Table 15 155. Mean Time Spent ( minutes/ day) in Ten Major Activity Categories During Four Waves of Interviews . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 170 Table 15 156. Mean Time Spent ( hours/ week) in Ten Major Activity Categories Grouped by Gender . . . 15 171 Table 15 157. Percent Responses of Children's " Play" ( activities) Locations in Maryvale, Arizona . . . . . 15 171 Table 15 158. Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals by Age and Sex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 172 Table 15 159. Occupational Tenure for Employed Individuals Grouped by Sex and Race . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 172 Table 15 160. Occupational Tenure for Employed Individuals Grouped by Sex and Employment Status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 172 Table 15 161. Occupational Tenure of Employed Individuals Grouped by Major Occupational Groups and Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 173 Table 15 162. Voluntary Occupational Mobility Rates for Workers Age 16 Years and Older . . . . . . . . . . 15 173 Table 15 163. Values and Their Standard Errors for Average Total Residence Time, T, for Each Group in Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 174 Table 15 164. Total Residence Time, t ( years), Corresponding to Selected Values of R( t) by Housing Category . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 174 Table 15 165. Residence Time of Owner/ Renter Occupied Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 175 Table 15 166. Percent of Householders Living in Houses for Specified Ranges of Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 175 Table 15 167. Descriptive Statistics for Residential Occupancy Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 176 Table 15 168. Descriptive Statistics for Both Genders by Current Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 176 Table 15 169. Summary of Residence Time of Recent Home Buyers ( 1993) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 177 Table 15 170. Tenure in Previous Home ( Percentage Distribution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 177 Table 15 171. Number of Miles Moved ( Percentage Distribution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 177 Table 15 172. Confidence in Activity Patterns Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 178 Table 15 173. Confidence in Occupational Mobility Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 185 Table 15 174. Recommendations for Population Mobility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 188 Table 15 175. Confidence in Population Mobility Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 188 Table 15 176. Summary of Recommended Values for Activity Factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 187 Table 15A 1. Activity Codes and Descriptors Used for Adult Time Diaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15A 3 Table 15A 2. Differences in Average Time Spent in Different Activities Between California and National Studies ( minutes per day for age 18 64 years) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15A 17 Table 15A 3. Time Spent in Various Microenvironments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15A 19 Table 15A 4. Major Time Use Activity Categories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15A 21 Table 15A 5. Mean Time Spent ( minutes/ day) for 87 Activities Grouped by Day of the Week . . . . . . . . . 15A 22 Table 15A 6. Weighted Mean Hours Per Week by Gender: 87 Activities and 10 Subtotals . . . . . . . . . . . 15A 24 Table 15A 7. Ranking of Occupations by Median Years of Occupational Tenure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15A 27 Table 15B 1. Annual Geographical Mobility Rates, by Type of Movement for Selected 1 Year Periods: 1960 1992 ( numbers in thousands) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15B 3 Table 15B 2. Mobility of the Resident Population by State: 1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15B 4 Table 16 1. Consumer Products Found in the Typical U. S. Household . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 7 Table 16 2. Frequency of Use for Household Solvent Products ( users only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 10 Table 16 3. Exposure Time of Use for Household Solvent Products ( users only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 11 Table 16 4. Amount of Products Used for Household Solvent Products ( users only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 12 Table 16 5. Time Exposed After Duration of Use for Household Solvent Products ( users only) . . . . . . . 16 13 Table 16 6. Frequency of Use and Amount of Product Used for Adhesive Removers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 14 Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 xxix LIST OF TABLES ( continued) Page No.

Table 16 7. Adhesive Remover Usage by Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 14 Table 16 8. Frequency of Use and Amount of Product Used for Spray Paint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 15 Table 16 9. Spray Paint Usage by Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 15 Table 16 10. Frequency of Use and Amount of Product Used for Paint Removers/ Strippers . . . . . . . . . . . 16 16 Table 16 11. Paint Stripper Usage by Gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 16 Table 16 12. Total Exposure Time of Performing Task and Product Type Used by Task for Household Cleaning Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 17 Table 16 13. Percentile Rankings for Total Exposure Time in Performing Household Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . 16 19 Table 16 14. Mean Percentile Rankings for Frequency of Performing Household Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 20 Table 16 15. Mean and Percentile Rankings for Exposure Time Per Event of Performing Household Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 21 Table 16 16. Total Exposure Time for Ten Product Groups Most Frequently Used for Household Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 21 Table 16 17. Total Exposure Time of Painting Activity of Interior Painters ( hours) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 22 Table 16 18. Exposure Time of Interior Painting Activity/ Occasion ( hours) and Frequency of Occasions Spent Painting Per Year . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 22 Table 16 19. Amount of Paint Used by Interior Painters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 22 Table 16 20. Number of Respondents Using Cologne, Perfume, Aftershave or Other Fragrances at Specified Daily Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 23 Table 16 21. Number of Respondents Using Any Aerosol Spray Product for Personal Care Item Such as Deodorant or Hair Spray at Specified Daily Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 24 Table 16 22. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Being Near Freshly Applied Paints ( minutes/ day) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 25 Table 16 23. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Household Cleaning Agents Such as Scouring Powders or Ammonia ( minutes/ day) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 26 Table 16 24. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities ( at home or elsewhere) Working with or Near Floorwax, Furniture Wax or Shoe Polish ( minutes/ day) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 27 Table 16 25. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Being Near Glue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 28 Table 16 26. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Solvents, Fumes or Strong Smelling Chemicals ( minutes/ day) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 29 Table 16 27. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Stain or Spot Removers ( minutes/ day) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 30 Table 16 28. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Gasoline or Diesel powered Equipment, Besides Automobiles ( minutes/ day) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 31 Table 16 29. Number of Minutes Spent Using Any Microwave Oven ( minutes/ day) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 32 Table 16 30. Number of Respondents Using a Humidifier at Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 33 Table 16 31. Number of Respondents Indicating that Pesticides Were Applied by the Professional at Home to Eradicate Insects, Rodents, or Other Pests at Specified Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 34 Table 16 32. Number of Respondents Reporting Pesticides Applied by the Consumer at Home to Eradicate Insects, Rodents, or Other Pests at Specified Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 35 Table 16 33. Number of Minutes Spent in Activities Working with or Near Pesticides, Including Bug Sprays or Bug Strips ( minutes/ day) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 36 Table 16 34. Amount and Frequency of Use of Various Cosmetic and Baby Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 37 Table 16 35. Summary of Consumer Products Use Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 40 Table 16A 1. Volumes Included in 1992 Simmons Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16A 3 Page Exposure Factors Handbook xxx August 1997 LIST OF TABLES ( continued) Page No.

Table 17 1. Summary of Residential Volume Distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3 Table 17 2. Average Estimated Volumes of U. S. Residences, by Housing Type and Ownership . . . . . . . . 17 4 Table 17 3. Residential Volumes in Relation to Household Size and Year of Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 4 Table 17 4. Dimensional Quantities for Residential Rooms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5 Table 17 5. Examples of Products and Materials Associated with Floor and Wall Surfaces in Residences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 6 Table 17 6. Percent of Residences with Basement, by Census Region and EPA Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 8 Table 17 7. Percent of Residences with Certain Foundation Types by Census Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 9 Table 17 8. States Associated with EPA Regions and Census Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 9 Table 17 9. Summary of Major Projects Providing Air Exchange Measurements in the PFT Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 11 Table 17 10. Summary Statistics for Air Exchange Rates ( air changes per hour ACH), by Region . . . . . . 17 12 Table 17 11. Distributions of Residential Air Exchange Rates by Climate Region and Season . . . . . . . . . 17 13 Table 17 12. Deposition Rates for Indoor Particles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 15 Table 17 13. Particle Deposition During Normal Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 15 Table 17 14. In house Water Use Rates ( gcd), by Study and Type of Use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 17 Table 17 15. Summary of Selected HUD and Power Authority Water Use Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 17 Table 17 16. Showering and Bathing Water Use Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 18 Table 17 17. Showering Characteristics for Various Types of Shower Heads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 18 Table 17 18. Toilet Water Use Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 18 Table 17 19. Toilet Frequency Use Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 18 Table 17 20. Dishwasher Frequency Use Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 18 Table 17 21. Dishwasher Water Use Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 19 Table 17 22. Clothes Washer Frequency Use Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 19 Table 17 23. Clothes Washer Water Use Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 19 Table 17 24. Range of Water Uses for Clothes Washers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 19 Table 17 25. Total Dust Loading for Carpeted Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 19 Table 17 26. Particle Deposition and Resuspension During Normal Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 20 Table 17 27. Dust Mass Loading After One Week Without Vacuum Cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 20 Table 17 28. Simplified Source Descriptions for Airborne Contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 21 Table 17 29. Volume of Residence Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 29 Table 17 30. Air Exchange Rates Surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 29 Table 17 31. Recommendations  Residential Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 30 Table 17 32. Confidence in House Volume Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 30 Table 17 33. Confidence in Air Exchange Rate Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 31 Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 xxxi LIST OF FIGURES Page No.

VOLUME III Figure 15 1. Distribution of Individuals Moving by Type of Move: 1991 92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 14 Figure 17 1. Elements of Residential Exposure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1 Figure 17 2. Cumulative Frequency Distributions for Residential Volumes from the PFT Data Base and the U. S. DOE's RECs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3 Figure 17 3. Configuration for Residential Forced air Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 7 Figure 17 4. Idealized Patterns of Particle Deposition Indoors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 14 Figure 17 5. Air Flows for Multiple zone Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 16 Page Exposure Factors Handbook xxxii August 1997 PREFACE The National Center for Environmental Assessment ( NCEA) of EPA's Office of Research and Development ( ORD) has prepared this handbook to address factors commonly used in exposure assessments. This handbook was first published in 1989 in response to requests from many EPA Program and Regional offices for additional guidance on how to select values for exposure factors.

Several events sparked the efforts to revise the Exposure Factors Handbook. First, since its publication in 1989, new data have become available. Second, the Risk Assessment Council issued a memorandum titled, " Guidance on Risk Characterization for Risk Managers and Risk Assessors," dated February 26, 1992, which emphasized the use of multiple descriptors of risk ( i. e., measures of central tendency such as average or mean, or high end), and characterization of individual risk, population risk, important subpopulations. A new document was issued titled " Guidance for Risk Characterization," dated February 1995. This document is an update of the guidance issued with the 1992 policy. Third, EPA published the revised Guidelines for Exposure Assessment in 1992.

As part of the efforts to revise the handbook, the EPA Risk Assessment Forum sponsored a two day peer involvement workshop which was conducted during the summer of 1993. The workshop was attended by 57 scientists from academia, consulting firms, private industry, the States, and other Federal agencies. The purpose of the workshop was to identify new data sources, to discuss adequacy of the data and the feasibility of developing statistical distributions and to establish priorities.

As a result of the peer involvement workshop, three new chapters were added to the handbook.

These chapters are: Consumer Product Use, Residential Building Characteristics, and Intake of Grains. This document also provides a summary of the available data on consumption of drinking water; consumption of fruits, vegetables, beef,

dairy products, grain products, and fish; breast milk intake; soil ingestion; inhalation rates; skin surface area; soil adherence; lifetime; activity patterns; and body weight.

A new draft handbook that incorporated comments from the 1993 workshop was published for peer review in June 1995. A peer review workshop was held in July 1995 to discuss comments on the draft handbook.

A new draft of the handbook that addressed comments from the 1995 peer review workshop was submitted to the Science Advisory Board ( SAB) for review in August 1996. An SAB workshop meeting was held December 19 20,

1996, to discuss the comments of the SAB reviewers. Comments from the SAB review have been incorporated into the current handbook. Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 xxxiii FOREWORD The National Center for Environmental Assessment ( NCEA) of EPA's Office of Research and Development ( ORD) has five main functions: ( 1) providing risk assessment research, methods, and guidelines; ( 2) performing health and ecological assessments; ( 3) developing, maintaining, and transferring risk assessment information and training;

( 4) helping ORD set research priorities; and ( 5) developing and maintaining resource support systems for NCEA. The activities under each of these functions are supported by and respond to the needs of the various program offices. In relation to the first function, NCEA sponsors projects aimed at developing or refining techniques used in exposure assessments.

This handbook was first published in 1989 to provide statistical data on the various factors used in assessing exposure. This revised version of the handbook provides the up to date data on these exposure factors. The recommended values are based solely on our interpretations of the available data. In many situations different values may be appropriate to use in consideration of policy, precedent or other factors.

Michael A. Callahan Director National Center for Environmental Assessment Washington Office Page Exposure Factors Handbook xxxiv August 1997 AUTHORS, CONTRIBUTORS, AND REVIEWERS The National Center for Environmental Assessment ( NCEA), Office of Research and Development was responsible for the preparation of this handbook. The original document was prepared by Versar Inc. under EPA Contract No. 68 02 4254, Work Assignment No. 189. John Schaum, of NCEA Washington Office, served as the EPA Work Assignment Manager, providing overall direction and coordination of the production effort as well as technical assistance and guidance. Revisions, updates, and additional preparation were provided by Versar Inc. under Contract Numbers 68 D0 0101, 68 D3 0013, and 68 D5 0051. Russell Kinerson and Greg Kew have served as EPA Work Assignment Managers during previous efforts of the update process. Jackie Moya served as Work Assignment Manager for the current updated version, providing overall direction, technical assistance, and serving as contributing author.

AUTHORS DESKTOP PUBLISHING GRAPHICS Patricia Wood Susan Perry Kathy Bowles Linda Phillips Jennifer Baker Aderonke Adenuga WORD PROCESSING Mike Koontz Harry Rector Valerie Schwartz Charles Wilkes Maggie Wilson Exposure Assessment Division Versar Inc. Springfield, VA Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 xxxv CONTRIBUTORS AND REVIEWERS The following EPA individuals have reviewed and/ or have been contributing authors of this document.

Michael Dellarco Paul Pinsky Robert McGaughy John Schaum Amy Mills Paul White Jacqueline Moya Amina Wilkins Susan Perlin Chieh Wu The following individuals were Science Advisory Board Reviewers:

Members Dr. Joan Daisey Dr. Paul Lioy Lawrence Berkley Laboratory Environmental Occupational Health Berkley, California Sciences Institute Dr. Paul Bailey Mobil Business Resources Corporation Dr. Maria Morandi Paulsboro, New Jersey University of Texas School of Public Health Dr. Robert Hazen State of New Jersey Department of Dr. Jonathan M. Samet Environmental Protection and Energy The Johns Hopkins University Trenton, New Jersey Baltimore, Maryland Dr. Timothy Larson Mr. Ron White Department of Civil Engineering American Lung Association University of Washington Washington, D. C. Seattle, Washington Dr. Kai Shen Liu California Environmental Protection Agency California Department of Health Services Berkeley, California Berkeley, California Piscataway, New Jersey Houston, Texas Dr. Lauren Zeise Federal Experts Dr. Richard Ellis Ms. Alanna J. Moshfegh U. S. Department of Agriculture U. S. Department of Agriculture Washington, D. C. Washington, D. C. Page Exposure Factors Handbook xxxvi August 1997 An earlier draft of this document was peer reviewed by a panel of experts at a peer review workshop held in 1995. Members of the Peer Review Panel were as follows:

Edward Avol Dennis Jones Department of Preventive Medicine Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry School of Medicine University of Southern California John Kissel James Axley School of Public Health & Community Medicine School of Architecture Yale University Neil Klepeis David Burmaster Alceon Corporation Andrew Persily National Institute of Standards & Technologies Steven Colome Integrated Environmental Services Barbara Petersen Technical Assessment Systems, Inc. Michael DiNovi Chemistry Review Branch Thomas Phillips U. S. Food & Drug Administration Research Division Dennis Druck Environmental Scientist Paul Price Center of Health Promotion & Preventive ChemRisk Medicine U. S. Army John Risher J. Mark Fly The Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry Department of Forestry, Wildlife, & Fisheries John Robinson University of Tennessee University of Maryland Larry Gephart Peter Robinson Exxon Biomedical Sciences, Inc. The Proctor & Gamble Company Patricia Guenther P. Barry Ryan Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center Department of Environmental & Occupational U. S. Department of Agriculture Health P. J. ( Bert) Hakkinen Emory University Paper Product Development & Paper Technology Divisions Val Schaeffer The Proctor & Gamble Company U. S. Consumer Product Safety Commission Mary Hama Brad Shurdut Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center DowElanco U. S. Department of Agriculture Department of Environmental Health Information Systems & Services, Inc.

California Air Resources Board Division of Toxicology Rollins School of Public Health John Talbott Exposure Factors Handbook Page August 1997 xxxvii U. S. Department of Energy Frances Vecchio Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center U. S. Department of Agriculture The following individuals within EPA have reviewed an earlier draft of this document and provided valuable comments:

OFFICE REVIEWERS/ CONTRIBUTORS Office of Research and Development Maurice Berry Jerry Blancato Elizabeth Bryan Curtis Dary Stan Durkee Manuel Gomez Wayne Marchant Sue Perlin James Quanckenboss Glen Rice Lance Wallace Office of Emergency and Remedial Response Jim Konz Office of Pollution, Pesticides and Toxic Pat Kennedy Substances Cathy Fehrenbacker Office of Water Denis Borum Helen Jacobs Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Warren Peters EPA Regions Steve Ehlers  Reg. VI Maria Martinez  Reg. VI Mike Morton  Reg. VI Jeffrey Yurk  Reg. VI Youngmoo Kim  Reg. VI In addition, the National Exposure Research Laboratory ( NERL) of the Office of Research and Development of EPA made an important contribution to this handbook by conducting additional analyses of the National Human Activity Pattern Survey ( NHAPS) data. EPA input to the NHAPS data analysis came from Karen A. Hammerstrom and Jacqueline Moya from NCEA Washington Office; William C. Nelson from NERL RTP, and Stephen C. Hern, Joseph V. Behar ( retired), and William H. Englemann from NERL Las Vegas.

The EPA Office of Water made an important contribution by conducting an analysis of the USDA Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individual ( CSFII) data. They provided fish intake rates for the general population. The analysis was conducted under the direction of Helen Jacobs from the Office of Water.


[Federal Register: April 17, 2006 (Volume 71, Number 73)]
[Notices]
[Page 19762-19763]
[DOCID:fr17ap06-108]

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Submission for OMB Review; Comment Request

Upon Written Request, Copies Available From: Securities and Exchange
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Extension:
    Rule 19a-1, SEC File No. 270-240 and OMB Control No. 3235-0216.

    Notice is hereby given that, pursuant to the Paperwork Reduction
Act of 1995 (44 U.S.C. 3501-3520), the Securities and Exchange
Commission (the ``Commission'') has submitted to the Office of
Management and Budget requests for extension of the previously approved
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of 1940 (the ``Act'') makes it unlawful for any registered investment
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    Rule 19a-1 (17 CFR 270.19a-1) under the Act, entitled ``Written
Statement to Accompany Dividend Payments by Management Companies,''
sets forth specific requirements for the information that must be
included in statements made pursuant to section 19(a) by or on behalf
of management companies.\1\ The rule requires that the statement
indicate what portions of distribution payments are made from net
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is made from net profits, rule 19a-1 also requires that the statement
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    \1\ Section 4(3) of the Act [15 U.S.C. 80a-4(3)] defines
``management company'' as ``any investment company other than a face
amount certificate company or a unit investment trust.''
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    The purpose of rule 19a-1 is to afford fund shareholders adequate
disclosure of the sources from which distribution payments are made.
The rule is intended to prevent shareholders from confusing income
dividends with distributions made from capital sources. Absent rule
19a-1, shareholders might receive a false impression of fund gains.
    Based on a review of filings made with the Commission, the staff
estimates that approximately 3000 portfolios of registered investment
companies that are management companies may be subject to rule 19a-1
each year, and that each portfolio on average mails two statements per
year to meet the requirements of the rule.\2\ The staff further
estimates that the time needed to make the determinations required by
the rule and to prepare the statement required under the rule is
approximately 1.5 hours per statement. The total annual burden for all
portfolios therefore is estimated to be approximately 9,000 burden
hours.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \2\ A few portfolios make monthly distributions from sources
other than net income, so the rule requires them to send out a
statement 12 times a year. Other portfolios never make such
distributions.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The staff estimates that approximately one-third of the total
annual burden (3,000 hours) would be incurred by a senior
administrative officer with an average hourly wage rate of
approximately $158 per hour, and approximately two-thirds of the annual
burden (6,000 hours) would be incurred by senior clerical staff with an
average hourly wage rate of $25 per hour.\3\ The staff therefore
estimates that the aggregate annual cost of complying with the
paperwork requirements of the rule is approximately $624,000 ((3,000
hours x $158) + (6,000 hours x $25)).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    \3\ All hourly rates in this Supporting Statement are derived
from the average annual salaries reported for employees outside of
New York City in Securities Industry Association, Management and
Professional Earnings in the Securities Industry (2003) and
Securities Industry Association, Office Salaries in the Securities
Industry (2003).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------

    The estimate of average burden hours is made solely for the
purposes of the Paperwork Reduction Act, and is not derived from a
comprehensive or even a representative survey or study of the costs of
Commission rules. Compliance with the collection of information
required by rule 19a-1 is mandatory for management companies that make
written statements to shareholders pursuant to section 19(a) of the
Act. Responses will not be kept confidential. An agency may not conduct
or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of
information unless it displays a currently valid control number.
    General comments regarding the above information should be directed
to the following persons: (i) Desk Officer for the Securities and
Exchange Commission, Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs,
Office of Management and Budget, Room 10102, New Executive Office
Building, Washington, DC 20503 or e-mail to:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>and (ii) R. Corey Booth, Director/Chief

Information Officer, Securities and Exchange Commission, c/o Shirley
Martinson, 6432 General Green Way, Alexandria, Virginia 22312, or send
an e-mail to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Comments must be submitted to OMB
within 30 days of this notice.

    Dated: April 6, 2006.
Nancy M. Morris,
Secretary.
[FR Doc. E6-5685 Filed 4-14-06; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 8010-01-P


[Federal Register Volume 80, Number 82 (Wednesday, April 29, 2015)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 23741-23742]
[FR Doc No: 2015-09815]

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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Aviation Administration

14 CFR Part 39

[Docket No. FAA-2015-0095; Directorate Identifier 2015-NE-01-AD]
RIN 2120-AA64

Airworthiness Directives; Rolls-Royce plc Turbofan Engines

AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM).

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: We propose to adopt a new airworthiness directive (AD) for
certain Rolls-Royce plc (RR) RB211-524B-02, RB211-524B2-19, RB211-
524B3-02, RB211-524B4-02, RB211-524B4-D-02, RB211-524C2-19, RB211-
524D4-19, RB211-524D4-39, and RB211-524D4X-19 turbofan engines. This
proposed AD was prompted by several failures of affected high-pressure
turbine (HPT) blades. This proposed AD would require removing affected
HPT blades. We are proposing this AD to prevent failure of the HPT
blade, which could lead to failure of one or more engines, loss of
thrust control, and damage to the airplane.

DATES: We must receive comments on this proposed AD by June 29, 2015.

ADDRESSES: You may send comments by any of the following methods:
     Federal eRulemaking Portal: Go to http://www.regulations.gov. Follow the instructions for submitting comments.
     Mail: Docket Management Facility, U.S. Department of
Transportation, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE., West Building Ground Floor,
Room W12-140, Washington, DC 20590-0001.
     Hand Delivery: Deliver to Mail address above between 9
a.m. and 5 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays.
     Fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>.
    For service information identified in this AD, contact Rolls-Royce
plc, Corporate Communications, P.O. Box 31, Derby, England, DE248BJ;
phone: 011-44-1332-242424; fax: 011-44-1332-249936; email: http://www.rolls-royce.com/contact/civil_team.jsp; Internet: https://www.aeromanager.com. You may view this service information at the FAA,
Engine & Propeller Directorate, 12 New England Executive Park,
Burlington, MA. For information on the availability of this material at
the FAA, call<PHONE_NUMBER>.

Examining the AD Docket

    You may examine the AD docket on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov by searching for and locating Docket No. FAA-2015-
0095; or in person at the Docket Operations office between 9 a.m. and 5
p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal holidays. The AD docket
contains this proposed AD, the mandatory continuing airworthiness
information (MCAI), the regulatory evaluation, any comments received,
and other information. The address for the Docket Office (phone: 800-
647-5527) is in the ADDRESSES section. Comments will be available in
the AD docket shortly after receipt.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Katheryn Malatek, Aerospace Engineer,
Engine Certification Office, FAA, Engine & Propeller Directorate, 12
New England Executive Park, Burlington, MA 01803; phone:<PHONE_NUMBER>;
fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>; email<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Comments Invited

    We invite you to send any written relevant data, views, or
arguments about this proposed AD. Send your comments to an address
listed under the ADDRESSES section. Include ``Docket No. FAA-2015-0095;
Directorate Identifier 2015-NE-01-AD'' at the beginning of your
comments. We specifically invite comments on the overall regulatory,
economic, environmental, and energy aspects of this proposed AD. We
will consider all comments received by the closing date and may amend
this proposed AD based on those comments.
    We will post all comments we receive, without change, to http://www.regulations.gov, including any personal information you provide. We
will also post a report summarizing each substantive verbal contact
with FAA personnel concerning this proposed AD.

Discussion

    The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), which is the Technical
Agent for the Member States of the European Community, has issued EASA
AD 2014-0250, dated November 19, 2014 (referred to hereinafter as ``the
MCAI''), to correct an unsafe condition for the specified products. The
MCAI states:

    There were a number of pre-MOD/SB 72-7730 High Pressure Turbine
(HPT) blade failures, with some occurring within a relatively short
time. Engineering analysis carried out by RR on those occurrences
indicates that certain pre-MOD/SB 72-7730 blades, Part Number (P/N)
UL32958 and P/N UL21691 (hereafter referred to as `affected HPT
blade'), with an accumulated life of 6500 flight hours (FH) since
new or more, have an increased risk of in-service failure.
    This condition, if not corrected, could lead to HPT blade
failure, release of debris and consequent (partial or complete) loss
of engine power, possibly resulting in reduced control of the
aeroplane.

    You may obtain further information by examining the MCAI in the AD
docket on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov by searching for
and locating Docket No. FAA-2015-0095.

FAA's Determination and Requirements of This Proposed AD

    This product has been approved by the aviation authority of the
United Kingdom, and is approved for operation in the United States.
Pursuant to our bilateral agreement with the European Community, EASA
has notified us of the unsafe condition described in the MCAI and
service information referenced above. We are proposing this AD because
we evaluated all information provided by EASA and determined the unsafe
condition exists and is likely to exist or develop on other products of
the same type design. This proposed AD would require removal of the
affected HPT blades.

Costs of Compliance

    We estimate that this proposed AD affects 6 engines installed on
airplanes of U.S. registry. We also estimate that it would take about 4
hours per engine to comply with this proposed AD. The average labor
rate is $85 per hour. Pro-rated cost of required parts is about
$250,000 per engine. Based on these figures, we estimate the cost of
this proposed AD on U.S. operators to be $1,502,040.

Authority for This Rulemaking

    Title 49 of the United States Code specifies the FAA's authority to
issue rules on aviation safety. Subtitle I, section 106, describes the
authority of the FAA Administrator. ``Subtitle VII: Aviation
Programs,'' describes in more detail the scope of the Agency's
authority.
    We are issuing this rulemaking under the authority described in
``Subtitle VII, Part A, Subpart III, Section 44701: General
requirements.'' Under that section, Congress charges the FAA with
promoting safe flight of civil aircraft in air commerce by prescribing
regulations for practices, methods, and procedures the Administrator
finds necessary for safety in air commerce. This regulation is within
the scope of that authority because it addresses an unsafe condition
that is likely to exist or develop on products identified in this
rulemaking action.

Regulatory Findings

    We determined that this proposed AD would not have federalism
implications under Executive Order 13132. This proposed AD would not
have a substantial direct effect on the States, on the relationship
between the national Government and the States, or on the distribution
of power and responsibilities among the various levels of government.
    For the reasons discussed above, I certify this proposed
regulation:
    (1) Is not a ``significant regulatory action'' under Executive
Order 12866,
    (2) Is not a ``significant rule'' under the DOT Regulatory Policies
and Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979),
    (3) Will not affect intrastate aviation in Alaska to the extent
that it justifies making a regulatory distinction, and
    (4) Will not have a significant economic impact, positive or
negative, on a substantial number of small entities under the criteria
of the Regulatory Flexibility Act.

List of Subjects in 14 CFR Part 39

    Air transportation, Aircraft, Aviation safety, Incorporation by
reference, Safety.

The Proposed Amendment

    Accordingly, under the authority delegated to me by the
Administrator, the FAA proposes to amend 14 CFR part 39 as follows:

PART 39--AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVES

0
1. The authority citation for part 39 continues to read as follows:

    Authority:  49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701.

Sec.  39.13  [Amended]

0
2. The FAA amends Sec.  39.13 by adding the following new airworthiness
directive (AD):

Rolls-Royce plc: Docket No. FAA-2015-0095; Directorate Identifier
2015-NE-01-AD.

(a) Comments Due Date

    We must receive comments by June 29, 2015.

(b) Affected ADs

    None.

(c) Applicability

    This AD applies to all Rolls-Royce plc (RR) RB211-524B-02,
RB211-524B2-19, RB211-524B3-02, RB211-524B4-02, RB211-524B4-D-02,
RB211-524C2-19, RB211-524D4-19, RB211-524D4-39, and RB211-524D4X-19
turbofan engines with high-pressure turbine (HPT) blades, part
numbers (P/Ns) UL32958 and UL21691, installed.

(d) Reason

    This AD was prompted by several failures of affected HPT blades.
We are issuing this AD to prevent failure of the HPT blade, which
could lead to failure of one or more engines, loss of thrust
control, and damage to the airplane.

(e) Actions and Compliance

    Comply with this AD within the compliance times specified,
unless already done.
    After the effective date of this AD, within 2 months or before
exceeding 6,500 flight hours since first installation of HPT blades,
P/Ns UL32958, and UL21691, on an engine, whichever occurs later,
remove all affected HPT blades from service.

(f) Alternative Methods of Compliance (AMOCs)

    The Manager, Engine Certification Office, FAA, may approve AMOCs
for this AD. Use the procedures found in 14 CFR 39.19 to make your
request. You may email your request to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
(g) Related Information

    (1) For more information about this AD, contact Katheryn
Malatek, Aerospace Engineer, Engine Certification Office, FAA,
Engine & Propeller Directorate, 12 New England Executive Park,
Burlington, MA 01803; phone:<PHONE_NUMBER>; fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>; email:
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>    (2) Refer to MCAI European Aviation Safety Agency AD 2014-0250,
dated November 19, 2014, for more information. You may examine the
MCAI in the AD docket on the Internet at http://www.regulations.gov
by searching for and locating it in Docket No. FAA-2015-0095.

    Issued in Burlington, Massachusetts, on April 22, 2015.
Colleen M. D'Alessandro,
Assistant Directorate Manager, Engine & Propeller Directorate, Aircraft
Certification Service.
[FR Doc. 2015-09815 Filed 4-28-15; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 4910-13-P


[Federal Register Volume 86, Number 237 (Tuesday, December 14, 2021)]
[Proposed Rules]
[Pages 70992-70994]
[FR Doc No: 2021-26978]

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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Aviation Administration

14 CFR Part 71

[Docket No. FAA-2021-1048; Airspace Docket No. 21-ASO-13]
RIN 2120-AA66

Proposed Amendment of VOR Federal Airways V-7, V-9, and V-11;
Eastern United States

AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT.

ACTION: Notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM).

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: This action proposes to modify VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
Federal airways V-7, V-9, and V-11. This action is necessary due to the
planned decommissioning of the Dyersburg, TN, (DYR); Malden, MO, (MAW);
and the Muscle Shoals, AL, (MSL), VOR and Tactical Air Navigation
(VORTAC) facilities, under the FAA's VOR Minimum Operational Network
(MON) program, which provide navigation guidance for segments of the
routes.

DATES: Comments must be received on or before January 28, 2022.

ADDRESSES: Send comments on this proposal to the U.S. Department of
Transportation, Docket Operations, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, West
Building Ground Floor, Room W12-140, Washington, DC 20590; telephone: 1
(800) 647-5527 or<PHONE_NUMBER>. You must identify FAA Docket No. FAA-
2021-1048; Airspace Docket No. 21-ASO-13 at the beginning of your
comments. You may also submit comments through the internet at https://www.regulations.gov.
    FAA Order JO 7400.11F, Airspace Designations and Reporting Points,
and subsequent amendments can be viewed online at https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/. For further information, you can contact the
Rules and Regulations Group, Federal Aviation Administration, 800
Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20591; telephone: (202) 267-
8783. FAA Order JO 7400.11F is also available for inspection at the
National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on
the availability of FAA Order JO 7400.11F at NARA, email:
[email protected] or go to https://www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Paul Gallant, Rules and Regulations
Group, Office of Policy, Federal Aviation Administration, 800
Independence Avenue SW, Washington, DC 20591; telephone: (202) 267-
8783.

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:  Authority for this Rulemaking The FAA's
authority to issue rules regarding aviation safety is found in Title 49
of the United States Code. Subtitle I, Section 106 describes the
authority of the FAA Administrator. Subtitle VII, Aviation Programs,
describes in more detail the scope of the agency's authority. This
rulemaking is promulgated under the authority described in Subtitle
VII, Part A, Subpart I, Section 40103. Under that section, the FAA is
charged with prescribing regulations to assign the use of the airspace
necessary to ensure the safety of aircraft and the efficient use of
airspace. This regulation is within the scope of that authority as it
would modify the VOR Federal airway route structure in the eastern
United States to maintain the efficient flow of air traffic.

Comments Invited

    Interested parties are invited to participate in this proposed
rulemaking by submitting such written data, views, or arguments as they
may desire. Comments that provide the factual basis supporting the
views and suggestions presented are particularly helpful in developing
reasoned regulatory decisions on the proposal. Comments are
specifically invited on the overall regulatory, aeronautical, economic,
environmental, and energy-related aspects of the proposal.
    Communications should identify both docket numbers (FAA Docket No.
FAA-2021-1048; Airspace Docket No. 21-ASO-13) and be submitted in
triplicate to the Docket Management Facility (see ADDRESSES section for
address and phone number). You may also submit

comments through the internet at https://www.regulations.gov.
    Commenters wishing the FAA to acknowledge receipt of their comments
on this action must submit with those comments a self-addressed,
stamped postcard on which the following statement is made: ``Comments
to FAA Docket No. FAA-2021-1048; Airspace Docket No. 21-ASO-13.'' The
postcard will be date/time stamped and returned to the commenter.
    All communications received on or before the specified comment
closing date will be considered before taking action on the proposed
rule. The proposal contained in this action may be changed in light of
comments received. A report summarizing each substantive public contact
with FAA personnel concerned with this rulemaking will be filed in the
docket.

Availability of NPRM's

    An electronic copy of this document may be downloaded through the
internet at https://www.regulations.gov. Recently published rulemaking
documents can also be accessed through the FAA's web page at https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/airspace_amendments/.
    You may review the public docket containing the proposal, any
comments received and any final disposition in person in the Dockets
Office (see ADDRESSES section for address and phone number) between
9:00 a.m. and 5:00 p.m., Monday through Friday, except Federal
holidays. An informal docket may also be examined during normal
business hours at the office of the Eastern Service Center, Federal
Aviation Administration, Room 210, 1701 Columbia Ave., College Park, GA
30337.

Availability and Summary of Documents for Incorporation by Reference

    This document proposes to amend FAA Order JO 7400.11F, Airspace
Designations and Reporting Points, dated August 10, 2021, and effective
September 15, 2021. FAA Order JO 7400.11F is publicly available as
listed in the ADDRESSES section of this proposed rule. FAA Order JO
7400.11F lists Class A, B, C, D, and E airspace areas, air traffic
service routes, and reporting points.

The Proposal

    The FAA is proposing an amendment to 14 CFR part 71 to modify VOR
Federal airways V-7, V-9, and V-11 in the eastern United States due to
the planned decommissioning of the Dyersburg, TN, (DYR); Malden, MO,
(MAW); and the Muscle Shoals, AL, (MSL) VORTACs as part of the FAA VOR
MON program. The proposed route changes are described below.
    V-7: V-7 currently consists of three separate parts: From Dolphin,
FL, to Muscle Shoals, AL; From Pocket City, IN, to the intersection of
radials from the Chicago Heights, IL, and Badger, WI, navigation aids;
and From Green Bay, WI, to Sawyer, MI. The FAA proposes to amend the
first part of the route by removing the segment between Vulcan, AL, and
Muscle Shoals, AL. As amended, the first part of V-7 would extend
between Dolphin, FL, and Montgomery, AL. Parts two and three of the
route would remain unchanged. Additionally, the current legal
description of V-7 contains the following statements: ``The airspace
below 2,000 feet MSL outside the United States is excluded. The portion
outside the United States has no upper limit.'' A review of
aeronautical charts revealed that no part of V-7 extends outside of
United States airspace. Therefore, the FAA intends to remove the
statements from the legal description. Other changes to V-7 are being
proposed in a separate docket action.
    V-9: V-9 currently consists of two separate parts: From Leeville,
LA, to Pontiac, IL; and from Janesville, WI, to Houghton, MI. The FAA
proposes to remove the airway segments between Sidon, MS, and Malden,
MO, from the first part of the route. As a result, the first part of
the route would extend between Leeville, LA, and Magnolia, MS. This
proposal would move the start point for the second part of the route
from Janesville, WI, to Farmington, MO. The second part of the route
would extend from Farmington to Pontiac, IL. V-9 would then consist of
a third part from Janesville, WI, to Houghton, MI.
    V-11: V-11 currently extends between Magnolia, MS. and the
intersection of the Fort Wayne, IN, 038[deg], and the Flag City, OH,
308[deg] radials. The FAA proposes to remove the segments between
Magnolia, MS, and Dyersburg, TN. As amended, V-11 would extend between
Cunningham, KY and the intersection of the Fort Wayne, IN, 038[deg],
and the Flag City, OH, 308[deg] radials, as currently charted.
    Domestic VOR Federal airways are published in paragraph 6010(a) of
FAA Order JO 7400.11F, dated August 10, 2021, and effective September
15, 2021, which is incorporated by reference in 14 CFR 71.1. The VOR
Federal airways listed in this document would be subsequently published
in FAA Order JO 7400.11.
    FAA Order JO 7400.11, Airspace Designations and Reporting Points,
is published yearly and effective on September 15.

Regulatory Notices and Analyses

    The FAA has determined that this proposed regulation only involves
an established body of technical regulations for which frequent and
routine amendments are necessary to keep them operationally current.
It, therefore: (1) Is not a ``significant regulatory action'' under
Executive Order 12866; (2) is not a ``significant rule'' under
Department of Transportation (DOT) Regulatory Policies and Procedures
(44 FR 11034; February 26, 1979); and (3) does not warrant preparation
of a regulatory evaluation as the anticipated impact is so minimal.
Since this is a routine matter that will only affect air traffic
procedures and air navigation, it is certified that this proposed rule,
when promulgated, will not have a significant economic impact on a
substantial number of small entities under the criteria of the
Regulatory Flexibility Act.

Environmental Review

    This proposal will be subject to an environmental analysis in
accordance with FAA Order 1050.1F, ``Environmental Impacts: Policies
and Procedures'' prior to any FAA final regulatory action.

List of Subjects in 14 CFR Part 71

    Airspace, Incorporation by reference, Navigation (air).

The Proposed Amendment

    In consideration of the foregoing, the Federal Aviation
Administration proposes to amend 14 CFR part 71 as follows:

PART 71--DESIGNATION OF CLASS A, B, C, D, AND E AIRSPACE AREAS; AIR
TRAFFIC SERVICE ROUTES; AND REPORTING POINTS

0
1. The authority citation for 14 CFR part 71 continues to read as
follows:

    Authority:  49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g); 40103, 40113, 40120; E.O.
10854, 24 FR 9565, 3 CFR, 1959-1963 Comp., p. 389.

Sec.  71.1  [Amended]

0
2. The incorporation by reference in 14 CFR 71.1 of FAA Order JO
7400.11F, Airspace Designations and Reporting Points, dated August 10,
2021, and effective September 15, 2021, is amended as follows:

Paragraph 6010(a) Domestic VOR Federal Airways.

* * * * *

V-7 [Amended]

    From Dolphin, FL; INT Dolphin 299[deg] and Lee County, FL,
120[deg] radials; Lee County; Lakeland, FL; Cross City, FL;
Seminole, FL; Wiregrass, AL; INT Wiregrass 333[deg] and Montgomery,
AL, 129[deg] radials; Montgomery. From Pocket City, IN; INT Pocket
City 016[deg] and Terre Haute, IN, 191[deg] radials; Terre Haute;
Boiler, IN; Chicago Heights, IL; to INT Chicago Heights 358[deg] and
Badger, WI, 117[deg] radials. From Green Bay, WI; Menominee, MI; to
Sawyer, MI.
* * * * *

V-9 [Amended]

    From Leeville, LA; McComb, MS; INT McComb 004[deg] and Magnolia,
MS 194[deg] radials; to Magnolia. From Farmington, MO; St. Louis,
MO; Spinner, IL; to Pontiac, IL. From Janesville, WI; Madison, WI;
Oshkosh, WI; Green Bay, WI; Iron Mountain, MI; to Houghton, MI.
* * * * *

V-11 [Amended]

    From Cunningham, KY; Pocket City, IN; Brickyard, IN; Marion, IN;
Fort Wayne, IN; to INT Fort Wayne 038[deg] and Flag City, OH,
308[deg] radials.
* * * * *

    Issued in Washington, DC, on December 7, 2021.
Margaret C. Flategraff,
Acting Manager, Rules and Regulations Group.
[FR Doc. 2021-26978 Filed 12-13-21; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-13-P


[Federal Register Volume 80, Number 94 (Friday, May 15, 2015)]
[Notices]
[Page 27945]
[FR Doc No: 2015-11747]

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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

[Docket No. NJ15-14-000]

Oncor Electric Delivery Company LLC; Notice of Filing

    Take notice that on April 30, 2015, Oncor Electric Delivery Company
LLC submitted its tariff filing per 35.28(e): Oncor TFO Tariff Rate
Changes to be effective March 20, 2015.
    Any person desiring to intervene or to protest this filing must
file in accordance with Rules 211 and 214 of the Commission's Rules of
Practice and Procedure (18 CFR 385.211, 385.214). Protests will be
considered by the Commission in determining the appropriate action to
be taken, but will not serve to make protestants parties to the
proceeding. Any person wishing to become a party must file a notice of
intervention or motion to intervene, as appropriate. Such notices,
motions, or protests must be filed on or before the comment date. On or
before the comment date, it is not necessary to serve motions to
intervene or protests on persons other than the Applicant.
    The Commission encourages electronic submission of protests and
interventions in lieu of paper using the ``eFiling'' link at http://www.ferc.gov. Persons unable to file electronically should submit an
original and 5 copies of the protest or intervention to the Federal
Energy Regulatory Commission, 888 First Street NE., Washington, DC
20426.
    This filing is accessible on-line at http://www.ferc.gov, using the
``eLibrary'' link and is available for review in the Commission's
Public Reference Room in Washington, DC. There is an ``eSubscription''
link on the Web site that enables subscribers to receive email
notification when a document is added to a subscribed docket(s). For
assistance with any FERC Online service, please email
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or call<PHONE_NUMBER> (toll free). For
TTY, call<PHONE_NUMBER>.
    Comment Date: 5:00 p.m. Eastern Time on May 21, 2015.

    Dated: May 1, 2015.
Nathaniel J. Davis, Sr.,
Deputy Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2015-11747 Filed 5-14-15; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 6717-01-P


[Federal Register Volume 83, Number 234 (Thursday, December 6, 2018)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Pages 62701-62702]
[FR Doc No: 2018-26364]

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DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Aviation Administration

14 CFR Part 39

[Docket No. FAA-2018-0371; Product Identifier 2018-CE-005-AD; Amendment
39-19504; AD 2018-23-16]
RIN 2120-AA64

Airworthiness Directives; Pacific Aerospace Limited Airplanes

AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Department of
Transportation (DOT).

ACTION: Final rule.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: We are adopting a new airworthiness directive (AD) for Pacific
Aerospace Limited Model 750XL airplanes. This AD results from mandatory
continuing airworthiness information (MCAI) issued by an aviation
authority of another country to identify and correct an unsafe
condition on an aviation product. The MCAI describes the unsafe
condition as insufficient clearance between the pitot tubes and the
primary support at the flame arrester intersection. We are issuing this
AD to require actions to address the unsafe condition on these
products.

DATES: This AD is effective January 10, 2019.
    The Director of the Federal Register approved the incorporation by
reference of a certain publication listed in the AD as of January 10,
2019.

ADDRESSES: You may examine the AD docket on the internet at http://www.regulations.gov by searching for and locating Docket No. FAA-2018-
0371; or in person at Docket Operations, U.S. Department of
Transportation, Docket Operations, M-30, West Building Ground Floor,
Room W12-140, 1200 New Jersey Avenue SE, Washington, DC 20590.
    For service information identified in this AD, contact Pacific
Aerospace Limited, Airport Road, Hamilton, Private Bag 3027, Hamilton
3240, New Zealand; phone: +64 7843 6144; fax: +64 843 6134; email:
[email protected]; internet: www.aerospace.co.nz. You may view
this referenced service information at the FAA, Policy and Innovation
Division, 901 Locust, Kansas City, Missouri 64106. For information on
the availability of this material at the FAA, call<PHONE_NUMBER>. It
is also available on the internet at http://www.regulations.gov by
searching for Docket No. FAA-2018-0371.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mike Kiesov, Aerospace Engineer, FAA,
Small Airplane Standards Branch, 901 Locust, Room 301, Kansas City,
Missouri 64106; telephone:<PHONE_NUMBER>; fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>; email:
[email protected].

SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:

Discussion

    We issued a notice of proposed rulemaking (NPRM) to amend 14 CFR
part 39 by adding an AD that would apply to Pacific Aerospace Limited
Model 750XL airplanes. The NPRM was published in the Federal Register
on May 11, 2018 (83 FR 21962). The NPRM proposed to correct an unsafe
condition for the specified products and was based on mandatory
continuing airworthiness information (MCAI) originated by the Civil
Aviation Authority of New Zealand (CAA). The MCAI states:

    Pacific Aerospace SB PACSB/XL/094 issue 2, dated 20 March 2018
revised to include inspection information, and DCA/750XL/24A updated
to introduce the revised SB.
    The [CAA] AD is prompted by a production inspection of installed
pitot static plumbing which identified insufficient clearance
between the pitot tubes and the primary support at the flame
arrestor intersection.

    This AD requires inspecting the pitot static tubes for chafing
damage, replacing tubing as necessary, installing an additional clamp
for pitot static tube support, protecting plumbing with spiralwrap, and
ensuring proper clearance between the pitot tubes and the primary
support at the flame arrester intersection. The MCAI can be found in
the AD docket on the internet at: https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=FAA-2018-0371-0002.

Comments

    We gave the public the opportunity to participate in developing
this AD. We received no comments on the NPRM or on the determination of
the cost to the public.

Conclusion

    We reviewed the relevant data and determined that air safety and
the public interest require adopting the AD as proposed except for
minor editorial changes and changes to clarify the reference to the
service information. We have determined that these minor changes:
     Are consistent with the intent that was proposed in the
NPRM for correcting the unsafe condition; and
     Do not add any additional burden upon the public than was
already proposed in the NPRM.

Related Service Information Under 1 CFR Part 51

    We reviewed Pacific Aerospace Service Bulletin PACSB/XL/094, Issue
2, dated March 20, 2018. The service information contains procedures
for inspecting the pitot static tubing for chafing, replacing tubing as
necessary, installing an additional clamp for pitot static tube
support, protecting plumbing with spiralwrap, and ensuring proper
clearance between the pitot tubes and the primary support at the flame
arrester intersection. This service information is reasonably available
because the interested parties have access to it through their normal
course of business or by the means identified in the ADDRESSES section.

Costs of Compliance

    We estimate that this AD will affect 22 products of U.S. registry.
We also estimate that it would take about 1 work-hour per product to
comply with the pitot static tubing inspection and installation of
support clamps and spiral wrap required by this AD. The average labor
rate is $85 per work-hour. Required parts would cost about $25 per
product.
    Based on these figures, we estimate the cost of the AD on U.S.
operators to be $2,420, or $110 per product.
    In addition, we estimate that any necessary follow-on actions to
replace damaged tubing would take about 1 work-hour and require parts
costing $25, for a cost of $110 per product. We have no way of
determining the number of products that may need these actions.

Authority for This Rulemaking

    Title 49 of the United States Code specifies the FAA's authority to
issue rules on aviation safety. Subtitle I, section 106, describes the
authority of the FAA Administrator. ``Subtitle VII: Aviation
Programs,'' describes in more detail the scope of the Agency's
authority.
    We are issuing this rulemaking under the authority described in
``Subtitle VII, Part A, Subpart III, Section 44701: General
requirements.'' Under that section, Congress charges the FAA with
promoting safe flight of civil aircraft in air commerce by prescribing
regulations for practices, methods, and procedures the Administrator
finds necessary for safety in air commerce. This regulation is within
the scope of that authority because it addresses an unsafe condition
that is likely to exist or develop on products identified in this
rulemaking action.
    This AD is issued in accordance with authority delegated by the
Executive

Director, Aircraft Certification Service, as authorized by FAA Order
8000.51C. In accordance with that order, issuance of ADs is normally a
function of the Compliance and Airworthiness Division, but during this
transition period, the Executive Director has delegated the authority
to issue ADs applicable to small airplanes, gliders, balloons,
airships, domestic business jet transport airplanes, and associated
appliances to the Director of the Policy and Innovation Division.

Regulatory Findings

    We determined that this AD will not have federalism implications
under Executive Order 13132. This AD will not have a substantial direct
effect on the States, on the relationship between the national
government and the States, or on the distribution of power and
responsibilities among the various levels of government.
    For the reasons discussed above, I certify this AD:
    (1) Is not a ``significant regulatory action'' under Executive
Order 12866,
    (2) Is not a ``significant rule'' under the DOT Regulatory Policies
and Procedures (44 FR 11034, February 26, 1979),
    (3) Will not affect intrastate aviation in Alaska, and
    (4) Will not have a significant economic impact, positive or
negative, on a substantial number of small entities under the criteria
of the Regulatory Flexibility Act.

List of Subjects in 14 CFR Part 39

    Air transportation, Aircraft, Aviation safety, Incorporation by
reference, Safety.

Adoption of the Amendment

    Accordingly, under the authority delegated to me by the
Administrator, the FAA amends 14 CFR part 39 as follows:

PART 39--AIRWORTHINESS DIRECTIVES

0
1. The authority citation for part 39 continues to read as follows:

     Authority:  49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113, 44701.

Sec.  39.13  [Amended]

0
2. The FAA amends Sec.  39.13 by adding the following new airworthiness
directive (AD):

2018-23-16 Pacific Aerospace Limited: Amendment 39-19504; Docket No.
FAA-2018-0371; Product Identifier 2018-CE-005-AD.

(a) Effective Date

    This AD becomes effective January 10, 2019.

(b) Affected ADs

    None.

(c) Applicability

    This AD applies to Pacific Aerospace Limited Model 750XL
airplanes, serial numbers up to and including 200, certificated in
any category.

(d) Subject

    Air Transport Association of America (ATA) Code 34: Navigation.

(e) Reason

    This AD was prompted by mandatory continuing airworthiness
information (MCAI) originated by an aviation authority of another
country to identify and address an unsafe condition on an aviation
product. The MCAI describes the unsafe condition as insufficient
clearance between the pitot tubes and the primary support at the
flame arrester intersection. We are issuing this AD to prevent
chafing between the pitot-static plumbing and the flame arrestor,
which could lead to damage of the pitot-static lines.

(f) Actions and Compliance

    Unless already done, do the following actions in paragraphs
(f)(1) through (3) of this AD.
    (1) Within 100 hours time-in-service (TIS) after January 10,
2019 (the effective date of this AD) or within 60 days after January
10, 2019 (the effective date of this AD), whichever occurs first,
inspect the pitot static tubing adjacent to the flame arrestor for
chafing damage.
    (2) If any chafing damage is found during the inspection
required in paragraph (f)(1) of this AD, before further flight,
repair or replace any damaged tubing and conduct a pitot and static
leak check.
    (3) Within 100 hours TIS after January 10, 2019 (the effective
date of this AD) or within 60 days after January 10, 2019 (the
effective date of this AD), whichever occurs first, install an
additional support clamp, protect plumbing with spiralwrap, and
ensure proper clearance between the pitot tubes and the primary
support at the flame arrester intersection. Follow paragraphs (3)
through (6) of the Accomplishment Instructions in Pacific Aerospace
Service Bulletin PACSB/XL/094, Issue 2, dated March 20, 2018.

(g) Other FAA AD Provisions

    The following provisions also apply to this AD:
    (1) Alternative Methods of Compliance (AMOCs): The Manager,
Small Airplane Standards Branch, FAA, has the authority to approve
AMOCs for this AD, if requested using the procedures found in 14 CFR
39.19. Send information to ATTN: Mike Kiesov, Aerospace Engineer,
FAA, Small Airplane Standards Branch, 901 Locust, Room 301, Kansas
City, Missouri 64106; telephone:<PHONE_NUMBER>; fax: (816) 329-
4090; email: [email protected]. Before using any approved AMOC on
any airplane to which the AMOC applies, notify your appropriate
principal inspector (PI) in the FAA Flight Standards District Office
(FSDO), or lacking a PI, your local FSDO.
    (2) Contacting the Manufacturer: For any requirement in this AD
to obtain corrective actions from a manufacturer, the action must
instead be accomplished using a method approved by the Manager,
Small Airplane Standards Branch, FAA; or Civil Aviation Authority of
New Zealand (CAA).

(h) Related Information

    Refer to MCAI CAA AD DCA/750XL/24A, dated March 22, 2018, for
related information. The MCAI can be found in the AD docket on the
internet at: https://www.regulations.gov/document?D=FAA-2018-0371-0002.

(i) Material Incorporated by Reference

    (1) The Director of the Federal Register approved the
incorporation by reference (IBR) of the service information listed
in this paragraph under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51.
    (2) You must use this service information as applicable to do
the actions required by this AD, unless the AD specifies otherwise.
    (i) Pacific Aerospace Service Bulletin PACSB/XL/094, Issue 2,
dated March 20, 2018.
    (ii) [Reserved]
    (3) For service information identified in this AD, contact
Pacific Aerospace Limited, Airport Road, Hamilton, Private Bag 3027,
Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; phone: +64 7843 6144; fax: +64 843 6134;
email: [email protected]; internet: www.aerospace.co.nz.
    (4) You may view this service information at the FAA, Policy and
Innovation Division, 901 Locust, Kansas City, Missouri 64106. For
information on the availability of this material at the FAA, call
(816) 329-4148. In addition, you can access this service information
on the internet at http://www.regulations.gov by searching for and
locating Docket No. FAA-2018-0371.
    (5) You may view this service information that is incorporated
by reference at the National Archives and Records Administration
(NARA). For information on the availability of this material at
NARA, call<PHONE_NUMBER>, or go to: http://www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr-locations.html.

    Issued in Kansas City, Missouri, on November 27, 2018.
Melvin J. Johnson,
Aircraft Certification Service, Deputy Director, Policy and Innovation
Division, AIR-601.
[FR Doc. 2018-26364 Filed 12-4-18; 8:45 am]
 BILLING CODE 4910-13-P


[Federal Register Volume 77, Number 18 (Friday, January 27, 2012)]
[Notices]
[Page 4391]
[FR Doc No: 2012-1848]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Aviation Administration

Agency Information Collection Activities: Requests for Comments;
Clearance of Renewed Approval of Information Collection: Operating
Requirements: Domestic, Flag and Supplemental Operations

AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT.

ACTION: Notice and request for comments.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

SUMMARY: In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act of 1995, FAA
invites public comments about our intention to request the Office of
Management and Budget (OMB) approval to renew an information
collection. The Federal Register Notice with a 60-day comment period
soliciting comments on the following collection of information was
published on November 22, 2011, vol. 76, no. 225, page 72237-72238. 14
CFR Part 121 prescribes the requirements governing air carrier
operations. The information collected is used to determine air
operators' compliance with the minimum safety standards and the
applicants' eligibility for air operations certification.

DATES: Written comments should be submitted by February 27, 2012.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Kathy DePaepe at<PHONE_NUMBER>, or by
email at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION:
    OMB Control Number: 2120-0008.
    Title: Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag and Supplemental
Operations.
    Form Numbers: FAA Form 8070-1.
    Type of Review: Renewal of an information collection.
    Background: Under the authority of Title 49 CFR, Section 44701,
Federal Aviation Regulations Part 121 prescribe the terms, conditions,
and limitations as are necessary to ensure safety in air
transportation. Each operator which seeks to obtain, or is in
possession of, an air carrier operating certificate must comply with
the requirements of FAR Part 121 in order to maintain data which is
used to determine if the air carrier is operating in accordance with
minimum safety standards.
    Respondents: Approximately 75 air operators/applicants.
    Frequency: Information is collected on occasion.
    Estimated Average Burden per Response: 27.52 hours.
    Estimated Total Annual Burden: 1,465,094 hours.

ADDRESSES: Interested persons are invited to submit written comments on
the proposed information collection to the Office of Information and
Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and Budget. Comments should be
addressed to the attention of the Desk Officer, Department of
Transportation/FAA, and sent via electronic mail to<EMAIL_ADDRESS>or faxed to<PHONE_NUMBER>, or mailed to the
Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs, Office of Management and
Budget, Docket Library, Room 10102, 725 17th Street NW., Washington, DC
20503.
    Public Comments Invited: You are asked to comment on any aspect of
this information collection, including (a) Whether the proposed
collection of information is necessary for FAA's performance; (b) the
accuracy of the estimated burden; (c) ways for FAA to enhance the
quality, utility and clarity of the information collection; and (d)
ways that the burden could be minimized without reducing the quality of
the collected information. The agency will summarize and/or include
your comments in the request for OMB's clearance of this information
collection.

    Issued in Washington, DC on January 19, 2012.
Albert R. Spence,
FAA Assistant Information Collection Clearance Officer, IT Enterprises
Business Services Division, AES-200.
[FR Doc. 2012-1848 Filed 1-26-12; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 4910-13-P


OECD/ SIDS IAR  Propanal  11/ 11/ 94 SIDS INITIAL ASSESSMENT PROFILE CAS NO 123 38 6 CHEMICAL NAME Propanal STRUCTURAL FORMULA O CH3 CH2 CH RECOMMENDATION OF THE SPONSOR COUNTRY [ X] currently of low priority for further work [ ] currently of low priority for further work, but avoid exposure to man and the environment [ ] requiring further information to assess identified concerns [ ] candidate for in depth risk assessment with a view to possible risk reduction activities SHORT SUMMARY OF THE REASONS WHICH SUPPORT THE RECOMMENDATION Although propionaldehyde is a high production volume chemical, it finds use almost solely as a chemical intermediate. The aldehyde itself does not have uses in consumer products. Production and conversion to other chemicals necessarily take place in closed systems because of the extremely volatile nature of this chemical. The material is transported between site locations by bulk carrier. These practices minimize exposure within the workplace. This assumption is supported by industrial hygiene monitoring data which indicate a large portion of samples are below the detection limit of 0.01 ppm and exposures very rarely exceed 1 ppm.

U. S. TRI reporting requirements indicate that sizable fugitive emissions exist. However, propionaldehyde has a relatively short existence in air ( T1/ 2   6 hours). In addition, the chemical will tend to partition from air into water ( Henry's Constant 3.32 atms./ mole fraction). Aldehydes are reactive and readily oxidize, propionaldehyde yielding propionic acid, a natural constituent in nature. Further, if the aldehyde were to enter the systemic milieu of an organism, it would be rapidly oxidized to propionic acid and serve as a nutrient.

Basic toxicology studies provide data to sufficiently identify the most sensitive toxic effect of propionaldehyde, irritation upon direct contact with tissues. It does not have specific adverse effects on the reproductive capabilities of either male or female rats and does not produce specific adverse effects on the developing offspring of laboratory animals. This aldehyde has exhibited weak genotoxic activity in some in vitro assay systems, this is consistent with what has been observed with other short chain alkyl aldehydes.

These considerations, taken in total, demonstrate a low order of priority for further work. 1 OECD/ SIDS IAR  Propanal  11/ 11/ 94 Table of Contents 1. Exposure Assessment 2 1.1 Production Volumes 2 1.2 Major Uses 2 1.3 Manufacturing Process 2 1.4 Distribution 2 1.5 Fugitive 2 1.6 Workplace Monitoring 2 2.0 Summary of Environmental Effects 3 2.1 Environmental Fate 3 2.2 Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms 3 2.3 Toxicity to Plants 3 3.0 Summary of Health Effects 3 3.1 Acute Toxicity and Primary Irritancy 3 3.2 Effects Resulting from Repeated Exposure 4 3.3 Effects on Reproductive Capabilities 4 3.4 Effects on Developmental Toxicity 4 3.5 Genotoxic Effects 4 4.0 Conclusions 4 2 OECD/ SIDS IAR  Propanal  11/ 11/ 94 1.0 Exposure Assessment 1.1 Production Volumes:

The estimated annual production of propionaldehyde in the United States is in the order of 275 million pounds. Worldwide, it is estimated that 405 million pounds of this aldehyde are produced annually. Of this total production volume, it is believed that greater than 99% is used as an internal plant chemical intermediate.

1.2 Major Uses:

The major uses of propionaldehyde is as a reactive intermediate in the manufacture of npropanol propionic acid, 2 methyl pentanol, trimethyolethane polyols, polyethylene additives, fragrance chemicals and fungicides. Propionaldehyde, being a reactive chemical intermediate, is not directly used in products reaching the consumer. Because of its reactive nature and volatility, residual concentration of propionaldehyde in consumer products is very low.

1.3 Manufacturing Process:

Typically, propionaldehyde is manufactured by the catalytic hydroformylation of ethylene with carbon monoxide and hydrogen ( Oxo Process). The reaction is carried out under high pressure in closed systems. Crude propionaldehyde is stripped of dissolved gasses and heavy residuals by gas stripping in pressured columns and stored for downstream derivatives production. Propionaldehyde is stored in pressured tanks or tanks equipped with internal floating roofs in order to minimize losses by evaporation. Processes which use propionaldehyde as a reactive intermediate are conducted in closed manufacturing systems.

1.4 Distribution:

For internal plant uses, propionaldehyde typically is transported by pipeline. Tank cars ( rail cars) and tank trucks are used for shipment to domestic customers. I 1.5 Fugitive Emissions:

In the United States, for the year 1990, there were 18 facilities which reported environmental release information under provisions of the Super Fund Amendment Reauthorization Act ( SARA). These were facilities either which manufactured or processed 25,000 pounds or more, or used more than 10,000 pounds of propionaldehyde. The Toxic Release Inventory ( TRI) indicates that these facilities collectively released 988,986 pounds of propionaldehyde into the air and 34,885 pounds to other segments of the environment. By 1992, total TRI reported emissions had decreased by   25% from those reported in 1990. 3 OECD/ SIDS IAR  Propanal  11/ 11/ 94 1.6 Workplace Monitoring:

In the 17 year period between 1975 and 1992, a total of 73 personnel samples had been taken within the " Oxo" production unit of Union Carbide. Of these, 62 ( » 85%) were below the detection limit of 0.01 ppm. The maximum TWA measured over this interval was 26 ppm and the geometric mean for all 73 TWA determinations was » 0.2 ppm. In the same time frame 16 TWA determinations were made within the In Plant Distribution Department. Of these 8 ( 50%) were below the detection limit of 0.01 ppm. In one or two instances excursions in the range of 100 ppm were determined, but the geometric mean for all 16 samples was still in the range of 1 ppm. We believe that these low personnel exposures are typical of the industry as a whole. Considering the low concentrations of propionaldehyde measured within the production unit, air concentrations at the fence line and within the surrounding community must be extremely low.

2.0 Summary of Environmental Effects 2.1 Environmental Fate:

Based upon the physical and chemical properties, propionaldehyde will not be a persistent environmental contaminant. This chemical is highly soluble in water and has an octanol/ water partition coefficient of less than 1. As with most aldehydes, it is a reactive molecule and readily oxidizes to propionic acid. Propionic acid can be metabolized in biological organisms by the enzymatic pathways of intermediary metabolism: Thus, propionic acid serves as a nutrient. The aerobic Biological Oxidation Demand ( BOD) has been shown to be 70% of the theoretical Chemical Oxidation Demand ( COD) in 5 days and 95% in 20 days using unacclimated domestic sewage microorganisms. Given these considerations, propionaldehyde does not pose the threat of persistent environmental contamination.

2.2 Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms:

Propionaldehyde is of a moderate degree of toxicity to fish, is of a low order of toxicity to Daphnia and is moderately toxic to algae. These data suggest that it would pose a moderate environmental threat in the event of accidental spills into ponds or streams. Finally, the aldehyde has been shown to be at most only a slight threat to water treatment plants based on toxicity to bacteria.

2.3 Toxicity to Plants:

A single study demonstrated that propionaldehyde can inhibit the germination of seeds, but only at relatively high concentrations. 4 OECD/ SIDS IAR  Propanal  11/ 11/ 94 3.0 Summary of Health Effects:

3.1 Acute Toxicity and Primary Irritancy:

Propionaldehyde is of a moderate degree of lethal toxicity by single dose oral ingestion, only of slight acute lethal toxicity by a single exposure to vapor, is of slight lethal toxicity by skin contact but is moderately to severely irritating to the skin and could produce corneal damage if accidentally splashed into the eyes.

3.2 Effects Resulting from Repeated Exposure:

The major effect noted on repeated exposure to high concentrations of propionaldehyde in a study conducted under the OECD/ SIDS Combined Protocol appeared to be associated with tissues which come in direct contact with the vapor, particularly the tissues of the nasal septum. In addition to the nasal lesions, evidence of hematological changes in male rats, predominantly associated with erythrocytes, and a slight effect on male relative kidney weight was noted at the 1500 ppm exposure concentration without histopathological confirmation of tissue damage. Decreased food consumption was noted in females exposed to vapor concentrations of 750 and 1500 ppm. No " No Observable Adverse Effects Level" ( NOAEL) was established in this study, the NOAEL for systemic toxicity, however, was 150 ppm.

3.3 Effects on Reproductive Capabilities:

The effect of propionaldehyde on reproductive performance of rats was investigated in the OECD/ SIDS Combined Protocol. In that study, no effects were noted on any reproductive parameter in animals exposed to vapor at concentrations up to 1500 ppm. Litter size and viability were similar among exposure groups ( 150, 750 and 1500 ppm) and the control. Thus the NOAEL for reproductive toxicity was greater than 1500 ppm.

3.4 Effects on Developmental Toxicity:

Information on the effects of propionaldehyde on the developing embryo and fetus was obtained in a study conducted by the OECD/ SIDS Combined Protocol. In that study there was no evidence of external malformations in pups from dams exposed to vapor at concentrations up to 1500 ppm over the entire gestation. The data from the combined SIDS Protocol study suggest a NOAEL for developmental toxicity of greater than 1500 ppm.

3.5 Genotoxic Effects:

The genotoxic activity of propionaldehyde has been investigated in a number of different model systems. In a bacterial gene mutation assay using Salmonella typhinurium ( Ames Test), 5 OECD/ SIDS IAR  Propanal  11/ 11/ 94 propionaldehyde consistently did not produce effects consistent with mutagenic activity. It did produce evidence of a weak mutagenic effect in an in vitro mammalian cell assay, the CHO V79 model No clastogenic activity was detected when propionaldehyde was tested in an in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay. These data are not inconsistent with those obtained with other short chain alkyl aldehydes such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.

4.0 Conclusions Propionaldehyde is a high production volume chemical which finds almost sole use as a chemical intermediate. It use is primarily in the manufacture of n propanol, propionic acid, 2 methyl pentanol, trimethyolethane polyols, polyethylene additives, fragrance chemicals and fungicides. It is produced and used exclusively in closed systems and transported by bulk carrier. These conditions predicate low exposure of personnel in the work place. This has been confirmed by industrial hygiene monitoring data. Considering the very low concentrations of propionaldehyde measured within production facilities, fence line concentrations need be negligible.

Based upon physical and chemical properties, propionaldehyde is an unlikely candidate as a persistent environmental contaminant. It is calculated to have a short half life in air and would be scavenged from air into water. It is easily oxidized to propionic acid, a natural constituent of nature. The aldehyde itself has been shown to be moderately toxic to fish and algae and of a low order of toxicity to daphnia. Episodic accidental spills into ponds and streams would pose a moderate environmental threat. Considering its rapid oxidation to propionic acid, this threat would be temporary in nature.

Data is available to sufficiently identify the most sensitive toxic effect of propionaldehyde, irritation upon direct contact with tissue, particularly irritation of mucosa of the upper respiratory tract upon exposure to vapor. This observation is consistent with the known irritant effects of other short chain alkyl aldehydes including formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and butyraldehyde. Data generated in the OECD/ SIDS Combined Protocol clearly demonstrate that propionaldehyde does not have specific adverse effects on the reproductive capabilities of either male or female rats. Data generated by this protocol and data from other studies which have been published in the open literature also clearly demonstrate that propionaldehyde does not produce specific adverse effects on the developing offspring of laboratory animals.

Considering all of the above, propionaldehyde would be of a low priority for further investigations.


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