2. Small, multi-branching tropical evergreen tree growing to 8 meters (26 feet) tall.  Native to Brazil.  Grown in moist tropical to subtropical conditions.  As the tree ages, the bark peels off, revealing a smooth trunk.  Smooth, glossy, waxy dark green leaves are narrow elliptic, 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) long and borne on short grooved petioles.  Small white flowers are showy.  Fruit is oblong in shape and 2 to 3 centimeters (0.8 to 1.2 inches) in diameter.  The skin is deep red to purple in color, smooth and shiny.  Individual fruit contain up to 2 round, white seeds.  Pulp is yellowish orange.  Fruit resembles the grumichama, but is more elongated and larger.  Sweet, cherry-like flavor (PERENNIAL, TRADE WINDS, DESERT TROPICALS, QUISQUALIS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs March to April in Florida.  The flowering season may last for several months, occasionally throughout the first part of May.  Fruit ripens on the bush 3 weeks after the blossom.  Fruiting season is usually April throught June.  Fruit matures in 60 days (PERENNIAL, DESERT TROPICALS, QUISQUALIS).
      b. Cultivation:  Grown in tropical to subtropical conditions in a variety of soils.  Slightly acid soils are preferred ad requires full sun.  Not tolerant of drought.  Large amounts of water are required during bloom and fruit development.  Mature trees tolerate temperatures down to -6 °C (21 °F).  Propagation is by seed and grafting.  Fruit production occurs in 4 to 5 years from seed.  When first planted, trees require a complete fertilizer in a 1-1-1 ratio.  Established trees require a fertilizer such as 8-3-9 at least three times a year.  Thrives in USDA zones 9 to 11 (PERENNIAL, DESERT TROPICALS, QUISQUALIS).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Grown in home gardens.  Not grown for commercial production (PERENNIAL).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is eaten fresh; made into jellies, jams, juices and preserves.  Fruits freeze well (PERENNIAL, TRADE WINDS, QUISQUALIS).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  Grown in Southern Florida; no yield data is available (QUISQUALIS).
5. Other production regions:  Tropical America; Brazil; no yield data is available (GRIN, PERENNIAL).
6. Use:  fruit; home garden fruit and ornamental tree (GRIN, PERENNIAL).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, TRADE WINDS, DESERT TROPICALS, QUISQUALIS.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  EUEAG

1. Chinese olive, black [(wu lan, schwarze chinesische Olive, schwarze Kanarinuß,  azeitona-preta-da-China (GRIN))]
      Burseraceae
      Canarium tramdenum C. D. Dai & Yakovlev [(syn: Canarium pimela K. D. Koenig (GRIN))]
2. Large evergreen tree growing 10 to 30 meters (33 to 98 feet) high.  Native to the Asian and African tropics.  The trunk can reach 90 centimeters (35 inches) across and the bark is brown.  The tree contains black sap.  Leaves are pinnate, 30 to 60 centimeters (12 to 24 inches) long and contain 15 to 21 leaflets that are oblong or ovate-elliptic.  Leaflets are 5 to 15 centimeters (2 to 6 inches) long and 3.5 to 7 centimeters (1.4 to 3 inches) wide, abruptly short-acuminate or obtuse.  The base is shortly oblique obtuse and entire.  Flowers are small, white and in axillary branched clusters.  Fruits are oblong drupes that are 4 to 5 centimeters (1.6 to 2 inches) long, 2.5 to 3 centimeters (1 to 1.2 inches) across and contain one seed.  The skin is smooth and purple-black.  The fruit is pickled, served as a side dish or flavoring.  Fruit has an acrid, unpleasant taste when fresh.  Fruits resemble European olives in appearance.  The seed resembles a walnut in taste (HU, HANBURY, SIMOONS, FOOD PLANTS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs in April to May; fruiting occurs May to November.  In Vietnam, fruiting occurs October to December (ZIPCODEZOO, FOOD PLANTS).
      b. Cultivation:  Grown in forests at 500 to 1,300 meters (1,640 to 4,265 feet).  Cultivated for food in southern China (Kwangsi, Kwangtung, Fukien, and Szechwan) and Indochina.  Cultivated in northern Vietnam at altitudes below 500 meters (1,640 feet).  The tree requires full sun, deep humid soil, and steep land (SIMOONS, ZIPCODEZOO, FOOD PLANTS).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Sold preserved with salt in the marketplace (HANBURY).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  May be eaten fresh after soaking fruit in salt water and drying in the sun.  May be preserved in sugar, syrup, honey; may be processed with licorice.  The stone is removed from the fruit and then pickled.  Fruit is used in Chinese cooking.  The seed is used in southern China as the walnut is used in northern China dishes.  The seed is lightly fried and mixed with white chicken meat; formally a popular ingredient of Cantonese dishes that has now been replaced by the cashew nut (HU, SIMOONS).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is fatty; contains iron and calcium; the seed contains protein (SIMOONS).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Fruits and seeds have medicinal purposes in China (SIMOONS).
      g. Crop Photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other production regions:  China, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Indochina; no yield data is available (GRIN, SIMOONS).
6. Use:  ornamental, fruit, wood; aromatic oil resin known as elemi for varnish, lacquer and printer ink; seeds
carved into beads and ornaments (GRIN, HANBURY, SIMOONS).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:   Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  005 (FI 0293) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, FOOD PLANTS, HU, HANBURY, SIMOONS, ZIPCODEZOO.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  CNBPI (Canarium pimela C.D.KOENIG)

1. Chinese olive, white [(olivier chinois, chinesische weiße Olive, weiße Kanarinuß, azeitona-da-China, pisa (GRIN))]
      Burseraceae
      Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch.  [(syn: Pimela alba Lour. (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. Tree growing up to 30 meters (98 feet) tall.  Native to forests of China, Vietnam and the Philippines.  Trunk is 1.5 meters (5 feet) in diameter.  Bark is light brown and scaly; outer bark is thin and inner bark is pinkish brown.  Sap is white, aromatic and resinous.  Young twigs are covered by reddish brown hairs and become smooth with age.  Leaves are compound imparipinnate, alternate, and clustered at the tips of branches.  Leaves contain three to six paired leaflets.  Leaflets are opposite, elliptic or ovate to oblong-ovate, 7 to 14 centimeters (2.8 to 5.5 inches) long and 5 to 7 centimeters (2 to 2.8 inches) wide.  The rachis is 26 to 28 centimeters (10 to 11 inches) long.  Flowers are yellowish-green, have both male and female organs, and are grouped in axillary racemes.  Fruits are yellowish-green, ovoid to spindle-shaped drupes that are 2.5 to 4.5 centimeters (1 to 1.8 inches) long by 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters (0.6 to 1 inch) wide.  The skin is smooth and dull.  Each fruit contains 1 to 2 seeds that are a flattened, tapered oval shape and about 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) long.  Fruits occur in clusters of six.  Used like olives (JANICK, BIOTIK, PERENNIAL, TRADEKEY).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering in Thailand occurs from March to August and fruits mature from June to December; elsewhere the flowering period is from January to May and the fruiting time is from April to October (JANICK, BIOTIK).
      b. Cultivation:  Trees are distributed in primary and secondary forests in China, Japan, Malaysia, Northern Vietnam, and Laos.  Trees are cultivated in Thailand.  Requires a subtropical to cool tropical climate.  Tolerates a variety of moist soils, from sand to heavy clay; tolerates acid to alkaline pH conditions.  Grown in areas with elevations of 400 to 1,200 meters (1,312 to 3,937 feet), mean temperatures of 18 to 24 °C (64 to 75 °F) and a rainfall of 150 to 250 centimeters (59 to 98 inches).  Tolerates semi-shade conditions.  Propagated by seed (BIOTIK, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, JANICK).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  The fruit, seed and resin are exported to Europe for medicinal use and for soap and varnish manufacture.  Raw fruit is sold on local markets (JANICK, BIOTIK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is consumed raw or cooked; raw fruits have a strong resinous flavor.  Whole fruits are preserved in either sweet or sour form and are used like olives.  The seed is edible but is small.  It has a delicate flavor, is flaky-textured and is cream in color.  Oil is extracted from the seed (PERENNIAL, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, JANICK).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Seeds are high in fat and protein.  The fruit is also fatty and contains iron and calcium (SIMOONS).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  The resin is a stimulant and a substance that reddens the skin; when applied externally, the resin is used as an anti-rheumatic.  Resin is used in incense making.  Oleoresin is made into an ointment for ulcers.  Fruit is believed to help indigestion and combat drunkenness; can be used to stimulate the production of saliva and the appetitie; eliminates apprehension (JANICK, BIOTIK, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE).
      g. Crop Photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other production regions:  China, Japan, Malaysia, Laos, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Vietnam, Philippines, Thailand; no yield data is available (GRIN, JANICK, BIOTIK).
6. Use:  fruit, beads, medicinal purposes; fruit, seed and resin are exported to Europe for medicinal, soap and
varnish manufacture; oil is extracted from the seed; resin is used in paint, incense and fragrances; the tree is
grown as an ornamental (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:   Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  005 (FI 0293) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, JANCIK, BIOTIK, PERENNIAL, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, SIMOONS, TRADEKEY.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  CNBAL

1. Chirauli-nut [(chirauli-nut-tree, Hamilton's-mombin (GRIN))]
      Anacardiaceae
      Buchanania latifolia Roxb.
2. Deciduous tree growing 12 to 18 meters (39 to 59 feet) high.  Native to Southeastern Asia.  Branchlets are dark brown, stout and slightly hairy.  Leaves are stalked, alternate, leathery, pubescent underneath, oblong to elliptic, obtuse at both ends, 7 to 20 centimeters long (3 to 8 inches) and 4 to 10 centimeters (1.6 to 4 inches) wide.  Petioles are 1.5 to 2.2 centimeters (0.6 to 0.9 inches).  White to yellowish flowers are hairy, sessile and in axillary and terminal pyramidal panicles reaching 20 centimeters (8 inches) long.  Flowers are composed of 5 sepals and 5 petals that are 0.25 centimeter (0.1 inch) long.  Fruit is an oblong ovoid drupe that turns black when ripe and reaches 0.9 centimeter (0.4 inch) long by 0.6 centimeter (0.2 inch) across.  The skin is smooth.  Fruits and seeds are consumed (MANANDHAR, HU, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE, ECOCROP, EFLORAS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowers occur February to March; fruiting occurs May to June.  In India, the flowers appear in January to March.  The fruits ripen and the leaves are shed in April to May.  New leaves appear in June (MANANDHAR, ECOCROP).
      b. Cultivation:  Grows in the deciduous dry forests and valleys at altitudes of 750 to 1,500 meters (2,461 to 4,921 feet).  In India, the tree is adapted to a relative humidity in January from 40 to 80% and in July from 70 to 90%.  Propagated by seed (MANANDHAR, HU, ECOCROP).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Fruits are sold in the bazaars in India (H.F. MACMILLAN).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Ripe fruit is eaten raw and is sweet.  The seed is rich in oil and is used as a sweetmeat; seeds are ground and used for making beancurd in Yunnan.  Seeds are substituted for almonds (MANANDHAR, HU, ECOCROP).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  The tannin and gum of the tree have medicinal properties (ECOCROP).
      g. Crop Photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other production regions:  China, India, Nepal, Indo-China (Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam); no yield data is available (GRIN).
6. Use:  nut, fruit, medicinal purposes; wood is used for firewood and to make boxes, doors and furniture;
bark contains tannin; leaves are used as a substitute for plates; seed oil is used in the manufacture of candies;
seeds are consumed (GRIN, MANANDHAR, ECOCROP).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit (GRIN)
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:   Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, H.F. MACMILLAN, MANANDHAR, HU, ENCYCLOPEDIA OF LIFE, ECOCROP, EFLORAS.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  BUHLA

1. Ciruela verde [(bunchoise des Andes, ameixa-do-Peru, ciruela de fraile, ciruela silvestre (GRIN))]
      Malpighiaceae
      Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC.  [(syn: Malpighia armeniaca Cav. (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. Small tree or shrub growing 10 meters (33 feet) tall.  Native to South America.  Trees in the family Malpighiaceae contain simple opposite leaves.  Flowers are bisexual.  Red, orange or yellow fruit are ellipsoid, 3 to 4 centimeters (1.2 to 1.6 inches) in length and are borne in clusters of 8 to 10.  The skin is smooth and shiny.  The flesh is cream-colored and the flavor is sweet but astringent.  Fruit are not commonly consumed fresh.  More commonly used as a flavoring (CAMPBELL, PERENNIAL, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, ZIPCODEZOO, MOBOT).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Trees flower and fruit throughout most of the year; the tree may produce several crops of fruit a year (CAMPBELL, PERENNIAL).
      b. Cultivation:  Grown in tropical climates at low to middle elevations.  Tolerant of a variety of moist soils including sandy, loamy and clay conditions with an acidic, neutral or a basic pH.  Grows in sunny or semi-shade conditions.  Propagation is by seed.  Trees fruit within 2-3 years from seed.  Tolerant of freezes; slightly damaged by temperatures of -2 ° C (28 ° F).  Only rarely used as a commercial crop (CAMPBELL, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, PERENNIAL).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Marketed locally but little potential for development (PERENNIAL).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit are not highly esteemed for fresh consumption; more commonly used as a flavoring.  Fruit may be consumed fresh, cooked or preserved; creamy, sweet pulp (CAMPBELL, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop Photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other production regions:  Venezuela, Brazil, Western South America (Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru; no yield data is available (GRIN).
6. Use:  Fruit; home garden plant (GRIN, CAMPBELL).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:   Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup): Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, CAMPBELL, PERENNIAL, PLANTS FOR A FUTURE, ZIPCODEZOO, MOBOT.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  No specific entry

1. Cocoplum [(icacier, icaquier, prune colon, Icacopflaume, ciruela de algodón, icaco (GRIN))]
      Chrysobalanaceae
      Chrysobalanus icaco L.
2. A medium-sized creeping or erect coastal evergreen shrub growing 1 to 1.5 meters (3 to 5 feet); rarely grows into a small tree, reaching 2 to 8 meters (7 to 26 feet) tall.  Native to coastal areas of southern Florida and the Bahamas through the Caribbean.  The plant consists of multiple smooth to scaly brown or grey stems.  The twigs are green and hairless when young, turning reddish brown with raised lenticels when mature.  Branches contain two rows of shiny, dark green leathery evergreen leaves that are round or elliptic, alternate and simple.  Leaves measure 3 to 10 centimters (1.2 to 4 inches) long by 2.5 to 7 centimters (1 to 2.8 inches) broad.  The petiole is 0.3 centimeters (0.1 inch) long.  Pubescent cymes measuring 3 to 6 centimeters (1.2 to 2.4 inches) long are axillary and terminal.  Many small white four to five-petaled flowers measuring less than 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) in diameter occur in clusters.  Individual petals measure approximately 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inch) long.  Fruit are subglobose, obovoid, spherical or ellipsoid drupes that measure 1.5 to 3 centimeters (0.6 to 1.2 inch) in diameter.  The thin, smooth skin changes from green to pinkish-white to brownish purple to black when ripe and resemble plums.  The thin flesh is spongy, whitish and slightly sweet to tasteless when ripe; immature fruit are astringent.  Each fruit contains one large seed with a high edible oil content (JANICK, PERENNIAL, DESERT TROPICALS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowers and produces fruit throughout the year.  Flowers in two or more flushes a year (JANICK, PERENNIAL).
      b. Cultivation:  Grows along the coast in thickets on dunes and rocky headlands up to 500 meters (1,640 feet); also prefers hot tropical lowlands with shallow poor to fertile soils.  Thrives inland along watercourses, on sandy, nutrient-poor soils.  May be found where soil is moist or flooded.  Grows where competing vegetation is short.  Tolerant of wind, salt spray and flooding; requires full sun.  Grown in USDA zones 10 to 12.  Semi-tender; foliage is damaged at -1 °C (30 °F).  Propagated by seeds and cuttings.  Cuttings root in 6 to 8 weeks (JANICK, PERENNIAL, DESERT TROPICALS, PIER, FRANCIS).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Important in local areas (PERENNIAL).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit are consumed fresh, canned or made into preserves, jelly or jam.  Fruit is stewed with sugar after the skins have been removed.  Seeds are roasted as nuts (JANICK, PERENNIAL, DESERT TROPICALS).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Various parts of the plant have been used in folk medicine; species is known to have hypoglycaemic effects (JANICK).
      g. Crop Photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  Florida, Puerto Rico; a large (2.5 meter [8 feet] tall) cocoplum in Puerto Rico yielded 760 ripe fruit in a single picking (GRIN, JANICK).
5. Other production regions:  West-Central and West Tropical Africa, South Tropical Africa, Mexico, Central America, Bahamas through the Caribbean, Northern South America, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador; cultivated and naturalized in Mascarenes, Vietnam, Melanesia, Fiji and Polynesia; no yield data is available (GRIN, JANICK).
6. Use:  fruit, wood for fuel and construction; medicinal purposes; ornamental; erosion control (GRIN,
JANICK, PIER).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.

9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, PERENNIAL, PLANTS DATABASE, DESERT TROPICALS, PIER, FRANCIS.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 3 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE).
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  CBLIC

                                      220
1. Date [(Dátil, date palm, palmera datilera, dattier, palmier dattier, Dattelpalme, tamareira (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)
      Phoenix dactylifera L.
2. A palm with multiple trunks growing to 30 meters (98 feet) tall.  The main trunk reaches 40 to 50 centimeters (16 to 20 inches) in diameter.  Native to tropical and subtropical areas of Africa and southern Asia; originated from the ancient Mesopotamia area of southern Iraq or western India.  Thrives in the desert region from Morocco to Egypt, Arabia and Pakistan.  Trees were domesticated by 4000 BC.  The crown of the palm consists of 60 to 150 pinnate leaves that are dark green to grayish, waxy, feather-shaped, and 3 to 8 meters (10 to 26 feet) in length.  Enduplicate leaflets are long, narrow and folded upward; leaflets usually grow in groups of two or more.  Lower leaflets near the base of the trunk are modified into 10 to 15 centimeter (4 to 6 inch) spines.  Individual leaflet lengths reach 61 to 75 centimeters (24 to 30 inches); widths reach 3.8 to 4.4 centimeters (1.5 to 1.7 inches).  Small flowers are yellowish (female) to white (male), waxy, and occur on a branched spadix surrounded by a solitary large spathe.  The inflorescence arises from the axis of the leaves.  Male and female flowers are located on different plants.  Yellow, greenish, orange red or brown oblong, elliptical, rounded or ovoid fruit is 2.5 to 7.5 centimeters long (1 to 3 inches), 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) in diameter and occurs in clusters of 1,000 to 1,500.  The skin is smooth and wrinkles upon drying.  Pulp is yellowish to reddish brown; flavor is sweet and nutty.  Seeds are elongate and pointed at the ends; size ranges from 0.2 to 0.3 centimeters (0.08 to 0.1 inch) by 0.5 to 0.8 centimeters (0.2 to 0.3 inch) (DUKE, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, VAN WYK, JANICK).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  In Egypt, dates flower in February and March; ripening occurs in August and September.  Commercial harvest of the earliest varieties begins in August in the northern hemisphere, with the late varieties harvested in November.  It takes 6 months for the fruit to ripen from flowering.  Trees may bear for a century or more (DUKE).
      b. Cultivation:  Grown in dry subtropical and tropical areas of the world.  Requires hot and dry conditions for proper fruit maturation.  Fruit production is best where there are long, intensely hot summers with little rain and very low humidity from pollination to harvest and abundant underground water near the surface or irrigation.  Tolerant of salt, alkaline conditions, various soil types with good drainage, and temperatures to about -5 °C (23 °F).  Thrives in conditions with an annual precipitation of 3.1 to 40.3 cm (12.2 to 158.7 inches), annual temperatures of 12.7 to 27.5 °C (55 to 82 °F), and pH of 5.0 to 8.2.  In cultivation, one trunk is allowed to grow large.  Propagation is by seed, suckers from the base of the trunk, or tissue culture.  Seedlings are planted in nursery rows and later transplanted to the permanent location.  Fruit production occurs in 5 to 8 years from suckers.  Trees are planted 9 meters (30 feet) apart with one male tree for every 50 female trees.  Artificial pollination is practiced.  Major fruit crop in arid regions of North Africa and the Middle East (PERENNIAL, VAN WYK, JANICK, DUKE).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  In traditional date-producing areas, dates are hand sorted in the field and sold at local markets.  More industrialized date production relies upon packing and storage facitlites to hold them until shipped.  Important fruit of commerce.  Classified as soft, semi-dry or dry depending on moisture content.  Consumed as a staple food in the Middle East, North Africa, and Western Asia (PERENNIAL, JANICK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is eaten fresh or dried, from the middle of the Khalal (largest size and highest sugar content) to the Tamar (dried) ripening stage.  Fruit may be pressed into a large cake, eaten as sweetmeat, or used in jams, desserts, confectionary, sauces, curries, fish and stews (including the tajines of North Africa and the ragouts of French cooking).  Date honey is made from the juice of fresh fruit; date sugar; date paste; pickles; syrups; candies; sap is used in beer and wine making; date palm flour is made from the pith of the tree; oil is used from the seeds; palm heart is eaten in salads.  Pulp is dried and mixed with other foods.  The high sugar and low moisture content enable dates to keep for long periods of time (VAN WYK, JANICK).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is a high-energy food source; rich in carbohydrates and sugar (60 to 70% of dry weight); very nutritious because fruits contain niacin, iron, potassium, folic acid, magnesium, numerous vitamins (A, B1 and B2) and minerals.  Fruits contain a fair source of calcium, chlorine, copper and sulfur; fruits contain a small amount of phosphorus and 16 kinds of amino acids.  Low in fat and protein.  Fruits contain antioxidant and anti-mutagenic properties (PERENNIAL, VAN WYK, JANICK, DUKE).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Fruits are used as folk rememdies for many medicinal purposes; regarded as an aphrodisiac, contraceptive, demulcent, diuretic, emollient, estrogenic, expectorant, laxative, pectoral, purgative and refrigerant (JANICK, DUKE).
      g. Crop photos.
4. Production in U.S.: Production in U.S. (2,226 hectares (5500 acres)) is mainly in Coachella Valley, California, with some in Arizona.  According to the USDA, 23,400 tons (21,228 tonnes) were producted in California in 2009.  According to FAOSTAT, in 2008, 16,511 tonnes (18,200 tons) were produced in the U.S.  (MARKLE, FAOSTAT, USDA).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Most US imports come from Middle East countries; Grown from Morocco to Egypt, Arabia and Pakistan.  Introduced to Australia, Mexico and South Africa.  Worldwide production of dates reached 7,048,089 tonnes (7,769,188 tons) in 2008.  The top ten date producing countries in 2001 were Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Iraq, Pakistan, Algeria, Oman, Sudan, and Libyan Arab Jamahiriya.  The top five date exporting countries in 2001 were the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Pakistan, Tunisia, and Iraq.  Egypt is the largest date producing country, where production has increased to 1,130,000 tonnes (1,245,612 tons) in 2007.  Iran is the second largest producing country, where production has reached 1,000,000 tonnes (1,102,311 tons) in 2007.  Saudi Arabia is the third largest producing country, where production has reached 982,546 tonnes (1,083,072 tons) in 2007 (GRIN, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, VAN WYK, JANICK, FAOSTAT).
6. Use: Mainly dried and sold as whole, pitted or chopped for confections or to be eaten out of hand; ornamental; beverage base; fodder; fibers from dates provide thread and rigging for boats; wood for construction and firewood; medicinal purposes.  Seeds are used as animal feed or strung as beads; seed oil is used for soap manufacture; leaves are used as matting, baskets, roofing, fencing and shleter (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, DUKE).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Fresh or dried fruit (VAN WYK).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole dried fruit without pit, which is discarded.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit group, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  005 (FT0295) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, DUKE, PERENNIAL, VAN WYK, JANICK, FAOSTAT, USDA.
11. Production Map:  Primarily, EPA Crop Production Region 10.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  PHXDA

1. Davidson's plum
      Cunoniaceae.  Also placed in:  Davidsoniaceae
      Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell.
2. A tree growing to 20 meters (66 feet) tall; possesses thin stems with dark brown to gray flaky bark.  The canopy is dense and contains many branches with long hairs.  Hairs also occur on leaves and are an irritant to humans.  Native to eastern Australia.  Grows in tropical and subtropical rainforests in north Queensland and northeast New South Wales.  Leaves are compound, lanceolate, have a terminal pinna and are 60 to 120 centimeters (24 to 47 inches) long.  Leaflets are up to 25 centimeters (10 inches) long.  New foliage is hairy and bright pink in color.  Inflorescences are borne on older branches and the trunk.  Lateral spikes that range in number from two to 24 and range in size from 30 to 80 centimeters (12 to 31 inches) hang downward from the tree.  Flowers are 0.5 to 0.8 centimeters (0.2 to 0.3 inch) long, dark pink, and contain four to five sepals.  Each flower contains both male and female organs.  Bluish-black fruit is a laterally compressed obovoid drupe that ranges in size from 3 to 6 centimeters (1.2 to 2.4 inches) long, 3 to 5 centimeters (1.2 to 2 inches) wide, and 3.5 to 4.5 centimeters (1.4 to 1.8 inches) deep.  Fruits contain two laterally compressed stones with soft fibers originating from the margins.  The skin is smooth.  Pulp is dark-red and appears similar to the European plum but the taste is sour.  Fruits occur in clusters of a hundred or more (JANICK, TRADE WINDS, ANPSA, BUSH).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowers from February to July and produces fruit from March to June; can flower throughout the year (JANICK).
      b. Cultivation:  Grown in tropical and subtropical rainforests in northeast Queensland from sea level to 1,000 meters (3,281 feet).  Tolerant of full to part sun and a range of soil types; prefers moist soil with high levels of organic matter.  Thrives where there is consistent rainfall throughout the year.  Adult trees may survive frost but juvenile trees encounter leaf burn.  Propagated by seed or tissue culture.  Trees are planted 2.5 to 5 meters (8 to 16 feet) apart in rows that are 3 to 5 meters (10 to 16 feet) apart.  Large yields are produced by removing apical shoots to induce multiple stems.  Mulching, irrigation and wind breaks are common cultivation practices (JANICK, ANPSA).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Fruits consumed locally; important fruit in the bushfood industry (JANICK, BUSH).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fresh fruit were consumed locally, but today the pulp is processed into jams, sauces, salad dressing, wine, juice, cordials, preserved fruit and confectionaries; fruit is used as an additive, coloring and flavoring (JANICK, BUSH).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruits contain protein, fiber, vitamin C and minerals including sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron, zinc, and copper (JANICK).
f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
g. Crop Photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Cultivated in eastern Australia including north Queensland and north-east New South Wales as part of the bushfood industry; no yield data is available (JANICK).
6. Use:  Fruit, additive, container plant (GRIN, ANPSA).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, BUSH, JANICK, TRADE WINDS, ANPSA.
11. Production map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  No specific entry

1. Desert date [(soapberry-tree, dattier du désert, dattier sauvage, héglik, Zachunbaum, betu, hingotia, lalo, zachun, mirobalano de Egipto (GRIN))]
      Zygophyllaceae.  Also placed in:  Balanitaceae
      Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile [(syn:  Ximenia aegyptiaca L. (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. A spiny evergreen tree growing 6 to 17 meters (20 to 56 feet) tall.  An African tropical dryland fruit.  The tree develops a dense crown that is spherical or hemispherical in shape, drooping branches, and a large taproot.  The bark is smooth and green when young and thickens, becoming grayish and deeply fissured when older.  The trunk becomes twisted and fluted with age.  Leaves are alternate, leathery and bifoliolate.  Leaflets are shiny and entire elliptic to ovate.  Spines are straight, stout, woody and 12 centimeters (5 inches) long.  Inflorescences are in fascicles or racemes of fascicles.  Each cluster contains up to six small scented greenish flowers that contain both male and female reproductive organs.  Flowers open at night.  Yellow fruit is a cylindrical drupe that is 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8 to 1.6 inches) long, and 1 to 2 centimeters (0.4 to 0.8 inch) in diameter.  Fruit differs in size and pubescence of the skin across different locations.  When mature, a thin 0.1 centimeter (0.04 inch) brittle skin encloses the thick, fibrous oily pulp that is 0.2 centimeters (0.08 inch) thick.  Within the pulp, there is a 0.5 centimeter (0.2 inch) thick hard-pointed woody pit containing an ovoid seed.  Fruit flavor is sweet to somewhat bitter.  The fruit has been used as a food crop in Egypt and the Near East for four millennia (PERENNIAL, JANICK).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowers January to February in Africa, however flowering periods are variable.  Fruit develop and ripen over 190 to 250 days.  In Senegal, fruit reach maturity in the dry season (PERENNIAL).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires a hot arid climate; does not tolerate humid climate.  Fruit still develops in unusually dry years.  Grows at frost-free elevations from sea level to 2,000 meters (6,562 feet) in fertile, low-lying sites with deep sandy soil and access to water.  Also grows well on heavier, fertile clay soils with low salinity, open parklands and grasslands.  Requires a mean annual temperature of >20 °C (> 68 °F) and <25 to 80 centimeters (10 to 31.5 inches) of mean annual rainfall.  Propagation is mainly by seed.  Plants may be propagated by cuttings.  Seeds are soaked in warm water for several hours before planting time.  A loamy nursery medium, a rooting depth of at least 12.5 centimeters (5 inches), and shade aids germination.  Seedlings should remain in the nursery for 3 to 6 months.  Fruiting begins in 5 to 7 years from seed.  Full fruiting potential is reached by 25 years.  Trees live for 100 or more years; little progress towards commercial production (PERENNIAL, JANICK).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Food crop in arid areas; regular rural-market commodity; used commercially in the manufacture of steroids; commercial animal feed; cooking oil from the seed is marketed (PERENNIAL, JANICK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is consumed fresh; used as a supplementary or emergency food. Fruit may be dried, fermented to make alcoholic beverages; edible oil-rich seed.  Fruit can be stored for a year (PERENNIAL, JANICK)
      e. Nutritional aspects:  The seed serves as a protein-rich component in some areas.  Fruit possesses a significant carbohydrate content.  Fruit contains saponin; large levels may harm humans (JANICK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Various medicinal purposes.  Potential diosgenin and yamogenin source for the manufacture of cortisone and corticosteroid drugs; used in steroid manufacture (JANICK).
      g. Crop Photos:
4. Production in U.S.:  Puerto Rico; no data is available (JANICK).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Northern and northeast tropical Africa, east tropical Africa, west and west-central tropical Africa, southern and south tropical Africa, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Jordan, Egypt, the Azores, Cape Verde, Curaçao, and the Dominican Republic; approximately 100 to 150 kilograms (220 to 331 pounds) of ripe fruit is produced per tree (GRIN, JANICK).

6. Use:  Food additive (flavoring), human food (gum/mucilage, fruit, oil/fat, vegetable), seed oil is used as cooking oil; materials (beads, essential oils, fiber, gum/resin, tannin/dyestuff), medicinal purposes, potential source of pharmaceutical agent, non-vertebrate poison (disease vector control), vertebrate poison (fish, mammals); kernel cake is used  as animal feed for sheep and poultry; wood is used for construction, furniture and fuel (GRIN, JANICK).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  005 (FI 0296) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK.
11. Production map:  EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  No specific entry

1. Doum palm coconut [(Egyptian doum palm, gingerbread palm, chou palmiste, palmier doum, palmier fourchu, Dumpalme, duma, Dum palm (GRIN))]
      Arecaceae (alt. Palmae)
      Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart.  [(syn:  Corypha thebaica L. (basionym), Hyphaene crinita Gaertn. (GRIN))]
2. A palm with a branched trunk that grows 10 to 15 meters (33 to 49 feet) tall.  The trunk is 30 to 45 centimeters (12 to 18 inches) thick.  Native to North Africa.  Doum palm coconut has been revered as a sacred tree; symbolism of masculine strength.  The stiff leaves are palmate, 90 to 150 centimeters (3 to 5 feet) wide, folding, arching, large, ribbed and contain deeply cut green segments.  The petiole contains sharp spines.  The plant contains separate catkin-like male and club-shaped female branches that arise in clusters from between the leaves.  White flower clusters are 60 to 90 centimeters (2 to 3 feet) long.  Male and female flowers are found on separate plants.  Individual flowers occur in sunken pits densely arranged on the branches.  Pollination is by wind.  The yellowish-brown fruit is an ovoid drupe that is 8 centimeters (3 inches) long and 5 centimeters (2 inches) in diameter.  The skin is smooth.  The pulp is fibrous and tough but is sweet and pleasant in taste; resembles carob or ginger (PERENNIAL, JANICK, PACSOA, RIFFLE 2008, TOP TROPICALS).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Palms first fruit at 6 to 8 years of age.  Fruit ripens in 6 to 8 months and remains on the plant until the next flowering season (JANICK).
      b. Cultivation:  Grows best in moist, tropical climates in a rich, well-drained sandy loam with a pH of 6.5 to 7.5 and sunny conditions.  Forms thick stands along watercourses in hot, dry areas.  Tolerates arid and semi-arid areas with dry tropical or subtropical climate, however fruit size and production is lower in these areas.  Found in open grasslands and desert.  Tolerates moderate salinity and nutrient poor soils.  Able to withstand some frost.  Propagation is by seed and basal offsets.  Seeds take up to a year to germinate and underground development takes place before the first seedling leaf emerges.  Seeds are planted singly in deep containers or 20 centimeters (8 inches) deep in the ground.  Soil must be kept moist for 2 to 3 months while the seed is germinating.  Once germination occurs, seedlings can withstand up to 10 months of drought (PERENNIAL, JANICK, PACSOA).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Locally important fruit; local populations have used the fruit and seeds for centuries (PERENNIAL, JANICK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit pulp is consumed fresh and mixed with other foods; processed into beverages.  The rind is made into molasses, cakes and sweet meats.  Endosperm of immature seeds is eaten fresh (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MULLER).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  In the deserts of Northern Africa the pulp is a significant source of nutrition.  Seeds have a high protein (4 to 5%) and oil content; the plumule of the young seedling below ground is consumed (PERENNIAL, JANICK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  A variety of medicinal uses (JANICK).
      g. Crop Photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Egypt, northeast tropical Africa, west and west-central tropical Africa; most common in coastal east Africa and in Eritrea; Saudi Arabia, Yemen, western India, Middle East; fruit is obtained from wild populations, and therefore no data is available.  A mature 6 to 8-year-old tree produces approximately 50 kg (110 pounds) of fruit annually (GRIN, PERENNIAL, JANICK).
6. Use:  Ornamental, fruit, beads, fiber, forage, wood for construction; unripe seeds are edible; ripe seeds are used as a weapon; hardened endosperm of the ripe seed is used as vegetable ivory (used to make beads and carvings); seeds used as a millet substitute (GRIN, JANICK).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.

9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0333) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MULLER, PACSOA, RIFFLE 2008, TOP TROPICALS.
11. Production map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  HHYTH

1. False sandalwood [(tallownut, tallowwood, hai tan mu (GRIN))]
      Olacaceae
      Ximenia americana L.
2. A sprawling, low-branching shrub or tree growing 2 to 10 meters (7 to 33 feet).  Native to the tropics and warm subtropics.  The crown is rounded to conical.  The trunk is up to 10 centimeters (4 inches) in diameter.  The bark is dark brown to pale grey, and ranges from smooth to scaly.  Branches are small, purple-red, waxy, and contain straight, slender spines.  Leaves are alternate, lanceolate to elliptic, 3 to 8 centimeters (1.2 to 3 inches) long by 1.5 to 4 centimeters (0.6 to 1.6 inches) wide and on short petioles.  Young leaves smell like bitter almonds when crushed.  Fragrant flowers are white, yellow-green or pink and occur in branched inflorescences borne on short, hanging axillary racemes or umbels with short, hairy pedicles.  Plum-like fruit are yellow, yellow-orange or red ellipsoid to subglobose drupes that range in size from 2 to 3.5 centimeters (0.8 to 1.4 inches) long by 1.5 to 3 centimeters (0.6 to 1.2 inches) wide.  Immature fruit are green.  The skin of the fruit is thin, smooth and highly perishable.  The pulp is juicy and the flavor is sour to bland.  Fruit contains one light yellow woody seed that is up to 1.5 centimeters (0.6 inch) long and 1.2 centimeters (0.5 inch) thick with a brittle shell (PERENNIAL, JANICK, WIKIPEDIA).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Fruit production occurs in 3 to 4 years from seed.  Flowering and fruit ripening occurs throughout the year.  Fruit matures in 50 to 60 days.  Flowering and fruiting periods do not seem to be governed by climatic regimes (PERENNIAL).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot tropical lowlands or subtropical climates.  Found as solitary trees dispersed in open, dry savannah, as an understorey of dry forests or woodlands, along seashores, or on riverbanks.  Prefers ares where there are stony, sandy, clay, clay loam, loamy sand and sandy clay soils.  Tolerates a mean annual rainfall ranging from 30 to 125 centimeters (12 to 49 inches) and a mean annual temperature of 14 to 30 °C (57 to 86 °F).  Grows at elevations of 0 to 2,000 meters (0 to 6,562 feet).  Tolerant of light frost and drought.  Propagation is by seed and cuttings.  Because the skin of the fruit is thin, fruit are highly perishable and must be picked from the tree (PERENNIAL, JANICK, AGROFORESTRY).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  No specific entry.
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is consumed fresh; fruit are also preserved.  Fruit are used to make juice, jams, jellies and alcoholic beverages.  Seed is eaten fresh or roasted.  Oil from the seed is used in cooking, as a vegetable butter and as a ghee substitute in southern India.  Young leaves are edible after thorough cooking and are used as a condiment in Indonesia (PERENNIAL, JANICK).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Seeds contain hydrocyanic acid and serve as a purgative.  Bark and crushed fruit rind are applied to sores on domestic animals and to keep off fleas.  Leaves and twigs are used for fevers, colds, mouthwash for toothaches, a laxative, and an eye lotion.  Roots are used to treat skin problems, headaches, leprosy, hemorrhoids, sexually transmitted diseases, guinea worm, sleeping sickness, and oedema; used as an antidote to poison (JANICK).
      g. Crop Photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  Puerto Rico, U.S. Virgin Islands; no yield data is available (GRIN).
5. Other commercial production regions:  East and northeast tropical Africa, west and west-central tropical Africa, southern Africa, south tropical Africa, China, India, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, region of Malesia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Australia, Mexico, Central America, Caribbean, Northern South America, Brazil, western South America, Southern South America; no yield data is available (GRIN).
6. Use:  Fruit, oil/fat, lipids (material), medicinal purposes, firewood; bark and roots are used for tanning; bark is used to strengthen indigo dyes; heartwood contains an essential oil used for fumigation; flowers have an essential oil that are used as a substitute for orange blossom; compounds in the leaves are used as a poison for snails; the seed contains a non-drying oil suitable for soap manufacture and lubrication (GRIN, FAO, AGROFORESTRY).

7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, JANICK, PLANTS DATABASE, AGROFORESTRY, FAO, WIKIPEDIA.
11. Production map:  EPA Crop Production Region 3 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE).
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  XIMAM

                                      237
1. Feijoa  [(Pineapple-guava, goiaba-do-campo, goiabeira-serrana, falso guayabo, guayaba brasilera, guayaba chilena (GRIN))]
      Myrtaceae
      Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret [(syn: Feijoa sellowiana (O. Berg) O. Berg, Orthostemon sellowianus O. Berg (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. A small evergreen shrub or tree growing to 6 meters (20 feet).  Native to southeastern Brazil and Uruguay.  The young growth is whitish or rusty colored with unbranched and curled woolly hairs that are up to 0.1 centimeter (0.04 inch) long.  Young twigs are moderately to densely hairy and become hairless with age.  Young bark is smooth, light reddish brown and becomes grey to light brown and flaky with age.  Leaves are oval, obovate or elliptic, 3 to 7 centimeters (1.2 to 3 inches) long, 1.5 to 4 centimeters (0.6 to 1.6 inches) wide, densely hairy below and hairy to hairless, gray-green and glossy above.  The single flowers have four to six cupped petals that are white on the outside and purplish red on the inside.  Petals are suborbicular to elliptic and measure 1.5 centimeters (0.6 inch) long.  Flowers contain clusters of long crimson stamens with yellow tips.  The flower stalk is hairy, 0.5 to 3 centimeters (0.2 to 1.2 inches) long and 0.1 to 0.15 centimeters (0.04 to 0.06 inch) wide.  Male and female reproductive organs are located on the same flower.  Pollinated by birds.  The fruit is ellipsoid, oval, or pear-shaped, 2 to 5 centimeters (0.8 to 2 inches) long and 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8 to 1.6 inches) in diameter.  The skin is bright green, smooth and is covered in a waxy bloom.  The flesh is whitish to honey-colored and the pulp is translucent and juicy; the flavor is sweet and often described as a cross between a pineapple and a strawberry.  The aroma is spicy.  Each fruit contains several small seeds.  Feijoas ripen from the inside out; consumed when slightly soft.  An over-ripe feijoa develops a brown seed pulp and loses flavor with time.  There are two populations of feijoa in South America.  One is found in high altitudes on the basalt plateau in southeastern Brazil.  Feijoas here contain large seeds.  The other population is located in the crystalline soils of Uruguay and the south of Rio Grande do Sul State in Brazil.  These feijoas contain small seeds (PERENNIAL, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, JANICK).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs from April to May.  Fruit ripens from late summer throughout autumn (March to June) and falls when it is mature.  Fruit matures in 150 to 180 days.  The total sugar level remains low until 90 to 100 days after flowering but then increases rapidly during the last 30 days of fruit development.  The New Zealand crop is available from spring to early summer.  Californian feijoas are available in the autumn months.  In humid, high altitude regions above 1,600 meters (5,249 feet) near the equator such as Colombia, feijoas flower and fruit twice in one year.  Fruit production occurs in 3 to 5 years from seed and 2 to 3 years from vegetative propagation (PERENNIAL, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, JANICK).
      b. Cultivation:  Grown in the cool subtropic, warm temperate and cool highland tropical climates.  Found growing in the subtropical forests with large timber tree species at altitudes of 400 to 800 meters (1,312 to 2,625 feet), temperate forests at 900 meters (2,953 feet), and high altitude grasslands and low canopy forests at about 900 meters (2,953 feet) in South America.  Thrives on the forest margin or as an understory tree.  Tolerant of a considerable range in rainfall and a variety of soil conditions including nutrient poor and acidic soils.  Fruiting is poor in hot tropical lowlands.  For optimal fruit production, plants are planted in fertile, well-drained soil in a sunny location.  Does not tolerate cold winters.  Cold temperature damage occurs below -3 °C (27 °F) in summer and -8 °C (18 °F) in winter.  Frosts damage the fruit.  Hot and dry conditions in spring during flowering and fruit set may interfere with pollination and lead to low yields.  Propagation is by seed, cuttings, layering, and grafting.  Cuttings are taken during the late summer.  Rooting takes 8 to 10 weeks.  Trees in orchards are planted 3 to 3.5 meters (10 to 11 feet) apart in the row with rows 4.5 to 5 meters (15 to 16 feet) apart.  Requires a slow release fertilizer.  Plants are often self-sterile.  Fruiting is improved by cross-pollination.  To ensure proper fruiting, two trees of different cultivars must be planted fairly close together.  New Zealand is the world's large producer of this fruit; generally, fruit are not produced on a commercial scale (PERENNIAL, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, JANICK).

      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  High quality processed feijoa products including frozen desserts and drinks including feijoa wine or juice products have been developed for several markets.  Feijoa wine has been sold in small quantities to Asian markets and feijoa juice is used in a range of successful commercial blends in New Zealand.  Freeze-dried feijoa chips are used in breakfast and cereal mixes.  Homeopathic pharmacies sell "feijoa tea."  Fruit can be stored commercially at 4 °C (39 °F) for 4 weeks (JANICK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit pulp is consumed fresh by cutting the fruit in half and scooping out the pulp with a spoon.  Fruit is processed into jellies, jams, sauces, juices, wine and preserves.  The flavor is stable durig processing.  Fruits are used in cakes or muffins as a substitute for bananas; added as a flavoring for ice cream, yogurt, sorbets, or smoothies.  Feijoas pair well with ginger; fruits freeze well.  The skin is edible but is resinous.  Recipes for chutney usually include the peel.  Feijoas are substituted in all dishes that use apples (NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, PERENNIAL, JANICK).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  The fruit is an excellent source of vitamin C and dietary fiber.  The main sugars present in feijoa fruit are sucrose, fructose and glucose and increase as the fruit ripens.  Contents of calcium, magnesium, and potassium per fruit all increase as the fruit grows (JANICK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Used more for medicinal purposes, rather than as a food in South America.  An infusion from the leaves is prepared into a drink to cure dysentery and cholera in children.  The dried skins of feijoa fruit are also used for this purpose (NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, JANICK).
      g. Crop Photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  There is commercial production in California.  Scattered trees have been planted in Florida and Hawaii; no yield data is available (MARKLE).
5. Other commercial production regions:  New Zealand, Australia, South America; widely cultivated in the subtropics; In Brazil and Uruguay, the fruit are not cultivated on a commercial scale but fruit are collected from the wild or home gardens.  Currently, New Zealand contains approximately 200 hectares (494 acres) of commercial orchards that produce 950 tonnes (1,047 tons) of fruit for fresh consumption and 200 tonnes (220 tons) for processing.  In Colombia, 165 hectares (408 acres) are grown and 1,200 tonnes (1,323 tons) of fruit are produced.  An orchard of mature feijoa trees yields approximately 22 tonnes (24 tons) of fruit per hectare or 30 to 40 kg (66 to 88 pounds) of fruit per tree (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK).
6. Use:  Fresh eating, used in salads or processed in jelly, marmalade and other preserves; used in desserts and drinks; home garden fruit; ornamental; the tree is pruned to form a hedge; medicinal purposes (GRIN, MARKLE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (JANICK).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0335 and FI 4143) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  Guava = feijoa
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, MARKLE, BAYER, PERENNIAL, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, JANICK.
11. Production map:  EPA Crop Production Region 10.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  FEJSE
                                      243
1. Fig [(Common fig, higo, wu hua guo, figuier commun, echte Feige, Feigenbaum, fico, figueira, figo, figueira-comum,   figueira-da-europa, figueira-do-reino, higuera común (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Moraceae
      Ficus carica L. [(syn: Ficus caprificus Risso, Ficus carica var. caprificus (Risso) Tschirch & Ravasini, Ficus carica var. rupestris Hausskn. ex Boiss. (GRIN))]
2. A small tree growing 12 meters (39 feet) or more in height and 10 meters (33 feet) in width.  Figs originated in southern Arabia and spread to Western Asia and the Mediterranean.  One of the most universally enjoyed fruits.  Figs have been cultivated from the earliest days of recorded history.  Currently, there are 1,000 cultivars of fig.  The tree contains a large canopy with many spreading branches.  Depending on the cultivar, trees may be round-topped and dense with many twiggy lateral spurs or contain apically dominant branches with fewer spurs, producing an open appearance.  The growth habit of the trees ranges from open to compact and penduluous to upright to spreading, depending on the cultivar.  Size and density are also variable.  The bark is smooth with few fissures.  Protruding spherical bark tubers ranging in size from 0.2 to 2.5 centimeters (0.08 to 1 inch), occur on mature trees near the nodal swellings.  The root system is extensive.  For this reason, trees should not be planted near buildings.  The plant produes latex.  Contact with the latex may cause skin rashes.  The stiff, dark green leaves are large, thick, hariy and heart-shaped.  Leaves can possess three to seven lobes.  The tree is deciduous in cool areas and nearly evergreen in tropical regions.  The inflorescences are produced within a fleshy, hollow receptacle called the syconium.  The floral parts line the wall of the syconium and produce a multiple fruit.  The small individual flowers are borne on flower stalks and are unisexual.  Three types of flowers occur within the syconium and include long-styled pistillate, short-styled pistillate, and staminate.  The staminate flowers are found around the apical end of the fig and the pistillate flowers are found in the interior walls of the syconium.  Access to the flowers within the syconium is through the ostiole.  Pollination by the small fig wasp is required for the Smyrna type fig.  Other figs produce fruit without fertilization.  There are two botanically different types of Ficus carica trees.  Pistillate or "female" fig trees produce syconia (figs) containing only long-styled pistillate flowers.  These are commercial figs.  Caprifigs are "male" trees.  These produce syconia containing both short-styled pistillate flowers and staminate male flowers.  The so-called "fruit" or fig is actually the vase-shaped outer flesh called a syconium.  The fig is shaped like a pear, ranges in color from green, brown, yellow, red, purple, or purplish-black, and ranges in size from 2.5 to 6 centimeters (1 to 2.4 inches) in diameter and 10 centimeters (4 inches) long.  The skin is smooth.  Pulp is whitish, yellowish, red or pink.  The flavor is sweet.  The thousands of tiny "seeds" are actually tiny fruits encapsulated in the syconium.  These embryos develop into viable seeds when fertilized (PERENNIAL, LOVE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, JANICK, MORTON).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Fruit production occurs in 3 to 4 years from seed and 1 to 2 years from vegetative propagation.  Most trees produce 2 to 3 crops of fruit per year.  The first crop matures in early summer.  The second or main crop begins to mature in mid to late summer.  In Hawaii, with proper irrigation and elevations lower than 600 feet (183 meters), fruit forms continuously throughout the year.  At elevations above 900 feet (274 meters), the tree produces one or two crops per year.  At mid-elevations of 600 to 900 feet (183 to 274 meters), the tree will produce two or more crops per year (PERENNIAL, LOVE).
      b. Cultivation:  Trees are located in the subtropical, cool tropical, and temperate zones with moderate winters.  Grows best in dry climates where the cool season alternates with the hot season.  Prefers hot, dry, summers with low humidity, no autumn rains and low to medium fertile soil.  Summer temperatures of 32 to 37 °C (90 to 99 °F) or higher are optimal.  Mature trees can tolerate winter low temperatures of -10 °C (14 °F), while young trees cannot tolerate temperatures between -8 to -6 °C (18 to 21 °F).  Tolerant of a variety of soil conditions from sand to clay, with good drainage and low acidity, a pH range of 6 to 7.8, temperatures below freezing when plants are dormant, drought, and some soil salinity.  High rainfall causes trees to produce poorly.  Fig orchards growing in the hot dry climates require about 76 centimeters (30 inches) of water annually.  Cultivated from sea level to over 5,000 feet (1,524 meters).  Propagation is by seed, cuttings, and grafting.  Cuttings are taken during the dormant season.  Tree spacing is variable depeding on whether figs will be dried or produced for the fresh market.  Plants for drying are planted on a square or offset pattern with 6 meters (20 feet) between the rows to allow space for drying and machine harvest and from 4.2 to 5.4 meters (14 to 18 feet) between trees.  Orchards for fresh fruit production are set closer in square or offset plantings with from 4.2 to 4.8 meters (14 to 16 feet) between rows and from 3.6 to 4.8 meters (12 to 16 feet) between trees.  In many commercial production regions, trees are pruned severely after each harvest because fruit is mainly produced on new growth.  Commercially-grown trees average from 5 to 8 meters (16 to 26 feet) in height and 6 to 7 meters (20 to 23 feet) in width.  Pruning also enables the fruit to be harvested more easily.  Irrigation at lower elevations will increase production.  Fruit for the fresh market is hand picked at a stage of maturity where the fruit has maximum exterior color but still retains firmness.  Figs grown for drying are allowed to fully mature and partially dehydrate on the tree, eventually dropping to the ground.  When using a mechanical harvester, the fruit is left under the tree to dry further and mechanically swept into windrows where drying continues.  The windrows are picked up by the harvester.  Wild trees may live for 100 years, while orchard trees decline by age 50 to 60 years (PERENNIAL, LOVE, JANICK).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Many value-added products from countries such as Portugal, Turkey, Greece, Japan, Iran and Iraq are created from figs.  Sold in local farmers' markets.  Sold to restaurants.  Fresh figs are highly perishable and sell for high prices.  In many countries, much of the production is consumed domestically as fresh fruit.  Fig Newton cookies have been manufactured in the United States since 1891.  It is one of the most popular cookies made and sold in the United States.  Fresh figs can be stored for up to 5 days (LOVE, JANICK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  The fruit (syconium) is eaten fresh, dried, baked, broiled, preserved or stewed.  Baked into breads and other confections in Japan.  Fruit is made into a dried fruit paste or jam; may be canned.  Fresh and dried fig bits are added to spreads, honey, cakes, puddings, cookies, tarts, health bars and breakfast cereals.  Fruits are often consumed with prosciutto or cheese; made into savory compotes to go with duck or salmon (PERENNIAL, LOVE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, JANICK).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Figs are high in fiber and are a good source of potassium and vitamin B6.  Dried fruit contain more calcium per gram than milk.  The dried fruit is nutrient dense.  Fruit contains no cholesterol and almost no fat (LOVE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Consumption of figs aids in lowering blood pressure, controlling the appetite and managing cholesterol (JANICK).
      g. Crop photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  Almost all of the commercial production is in California.  Figs are also grown in home gardens throughout the southern states; naturalized in the United States; Hawaii.  According to USDA, in 2009, 36,242tonnes (39,950 tons) were produced in California.  According to FAOSTAT, in 2008, 36,287 tonnes (40,000 tons) of fruit were produced in the U.S. (GRIN, MARKLE, LOVE, FAOSTAT, USDA).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Turkey, Greece, Italy, Algeria, Morocco; northern Africa, western/middle Asia, southeastern/southwestern Europe; widely cultivated in the tropics and subtropics; naturalized in Europe, South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Macaronesia, and Galapagos.  In 2007, the leading world producer of figs was Turkey (210,152 tonnes (231,652 tons)), followed by Egypt (170,000 tonnes (187,392 tons)), Iran (88,000 tonnes (97,003 tons)), Algeria (63,883 tonnes (70,418 tons)) and Morocco (61,606 tonnes (67,908 tons)).  Spain, the United States, Algeria, and Syria are also large producers of figs.  About 40 percent of the world crop is dried.  Turkey is the leading exporter of dried figs.  Other leading producers of dried figs are Greece, the United States of America, Spain, Italy and Portugal.  In 2008, total world production was 1,108,398 tonnes (1,221,799 tons) (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, FAOSTAT).
6. Use:  Mostly dried, some canned and preserves.  Some fruit eaten fresh (in recent years less than 5%).  Fruits and leaves have potential for medical use; ornamental, beverage base, vertebrate poison (mammals), potential seed contaminant; oil from dried seed is used for liqueurs; syrup is use for tobacco flavoring.  Ficin, an enzyme found in the leaves and fruit is used to tenderize meat.  In India, fig leaves are collected after fruit harvest and used for animal feed (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit, fresh and dried.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  005 (FT 0297) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, MORTON, PERENNIAL, LOVE, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, JANICK, FAOSTAT, USDA.
11. Production map:  EPA Crop Production Region 10.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  FIUCA

1. Fragrant Manjack [(clammy-cherry, Indian-cherry, sebesten (GRIN))]
      Boraginaceae.  Also placed in:  Cordiaceae; Ehretiaceae
      Cordia dichotoma G. Forst.
2. A small to medium tropical/subtropical deciduous tree that grows 10 to 20 meters (33 to 66 feet).  Grows from India through southern China and Taiwan to Fiji via Malaysia, Indonesia, and notrthern Australia.  The tree contains a spreading crown and short trunk.  The bark is smooth and grayish brown.  Leaves are large, ovate or elliptic, alternate and 6 to 13 centimeters (2.4 to 5 inches) long by 4 to 9 centimeters (1.6 to 3.5 inches) across.  White flowers are short-stalked, bisexual, sessile, and 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inches) in diameter.  Flowers occur in terminal loose cymes.  Fruit are yellow to pinkish-yellow, round or ovoid drupes that contain a persistent saucer-shaped calyx.  Fruit size ranges from 1 to 1.5 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inches) in diameter.  Fruit turn black upon ripening and the skin is smooth and shiny.  The pulp is translucent, sticky and gelatinous.  Each fruit contains a stone with one to four seeds (JANICK, EFLORAS, AGROFORESTRY).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs from February to May.  Fruit ripen from June to August in north India and before May in southern India (JANICK).
      b. Cultivation:  Grows in tropical and subtropical areas in open woods on slopes and beside mountain streams; also grows singly in the sub-Himalayan region up to about 1,500 meters (4,921 feet) and in dry deciduous, moist deciduous, monsoon forests and tidal forests.  Cultivated in its natural range for fruit in borders and along roadsides.  Prefers an annual mean rainfall of 25 to 300 centimeters (10 to 118 inches), a deep, moist, sandy loam soil, and full sun to part shade in moist ravines and valleys.  Tolerates a range of soils.  In areas where the rainfall is less than 50 centimeters (20 inches), plants are found growing along streams or depressions.  Propagation is by seed, grafting, coppicing, and cuttings.  Seed is sown direct into containers, beds, or trays.  Seed germinates in 3 to 6 weeks.  Seedlings are planted in the field in 3 to 4 months at lower elevations and after a year at higher elevation or just before a monsoon.  Sowing is done in June to July at a depth of 2 centimeters (0.8 inch) in lines spaced 20 centimeters (8 inches) apart.  Seedlings must be protected from frost and require full sun.  Grafted trees flower in the fourth year (JANICK, AGROFORESTRY).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  No specific entry.
      d. Preparation for cooking:  The pulp from mature fruit is consumed; immature fruit are pickled and used as a vegetable fodder; leaves are used as a vegetable (JANICK, AGROFORESTRY).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  The seed contains 46% fat and 31% protein (JANICK).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  The tree contains numerous medicinal uses.  Seeds are used as an anti-inflammatory; the bark is medicinal (JANICK, AGROFORESTRY).
      g. Crop Photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other production regions:  China, Japan, Taiwan, Cambodia, Kashmir, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, Pacific Islands, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Indo-China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Australia, New Caledonia (southwestern Pacific); mature trees can produce yields of 125 kilograms (276 pounds) per year (GRIN, JANICK, EFLORAS).
6. Use:  Fruit, wood for fuel and construction; leaves used as a vegetable and fodder; seed has potential for cattle feed; half-ripe fruit pulp used as a paper glue; fruit extract is used as a poison on nematodes; the tree is used for a boundary, a barrier or a support (GRIN, JANICK, AGROFORESTRY).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None

10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, JANICK, EFLORAS, AGROFORESTRY.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  No specific entry

1. Gooseberry, Abyssinian [(koshum (GRIN))]
      Salicaceae.  Also placed in:  Flacourtiaceae
      Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb. [(syn:  Rumea abyssinica A. Rich. (basionym) (GRIN)]
2. An evergreen bushy shrub or tree growing 10 meters (33 feet) tall.  Native to Ethiopia and Kenya.  Thrives in the forests of East Africa.  The spiny shrub or tree contains a rounded crown.  The grayish-brown bark may contain spines that are up to 4 centimeters (1.6 inches) long.  The trunk grows up to 20 centimeters (8 inches) across.  Bark and branchlets contain many raised brown lenticels.  Leaves are alternate, ovate-lanceolate to oblong, hairless to slightly hairy, shiny, light to dark green, 2.5 to 9 centimeters (1 to 3.5 inches) long and 2 to 4 centimeters (0.8 to 1.6 inches) wide.  The petiole is 0.2 to 0.5 centimeters (0.08 to 0.2 inches) long.  The slender twigs may contain straight slender spines at the leaf axils.  Flowers are small, greenish-white, inconspicuous and borne in the leaf axils.  Male and female flowers are produced on separate plants.  Male flowers are borne in clusters of 1 to 3, flower stalks are 0.5 to 1.3 centimeters (0.2 to 0.5 inches) long, and calyx-lobes are 0.5 to 0.6 centimeters (0.2 to 0.24 inches) long by 0.2 to 0.3 centimeters (0.08 to 0.1 inch) broad.  Female flowers are solitary, pedicels are 0.6 to 0.8 centimeters (0.2 to 0.3 inch) long and calyx-lobes are slightly larger than those in the male flowers.  Light orange fruit is oblate globose to ovoid and 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) in diameter.  Skin of immature fruit is hairy and skin of the mature fruit is smooth, thin and tender.  The juicy pulp is orange-yellow; the flavor is sour to subacid.  The taste and aroma of the fruit is similar to that of a fresh apricot.  A few small flattened seeds are contained within the fruit (PERENNIAL, FLORIDA, FAMINE, MORTON, ALUKA).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  The main flowering season is September to January; scattered blooming takes place from April to June (FLORIDA).
      b. Cultivation:  The plant grows in hot, dry tropical climates.  In Ethiopia, the plant grows along river courses in humid lower highland forests of moist and wet Mimusops forest in moist and wet midland at elevations of 1,600 to 2,200 meters (5,249 to 7,218 feet).  Tolerant of higher rainfall.  Only minor injury is encountered at temperatures below freezing.  Propagation is by seed and cuttings (PERENNIAL).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  No specific entry.
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit are collected and consumed fresh, mostly by children.  During food shortage periods, all humans consume the fruit.  Fruit may be stewed or preserved.  Excellent for making jam or souring porridge (PERENNIAL, FAMINE).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Northeast tropical Africa, east tropical Africa, south tropical Africa; no yield data is available (GRIN).
6. Use:  Fruit is consumed by humans, baboons and monkeys; the plant is used for fencing and as fodder
for goats and sheep (GRIN, FAMINE).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellanceous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, FLORIDA, FAMINE, MORTON, ALUKA.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  DOVAB
1. Gooseberry, Ceylon [(ketembilla, kitambilla, quetembila (GRIN))]
      Salicaceae.  Also placed in:  Flacourtiaceae
      Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb.  [(syn: Aberia gardneri Clos, Rumea hebecarpa Gardner (basionym) (GRIN))]
2.  An evergreen shrub or small tree that grows to a height of 4 to 7 meters (13 to 23 feet).  Native to Sri Lanka.  Bark is gray and slightly scaly.  The trunk and lower branches contain 4 centimeter (1.6 inch) long sharp spines.   Branches are long, slender, arching, widespreading, greenish-gray and up to 9 meters (30 feet) long.  Shiny gray-green leaves are alternate, acute, entire or subserrate, elliptical, lanceolate or ovate in shape, long-pointed, and 7 to 10 centimeters (3 to 4 inch) long; margins are wavy-toothed.  Underneath, leaves are yellow-green and contain soft hairs.  Petioles are pinkish and woolly.   Yellowish to greenish-yellow flowers are petalless, 1.25 centimeters (0.5 inch) wide, and occur in clusters in the leaf axils.  Male, female and hermaphrodite flowers occur on different plants.  Honeybees are pollinators.  Small, purple, black, or orange-red fruit is ovoid to round, solitary, 1.25 to 2.5 centimeters (0.5 to 1 inch) wide and 2 to 2.5 centimeters (0.8 to 1 inch) in diameter.  The skin is thin, bitter, and coated with short, grayish-green to brown velvety hairs that are unpleasant in the mouth.  A persistent style is located at the apex.  The pulp is juicy and purple-red in color.  The flavor is extremely acidic, sour, or sweet.  The taste is similar to gooseberries.  Each fruit contains 9 to 12 hairy seeds that are 0.6 centimeters (0.2 inch) long.  Immature fruit is orange in color.  Trees can produce large yields of fruit.   Relatives include the kei-apple and governor's plum (PERENNIAL, MORTON, POPENOE, ECOCROP, TRADE WINDS, BARWICK, VAN WYK).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Fruit matures in May to June and October to November in Florida and from winter to spring in Israel.  Multiple crops of fruit may be produced per year.  Fruit is produced in 3 to 4 years from seed (PERENNIAL, MORTON, ECOCROP, TRADE WINDS).
      b. Cultivation:  Requires hot, humid, sunny, tropical lowlands.  Grows vigorously on sand or limestone and in woodland thickets.  Rich, moist, well-drained soil and an abundance of water are best for fruit production.  In the Philippines, fruit grows from sea-level to 792 meters (2,600 feet) and in Malaya, fruit grows from sea-level to 1,219 meters (4,000 feet).  Tolerant of dry to moist climates, a variety of soils and light frost.  Not tolerant of drought and extreme cold.  Propagated by seed, shield-budding, grafting and cuttings.  An aggressive growing plant.  Occasionally cultivated for juice making.  Trees should be fertilized annually.  Grown in zones 9 to 10 (PERENNIAL, MORTON, POPENOE, ECOCROP, TRADE WINDS, BARWICK).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  In Israel, fruit is produced into jelly and is exported (MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit may be consumed fresh with sugar, cooked, juiced, or preserved; used as a flavoring for beverages; made into pickles.  Since the fruit is sour, it is mostly prepared into jelly and preserves.  In Hawaii, fruit is produced into juice, spiced jelly, ketembilla-papaya jam, ketembilla-guava jelly, and ketembilla-apple butter; made into jelly in Israel (PERENNIAL, MORTON, ECOCROP, TRADE WINDS, BARWICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is a good source of vitamin C. (PERENNIAL).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  No specific entry.
      g. Crop photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Florida, California, Hawaii, Puerto Rico; no yield data is available (PERENNIAL, MORTON, POPENOE).
5. Other commercial production regions:  Sri Lanka, India, tropical Asia, the Philippines, Cuba, Honduras, Malaya, Israel, West Indies; widely introduced into the tropics; no yield data is available (PERENNIAL, MORTON, ECOCROP, GRIN, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC).
 6. Use:  Fruit; garden plant (GRIN, BARWICK).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (MORTON).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.

9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 006 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN,  BAYER, PERENNIAL, MORTON, PLANTS DATABASE, POPENOE, ECOCROP, TRADE WINDS, BARWICK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, VAN WYK.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13 (PLANTS DATABASE).
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  DOVHE
1. Gooseberry, Indian [(emblic, emblic myrobalan, groseillier de Ceylan, myrobalan emblic, Amblabaum, amla, aonla, mirobalano, nelí (GRIN))]
      Phyllanthaceae.  Also placed in Euphorbiaceae
      Phyllanthus emblica L.  [(syn:  Emblica officinalis Gaertn., Mirobalanus embilica Burm. (GRIN))]
2. A graceful tree growing 18 to 30 meters (59 to 98 feet) high.  Native to tropical southeast Asia.  Grows in dry deciduous subtropical forests.  Regarded as a sacred fruit by many Hindus.  The bark is fairly smooth, pale grayish-brown, and peels off in thin flakes.  The tree sheds both its long slender branchlets and small leaves.  Leaves are small, oblong, and 0.3 centimeters (0.125 inch) wide by 1.25 to 2 centimeters
(0.5 to 0.75 inch) long.  Greenish-yellow flowers are small, inconspicuous and occur in compact clusters in the axils of lower leaves.  Male flowers are creamy white and occur in clusters at the lower end of a growing branchlet.  Female flowers occur on the upper end of a few clusters.  Male and female reproductive organs may or may not be contained on the same plant.  Pollination occurs by wind, bees and gravity.  Fruit are spherical to oblate, 2.5 to 6 centimeters (1 to 2.4 inches) in diameter, and solitary.  Fruit are nearly stemless, contain a thin, hard translucent smooth skin, and are indented at the base.  Fruit also contain 6 to 8 pale lines that are sometimes faintly ridged and extend from the base to the apex, giving the appearance of segments or lobes.  Mature fruit range in color from a dull greenish yellow, whitish, or brick red.  Immature fruit are light green.  The crisp juicy pulp is yellowish.  The flavor is very sour to bitter.  Fruit contain a hexagonal-shaped stone with six small seeds (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  In northern India, flowering takes place from March to May.  In Madras, the tree blooms in June to July and again in February and March.  Fruit matures in 120 days.  In some areas, fruit maturation occurs from November to January.  In Florida, the main crop matures during the winter and early spring.  Some fruit develop from late summer blooms that mature in the following summer and autumn.  In southern India, fruit are produced throughout the year (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
      b. Cultivation:  Grown in hot tropical lowlands to dry deciduous subtropical forests.  The plant is more subtropical than tropical and survies cold winters.  The tree is found in locations from sea level up to 1,800 meters (5,906 feet).  However, fruit is only cultivated in locations up to 1,500 meters (4,921 feet).  In India, mature trees tolerate temperatures up to 46 °C (115 °F).  Tolerant of both dry and humid conditions.  Young plants must be shaded.  Propagation is by seed, cuttings, layering, budding and grafting.  The seed germinates and produces a seedling with a 0.8 centimeter (0.3 inch) stem diameter in 4 months.  Buddding and grafting takes place from June to September and February to March in India.  Trees are spaced 9 to 12 meters (30 to 39 feet) apart.  Transplanted trees should be irrigated or planted at the start of the rainy season.  Trees begin to bear when 5 to 6 years old and can bear for 50 years.  Fruit is both collected from the wild and cultivated.  Fruit are harvested at full maturity and allowed to ripen.  At cool temperatures, fruit can be stored for several weeks (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  In Southern Thailland and India, fruit are collected from the wild and taken to market.  Hair products produced from the oil of the fruit are sold in health food stores and natural product outlets (MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is consumed fresh; fruit may be stewed with sugar and saffron or preserved.  Preserving whole fruits are accomplished by brining, washing, pricking, blanching the fruit in an alum solution, layering the fruit with sugar until a syrup is formed, boiling the fruit and packing the fruit in cans or crystallizing the fruit as a confection.  To remove the bitterness, the fruit are soaked in a salt solution or by adding citrus fruit, unripe mango or tamarind.  Fruit is added to other foods as seasoning.  Juice is used to flavor vinegar.  Ripe and half-ripe fruit are candied whole or made into jam and other preserves, sweetmeats, pickles, relishes and chutney.  Fruit may be baked in tarts.  In Indonesia, fruit are used as a substitute for tamarinds.  Some people eat the fruit to avoid thirst.  In India, a sauce is made from the dried chipped flesh.  The chips are cooked in water, mashed with caraway seeds, and seasoned with salt and yogurt (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is rich in vitamin C (PERENNIAL, MORTON).

      f. Medicinal aspects:  All parts of the tree are widely used in Asiatic medicine.  Used in the treatement of diverse ailments including digestive disorders, scurvy, fever, chronic gastrointestinal problems, and coughs.  For this use, fruit juice is prepared into sherbet or fermented.  Fruit is also consumed medicinally by mixing dried chips of flesh with grape juice and honey. The fruit is used as a diuretic and laxative.'Triphala' is produced by combining Indian gooseberry with Terminalia chebula and Terminalia bellerica.  This medicine is used to treat chronic gastrointestinal problems, haemorrhoids, enlarged liver and other disorders.  A powder created from dried fruit is used as an expectorant.  Fruit juice, dried fruit mixed with water, or an infusion of the seeds is used as an eyewash.  Seeds can also be used in treating asthma, bronchitis, diabetes, and fevers.  Liquor made from the fruit is used to treat a number of problems from indigestion to heart problems.  Roots contain norsesquiterpenoid glycosides that inhibit human cell growth.  Many Hindus believe that consuming ripe fruits for 40 days after a fast aids in restoring health and vitality.  Leaves are also used for problems such as indigestion.  The sap is applied to wounds and bites.  Flowers are used as a laxative and fever reducer.  Bark is used for gastrointestinal purposes (JANICK, MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  Puerto Rico (PLANTS DATABASE).
5. Other production regions:  China, Taiwan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Malaya, Singapore, Mascarene Islands, the Himalayas, Malacca, Indo-China, Indonesia, Malaysia; cultivated elsewhere in tropics; an important crop in India.  Yield varies greatly.  Fruit yield is 19.6 to 20.2 kilograms (43 to 45 pounds) per tree for fruit harvested from the wild in India.  Trees can yield 187 to 299 kilograms (412 to 659 pounds) per year and 200 kilograms (441 pounds) from grafted trees (GRIN, JANICK).
6. Use:  Fruit, potential as fuelwood, lipids (material), medicinal purposes; ornamental; bark, fruit and leaves are tannin rich and used in tanning and dyeing.  Dried fruit yields ink, light-brown or yellow-brown hair dye and dye for dying of silk and wood.  Iron sulfate turns this dye black.  Fixed oil from the fruit is used as a hair restorer and shampoo in India and is the main ingredient in conditioner sold through `natural' product outlets.  Simulated pottery jars are made from a paste of the boiled fruit.  The leaves of the tree are used as fodder for cattle; branches are lopped for green manure.  Wood is used for minor construction, furniture, implements, gunstocks, hookas, pipes, aqueducts, and water clarification (MARKLE, JANICK, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:   Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, PLANTS DATABASE, JANICK, MORTON.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Regions 13 (PLANTS DATABASE).
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  PYLEM

                                      431
1. Gooseberry, Otaheite [(gooseberry-tree, cerisier de Tahiti, surette, cerejeira-do-Taiti, grosellero, guinda (GRIN))]
      Phyllanthaceae.  Also placed in: Euphorbiaceae
      Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels [(syn: Cicca disticha L., Cicca nodiflora Lam., Phyllanthus distichus (L.) Müll. Arg. (GRIN))]
2. A fast-growing large shrub or small tree that reaches 2 to 9 meters (7 to 30 feet) in height.  Native to Madagascar.  The plant is not related to the gooseberry, but was given the name Otaheite gooseberry due to the similar sour flavor of the fruit.  The tree contains a dense, spreading, bushy crown.  The end of each thick, rough branch contains clusters of deciduous, greenish or pinkish branchlets that are 15 to 30 centimeters (6 to 12 inches) long.  Green leaves are alternate, simple, thin, smooth-edged, ovate to ovate-lanceolate in shape, and 2 to 8 centimeters (0.8 to 3 inches) long.  The upper surface of the leaves is smooth and the lower sides of the leaves are blue-green with a bloom.  Each leaf is connected to a short petiole and at each leaf base, there are two small pointed stipules.  Leaves occur at the ends of branches.  Small, pinkish, 4-parted flowers are borne in small clusters on 5 to 12.5 centimeter (2 to 5 inch) long hanging panicles.  Flowers occur on the main branches and upper trunk.  Male flowers, female flowers, and bisexual flowers are located on the same plant.  Pale yellow to whitish fruit occurs in large clusters, oblate in shape, and measure 1 to 2.5 centimeters (0.4 to 1 inch) in diameter.  Each fruit is smooth, contains six to eight ribs, and is waxy.  Pulp is crisp, juicy and very sour.  Each fruit contains a hard, ribbed stone with 4 to 6 seeds.  Fruit resembles a bilimbi (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs February to April in Florida.  In Southern India, the first crop occurs April to May and the second crop occurs August to September.  In other areas, the crop occurs in January.  Scattered flowering and fruiting occurs during other times of the year.  Fruit matures in 90 to 100 days.  Fruit is produced from seed in 4 years (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, MORTON).
      b. Cultivation:  Grown in subtropical to tropical climates.  The tree is grown in hot, humid tropical lowlands.  Tolerant of a variety of soils, a seasonal dry period, light frost, and elevations of up to 914 meters (3,000 feet).  Propagation is by seed, budding, air layers, and cuttings.  Trees are not commercially cultivated, but are widely grown in villages and farms (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit are consumed locally (JANICK).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp must be sliced from the stone or fruits must be cooked and pressed through a sieve to separate the stone.  Fruit is usually sliced, covered with sugar, and left in the refrigerator for one day.  Sugar draws out the juice and modifies the acidity of the fruit.  If left long enough, a clear, pale-yellow syrup is produced.  In the Bahamas, underripe whole fruits are soaked in salty water overnight to reduce acidity.  Then fruit are rinsed, boiled once or twice in water, and later boiled in a separate pot with equal amounts of sugar until thick.  When the process is complete, fruit are placed in sterilized jars without removing seeds.  Fruit is rarely consumed fresh, since it is so sour.  Fruit is usually stewed, candied, made into sauce, pickled, or preserved.  When cooked in sugar, the fruit turns ruby red in color.  In Indonesia, pulp is added to many dishes as a flavoring.  In the Philippines, juice is made into cold drinks or fruit is used to make vinegar.  In Malaysia, ripe and unripe fruit is cooked and prepared into relish, thick syrup, or preserves.  In Thailand, fruits are processed into wine.  In many areas, the fruit is combined with other fruits to make chutney, jam and jelly.  Young leaves are cooked as greens in India and Indonesia (PERENNIAL, JANICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, MORTON).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit contain moderate amounts of phosphorus, calcium, iron and vitamin C (VAN WYK).

      f. Medicinal aspects:  Fruit are used as a liver tonic to enrich the blood in India.  Syrup is used as a stomachic medicine; seeds are used as a laxative.  Leaves mixed with pepper are applied to skin to relieve aches and pains.  Although roots are toxic, vapors from boiled roots are inhaled to relieve coughs and headaches.  An infusion of the roots is used to relieve asthma.  The root is also externally used to treat psoriasis on feet (JANICK, MORTON).
      g. Crop photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Grown in Florida and Hawaii in home gardens; no yield data is available (MORTON).
5. Other production regions:  The Caribbean, Central America, South America, Southern Mexico, India, Madagascar, the Philippines, Indonesia, South Vietnam, Laos, Northern Malaysia, Guam, Pacific Islands; widely distributed throughout Asia; naturalized elsewhere; no yield data is available (GRIN, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
6. Use:  Fruit; juice is used in drinks; ornamental, vegetable, medicinal purposes; leaves are consumed as a vegetable; root bark is used in tanning in India (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (MORTON).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition: None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, MORTON, PERENNIAL, PLANTS DATABASE, JANICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC.
11. Production Map:  EPA Crop Production Region 3 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE).
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  PYLAC

                                      262
1. Governor's plum [(Ciruela de Madagascar, batoko-plum, Indian-plum, Madagascar-plum, marromse, prunier de Madagascar, Ramontchi, ameixa-de-Madagascar, ciruela gobernadora (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Salicaceae; also placed in:  Flacourtiaceae
      Flacourtia indica (Burm. f.) Merr. [(syn: Flacourtia ramontchi L'Hér., Flacourtia sepiaria Roxb., Gmelina indica Burm. f. (basionym) (GRIN))]
1. Plum-of-Martinique [(prunier de la Martinique, lovi-lovi, lobi-lobi, louvi malayo (GRIN))]
      Flacourtia inermis Roxb.
1. Rukam [(prunier café, prunier de Chine, prunier malgache, Madagaskarpflaume, ciruela de Madagascar
      (GRIN))]
      Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritzi [(Flacourtia euphlebia Merr. (GRIN))]
1. Indian plum [(runeala-plum, prunier d'Inde, Paniala, ameixa-da-Índia, ciruela forastera (GRIN))]
      Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.) Raeusch. [(Flacourtia cataphracta Roxb. ex Willd., Stigmarota jangomas Lour. (basionym) (GRIN))]
2. Flacourtia indica is a slow-growing shrub or tree growing 3 to 6 meters (10 to 20 feet) tall.  May or may not be spiny.  Native to tropical Asia and Madagascar.  Found growing near homes and fields south of the Sahara.  The bark is pale grey and powdery when young and becomes brown to dark grey and flaking when older.  Vegetative areas may be hairless or densely hairy.  Young leaves are red to pink and oval or round in shape with a toothed edge; can grow to 12 centimeters (5 inches).  Mature leaves are bright green, long-tipped, obovate and leathery; leaves are attached to a 2 centimeter (0.8 inch) petiole.  Male and female flowers are located on separate plants; flowers are small, greenish and do not contain petals.  Occasionally, flowers may contain both male and female reproductive organs.  Male flowers are 0.5 to 2 centimeters (0.2 to 0.8 inch), contain 5 to 6 ovate hairy sepals that measure 0.15 to 0.25 centimeters (0.06 to 0.1 inch) and occur on axillary racemes on 1 centimeter (0.4 inch) long slender flower stalks.  Female flowers occur in short racemes or are solitary on short flower stalks that measure less than 0.5 centimeters (0.2 inch).  Purple, reddish or reddish-black fruit are round to ovoid berries that measure 2 to 3 centimeters (0.8 to 1.2 inch) in diameter.  The fruit is tipped by 5 to 6 short radiating styles.  The skin is smooth.  The pulp is yellow in color and the flavor is sweet to sour.  Each fruit contains 4 to 10 pale brown, wrinkled seeds measuring 0.5 by 0.9 by 0.6 centimeters (0.2 by 0.4 by 0.2 inch).
Flacourtia inermis is a short-trunked, bushy shrub or small tree that grows to a height of 5 to 9 meters (16 to 30 feet).  Native to southeast Asia.  Trees are mostly thornless.  Bark is light brown and smooth.  Leaves are evergreen, glossy, alternate, bright-red when young, ovate to elliptic in shape, pointed at the tip, short-pointed at the base, wavy-toothed, 5 to 25 centimeters (2 to 10 inches) long and 2.5 to 13 centimeters (1 to 5 inches) wide.  Petioles are 0.6 to 1 centimeter (0.25 to 0.375 inch) long.  Yellowish flowers are borne in small, short clusters measuring 2.5 to 3.8 centimeters (1 to 1.5 inches) long on the branches at leaf bases.  Individual flowers are small, petalless, contain 4 to 5 green sepals, both male and female reproductive structures, and many yellow stamens.  Bright red to red-purple fruit is spherical, flattened at the tip, cherry-like, and up to 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) in diameter.  The skin is smooth and thin.  Pulp is juicy, and yellow or whitish with a pink tinge.  The flavor is sour, astringent, acid or sweet.  Each fruit contains 4 to 14 seeds that are hard, sharp, irregular, and measure less than 0.6 centimeter (0.25 inch) wide.  Can become invasive in tropical areas.
Flacourtia rukam is a small, many branched tree that grows to a height of 5 to 20 meters (16 to 66 feet).  Native to the Philippines, India, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Oceania, and Malaya Archipelago.  The bark is gray-brown and not flaky.  The trunk is 40 centimeters (16 inches) in diameter.  The trunk and older branches are crooked and furrowed near the base.  Most branches are smooth, cylindrical and tapered at the ends.  Young branches may be pubescent.  The trunk, young branches and old branches contain many forked or simple, strong, woody spines that measure up to 10 centimeters (4 inches) long.  Some clonally propagated trees lack spines.  Dark green leaves are evergreen, spiraled, coarsely toothed on the margins, smooth to slightly hairy, shiny, elliptic-oblong, ovate-oblong, elliptic, or oblong-lanceolate in shape, and 6 to 16 centimeters (2 to 6 inches) long by 4 to 7 cemtimeters (1.6 to 3 inches) wide.  The base is rounded and the tip is pointed.  Young leaves are red to brownish-red and drooping.  The petiole is 0.4 to 0.8 centimeters (0.16 to 0.31 inch) long.  Leaf size, shape and pubescence vary.  Inflorescences are borne in small, few-flowered, short, finely pubescent racemes in the leaf axils and measure 0.5 to 1 centimeter (0.2 to 0.4 inch).  Pedicels are 0.3 to 0.4 centimeter (0.1 to 0.15 inch) long.  Male and female flowers are found on different trees.  Both male and female flowers are greenish-yellow, lack petals and contain 4 hairy ovate sepals measuring 0.1 to 0.15 centimeter (0.04 to 0.06 inch); male flowers contain many stamens and 8 orange or yellow-white fleshy disk-lobes; female flowers contain 4 to 8 styles, an ovary, and bilobed stigmas.  Purple to dark purple-red fruit are borne on old branches and the trunk.  Fruit are ovoid to nearly round in shape, slightly flattened at the tip, and 1.25 to 2.5 centimeters (0.5 to 1 inch) in diameter.  The skin is smooth; the tip of the fruit contains 4 to 6 small styles set in a circle.  Pulp is yellow or whitish in color, juicy and fleshy.  The flavor is sweet to acidic.  Each fruit contains 4 to 7 flat seeds.  Can be invasive in some areas.
Flacourtia jangomas is a small shrub or erect, low-branched tree that grows to a height of 5 to 12 meters (16 to 39 feet).  Native to Tropical Asia including North Bengal, East Bengal and Chittagong, India and Burma.  Bark is flaking and light-brown, yellow-brown, copper red or pinkish-buff in color.  The trunk and branches of young trees contain sharp, woody, simple or branched spines.  Young branches contain lenticels which are white-dotted; branches can be smooth to hairy.  Deciduous dark green leaves are alternate, spirally arranged, oval-lanceolate, ovate, ovate-elliptic, narrow-ovate or ovate-oblong in shape, pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, toothed, thin, smooth, glossy and 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) long by 1.3 to 5 centimeters (0.5 to 2 inches) wide.  Young leaves are pale pink.  The leaf stalk is 0.4 to 0.8 centimeters (0.16 to 0.3 inch) long.  Fragrant greenish to yellowish-white flowers are borne in small clusters on new branches in leaf axils.  Pedicels measure 0.5 to 1 centimeter (0.2 to 0.4 inch) long.  Male and female flowers are found on different trees.  Both flowers contain 4 to 5 ovate, obtuse, greenish, hairy, 0.2 centimeter (0.08 inch) long sepals and a white or yellow-orange disk.  Male flowers measure 1.5 to 3 centimeters (0.6 to 1.2 inch) long; female flowers measure 1 to 1.5 centimeters (0.4 to 0.6 inch) long.  Purple to dark-maroon fruit is ovoid to round in shape and 1.5 to 2.5 centimeters (0.6 to 1 inch) in diameter.  Pulp is yellow, greenish, whitish, or amber in color and juicy.  The flavor is sweet to acid.  Each fruit contains 7 to 12 flat, hard, pale-yellow seeds.  Fruit is better-liked compared to other species.  Used for local food production (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON, KEULARTS, TRADE WINDS, AGROFORESTRY, PIER, EFLORAS, INDIA, PIER).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flacourtia indica is a deciduous tree that sheds its leaves just before flowering.  Flowering occurs April to May in Florida.  The fruit matures in 60 to 90 days.  In India, flowers appear from December to April together with the new leaves.  Fruit in India ripen from March to July, 5 to 8 months later.  In Africa, fruit ripening occurs between December and July
      Flacourtia inermis flowering occurs from May to June in Florida.  In other areas, flowering occurs several times per year.  Fruit matures in 60 days.
      Flacourtia rukam flowering occurs from May to June in Florida, April to May in China, and June to August in Java.  Flowering can occur during other times of the year.  Fruiting occurs June to October in China.  Fruit matures in 60 to 90 days.
      Flacourtia jangomas flowering occurs May to June in Florida and April to May in India and China.  Fruiting occurs in May to October in China.  Fruit matures in 60 to 90 days (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON, AGROFORESTRY, EFLORAS, INDIA).
      b. Cultivation:  Flacourtia indica thrives near humid limestone coasts, hot, humid tropical lowland valleys, dry tropical deciduous forests, and high, dry savannahs and hillsides.  Plants are also found in forests having dry seasons, woodlands, wooded grassland, bushland, and near watercourses.  Grows well in areas with a high water table and full sun.  Requires a minimum temperature of 4 ° C (39 ° F) and a maximum temperature of about 45 ° C (113 ° F); requires a minimum annual rainfall of 50 centimeters (20 inches) and a maximum rainfall of 200 centimeters (79 inches).  Tolerant of drought conditions and a variety of well-drained soils from sand to clay.  Does not tolerate frost.  Propagation is by seed, layering and grafting.
      Flacourtia inermis requires hot, humid tropical lowlands.  Does not tolerate frost.  Propagation is by seed, air-layering and budding.  Trees live approximately 20 years.
      Flacourtia rukam requires hot, humid tropical lowlands and full sun to shade.  Prefers elevations up to 2,100 meters (6,890 feet).  Grows in primary or secondary forests and along rivers.  Tolerates a range of temperatures, rainfall and soil conditions.  Propagation is by seed, root suckers and grafting.  Seed germinates quickly.  Trees should be spaced 8 to 12 meters (26 to 39 feet) apart.
      Flacourtia jangomas requires hot, humid tropical lowlands.  Grows at elevations up to 800 meters (2,625 feet) in mountain rain forests and evergreen broad-leaved forests.  Propagation is by seed, layering, inarching, budding and grafting.  Seeds germinate slowly (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, AGROFORESTRY, PIER).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Flacourtia indica fruit is found in the local markets in Africa; Flacourtia rukam young shoots are marketed (JANICK, MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Flacourtia indica fruit is consumed fresh.  Fruit can be stewed, juiced, dried, or made into jellies, jams or pickles.  Flacourtia inermis:  Pulp can be consumed fresh but is mostly seeded and cooked with apples or made into pies, jellies, sirup, chutney, pickles and jams.
       Flacourtia rukam pulp is consumed fresh after rolling the fruit between the palms and bruising the flesh to reduce astringency; served fresh in `rujack,' a spicy fruit salad.  Fruit can also be cooked, pickled, or prepared into jellies, preserves, condiments, pies, chutneys and jams.  Consumed in times of shortage.  Young shoots and leaves are eaten raw in Java.  Flacourtia jangomas pulp is consumed fresh; fruit is rolled between the hands to reduce astringency; prepared into jellies, jams, juice, sirup, marmalade, pickles, and chutneys.  Stewed as a dessert.  Shoots are consumed in Indonesia (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON, AGROFORESTRY).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Flacourtia indica, Flacourtia inermis, Flacourtia rukam:  No specific entry. Flacourtia jangomas:  Fruit is rich in pectin (MORTON).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Flacourtia indica fruit are used to treat jaundice and enlarged spleens.  A preparation of the leaves and wood are used against roundworms.  Leaves and roots are taken for parasitic diseases, malaria, and diarrhoea.  Leaves are used as an antidote to snake bites.  Roots are used to treat hoarseness, skin allergies, pneumonia and intestinal worms and are used as an astringent, diuretic and pain reliever.  Bark is used to aid rheumatism, gout and skin disease
      Flacourtia rukam immature fruit juice is used to stop diarrhea and dysentery.  Leaf juice is used to cure inflamed eyelids.  Dried crushed leaves are placed on wounds.  A root decoction is given to women after childbirth.  Inner bark is used to cure certain parasitic diseases.
      Flacourtia jangomas fruits are consumed to relieve digestive problems, nausea and diarrhea.  A leaf decoction is used to aid diarrhea.  Dried leaves are used to relieve bronchitits and coughing.  Leaves and bark are used to treat bleeding gums and sore teeth.  A mixture of the bark is used to aid hoarseness.  Roots are placed on sores and toothaches (JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos
4. Production in U.S.:  Flacourtia indica:  Home gardens, Florida; no yield data is available.
Flacourtia inermis:  Florida; occasionally planted in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
Flacourtia rukam:  Florida; Flacourtia jangomas:  Florida, Puerto Rico (MORTON, PERENNIAL, KEULARTS).
5. Other production regions:  Flacourtia indica:  West Indies; northeast, east, south Africa, Madagascar, China, tropical Asia; naturalized elsewhere including the Caribbean, Central America and India; no yield data is available; Flacourtia inermis:  Southern Asia, tropical Africa, Pacific Islands, the Philippines, Sumatra, New Britain, peninsular Malaysia; introduced elsewhere in the Tropics.  Cultivated mostly in Sri Lanka, Malaya and Indonesia.  Fruit yield is 37 to 261 kilograms (81 to 576 pounds) per year.
Flacourtia rukam:  Southeast/Tropical Asia including China, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Oceania, Malaya Archipelago, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, Papua New Guinea; India;  Belgium; elsewhere in the Tropics.  Cultivated in southern Malaya and Indonesia; Flacourtia jangomas:  Cultivated in the paleotropics and Southeast/Tropical Asia; Eastern Malaya, the Philippines, Surinam, Trinidad, Assam, Burma, North Bengal, East Bengal and Chittagong, India; East Afirca (GRIN, MORTON, JANICK, PERENNIAL, KEULARTS, EFLORAS).
6. Use: Flacourtia indica:  Jelly, jams and fresh fruit; young shoots are edible; medicinal purposes; wood used to make lumber and charcoal; ornamental; fresh foliage is used as fodder.
Flacourtia inermis:  Fruit.  Flacourtia rukam:  Fruit; wood is made into rice pounders, pestles and clubs; medicinal purposes; garden plant.  Flacourtia jangomas:  Food; medicinal purposes; wood is used for agricultural implements (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, MORTON, PIER).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit - edible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MORTON, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, KEULARTS, TRADE WINDS, PLANTS DATABASE, AGROFORESTRY, PIER, EFLORAS, INDIA.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE).
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  Flacourtia indica:  FLCIN;  Flacourtia inermis:  FLCIE;  Flacourtia rukam:  FLCRU

1. Grumichama [(Brazil-cherry, cerisier du Brésil, jambosier du Brésil, grumixama (GRIN))]
      Myrtaceae
      Eugenia brasiliensis Lam.  [(syn: Eugenia dombeyi (Spreng.) Skeels, Myrtus dombeyi Spreng., Stenocalyx brasiliensis O. Berg (GRIN))]
2. A slender, erect shrub or tree growing 6 to 14 meters (20 to 46 feet) tall.  The subtropical plant is a native to coastal southern Brazil.  The tree is short-trunked and heavily foliaged.  The deep green leaves are opposite, thick, leathery, waxy, pitted, oblong to oblong-oval and 9 to 16 centimeters (3.5 to 5 inches) long by 5 to 6 centimeters (2 to 2.4 inches) wide.  Leaves remain on the tree for 2 years.  New shoots are rosy in color.  Mature trees resemble Japanese cherry trees.  Flowers are borne singly in leaf axils, contain 4 green sepals, 4 white petals, 100 white stamens with pale-yellow anthers and are 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) wide.  Purple to black fruit are long-stemmed, oblate and bear persistent purple or red-tinted 1.25 centimeter (0.5 inch) long sepals.  Fruit range in size from 2 to 3 centimeters (0.8 to 1.2 inches) in diameter and are solitary on new growth.  Immature fruit are green to red.  One variety produces yellow fruit.  The fruit skin is smooth, dry, thin, firm and fragile like grape skin.  The sweet, juicy pulp is white or red in color and the flavor is similar to a sweet, subacid cherry with a hint of jaboticaba and Concord grape.  One to three small hemispherical hard gray seeds 1.25 centimeters (0.5 inch) wide and half as thick are found inside the fruit (PERENNIAL, LOVE, MORTON).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering occurs April to May in Florida.  In Hawaii, the bloom to fruiting period lasts from July to December, with the main crop in the fall.  Trees in Brazil vary considerably in flowering and fruiting times and the season extends from November to February.  Fruit matures in 30 to 40 days.  The harvest season is short because fruits ripen over a 2-week period.  The fruit is delicate, so fruit must be handled carefully (PERENNIAL, LOVE, MORTON).
      b. Cultivation:  A subtropical plant that grows in warm, wet tropical lowlands in deep, well-drained medium-acid soil.  Tolerates a wide range of soils including shallow, moist, sandy soils, deep fertile sandy loam, or rich clay.  Grows best in partial shade, but tolerates full sun.  Requires an annual rainfall that is above 178 centimeters (70 inches).  Not very tolerant to frost; can survive temperatures of -3.33 °C (26 °F) in Brazil.  Propagation is by seed, grafting and cuttings.  Fruit production occurs the fourth year from 1.2 meter (4 foot) tall seedling trees.  Produces fruit from 76 to 610 meter (300 to 2,000 foot) elevations.  The most fruit is produced at elevations from 76 to 274 meters (250 to 900 feet).  Trees are pruned as a shrub and kept at 2 to 3 meter (6 to 10 foot) heights to facilitate harvesting.  Commercial trees are planted at a 5 to 6 meter (15 to 20 foot) spacing or grown in hedgerows.  Most commercial production occurs in Brazil.  At harvestime, fruits are placed in containers in double layers and refrigerated within one hour (PERENNIAL, LOVE, MORTON).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Fruits are marketable for 10 to 12 days after harvest and are shipped to grocery stores, restaurants and hotels.  Fruit availability is only 2 weeks out of the year, so many chefs process the fruit into frozen puree.  Grumichama jelly and syrup can be found at some of Hawaii's farmers' markets (LOVE).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Pulp is consumed fresh.  Fruits can be pureed and made into jam, jelly or sauces.  Chefs use the fruit in buffet lines and as an edible decoration on plates.  In the Caribbean, a reduction is made from the juice of the fruit and poured over fish; used as a base for hot sauces.  Whole pitted fruits are used in pies, cakes and fruit salads (PERENNIAL).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  No specific entry.
      f. Medicinal aspects:  The bark and leaves contain 1.5% of essential oil.  A leaf or bark infusion is used as an aromatic, astringent, diuretic and a treatment for rheumatism in Brazil (MORTON).
      g. Crop Photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  Hawaii; no yield data is available (LOVE).
5. Other production regions: Brazil.  Grown especially in the states of Parana and Santa Catarina.  Cultivated in and around Rio de Janeiro and Paraguay; cultivated elsewhere including Tropical America.  Mature 3 meter (10 foot) tall trees can yield more than 23 kilograms (50 pounds) of useable fruit and mature trees kept pruned at 2 meters (6 feet) yield about 14 kilograms (30 pounds) of fruit (GRIN, PERENNIAL, MORTON).
6. Use: ornamental, fruit; home garden fruit (GRIN, PERENNIAL).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  No specific entry.  General entry is 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - edible peel.
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, PERENNIAL, LOVE, MORTON.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 13.
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  EUEDO

1. Guabiroba
      Myrtaceae
      Campomanesia xanthocarpa  O. Berg
2. A small to medium sized tree growing up to 12 meters (40 feet) tall.  Native to Brazil, the tree contains a rounded crown and crooked trunk that is fluted at the base.  The tree is semi-deciduous, 4-15 meters tall.  Leaves are opposite, simple, oval oblong, and 3 to 4.5 centimeters (1.2 to 1.8 inches) long by 4 to 10 centimeters (1.6 to 4 inches) wide.  The green-yellow fruit resembles a small guava and have a succulent, firm, sweet pulp with a smooth and shiny skin (BRAZILIAN, TRADE WINDS, WIKIPEDIA, CRFG).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  The plant flowers from early summer to November, followed by a long fruiting season that lasts up to six months (TRADE WINDS).
      b. Cultivation:  Grown in hot, dry Southern and Western savannah regions of Brazil.  Grows well in hot, dry climates and poor soils.  Somewhat frost hardy and propagated is by seed.  In Brazil, cultivated in domestic orchards, mainly in the south and southeast part of the country, propagated by seeds (BRAZILIAN, TRADE WINDS).
      c. Availablity in the marketplace:  Fruits are consumed only in their natural state and are greatly appreciated locally.
      d. Preparation for cooking:  Fruit is consumed fresh or processed into juices, ices, liqueurs and sweets (TRADE WINDS).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  The fruit is high in vitamins (TRADE WINDS).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  The plant is used as an astringent, antidiarrhoeal; used to aid cystitis and urethritis.  The shell, fruit and leaves are used for medicinal purposes (WIKIPEDIA).
      g. Crop Photos.
4. Production in U.S.:  No data (GRIN).
5. Other production regions:  Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay; no yield data is available (GRIN).
6. Use:  Fruit, dooryard tree; wood is used for tools, furniture, construction, and fuel (GRIN, TRADE WINDS, WIKIPEDIA).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  Whole fruit (GRIN).
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit.
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class:  Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  Proposed for 005 Assorted tropical and subtropical fruit - edible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  None
10. References:  BAYER, BRAZILIAN, CODEX, CRFG, GRIN, TRADE WINDS, WIKIPEDIA.
11. Production Map:  No entry
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code:  No specific entry

                                      273

1. Guava [(araçá-goiaba, araçá-guaçú, banjiro, goiaba, goiabeiro, goyavier, guaiaba, guaiava, Guave, Guavenbaum, guayaba, guayabo, Guayave, koejawel, lemon guava (GRIN, MARKLE))]
      Myrtaceae
      Psidium guajava L. [(syn: Psidium cujavillus Burm. f., Psidium pomiferum L., Psidium pumilum Vahl, Psidium pyriferum L. (GRIN))]
2. A large evergreen shrub or freely branching small rounded tree growing to a height of 3 to 10 meters (10 to 33 feet).  Under high moisture conditions, guava can reach 10 meters (33 feet) in height and spread with a 30 centimeter (12 inch) diameter trunk.  Native to tropical and Central America.  The root system is shallow.  The trunk is short, freely branching, bony and 25 to 30 centimeters (10 to 12 inches) in diameter.  Suckering may occur at the base of the trunk.  Pruning is required to produce a single-trunk tree.  Bark is smooth, thin, peeling, pale, papery and greenish brown to coppery brown.  Red to coppery-brown branches are pliable, hard, heavy, fine-grained, and round.  The canopy is dome-shaped, symmetrical, broad and spreading.  Light green leaves are opposite, arranged in pairs, entire, simple, aromatic, short petioled, smooth and leathery on the upper surface, pubescent underneath, prominently parallel veined, oblong, oblong-elliptic or oval in shape, and 7 to 18 centimeters (3 to 7 inches) long by 3 to 5 centimeters (1.2 to 2 inches) wide.  White, fragrant flowers are borne singly or in clusters of two to three at the leaf axils of current growth.  Individual flowers measure 2.5 to 3.5 centimeters (1 to 1.4 inches) in diameter and contain both male and female reproductive organs, 4 to 5 petals, numerous stamens and one style.  Flowers are self and cross pollinated; also pollinated by bees.  Yellow fruit (sometimes blushed with pink) is a many-seeded berry that is solitary on new growth, spherical, ovoid, ellipsoid, or pyriform in shape, 2.5 to 12 centimeters (1 to 5 inches) in diameter and 100 to 450 grams (3.5 to 16 ounces) in weight.  The flesh is pink, salmon, white or yellow in color, soft, juicy, acid, subacid or sweet in flavor, coarse, granular or fine, creamy in texture, and 0.3 to 1.25 centimeters (0.1 to 0.5 inch) thick.  The skin is smooth to rough, thin, and contains persistent sepals at the tip.  Pulp is white, yellow or red in color.  The flavor is sweet to sour.  Aromatic, with a strong, sweet musky smell.  Produces a large amount of small, angular, woody, yellowish-cream colored seeds that measure 0.3 to 0.5 centimeters (0.1 to 0.2 inch) in size.  Immature fruit is green, hard, gummy, and astringent.  Fresh cultivars are sweet, large, and contain white flesh.  Processing cultivars are more acid, have a hard rind, and contain red flesh.  Fruit varies greatly from population to population and can be low-acid, musky and sweet, bland, low-sugar, low-acid, or high-acid (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CULL, MORTON, YADAVA, CRFG, FLEPPC, AGROFORESTRY).
3. Crop Data:
      a. Season:  Flowering and fruiting vary with weather conditions and cultural practices.  Flowering usually takes place on new growth stimulated by pruning or leaf loss.  Flowering occurs from April to May and September to October in Florida.  In India, flowering occurs 2 to 3 times per year.  In tropical areas, fruit are produced throughout the year in varying amounts; in subtropical areas, fruit mature from mid-summer until mid-winter.  A small amount of fruit is produced from April to May and a large amount is produced in September to November in Hawaii.  Two crops per year are produced in Puerto Rico, one in the late summer and early fall and another in late winter to early spring.  In Northern India, fruiting occurs mid-winter.  Fruit mature in 90 to 150 days.  Fruit production occurs in 4 to 5 years from seed and 2 to 3 years from vegetative propagation (PERENNIAL, JANICK, CULL, MORTON, YADAVA).
      b. Cultivation:  Grown in the tropics and warm subtropics in both dry and moist climates.  Prefers areas with long dry periods, full sun, medium rainfall of 100 to 200 centimeters (39 to 79 inches) per year, elevations of 0 to over 2,000 meters (6,562 feet), mean temperatures of 23 to 28 °C (73 to 82 °F), high light, and soils with good drainage, high organic matter, and a pH of 5 to 7.  Tolerances a wide range of rainfall, shade, drought, saline conditions, and very light frost.  Can grow in low-lying seasonally flooded pastureland.  Propagation is by seed, cuttings, layering, budding and grafting.  Seeds are viable for a long period of time.  Seeds should be planted in a well-drained media; germination occurs in 15 to 20 days.  Seedlings should be transplanted when 5 to 76 centimeters (2 to 30 inches) high, and placed in the field when 1 to 2 years old.  Seedlings can be budded or grafted when stems are 1.2 to 2.0 centimeters (0.5 to 0.8 inch).  The side wedge method is used most in grafting. Cuttings 13 to 25 centimeters (5 to 10 inches) long should be taken from green wood with two true leaves.  Cuttings should be placed under mist with 28 to 30 °C (82 to 86 °F) bottom heat.  Rooted cuttings 6 to 8 months old should be transplanted to the field.  Trees should be spaced 3 by 5 or 5 by 6 meters (10 by 16 or 16 by 20 feet) apart.  For commercial production, moisture (irrigation or rain) is required during vegetative growth, flowering and fruit development.  Fertilization, defoliation and pruning after harvest aid production.  Harvesting depends on skin color, the variety, and the stage at which the fruit is to be eaten.  When eaten green, fruit is harvested at the mature firm stage without signs of ripening.  If eaten when soft and ripe, fruit is harvested when showing signs of color change and softening.  Dessert type fruit is harvested manually at the mature green (half-ripe stage), graded and packed.  Processing type fruit is harvested using a machine at the firm yellow to mature green (half-ripe) stage.  Fruit for the fresh fruit market is sometimes covered with plastic or paper.  Hydrocooling is used to cool fruit to 10 ° C (50 °F).  Mature green and partially ripe fruit can be held for 2 to 3 weeks at 8 to 10 °C (46 to 50 °F) and ripe fruit can be held for 1 week at 5 to 8 °C (41 to 46 °F).  Cultivated in every tropical and subtropical country around the world (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, CULL, MORTON, YADAVA, CRFG, FLEPPC).
      c. Availability in the marketplace:  Fruit is commercially grown around the world for the fresh market or processing (PERENNIAL, JANICK, MORTON).
      d. Preparation for cooking:  The whole fruit is edible.  Pulp is consumed fresh or added to fruit salads.  When consumed fresh, fruit is consumed at the mature green stage when firm and crisp like an apple; skin is also consumed; sugar and rum can be used to enhance the flavor.  Fruit is also stewed, dehydrated, dried into fruit leather, preserved, poached, cooked and canned, frozen, powdered, processed into juice, wine, jellies, jams, marmalade, chutney, relish, syrup, nectar, paste (called guava butter or cheese), and puree.  Puree is used for juice, puddings, sauces, ice cream, cakes, and preserves.  Consumed in Asia underripe with a salty or spicy dip.  Fruit is added to desserts, confectionary, breakfast foods and baby foods.  Processing involves boiling sliced fruit and removing seeds from the pulp.  Seed oil may be used as an edible oil.  Leaves are used in cooking in Asian countries (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CULL, MORTON, AGROFORESTRY).
      e. Nutritional aspects:  Fruit is rich in vitamin C, pectin, dietary fiber, protein, phosphorus, potassium, niacin, vitamin A and calcium.  Fruit contains 2 to 5 times the vitamin C content of orange juice (PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, YADAVA).
      f. Medicinal aspects:  Guava exhibits antibacterial action against intestinal pathogens; anti-inflammatory.  Leaves are used to treat diarrhea, intestinal worms, coughs, throat and chest ailments, toothaches, skn diseases, fevors, neurological problems, inflammation of the kidneys, weight problems, epilepsy, wounds, arthritis and ulcers.    Leaves, bark, roots, immature fruit, and bud extracts are used in folk medicine and the treatment of diabetes.  Fruit can aid in reducing cholesterol (BARWICK, VAN WYK, MORTON, YADAVA, AGROFORESTRY).
      g. Crop Photos:
4. Production in U.S.:   Florida, Guam (132 kilograms (292 lbs), 1992), Hawaii (304 hectares (750 acres), 1995), California and Puerto Rico.  Fresh production in Hawaii is 4,400 tonnes (4,850 tons) per year or 28.1 tonnes (31 tons) per hectare.  According to USDA 1,050 tons (952 tonnes) were produced in Hawaii in 2009 (GRIN, MARKLE, YADAVA).
5. Other commercial production regions:  India, Pakistan, Egypt, South Africa, Europe including France; Asia including Thailand and Taiwan; Australia, New Zealand, Mexico, Central America including Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama; Northern/western/southern South America including Brazil; the Caribbean; the Philippines; the subtropics; widely cultivated and naturalized; exact native range obscure.  India and Mexico are the world's largest producers of guava.  India produces dessert guavas that are consumed totally within the country.  Mexico produces dessert and processing cultivars that are mostly consumed within the country.  The U.S. imported over 8,000 tonnes (8,818 tons) of processed guava in 2002.  Leading exporters were Brazil, Mexico, Dominican Republic, Inida, Pakistan, Ecuador, Colombia, the Philippines, South Africa, Thailand, and Taiwan (GRIN, MARKLE, JANICK, VAN WYK, MORTON, YADAVA).
6. Use:  Fruit, beverage base; wood for tools and fuel, medicinal purposes, weed, home garden fruit; commercial production, seed oil for edible uses and paints; leaves are used with other ingredients to make a black dye for silk; bark is used to tan hides (GRIN, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, MORTON).
7. Part(s) of plant consumed:  While fruit
8. Portion analyzed/sampled:  Whole fruit
9. Classifications:
      a. Authors Class: Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel
      b. EPA Crop Group (Group & Subgroup):  Miscellaneous
      c. Codex Group:  006 (FI 0336) Assorted tropical and subtropical fruits - inedible peel
      d. EPA Crop Definition:  Guava = Guava, feijoa, jaboticaba, wax jambu, starfruit, passionfruit, acerola
10. References:  CODEX, GRIN, BAYER, MARKLE, PERENNIAL, JANICK, BARWICK, VAN WYK, NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC, CULL, MORTON, PLANTS DATABASE, YADAVA, CRFG, FLEPPC, AGROFORESTRY.
11. Production Map: EPA Crop Production Region 3, 10 and 13 (PLANTS DATABASE).
12. Plant Codes:
      a. Bayer / EPPO Code: PSIGU (P. guajava)

1. Guava berry
      Myrtaceae
      Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg [(syn: Eugenia floribunda H. West ex Willd. (basionym) (GRIN))]