HSDB Summary Beryllium Sulphate

The following information was generated from the

Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB),

a database of the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system

(http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov) on January 27, 2009.

Query: Records containing  the word disease

Singular and plural forms were searched.The chemical name beryllium was

identified.

The following terms were added from ChemIDplus:

glucinum

glucinium

CAS Registry Number: 7440-41-7

4

NAME: BERYLLIUM SULFATE

HSN: 347

RN: 13510-49-1

NOTE:

      This record contains information specific to the title compound. For

      general information on the toxicity and environmental fate of beryllium

      ion and beryllium compounds, refer to the BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS record; for

      information on the metal itself, to the BERYLLIUM, ELEMENTAL record.

HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS:

EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY:

      Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity

      of beryllium and beryllium compounds. There is sufficient evidence in

      experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of beryllium and beryllium

      compounds. Overall evaluation: Beryllium and beryllium compounds are

      carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. 58 103

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: B1; probable human carcinogen. Based

      on the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to airborne

      beryllium (lung cancer) and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in

      animals (lung cancer in rats and monkeys inhaling beryllium, lung tumors

      in rats exposed to beryllium via intratracheal instillation, and

      osteosarcomas in rabbits and possibly mice receiving intravenous or

      intramedullary injection), beryllium is reclassified from a B2 (inadequate

      human data) to a B1 probable human carcinogen (limited human data) using

      criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Using the

      proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, inhaled beryllium

      would be characterized as a "likely" carcinogen in humans, and the human

      carcinogenic potential of ingested beryllium cannot be determined. Studies

      regarding the potential carcinogenicity of ingested beryllium to humans

      were not available. Increases in lung cancer mortality have been observed

      in cohort mortality studies of beryllium processing workers ... and in

      studies of entrants on the BCR. No increases in other types of cancer were

      found, but increases in deaths from nonmalignant respiratory disease were

      also observed. Newer studies ... have been considered as the basis for a

      dose-response assessment, but share a limitatiion ... lack of individul

      exposure monitoring or job history data that would support a more

      definitive exposure assessment. NIOSH has recently completed a lung cancer

      case-control study nested within a cohort mortality study of beryllium

      manufacturing workers at the Reading beryllium processing facility. The

      study developed an exposure matrix and calculated airborne exposure

      concentration and thus may provide the best available basis for a

      quantitative cancer estimate. ... Chronic oral studies of the potential

      carcinogenicity of beryllium in animals were conducted at dose levels

      below the /Maximum Tolerated Dose/, and therefore are inadequate for the

      assessment of carcinogenicity. Beryllium has been shown to induce lung

      cancer in rats exposed to beryllium by both inhalation and intratracheal

      instillation and in monkeys by inhalation. Osteosarcomas have been

      produced in rabbits and possibly in mice by intravenous and intramedullary

      injection using a variety of beryllium compounds and beryllium metal. No

      tumors were produced by intracutaneous or percutaneous injections of

      beryllium compounds. The majority of studies do not induce gene mutation

      in bacterial assays with or without metabolic activation. Gene mutations

      have been observed in mammalian cells cultured with beryllium chloride.

      Culturing mammalian cells with beryllium chloride, beryllium sulfate, or

      beryllium nitrate has resulted in clastogenic alterations. HUMAN

      CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.

      [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System

      (IRIS) for Beryllium and compounds (7440-41-7) Available from:

      http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of March

      15, 2000]**QC REVIEWED**

      A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/ [American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

      Chronic beryllium disease is the pulmonary and systemic granulomatous

      disease caused by exposure to beryllium by inhalation. In most cases, the

      duration of exposure is several months to years. The interval between

      initial exposure and the clinical manifestations of disease varies. Some

      patients become symptomatic while actively working; others, as late as 25

      years after their last exposure. The average latency period is 10 to 15

      years. Exertional dyspnea is the most common symptom of chronic beryllium

      disease. Other symptoms are cough, fatigue, weight loss, chest pain, and

      arthralgias. Physical findings may be entirely normal or may include

      bibasilar crackles, lymphadenopathy, skin lesions, hepatosplenomegaly, and

      clubbing. Signs of pulmonary hypertension may be present in severe,

      long-standing disease. Parotid gland enlargement was reported in one

      patient with chronic beryllium disease. /Beryllium and compounds/ [Rom,

      W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed. Boston, MA:

      Little, Brown and Company, 1992., p. 782]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The role of T-cells in patients with chronic beryllium disease was

      examined. The cohort consisted of eight patients, seven males, mean age 44

      yr, with chronic beryllium disease who had a history of exposure to

      airborne beryllium. The comparisons consisted of five healthy individuals,

      three males, mean age 30 yr, with no history of beryllium exposure. The

      subjects underwent bronchoalveolar lavage to obtain mononuclear cells.

      Mononuclear cells were also obtained from the peripheral blood by

      venipuncture. The T-lymphocytes were isolated and cultured with 0 to 100

      ug/mL beryllium sulfate in the presence of autologous blood mononuclear

      phagocytes and anti-class-I and anti-class-II antibodies. The extent of

      T-cell proliferation induced by beryllium sulfate exposure was determined

      by measuring uptake of tritium labeled thymidine. The lung T-cell

      subpopulation that proliferated in response to beryllium was determined by

      flow cytometry. Similar experiments were performed with beryllium specific

      T-cell lines and clones derived from the lungs of the patients. The

      antigen specificity of the T-cell lines and clones was evaluated by

      incubating them with beryllium sulfate, tetanus toxoid, streptokinase,

      zirconyl chloride, nickel sulfate, and lithium sulfate. The extent of

      T-cell proliferation was determined as before. T-cells from the patients

      proliferated in a dose dependent manner after exposure to beryllium

      sulfate. The proliferating cells were almost entirely CD4+ T-cells. The

      extent of T-cell proliferation was significantly greater in cells obtained

      from the patients' lungs than from the peripheral blood. T-cells from the

      lungs and blood of the comparisons showed no proliferative response.

      Anti-class-II antibodies, but not anti-class-I antibodies, significantly

      inhibited beryllium induced proliferation. Lines and clones derived from

      T-cells of the patients proliferated in response to beryllium treatment in

      a dose dependent manner. [Saltini C et al; New Eng J Med 320 (17):

      1103-1109 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

MEDICAL  SURVEILLANCE:

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... In relation specifically to cancer

      hazards, there are at present no health monitoring methods that may ensure

      the early detection of preneoplastic lesions or lesions which may preclude

      them. Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when

      exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken

      concerning additional tests that might become useful or mandatory.

      /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della

      Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis

      (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of

      Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 23]**PEER REVIEWED**

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT:

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT:

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sale, redistribution or other use for commercial purposes is a violation of

Micromedex' rights and is strictly prohibited.<p>The following Overview, ***

BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.

LIFE SUPPORT:

   o   This overview assumes that basic life support measures

       have been instituted.

CLINICAL EFFECTS:

  0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE

   <IP_ADDRESS> ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  All compounds of beryllium with the exception of the

         naturally occurring ore, beryl, should be considered

         potentially harmful, particularly when inhaled. Soluble

         beryllium compounds produce both acute and chronic

         toxicity.

     B)  Insoluble forms (Be alloys, intermetallics, BeO, ores)

         induce effects only after prolonged exposure. Chronic

         beryllium disease is an idiosyncratic disorder; only

         about 1 in 20 of the most heavily exposed worker groups

         has ever been affected.

     C)  Acute beryllium poisoning (duration of less than 1

         year) consists of conjunctiva and mucous membrane

         irritation and occasionally of acute pneumonitis.

     D)  Diagnosis of chronic beryllium disease requires meeting

         the standards of the Massachusetts General study group,

         the patient must exhibit 4 to 6 findings and 1 of the

         first 2:

      1.  Epidemiologic evidence of exposure

      2.  Presence of beryllium in lung tissue, lymph nodes, or

          urine.

      3.  Consistent lower respiratory tract disease

      4.  Radiological findings of a fibronodular interstitial

          process

      5.  Restrictive or obstructive ventilatory defect or

          diminished CO diffusion

      6.  Consistent pathologic changes in lung and/or lymph

          node tissue

     E)  The signs and symptoms are usually nonspecific. Other

         types of respiratory disease, particularly sarcoid,

         must be ruled out.

   <IP_ADDRESS> CHRONIC EXPOSURE

     A)  Chronic beryllium disease is an idiosyncratic disorder;

         only about 1 to 20 of the most heavily exposed worker

         groups is affected. Diagnosis requires history of

         exposure, compatible histologic findings, and

         quantitative tissue analysis. The signs and symptoms

         are usually nonspecific. Other types of respiratory

         disease, particularly sarcoid, must be ruled out.

  0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS

  0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR

   <IP_ADDRESS> ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Chest pain related to dyspnea is a common presenting

         symptom. Cyanosis, tachycardia, and right sided heart

         failure may occur in advanced chronic illness.

  0.2.6 RESPIRATORY

   <IP_ADDRESS> ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  ACUTE - Irritation, pneumonitis, dyspnea, pulmonary

         edema.

     B)  CHRONIC - Cough, dyspnea, cyanosis, and fibronodular

         x-ray changes are commonly seen. Subclinical diminution

         of pulmonary function occurs.

  0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC

   <IP_ADDRESS> ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Fatigue, headache, and seizures may occur.

  0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL

   <IP_ADDRESS> ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Nausea, vomiting, and a metallic taste may be noted.

  0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC

   <IP_ADDRESS> ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  ACUTE - Skin irritation, contact dermatitis

     B)  CHRONIC - Granulomas, and skin ulcers indicate imbedded

         metal.

  0.2.15 MUSCULOSKELETAL

   <IP_ADDRESS> ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Arthralgia has been reported.

  0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS

    A)  No data were available on embryotoxicity or

        teratogenicity of beryllium or beryllium compounds.

    B)  One case indicates that a woman with a body burden of

        beryllium may pass beryllium to the fetus. Risk to the

        infant for developing delayed toxicity is unknown. There

        may be evidence to suggest that pregnancy may increase

        susceptibility to the toxicity of beryllium.

  0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY

   <IP_ADDRESS> IARC CATEGORY

     A)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-41-7 (IARC,

         2004):

      1)  IARC Classification

       a)  Listed as: Beryllium and beryllium compounds

       b)  Carcinogen Rating: 1

        1)  The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The

            exposure circumstance entails exposures that are

            carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when

            there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in

            humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be

            placed in this category when evidence of

            carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient

            but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity

            in experimental animals and strong evidence in

            exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through

            a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

   <IP_ADDRESS> HUMAN OVERVIEW

     A)  Whether beryllium compounds are carcinogenic in humans

         remains controversial.

  0.2.22 GENOTOXICITY

    A)  It is believed that beryllium interacts with DNA and

        causes gene mutation, chromosomal aberration and sister

        chromatic exchange in cultured somatic cells (Sharma et

        al, 2000).

LABORATORY:

   A)  Specific assays for beryllium in lung and granuloma

       tissue are available. Peripheral lymphocyte or

       bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell transformation tests

       are useful in diagnosis and monitoring.

   B)  Chest x-ray may be abnormal, but CT-scan is more

       sensitive.

TREATMENT OVERVIEW:

  0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE

    A)  Beryllium is thought to be poorly absorbed from the gut

        and usually presents no hazard if ingested.

    B)  Some compounds may be irritating and dilution is

        recommended.

    C)  DILUTION: Immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120 to

        240 mL) of water or milk (not to exceed 4 ounces/120 mL

        in a child).

  0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE

    A)  INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for

        respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing

        develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,

        bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist

        ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled

        beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids.

    B)  Bed rest and symptomatic treatment may be all that is

        required in mild forms of beryllium poisoning.

    C)  Corticosteroids may be a useful adjunct for controlling

        dyspnea and delaying the onset of right heart failure

        and pulmonary insufficiency after chronic exposure.

  0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE

    A)  OVERVIEW

     1)  Chronic granulomas are removed surgically.

RANGE OF TOXICITY:

   A)  TLV - 0.002 mg/m(3).

ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES:

EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY:

      Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity

      of beryllium and beryllium compounds. There is sufficient evidence in

      experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of beryllium and beryllium

      compounds. Overall evaluation: Beryllium and beryllium compounds are

      carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. 58 103

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: B1; probable human carcinogen. Based

      on the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to airborne

      beryllium (lung cancer) and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in

      animals (lung cancer in rats and monkeys inhaling beryllium, lung tumors

      in rats exposed to beryllium via intratracheal instillation, and

      osteosarcomas in rabbits and possibly mice receiving intravenous or

      intramedullary injection), beryllium is reclassified from a B2 (inadequate

      human data) to a B1 probable human carcinogen (limited human data) using

      criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Using the

      proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, inhaled beryllium

      would be characterized as a "likely" carcinogen in humans, and the human

      carcinogenic potential of ingested beryllium cannot be determined. Studies

      regarding the potential carcinogenicity of ingested beryllium to humans

      were not available. Increases in lung cancer mortality have been observed

      in cohort mortality studies of beryllium processing workers ... and in

      studies of entrants on the BCR. No increases in other types of cancer were

      found, but increases in deaths from nonmalignant respiratory disease were

      also observed. Newer studies ... have been considered as the basis for a

      dose-response assessment, but share a limitatiion ... lack of individul

      exposure monitoring or job history data that would support a more

      definitive exposure assessment. NIOSH has recently completed a lung cancer

      case-control study nested within a cohort mortality study of beryllium

      manufacturing workers at the Reading beryllium processing facility. The

      study developed an exposure matrix and calculated airborne exposure

      concentration and thus may provide the best available basis for a

      quantitative cancer estimate. ... Chronic oral studies of the potential

      carcinogenicity of beryllium in animals were conducted at dose levels

      below the /Maximum Tolerated Dose/, and therefore are inadequate for the

      assessment of carcinogenicity. Beryllium has been shown to induce lung

      cancer in rats exposed to beryllium by both inhalation and intratracheal

      instillation and in monkeys by inhalation. Osteosarcomas have been

      produced in rabbits and possibly in mice by intravenous and intramedullary

      injection using a variety of beryllium compounds and beryllium metal. No

      tumors were produced by intracutaneous or percutaneous injections of

      beryllium compounds. The majority of studies do not induce gene mutation

      in bacterial assays with or without metabolic activation. Gene mutations

      have been observed in mammalian cells cultured with beryllium chloride.

      Culturing mammalian cells with beryllium chloride, beryllium sulfate, or

      beryllium nitrate has resulted in clastogenic alterations. HUMAN

      CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.

      [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System

      (IRIS) for Beryllium and compounds (7440-41-7) Available from:

      http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of March

      15, 2000]**QC REVIEWED**

      A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/ [American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

      ... APPLICATION OF /0.05-0.1 MOLAR BERYLLIUM SULFATE SOLN/ ... TO RABBIT

      CORNEAS FROM WHICH EPITHELIUM HAD BEEN REMOVED BY SCRAPING CAUSED COMPLETE

      PERMANENT CORNEAL OPACIFICATION, OFTEN WITH EXTENSIVE NECROSIS &

      PERFORATION. (SCRAPED BUT UNEXPOSED CONTROL EYES HEALED RAPIDLY &

      COMPLETELY.) [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL:

      Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 144]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... EXPOSURES OF ANIMALS TO DUST OF BERYLLIUM SULFATE ... PARTICLE SIZE 4

      U @ CONCN OF 88 MG/CU M AIR FOR 6 HR/DAY ... CONJUNCTIVITIS IN GUINEA PIGS

      & DOGS, & IN MANY ANIMALS ... CORNEAL ULCERATION &

      VASCULARIZATION. IN SOME ANIMALS EXPOSED IN THIS MANNER FOR 11 DAYS, MILD

      UVEITIS WITH PURULENT EXUDATES IN ANTERIOR CHAMBER ... [Grant, W.M.

      Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas

      Publisher, 1986., p. 144]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... INJECTION OF AQ SOLN BERYLLIUM SULFATE ... INTO CORNEA OF RABBITS HAS

      CAUSED DIFFUSE CLOUDING WITHIN AN HR ... PROGRESSING TO LEUKOMA &

      PERMANENT SCARRING. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed.

      Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 145]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      ACUTE - IV INJECTION AQ SOLN BERYLLIUM SULFATE ... IN LIVER NECROSIS OF

      PARENCHYMA IS WIDESPREAD & PROGRESSIVE ... SIGNIFICANT FALL IN

      POTASSIUM LEVEL. IN SPLEEN ... RED & WHITE CELLS SUFFER SEVERE DAMAGE

      WITH DESTRUCTION. IN BONE MARROW ... HYPEREMIA, SMALL HEMORRHAGES &

      FOCAL CELL DESTRUCTION ... NECROSIS ... [Browning, E. Toxicity of

      Industrial Metals. 2nd ed. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1969., p.

      72]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... INDUCTION OF MALIGNANT PULMONARY NEOPLASMS /OCCURRED/ IN RATS EXPOSED

      TO AEROSOL OF BERYLLIUM SULFATE FOR ... UP TO 6 MO & THEREAFTER

      OBSERVED WITHOUT TREATMENT FOR ... UP TO 18 MO. (SCHEPERS ET AL, 1957)

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V1 20

      (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... 75 MALE & 75 FEMALE RATS /EXPOSED/ CONTINUOUSLY TO INHALATION OF

      BERYLLIUM SULFATE AEROSOL ... 34 UG/CU M ... METAPLASTIC CHANGES OF

      ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM ... @ 20, 24, 28 & 32 WK. THEREAFTER ...

      ANAPLASTIC /CHANGES/ ... /AFTER 40 WK/ ... ALVEOLAR ADENOCARCINOMAS ... IN

      ALL ... RATS KILLED AFTER 56 WK ... [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of

      the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health

      Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT.

      (Multivolume work)., p. V1 20 (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... EXPOSED ... 10 MONKEYS INTERMITTENTLY ... TO ... BERYLLIUM SULFATE

      AEROSOL @ ... 35 UG/CU M. DURING FIRST 8 YR ... 2 OF THOSE EXPOSED ...

      DEVELOPED PULMONARY CANCERS. IN ONE ... TUMOR HAD METASTASIZED TO LIVER

      & OTHER ABDOMINAL ORGANS. CANCERS ... PREDOMINANTLY ANAPLASTIC, BUT

      WITH BOTH ADENOMATOUS & EPIDERMOID ... (VORWALD ET AL, 1966) [IARC.

      Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.

      Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on

      Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V1 21 (1980)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      GUINEA PIGS WERE SENSITIZED TO BERYLLIUM BY 12 BIWEEKLY INTRADERMAL

      INJECTIONS OF 10 UG BERYLLIUM SULFATE, AND REACTED WITH CLASSICAL DELAYED

      HYPERSENSITIVITY TO MAX SUBTOXIC SKIN TEST DOSES OF BERYLLIUM SULFATE (5

      UG). [MARX JR ET AL; J IMMUNOL 111 (2): 590 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... GUINEA PIGS INTRADERMALLY INJECTED WITH BERYLLIUM SULFATE HAD /ON

      INHALATION/ REDUCED PULMONARY TISSUE REACTIONS OF PNEUMONITIS, FIBROTIC

      NODULES, & ALVEOLAR EPITHELIAL HYPERPLASIA, WHEREAS ORALLY DOSED

      ANIMALS SHOWED NO SUCH DIFFERENCE. ... ASSOCIATION EXISTS BETWEEN IMMUNE

      STATUS OF HOST AND ITS VULNERABILITY TO BE INHALATION. [Clayton, G. D. and

      F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume

      2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p.

      1547]**PEER REVIEWED**

      RABBIT ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES WERE EXPOSED IN CULTURE MEDIUM TO BERYLLIUM

      SULFATE. HYDROLASES INCREASED SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE MEDIUM BUT NOT IN

      MITOCHONDRIAL FRACTION OF CELLS EXPOSED TO DUSTS. BERYLLIUM SULFATE WAS

      HIGHLY CYTOTOXIC FOR ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES IN VITRO. [KANG K-Y ET AL; ARCH

      ENVIRON HEALTH 34 (3): 133 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      DIETARY ADMINISTRATION OF BERYLLIUM SULFATE TO HENS FOR A YR DECREASED

      FEED INTAKE PROBABLY AS RESULT OF BITTER TASTE AND/OR BERYLLIUM

      ACCUMULATION IN THE BRAIN. BERYLLIUM DECREASED THE NUMBER OF EGGS LAID BY

      THE HENS. [HATJIPANAGIOTOU A ET AL; ARCH GEFLUEGELKD 43 (3): 93

      (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Forty male Fischer 344 rats and 40 male BALB/c mice were exposed to an

      aerosol of beryllium sulfate (13 ug/l as beryllium) for an hour or to

      sulfuric acid mist (pH 2) and were sacrificed over a period of 21 days.

      Lung cell kinetics were evaluated using tritiated thymidine as a labeling

      index (LI), defined as the percentage of cells labeled with tritiated

      thymidine. In rats, there was a significant increase (p  <  0.01) in

      labeling index as early as day 2 after exposure with a maximum response at

      day 8. The proliferative response involved type II alveolar epithelial

      cells, interstitial cells, and capillary cells. Three weeks following

      exposure, the interstitial response was resolved. The overall labeling

      index in mice was considerably lower than that of rats. A significant

      increase in labeling index (p  <  0.01) was observed in mice by day 3

      following exposure with a peak at day 5. The proliferative response was

      primarily found in alveolar macrophages, interstitial, and endothelial

      cells. [Sendelbach LE et al; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 85: 248-56

      (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      BERYLLIUM ... SULFATE ... CAUSES ACUTE IRRITATION OF SKIN, EYES & RESP

      TRACT WHEN ... ANIMALS ARE EXPOSED TO /ITS/ DUSTS ... [Grant, W.M.

      Toxicology of the Eye. 3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas

      Publisher, 1986., p. 144]**PEER REVIEWED**

      EXPTL INJECTION OF AQ SOLN ... /IN/ UNSPECIFIED CONCN INTO CORNEA OF

      RABBITS HAS CAUSED DIFFUSE CLOUDING WITHIN AN HR, SUBSEQUENTLY PROGRESSING

      TO LEUKOMA & PERMANENT SCARRING. [Grant, W.M. Toxicology of the Eye.

      3rd ed. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1986., p. 145]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Although the seeds germinated with decreasing concentrations of beryllium

      chloride and beryllium sulfate (10-3 to 10-7 M dissolved in water) the

      percentage of germinating seeds was lower than in the control ... Contents

      of chlorophyll a and b in Be2+ treated seedlings were lower than in the

      control, especially chlorophyll a. [Langhans D; Angew Bot 58 (3-4):

      295-300 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Male F-344/CRL rats were exposed to an inhalation chamber concentration of

      either 3.3 ug Be/l (particle mass median aerodynamic diameter (MMAD)= 1.95

      um) or 7.0 ug Be/l (MMAD= 2.0 um) and male BALB/CBD mice were exposed to

      7.2 ug Be/l (MMAD= 1.85 um) at pH 2. Controls were exposed to aerosols of

      sulfuric acid (pH 2). Exposure time for all animals was 1 hr. Groups of

      3-4 animals were lavaged on selected days up to 21 days postexposure. The

      lavage fluid lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity of rats exposed to 3.3

      ug/l was values significantly higher from controls at day 1, (p  <  0.05),

      with a maximum difference peaked at day 8, (p  <  0.005), and returned to

      control levels by day 21. Alkaline phosphatase activity was also

      significantly increased by day 1 (p  <  0.01), peaked at day 5 (p  <

      0.005), and decreased by day 21, but remained significantly elevated. Rats

      exposed to 7.0 ug Be/l had similar enzyme patterns. In lung lavage of mice

      exposed to 7.2 ug Be/l, the lactate dehydrogenase activity was

      significantly elevated by day 3 (p  <  0.01), and peaked at day 5 (p  <

      0.01). /Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate/ [Sendelbach LE, Witschi HP;

      Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 90 (2): 322-9 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      16 rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were exposed daily by inhalation 'for a

      long period of time' to beryllium sulfate aerosol at a concentration of 35

      ug/cu m. Primary anaplastic pulmonary tumors with adenomatous and

      epidermoid patterns were observed in three monkeys between six months and

      eight years after the beginning of exposure. [IARC. Monographs on the

      Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World

      Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 79 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Five groups of 40 female and 40 male SENCAR mice, seven to nine weeks old,

      received a single intraperitoneal injection of 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1.0, 5.0, or

      10.0 ug/mouse beryllium sulfate (purity unspecified) in saline. One week

      after treatment, each animal received dermal applications of 2 ug

      12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) twice a week for 26 weeks. A

      positive control group received 50.5 ug/mouse benzo(a)pyrene followed by

      the TPA treatment. About 95% of the animals survived the treatment.

      Beryllium sulfate did not induce a significant number of mouse skin

      papillomas. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk

      of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58

      84 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      When beryllium (as lactate or sulfate) was given intravenously to rats or

      rabbits at a dose of 0.5 or 0.75 mg/kg be, death invariably followed

      within four days; the primary cause of death was liver damage and ensuing

      hypoglycemia. In rabbits, but not in rats, convulsions were observed

      before death. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk

      of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58

      89 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Intratracheal instillation of beryllium sulfate after immunization with a

      subcutaneous injection of beryllium sulfate fortified with ovalbumin and

      Freund's adjuvant resulted in granulomatous pulmonary disease in Fischer

      344 rats within six weeks, accompanied by accumulation of both T and B

      lymphocytes in the lung tissue. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the

      Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization,

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume

      work)., p. V58 90 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Intravenous administration of beryllium sulfate at 30 umol/kg bw to rats

      decreased the stimulation of thymidine incorporation into liver DNA after

      partial hepatectomy; the decrease was accompanied by decreased activities

      of thymidine kinase, thymidylate kinase, thymidylate synthetase,

      deoxycytidylate deaminase and DNA polymerase. No effect was observed on

      the incorporation of (14)C-orotic acid into RNA, the activity of RNA

      polymerase, incorporation of (14)C-leucine into histones or acetylation of

      histones. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of

      Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency

      for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 91

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Addition of beryllium sulfate at 1-5 umol/l (3)H-thymidine incorporation

      into splenic lymphocyte DNA by two to three fold. This weak mitogenic

      effect was limited to B lymphocytes. Beryllium sulfate, brought into

      solution as a sulfosalicylic acid complex, inhibited the growth of mouse

      fibroblasts in culture at concentrations higher than 10(-5) mol/l. [IARC.

      Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.

      Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on

      Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 91 (1993)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      In the only report of exposure in vivo, beryllium sulfate given by gavage

      at 50 and 80% of the four day maximal tolerated dose did not induce

      micronuclei in the bone marrow of mice. A marked depression of bone marrow

      erythropoiesis was observed, suggesting a toxic effect to the marrow.

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 94

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Factors affecting the hepatotoxicities of beryllium, cadmium, ricin, and

      modeccin were studied in-vitro. Liver cells isolated from male Wistar rats

      were fractionated into parenchymal and non parenchymal cells. The

      fractions were incubated with beryllium-7 labeled beryllium sulfate or

      beryllium phosphate. The uptake of radioactivity by the parenchymal or non

      parenchymal fractions was measured. Hepatic parenchymal or non parenchymal

      fractions were incubated with cadmium-109 labeled cadmium chloride or

      cadmium complexes with cysteine, penicillamine, 2,3-dimercaptopropanol, or

      dithiothreitol and assayed for uptake of radioactivity. Male Wistar rats

      were injected intravenously with radiolabeled beryllium sulfate, beryllium

      phosphate, or cadmium chloride. One hour after dosing, the animals were

      killed, the livers were removed, fractionated into parenchymal and non

      parenchymal fractions, and assayed for uptake of radioactivity. Ricin,

      modeccin, ricin plus D-mannose, or ricin plus D-galactose were incubated

      with hepatic parenchymal or non parenchymal cells. The uptake of ricin and

      modeccin was determined. In-vivo, beryllium sulfate and cadmium chloride

      were removed primarily by parenchymal cells. Beryllium phosphate was

      removed primarily by non parenchymal cells. In-vitro, parenchymal cells

      preferentially accumulated beryllium sulfate. Beryllium phosphate

      preferentially accumulated in non parenchymal cells. Complexation of

      cadmium with cysteine and penicillamine reduced cadmium uptake in both

      cell types. Complexation with 2,3-dimercaptopropanol and dithiothreitol

      (which formed colloidal complexes) enhanced cadmium uptake in both cell

      fractions. Ricin alone was taken up primarily by non parenchymal cells.

      D-mannose inhibited uptake and D-galactose enhanced uptake. Modeccin was

      taken up by both cell types essentially in equal amounts. The authors

      conclude that hepatotoxic substances from colloidal or particulate species

      are taken up primarily by non parenchymal cells which suffer the major

      toxic insult. Soluble toxins more readily enter parenchymal cells.

      [Skilleter D et al; Xenobiotica 15 (8-9): 687-693 (1985)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Beryllium compounds, in particular beryllium phosphate, cause an RES

      blockade in vivo, although the mechanism of this effect in liver Kupffer

      cells has not been fully investigated. Cytotoxicity of particulate and

      soluble beryllium compounds to rat liver Kupffer cells in vitro was

      demonstrated when the cells accumulated   < 1 nmol beryllium/106 cells. In

      primary culture at 37 deg C beryllium phosphate and beryllium sulfate (150

      uM) caused cell damage within 10 hr as measured by detachment of cell

      monolayer and release of (51)Cr into the medium from cells prelabeled with

      the radioisotope. Endocytosis of the test substrates, (125)I-labeled

      polyvinylpyrrolidone, colloidal 189Au and opsonized (IgG-coated) sheep red

      blood cells, was unaffected by the presence of beryllium in the incubation

      medium or by preincubation of cells with beryllium compounds. RES blockade

      observed in the whole animal was probably due to a cytotoxic action of

      beryllium rather than an effect on endocytosis per se.sis per se.

      [Skilleter DN, Price RJ; Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 59 (2): 279-286

      (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Guinea pigs were sensitized to beryllium sulfate according to the

      maximized Magnusson and Kligman test, and challenged with beryllium alloys

      and metallic copper, beryllium and aluminum samples. Results showed a

      delayed skin hypersensitivity reaction in 30 to 60% of pre-sensitized

      guinea pigs challenged with copper-beryllium alloys and aluminum-beryllium

      alloy. An inflammatory follicular reaction was induced by copper in both

      controls and pre-sensitized guinea pigs. [Zissu D et al; Cont Derm 34 (3):

      196-200 (1996)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Induction of immunopathological changes in the lungs by soluble and

      particulate beryllium compounds was studied in mice. BALB/c mice, C57BL/6

      mice, or A/J mice were preimmunized with 5 ug beryllium as beryllium

      sulfate suspended in saline, complete Freund's adjuvant, 1% bovine serum

      albumin, or 50% syngeneic mouse serum. One wk later they were admin 5 ug

      beryllium sulfate in serum intratracheally. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)

      was performed periodically 1 to 20 wk after dosing. Lung fluid cellularity

      was studied by flow cytometric analysis. Expression of surface cell

      markers was examined using T-cell, B-cell, and macrophage specific

      antibodies. Selected mice were killed after each BAL and the lungs were

      removed and examined for histopathological changes. ... In BALB/c mice and

      C57BL/6 mice, beryllium sulfate induced only an inflammatory reaction that

      resolved after 2 mo. In A/J mice, beryllium sulfate induced significant

      incr in lavage fluid lymphocyte counts at 2, 4, and 8 wk. Significant incr

      in immature monocytes and macrophages also occurred. The macrophage

      activation antigens Mac-1, Mac-2, and Mac-3 were significantly elevated

      within 2 wk. Mac-2 and Mac-3 returned to the control values after 4 wk,

      but Mac-1 remained elevated. Approx 33% of the lymphocytes expressed the

      gamma/delta T-lymphocyte receptor 2 wk after beryllium sulfate. After 4 wk

      the lymphocytes were mostly Thy1+ and L3T4+ and expressed the alpha/beta

      T-lymphocyte receptor. Perivascular accumulation of lymphocytes and

      microgranulomas developed in the lungs of all preimmunized beryllium

      sulfate treated animals. Fibrotic changes were observed after 2 to 4 mo.

      [Huang H et al; Lab Invest 76 (1): 138-146 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to groups fed with demineralized

      water containing 100 ppm of lead acetate, cadmium chloride, zinc sulfate,

      manganese chloride, copper chloride, mercury nitrate, or beryllium

      sulfate. After 15, 30 or 90 days of treatment, the livers of the animals

      were removed for determination of glutathione-S-transferase activity. On

      day 15 the GSH-S-epoxide-transferase activity was decreased. After a

      further 15 days the inhibition was less pronounced. On day 90 of the

      continuous heavy metal salt treatment the activity of

      GSH-S-epoxide-transferase had returned to almost normal levels in most

      cases. Under identical supplementations of the drinking water with heavy

      metal salts the GSH-S-aryltransferase activity was inhibited on day 30

      more than on day 15 and less on day 90 than on day 30. ... The concn of

      the metals determined in the liver after intake of the metal salts were

      much lower compared to the metal concn of the in-vitro experiments

      calculated for liver tissue on the basis of the liver protein used in the

      reaction mixture. [Freundt KJ, Ibrahim HA; Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 46

      (4): 618-624 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were admin 100 ppm lead acetate,

      cadmium chloride, manganese chloride, zinc sulfate, cuprous chloride,

      mercuric nitrate, or beryllium sulfate in their drinking water for 13 wk.

      They were fed a standard lab diet. Body weight and feed and water

      consumption were monitored. Manganese chloride, zinc sulfate, and

      beryllium sulfate incr body weight gain relative to controls. The incr

      were not statistically significant except during wk 2 of manganese

      chloride dosing. Body weight gains were decr by the other metal cmpd. The

      decr were statistically significant only during wk 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, and 13

      of cadmium treatment, wk 11 through 13 of copper dosing, and wk 1 through

      13 of mercury treatment. The changes in body weight induced by the metals

      could be correlated with changes in feed consumption, but not water

      consumption. [Freundt KJ, Ibrahim HA; Polish J Occup Med 3 (2): 227-232

      (1990)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Fischer 344-rats were exposed in a nose only inhalation arrangement to an

      aerosol of beryllium sulfate for 1 hr to study the chronic toxicity of

      this cmpd. The rats were observed for 1 yr following this single exposure.

      Significant elevations of lactate-dehydrogenase activity were noted for as

      long this 1 yr period of time following exposure. Histopathologic findings

      indicated progressive lesions developed over the time period. Small

      pneumonitis lesions were noted 3 wk after exposure which incr in size and

      severity over the ensuing months, and involving the entire subpleural

      regions. Alveolitis continued to be significant at all time points

      examined, manifested by a heteromorphic population of macrophages.

      Neutrophils and cellular debris continued to be found even at 1 yr post

      exposure, but this was less prominent than has been reported in other

      studies. The incr in lavage enzymes and presence of alveolitis indicated a

      continuing process of ongoing cellular injury. Total lung hydroxyproline

      values remained unchanged over the 1 yr time course. An incr was noted in

      alkaline-phosphatase and type-II hyperplasia which may represent incr

      alkaline-phosphatase assoc with type-II pneumocyte proliferation rather

      than with type-II cell destruction. Definitive granulomata did not result

      from this single exposure. [Sendelbach LE et al; Am Rev Resp Dis 139 (4):

      1003-1009 (1989)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      This study attempted to determine whether factors which influence the

      solubility of beryllium and nickel also influence their toxicity. Both

      Chinese hamster ovary cells and rat lung epithelial cells were used in

      these studies. Chinese hamster ovary cells were more resistant to cell

      killing by beryllium sulfate than lung epithelial cells. Beryllium sulfate

      proved more toxic than either of the beryllium metal particle sizes used.

      Beryllium (II) was less toxic in LEC than beryllium (V) because smaller

      particles would have greater solubility. The cell cycle had but little

      influence on the toxicity of beryllium sulfate or beryllium metal,

      suggesting there is no single stage of the cell cycle when cells are more

      sensitive to killing from beryllium. ... The data in general indicated

      that factors influencing toxicity incl chemical composition and altered

      solubility. Solubility incr the biological availability of metal ions.

      [Brooks AL et al; Ann Rep Inhal Toxicol Res Inst, Report No. LMF-120:

      371-373 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The mitogenic response of mouse lymphocytes to beryllium sulfate was

      studied in vitro. Cultured splenocytes and thymocytes from

      (C57BL/6xDBA/2)F1 mice were incubated with 0 to 0.01 molar beryllium

      sulfate, magnesium sulfate or aluminum sulfate for 72 hours. Mitogenicity

      was evaluated by measuring uptake of 125-iodouracildeoxyriboside by the

      cultures in response to stimulation by lipopolysaccharide or

      concanavalin-A. Beryllium sulfate, but neither of the other sulfates,

      caused a significant incr in uptake of 125-iodouracildeoxyriboside in

      splenocytes but not thymocytes. Similar experiments were conducted in

      which the B-cell population of mouse splenocytes was depleted by passing

      the cells over a nylon wool column. The mitogenic response to beryllium

      sulfate was eliminated and the response to lipopolysaccharide was sharply

      reduced. The response to concanavalin-A was not affected. The uptake of

      125-iodouracildeoxyriboside by splenocytes from nude mice (a T-cell

      deficient strain) was measured in the presence of beryllium sulfate, and a

      3 fold incr in uptake was observed. (C57BL/6xDBA/2)F1-mouse splenocytes

      were also incubated with beryllium sulfate for 5 days, and uptake of

      125-iodouracildeoxyriboside was measured after 2, 3, 4, and 5 days. The

      max response to beryllium sulfate occurred after 2 days, whereas the max

      uptake induced by lipopolysaccharide and concanavalin-A occurred after 3

      days. [Newmann LS, Campbell PA; Internat Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 84 (3):

      223-227 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Beryllium sulfate was injected intratracheally into F344 rats

      previously immunized to beryllium sulfate. This results in well-formed,

      sarcoid-like lung granulomata at 6 wk post treatment with beryllium

      sulfate. There was a conspicuous presence at 4 wk post treatment of

      numerous, perivascularly located Langhans' giant cells which preceded the

      development of well-formed granulomas at 6 wk. Rats were sacrificed at 4,

      6, 8, and 12 wk after intratracheal injection. At the time of sacrifice

      bronchoalveolar lavage was performed; B and T ... lymphocyte populations

      were quantitated and compared to lymphocyte populations obtained from lung

      tissue. Both B and T cells were significantly elevated in lung tissue post

      treatment with beryllium sulfate. At 4 wk when granulomata were just

      developing, a W3/25+ to OX8+ ratio of 20:1 in lavage and 2:1 in lung

      tissue was seen. At 6 wk when granulomata were well-formed there was a

      predominance of W3/25+ cells in lavage but not in lung tissue. At 8 and 12

      wk, when the granulomata were regressing, lavage fluid still contained a

      W3/25+ predominance in contrast to lung tissue which contained a

      predominance of OX8+ cells. [Votto JJ et al; Sarcoidosis 4 (1): 71-6

      (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The beryllium and zirconium salts, beryllium sulfate and zirconium

      disulfate, each exerted a concn-dependent stimulation of mouse spleen cell

      proliferation as measured by an incr in (3H)thymidine incorporation into

      lymphocyte DNA, although the maximal response induced by zirconium

      disulfate (4-5 fold at 100-200 uM) was greater than that by beryllium

      sulfate (2-3 fold at 1-5 uM). Preincubation of splenocytes with low concn

      of beryllium sulfate (  < 1 uM) or a broad range of zirconium disulfate

      concn (2-100 uM) was also found to assist subsequent lectin- (concanavalin

      A) mediated lymphocyte proliferation. The results indicate that at defined

      concn beryllium and zirconium salts can both act as lymphocyte mitogens

      and augment the functional responsiveness of immune cells, which may help

      explain the characteristic induction of delayed hypersensitivity and

      production of immunological granulomas by these metals in vivo. [Price RJ,

      Skilleter DN; Toxicol Lett 30 (1): 89-96 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      An in vitro study of the toxicity of beryllium sulfate (BeSO4) and

      beryllium oxide (BeO) toward pulmonary alveolar macrophages from beagle

      dogs was reported. Two end points were quantified, cell viability

      (trypan-blue exclusion) and Fo receptor dependent phagocytosis (uptake of

      antibody coated sheep erythrocytes). Two types of BeO were used, calcined

      at either 500 deg C or 1000 deg C, in addition to BeSO4. Cell viability

      was established after 20 hours of incubation of 10(6) cells with 10(-2) to

      10(-8) molar (M) beryllium compound, and phagocytosis was measured after 1

      hour further incubation with antibody covered sheep erythrocytes. BeSO4

      was the most toxic to the cells, followed by BeO calcined at 500 deg C.

      Effective concentrations which reduced viability by 50% were 0.000094M,

      and 0.0057M for BeSO4, BeO calcined at 500 deg C, and BeO calcined at 1000

      deg C, respectively. [Finch GL et al; Inhalation Toxicol Research

      Institute Annual Report: The Cytotoxicity of Beryllium Cmpd to Cultured

      Canine Alveolar Macrophages p.286-90 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES:

      LD50 Rat (female) 0.51 mg/Be/kg, intravenously injected [Vacher J, Stoner

      HB; Biochem Pharmacol 17: 93 (1968) as cited in USEPA; Ambient Water

      Quality Criteria Doc: Beryllium p.C-8 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-024]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      TLM (MEDIAN TOLERANCE VALUE) SALAMANDER LARVAE (AMBYSTOMA SPECIES)

      AVERAGED 24.85 & 5.65 MG BE/L RESPECTIVELY IN HARD & SOFT WATER.

      [SLONIM AR, RAY EE; BULL ENVIRON CONTAM TOXICOL 13 (3): 307 (1975)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      LOWEST LD50 FOR 6 SPECIES OF FISH WAS 25.4 MG/L FOR BERYLLIUM SULFATE.

      [CARDWELL RD ET AL; US ENVIRON PROT AGENCY, OFF RES DEV, (REP) EPA, p.117

      (1976) EPA 600/3-76-008]**PEER REVIEWED**

      TLM FOR GUPPIES 20.3 MG/L/96 HR IN HARD WATER, 0.19 MG/L/96 HR IN SOFT

      WATER. TOXICITY WAS AGE DEPENDENT. [SLONIM AR; J WATER POLLUT CONTROL FED

      45 (10): 2110-2239 (1973)]**PEER REVIEWED**

TSCA TEST SUBMISSIONS:

      Beryllium sulfate was evaluated for genotoxicity in vitro in human Passage

      23 WI-38 fibroblasts exposed for 90 minutes to concentrations of 1X10E-7,

      1X10E-6, 1X10E-5, 1X10E-4, and 1X10E-3 M test compound in the presence of

      1 microCi/ml of 3H-thymidine (6.7 Ci/ml), followed by exposure to only

      3H-thymidine for 3 hours. The rate of unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in

      hepatocytes was determined by measuring the extent of incorporation of

      labeled thymidine into DNA, using a scintillation counter; results were

      expressed per unit of DNA. The rate of UDS in treated cell cultures ranged

      from 0.77-1.12 times that of the negative control, indicating that the

      test compound was negative for UDS in human fibroblasts under the

      conditions of this assay. Positive control treatment with 4-nitroquinoline

      oxide (1X10E-5 M) produced the expected high increase in UDS (64.19 times

      that of solvent control).[SRI International; Potential Prescreens for

      Chemical Carcinogens: Unscheduled DNA Synthesis Task 2 (Final Report),

      (1976), EPA Document No. 40-7640400, Fiche No. OTS0522506]**UNREVIEWED**

METABOLISM/PHARMACOKINETICS:

ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION & EXCRETION:

      RATS WERE EXPOSED CONTINUOUSLY TO AN ATMOSPHERE OF 34 UG OF BE PER CU M IN

      THE FORM OF AN AEROSOL OF BERYLLIUM SULFATE. A RATE OF ACCUMULATION OF BE

      IN LUNGS THAT DECR WITH LENGTH OF EXPOSURE. BERYLLIUM LEFT LUNGS VIA BLOOD

      STREAM FOLLOWING SOLN IN LUNG FLUID OR VIA LYMPH VESSELS. THE LATTER ROUTE

      WAS MORE EFFICIENT IN MALES THAN IN FEMALES. [IARC. Monographs on the

      Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World

      Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V1 24 (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ULTIMATE SITE OF ACCUMULATION OF BERYLLIUM IS SKELETON ... ABSORPTION BY

      RATS OF BERYLLIUM SULFATE ADMIN IN DRINKING WATER ... MAJORITY OF

      BERYLLIUM ... PPT WITHIN GUT LUMEN AS PHOSPHATE AND ... LOST IN FECES. AT

      FIRST LOW CONCN OF BERYLLIUM ... IN URINE ... DECR TO MERE TRACE. ...

      ACCUMULATED IN BONES ... /LESS/ IN LIVER. [IARC. Monographs on the

      Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World

      Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V1 24 (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      DURING INHALATION EXPOSURE TO BERYLLIUM SULFATE, BERYLLIUM CONCN IN LUNG

      OF RATS BUILT UP TO AN EQUILIBRIUM IN ABOUT 36 WK & REMAINED AT A

      PLATEAU ... CLEARANCE OF INHALED BERYLLIUM FROM LUNG ... WAS MULTIPHASIC,

      EACH PHASE CORRESPONDING TO A LOGARITHMIC FUNCTION. [Friberg, L., G.R.

      Nordberg, and V.B. Vouk. Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York:

      Elsevier North Holland, 1979., p. 333]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PULMONARY BERYLLIUM CONTENT WAS APPROXIMATELY HALVED DURING 1ST TWO WK

      POST /BERYLLIUM SULFATE- RAT INHALATION/ EXPOSURE; THEREAFTER CLEARANCE

      RATE DIMINISHED RAPIDLY & A RESIDUUM OF INHALED BERYLLIUM ... PERHAPS

      IN ENCAPSULATED FORM, REMAINED IN LUNG FOR YEARS. [Friberg, L., Nordberg,

      G.F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the Toxicology of

      Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.,

      1986., p. 100]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... AFTER IV INJECTION OF BERYLLIUM SULFATE ... CLEARANCE CURVES INDICATED

      BIPHASIC REMOVAL, THE 2ND PHASE SHOWING INVERSE RELATION OF THE RATE TO

      THE DOSE. AT HIGHER CONCN, THE BERYLLIUM ION FORMED PHOSPHATE AGGREGATES,

      WHICH WERE REMOVED TO THE RETICULOENDOTHELIAL SYSTEM. [Friberg, L.,

      Nordberg, G.F., Kessler, E. and Vouk, V.B. (eds). Handbook of the

      Toxicology of Metals. 2nd ed. Vols I, II.: Amsterdam: Elsevier Science

      Publishers B.V., 1986., p. 100]**PEER REVIEWED**

      FROM THE FEW EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS EXAMINED, IT APPEARS THAT THE ORDER OF

      /ACCUMULATION/ FOR THE HIGHLY WATER SOLUBLE /BERYLLIUM/ SULFATE IS LUNG,

      PULMONARY LYMPH NODES, LIVER, BONE, & KIDNEY, WHEREAS THE ORDER FOR

      THE HIGHLY INSOLUBLE ORE IS LUNG, BONE, LIVER, AND KIDNEY. BERYLLIUM DOES

      NOT LOCALIZE IN THE LUNG BUT IS TRANSPORTED TO ALL TISSUES OF THE BODY

      /FOLLOWING INGESTION/. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's

      Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed.

      New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1546]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ACCUM & RELEASE OF BERYLLIUM BY A HEPATIC LYSOSOME FRACTION OF RAT WAS

      EXAMINED AFTER IV ADMIN SOL BERYLLIUM SULFATE (12.5 & 25 UMOL/KG). MAX

      LYSOSOMAL BERYLLIUM CONTENT IS PRODUCED WITHIN 5 HR AFTER INJECTION,

      FOLLOWED BY GRADUAL 30-40% DECR OVER NEXT 7 DAYS. [SKILLETER DN, PRICE RJ;

      BIOCHEM PHARMACOL 28 (24): 3595 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Beryllium phosphate and beryllium sulfate accumulated in both

      nonparenchymal and parenchymal cells of the liver after intravenous

      administration. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic

      Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58

      87 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

MECHANISM OF ACTION:

      ... ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE WAS INHIBITED IN VIVO AS WAS

      PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE OF LIVER AND OF MUSCLE. EXTENT AND DURATION OF

      INHIBITION PARALLELED DOSE ... SUGGESTING THAT THESE INHIBITORY ACTIONS OF

      BERYLLIUM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE TOXIC ACTION OF BERYLLIUM. [Patty, F.

      (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed.

      New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963., p. 1008]**PEER REVIEWED**

INTERACTIONS:

      Fifty albino mice were injected transthoracically with 1.8 micrograms of

      radioactive (7)beryllium sulfate (BeSO4). After 1 month, 25 mice were

      injected subcutaneously with 600 micrograms metyrapone on 3 days. In both

      experiments, urine samples were collected daily and radioactivity

      determined. After 1 month, half the guinea pigs received 20 mg/day of

      metyrapone subcutaneously for 3 days. In a third experiment, male albino

      guinea pigs received 2 mg radioactive beryllium via intratracheal

      injection. One month later, half the guinea pigs received a 100 mg

      metyrapone and 100 mg cholesterol pellet daily for 3 days. The other half

      received a cholesterol pellet only. In all three experiments, animals were

      sacrificed after 3 to 4 weeks, and tissues were examined for beryllium

      (Be) content. In the first experiment the metyrapone treated animals had a

      higher Be content in the liver and a lower content in the skeleton.

      Females not treated with metyrapone had significantly lower Be content in

      the skeleton and significantly higher Be content in liver than control

      males. Approximately 75 and 60% of the Be was excreted in the urine in the

      first and second experiment, respectively. [Clary JJ et al; Toxicol Appl

      Pharmacol 23 (3): 365-75 (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      THE FLUORIDE ION HAD A SYNERGISTIC EFFECT ON BERYLLIUM TOXICITY; ALTERNATE

      EXPOSURE TO BERYLLIUM SULFATE & HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ... PRODUCED ABOUT

      TWICE AS SEVERE EFFECTS AT ANY GIVEN BERYLLIUM CONCN AS THOSE ATTRIBUTABLE

      TO BERYLLIUM SULFATE ALONE. [Friberg, L., G.R. Nordberg, and V.B. Vouk.

      Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York: Elsevier North Holland,

      1979., p. 335]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Specific pathogen free male Fischer-344 rats received daily ip

      injections of ferric-ammonium-citrate at 40 mg/kg bw at 1 mL/kg or an

      equal volume of saline. Beginning on day 4, rats were simultaneously

      exposed to an aerosol of beryllium sulfate for 2 hr/day through nose-only

      inhalation. By day 15, mortality was 80% in the beryllium plus

      ferric-ammonium-citrate group. Exposure was then discontinued. By day 18,

      all rats in the beryllium sulfate plus saline group had died, while the

      cumulative mortality for the beryllium plus ferric-ammonium-citrate group

      was only 66%. By day 19, mortality in this group had reached a max of 76%.

      [Sendelbach LE, Witschi HP; Toxicol Letters 35 (2/3): 321-325

      (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Specific pathogen free male Fischer-344 rats were ip injected with 1

      mg of ionic beryllium, copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, or saline once/day for

      7 days, then killed 16 hr after the final injection. Livers were assayed

      for ferritin and metallothionein. Other rats received 40 mg/kg

      ferric-ammonium-citrate ip for 3 days; ferritin was later assayed in some

      animals while others received 2.2 to 25 mg/kg beryllium sulfate doses iv,

      followed by ferric-ammonium-citrate or saline for 14 days. Median lethal

      dose (LD50) were determined. Some animals received 40 mg/kg

      ferric-ammonium-citrate ip for 3 days followed by 6 mg/kg radiolabeled

      beryllium sulfate; beryllium distribution and excretion were determined at

      48 hr. All ferritin samples regardless of the ion injected contained large

      amt of iron and lesser amt of zinc and copper, but all injected metal ions

      were sequestered to some degree. Cadmium, copper, and zinc induced the

      synthesis of metallothionein. animals pretreated with

      ferric-ammonium-citrate invariably survived longer after iv beryllium

      sulfate than did controls. When ferric-ammonium-citrate treatment was

      continued after beryllium injection, the LD50 was incr from 3.85 mg/kg to

      8.43 mg/kg. No differences were found in beryllium concn between

      ferric-ammonium-citrate protected and control animals in liver. Spleen and

      lungs of ferric-ammonium-citrate treated animals, however, contained about

      20% less beryllium, while kidneys and large intestine in

      ferric-ammonium-citrate treated animals contained 50 and 250% more,

      respectively. Total urinary beryllium output was significantly less in

      ferric-ammonium-citrate treated animals while fecal output was

      significantly elevated. However, combined beryllium excretion did not

      differ significantly between groups. [Lindenschmidt RC et al; Toxicol Appl

      Pharmacol 82 (2): 344-350 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

PHARMACOLOGY:

INTERACTIONS:

      Fifty albino mice were injected transthoracically with 1.8 micrograms of

      radioactive (7)beryllium sulfate (BeSO4). After 1 month, 25 mice were

      injected subcutaneously with 600 micrograms metyrapone on 3 days. In both

      experiments, urine samples were collected daily and radioactivity

      determined. After 1 month, half the guinea pigs received 20 mg/day of

      metyrapone subcutaneously for 3 days. In a third experiment, male albino

      guinea pigs received 2 mg radioactive beryllium via intratracheal

      injection. One month later, half the guinea pigs received a 100 mg

      metyrapone and 100 mg cholesterol pellet daily for 3 days. The other half

      received a cholesterol pellet only. In all three experiments, animals were

      sacrificed after 3 to 4 weeks, and tissues were examined for beryllium

      (Be) content. In the first experiment the metyrapone treated animals had a

      higher Be content in the liver and a lower content in the skeleton.

      Females not treated with metyrapone had significantly lower Be content in

      the skeleton and significantly higher Be content in liver than control

      males. Approximately 75 and 60% of the Be was excreted in the urine in the

      first and second experiment, respectively. [Clary JJ et al; Toxicol Appl

      Pharmacol 23 (3): 365-75 (1972)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      THE FLUORIDE ION HAD A SYNERGISTIC EFFECT ON BERYLLIUM TOXICITY; ALTERNATE

      EXPOSURE TO BERYLLIUM SULFATE & HYDROGEN FLUORIDE ... PRODUCED ABOUT

      TWICE AS SEVERE EFFECTS AT ANY GIVEN BERYLLIUM CONCN AS THOSE ATTRIBUTABLE

      TO BERYLLIUM SULFATE ALONE. [Friberg, L., G.R. Nordberg, and V.B. Vouk.

      Handbook on the Toxicology of Metals. New York: Elsevier North Holland,

      1979., p. 335]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Specific pathogen free male Fischer-344 rats received daily ip

      injections of ferric-ammonium-citrate at 40 mg/kg bw at 1 mL/kg or an

      equal volume of saline. Beginning on day 4, rats were simultaneously

      exposed to an aerosol of beryllium sulfate for 2 hr/day through nose-only

      inhalation. By day 15, mortality was 80% in the beryllium plus

      ferric-ammonium-citrate group. Exposure was then discontinued. By day 18,

      all rats in the beryllium sulfate plus saline group had died, while the

      cumulative mortality for the beryllium plus ferric-ammonium-citrate group

      was only 66%. By day 19, mortality in this group had reached a max of 76%.

      [Sendelbach LE, Witschi HP; Toxicol Letters 35 (2/3): 321-325

      (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Specific pathogen free male Fischer-344 rats were ip injected with 1

      mg of ionic beryllium, copper, lead, zinc, cadmium, or saline once/day for

      7 days, then killed 16 hr after the final injection. Livers were assayed

      for ferritin and metallothionein. Other rats received 40 mg/kg

      ferric-ammonium-citrate ip for 3 days; ferritin was later assayed in some

      animals while others received 2.2 to 25 mg/kg beryllium sulfate doses iv,

      followed by ferric-ammonium-citrate or saline for 14 days. Median lethal

      dose (LD50) were determined. Some animals received 40 mg/kg

      ferric-ammonium-citrate ip for 3 days followed by 6 mg/kg radiolabeled

      beryllium sulfate; beryllium distribution and excretion were determined at

      48 hr. All ferritin samples regardless of the ion injected contained large

      amt of iron and lesser amt of zinc and copper, but all injected metal ions

      were sequestered to some degree. Cadmium, copper, and zinc induced the

      synthesis of metallothionein. animals pretreated with

      ferric-ammonium-citrate invariably survived longer after iv beryllium

      sulfate than did controls. When ferric-ammonium-citrate treatment was

      continued after beryllium injection, the LD50 was incr from 3.85 mg/kg to

      8.43 mg/kg. No differences were found in beryllium concn between

      ferric-ammonium-citrate protected and control animals in liver. Spleen and

      lungs of ferric-ammonium-citrate treated animals, however, contained about

      20% less beryllium, while kidneys and large intestine in

      ferric-ammonium-citrate treated animals contained 50 and 250% more,

      respectively. Total urinary beryllium output was significantly less in

      ferric-ammonium-citrate treated animals while fecal output was

      significantly elevated. However, combined beryllium excretion did not

      differ significantly between groups. [Lindenschmidt RC et al; Toxicol Appl

      Pharmacol 82 (2): 344-350 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE & EXPOSURE:

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS & REGULATIONS:

ATMOSPHERIC STANDARDS:

      Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to

      cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990,

      directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce

      routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and

      phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources

      that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Beryllium sulfate is

      included on this list. [Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b)

      (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990]**QC REVIEWED**

FEDERAL DRINKING WATER STANDARDS:

      EPA 4 ug/l /Beryllium/[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and

      Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking

      Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC REVIEWED**

STATE DRINKING WATER GUIDELINES:

      (AZ) ARIZONA 0.007 ug/l /Beryllium/[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State

      Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and

      Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      (MN) MINNESOTA 0.08 ug/l /Beryllium/[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State

      Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and

      Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC

      REVIEWED**

CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

MOLECULAR FORMULA:

      Be.H2-O4-S **PEER REVIEWED**

MOLECULAR WEIGHT:

      105.07 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of

      Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co.,

      Inc., 1996., p. 197]**PEER REVIEWED**

COLOR/FORM:

      Colorless crystalline solid [Association of American Railroads. Emergency

      Handling of Hazardous Materials in Surface Transportation. Washington,

      D.C.: Assoc. of American Railroads, Hazardous Materials Systems (BOE),

      1987., p. 90]**PEER REVIEWED**

ODOR:

      Odorless [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS -

      Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government

      Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

      2.443 [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed.

      Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 4-45]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOLUBILITIES:

      SOL IN WATER: 425 G/L @ 25 DEG C; 1 KG/L @ 100 DEG C [Clayton, G. D. and

      F. E. Clayton (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume

      2A, 2B, 2C: Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p.

      1540]**PEER REVIEWED**

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

      DECOMPOSES 550-600 DEG C; IN HOT WATER DECOMPOSES TO BESO4 AND 4H2O.

      [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. 76th ed. Boca

      Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p. 4-45]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Density= 1.713, decomposes at 540 deg C /Tetrahydrate/ [Lewis, R.J., Sr

      (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van

      Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p. 141]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Crystals. Specific gravity 1.71. At about 100 deg C loses 2H2O. Very

      soluble in water. Practically insoluble in alcohol. /Tetrahydrate/

      [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,

      Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc.,

      1996., p. 197]**PEER REVIEWED**

CHEMICAL SAFETY & HANDLING:

HAZARDS SUMMARY:

      The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of beryllium sulfate

      stem from its toxicologic properties. Toxic primarily by inhalation and

      dermal contact, effects from exposure to this odorless, crystalline solid

      substance may include skin ulceration, headache, fatigue, fever, chest

      pain, pulmonary edema, and possibly death from heart failure. The OSHA PEL

      and ACGIH TLV are set at a TWA of 2 ug/cu m. Engineering control of

      process equipment (eg, enclosure and local exhaust ventilation) should be

      used to prevent inhalation and skin contact with beryllium sulfate. In

      activities where over-exposure is possible, workers should wear a

      self-contained breathing apparatus with a full facepiece. Protective

      clothing also should be worn, including protective suits (preferably

      disposable, one-piece, and close-fitting at the ankles and wrists),

      gloves, hair covering, and overshoes. Work clothes should not be taken

      home. Eating, smoking, and drinking in beryllium sulfate work areas should

      be prohibited. Shipping regulations and other DOT regulatory requirements

      should be consulted before transport. Containers should be protected from

      physical damage, and stored in dry areas, away from acids, caustics,

      chlorinated hydrocarbons, and oxidizing materials. Before implementing

      land disposal of waste beryllium sulfate, consult with environmental

      regulatory agencies for guidance. **PEER REVIEWED**

DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES:

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health:

      TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause

      severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe

      burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or

      inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or

      toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive

      and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S.

      Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide

      book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous

      Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or

      Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may

      decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are

      oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).

      Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may

      explode when heated.  /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department of

      Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First

      Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous

      Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public

      Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate

      precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at

      least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet)

      for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low

      areas. Ventilate enclosed areas.  /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S.

      Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide

      book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous

      Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/

      Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing

      apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically

      recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal

      protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited

      protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill

      situations where direct contact with the substance is possible.

      /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004

      Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the

      Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident.

      Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/

      Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a

      fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider

      initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Beryllium

      compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response

      Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a

      Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire:

      Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry chemical,

      CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area

      if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal;

      do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads:

      Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor

      nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding

      quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in

      case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

      ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. /Beryllium compound, NOS/

      [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A

      Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous

      Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Spill

      or Leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or

      flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled

      material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you

      can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or

      confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other

      non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER

      INSIDE CONTAINERS. /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department of

      Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First

      Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous

      Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ First

      Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give

      artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use

      mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give

      artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a

      one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer

      oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing

      and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or

      eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact,

      avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet.

      Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance

      may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s)

      involved and take precautions to protect themselves. /Beryllium compound,

      NOS/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response

      Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a

      Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC

      REVIEWED**

HAZARDOUS REACTIVITIES & INCOMPATIBILITIES:

      Acids, caustics, chlorinated hydrocarbons, oxidizers, molten lithium.

      /Beryllium & compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical

      Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S.

      Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH:

      NIOSH considers beryllium sulfate to be a potential occupational

      carcinogen. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH

      Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140.

      Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC

      REVIEWED**

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING:

      Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Beryllium &

      beryllium cmpd (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.

      DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government

      Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

      Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

      /Beryllium & beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide

      to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C.

      U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

      The following types of respirators should be selected under the prescribed

      concentrations: At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is

      no REL, at any detectable concentrations: Any self-contained breathing

      apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand

      or other positive pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a

      full face piece and is operated in pressure-demand or other positive

      pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing

      apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

      Escape: Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a

      high-efficiency particulate filter. Any appropriate escape-type,

      self-contained breathing apparatus. /Beryllium & beryllium cmpd (as

      Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)

      Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office,

      1997., p. 29]**QC REVIEWED**

      Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any

      possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is

      irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye

      protection. /Beryllium & beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH

      Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140.

      Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... dispensers of liq detergent /should be

      available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In

      animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably

      disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves,

      hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves &

      gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to

      provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be

      necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable

      plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... gowns ... /should be/

      of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn

      outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch,

      E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L.

      Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the

      Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon,

      France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

PREVENTIVE MEASURES:

      Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into

      uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. /Beryllium and

      beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical

      Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S.

      Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

      Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be

      removed and replaced. /Beryllium and beryllium compound (as Be)/ [NIOSH.

      NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.

      97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p.

      28]**QC REVIEWED**

      The worker should wash daily at the end of each work shift. /Beryllium and

      beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical

      Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S.

      Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

      SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry

      is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact

      lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including

      the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure,

      the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses.

      However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive

      properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to

      the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In

      any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when

      contact lenses are in place. **PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food

      or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of

      cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should

      remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which

      carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably

      using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly.

      Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the

      skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be

      recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety

      pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

      [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A.

      Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical

      Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific

      Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on

      Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should

      remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably

      disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves,

      hair covering & overshoes. ... clothing should be changed daily but

      ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/

      workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves &

      gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to

      provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be

      necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable

      plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive

      color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab.

      /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della

      Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis

      (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of

      Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... operations connected with synth &

      purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood.

      Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors

      evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should

      be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new

      fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for

      decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be

      handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should

      be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so

      that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety

      cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided

      that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at

      the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are

      under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or

      safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area

      towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume

      cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with

      fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow

      measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any

      structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch,

      E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L.

      Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the

      Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon,

      France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or biochem

      lab also apply to microbiological & cell-culture labs ... Special

      consideration should be given to route of admin. ... Safest method of

      administering volatile carcinogen is by injection of a soln. Admin by

      topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation should be

      performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be kept

      under hood during this period. Inhalation exposure requires special

      equipment. ... unless specifically required, routes of admin other than in

      the diet should be used. Mixing of carcinogen in diet should be carried

      out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the exhaust is fitted

      with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleaning mixer &

      hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets, special

      protective clothing &, possibly, respirators may be required.

      /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della

      Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis

      (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of

      Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to skin,

      animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides &

      fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops

      should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals that

      received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning facilities

      should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used, to avoid

      moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that cages

      are decontaminated, & monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may

      exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended,

      depending on type & amt of carcinogen & efficiency with which it

      can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch,

      E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L.

      Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the

      Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon,

      France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ... contamination in

      lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should be

      carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors &

      benches, & ... interior of fume hoods & airducts. As well as

      regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of

      spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab atmospheres for

      chem such as nitrosamines. Methods ... should ... where possible, be

      simple & sensitive. ... /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H.

      Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B.

      Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in

      the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33.

      Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p.

      10]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious contamination has

      occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personnel

      engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of

      permanent equipment. ... Procedures should ensure that maintenance workers

      are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care should be taken to

      avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs,

      procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or dispersal of

      dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency

      particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially, should be

      used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or mops should be

      prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be re-used

      ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to

      laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry

      personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland,

      G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and

      W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems

      of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where carcinogens

      are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels.

      Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently

      displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific Investigator or

      other person who can advise in an emergency & who can inform others

      (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 11]**PEER REVIEWED**

SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS:

      No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for

      transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance

      ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged,

      marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized

      by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./ [49 CFR

      171.2 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles

      for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for

      individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice

      are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index

      of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be

      consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used

      when shipping any substance or article. [IMDG; International Maritime

      Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.6079

      (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ...

      should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in

      securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be

      placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open

      when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle

      & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National

      post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines

      have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These

      authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following

      procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely

      sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed

      in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem

      attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between

      primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent

      material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is

      sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the

      event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be

      enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container

      & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of

      shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form

      of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not

      received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate

      effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to

      avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

      [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A.

      Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical

      Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific

      Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on

      Cancer, 1979., p. 13]**PEER REVIEWED**

STORAGE CONDITIONS:

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as

      practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small

      quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be

      kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or

      freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears

      appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of

      carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ...

      should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano,

      R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,

      A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens

      in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No.

      33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p.

      13]**PEER REVIEWED**

CLEANUP METHODS:

      Response to discharge: Issue warning poison, corrosive; Restrict access;

      Should be removed; chemical and physical treatment. [U.S. Coast Guard,

      Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II.

      Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor

      (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in

      exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal

      rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be

      transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is

      avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately

      after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The

      sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be

      placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be

      secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should

      be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated

      ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken

      glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical

      destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

      [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A.

      Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical

      Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific

      Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on

      Cancer, 1979., p. 15]**PEER REVIEWED**

DISPOSAL METHODS:

      SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial

      (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant

      revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including

      waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance

      on acceptable disposal practices. **PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal

      that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds &

      specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on

      all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods

      & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 14]**PEER REVIEWED**

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS:

OSHA STANDARDS:

      Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2 ug/cu m.

      /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/ [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable Ceiling Concentration: 5

      ug/cu m. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/ [29 CFR 1910.1000

      (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**

      Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable maximum peak above the

      acceptable ceiling concentration for an 8-hour shift. Concentration: 25

      ug/cu m. Maximum Duration: 30 minutes. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/

      [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES:

      8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.002 mg/cu m; 15 min Short Term Exposure

      Limit (STEL): 0.01 mg/cu m. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/ [American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

      A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/ [American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

      2008 Notice of Intended Changes: These substances, with their

      corresponding vaules and notations, comprise those for which (1) a limit

      is proposed for the first time, (2) a change in the Adopted value is

      proposed, (3) retention as an NIC is proposed, or (4) withdrawal of the

      Documentation and adopted TLV is proposed. In each case, the proposals

      should be considered trial values during the period they are on the NIC.

      These proposals were ratified by the ACGIH Board of Directors and will

      remain on the NIC for approximately one year following this ratification.

      If the Committee neither finds nor receives any substantive data that

      changes its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may

      then approve its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for

      adoption. If the Committee finds or receives substantive data that change

      its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may change its

      recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for the matter to be either

      retained on or withdrawn from the NIC. Substance: beryllium and compounds,

      as Be; Time Weighted Avg  (TWA): 0.00005 mg/cu m, inhalable fraction;

      Short Term Exposure Limit  (STEL): 0.0002 mg/cu m, inhalable fraction;

      Notations: skin; sensitization; A1: Confirmed human carcinogen; Molecular

      Weight: 9.01, varies; TLV Basis-Critical Effect(s): Sensitization, chronic

      beryllium disease (berylliosis). /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/

      [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.

      Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and

      Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 62]**QC REVIEWED**

NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS:

      NIOSH recommends that beryllium and beryllium cmpd (as Be) be regulated as

      a potential human carcinogen. /Beryllium and beryllium cmpd (as Be)/

      [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication

      No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p.

      28]**QC REVIEWED**

      Not to exceed 0.0005 mg/cu m. /Beryllium and beryllium cmpd (as Be)/

      [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication

      No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p.

      28]**QC REVIEWED**

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH:

      NIOSH considers beryllium sulfate to be a potential occupational

      carcinogen. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH

      Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140.

      Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC

      REVIEWED**

MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION:

MAJOR USES:

      Primarily used for the production of beryllium oxide powder for ceramics.

      [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New

      York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V4 152]**PEER REVIEWED**

MANUFACTURERS:

      Brush Wellman Inc, Hq, 17876 St. Clair Ave, Cleveland, OH 44110, (216)

      486-4200; Production site: Elmore, OH 43416 [SRI. 1996 Directory of

      Chemical Producers-United States of America. Menlo Park, CA: SRI

      International, 1996., p. 460]**PEER REVIEWED**

METHODS OF MANUFACTURING:

      FROM BERYL ORE BY REACTION WITH SULFURIC ACID **PEER REVIEWED**

      GMELIN'S, BERYLLIUM (8TH ED) 26, 130-141 (1930). [Budavari, S. (ed.). The

      Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals.

      Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 197]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Tetrahydrate is produced commercial in a highly purified state by

      fractional crystallization from a beryllium sulfate soln obtained by the

      reaction of beryllium hydroxide and sulfuric acid. The dihydrate is

      obtained by heating the tetrahydrate to 92 deg C; the anhydrous salt is

      obtained by heating the dihydrate in air to 400 deg C. [Kirk-Othmer

      Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John

      Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V4 152]**PEER REVIEWED**

LABORATORY METHODS:

SPECIAL REFERENCES:

SPECIAL REPORTS:

      GROTH DH; ENVIRON RES 21 (1): 56 (1980). A REVIEW WITH 30 REFERENCES ON

      THE CARCINOGENICITY OF BERYLLIUM, PARTICULARLY WITH RESPECT TO OSTEOGENIC

      SARCOMAS & LUNG NEOPLASMS.

      DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Beryllium (Update) TP-92/04 (1993)

      Leonard A, Lauwerys R; Mut Research 186 (1): 35-42 (1987). The

      mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of beryllium and its cmpd

      are reviewed.

      Eisenbud M; Cleve Clin Q 51 (2): 441-7 (1984). The mutagenicity,

      carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of beryllium and beryllium compounds

      were reviewed.

      Skilleter DN; Adv Mod Environ Toxicol 11: 61-8 (1987). The occupational

      diseases caused by exposure to beryllium or beryllium compounds are

      discussed.

      MacMahon B; The epidemiological evidence on the carcinogenicity of

      beryllium in humans; J Occupat Med 36 (1): 15-24 (1994)

      A DISCUSSION ON THE LUNG CANCER INCIDENCE IN BERYLLIUM PRODUCTION WORKERS

      IS PRESENTED.[GROTH ET AL; ENVIRON RES 21 (1): 63 (1980)]

      WHO working group, Beryllium; Environment Health Criteria 106: 181 (1990).

      Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation Data concerning

      the fate of beryllium in the environment are limited.

      USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Beryllium (1980) EPA

      440/5-80-024

      USEPA; Health Assessment Document for Beryllium (1987) EPA 600/8-84-026F

      Meyer KC; Beryllium and Lung Disease; Chest 106 (3): 942-946 (1994)

      Reeves AL, Beryllium: Toxicological Research of the Last Decade; Journal

      of the American College of Toxicology 8 (7): 1307-13 (1989). Research on

      beryllium toxicity conducted in the 1980s was reviewed. Investigations on

      beryllium toxicokinetics were also discussed.

      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System

      (IRIS) for Beryllium and compounds (7440-41-7) Toxicological Review in

      Adobe PDF. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the

      Substance File List as of April, 1998.

      U.S. Department of Health & Human Services/National Toxicology

      Program; Tenth Report on Carcinogens. National Institutes of Environmental

      Health Sciences. The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific

      and public health document that identifies and discusses substances

      (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a

      carcinogenic hazard to human health. Beryllium (7440-41-7) was first

      listed in the Second Annual Report on Carcinogens (1981) as reasonably

      anticipated to be a human carcinogen and then listed in the Tenth Report

      on Carcinogens (2002) as a known human carcinogen. /Beryllium and

      Beryllium Compounds/ [ ]

SYNONYMS AND IDENTIFIERS:

RELATED HSDB RECORDS:

      6899 [BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS]

SYNONYMS:

      BERYLLIUM SULFATE (BESO4) **PEER REVIEWED**

      SULFURIC ACID, BERYLLIUM SALT (1:1) **PEER REVIEWED**

ASSOCIATED CHEMICALS:

      Beryllium sulfate tetrahydrate ;7787-56-6

Beryllium Lactate;64059-26-3

SHIPPING NAME/ NUMBER DOT/UN/NA/IMO:

      UN 1566; Beryllium compounds, NOS

      IMO 6.1; Beryllium compounds, NOS

STANDARD TRANSPORTATION NUMBER:

      49 233 30; Beryllium sulfate

      49 232 16; Beryllium compounds, not otherwise specified

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION:

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANK NUMBER: 347

LAST REVISION DATE: 20050624

LAST REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 1/23/1997

UPDATE HISTORY:

      Complete Update on 2005-06-24, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

      Field Update on 2005-01-29, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

      Complete Update on 2003-08-29, 1 fields added/edited/deleted

      Complete Update on 10/16/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/06/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 07/22/2002, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/31/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/13/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/04/2000, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/11/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 07/20/1999, 6 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/02/1999, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 03/19/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/11/1998, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/25/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 12/15/1997, 48 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 10/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 06/18/1996, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/18/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/16/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/25/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 12/19/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 09/28/1994, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/16/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/05/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 11/23/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/10/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 12/12/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/08/1991, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 11/09/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 10/10/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 12/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 12/19/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 07/12/1989, 60 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 02/10/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/26/1988, 4 fields added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 12/14/1984

Created 19830401 by DS