.000   36.000   37.000
   38.000   39.000   40.000   41.000   42.000   43.000   44.000   45.000
   46.000   47.000   48.000   49.000   50.000   51.000   52.000   53.000
   54.000   55.000   56.000   57.000   58.000   59.000   60.000   61.000
   62.000   63.000   64.000   65.000   66.000   67.000   68.000   69.000
   70.000   71.000   72.000   73.000   74.000   75.000   76.000   77.000
   78.000   79.000   80.000   81.000   82.000   83.000   84.000   85.000
   86.000   87.000   88.000   89.000   90.000
1° x 1° latitude centers:
  -89.500  -88.500  -87.500  -86.500  -85.500  -84.500  -83.500  -82.500
  -81.500  -80.500  -79.500  -78.500  -77.500  -76.500  -75.500  -74.500
  -73.500  -72.500  -71.500  -70.500  -69.500  -68.500  -67.500  -66.500
  -65.500  -64.500  -63.500  -62.500  -61.500  -60.500  -59.500  -58.500
  -57.500  -56.500  -55.500  -54.500  -53.500  -52.500  -51.500  -50.500
  -49.500  -48.500  -47.500  -46.500  -45.500  -44.500  -43.500  -42.500
  -41.500  -40.500  -39.500  -38.500  -37.500  -36.500  -35.500  -34.500
  -33.500  -32.500  -31.500  -30.500  -29.500  -28.500  -27.500  -26.500
  -25.500  -24.500  -23.500  -22.500  -21.500  -20.500  -19.500  -18.500
  -17.500  -16.500  -15.500  -14.500  -13.500  -12.500  -11.500  -10.500
   -9.500   -8.500   -7.500   -6.500   -5.500   -4.500   -3.500   -2.500
   -1.500   -0.500    0.500    1.500    2.500    3.500    4.500    5.500
    6.500    7.500    8.500    9.500   10.500   11.500   12.500   13.500
   14.500   15.500   16.500   17.500   18.500   19.500   20.500   21.500
   22.500   23.500   24.500   25.500   26.500   27.500   28.500   29.500
   30.500   31.500   32.500   33.500   34.500   35.500   36.500   37.500
   38.500   39.500   40.500   41.500   42.500   43.500   44.500   45.500
   46.500   47.500   48.500   49.500   50.500   51.500   52.500   53.500
   54.500   55.500   56.500   57.500   58.500   59.500   60.500   61.500
   62.500   63.500   64.500   65.500   66.500   67.500   68.500   69.500
   70.500   71.500   72.500   73.500   74.500   75.500   76.500   77.500
   78.500   79.500   80.500   81.500   82.500   83.500   84.500   85.500
   86.500   87.500   88.500   89.500

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Atmospheric Sciences > GEOS-Chem Model > Manuals > Archive > Man.v9 01 03 > Appendix 3
                 GEOS - Chem v9 - 01 - 03 Online User's Guide
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Appendix 3: GEOS - Chem Vertical Grids
We compare the vertical grids of the meteorological data that GEOS - Chem reads from disk.

A3.1 Comparison of GCAP, GEOS - 3, GEOS - 4, and GEOS - 5/MERRA vertical grids

GCAP, GEOS - 3, GEOS - 4, and GEOS - 5 vertical levels, up to 3 km
(Solid lines are edges, dotted lines are centers)

GCAP, GEOS - 3, GEOS - 4, and GEOS - 5 vertical levels, up to 10 km

GCAP, GEOS - 3, GEOS - 4, and GEOS - 5 vertical levels, up to 32 km

GCAP, GEOS - 3, GEOS - 4, and GEOS - 5 vertical levels, up to 80 km

A3.2 GCAP vertical grid
The native vertical resolution of the GCAP meteorological fields (which come from the GISS - II GCM) is 23 hybrid sigma-pressure levels, extending from the surface up to 0.002 hPa.
We computed the pressures and altitudes listed below assuming a surface pressure of 1013.25 hPa. Altitudes are approximations based on the US Standard Atmosphere. This shall suffice for purposes of illustration.
GCAP Native Vertical Grid (23 layers)

  L     Sig Edge      Sig Mid    Altitude     Pressure
      (unitless)   (unitless)        (km)        (hPa)
========================================================
        0.000000                    89.247        0.002
 23                  0.000000       77.507        0.017
        0.000000                    73.489        0.031
 22                  0.000000       66.346        0.088
        0.000000                    62.725        0.145
 21                  0.000000       57.209        0.303
        0.000000                    54.014        0.461
 20                  0.000000       48.400        0.960
        0.000000                    45.215        1.460
 19                  0.000000       39.712        3.045
        0.000000                    36.651        4.630
 18                  0.000000       33.388        7.315
        0.000000                    31.209       10.000
 17                  0.000000       28.959       13.900
        0.000000                    27.300       17.800
 16                  0.000000       25.141       24.700
        0.000000                    23.543       31.600
 15                  0.000000       21.439       43.900
        0.000000                    19.876       56.200
 14                  0.000000       18.387       71.200
        0.000000                    17.187       86.200
 13                  0.000000       16.154      101.600
        0.000000                    15.265      117.000
 12                  0.000000       14.431      133.500
        0.000000                    13.690      150.000
 11                  0.000000       12.825      171.737
        0.000000                    12.056      193.473
 10                  0.000000       11.192      220.903
        0.000000                    10.421      248.332
  9                  0.000000        9.524      284.042
        0.000000                     8.721      319.752
  8                  0.000000        7.580      377.198
        0.000000                     6.578      434.645
  7                  0.000000        5.424      509.687
        0.000000                     4.401      584.730
  6                  0.000000        3.509      657.185
        0.000000                     2.692      729.641
  5                  0.000000        2.098      786.052
        0.000000                     1.536      842.463
  4                  0.000000        1.215      876.103
        0.000000                     0.903      909.743
  3                  0.000000        0.692      933.032
        0.000000                     0.485      956.321
  2                  0.000000        0.344      972.365
        0.000000                     0.206      988.408
  1                  0.000000        0.099     1000.829
        0.000000                    -0.006     1013.250

A3.3 GEOS - 4 vertical grids
The native vertical resolution of GEOS - 4 meteorological fields is 55 hybrid eta levels, extending from the surface up to 0.01 hPa. The first 14 levels from the surface upward are pure sigma levels; the rest are fixed pressure levels.
To conserve memory, you have the option of running GEOS - Chem a reduced vertical resolution of 30 eta levels. GEOS - Chem will combine eta levels above ~50 hPa on-the-fly.
We computed the pressures and altitudes listed below assuming a surface pressure of 1013.25 hPa. Altitudes are approximations based on the US Standard Atmosphere. This shall suffice for purposes of illustration.

A3.3.1 GEOS - 4 native vertical grid
GEOS-4 Native Vertical Grid (55 hybrid pressure-sigma layers)

  L     Eta Edge      Eta Mid     Altitude     Pressure
      (unitless)   (unitless)        (km)        (hPa)
========================================================
        0.000000                    80.581        0.010
 55                  0.000005       78.146        0.015
        0.000010                    76.357        0.020
 54                  0.000016       74.594        0.026
        0.000022                    73.180        0.033
 53                  0.000030       71.812        0.040
        0.000037                    70.657        0.048
 52                  0.000046       69.440        0.057
        0.000055                    68.392        0.066
 51                  0.000067       67.243        0.078
        0.000078                    66.245        0.089
 50                  0.000093       65.115        0.105
        0.000108                    64.130        0.120
 49                  0.000128       63.004        0.140
        0.000148                    62.021        0.159
 48                  0.000173       60.902        0.185
        0.000199                    59.924        0.211
 47                  0.000232       58.816        0.245
        0.000265                    57.846        0.279
 46                  0.000308       56.752        0.322
        0.000350                    55.794        0.365
 45                  0.000405       54.717        0.420
        0.000460                    53.773        0.476
 44                  0.000529       52.716        0.546
        0.000599                    51.788        0.617
 43                  0.000687       50.754        0.706
        0.000775                    49.844        0.795
 42                  0.000886       48.835        0.907
        0.000996                    47.946        1.019
 41                  0.001135       46.962        1.160
        0.001274                    46.092        1.301
 40                  0.001446       45.134        1.476
        0.001619                    44.286        1.651
 39                  0.001834       43.355        1.868
        0.002048                    42.529        2.085
 38                  0.002312       41.627        2.353
        0.002576                    40.825        2.620
 37                  0.002900       39.951        2.948
        0.003224                    39.173        3.276
 36                  0.003619       38.328        3.677
        0.004013                    37.574        4.077
 35                  0.004492       36.759        4.562
        0.004971                    36.030        5.047
 34                  0.005548       35.244        5.632
        0.006126                    34.539        6.217
 33                  0.006818       33.782        6.918
        0.007510                    33.101        7.620
 32                  0.008336       32.372        8.456
        0.009162                    31.716        9.293
 31                  0.010141       31.015       10.285
        0.011120                    30.383       11.277
 30                  0.012287       29.701       12.460
        0.013455                    29.085       13.643
 29                  0.014844       28.423       15.050
        0.016232                    27.824       16.457
 28                  0.017878       27.180       18.124
        0.019523                    26.596       19.792
 27                  0.021467       25.971       21.761
        0.023410                    25.402       23.730
 26                  0.025699       24.794       26.049
        0.027987                    24.240       28.368
 25                  0.030673       23.648       31.089
        0.033358                    23.108       33.810
 24                  0.036499       22.531       36.993
        0.039641                    22.004       40.175
 23                  0.043326       21.438       43.910
        0.047012                    20.920       47.644
 22                  0.051326       20.364       52.016
        0.055641                    19.855       56.388
 21                  0.060682       19.309       61.496
        0.065723                    18.807       66.603
 20                  0.071600       18.269       72.558
        0.077477                    17.773       78.512
 19                  0.084313       17.243       85.439
        0.091149                    16.753       92.366
 18                  0.099191       16.222      100.515
        0.107234                    15.731      108.663
 17                  0.116695       15.198      118.250
        0.126157                    14.706      127.837
 16                  0.137287       14.170      139.115
        0.148418                    13.674      150.393
 15                  0.161513       13.134      163.661
        0.174608                    12.633      176.930
 14                  0.190061       12.086      192.587
        0.205513                    11.578      208.244
 13                  0.223772       11.021      226.745
        0.242032                    10.504      245.246
 12                  0.263587        9.936      267.087
        0.285142                     9.409      288.927
 11                  0.310561        8.830      314.683
        0.335980                     8.291      340.439
 10                  0.365938        7.700      370.793
        0.395895                     7.148      401.146
  9                  0.431179        6.541      436.898
        0.466464                     5.975      472.650
  8                  0.508017        5.351      514.754
        0.549571                     4.768      556.857
  7                  0.598479        4.125      606.413
        0.647387                     3.523      655.968
  6                  0.695218        2.969      704.433
        0.743050                     2.443      752.898
  5                  0.786601        1.986      797.026
        0.830152                     1.549      841.154
  4                  0.866492        1.197      877.974
        0.902831                     0.857      914.795
  3                  0.929330        0.615      941.644
        0.955828                     0.378      968.494
  2                  0.970469        0.249      983.328
        0.985110                     0.122      998.163
  1                  0.992555        0.058     1005.706
        1.000000                    -0.006     1013.250

A3.3.2 GEOS - 4 reduced vertical grid
GEOS - 4 Reduced Vertical Grid (30 hybrid pressure-sigma layers

  L     Eta Edge     Eta Mid     Altitude     Pressure
      (unitless)   (unitless)        (km)        (hPa)
========================================================
        0.000000                    80.581        0.010
 30                  0.000028       72.180        0.038
        0.000055                    68.392        0.066
 29                  0.000127       63.053        0.139
        0.000199                    59.924        0.211
 28                  0.000399       54.834        0.414
        0.000599                    51.788        0.617
 27                  0.001109       47.135        1.134
        0.001619                    44.286        1.651
 26                  0.002816       40.166        2.864
        0.004013                    37.574        4.077
 25                  0.006588       34.024        6.685
        0.009162                    31.716        9.293
 24                  0.014342       28.654       14.542
        0.019523                    26.596       19.792
 23                  0.023755       25.307       24.080
        0.027987                    24.240       28.368
 22                  0.033814       23.020       34.272
        0.039641                    22.004       40.175
 21                  0.047641       20.836       48.282
        0.055641                    19.855       56.388
 20                  0.066559       18.727       67.450
        0.077477                    17.773       78.512
 19                  0.084313       17.243       85.439
        0.091149                    16.753       92.366
 18                  0.099191       16.222      100.515
        0.107234                    15.731      108.663
 17                  0.116695       15.198      118.250
        0.126157                    14.706      127.837
 16                  0.137287       14.170      139.115
        0.148418                    13.674      150.393
 15                  0.161513       13.134      163.661
        0.174608                    12.633      176.930
 14                  0.190061       12.086      192.587
        0.205513                    11.578      208.244
 13                  0.223772       11.021      226.745
        0.242032                    10.504      245.246
 12                  0.263587        9.936      267.087
        0.285142                     9.409      288.927
 11                  0.310561        8.830      314.683
        0.335980                     8.291      340.439
 10                  0.365938        7.700      370.793
        0.395895                     7.148      401.146
  9                  0.431179        6.541      436.898
        0.466464                     5.975      472.650
  8                  0.508017        5.351      514.754
        0.549571                     4.768      556.857
  7                  0.598479        4.125      606.413
        0.647387                     3.523      655.968
  6                  0.695218        2.969      704.433
        0.743050                     2.443      752.898
  5                  0.786601        1.986      797.026
        0.830152                     1.549      841.154
  4                  0.866492        1.197      877.974
        0.902831                     0.857      914.795
  3                  0.929330        0.615      941.644
        0.955828                     0.378      968.494
  2                  0.970469        0.249      983.328
        0.985110                     0.122      998.163
  1                  0.992555        0.058     1005.706
        1.000000                    -0.006     1013.250

A3.4 GEOS - 5 vertical grids
The native vertical resolution of GEOS - 5 meteorological fields is 72 hybrid eta levels, extending from the surface up to 0.01 hPa. The first 31 levels from the surface upward are pure sigma levels; the rest are fixed pressure levels.
In order to minimize the amount of memory, you can run GEOS - Chem with a reduced vertical resolution of 47 eta levels. This option combines eta levels above ~80 hPa.
We computed the pressures and altitudes listed below assuming a surface pressure of 1013.25 hPa. Altitudes are approximations based on the US Standard Atmosphere. This shall suffice for purposes of illustration.

A3.4.1 GEOS - 5 native vertical grid
GEOS-5 Native Vertical Grid (72 hybrid pressure-sigma levels)

  L     Eta Edge      Eta Mid     Altitude     Pressure
      (unitless)   (unitless)        (km)        (hPa)
========================================================
        0.000000                    80.581        0.010
 72                  0.000005       78.146        0.015
        0.000010                    76.357        0.020
 71                  0.000016       74.594        0.026
        0.000022                    73.180        0.033
 70                  0.000030       71.812        0.040
        0.000037                    70.657        0.048
 69                  0.000046       69.440        0.057
        0.000055                    68.392        0.066
 68                  0.000067       67.243        0.078
        0.000078                    66.245        0.089
 67                  0.000093       65.115        0.105
        0.000108                    64.130        0.120
 66                  0.000128       63.004        0.140
        0.000148                    62.021        0.159
 65                  0.000173       60.902        0.185
        0.000199                    59.924        0.211
 64                  0.000232       58.816        0.245
        0.000265                    57.846        0.279
 63                  0.000308       56.752        0.322
        0.000350                    55.794        0.365
 62                  0.000405       54.717        0.420
        0.000460                    53.773        0.476
 61                  0.000529       52.716        0.546
        0.000599                    51.788        0.617
 60                  0.000687       50.754        0.706
        0.000775                    49.844        0.795
 59                  0.000886       48.835        0.907
        0.000996                    47.946        1.019
 58                  0.001135       46.962        1.160
        0.001274                    46.092        1.301
 57                  0.001446       45.134        1.476
        0.001619                    44.286        1.651
 56                  0.001834       43.355        1.868
        0.002048                    42.529        2.085
 55                  0.002312       41.627        2.353
        0.002576                    40.825        2.620
 54                  0.002900       39.951        2.948
        0.003224                    39.173        3.276
 53                  0.003619       38.328        3.677
        0.004013                    37.574        4.077
 52                  0.004492       36.759        4.562
        0.004971                    36.030        5.047
 51                  0.005548       35.244        5.632
        0.006126                    34.539        6.217
 50                  0.006818       33.782        6.918
        0.007510                    33.101        7.620
 49                  0.008336       32.372        8.456
        0.009162                    31.716        9.293
 48                  0.010141       31.015       10.285
        0.011120                    30.382       11.277
 47                  0.012287       29.701       12.460
        0.013455                    29.085       13.643
 46                  0.014844       28.423       15.050
        0.016232                    27.824       16.457
 45                  0.017878       27.180       18.124
        0.019523                    26.596       19.792
 44                  0.021467       25.971       21.761
        0.023410                    25.402       23.730
 43                  0.025699       24.794       26.049
        0.027987                    24.240       28.368
 42                  0.030673       23.648       31.089
        0.033358                    23.108       33.810
 41                  0.036499       22.531       36.993
        0.039641                    22.004       40.175
 40                  0.043326       21.438       43.910
        0.047011                    20.920       47.644
 39                  0.051326       20.364       52.016
        0.055641                    19.855       56.388
 38                  0.060682       19.309       61.496
        0.065723                    18.807       66.603
 37                  0.071600       18.269       72.558
        0.077477                    17.773       78.512
 36                  0.084313       17.243       85.439
        0.091149                    16.753       92.366
 35                  0.099191       16.222      100.514
        0.107233                    15.731      108.663
 34                  0.116695       15.198      118.250
        0.126157                    14.706      127.837
 33                  0.137287       14.170      139.115
        0.148418                    13.674      150.393
 32                  0.161513       13.134      163.661
        0.174608                    12.633      176.930
 31                  0.190061       12.086      192.587
        0.205513                    11.578      208.244
 30                  0.223772       11.021      226.745
        0.242032                    10.504      245.246
 29                  0.263587        9.936      267.087
        0.285142                     9.409      288.927
 28                  0.309854        8.846      313.966
        0.334566                     8.320      339.005
 27                  0.353349        7.943      358.038
        0.372133                     7.582      377.070
 26                  0.390927        7.237      396.112
        0.409720                     6.905      415.155
 25                  0.428528        6.585      434.212
        0.447337                     6.277      453.269
 24                  0.466153        5.980      472.335
        0.484970                     5.692      491.401
 23                  0.503795        5.413      510.475
        0.522620                     5.142      529.550
 22                  0.541449        4.879      548.628
        0.560278                     4.623      567.706
 21                  0.579115        4.375      586.793
        0.597953                     4.132      605.880
 20                  0.616790        3.896      624.967
        0.635628                     3.665      644.054
 19                  0.654471        3.439      663.146
        0.673314                     3.219      682.239
 18                  0.685878        3.074      694.969
        0.698442                     2.932      707.699
 17                  0.711006        2.792      720.429
        0.723570                     2.654      733.160
 16                  0.736134        2.517      745.890
        0.748698                     2.382      758.621
 15                  0.761265        2.249      771.354
        0.773832                     2.118      784.088
 14                  0.786400        1.988      796.822
        0.798967                     1.860      809.556
 13                  0.809021        1.759      819.743
        0.819075                     1.659      829.929
 12                  0.826616        1.584      837.570
        0.834157                     1.510      845.211
 11                  0.841698        1.436      852.852
        0.849239                     1.363      860.493
 10                  0.856781        1.290      868.135
        0.864323                     1.218      875.776
  9                  0.871864        1.146      883.418
        0.879406                     1.075      891.059
  8                  0.886948        1.004      898.701
        0.894489                     0.934      906.342
  7                  0.902031        0.864      913.984
        0.909573                     0.795      921.626
  6                  0.917116        0.726      929.268
        0.924658                     0.657      936.911
  5                  0.932200        0.589      944.553
        0.939743                     0.521      952.195
  4                  0.947285        0.454      959.837
        0.954828                     0.387      967.480
  3                  0.962370        0.320      975.122
        0.969913                     0.254      982.765
  2                  0.977456        0.189      990.408
        0.984999                     0.123      998.051
  1                  0.992500        0.058     1005.650
        1.000000                    -0.006     1013.250

A3.4.2 GEOS - 5 reduced vertical grid
GEOS-5 Reduced Vertical Grid (47 hybrid pressure-sigma levels)

  L     Eta Edge     Eta Mid     Altitude     Pressure
      (unitless)   (unitless)        (km)        (hPa)
========================================================
        0.000000                    80.581        0.010
 47                  0.000028       72.180        0.038
        0.000055                    68.392        0.066
 46                  0.000127       63.053        0.139
        0.000199                    59.924        0.211
 45                  0.000399       54.834        0.414
        0.000599                    51.788        0.617
 44                  0.001109       47.135        1.134
        0.001619                    44.286        1.651
 43                  0.002816       40.166        2.864
        0.004013                    37.574        4.077
 42                  0.006588       34.024        6.685
        0.009162                    31.716        9.293
 41                  0.014342       28.654       14.542
        0.019523                    26.596       19.792
 40                  0.023755       25.307       24.080
        0.027987                    24.240       28.368
 39                  0.033814       23.020       34.272
        0.039641                    22.004       40.175
 38                  0.047641       20.836       48.282
        0.055641                    19.855       56.388
 37                  0.066559       18.727       67.450
        0.077477                    17.773       78.512
 36                  0.084313       17.243       85.439
        0.091149                    16.753       92.366
 35                  0.099191       16.222      100.514
        0.107233                    15.731      108.663
 34                  0.116695       15.198      118.250
        0.126157                    14.706      127.837
 33                  0.137287       14.170      139.115
        0.148418                    13.674      150.393
 32                  0.161513       13.134      163.661
        0.174608                    12.633      176.930
 31                  0.190061       12.086      192.587
        0.205513                    11.578      208.244
 30                  0.223772       11.021      226.745
        0.242032                    10.504      245.246
 29                  0.263587        9.936      267.087
        0.285142                     9.409      288.927
 28                  0.309854        8.846      313.966
        0.334566                     8.320      339.005
 27                  0.353349        7.943      358.038
        0.372133                     7.582      377.070
 26                  0.390927        7.237      396.112
        0.409720                     6.905      415.155
 25                  0.428528        6.585      434.212
        0.447337                     6.277      453.269
 24                  0.466153        5.980      472.335
        0.484970                     5.692      491.401
 23                  0.503795        5.413      510.475
        0.522620                     5.142      529.550
 22                  0.541449        4.879      548.628
        0.560278                     4.623      567.706
 21                  0.579115        4.375      586.793
        0.597953                     4.132      605.880
 20                  0.616790        3.896      624.967
        0.635628                     3.665      644.054
 19                  0.654471        3.439      663.146
        0.673314                     3.219      682.239
 18                  0.685878        3.074      694.969
        0.698442                     2.932      707.699
 17                  0.711006        2.792      720.429
        0.723570                     2.654      733.160
 16                  0.736134        2.517      745.890
        0.748698                     2.382      758.621
 15                  0.761265        2.249      771.354
        0.773832                     2.118      784.088
 14                  0.786400        1.988      796.822
        0.798967                     1.860      809.556
 13                  0.809021        1.759      819.743
        0.819075                     1.659      829.929
 12                  0.826616        1.584      837.570
        0.834157                     1.510      845.211
 11                  0.841698        1.436      852.852
        0.849239                     1.363      860.493
 10                  0.856781        1.290      868.135
        0.864323                     1.218      875.776
  9                  0.871864        1.146      883.418
        0.879406                     1.075      891.059
  8                  0.886948        1.004      898.701
        0.894489                     0.934      906.342
  7                  0.902031        0.864      913.984
        0.909573                     0.795      921.626
  6                  0.917116        0.726      929.268
        0.924658                     0.657      936.911
  5                  0.932200        0.589      944.553
        0.939743                     0.521      952.195
  4                  0.947285        0.454      959.837
        0.954828                     0.387      967.480
  3                  0.962370        0.320      975.122
        0.969913                     0.254      982.765
  2                  0.977456        0.189      990.408
        0.984999                     0.123      998.051
  1                  0.992500        0.058     1005.650
        1.000000                    -0.006     1013.250

A3.5 MERRA vertical grids
MERRA is not a new data product, but a 30-year reanalysis done with the GMAO GEOS - 5 GCM (version 5.2.0). For more information, please see our MERRA page on the GEOS - Chem wiki.
In the vertical, the MERRA meteorological fields have 72 hybrid eta levels, extending from the surface up to 0.01 hPa. The first 31 levels from the surface upward are pure sigma levels; the rest are fixed pressure levels.
To conserve memory, you have the option of running GEOS - Chem with a reduced vertical resolution of 47 eta levels. GEOS - Chem will combine eta levels above ~80 hPa on-the-fly.

A3.5.1 MERRA native vertical grid
The native vertical resolution of the MERRA meteorological fields is identical to the GEOS - 5 72-layer native grid.

A3.5.2 MERRA reduced vertical grid
The reduced vertical resolution of the MERRA meteorological fields is identical to the GEOS - 5 47-layer reduced grid.

A3.6 GEOS - 5.7.2 vertical grids
GMAO recently released its GEOS - 5.7.2 meteorological data product, which has ultrafine horizontal resolution (0.25° x 0.3125°). For more information, please see our GEOS - 5.7.2 page on the GEOS - Chem wiki.
In the vertical, the GEOS - 5.7.2 meteorological fields have 72 hybrid eta levels, extending from the surface up to 0.01 hPa. The first 31 levels from the surface upward are pure sigma levels; the rest are fixed pressure levels.
To conserve memory, you have the option of running GEOS - Chem with a reduced vertical resolution of 47 eta levels. GEOS - Chem will combine eta levels above ~80 hPa on-the-fly.

A3.6.1 GEOS5.7.2 native vertical grid
The native vertical resolution of the GEOS - 5.7.2 meteorological fields is identical to the GEOS - 5 72-layer native grid.

A3.6.2 GEOS5.7.2 reduced vertical grid
The reduced vertical resolution of the GEOS - 5.7.2 meteorological fields is identical to the GEOS - 5 47-layer reduced grid.

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Atmospheric Sciences > GEOS-Chem Model > Manuals > Archive > Man.v9 01 03 > Appendix 4
                 GEOS - Chem v9 - 01 - 03 Online User's Guide
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Appendix 4: GEOS - Chem Meteorological Fields
We compare the meteorological data products that GEOS - Chem reads from disk.

A4.1 GCAP fields used by GEOS - Chem
NOTES about GCAP met fields:
   1. A3 fields are 3-hour time averages, centered on 01:30 04:30 07:30 ... 22:30 GMT
   2. A6 fields are 6-hour time averages, centered on 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 GMT
   3. I6 fields are 6-hour instantaneous fields, centered on 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 GMT
   4. Constant fields are time-invariant
   5. Please see the GCAP page on the GEOS-Chem Wiki for more information.
Field
Type
Dimension
Quantity
Units
ALBEDO
A3
2-D
Surface albedo
unitless
PREACC
A3
2-D
Total precipitation
mm H2O/day
PRECON
A3
2-D
Convective precipitation
mm H2O/day
TS
A3
2-D
Surface temprature
K
MOLENGTH
A3
2-D
Monin-Obhukov length
m
USTAR
A3
2-D
Friction velocity
m/s
PBL
A3
2-D
Boundary layer height
m
RADSWG
A3
2-D
Incident radiation at ground
W/m2
SNICE
A3
2-D
Fraction of box covered w/ snow, land, or ocean ice
unitless
OICE
A3
2-D
Ocean or lake ice fraction
unitless
USS
A3
2-D
Zonal wind at 10m above surface
m/s
VSS
A3
2-D
Meridional wind at 10m above the surface
m/s
SOIL
A3
2-D
Volumetric water content
m3/m3
SNOWD
A3
2-D
Snow depth
m
PARDIR
A3
2-D
Direct photosynthetically-active radiation
W/m2
PARDIF
A3
2-D
Diffuse photosynthetically-active radiation
unitless

T
A6
3-D
Temperature
K
U
A6
3-D
Zonal wind
m/s
V
A6
3-D
Meridional wind
m/s
OPTDEPTH
A6
3-D
Optical depth
unitless
CLDF
A6
3-D
Cloud fraction
unitless
Q
A6
3-D
Specific humidity
kg H2O/kg air
MOISTQ
A6
3-D
Tendency of Q w/r/t precipitation
g H2O/kg air/day
UPDE
A6
3-D
Convective updraft flux
Pa/s
DNDE
A6
3-D
Convective downdraft flux
Pa/s
ENTRAIN
A6
3-D
Convective entrainment
Pa/s
DETRAINE
A6
3-D
Convective detrainment
Pa/s
UPDN
A6
3-D
Convective updraft flux (non-entraining plume)
Pa/s
DNDN
A6
3-D
Convective downdraft flux (non-entraining plume)
Pa/s
DETRAINN
A6
3-D
Convective detrainment (non-entraining plume)
Pa/s

PS
I6
2-D
Surface pressure
hPa
SLP
I6
2-D
Sea-level pressure
hPa

PHIS
Constant
2-D
Surface geopotential heights
m2/s2
LWI
Constant
2-D
Land fraction
unitless

A4.2 GEOS - 4 fields used by GEOS - Chem
NOTES for GEOS - 4 fields:
   1. A-3 fields are 3-hour time-averages, centered on 01:30, 04:30, 07:30, ... 22:30 GMT.
   2. A-6 fields are 6-hour time-averages, centered on 00:00, 06:00, 12:00, and 18:00 GMT.
   3. I-6 fields are 6-hour instantaneous data at 00:00, 06:00, 12:00, and 18:00 GMT.
   4. The air temperature at 2 meters is used as a proxy for the surface air temperature.
   5. Skin temperature is the temperature of the ground (or ocean) surface.
Field
Type
Dimension
Quantity
Units
LWI
I6
2-D
Land-water-ice flags
unitless
PHIS
I6
2-D
Surface geopotential heights
m2/s2
PS
I6
2-D
Surface pressure
mb
SLP
I6
2-D
Sea level pressure
mb

CLDTOT
A6
3-D
3-D cloud fraction (conv + large scale)
unitless
HKBETA
A6
3-D
Hack overshoot parameter
unitless
HKETA
A6
3-D
Hack convective mass flux
kg/m2/s
MOISTQ
A6
3-D
Tendency in specific humidity
g H2O/kg air/day
OPTDEPTH
A6
3-D
Grid box optical depth
unitless
Q
A6
3-D
Specific humidity
g H2O/kg air
T
A6
3-D
Temperature
K
U
A6
3-D
Zonal wind
m/s
V
A6
3-D
Meridional wind
m/s
ZMEU
A6
3-D
Zhang-McFarlane updraft entrainment
Pa/s
ZMMD
A6
3-D
Zhang-McFarlane downdraft mass flux
Pa/s
ZMMU
A6
3-D
Zhang-McFarlane updraft mass flux
Pa/s

ALBEDO
A3
2-D
Surface albedo (visible)
unitless
CLDFRC
A3
2-D
Column cloud fraction at ground
unitless
GWETTOP
A3
2-D
Top soil wetness
unitless
HFLUX
A3
2-D
Sensible heat flux
W/m2
LAI
A3
2-D
Leaf area indices
%
PARDF
A3
2-D
Photosynthetically active diffuse radiation
W/m2
PARDR
A3
2-D
Photosynthetically active direct radiation
W/m2
PBLH
A3
2-D
Planetary boundary layer depth
m
PREACC
A3
2-D
Total precipitation at ground
mm H2O/day
PRECON
A3
2-D
Convective precipitation at ground
mm H2O/day
RADLWG
A3
2-D
Longwave (IR) radiation emanating from the ground
W/m2
RADSWG
A3
2-D
Solar insolation (shortwave) reaching the ground
W/m2
SNOW
A3
2-D
Snow depth (equivalent water)
mm H2O
T2M
A3
2-D
Air temperature at 2 meter elevation
K
TSKIN
A3
2-D
Skin temperature (ground T or sea surface T)
K
U10M
A3
2-D
UWND at 10 m altitude
m/s
USTAR
A3
2-D
Friction velocity
m/s
V10M
A3
2-D
VWND at 10 m altitude
m/s
Z0M
A3
2-D
Roughness height
m

A4.3 GEOS - 5 fields used by GEOS - Chem
NOTES about GEOS - 5 met fields:
   1. A3 fields are 3-hour time averages, centered on 01:30 04:30 07:30 ... 22:30 GMT
   2. A6 fields are 6-hour time averages, centered on 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 GMT
   3. I6 fields are 6-hour instantaneous fields, centered on 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 GMT
   4. NOTE: Relative Humidity in the GEOS - 5 "raw data files" is labeled as "percent" but is actually "fraction" (unitless).
   5. Please see the GEOS-5 page on the GEOS-Chem Wiki for more information.
Field
Type
Dimension
Quantity
Units
ALBEDO
A3
2-D
Surface albedo
unitless
CLDTOT
A3
2-D
Column cloud fraction
unitless
EFLUX
A3
2-D<
Latent heat flux
W/m2
EVAP
A3
2-D
Evapotranspiration flux
unitless
FRLAKE
A3
2-D
Fraction of lake
unitless
FRLAND
A3
2-D
Fraction of land
unitless
FRLANDIC
A3
2-D
Fraction of land ice
unitless
FROCEAN
A3
2-D
Fraction of ocean
unitless
GRN
A3
2-D
Greenness index
unitless
GWETROOT
A3
2-D
Root zone soil moisture
unitless
GWETTOP
A3
2-D
Top soil moisture
unitless
HFLUX
A3
2-D
Sensible heat flux
W/m2
LAI
A3
2-D
Leaf area index
m2/m2
LWGNET
A3
2-D
Net longwave radiation at ground
W/m2
LWTUP
A3
2-D
Outgoing longwave radiation
W/m2
PARDF
A3
2-D
Diffuse photosnythetically-active radiation
W/m2
LWTUP
A3
2-D
Long

PARDR
A3
2-D
Direct photosynthetically-active radiation
W/m2
PBLH
A3
2-D
Planetary boundary layer thickness
m
PRECANV
A3
2-D
Anvil precipitation
kg/m2/s
PRECCON
A3
2-D
Total convective precipitation at the ground
kg/m2/s
PRECTOT
A3
2-D
Total precipitation at the ground
kg/m2/s
PRECSNO
A3
2-D
Total snow precipitation at the ground
kg/m2/s
QV2M
A3
2-D
Specific humidity at 2m
kg/kg
SNOMAS
A3
2-D
Snow depth (H2O equivalent)
m
SNODP
A3
2-D
Snow depth (geometric)
m
SWGNET
A3
2-D
Net shortwave radiation at ground
W/m2
T2M
A3
2-D
Temperature at 2m above ground
K
TROPP
A3
2-D
Tropopause pressure
hPa
TSKIN
A3
2-D
Ground (skin) temperature
K
U10M
A3
2-D
Zonal wind at 10m above ground
m/s
USTAR
A3
2-D
Friction velocity
m/s
V10M
A3
2-D
Meridional wind at 10m above ground
m/s
Z0M
A3
2-D
Roughness height
m

DQRCON
A6
3-D
Precipitation from convective processes
kg/m2/s
DQRLSC
A6
3-D
Precipitation from large-scale processes
kg/m2/s
DTRAIN
A6
3-D
Detrainment mass flux
kg/m2/s
QL
A6
3-D
Water mixing ratio
unitless
QI
A6
3-D
Ice mixing ratio
unitless
OPTDEPTH
A6
3-D
Overall grid-box optical depth
unitless
TAUCLI
A6
3-D
Grid-box optical depth, ice-path
unitless
TAUCLW
A6
3-D
Grid-box optical depth, water-path
unitless
CLOUD
A6
3-D
Cloud fraction
unitless
PV
A6
3-D
Ertel potential vorticity
K*m2/kg/s
OMEGA
A6
3-D
Vertical pressure velocity
Pa/s
QV
A6
3-D
Specific humidity
kg/kg
RH
A6
3-D
Relative Humidity
unitless
T
A6
3-D
Temperature
K
U
A6
3-D
Zonal wind
m/s
V
A6
3-D
Meridional wind
m/s
DQIDTMST
A6
3-D
Tendency of QV in ice processes
kg/kg/s
DQLDTMST
A6
3-D
Tendency of QV in moist processes
kg/kg/s
DQVDTMST
A6
3-D
Tendency of QV in vapor processes
kg/kg/s
MOISTQ
A6
3-D
Overall tendency of QV
kg/kg/s
CMFMC
A6
3-D
Convective mass flux
kg/m2/s

LWI
I6
2-D
Land/water/ice flags
m/s
PS
I6
2-D
Surface pressure
hPa
SLP
I6
2-D
Sea-level pressure
hPa
TO3
I6
2-D
Total ozone column
DU
TTO3
I6
2-D
Tropospheric ozone column
DU

A4.4 GEOS - 5.7.2 fields used by GEOS - Chem
Notes about GEOS - 5.7.2 met fields:
   1. A1 fields are 1-hr time-averaged fields with timestamps (i.e. center of averaging period): 00:30, 01:30, 02:30 ... 23:30 GMT
   2. A3 fields are 3-hr time-averaged fields with timestamps (i.e. center of averaging period): 01:30, 04:30, 07:30, 10:30, 13:30, 16:30, 19:30, 22:30 GMT
   3. I3 fields 3-hr instantaneous fields with timestamps: 00:00, 03:00, 06:00, 09:00, 12:00, 15:00, 18:00, 21:00 GMT.
   4. Constant fields are time-invariant.
   5. For more information about the GEOS - 5.7.2 raw data, please see the GEOS - 5.7.2 page on the GEOS - Chem wiki.
   6. For detailed information about how the individual GEOS - 5.7.2 fields were regridded, see the List of GEOS - 5.7.2 met fields page on the GEOS - Chem wiki.
Field
Type
Dimension
Units
Quantity
FRLAKE
Constant
2-D
Fraction of lake type in grid box
fraction
FRLAND
Constant
2-D
Fraction of land type in grid box
fraction
FRLANDIC
Constant
2-D
Fraction of land ice type in grid box
fraction
FROCEAN
Constant
2-D
Fraction of ocean in grid box
fraction
PHIS
Constant
2-D
Surface geopotential
m[2] s[-2]

ALBEDO
A1
2-D
Surface albedo
fraction
CLDTOT
A1
2-D
Total cloud fraction
fraction
EFLUX
A1
2-D
Latent heat flux (positive upward)
W m[-2]
EVAP
A1
2-D
Surface evaporation
kg m[-2] s[-2]
FRSEAICE
A1
2-D
Fraction of sea ice
fraction
FRSNO
A1
2-D
Fractional snow-covered area
fraction
GRN
A1
2-D
Vegetation greenness fraction
fraction
GWETROOT
A1
2-D
Root zone soil wetness
fraction
GWETTOP
A1
2-D
Root zone soil wetness
fraction
HFLUX
A1
2-D
Sensible heat flux (positive upward)
W m[-2]
LAI
A1
2-D
Leaf area index
m[2] m[-2]
LWGNT
A1
2-D
Surface net downward longwave flux
W m[-2]
LWI
A1
2-D
Land/water/ice flags
unitless
LWTUP
A1
2-D
Upward longwave flux at top of atmosphere (TOA)
W m[-2]
PARDF
A1
2-D
Surface downward PAR diffuse flux
W m[-2]
PARDR
A1
2-D
Surface downward PAR beam flux
W m[-2]
PBLH
A1
2-D
Planetary boundary layer height above surface
m
PRECANV
A1
2-D
Surface precipitation flux from anvils
kg m[-2] s[-2]
PRECCON
A1
2-D
Surface precipitation flux from convection
kg m[-2] s[-2]
PRECLSC
A1
2-D
Surface precipitation flux from large-scale
kg m[-2] s[-2]
PRECSNO
A1
2-D
Surface snowfall flux
kg m[-2] s[-2]
PRECTOT
A1
2-D
Total surface precipitation flux
kg m[-2] s[-2]
QV2M
A1
2-D
Specific humidity at 2 m above the displacement height
kg kg[-1]
SEAICE00
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has < 10% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE10
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 10-20% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE20
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 20-30% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE30
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 30-40% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE40
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 40-50% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE50
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 50-60% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE60
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 60-70% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE70
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 70-80% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE80
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 80-90% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE90
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has > 90% sea ice coverage
fraction
SLP
A1
2-D
Sea level pressure
hPa
SNODP
A1
2-D
Snow depth
m
SNOMAS
A1
2-D
Snow mass
kg m[-2]
SWGDN
A1
2-D
Surface incident shortwave flux
W m[-2]
SWGNT
A1
2-D
Net surface downward shortwave flux
W m[-2]
TROPPT
A1
2-D
T based tropopause pressure
hPa
TS
A1
2-D
Surface skin temperature
K
T2M
A1
2-D
Temperature 2 m above displacement height
K
U10M
A1
2-D
Eastward wind 10 m above displacement height
m s[-1]
USTAR
A1
2-D
Friction velocity
m s[-1]
V10M
A1
2-D
Northward wind 10 m above displacement height
m s[-1]
Z0M
A1
2-D
Roughness length, momentum
m

CLOUD
A3cld
3-D
Total cloud fraction in grid box
fraction
QI
A3cld
3-D
Cloud ice mixing ratio
kg kg[-1]
QIAN
A3cld
3-D
Cloud ice mixing ratio  -  anvils
kg kg[-1]
QILS
A3cld
3-D
Cloud ice mixing ratio  -  large-scale
kg kg[-1]
QL
A3cld
3-D
Cloud liquid water mixing ratio
kg kg[-1]
QLAN
A3cld
3-D
Cloud liquid water mixing ratio  -  anvil
kg kg[-1]
QLLS
A3cld
3-D
Cloud liquid water mixing ratio  -  large-scale
kg kg[-1]
TAUCLI
A3cld
3-D
In-cloud ice cloud optical thickness (visible band)
unitless
TAUCLW
A3cld
3-D
In-cloud liquid cloud optical thickness (visible band)
unitless
OPTDEPTH
A3cld
3-D
Total in-cloud optical depth (visible band)
unitless

CMFMC
A3dyn
3-D
Upward moist convective mass flux
kg m[-2] s[-2]
DTRAIN
A3dyn
3-D
Detrainment cloud mass flux
kg m[-2] s[-2]
OMEGA
A3dyn
3-D
Vertical pressure velocity
Pa s[-1]
RH
A3dyn
3-D
Relative humidity
unitless
U
A3dyn
3-D
Eastward component of wind
m s[-1]
V
A3dyn
3-D
Northward component of wind
m s[-1]

DQRCU
A3mstC
3-D
Precipitation production rate  -  convective
kg kg[-1] s[-1]
DQRLSAN
A3mstC
3-D
Precipitation production rate  -  large-scale + anvil
kg kg[-1] s[-1]
REEVAPCN
A3mstC
3-D
Evaporation of precipitating convective condensate
kg kg[-1] s[-1]
REEVAPLS(AN)
A3mstC
3-D
Evaporation of precipitating LS + anvil condensate
kg kg[-1] s[-1]

PFICU
A3mstE
3-D
Downward flux of ice precipitation  -  convective
kg m[-2] s[-1]
PFILSAN
A3mstE
3-D
Downward flux of ice precip  -  large-scale + anvil
kg m[-2] s[-1]
PFLCU
A3mstE
3-D
Downward flux of liquid precipitation  -  convective
kg m[-2] s[-1]
PFLLSAN
A3mstE
3-D
Downward flux of liquid precip  -  large-scale + anvil
kg m[-2] s[-1]

PS
I3
2-D
Surface pressure
Pa
PV
I3
3-D
Ertel potential vorticity
K m[2] kg[-1] s[-1]
QV
I3
3-D
Specific humidity
kg kg[-1]
T
I3
3-D
Air temperature
K

A4.5 MERRA fields used by GEOS - Chem
Notes about MERRA met fields:
   1. A1 fields are 1-hr time-averaged fields with timestamps (i.e. center of averaging period): 00:30, 01:30, 02:30 ... 23:30 GMT
   2. A3 fields are 3-hr time-averaged fields with timestamps (i.e. center of averaging period): 01:30, 04:30, 07:30, 10:30, 13:30, 16:30, 19:30, 22:30 GMT
   3. I6 fields 6-hr instantaneous fields with timestamps: 00:00, 06:00, 12:00, 18:00 GMT.
   4. Constant fields are time-invariant.
   5. For more information about the MERRA raw data, please see the MERRA post on the GEOS - Chem wiki.
   6. For detailed information about how the individual MERRA fields were regridded, see the List of MERRA met fields post on the GEOS - Chem wiki.
   7. For more information about the native MERRA grids, see the MERRA grid structure post on the GEOS - Chem wiki.
Field
Type
Dimension
Units
Quantity
FRLAKE
Constant
2-D
Fraction of lake type in grid box
fraction
FRLAND
Constant
2-D
Fraction of land type in grid box
fraction
FRLANDIC
Constant
2-D
Fraction of land ice type in grid box
fraction
FROCEAN
Constant
2-D
Fraction of ocean in grid box
fraction
PHIS
Constant
2-D
Surface geopotential
m[2] s[-2]

ALBEDO
A1
2-D
Surface albedo
fraction
CLDTOT
A1
2-D
Total cloud fraction
fraction
EFLUX
A1
2-D
Latent heat flux (positive upward)
W m[-2]
EVAP
A1
2-D
Surface evaporation
kg m[-2] s[-2]
FRSEAICE
A1
2-D
Fraction of sea ice
fraction
FRSNO
A1
2-D
Fractional snow-covered area
fraction
GRN
A1
2-D
Vegetation greenness fraction
fraction
GWETROOT
A1
2-D
Root zone soil wetness
fraction
GWETTOP
A1
2-D
Root zone soil wetness
fraction
HFLUX
A1
2-D
Sensible heat flux (positive upward)
W m[-2]
LAI
A1
2-D
Leaf area index
m[2] m[-2]
LWGNT
A1
2-D
Surface net downward longwave flux
W m[-2]
LWI
A1
2-D
Land/water/ice flags
unitless
LWTUP
A1
2-D
Upward longwave flux at top of atmosphere (TOA)
W m[-2]
PARDF
A1
2-D
Surface downward PAR diffuse flux
W m[-2]
PARDR
A1
2-D
Surface downward PAR beam flux
W m[-2]
PBLH
A1
2-D
Planetary boundary layer height above surface
m
PRECANV
A1
2-D
Surface precipitation flux from anvils
kg m[-2] s[-2]
PRECCON
A1
2-D
Surface precipitation flux from convection
kg m[-2] s[-2]
PRECLSC
A1
2-D
Surface precipitation flux from large-scale
kg m[-2] s[-2]
PRECSNO
A1
2-D
Surface snowfall flux
kg m[-2] s[-2]
PRECTOT
A1
2-D
Total surface precipitation flux
kg m[-2] s[-2]
QV2M
A1
2-D
Specific humidity at 2 m above the displacement height
kg kg[-1]
SEAICE00
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has < 10% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE10
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 10-20% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE20
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 20-30% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE30
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 30-40% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE40
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 40-50% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE50
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 50-60% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE60
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 60-70% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE70
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 70-80% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE80
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has 80-90% sea ice coverage
fraction
SEAICE90
A1
2-D
Fraction of grid box that has > 90% sea ice coverage
fraction
SLP
A1
2-D
Sea level pressure
hPa
SNODP
A1
2-D
Snow depth
m
SNOMAS
A1
2-D
Snow mass
kg m[-2]
SWGDN
A1
2-D
Surface incident shortwave flux
W m[-2]
SWGNT
A1
2-D
Net surface downward shortwave flux
W m[-2]
TROPPT
A1
2-D
T based tropopause pressure
hPa
TS
A1
2-D
Surface skin temperature
K
T2M
A1
2-D
Temperature 2 m above displacement height
K
U10M
A1
2-D
Eastward wind 10 m above displacement height
m s[-1]
USTAR
A1
2-D
Friction velocity
m s[-1]
V10M
A1
2-D
Northward wind 10 m above displacement height
m s[-1]
Z0M
A1
2-D
Roughness length, momentum
m

CLOUD
A3
3-D
Total cloud fraction in grid box
fraction
CMFMC
A3
3-D
Upward moist convective mass flux
kg m[-2] s[-2]
DQRCU
A3
3-D
Precipitation production rate  -  convective
kg kg[-1] s[-1]
DQRLSAN
A3
3-D
Precipitation production rate  -  large-scale + anvil
kg kg[-1] s[-1]
DQIDTMST
A3
3-D
Ice tendency from moist physics
kg kg[-1] s[-1]
DQLDTMST
A3
3-D
Liquid water tendency from moist physics
kg kg[-1] s[-1]
DQVDTMST
A3
3-D
Water vapor tendency from moist physics
kg kg[-1] s[-1]
DTRAIN
A3
3-D
Detrainment cloud mass flux
kg m[-2] s[-2]
MOISTQ
A3
3-D
Overall tendency of QV
g kg[-1] day[-1]
OPTDEPTH
A3
3-D
Total in-cloud optical depth (visible band)
unitless
PFICU
A3
3-D
Downward flux of ice precipitation  -  convective
kg m[-2] s[-1]
PFILSAN
A3
3-D
Downward flux of ice precip  -  large-scale + anvil
kg m[-2] s[-1]
PFLCU
A3
3-D
Downward flux of liquid precipitation  -  convective
kg m[-2] s[-1]
PFLLSAN
A3
3-D
Downward flux of liquid precip  -  large-scale + anvil
kg m[-2] s[-1]
QI
A3
3-D
Cloud ice mixing ratio
kg kg[-1]
QL
A3
3-D
Cloud liquid water mixing ratio
kg kg[-1]
QV
A3
3-D
Specific humidity
kg kg[-1]
REEVAPCN
A3
3-D
Evaporation of precipitating convective condensate
kg kg[-1] s[-1]
REEVAPLS
A3
3-D
Evaporation of precipitating large-scale + anvil condensate
kg kg[-1] s[-1]
T
A3
3-D
Air temperature
K
TAUCLI
A3
3-D
In-cloud ice cloud optical thickness (visible band)
unitless
TAUCLW
A3
3-D
In-cloud liquid cloud optical thickness (visible band)
unitless
U
A3
3-D
Eastward component of wind
m s[-1]
V
A3
3-D
Northward component of wind
m s[-1]

OMEGA
I6
3-D
Vertical pressure velocity
Pa s[-1]
PS
I6
2-D
Surface pressure
hPa
PV
I6
3-D
Ertel potential vorticity
K m[2] kg[-1] s[-1]
RH
I6
3-D
Relative humidity
unitless

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Atmospheric Sciences > GEOS-Chem Model > Manuals > Archive > Man.v9 01 03 > Appendix 5
                 GEOS - Chem v9 - 01 - 03 Online User's Guide
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Appendix 5: GEOS - Chem Diagnostics
We list the various diagnostic quantities that you can archive with GEOS - Chem.

This documentation is also contained in the comments to source code files diag3.F, diag03_mod.F, diag04_mod.F, diag42_mod.F, and diag56_mod.F. For each diagnostic, the following fields are shown:
Flag
Dimension
Quantity
Units
Category
where CATEGORY is the 8-character name used by GAMAP to reference a particular diagnostic field. Information about how to set the different flags in the input.geos file can be found in Chapter 5. DIMENSION is usually 2-D or 3-D, with I,J,L for longitude, latitude and level indices. N as a third or fourth dimension refers to the number of tracers that a diagnostic can carry.

ND01
Dimension
RADON 222 - LEAD 210 - BERYLLIUM 7 SOURCE
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
222Rn emissions
[kg/s]
RN-SRCE
2
(I,J,L)
210Pb emissions
[kg/s]
RN-SRCE
3
(I,J,L)
7Be emissions
[kg/s]
RN-SRCE

ND02
Dimension
RADON 222 - LEAD 210 - BERYLLIUM 7 DECAY
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
222Rn loss
[kg/s]
RN-DECAY
2
(I,J,L)
210Pb loss
[kg/s]
RN-DECAY
3
(I,J,L)
7Be loss
[kg/s]
RN-DECAY

ND03
Dimension
MERCURY EMISSIONS, PRODUCTION, LOSS
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
Anthropogenic Hg0 emission
[kg]
HG-SRCE
2
(I,J)
Total mass of oceanic Hg0
[kg]
HG-SRCE
3
(I,J)
Oceanic emission of Hg0
[kg]
HG-SRCE
4
(I,J)
Land reemission of Hg0
[kg]
HG-SRCE
5
(I,J)
Land natural emission of Hg0
[kg]
HG-SRCE
6
(I,J)
Anthropogenic Hg2 emission
[kg]
HG-SRCE
7
(I,J)
Total mass of oceanic Hg2
[kg]
HG-SRCE
8
(I,J)
Mass of Hg2 sunk in the ocean
[kg]
HG-SRCE
9
(I,J)
Anthropogenic HgP emission
[kg]
HG-SRCE
10
(I,J)
Total oceanic mercury
[kg]
HG-SRCE
11
(I,J)
Total mass of oceanic HgP
[kg]
HG-SRCE
12
(I,J)
Mass of organic carbon sunk in ocean
[kg]
HG-SRCE
13
(I,J)
Emissions from biomass burning
[kg]
HG-SRCE
14
(I,J)
Emissions from vegetation
[kg]
HG-SRCE
15
(I,J)
Emissions from soils
[kg]
HG-SRCE
16
(I,J)
Flux-up Hg0 volat from ocean
[kg]
HG-SRCE
17
(I,J)
Flux-down Hg0 dry dep to ocean
[kg]
HG-SRCE
18
(I,J)
Snow emission of Hg
[kg]
HG-SRCE
19
(I,J,L)
Production of Hg2 from Hg0
[kg]
PL-HG2-$
20
(I,J,L)
Production of Hg2 from rxn w/ OH
[kg]
PL-HG2-$
21
(I,J,L)
Production of Hg2 from rxn w/ O3
[kg]
PL-HG2-$
22
(I,J,L)
Loss of Hg2 from rxn w/ sea salt
[kg]
PL-HG2-$
23
(I,J,L)
Loss rate of Hg2 from rxn w/ sea salt
[s-1]
PL-HG2-$
24
(I,J,L)
Production of Hg2 from Br
[kg]
PL-HG2-$
25
(I,J,L)
Br concentration
[kg]
PL-HG2-$
26
(I,J,L)
BrO concentration
[kg]
PL-HG2-$
27
(I,J,L)
Particulate bound mercury
[pptv]
PL-HG2-$
28
(I,J,L)
Reactive gaseous mercury
[pptv]
PL-HG2-$
29
(I,J,L)
+ OCEAN tagged tracers
[kg]
OCEAN-HG
30
(I,J,L)
Total Hg in snowpack
[kg]
SNOW-HG

ND04
Dimension
CO2 SOURCES
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
CO2 fossil fuel emiss
[atoms C/cm2/s]
CO2-SRCE
2
(I,J)
CO2 ocean emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
CO2-SRCE
3
(I,J)
CO2 balanced biosphere
[atoms C/cm2/s]
CO2-SRCE
4
(I,J)
CO2 biomass burning emiss
[atoms C/cm2/s]
CO2-SRCE
5
(I,J)
CO2 biofuel emission
[atoms C/cm2/s]
CO2-SRCE
6
(I,J)
CO2 net terrestrial exchange
[atoms C/cm2/s]
CO2-SRCE
7
(I,J)
CO2 ship emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
CO2-SRCE
8
(I,J,L)
CO2 aircraft emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
CO2-SRCE
9
(I,J,L)
CO2 chemical source
[atoms C/cm2/s]
CO2-SRCE
10
(I,J)
CO2 chemical source surface correction
[atoms C/cm2/s]
CO2-SRCE

ND05
Dimension
PROD/LOSS for SULFATE CHEMISTRY QUANTITIES
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
P(SO2) from DMS + OH
[kg S]
PL-SUL-$
2
(I,J,L)
P(SO2) from DMS + NO3
[kg S]
PL-SUL-$
3
(I,J,L)
Total P(SO2)
[kg S]
PL-SUL-$
4
(I,J,L)
P(MSA) from DMS
[kg S]
PL-SUL-$
5
(I,J,L)
P(SO4) gas phase
[kg S]
PL-SUL-$
6
(I,J,L)
P(SO4) by cloud H2O2
[kg S]
PL-SUL-$
7
(I,J,L)
P(SO4) by cloud O3
[kg S]
PL-SUL-$
8
(I,J,L)
P(SO4) by seasalt O3
[kg S]
PL-SUL-$
9
(I,J,L)
L(OH) by DMS
[kg OH]
PL-SUL-$
10
(I,J,L)
L(NO3) by DMS
[kg NO3]
PL-SUL-$

ND06
Dimension
DESERT DUST EMISSIONS
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
DST1 (Dust aerosol, Reff = 0.7 microns)
[kg]
DUSTSRCE
2
(I,J)
DST2 (Dust aerosol, Reff = 1.4 microns)
[kg]
DUSTSRCE
3
(I,J)
DST3 (Dust aerosol, Reff = 2.4 microns)
[kg]
DUSTSRCE
4
(I,J)
DST4 (Dust aerosol, Reff = 4.5 microns)
[kg]
DUSTSRCE

ND07
Dimension
SOURCES OF BLACK CARBON & ORGANIC CARBON
(initially developed for offline aerosol simulations)

1
(I,J)
BLACK CARBON from anthro sources
[kg]
BC-ANTH
2
(I,J)
BLACK CARBON from biomass burning
[kg]
BC-BIOB
3
(I,J)
BLACK CARBON from biofuels
[kg]
BC-BIOF
4
(I,J,L)
Hydrophilic BC from Hydrophobic BC
[kg]
PL-BC=$
5
(I,J)
ORGANIC CARBON from anthro sources
[kg]
OC-ANTH
6
(I,J)
ORGANIC CARBON from biomass burning
[kg]
OC-BIOB
7
(I,J)
ORGANIC CARBON from biofuels
[kg]
OC-BIOF
8
(I,J)
ORGANIC CARBON from biogenic sources
[kg]
OC-BIOG
9
(I,J,L)
Hydrophilic OC from Hydrophobic OC
[kg]
PL-OC=$
10
(I,J)
ORGANIC CARBON : a-pinene source
[kg]
OC-ALPH
11
(I,J)
ORGANIC CARBON : limonene source
[kg]
OC-LIMO
12
(I,J)
ORGANIC CARBON : terpene source
[kg]
OC-TERP
13
(I,J)
ORGANIC CARBON : alcohol source
[kg]
OC-ALCO
14
(I,J)
ORGANIC CARBON : sesquiterpene source
[kg]
OC-SESQ
15
(I,J,L)
SOA produced from ALPH + LIMO + TERP tracer
[kg]
PL-OC=$
16
(I,J,L)
SOA produced from ALCO tracer
[kg]
PL-OC=$
17
(I,J,L)
SOA produced from SESQ
[kg]
PL-OC=$
18
(I,J,L)
SOA produced from ISOP
[kg]
PL-OC=$
19
(I,J,L)
SOA produced from Aromatics
[kg]
PL-OC=$
20
(I,J,L)
SOAG production from GLYX in aerosol
[kg]
SOAGM=$
21
(I,J,L)
SOAM production from MGLY in aerosol
[kg]
SOAGM=$
22
(I,J,L)
SOAG production from GLYX in cloud
[kg]
SOAGM=$
23
(I,J,L)
SOAM production from MGLY in cloud
[kg]
SOAGM=$
NOTE: Orange lines indicate output only available for simulations with the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) chemistry mechanism.

ND08
Dimension
SEA SALT EMISSIONS
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
Accumulation mode seasalt
[kg]
SALTSRCE
2
(I,J)
Coarse mode seasalt
[kg]
SALTSRCE

ND09
Dimension
HCN & CH3CN sources & sinks
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L,N)
Loss of tagged tracer to OH
[kg]
HCN-PL-$
2
(I,J)
HCN from biomass burning
[molec/cm2/s]
HCN-SRCE
3
(I,J)
CH3CN from biomass burning
[molec/cm2/s]
HCN-SRCE
4
(I,J)
HCN from domestic fossil fuel
[molec/cm2/s]
HCN-SRCE
5
(I,J)
CH3CN from domestic fossil fuel
[molec/cm2/s]
HCN-SRCE
6
(I,J)
HCN loss to ocean uptake
[molec/cm2/s]
HCN-SRCE
7
(I,J)
CH3CN loss to ocean uptake
[molec/cm2/s]
HCN-SRCE

ND10
Dimension
H2-DEUTERIUM SOURCES (EMISSIONS, PRODUCTION, LOSS)
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
Loss of H2 by OH
[molec H2/cm3/s]
PL-H2HD-$
2
(I,J,L)
Production of H2 from Isoprene
[molec H2/cm3/s]
PL-H2HD-$
3
(I,J,L)
Production of H2 from CH4
[molec H2/cm3/s]
PL-H2HD-$
4
(I,J,L)
Production of H2 from CH3OH
[molec H2/cm3/s]
PL-H2HD-$
5
(I,J,L)
Production of H2 from MONO
[molec H2/cm3/s]
PL-H2HD-$
6
(I,J,L)
Production of H2 from ACET
[molec H2/cm3/s]
PL-H2HD-$
7
(I,J,L)
Loss of H2 by stratospheric O1D
[molec H2/cm3/s]
PL-H2HD-$
8
(I,J,L)
Loss of HD by OH
[molec HD/cm3/s]
PL-H2HD-$
9
(I,J,L)
Production of HD from Isoprene
[molec HD/cm3/s]
PL-H2HD-$
10
(I,J,L)
Production of HD from CH4
[molec HD/cm3/s]
PL-H2HD-$
11
(I,J,L)
Production of HD from CH3OH
[molec HD/cm3/s]
PL-H2HD-$
12
(I,J,L)
Production of HD from MONO
[molec HD/cm3/s]
PL-H2HD-$
13
(I,J,L)
Production of HD from ACET
[molec HD/cm3/s]
PL-H2HD-$
14
(I,J,L)
Loss of HD by stratospheric O1D
[molec HD/cm3/s]
PL-H2HD-$
15
(I,J,L)
Ratio of OH k rates kH2/kHD
[unitless]
PL-H2HD-$
16
(I,J)
Fossil Fuel H2 (anthropogenic)
[molec HD/cm2/s]
H2HD-SRC
17
(I,J)
Biomass Burning of H2
[molec HD/cm2/s]
H2HD-SRC
18
(I,J)
Biofuel Burning of H2
[molec HD/cm2/s]
H2HD-SRC
19
(I,J)
Ocean emissions of H2
[molec HD/cm2/s]
H2HD-SRC
20
(I,J)
Ocean emissions of HD
[molec HD/cm2/s]
H2HD-SRC

ND11
Dimension
ACETONE SOURCES & SINKS
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
Acetone source from MONOTERPENES
[at C/cm2/s]
ACETSRCE
2
(I,J)
Acetone source from METHYL BUTENOL
[at C/cm2/s]
ACETSRCE
3
(I,J)
Acetone source from DIRECT BIOGENIC EMISSION
[at C/cm2/s]
ACETSRCE
4
(I,J)
Acetone source from OCEANS
[at C/cm2/s]
ACETSRCE
5
(I,J)
Acetone sink from OCEANS
[at C/cm2/s]
ACETSRCE

ND12
Dimension
DISTRIBUTION OF SURFACE EMISSIONS IN THE BL
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
Fraction of boundary layer occupied by level L
[unitless]
EMDIS-BL

ND13
Dimension
TROPOSPHERIC SULFUR EMISSIONS
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
Biogenic DMS
[kg S]
DMS-BIOG
2
(I,J,L)
Aircraft SO2 (1 <= L <= ND13)
[kg S]
SO2-AC-$
3
(I,J,L)
Anthropognic SO2 (1 <= L <= 2 )
[kg S]
SO2-AN-$
4
(I,J)
Biomass SO2
[kg S]
SO2-BIOB
5
(I,J)
Biofuel SO2
[kg S]
SO2-BIOF
6
(I,J,L)
Non-eruptive volcano SO2 (1 <= L <= ND13)
[kg S]
SO2-NV-$
7
(I,J,L)
Eruptive volcano SO2 (1 <= L< = ND13)
[kg S]
SO2-EV-$
8
(I,J)
Ship SO2
[kg S]
SO2-SHIP
9
(I,J,L)
Anthropogenic SO4 (1 <= L <= 2 )
[kg S]
SO4-AN-$
10
(I,J)
Biofuel SO4
[kg S]
SO4-BIOF
11
(I,J)
Natural NH3
[kg S]
NH3-NATU
12
(I,J)
Anthropogenic NH3
[kg]
NH3-AN-$
13
(I,J)
Biomass NH3
[kg]
NH3-BIOB
14
(I,J)
Biofuel NH3
[kg]
NH3-BIOF

ND14
Dimension
UPWARD MASS FLUX DUE TO WET CONVECTION
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L,N)
Mass change due to cloud convection
[kg/s]
CV-FLX-$

ND15
Dimension
UPWARD MASS FLUX FROM BOUNDARY-LAYER MIXING
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L,N)
Mass change due to boundary-layer mixing
[kg/s]
TURBMC-$

ND16
Dimension
AREAL FRACTION OF PRECIP
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
Fraction of grid box having rainout + washout (large-scale precip)
[unitless]
WD-FRC-$
2
(I,J,L)
Fraction of grid box having rainout + washout (convectvive precip)
[unitless]
WD-FRC-$

ND17
Dimension
RAINOUT FRACTION IN PRECIP
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L,N)
Fraction of soluble tracer lost to rainout (large-scale precip)
[unitless]
WD-LSR-$
2
(I,J,L,N)
Fraction of soluble tracer lost to rainout (convective precip)
[unitless]
WD-CVR-$

ND18
Dimension
WASHOUT FRACTION IN PRECIP
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L,N)
Fraction of soluble tracer lost to washout (large-scale precip)
[unitless]
WD-LSW-$
2
(I,J,L,N)
Fraction of soluble tracer lost to washout (convective precip)
[unitless]
WD-CVW-$

ND19
Dimension
CH4 LOSS
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
CH4 removal by OH
[kg CH4]
CH4-LOSS

ND20
Dimension
O3 PROD/LOSS
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L,2)
Save O3 prod/loss rates to disk
[molec/cm3/s]

ND21
Dimension
CLOUD OPTICAL DEPTHS AND CLOUD FRACTIONS
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
OPTD Cloud Optical Depth
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
2
(I,J,L)
CLDTOT 3-D Total Cloud fraction (GEOS - 3,GEOS - 4)
unitless]
OD-MAP-$
3
(I,J,L)
CLRO Random Overlap Cloud Fraction
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
4
(I,J,L)
OPD Mineral Dust Optical Depth (400 nm)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
5
(I,J,L)
SD Mineral Dust Surface Area
[cm2/cm3]
OD-MAP-$
6
(I,J,L)
OPSO4 Sulfate Optical Depth (400 nm)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
7
(I,J,L)
HGSO4 Hygroscopic growth of SO4
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
8
(I,J,L)
SSO4 Sulfate Surface Area
[cm2/cm3]
OD-MAP-$
9
(I,J,L)
OPBC Black Carbon Optical Depth (400 nm)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
10
(I,J,L)
HGBC Hygroscopic growth of BC
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
11
(I,J,L)
SBC Black Carbon Surface Area
[cm2/cm3]
OD-MAP-$
12
(I,J,L)
OPOC Organic C Optical Depth (400 nm)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
13
(I,J,L)
HGOC Hygroscopic growth of OC
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
14
(I,J,L)
SOC Organic Carbon Surface Area
[cm2/cm3]
OD-MAP-$
15
(I,J,L)
OPSSa Sea Salt (accum) Opt Depth (400 nm)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
16
(I,J,L)
HGSSa Hygroscopic growth of SSa
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
17
(I,J,L)
SSSa Sea Salt (accum) Surface Area
[cm2/cm3]
OD-MAP-$
18
(I,J,L)
OPSSc Sea Salt (coarse) Opt Depth(400 nm)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
19
(I,J,L)
HGSSc Hygroscopic growth of SSc
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
20
(I,J,L)
SSSc Sea Salt (coarse) Surface Area
[cm2/cm3]
OD-MAP-$
21
(I,J,L)
OPD1 Dust bin 1 AOD (550nm)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
22
(I,J,L)
OPD1 Dust bin 2 AOD (550nm)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
23
(I,J,L)
OPD1 Dust bin 3 AOD (550nm)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
24
(I,J,L)
OPD1 Dust bin 4 AOD (550nm)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
25
(I,J,L)
OPD1 Dust bin 5 AOD (550nm)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
26
(I,J,L)
OPD1 Dust bin 6 AOD (550nm)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
27
(I,J,L)
OPD1 Dust bin 7 AOD (550nm)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$

ND22
Dimension
PHOTOLYSIS RATES (aka J-Values)
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
J(NO2)
[1/s]
JV-MAP-$
2
(I,J,L)
J(HNO3)
[1/s]
JV-MAP-$
3
(I,J,L)
J(H2O2)
[1/s]
JV-MAP-$
4
(I,J,L)
J(CH2O)
[1/s]
JV-MAP-$
5
(I,J,L)
J(O3)
[1/s]
JV-MAP-$
6
(I,J,L)
OH source from O3 photolysis
[1/s]
JV-MAP-$
7
(I,J,L)
J(GLYX)
[1/s]
JV-MAP-$
8
(I,J,L)
J(MGLY)
[1/s]
JV-MAP-$
NOTE: Orange lines indicate output only available for simulations with the secondary organic aerosol (SOA) chemistry mechanism.

ND23
Dimension
MASS-WEIGHTED OH CONCENTRATION
Units
Category

Mean OH concentration diagnostic
[10[5] molec/cm3]

Dimension
MASS TRANSPORT FLUX
Units
Category
ND24
(I,J,L,N)
East/west mass flux by transport
[kg/s]
EW-FLX-$
ND25
(I,J,L,N)
North/south mass flux by transport
[kg/s]
NS-FLX-$
ND26
(I,J,L,N)
Up/down mass flux by transport
[kg/s]
UP-FLX-$

ND27
Dimension
STRATOSPHERIC INFLUX (mostly obsolete now)
Units
Category
1
(I,J,3)
NOx, Ox, HNO3 from the stratosphere: if NOx - Ox - HC simulation
[kg/s]
STRT-FL
2
(I,J,2)
H2, HD from the stratosphere: if H2/HD simulation
[kg/s]
STRT-FL
3
(I,J)
Ox from the stratosphere: all other simulations
[kg/s]
STRT-FL

ND28
Dimension
BIOMASS BURNING EMISSIONS
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
NOx biomass emissions
[molec/cm2/s]
BIOBSRCE
4
(I,J)
CO biomass emissions
[molec/cm2/s]
BIOBSRCE
5
(I,J)
ALK4 biomass emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOBSRCE
9
(I,J)
ACET biomass emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOBSRCE
10
(I,J)
MEK biomass emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOBSRCE
11
(I,J)
ALD2 biomass emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOBSRCE
18
(I,J)
PRPE (lumped >=C3 alkenes) biomass emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOBSRCE
19
(I,J)
C3H8 biomass emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOBSRCE
20
(I,J)
CH2O biomass emissions
[molec/cm2/s]
BIOBSRCE
21
(I,J)
C2H6 biomass emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOBSRCE
26
(I,J)
SO2 biomass emissions
[molec/cm2/s]
BIOBSRCE
30
(I,J)
NH3 biomass emissions
[molec/cm2/s]
BIOBSRCE
34
(I,J)
BC (black carbon) biomass emissions
[molec/cm2/s]
BIOBSRCE
35
(I,J)
OC (organic carbon) biomass emissions
[molec/cm2/s]
BIOBSRCE

ND29
Dimension
TROPOSPHERIC CO EMISSIONS
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
Anthropogenic CO
[molec/cm2/s]
CO--SRCE
2
(I,J)
Biomass Burning CO
[molec/cm2/s]
CO--SRCE
3
(I,J)
Biofuel Burning CO
[molec/cm2/s]
CO--SRCE
4
(I,J)
CO produced from monoterpenes
[molec/cm2/s]
CO--SRCE
5
(I,J)
CO produced from methanol
[molec/cm2/s]
CO--SRCE

ND30
Dimension
LAND MAP DIAGNOSTIC
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
GMAO land-water indices
[unitless]
LANDMAP

ND31
Dimension
SURFACE PRESSURE DIAGNOSTIC
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
Pressure at the bottom of level L (1 <= L <= ND31 )
[hPa]
PEDGE-$

ND32
Dimension
TROPOSPHERIC NOx EMISSIONS
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
Aircraft NOx
[molec/cm2/s]
NOX-AC-$
2
(I,J,L)
Anthropogenic NOx ( 1 <= L <= NOXEXTENT )
[molec/cm2/s]
NOX-AN-$
3
(I,J)
Biomass Burning NOx
[molec/cm2/s]
NOX-BIOB
4
(I,J)
Biofuel Burning NOx
[molec/cm2/s]
NOX-BIOF
5
(I,J)
Fertilizer NOx
[molec/cm2/s]
NOX-FERT
6
(I,J,L)
Lightning NOx
[molec/cm2/s]
NOX-LI-$
7
(I,J)
Soils NOx
[molec/cm2/s]
NOX-SOIL
8
(I,J)
Stratospheric NOx (upper boundary)
[molec/cm2/s]
NOX-STRT

ND33
Dimension
COLUMN TRACER
Units
Category
1
(I,J,N)
Atmospheric column sum of tracer
[kg]
COLUMN-T

ND34
Dimension
BIOFUEL BURNING EMISSIONS
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
NOx biofuel emissions
[molec/cm2/s]
BIOFSRCE
4
(I,J)
CO biofuel emissions
[molec/cm2/s]
BIOFSRCE
5
(I,J)
ALK4 biofuel emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOFSRCE
9
(I,J)
ACET biofuel emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOFSRCE
10
(I,J)
MEK biofuel emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOFSRCE
11
(I,J)
ALD2 biofuel emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOFSRCE
18
(I,J)
PRPE (lumped >=C3 alkenes) biofuel emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOFSRCE
19
(I,J)
C3H8 biofuel emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOFSRCE
20
(I,J)
CH2O biofuel emissions
[molec/cm2/s]
BIOFSRCE
21
(I,J)
C2H6 biofuel emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOFSRCE

ND35
Dimension
TRACER CONCENTRATION AT 500 mb
Units
Category
1
(I,J,N)
Tracers at 500 mb ( L = 9 ) ( N: selected tracers )
NOTE: this is now obsolete
[v/v]
500-AVRG

ND36
Dimension
ANTHROPOGENIC EMISSIONS
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
NOx anthropogenic emissions
[molec/cm2/s]
ANTHSRCE
4
(I,J)
CO anthropogenic emissions
[molec/cm2/s]
ANTHSRCE
5
(I,J)
ALK4 anthropogenic emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
ANTHSRCE
9
(I,J)
ACET anthropogenic emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
ANTHSRCE
10
(I,J)
MEK anthropogenic emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
ANTHSRCE
11
(I,J)
ALD2 anthropogenic emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
ANTHSRCE
18
(I,J)
PRPE (lumped >=C3 alkenes) anthropogenic emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
ANTHSRCE
19
(I,J)
C3H8 anthropogenic emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
ANTHSRCE
20
(I,J)
CH2O anthropogenic emissions
[molec/cm2/s]
ANTHSRCE
21
(I,J)
C2H6 anthropogenic emissions
[atoms C/cm2/s]
ANTHSRCE

ND36
Dimension
CH3I EMISSIONS (for simulation type 2)
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
CH3Ioc : Methyl Iodide (oceanic source)
[ng/m2/s]
CH3ISRCE
2
(I,J)
CH3Ibb : Methyl Iodide (biomass burning)
[ng/m2/s]
CH3ISRCE
3
(I,J)
CH3Iwb : Methyl Iodide (wood burning)
[ng/m2/s]
CH3ISRCE
4
(I,J)
CH3Irc : Methyl Iodide (rice paddies)
[ng/m2/s]
CH3ISRCE
5
(I,J)
CH3Iwl : Methyl Iodide (wetlands)
[ng/m2/s]
CH3ISRCE

ND37
Dimension
UDRAFT SCAVENGING FRACTION
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L,N)
Fraction of tracer scavenged by in cloud updrafts in moist convection
[unitless]
MC-FRC-$

ND38
Dimension
LOSS OF TRACER IN MOIST CONVECTION
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L,N)
Rainout loss of tracer in convective updrafts
[kg/s]
WETDCV-$

ND39
Dimension
LOSS OF TRACER IN AEROSOL WET DEPOSITION
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L,N)
Rainout loss of tracer in large-scale precip
[kg/s]
WETDLS-$

ND40
Dimension
PLANE FLIGHT DIAGNOSTIC
Units
Category

Turn on plane flight diagnostic (DO_PF = T). This diagnostic does not save to the bpch file, but rather is output to the specified plane.log file.

ND41
Dimension
AFTERNOON PBL HEIGHT
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
Afternoon boundary layer heights (1200-1600 local time)
[m]
PBLDEPTH

ND42
Dimension
SOA CONCENTRATIONS
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
SOA1
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
2
(I,J,L)
SOA2
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
3
(I,J,L)
SOA3
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
4
(I,J,L)
SOA4
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
5
(I,J,L
SOA5
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
6
(I,J,L)
SOA1 + SOA2 + SOA3
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
7
(I,J,L)
SOA1 + SOA2 + SOA3 + SOA4
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
8
(I,J,L)
SOA1 + SOA2 + SOA3 + SOA4 + SOA5
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
9
(I,J,L)
Sum of all Org Aerosols (OC + SOA)
[ug C/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
10
(I,J,L)
Sum of all Org Aerosols (OC+SOA) @ STP
[ug C/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
11
(I,J,L)
Sum of all Org Aerosols (OC+SOA)
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
12
(I,J,L)
Organic carbon (OCPI + OCPO)
[ug C/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
13
(I,J,L)
Black carbon (BCPI + BCPO)
[ug C/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
14
(I,J,L)
SO4
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
15
(I,J,L)
NH4
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
16
(I,J,L)
NIT
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
17
(I,J,L)
SAL
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
18
(I,J,L)
Total aerosol
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
19
(I,J,L)
SOAG (from GLYX)
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
20
(I,J,L)
SOAM (from MGLY)
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
21
(I,J,L)
SOA1 + SOA2 + SOA3 + SOA4 + SOA5 + SOAG + SOAM
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
22
(I,J,L)
SOA1 + SOA2 + SOA3 + SOA4 + SOA5 + SOAG + SOAM + OCPO + OCPI
[ug C/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
23
(I,J,L)
SOA1 + SOA2 + SOA3 + SOA4 + SOA5 + SOAG + SOAM @ STP
[ug/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
24
(I,J,L)
SOA1 + SOA2 + SOA3 + SOA4 + SOA5 + SOAG + SOAM + OCPO + OCPI @ STP
[ug C/m3]
IJ-SOA-$
NOTES:
   1. These output are only available for simulations using the SOA chemistry mechanism.

   2. Green lines indicate output only available for simulations using the dicarbonyls chemistry mechanism.

ND43
Dimension
CHEMICAL PRODUCTION OF VARIOUS SPECIES
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
OH
[molec/cm3]
CHEM-L=$
2
(I,J,L)
NO
[v/v]
CHEM-L=$
3
(I,J,L)
HO2
[v/v]
CHEM-L=$
4
(I,J,L)
NO2
[v/v]
CHEM-L=$
5
(I,J,L)
NO3
[v/v]
CHEM-L=$

ND44
Dimension
DRYDEP ( M = NUMber DEP )
Units
Category
1
(I,J,M)
Dry deposition fluxes (M = 1, NUMDEP)
[molec/cm2/s]
DRYD-FLX
2
(I,J,M)
Dry deposition velocities (M = 1, NUMDEP)
[cm/s]
DRYD-VEL

ND45
Dimension
TRACER CONCENTRATIONS
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L,N)
Tracer mixing ratio for Levels = 1, LD45, averaged between HR1_OTH and HR2_OTH (time range from input.geos)
[v/v]
IJ-AVG-$

ND46
Dimension
BIOGENIC EMISSIONS
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
Isoprene
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOGSRCE
2
(I,J)
Acetone
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOGSRCE
3
(I,J)
PRPE (Lumped >= C3 alkenes)
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOGSRCE
4
(I,J)
Monoterpenes
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOGSRCE
5
(I,J)
Methyl Butenol (aka MBO)
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOGSRCE
6
(I,J)
Ethene
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOGSRCE
7
(I,J)
a-Pinene
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOGSRCE
8
(I,J)
b-Pinene
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOGSRCE
9
(I,J)
Limonene
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOGSRCE
10
(I,J)
Sabinene
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOGSRCE
11
(I,J)
Myrcene
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOGSRCE
12
(I,J)
3-Carene
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOGSRCE
13
(I,J)
Ocimene
[atoms C/cm2/s]
BIOGSRCE

ND47
Dimension
24-h AVERAGE TRACER CONCENTRATION
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L,N)
Daily (24-h) average tracer mixing ratio for Levels = L, LD47
[v/v]
IJ-24H-$

ND48
Dimension
TIMESERIES AT NL = NUMBER OF LOCATIONS
Units
Category
1-N
(I,J,L)
GEOS - Chem transported tracers
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 1 .. N_TRACERS)
[v/v]
IJ-AVG-$
76
(I,J,L)
OH concentration
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 2)
[molec/cm3]
TIME-SER
77
(I,J,L)
NO2 concentration
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 19)
[v/v]
TIME-SER
78
(I,J,L)
PBL heights
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 1)
[m]
PBLDEPTH
79
(I,J,L)
PBL heights
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 2)
[levels]
PBLDEPTH
80
(I,J,L)
Air density
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 22)
[molec/cm3]
TIME-SER
81
(I,J)
3-D Cloud fractions
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 19)
[unitless]
TIME-SER
82
(I,J)
Column optical depths
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 20)
[unitless]
TIME-SER
83
(I,J)
Cloud top heights
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 21)
[hPa]
TIME-SER
84
(I,J,L)
Sulfate aerosol optical depth
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 6)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
85
(I,J,L)
Black carbon aerosol optical depth
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 9)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
86
(I,J,L)
Organic carbon aerosol optical depth
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 12)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
87
(I,J,L)
Accumulation mode seasalt optical depth
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 15)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
88
(I,J,L)
Coarse mode seasalt optical depth
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 18)
[unitless]
OD-MAP_$
89
(I,J,L)
Total dust optical depth
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 4)
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$
90
(I,J,L)
Total seasalt tracer concentration
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 24)
[unitless]
TIME-SER
91
(I,J,L)
Pure O3 (not Ox) concentration
(Tracer # for GAMAP = N_TRACERS+1)
[v/v]
IJ-AVG-$
92
(I,J,L)
NO concentration
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 9)
[v/v]
TIME-SER
93
(I,J,L)
NOy concentration
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 3)
[v/v]
TIME-SER
94
(I,J,L)
Grid box height
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 1)
[m]
BXHGHT-$
95
(I,J,L)
Relative humidity
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 17)
[%]
TIME-SER
96
(I,J)
Sea level pressure
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 18)
[hPa]
DAO-FLDS
97
(I,J,L)
Zonal wind (a.k.a. U-wind)
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 1)
[m/s]
DAO-3D-$
98
(I,J,L)
Meridional wind (a.k.a. V-wind)
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 2)
[m/s]
DAO-3D-$
99
(I,J)
P(surface) - PTOP
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 1)
[hPa]
PEDGE-$
100
(I,J,L)
Temperature
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 3)
[K]
DAO-3D-$
115-121
(I,J,L)
Size resolved dust optical depth
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$

ND49
Dimension
3-D INSTANTANEOUS TRACER TIMESERIES
Units
Category

Same tracers as ND48 plus:

101
(I,J)
PARDF (diffuse PAR)
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 20)
[W/m2]
DAO-FLDS
102
(I,J)
PARDR (direct PAR)
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 21)
[W/m2]
DAO-FLDS
103
(I,J)
Daily LAI (leaf area index)
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 32)
[cm2/cm2]
TIME-SER
104
(I,J)
Temperature at 2m (i.e. proxy for surface air temperature)
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 5)
[K]
DAO-FLDS
105
(I,J)
Isoprene emissions
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 1)
[atoms C/cm2]
BIOGSRCE
106
(I,J)
Monoterpene emissions
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 4)
[atoms C/cm2]
BIOGSRCE
107
(I,J)
Methyl Butanol emissions
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 5)
[atoms C/cm2]
BIOGSRCE
108
(I,J)
a-Pinene emissions
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 7)
[atoms C/cm2]
BIOGSRCE
109
(I,J)
b-Pinene emissions
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 8)
[atoms C/cm2]
BIOGSRCE
110
(I,J)
Limonene emissions
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 9)
[atoms C/cm2]
BIOGSRCE
111
(I,J)
Sabinene emissions
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 10)
[atoms C/cm2]
BIOGSRCE
112
(I,J)
Myrcene emissions
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 11)
[atoms C/cm2]
BIOGSRCE
113
(I,J)
3-carene emissions
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 12)
[atoms C/cm2]
BIOGSRCE
114
(I,J)
Ocimene emissions
(Tracer # for GAMAP = 13)
[atoms C/cm2]
BIOGSRCE
115-121
(I,J,L)
Size resolved dust optical depth
[unitless]
OD-MAP-$

ND50
Dimension
3-D 24-h AVERAGE TRACER TIMESERIES
Units
Category

(I,J,L)
Archives the same diagnostic quantities as ND49 (listed above)

ND51
Dimension
3-D SATELLITE TRACER TIMESERIES
Units
Category

(I,J,L,N)
Archives the same diagnostic quantities as ND49 (listed above), averaged between two local times.

ND51b
Dimension
3-D SATELLITE TRACER TIMESERIES
Units
Category

(I,J,L,N)
Archives the same diagnostic quantities as ND51 (listed above), along a second satellite path.

ND52
Dimension
GAMMA HO2
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
Uptake coefficient for HO2 by aerosols
[unitless]
GAMMA

ND53
Dimension
FREE DIAGNOSTIC
Units
Category

ND54
Dimension
FRACTION OF TIME IN THE TROPOPSPHERE
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
Computes the amount of time that a given grid box spends in the troposphere
[unitless]
TIME-TPS

ND55
Dimension
DYNAMIC TROPOPAUSE DIAGNOSTICS
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
Level at which the dynamic tropopause occurs
[unitless]
TR-PAUSE
2
(I,J)
Height of the dynamic tropopause
[km]
TR-PAUSE
3
(I,J)
Pressure of the dynamic tropopause
[mb]
TR-PAUSE

ND56
Dimension
LIGHTNING FLASHES
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
Total lightning flash rate
[flashes/min/km2]
LFLASH-$
2
(I,J)
Intra-cloud flash rate
[flashes/min/km2]
LFLASH-$
3
(I,J)
Cloud-ground flash rate
[flashes/min/km2]
LFLASH-$

ND57
Dimension
POTENTIAL TEMPERATURE DIAGNOSTIC
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
Potential temperature
[K]
THETA-$

ND58
Dimension
CH4 emissions
Units
CH4-EMIS
1
(I,J)
CH4-TOT: Total emissions
[kg]
CH4-EMIS
2
(I,J)
CH4-GAO: Gas & Oil emissions
[kg]
CH4-EMIS
3
(I,J)
CH4-COL: Coal emisisons
[kg]
CH4-EMIS
4
(I,J)
CH4-LIV: Livestock emissions
[kg]
CH4-EMIS
5
(I,J)
CH4-WST: Waste emisisons
[kg]
CH4-EMIS
6
(I,J)
CH4-BFL: Biofuel emissions
[kg]
CH4-EMIS
7
(I,J)
CH4-RIC: Rice field emissions
[kg]
CH4-EMIS
8
(I,J)
CH4-OTA: Other anthropic emissions
[kg]
CH4-EMIS
9
(I,J)
CH4-BBN: Biomass burning emissions
[kg]
CH4-EMIS
10
(I,J)
CH4-WTL: Wetland emissions
[kg]
CH4-EMIS
11
(I,J)
CH4-SAB: Soil absorption
[kg]
CH4-EMIS
12
(I,J)
CH4-OTN: Other natural emissions
[kg]
CH4-EMIS

ND59
Dimension
FREE DIAGNOSTIC
Units
Category

ND60
Dimension
WETLAND FRACTION
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
Wetland fraction
unitless
WET-FRAC

ND61
Dimension
FREE DIAGNOSTIC
Units
Category

ND62
Dimension
INSTANTANEOUS COLUMN MAPS
Units
Category
1
(I,J,N)
I-J instantaneous integrated column density for tracers
[molec/cm2] or
[atoms C/cm2]
INST-MAP

ND63
Dimension
SHIP DIAGNOSTIC
Units
Category
1
(I,J,N)
Fraction of NOx remaining
unitless
SHIP-$$$
2
(I,J,N)
Integrated Ozone Production Efficiency (OPE)
unitless
SHIP-$$$
3
(I,J,N)
Fraction of NOx remaining * ship emissions
[kg/box/timestep]
SHIP-$$$
4
(I,J,N)
Integrated OPE * ( 1 - fraction of NOx) * ship emissions
[kg/box/timestep]
SHIP-$$$
5
(I,J,N)
Ship emissions
[kg/box/timestep]
SHIP-$$$

ND64
Dimension
FREE DIAGNOSTIC
Units
Category

ND65
Dimension
PRODUCTION/LOSS OF SPECIFIED CHEMICAL FAMILIES
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L,N)
Chemical family P/L rates. Users can define which species/ families to output in input.geos.
[molec/cm3/s]
PORL-L=$

ND66
Dimension
GMAO (formerly DAO) 3-D met fields
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
UWND : U-winds
[m/s]
DAO-3D-$
2
(I,J,L)
VWND : V-winds
[m/s]
DAO-3D-$
3
(I,J,L)
TMPU : Temperature
[K]
DAO-3D-$
4
(I,J,L)
SPHU : Specific humidity
[g H20/kg air]
DAO-3D-$
5
(I,J,L)
CLDMAS : Convective Mass Flux
[kg/m2/s]
DAO-3D-$
6
(I,J,L)
DTRAIN : Detrainment Flux
[kg/m2/s]
DAO-3D-$

ND67
(I,J)
GMAO (formerly DAO) 2-D met fields
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
HFLUX: sensible heat flux from surface
[W/m2]
DAO-FLDS
2
(I,J)
RADSWG: solar radiation at the ground
For GEOS - 5, this is the net radiation @ ground (SWGNET)
For MERRA, this is the incident radiation @ ground (SWGDN)
[W/m2]
DAO-FLDS
3
(I,J)
PREACC: total precipitation at the ground
For GEOS - 5 and MERRA, this field is named PRECTOT
[mm/day]
DAO-FLDS
4
(I,J)
PRECON: total convective precipitation at the ground
For GEOS - 5 and MERRA, this field is named PRECCON
[mm/day]
DAO-FLDS
5
(I,J)
TS: surface air temperature
NOTE: For GEOS - 4, GEOS - 5, and MERRA, this is really the air temperature at 2 m altitude above the surface.
[K]
DAO-FLDS
6
(I,J)
RADSWT: solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere
[W/m2]
DAO-FLDS
7
(I,J)
USTAR: friction velocity
[m/s]
DAO-FLDS
8
(I,J)
Z0: surface roughness height
[m]
DAO-FLDS
9
(I,J)
PBL (aka PBLM): planetary boundary layer depth
[hPa]
DAO-FLDS
10
(I,J)
CLDFRC: column cloud fraction
[0 - 1]
DAO-FLDS
11
(I,J)
U10M: U-winds at 10 meters altitude
[m/s]
DAO-FLDS
12
(I,J)
V10M: V-winds at 10 meters altitude
[m/s]
DAO-FLDS
13
(I,J)
PS-PBL: Boundary Layer Top Pressure
[hPa]
DAO-FLDS
14
(I,J)
ALBD: Surface Albedo
[unitless]
DAO-FLDS
15
(I,J)
PHIS: Geopotential Heights
[m]
DAO-FLDS
16
(I,J)
CLTOP : Cloud Top Height
[levels]
DAO-FLDS
17
(I,J)
TROPP: Tropopause pressure (read directly from the met fields, without any further processing). For more information see our dynamic tropopause wiki page.
[hPa]
DAO-FLDS
18
(I,J)
SLP: Sea Level pressure (read directly from the met fields)
[hPa]
DAO-FLDS
19
(I,J)
TSKIN : Ground / Sea Surface Temp
[K]
DAO-FLDS
20
(I,J)
PARDF : Photosynthetically active diffuse radiation
[W/m2]
DAO-FLDS
21
(I,J)
PARDR : Photosynthetically active direct radiation
[W/m2]
DAO-FLDS
22
(I,J)
GWETTOP: Top soil wetness
[unitless]
DAO-FLDS

ND68
Dimension
GRID BOX QUANTITIES
Units
Category
1
(I,J,L)
BXHEIGHT: Grid box heights
[m]
BXHGHT-$
2
(I,J,L)
AD: Air mass in grid box
[kg]
BXHGHT-$
3
(I,J,L)
AVGW : Mixing ratio of water vapor
[v/v]
BXHGHT-$
4
(I,J,L)
N_AIR: Air number density
[molec air/m3]
BXHGHT-$

ND69
Dimension
GRID BOX SURFACE AREAS
Units
Category
1
(I,J)
DXYP: grid box surface areas
[m2]
DXYP

ND70
Dimension
DEBUG OUTPUT
Units
Category

Turn on debug output statements (LPRT = T)

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Atmospheric Sciences > GEOS-Chem Model > Manuals > Archive > Man.v9 01 03 > Appendix 6
                 GEOS - Chem v9 - 01 - 03 Online User's Guide
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Appendix 6: GEOS - Chem List of Chemical Species
In this Appendix, we shall list the chemical species used for the standard GEOS - Chem "full-chemistry" simulation.

See this wiki page for a complete list of chemical species (active + inactive) in the standard GEOS - Chem chemical mechanism file globchem.dat. These species are used in the full chemistry "standard" simulation used by SMVGEAR II and KPP. Many of these species are short-lived, and do not have to be transported as GEOS - Chem tracers.
NOTE: The following chemistry mechanisms have extra species not listed here. For more information, please consult with the GEOS - Chem Oxidants and Chemistry Working Group.
   1. SOA: 59 advected tracers, with secondary organic aerosols
   2. Dicarbonyls: 75 advected tracers, with dicarbonyl chemistry
   3. Isoprene: 56 advected tracers, with the Caltech isoprene scheme.

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Atmospheric Sciences > GEOS-Chem Model > Manuals > Archive > Man.v9 01 03 > Appendix 7
                 GEOS - Chem v9 - 01 - 03 Online User's Guide
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Appendix 7: GEOS - Chem Style Guide
We provide guidelines for writing clear, concise, and effective Fortran source code.

A7.1 Background
A7.1.1 We have written GEOS - Chem in the Fortran - 90 (F90) language. F90 introduces several new features over its predecessor, Fortran - 77 (F77), including allocatable arrays, modules, derived types, and new programming statements. We invite you to consult the following F90 tutorials:
   * Fortran 90 for the Fortran 77 Programmer
   * User notes on Fortran programming
   * University of Liverpool F90 tutorials and courses
F90 contains all of the features of F77. Legacy code adhering to the F77 standard should build with any F90 compiler. Although we have written GEOS - Chem source code to the F90 standard, you should be aware that many 3rd-party routines included in GEOS - Chem -- such as, SMVGEAR, FAST - J, and ISORROPIA -- were originally written to the F77 standard. In GEOS - Chem v9 - 01 - 03, we have started to replace older F77 code with F90 code, especially to facilitate the Grid Independent GEOS - Chem project.
You should also be aware that several other updates to the Fortran standard (F95, F2000, F2003) have been introduced in recent years. These new Fortran versions contain the same functionality as F90, but generally omit the obsolete F77-style features. Most modern Fortran compilers include support for all of these standards.

A7.1.2 We previously wrote GEOS - Chem source code using fixed-format layout, which has the following requirements:
   * A line continuation character (usually &) is placed in column 6
   * Numeric labels can occupy column 2 through column 5
   * Executable statements begin in column 7 and extend to column 72
We chose the fixed-format layout for compatibility with the F77-style include files that were contained in the Headers/ directory. Starting with GEOS - Chem v9 - 01 - 03, we have now converted all header files (with the exception of define.h) to modules. This allows the use of free-format layout, which does not restrict where you place executable statements. (To continue a free-format statement across several lines of code, you must place an ampersand "&" character at the end of each line.) We recommend that you write all new GEOS - Chem code using the free format layout.

A7.1.3 Historically, we denote code authors by a 3-letter abbreviation in source code comments (bmy, 5/1/03). However, computer account names grew longer, so did the length of these identifiers, e.g.(mpayer, 7/15/12).

A7.2 Headers, declarations, indentations, and white space
A7.2.1 We generate detailed GEOS - Chem reference documentation with ProTeX. ProTeX is a perl script developed by NASA/GMAO that generates LaTeX files from GEOS - Chem's subroutine, function, and module comment headers. The LaTeX file can then be compiled to produce both PostScript and PDF output.
To use ProTeX, you need to add a standard header at the top of each subroutine, function, and module. The header looks like this:
!------------------------------------------------------------------------------
!            Harvard University Atmospheric Chemistry Modeling Group
!------------------------------------------------------------------------------
!BOP
!
! !IROUTINE: metero
!
! !DESCRIPTION: Subroutine METERO calculates meteorological constants needed for the
! dry deposition velocity module. (lwh, gmg, djj, 1989, 1994; bmy, 11/21/02)
!
! Arguments as Output:
! ============================================================================
! (1 ) CZ1 (REAL*8) : Midpoint height of first model level [m]
! (2 ) TC0 (REAL*8) : Array for grid box surface temperature [K]
! (3 ) OBK (REAL*8) : Array for the Monin-Obhukov length [m]
!
!\subsection*{Reference}
! (1 ) Wesely, M. L., 1989.
! (2 ) Jacob, D.J., and S.C. Wofsy, 1990
!
!\\
!\\
! !INTERFACE:
!
      SUBROUTINE METERO( CZ1, TC0, OBK )
!
! !USES:
!
      USE DAO_MOD, ONLY : AIRDEN, HFLUX, T, TS, USTAR
      USE PRESSURE_MOD, ONLY : GET_PEDGE

      IMPLICIT NONE

#     include "CMN_SIZE" ! Size parameters
#     include "CMN_GCTM" ! Physical constants
!
! ! OUTPUT PARAMETERS:
!
      REAL*8, INTENT(OUT) :: CZ1(MAXIJ)
      REAL*8, INTENT(OUT) :: TC0(MAXIJ)
      REAL*8, INTENT(OUT) :: OBK(MAXIJ)
!
! !REVISION HISTORY:
!  (1 ) Now reference GET_PEDGE from "pressure_mod.f". Now reference T from
!   "dao_mod.f". Removed obsolete code & comments, and added new
!  documentation header. Now force double precision with "D"
!  exponents. Now compute OBK here as well. Bundled into F90 module
!  "drydep_mod.f" (bmy, 11/20/02)
!  02 Mar 2011 - J. Fisher - Set aerosol dry deposition velocity to 0.03 cm/s
!                            over snow and ice based on Nilsson & Rannik, 2001
!  02 Mar 2011 - R. Yantosca -  Added ProTeX headers
!EOP
!------------------------------------------------------------------------------
!BOC
!
! ! LOCAL VARIABLES:
!
INTEGER :: I, J, IJLOOP
REAL*8 :: P1, P2, THIK, NUM, DEN

!
! !DEFINED PARAMETERS:
!
REAL*8, PARAMETER :: KAPPA = 0.4d0   ! Von Karman's Constant
REAL*8, PARAMETER :: CP = 1000.0d0

!
! ! EXTERNAL FUNCTIONS:
!
REAL*8, EXTERNAL :: XLTMMP

!=================================================================
! METERO begins here!
!=================================================================

  ... code goes here ...

END SUBROUTINE METERO
!EOC
Note that the ProTeX header contains the following elements:
   1. Indicators (!BOP, !EOP) as to where ProTeX should look for source code header comments
   2. Indicators (!BOC, !EOC) as to where the source code begins and ends. ProTeX will ignore code between !BOC and !EOC unless you tell it otherwise.
   3. A description of the routine, the original date and most recent
   4. Description of when the routine was last modified (with date & name of the programmers)
   5. A list of input & output arguments
   6. A list of references (if applicable)
   7. References to F90 modules (if any) after the USE keyword followed by the IMPLICIT NONE declaration
   8. Any #include declarations for header files. Since we are using the C-preprocessor with 72-column fixed format, the # character must go in column 1.
   9. Each time the file is modified the REVISION HISTORY section should be updated.
   10. Declarations for local variables
   11. Declarations for Fortran parameters (aka constants)
   12. Declarations for external functions (if necessary)
Fortran 90 allows you to declare an argument to a subroutine or function with one of the following descriptors:
   1. INTENT(IN) (read-only),
   2. INTENT(OUT) (write-only) or
   3. INTENT(INOUT) (read-and-write)
This helps you to prevent overwriting arguments which should not be overwritten.
We recommend that you separate sections of source code with one or more divider comments:
!=================================================================
! 1st level header
!=================================================================

   !--------------------------------------------------------------
   ! 2nd level header
   !--------------------------------------------------------------

      !-----------------------
      ! 3rd-level header
      !----------------------
Line up each header with the the code that follows immediately below it. You can mix and match these styles as you wish. You don't always have to extend the header all the way across the screen.
If you are modifying a fixed-format source code file, end the major section headers at column #72. This will remind your reader where the limits of the allowable source code region occurs. If you are modifying a free-format source code file, feel free to extend the ends of the major section headers to about column 76 or 77.

A7.2.2 We used to write GEOS - Chem source code in ALL CAPITALS. We chose this approach to avoid mistaking similar characters, such as the lowercase l and the number 1, which in some fonts look remarkably alike. You may at your discretion mix capitals and lowercase in variable names and subroutine names, particularly if you want to improve readability or preserve scientific abbreviations ( e.g. Rn_Pb_Be_mod.F).
We still recommend that you write Fortran reserved words in ALL CAPITALS: SUBROUTINE, CALL, IF/THEN/ENDIF, DO/ENDDO, WHERE/ENDWHERE. This distinguishes Fortran language elements from your variable and routine names.
Because GEOS - Chem contains a significant amount of 3rd-party code, you will see many routines where the code is written in all lowercase letters. Feel free to leave this code as-is. Reformatting a fixed-format source code file can be a cumbersome task (and maybe not the best use of your precious time).
Good editors such as emacs and Xemacs can "colorize" the different words in a program (e.g. statements, variables, and quoted text are rendered in different colors), thus making the code infinitely more readable..

A7.2.3 Indent each new block of code 3 columns deeper than the last block:
         1         2         3         4
1234567890123456789012345678901234567890
      IF ( X == 0 ) THEN
         PRINT*, 'Hello, X is 0!'

         IF ( Y == 0 ) THEN
            PRINT*, 'Hello, X is 0 and Y is also 0!'
         ENDIF
      ENDIF
A good editor such as emacs will indent for you automatically. You can specify the level of indent in your editor setup file (e.g. .emacs).

A7.2.4 Omit indentation for each line of a multiple DO loop. Use this syntax:
DO N = 1, NNPAR
DO L = 1, LLPAR
DO J = 1, JJPAR
DO I = 1, IIPAR
   A(I,J,L,N) = A(I,J,L,N) / 2.0d0
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
ENDDO
instead of letting the DO loops "creep" unneccessarily across the screen:
DO N = 1, NNPAR
   DO L = 1, LLPAR
      DO J = 1, JJPAR
         DO I = 1, IIPAR
            A(I,J,L,N) = A(I,J,L,N) / 2.0d0
         ENDDO
      ENDDO
   ENDDO
ENDDO

A7.2.5 Use LOTS of white space to separate code. For example instead of
IF(X.eq.0)CALL DOLOOP(X,Y,Z,A,B,C,1,2,3)
type:
IF ( X == 0 ) CALL DOLOOP( X, Y, Z, A, B, C, 1, 2, 3 )
This makes the code much more readable, which prevents bugs.. If you can't read what you've written, you will never find your mistake! Don't be afraid to continue the statement to the next line if necessary.
In the above example, we also have used the new F90 equality test operator == (see below for more information).

A7.2.6 Always line up quantities in assignment statements. Instead of:
A=1
THISLOOP=2
C=3
D=THISLOOP*C - A
add white space so that all of the equals signs fall in the same column.
A        = 1
THISLOOP = 2
C        = 3
D        = ( THISLOOP * C ) - A
Your eyes can make more sense out of text that is lined up into vertical columns.
Group multiple terms of an equation with parentheses (as we have done for the D equation above). The compiler evaluates evaluate expressions in the order the parentheses are placed, from innermost to outermost.

A7.2.7 Do not leave white space between array indices:
A = X(I,J,L)
Leave white space between arguments of functions and WRITE statements:
A = MYFUNCTION( I, J, L )
WRITE( 6, '(a)' ) A

A7.2.8 Line up arguments in subroutine or function calls. If there are an even number of arguments, break them up symmetrically:
 CALL MYSUB( THIS_A, THIS_B, THIS_C,
&            THIS_D, THIS_E, THIS_F )
or
 X = MYFUNCTION( THIS_A, THIS_B, THIS_C,
&                THIS_D, THIS_E, THIS_F )

A7.3 Numeric and character data types
A7.3.1 GEOS - Chem uses the following data types:
LOGICAL            --> TRUE or FALSE switch
INTEGER            --> 32 byte integer value
REAL*4             --> 32 byte floating-point value
REAL*8             --> 64 byte floating-point value
CHARACTER(LEN=255) --> string w/ 255 characters (the max limit)
where
INTEGER can express numbers from -2e9   to +2e9
REAL*4  can express numbers from -1e38  to +1e38
REAL*8  can express numbers from -1e312 to +1e312
Use REAL*8 as your default floating-point type. This will prevent round off and precision truncation errors.
However, you should use REAL*4 data type instead of REAL*8 in the following instances:
   * Diagnostic arrays: GEOS - Chem diagnostic values rarely exceed 10[38], since they are usually in units such as kg, v/v, ppbv, or molecules/cm[2]/s.
   * Arrays and scalars required for binary or netCDF file I/O: Declaring these types of variables REAL*4 will help to keep file sizes as small as possible, thus saving disk space.
Some third-party routines used by GEOS - Chem (such as TPCORE) use the REAL datatype. Most compilers (but not all) interpret REAL as REAL*4. If you want to force the compiler to interpret REAL as REAL*8, you must use a special compiler switch (usually -r8, but check your compiler manual to be sure). The GEOS - Chem Makefiles already take care of this for you..
NOTE: See the GEOS - Chem wiki page on floating point math issues for more information.

A7.3.2 Use D (double-precision) exponents when assigning a value to a REAL*8 variable:
REAL*8 :: PI
PI = 3.14159265358979323d0
instead of this syntax:
REAL*8 :: PI
PI = 3.14159265359e0
In F90, the E (single-precision) exponent only yields about 7 decimal places of precision, whereas the D exponent yields 15 or 16 decimal places of precision. Using D exponents prevents roundoff errors.

A7.3.3 Declare strings with 255 characters, even if you don't know a priori how long the string will be. Use the TRIM statement to strip excess white space. For example:
CHARACTER(LEN=255) :: STR

STR = 'I am the very model of a modern major general...'

WRITE( 6, '(a)' ) TRIM( STR )

A7.4 Converting from number to character (and vice versa)
A7.4.1 Several GEOS - Chem routines convert a numeric variable to a character variable (and vice-versa). This usually happens when a number representing a date or time has to be incorporated into a file path.
Use a Fortran internal write statement to convert from from INTEGER to CHARACTER. This looks like a regular WRITE statement, only that the unit number is replaced by a character variable. Think of it as "writing" your number into a character variable instead of to a file.
For example, the following code creates a string containing the date 20110701:
! Declare variables
CHARACTER(LEN=8) :: DATE_STR
INTEGER          :: DATE = 20110701

! FORTRAN internal write -- converts number to string
WRITE( DATE_STR, '(i8.8)' ) DATE
You can incorporate DATE_STR into a directory or file path. The format '(i8.8)' tells the WRITE command to make the string 8 characters long, and to change any spaces (if they exist) into preceding zeroes.
Caveat: Some versions of the PGI compiler did not allow internal WRITE statements. You can use the ENCODE function instead:
! Declare variables
CHARACTER(LEN=8) :: DATE_STR
INTEGER :: DATE = 20010701

! Writes value from DATE into DATE_STR
ENCODE( 8, '(i8.8)', DATE_STR ) DATE
You must specify the length of the character variable (in this case, 8), the format string, and the character variable when calling ENCODE.

A7.4.2 Use a Fortran internal read to extract numbers from a character string. This is the reverse of the Fortran internal write described above:
! Declare variables
CHARACTER(LEN=8) :: DATE_STR = '20010101'
INTEGER :: DATE

! FORTRAN internal read -- converts string to number
READ( DATE_STR, '(i8.8)' ) DATE
Caveat: Some versions of the PGI compiler did not allow Fortran internal reads. You can use the DECODE function instead:
! Declare variables
CHARACTER(LEN=8) :: DATE_STR = '20010101'
INTEGER :: DATE

! Reads string value from DATE_STR into DATE
DECODE( 8, '(i8.8)', DATE_STR ) DATE
As with ENCODE, you must specify the length of the character variable (in this case, 8), the format string, and the character variable in the call to DECODE.

A7.4.3 When writing GEOS - Chem code, you may have to use both the internal read / internal write and ENCODE / DECODE methods simultaneously, separated by the appropriate C - preprocessor compiler flags.
! Declare variables
CHARACTER(LEN=8) :: DATE_STR
INTEGER :: DATE = 20010701

# include "define.h" ! C-preprocessor flags

#if defined( LINUX_PGI )
   ! Write numeric value from DATE into DATE_STR for PGI Linux
   ENCODE( 8, '(i8)', DATE_STR ) DATE
#else
   ! FORTRAN Internal Write for other platforms
   WRITE( DATE_STR, '(i8)' ) DATE
#endif

A7.5 New language features of Fortran 90
A7.5.1 Use the new F90-style operators instead of the older F77-style operators:
== instead of .EQ.
/= instead of .NE.
>  instead of .GT.
>= instead of .GE.
<  instead of .LT.
>= instead of .LE.
The new operators take up only one or two spaces (instead of four spaces) and are easier to read.
Some operators (.AND., .OR., and .NOT.) are the same in F90 as in F77. This is also true of the boolean values (.TRUE. and .FALSE.).

A7.5.2 Use the F90 ! comment character. This replaces the F77 comment character (a C placed in the first column of fixed-format code). You can can create very legible comments by lining up the ! with your source code.

A7.5.3 To continue an instruction from one line to the next, place an ampersand (&) at the end of the line (for free-format layout).
If you are working with a source code file that has not yet been converted to free-format, place an ampersand in column 6 of each continued line of code.

A7.5.4 Use the F90 array assignment functionality to assign a value to all elements of an array without using array indices. For example:
INTEGER :: ARRAY(10,10)
ARRAY(:,:) = 0
You can also leave off the default array mask (:,:), so
ARRAY = 0
is also acceptable.

A7.5.5 Initialize PARAMETER constants on the same line where they are declared:
REAL*8, PARAMETER :: PI = 3.14159265358979323d0
Avoid using obsolete F77 syntax:
REAL*8 PI
PARAMETER( PI = 3.14159265358979323 )

A7.5.6 Use F90 direct assignment statements to assign values to arrays:
REAL*8 :: A(2) = (/ 1.0d0, 2.0d0 /)
Avoid using obsolete F77 syntax:
REAL*8 A(2)
DATA A / 1.0, 2.0 /

A7.5.7 Include the SAVE attribute on the same line where the variable is declared:
LOGICAL, SAVE :: FIRSTTIME = .TRUE.
Avoid using obsolete F77 syntax:
LOGICAL FIRSTTIME
SAVE FIRSTTIME
DATA FIRSTTIME / .TRUE. /
Note: SAVEd variables within a subroutine or function keep their values from one call to the next. This allows you to do some initialization only on the first call to a subroutine, for example:
LOGICAL, SAVE :: FIRSTTIME = .TRUE.

IF ( FIRSTTIME ) THEN
   PRINT*, 'This is the first time this routine is called!'
   FIRSTTIME = .FALSE.
ENDIF
Since the value of FIRSTTIME is saved between calls, the sentence above will only be printed out on the first call to the subroutine.

A7.5.8 Include the EXTERNAL attribute on the same line where a function's type is declared. Use this syntax:
INTEGER, EXTERNAL :: MYFUNC
Avoid using obsolete F77 syntax:
INTEGER MYFUNC
EXTERNAL MYFUNC
NOTE: If you are referencing functions contained within a module file, then you do not need to declare it with EXTERNAL. The EXTERNAL statement is a hangover from F77.

A7.5.9 Use the F90 SELECT CASE statement to pick from a list of options. In F77 you would have had to write:
IF ( X .EQ. 1 ) THEN
   CALL MYSUB( X1 )
ELSE IF ( X .EQ. 2 ) THEN
   CALL MYSUB( X2 )
ELSE
   CALL MYSUB( X0 )
ENDIF
but with F90, you can write this instead:
SELECT CASE ( X )
   CASE( 1 )
      CALL MYSUB( X1 )
   CASE( 2 )
      CALL MYSUB( X2 )
   CASE DEFAULT
      CALL MYSUB( X0 )
END SELECT
SELECT CASE also works with character constants:
SELECT CASE ( TRIM( TRACERNAME ) )
   CASE( 'NOx' )
      CALL MYSUB( 1 )
   CASE( 'Ox' )
      CALL MYSUB( 2 )
   CASE DEFAULT
      CALL MYSUB( 3 )
END SELECT
A note of warning: You cannot specify CASE( X ) where X is a variable, or else the compiler will balk. Then you must resort to the IF - ELSE IF block structure as shown above.

A7.5.10 Use the F90 intrinsic functions LOG( X ) and LOG10( X ) to take the natural and common logarithms of X. Here X may be declared either as REAL*4 or REAL*8.
Avoid using the F77 intrinsic functions ALOG( X ) and ALOG10( X ). Some compilers do not support these functions.

A7.5.11 Use F90's keyword argument capability to clarify subroutine calls. You can replace this:
 SUBROUTINE READ_A1( NYMD,     NHMS,
&                    ALBEDO,   CLDTOT,   EFLUX,    EVAP,
&                    ... etc ...                         )
with this:
      CALL READ_A1( NYMD     = NYMD,
     &              NHMS     = NHMS,
     &              ALBEDO   = ALBD,
     &              CLDTOT   = CLDTOT
     &              EFLUX    = EFLUX
     &              EVAP     = EVAP
                    ... etc ...      )
In the call above, you see several pairs of variable names separated by an equals sign:
ALBEDO   = ALBD,
The name on the left of the equals sign is the name of the argument as defined in the subroutine (i.e. ALBEDO). This is often called the "dummy argument" because it is just a name for the memory that is getting passed to it from outside of the subroutine.
The name on the right of the equals sign is the name of the variable that we are passing down to the subroutine. Here we are using the ALBD variable (from GEOS - Chem module dao_mod.F and passing that down to READ_A1 as the ALBEDO argument.

A7.6 Math optimizations
A7.6.1 Logarithms and exponentiation are the most computationally expensive mathematical functions. Avoid using the traditional formulation:
 Y = A0 + A1*X + A2*X**2 + A3*X**3 + A4*X**4 + A5*X**5
but instead use parentheses to group the polynomial terms.
 Y = A0 + X* ( A1 + X* ( A2 + X* ( A3 + X* ( A4 + X* ( A5 )))))