Occupational handler exposure assessments are completed by HED using different levels of risk mitigation. Typically, HED uses a tiered approach. The lowest tier is designated as the baseline exposure scenario ( i. e., long sleeve shirt, long pants, shoes, socks, and no respirator). If risks are of concern at baseline attire, then increasing levels of personal protective equipment or PPE ( e. g., gloves, double layer body protection, and respirators) are evaluated. If risks remain a concern with maximum PPE, then engineering controls ( e. g., enclosed cabs or cockpits, water soluble packaging, and closed mixing/ loading systems) are evaluated. This approach is used to ensure that the lowest level of risk mitigation that provides adequate protection is selected, since the Page 106 of 138 addition of PPE and engineering controls involves an additional expense to the user and   in the case of PPE   also involves an additional burden to the user due to decreased comfort and dexterity and increased heat stress and respiratory stress.

It has been determined that exposure to pesticide handlers is likely during the occupational use of MMA or DMA on agricultural crops, non crop areas and on turf grass. The anticipated use patterns and current labeling indicate occupational exposure scenarios based on the types of equipment and techniques that can potentially be used for MMA or DMA applications. Risk values are presented for each route of exposure ( i. e., dermal or inhalation) in each scenario, because risk mitigation measures are specific to the route of exposure. A total MOE was not calculated for MMA or DMA because the dermal and inhalation toxicological endpoints of concern are based on different adverse effects. The following tables present the risk estimates for short and intermediate term dermal and inhalation exposures at baseline, with additional personal protective equipment ( PPE), and with engineering controls, for DMA, CAMA and MSMA/ DSMA. Page 107 of 138 Table 9.1a. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to DMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target Application Rate ( lb ai/ A) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inhalation Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% Respirator Dermal Inhalation Mixer/ Loader Cotton ( defoliation) 0.8 1200 7.5 270 950 1300 1300 2500 3800 Mixing/ Loading Liquid Concentrates for Aerial Applications ( 1a) Cotton ( preconditioning for defoliation) 0.3 1200 20 710 2500 3400 3500 6800 10000 Cotton ( defoliation) 0.8 200 45 1600 5700 7700 8000 15000 23000 Cotton ( preconditioning for defoliation) 0.3 200 120 4300 15000 21000 21000 41000 62000 Non crop 7.3 100 9.9 350 1300 1700 1800 3300 5100 Mixing/ Loading Liquids Concentrates for Groundboom Applications ( 1b) Non bearing citrus orchards 4.96 80 18 640 2300 3100 3200 6200 9300 Page 108 of 138 Table 9.1a. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to DMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target Application Rate ( lb ai/ A) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inhalation Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% Respirator Dermal Inhalation Lawn edging 7.72 100 9.4 330 1200 1600 1700 3200 4800 Mixing/ Loading Liquid Concentrates to Support LCO Handgun Applications ( mixing/ loading supports 20 LCOs) ( 1c) Lawn renovation 7.3 100 9.9 350 1300 1700 1800 3300 5100 Mixing/ Loading Liquid Concentrates to Support Rights of Way ( 1d) Non crop 7.3 80 12 440 1600 2100 2200 4200 6300 Applicator Cotton ( defoliation) 0.8 1200 No Data No Data No Data No Data No Data 4400 4700 Applying Sprays via Aerial Equipment ( 2) Cotton ( preconditioning for defoliation) 0.3 1200 No Data No Data No Data No Data No Data 12000 13000 Page 109 of 138 Table 9.1a. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to DMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target Application Rate ( lb ai/ A) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inhalation Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% Respirator Dermal Inhalation Cotton ( defoliation) 0.8 200 9400 2600 9400 12000 13000 26000 45000 Cotton ( preconditioning for defoliation) 0.3 200 25000 6900 25000 32000 35000 70000 120000 Non crop 7.3 100 2100 570 2100 2600 2800 5800 9800 Applying Sprays via Groundboom Equipment ( 3) Non bearing citrus orchards 4.96 80 3800 1000 3800 4800 5200 11000 18000 Lawn edging 7.72 80 No Data 350 100 180 1800 No Data No Data Applying Sprays via Handgun Equipment ( 4) Lawn renovation 7.3 80 No Data 380 110 190 1900 No Data No Data Applying Sprays via Rights of Way Equipment ( 5) Non crop 7.3 80 28 130 92 120 670 No Data No Data Flagger Page 110 of 138 Table 9.1a. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to DMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target Application Rate ( lb ai/ A) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inhalation Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% Respirator Dermal Inhalation Cotton ( defoliation) 0.8 350 6800 3100 No Data 7500 16000 340000 160000 Flagging for Aerial Sprays Applications ( 6) Cotton ( preconditio ning for defoliation) 0.3 350 18000 8300 No Data 20000 42000 910000 420000 Mixer/ Loader/ Applicator Non bearing citrus orchards 4.96 5 56 4600 2600 No Data 23000 NF NF Lawn edging 7.72 5 36 2900 1600 No Data 15000 NF NF Lawn renovation 7.3 5 38 3100 1700 No Data 16000 NF NF Mixing/ Loading/

Applying Liquid Concentrates with Low Pressure Handwand ( ORETF) ( 7) Non crop 7.3 5 38 3100 1700 No Data 16000 NF NF Page 111 of 138 Table 9.1a. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to DMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target Application Rate ( lb ai/ A) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inhalation Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% Respirator Dermal Inhalation Non bearing citrus orchards 4.96 5 No Data 6900 1900 3500 34000 NF NF Lawn edging 7.72 5 No Data 4400 1200 2200 22000 NF NF Lawn renovation 7.3 5 No Data 4700 1300 2300 23000 NF NF Mixing/ Loading/

Applying Liquid Concentrates with a Handgun Sprayer ( LCO ORETF data) ( 8) Non crop 7.3 5 No Data 4700 1300 2300 23000 NF NF Applying Ready to Use Formulations via Trigger Pump Sprayer ( ORETF) ( 9) Non crop 0.00017 1000 3000 96000 70000 No Data 480000 NF NF Page 112 of 138 Table 9.1a. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to DMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target Application Rate ( lb ai/ A) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inhalation Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% Respirator Dermal Inhalation Lawn edging 0.00018 1000 11000 100000 No Data No Data 510000 NF NF Mixing/ Loading/

Applying Liquids with a Watering Can ( using ORETF residential hoseend data) ( 11) Lawn renovation 0.00017 1000 11000 110000 No Data No Data 540000 NF NF Page 113 of 138 Table 9.1b. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to CAMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of CAMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Mixer/ Loader Lawn and ornamental turf ( on grasses other than Bent) 5 4.4 40 140 1500 17000 23000 7300 46000 21000 Lawn and ornamental turf ( on Bermuda and Zoysia grass) 4.182 3.7 40 160 1700 21000 28000 8700 55000 25000 Mixing/ Loading Liquids Concentrates for Groundboom Applications ( 1a Lawn and ornamental turf ( on bentgrass) 2.5 2.2 40 270 2900 35000 47000 15000 92000 42000 Lawn and ornamental turf ( on grasses other than Bent) 5 4.4 100 55 580 6900 9400 2900 18000 8400 Lawn and ornamental turf ( on Bermuda and Zoysia grass) 4.182 3.7 100 66 690 8300 11000 3500 22000 10000 Mixing/ Loading Liquid Concentrates for LCO Handgun Applications ( 1b) Lawn and ornamental turf ( on bentgrass) 2.5 2.2 100 110 1300 14000 19000 5800 37000 17000 Page 114 of 138 Table 9.1b. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to CAMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of CAMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Applicator Lawn and ornamental turf ( on grasses other than Bent) 5 4.4 40 28000 2400 28000 36000 12000 80000 40000 Lawn and ornamental turf ( on Bermuda and Zoysia grass) 4.182 3.7 40 34000 2800 34000 43000 14000 95000 48000 Applying Sprays via Groundboom Equipment ( 2) Lawn and ornamental turf ( on bentgrass) 2.5 2.2 40 57000 4700 57000 72000 24000 160000 81000 Lawn and ornamental turf ( on grasses other than Bent) 5 4.4 80 ND 620 580 1000 3100 NF NF Lawn and ornamental turf ( on Bermuda and Zoysia grass) 4.182 3.7 80 ND 740 700 1300 3700 NF NF Applying Sprays via Handgun Equipment ( 3) Lawn and ornamental turf ( on bentgrass) 2.5 2.2 80 ND 1200 1200 2100 6200 NF NF Mixer/ Loader/ Applicator Page 115 of 138 Table 9.1b. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to CAMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of CAMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Lawn and ornamental turf ( on grasses other than Bent) 5 4.4 5 No Data 7700 7100 13000 39000 NF NF Lawn and ornamental turf ( on Bermuda and Zoysia grass) 4.182 3.7 5 No Data 9300 8500 16000 46000 NF NF Mixing/ Loading/ Applying Liquid Concentrates with a Handgun Sprayer ( LCO ORETF data)

( 3) Lawn and ornamental turf ( on bentgrass) 2.5 2.2 5 No Data 15000 14000 26000 77000 NF NF Page 116 of 138 Table 9.1c. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to DSMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of DSMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Mixer/ Loader Mixing/ Loading Liquid Concentrates for Aerial Applications ( 1a) Cotton ( pre plant or post plant up to cracking) 2.268 1.7 1200 12 120 1500 2000 620 3900 1800 Cotton ( postemergent directed spray) 2.268 1.7 200 70 740 8800 12000 3700 24000 11000 Grass grown for seed 4.4 3.3 80 90 950 11000 15000 4800 30000 14000 Mixing/ Loading Liquids Concentrates for Groundboom Applications ( 1b) Turf for sod farms 3.293 2.5 80 120 1300 15000 21000 6400 41000 18000 Page 117 of 138 Table 9.1c. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to DSMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of DSMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( well established actively growing turf grass) 3.293 2.5 80 120 1300 15000 21000 6400 41000 18000 Nonbearing Fruit, Nut,

& Vineyards 4.85 3.7 80 82 870 10000 14000 4300 28000 13000 Noncrop Areas 5.1 3.88 100 62 660 7800 11000 3300 21000 9500 Mixing/ Loading Liquid Concentrates to Support LCO Handgun Applications ( mixing/ loadin g supports 20 LCOs) ( 1c) Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( well established actively growing turf grass) 3.293 2.5 100 96 1000 12000 16000 5100 32000 15000 Page 118 of 138 Table 9.1c. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to DSMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of DSMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Mixing/ Loading Liquid Concentrates to Support Rights of Way ( 1d) Noncrop Areas 5.1 3.88 80 78 820 9800 13000 4100 26000 12000 Applicator Applying Sprays via Aerial Equipment ( 2) Cotton 2.268 1.7 1200 No Data No Data No Data No Data No Data 6800 2200 Cotton 2.268 1.7 200 14000 1200 14000 18000 6000 41000 21000 Grass grown for seed 4.4 3.3 80 19000 1500 19000 24000 7700 52000 27000 Applying Sprays via Groundboom Equipment ( 3) Turf on sod farms 3.293 2.5 80 25000 2100 25000 32000 10000 70000 36000 Page 119 of 138 Table 9.1c. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to DSMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of DSMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( well established actively growing turf grass golf courses 3.293 2.5 40 50000 4100 50000 63000 21000 140000 71000 Nonbearing Fruit & Nut Orchards &

Vineyards 4.85 3.7 80 17000 1400 17000 22000 7000 47000 24000 Noncrop Areas 5.1 3.88 100 13000 1100 13000 16000 5300 36000 18000 Applying Sprays via Handgun Equipment ( 4) Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( well established actively growing turf grass) 3.293 2.5 5 No Data 17000 16000 29000 87000 NF NF Page 120 of 138 Table 9.1c. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to DSMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of DSMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Applying Sprays via Rights of Way Equipment ( 5) Noncrop Areas 5.10 3.88 80 170 250 580 780 1300 NF NF Flagger Flagging for Aerial Sprays Applications ( 6) Cotton 2.268 1.7 350 11000 1500 No Data 12000 7300 530000 73000 Mixer/ Loader/ Applicator Mixing/ Loading/ Applying Liquid Concentrates with Low Pressure Handwand ( ORETF) ( 7) Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( well established actively growing turf grass) 3.293 2.5 5 280 6900 13000 No Data 34000 NF NF Page 121 of 138 Table 9.1c. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to DSMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of DSMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( well established actively growing turf grass) 3.293 2.5 5 No Data 14000 12000 23000 68000 NF NF Mixing/ Loading/ Applying Liquid Concentrates with a Handgun Sprayer ( LCO ORETF data)

( 8) Nonbearing Fruit & Nut Orchards &

Vineyards 4.85 3.7 5 No Data 9200 8400 15000 46000 NF NF Page 122 of 138 Table 9.1d. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to MSMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of MSMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Mixer/ Loader Cotton ( pre plant or post plant up to cracking) 2 1.7 1200 12 120 1500 2000 620 3900 1800 Mixing/ Loading Liquid Concentrates for Aerial Applications ( 1a) Cotton ( postemergent over the top broadcast spray) 0.9375 0.8 1200 25 260 3100 4200 1300 8400 3800 Cotton ( postemergent directed spray) 2 1.7 200 70 740 8800 12000 3700 24000 11000 Cotton ( postemergent directed band application) 0.9375 0.8 200 150 1600 19000 25000 7900 50000 23000 Mixing/ Loading Liquids Concentrates for Groundboom Applications ( 1b) Grass grown for seed 6.16 5.3 80 57 600 7100 9700 3000 19000 8700 Page 123 of 138 Table 9.1d. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to MSMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of MSMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Turf on sod farms 3.9204 3.4 80 89 940 11000 15000 4700 30000 14000 Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( athletic fields, golf courses, parks) 2.6136 2.3 80 130 1400 17000 23000 7100 45000 20000 Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( established Bermuda grass and zoysia grass 3.9204 3.4 80 89 940 11000 15000 4700 30000 14000 Nonbearing Fruit, Nut, &

Vineyards 4 3.5 80 87 920 11000 15000 4600 29000 13000 Noncrop Areas 4.5 3.9 100 62 660 7800 11000 3300 21000 9500 Page 124 of 138 Table 9.1d. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to MSMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of MSMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( athletic fields, golf courses, parks) 2.6136 2.3 100 110 1100 13000 18000 5700 36000 16000 Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( well established actively growing turf grass) 2.178 1.9 100 130 1400 16000 22000 6800 43000 20000 Mixing/ Loading Liquid Concentrates to Support LCO Handgun Applications ( mixing/ loadin g supports 20 LCOs) ( 1c) Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( established Bermuda grass and zoysia grass 3.9204 3.4 100 71 750 9000 12000 3800 24000 11000 Page 125 of 138 Table 9.1d. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to MSMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of MSMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Mixing/

Loading Liquid Concentrates to Support Rights of Way ( 1d) Noncrop Areas 4.5 3.9 80 78 820 9800 13000 4100 26000 12000 Applicator Cotton 2 1.7 1200 No Data No Data No Data No Data No Data 6700 2200 Applying Sprays via Aerial Equipment ( 2) Cotton 0.9375 0.8 1200 No Data No Data No Data No Data No Data 14000 4600 Cotton 2 1.7 200 14000 1200 14000 18000 6000 40000 21000 Cotton 0.9375 0.8 200 31000 2600 31000 39000 13000 86000 44000 Applying Sprays via Groundboom Equipment ( 3) Grass grown for seed 6.16 5.3 80 12000 970 12000 15000 4900 33000 17000 Page 126 of 138 Table 9.1d. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to MSMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of MSMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Turf on sod farms 3.9204 3.4 80 18000 1500 18000 23000 7600 52000 26000 Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( athletic fields, golf courses, parks) 2.6136 2.3 40 55000 4600 55000 70000 23000 150000 79000 Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( well established actively growing turf grass golf courses)

( MSMA) 2.178 1.9 40 66000 5500 66000 85000 28000 190000 95000 Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( established Bermuda grass and zoysia grass golf courses) 3.9204 3.4 40 37000 3100 37000 47000 15000 100000 53000 Page 127 of 138 Table 9.1d. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to MSMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of MSMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Nonbearing Fruit & Nut Orchards &

Vineyards 4 3.5 80 18000 1500 18000 23000 7500 51000 26000 Noncrop Areas 4.5 3.9 100 13000 1100 13000 16000 5300 36000 18000 Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( athletic parks, golf courses, parks) 2.6136 2.3 5 No Data 19000 18000 33000 97000 NF NF Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( well established actively growing turf grass) 2.178 1.9 5 No Data 23000 22000 39000 120000 NF NF Applying Sprays via Handgun Equipment ( 4) Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( established Bermuda grass and zoysia grass) 3.9204 3.4 5 No Data 13000 12000 22000 65000 NF NF Page 128 of 138 Table 9.1d. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to MSMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of MSMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Applying Sprays via Rights of Way Equipment ( 5) Noncrop Areas 4.5 3.9 80 170 250 580 780 1300 NF NF Flagger Cotton 2 1.7 350 11000 1400 No Data 12000 7200 530000 72000 Flagging for Aerial Sprays Applications ( 6) Cotton 0.9375 0.8 350 22000 3100 No Data 25000 15000 1100000 150000 Mixer/ Loader/ Applicator Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( athletic fields, golf courses, parks) 2.6136 2.3 5 360 8700 16000 No Data 43000 NF NF Mixing/ Loading/ Applying Liquid Concentrates with Low Pressure Handwand ( ORETF) ( 7) Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( well established actively growing turf grass) 2.178 1.9 5 430 10000 19000 No Data 52000 NF NF Page 129 of 138 Table 9.1d. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to MSMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of MSMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( established Bermuda grass and zoysia grass) 3.9204 3.4 5 240 5800 11000 No Data 29000 NF NF Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( athletic fields, golf courses, parks) 2.6136 2.3 5 No Data 15000 14000 25000 75000 NF NF Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( well established actively growing turf grass) 2.178 1.9 5 No Data 18000 17000 30000 90000 NF NF Mixing/ Loading/ Applying Liquid Concentrates with a Handgun Sprayer ( LCO ORETF data)

( 8) Lawns and Ornamental Turf ( established Bermuda grass and zoysia grass) 3.9204 3.4 5 No Data 10000 9200 17000 50000 NF NF Page 130 of 138 Table 9.1d. Occupational Handler Short and Intermediate term Dermal and Inhalation Exposure and Risks to MSMA MOEs Baseline PPE Engineering Controls Exposure Scenario Crop or Target App Rate of MSMA ( lb ai/ acre) App Rate of MMA ( lb ai/ acre) Area Treated Daily ( acres) Dermal Inh Dermal

single layer w/ gloves Dermal

double layer w/ gloves Inhalation

80% R Dermal Inh Nonbearing Fruit & Nut Orchards &

Vineyards ( MSMA) 4 3.5 5 No Data 9900 9000 17000 49000 NF NF Page 131 of 138 9.1.2 Summary of Occupational Handler Risk Concerns For the dermal and inhalation, short and intermediate term exposure, the level of concern ( LOC) or target MOE is 100. The calculated dermal and inhalation risks were not combined for shortterm or for intermediate term exposures because the dermal and inhalation endpoints are based on different toxicological effects. There are no occupational handler scenarios for MMA or DMA that have risks of concern, when some level of mitigation is used.

For inhalation exposure, all scenarios for all the organic arsenical active ingredients passed at the baseline level of mitigation. For dermal exposure, some scenarios resulted in risks of concern at the baseline level of mitigation, but were not of concern with PPE ( i. e., single layer plus gloves). See Smith/ Recore 2006.

In order to refine this occupational risk assessment, data on actual use patterns including rates, timing, and areas treated would better characterize MMA and DMA risks. Exposure studies for many equipment types that lack data or that are not well represented in PHED ( e. g., because of low replicate numbers or data quality) should also be considered based on the data gaps identified above and based on a review of the quality of the data used in this assessment.

9.2 Occupational Postapplication Exposures and Risk Estimates HED uses the term " postapplication" to describe exposures to individuals that occur as a result of being in an environment that has been previously treated with a pesticide ( also referred to as reentry exposure). HED believes that there are distinct job functions or tasks related to the kinds of activities that occur in previously treated areas. Job requirements ( e. g., the kinds of jobs to cultivate a crop), the nature of the crop or target that was treated, and how the chemical residues degrade in the environment can cause exposure levels to differ over time. Each factor has been considered in this assessment.

9.2.1 Occupational Postapplication Scenarios, Inputs, and Assumptions Currently, DMA is registered for use on cotton, turf grass and lawns. CAMA is registered for use on turf grass and lawns, and the occupational label for CAMA prohibits use on turf being grown for sale, commercial use as sod, commercial seed production, or for research purposes. MSMA and DSMA uses are varied as it can be used on agricultural crops ( i. e. cotton and sod farms) and in a variety of other outdoor occupational settings ( i. e., rights of way, golf course turf). As a result, a wide array of individuals can potentially be exposed by working in areas that have been previously treated. HED is concerned about the kinds of exposures one could receive in the workplace.

HED uses a concept known as the transfer coefficient to numerically represent the postapplication exposures one would receive ( generally presented as cm2/ hour). A transfer coefficient is a measure of the residue transferred from a treated surface to a person who is doing a task or activity in a treated area. These values are the ratio of an exposure for a given task or activity to the amount of pesticide residue on treated surfaces available for transfer. HED has developed a series of standard transfer coefficients that are unique for variety of job tasks or Page 132 of 138 activities that are used in lieu of chemical and scenario specific data. In addition to transfer coefficients, occupational postapplication exposures to workers are estimated, in general, using transferable turf residue, dislodgeable foliar residue or soil transferable residue values. Transferable turf residues ( TTRs) are the amounts of pesticide available on the turf surface that can potentially be transferred to the skin of workers who contact treated turf. TTRs are measured using techniques that specifically determine the amount of residues on the surface treated leaves or other plant surfaces. In order to define the amount of transferable residues to which individuals can be exposed, whenever possible HED relies on chemical and crop specific studies. However, when no chemical and crop specific studies are available, HED uses a standard modeling approach to predict transferable residues over time ( best described in HED's SOPs for Residential Exposure Assessment). The registrant has submitted one TTR study in support of the reregistration of MSMA/ DSMA, titled Determination of Transferable Residues from Turf Treated with Monosodium Methanearsonate ( MRID No. 449589 01). This study was only used to assess occupational postapplication exposures to MMA ( see Smith/ Recore 2006).

In a memo dated February 9, 2000 ( Sandvig) HED denied a request by Luxenbourg Pamol, Inc. to use the MSMA turf transferable residue data as surrogate data for DMA. The assumption that DMA has the same transferability as MSMA cannot be made based on similar chemical, physical, and toxicological properties. Further, the dissipation rates of MSMA and DMA have not been shown to be the same. HED still agrees with this decision. As a result, HED has used the MSMA TTR study to assess occupational postapplication exposures to MSMA, DSMA, and CAMA. For DMA occupational postapplication exposures were evaluated using HED's default assumptions that 20 percent of the initial application is available for transfer on day 0 ( i. e., 12 hours after application) and that the residue dissipates at a rate of 10 percent per day.

Inhalation exposures are thought to be negligible in outdoor postapplication scenarios, since DMA and MMA have low vapor pressure and the dilution factor outdoors is considered infinite.

9.2.2 Summary of Occupational Postapplication Risk Concerns The number of days after application that the calculated MOE exceeds the target MOE is 0 ( i. e., 12 hours following application) for all crops/ use sites for DMA, CAMA and MSMA/ DSMA, except for the application of DMA to turf ( for turf renovation). For lawn renovation using DMA, the calculated MOEs range from 22 to 45 on day 0 ( 12 hours following application) depending on the application rate and postapplication task being performed.

To refine the occupational postapplication risk assessment, data on actual use patterns including rates, timing, and the kinds of tasks that are required to produce agricultural commodities and other products would better characterize MMA and DMA risks Page 133 of 138 Table 9.2.2a. Summary of DMA Occupational Postapplication Risks Crop Grouping Application rate ( lb ai/ acre) Transfer Coefficient REI MOE at Day 0 1500 12 hours 980 0.8 2500 12 hours 2,600 1500 12 hours 590 Cotton 0.3 2500 12 hours 1,600 3400 8 100 7.7 6800 14 97 3400 7 98 Turf 7.3 6800 13 100 Table 9.2.2b. Summary of CAMA Occupational Postapplication Risks Crop Grouping Application rate ( lb ai/ acre) Transfer Coefficient REI MOE at Day 0 3400 12 hours 260 5 6800 12 hours 130 3400 12 hours 310 4.182 6800 12 hours 160 3400 12 hours 520 Turf 2.5 6800 12 hours 260 Table 9.2.2c. Summary of DSMA Occupational Postapplication Risks Crop Grouping Application rate ( lb ai/ acre) Transfer Coefficient REI MOE at Day 0 100 12 hours 23,000 1500 12 hours 1500 Cotton 2.268 2500 12 hours 900 3400 12 hours 460 Turf 3.293 6800 12 hours 230 Page 134 of 138 Table 9.2.2d. Summary of MSMA Occupational Postapplication Risks Crop Grouping Application rate ( lb ai/ acre) Transfer Coefficient REI MOE at Day 0 100 12 hours 23,000 1500 12 hours 17,000 2 2500 12 hours 10,000 100 12 hours 24,000 1500 12 hours 18,000 1.875 2500 12 hours 11,000 100 12 hours 48,000 1500 12 hours 36,000 Cotton 0.9375 2500 12 hours 22,000 3400 12 hours 340 3.9204 6800 12 hours 170 3400 12 hours 510 2.6136 6800 12 hours 250 3400 12 hours 610 6800 12 hours 300 Turf 2.178 6800 12 hours 230 10.0 Data Needs and Label Requirements 10.1 Product Chemistry See Tables 2.3a i Product Chemistry Data Summary for data needs.

10.2 Residue Chemistry Speciated ( MMA, DMA, iAs) food monitoring data are needed. The current enforcement method does not speciate the residues. However, a recently submitted analytic method is adequate for this purpose.

10.3 Occupational/ Residential Exposure Studies are needed to analyze build up of arsenic ( organic and inorganic) in soils, as well as a DMA TTR study. Guidelines for these studies can be found below.

In Series 875  Group B: Postapplication Exposure Monitoring Guidelines:

Guideline 875.2100 = Transferable residue dissipation: Lawn and Turf. Page 135 of 138 Guideline 875.2200 = Soil Residue Dissipation Guideline 875.2000 = Study Design ( site selection considerations, number of samples and replicates and test safety, materials and methods, sample handling and collection, analytical chemistry, and QA/ QC).

11.0 References Arnold, L. L., Cano, M., St John, M., Eldan, M., van Gemert, M., & Cohen, S. M. ( 1999). Effects of dietary dimethylarsinic acid on the urine and urothelium of rats. Carcinogenesis, 20( 11), 2171 2179.

Arnold, L. L., Eldan, M., Van Gemert, M., Capen, C. C., & Cohen, S. M. ( 2003). Chronic studies evaluating the carcinogenicity of monomethylarsonic acid in rats and mice. Toxicology, 190, 197 219.

Buchet, J. P., Lauwerys, R., & Roels, H. ( 1981). Comparison of the urinary excretion of arsenic metabolites after a single oral dose of sodium arsenite, monomethylarsonate, or dimethylarsinate in man. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 48( 1), 71 79 Challenger, F. ( 1945). Biological methylation. Chemistry Review, 36, 315 362.

Chen, Y., Megosh, L. C., Gilmour, S. K., Sawicki, J. A., & O'Brien, T. G. ( 2000). K6/ ODC transgenic mice as a sensitive model for carcinogen identification. Toxicology Letters, 116( 1 2), 27 35 Hayashi, H., Kanisawa, M., Yamanaka, K., Ito, T., Udaka, N., Ohji, H., Okudela, K., Okada, S., & Kitamura, H. ( 1998). Dimethylarsinic acid, a main metabolite of inorganic arsenics, has tumorigenicity and progression effects in the pulmonary tumors of A/ J mice. Cancer Letters, 125( 1 2), 83 88.

Marafante, E., Vahter, M., Norin, H., Envall, J., Sandstrom, M., Christakopoulos, A., Ryhage, R. ( 1987). Biotransformation of dimethylarsinic acid in mouse, hamster and man. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 7( 2), 111 117.

National Cancer Institute ( NCI) ( June, 1969). Bioassay of Pesticides and Industrial Chemicals for Tumorigenicity in mice. A preliminary note. Innes, J. R. M., Petrocell, L., Mulland, B., Valenio, M. G., Fishbein, L., Hart, R., & Pallottaq, A. J., Vol 42 No 6 pages 1101  1114. . Salim, E. I., Wanibuchi, H., Morimura, K., Wei, M., Mitsuhashi, M., Yoshida, K., Endo, G., & Fukushima, S. ( 2003). Carcinogenicity of dimethylarsinic acid in p53 heterozygous knockout and wild type C57BL/ 6J mice. Carcinogenesis, 24( 2), 335 342.

Shen, J., Hanibuchi, H., Salim, E. I., Wei, M., Doi, K., Yoshida, K., Endo, G., Morimura, K., & Fukushima, S. ( 2003). Induction of glutathione S transferase placental form positive foci in liver Page 136 of 138 and epithelial hyperplasia in urinary bladder, but no tumor development in male Fischer 344 rats treated with monomethylarsonic acid for 104 weeks. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 193, 335 345.

USEPA 2000. " Benchmark Dose Technical Guidance Document" Draft report. Risk Assessment Forum, Office of Research and Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, DC. EPA/ 630/ R 00/ 001 USEPA 2005a. Science Issue Paper: Mode of Carcinogenic Action for Cacodylic Acid ( Dimethylarsinic Acid, DMAV) and Recommendations for Dose Response Extrapolation. July, 2005.

USEPA 2005b. Guidelines for cancer risk assessment. EPA/ 630/ P 03/ 001FMarch 2005 U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC USEPA 2006. Revised Science Issue Paper: Mode of Carcinogenic Action for Cacodylic Acid ( Dimethylarsinic Acid, DMAV) and Recommendations for Dose Response Extrapolation. January 30, 2006.

Wei, M., Wanibuchi, H., Yamamoto, S., Li, W., & Fukushima, S. ( 1999). Urinary bladder carcinogenicity of dimethylarsinic acid in male F344 rats. Carcinogenesis, 20( 9), 1873 1876.

12.0 Attachments Allen 2000a. Review of Cacodylic Acid Poisoning Incident Data. Ruth Allen. February 17, 2000.

Allen 2000b. Review of MSMA/ DSMA Poisoning Incident Data. Chemical: # 013803/ 013802, DP Barcode: D265816. Ruth Allen. September 22, 2000.

Allen 2001. Review of Calcium Acid Methanearsonate ( CAMA) Poisoning Incident Data Chemical# 013806. Ruth Allen. March 23, 2001.

Barnes 2006a. Cacodylic Acid/ Sodium Cacodylate. PC Codes 012501 & 012502. List B Reregistration Case 2080. Product Chemistry Chapter for the Reregistration Eligibility Decision. DP Barcode D251099. P. Yvonne Barnes. January 31, 2006.

Barnes 2006b. Methanearsonic Acid ( MAA) and Salts [ MSMA/ DSMA] Product Chemistry Chapter for the Reregistration Eligibility Decision [ RED]. DP Barcode: D325973. PC Code( s): 013802 and 013803. P. Yvonne Barnes. January 31, 2006.

Barnes 2006c. Calcium Acid Methanearsonate ( CAMA) Product Chemistry Chapter for the Reregistration Eligibility Decision [ RED] Document. DP Barcode: D325973. PC Code: 013806. P. Yvonne Barnes. January 31, 2006. Page 137 of 138 Barnes/ Cropp Kohlligian 2006. Residue Chemistry Chapter for the Cacodylic Acid and Salts Reregistration Eligibility Decision ( RED) Document. DP Barcode: D251054. PC Codes: 012501, 012502, and 012503. Reregistration Case: 2080. P. Yvonne Barnes/ Bonnie Cropp Kohlligian. January 31, 2006.

Barnes/ Kinard 2006. Residue Chemistry Chapter for the Monosodium and Disodium Salts of Methanearsonic Acid ( PC codes 013802 and 013803) Reregistration Eligibility Decision ( RED); DP Barcode D275600; Reregistration: Case Number 2395. P. Yvonne Barnes/ Sherrie Kinard. January 31, 2006.

Carter 2005a. Usage Report in Support of Reregistration for the Herbicide Cacodylic Acid ( 012501). Jenna Carter/ John O'Neill. June 2, 2005.

Carter 2005b. Cacodylic Acid ( 012501). Screening Level Usage Analysis ( SLUA). June 2, 2005.

Carter 2005c. Usage/ Use Report/ Package in Support of Reregistration for the Herbicide Cacodylic Acid Sodium Salt ( 012502). Jenna Carter/ John O'Neill. June 7, 2005.

Carter 2005d. Cacodylic Acid Sodium Salt ( 012502). Screening Level Usage Analysis ( SLUA). June 2, 2005.

Carter 2005e. Usage Report in Support of DSMA Reregistration ( 013802). Jenna Carter. March 14, 2005.

Carter 2005f. Screening Level Usage Analysis for DSMA ( 013802). March 14, 2005.

Carter 2006. Usage Report in Support of registration for the herbicides/ growth regulators: MSMA ( 013803), DSMA ( 013802), CAMA ( 013806), and Cacodylic Acid ( 12501). Jenna Carter. January 18, 2006.

Chen 2001. Inorganic Arsenic   Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee. Jonathan Chen, Steve Malish & Tim McMahon. August 21, 2001.

Dobbins 2005a. Usage Report in Support of Reregistration for the Herbicide MSMA ( 013803). LaVerne Dobbins. August 23, 2005.

Dobbins 2005b. Screening Level Usage Analysis for MSMA ( 013803). August 23, 2005.

Dobbins 2005c. Usage Report in Support of the Herbicide CAMA ( 013806). LaVerne Dobbins. October 4, 2005.

Kinard 2006. Organic Arsenicals. Acute and Chronic Dietary Exposure Assessments for the Reregistration Eligibility Decision ( RED). PC Codes: 012501, 012502, 012503, 013802 and 013803. DP Barcode: D309105. Sherrie L. Kinard. February 3, 2006. Page 138 of 138 Lowit 2006. Revised and updated executive summaries for Cacodylic acid ( Dimethylarsinic acid) and Methanearsonic Acid and the relevant sodium and calcium salts. Anna Lowit. February 2, 2006.

Moore 2006. Drinking Water Assessment for Organic Arsenical Herbicides for the Reregistration Eligibility Decision. DP Barcode D309098. Keara Moore. February 01, 2006.

Smith/ Recore 2006. Occupational and Residential Exposure Assessment and Recommendations for the Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document for DMA, CAMA, MSMA, and DSMA. DP Barcode: DMA D263750; CAMA D28849; MSMA/ DSMA D265869. Charles W. Smith/ Shanna Recore. February 3, 2006.