UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

WASHINGTON, D.C.  20460

OFFICE OF PREVENTION,

 PESTICIDES AND

TOXIC SUBSTANCES

May 3, 2007

MEMORANDUM

SUBJECT:	REVISION OF OCCUPATIONAL AND RESIDENTIAL EXPOSURE/ RISKASSESSMENT FOR THE ENDOSULFAN REREGISTRATION ELIGIBILITY DECISION DOCUMENT (RED) (Revised)

FROM:	Shanna Recore, Industrial Hygienist

Reregistration Branch 2

Health Effects Division (7509P)

TO:		Tracy Perry, Chemical Review Manager

Reregistration Branch 3

Special Review and Reregistration Division (7508P)

THRU:		Alan Nielsen, Branch Senior Scientist

Reregistration Branch 2

Health Effects Division (7509P)

Please find the review of Endosulfan.

DB Barcode:			D339509

Pesticide Chemical Codes: 	079401

PHED:  			Yes, Version 1.1

TABLE OF CONTENTS

  TOC \o "1-4" \h \z \u    HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354707"  EXPOSURE AND RISK ASSESSMENT/CHARACTERIZATION	  PAGEREF _Toc163354707 \h  3

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354708"  Summary of Toxicity Concerns Relating to Occupational Exposures	  PAGEREF _Toc163354708 \h  3

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354709"  Other Endpoints of Concern	  PAGEREF _Toc163354709 \h  4

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354710"  Cancer Determination	  PAGEREF _Toc163354710 \h  5

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354711"  SUMMARY OF USE PATTERNS AND FORMULATIONS   PAGEREF _Toc163354711 \h  5

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354712"  Deletion of Uses	  PAGEREF _Toc163354712 \h  5

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354713"  Occupational- and Non-Occupational-Use Products	  PAGEREF _Toc163354713 \h  6

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354714"  Formulation Types and Percent Active Ingredient	  PAGEREF _Toc163354714 \h  7

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354715"  Registered Use Sites	  PAGEREF _Toc163354715 \h  7

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354716"  Methods and Types of Equipment Used for Mixing, Loading, and Application	  PAGEREF _Toc163354716 \h  11

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354717"  OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AND RISK ASSESSMENT/CHARACTERIZATION	  PAGEREF _Toc163354717 \h  11

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354718"  Occupational Handler Exposures and Risks   PAGEREF _Toc163354718 \h  11

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354719"  Handler Scenarios	  PAGEREF _Toc163354719 \h  11

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354720"  Handler Exposure Data - Chemical Specific Data	  PAGEREF _Toc163354720 \h  12

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354721"  Handler Study	  PAGEREF _Toc163354721 \h  12

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354722"  Registrant Submitted Risk Assessment	  PAGEREF _Toc163354722 \h  13

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354723"  Handler Exposure Data - Surrogate Data	  PAGEREF _Toc163354723 \h  13

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354724"  Handler Exposure Assumptions	  PAGEREF _Toc163354724 \h  19

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354725"  Handler Exposure Calculations	  PAGEREF _Toc163354725 \h  20

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354726"  Handler Risk Calculations	  PAGEREF _Toc163354726 \h  21

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354727"  Summary of Risk Concerns for Handlers, Data Gaps, and Confidence in Exposure    HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354728"  and Risk Estimates	  PAGEREF _Toc163354728 \h  57

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354729"  Quick Reference to Handler Risks	  PAGEREF _Toc163354729 \h  57

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354730"  Data Gaps	  PAGEREF _Toc163354730 \h  61

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354731"  Data Quality and Confidence in Assessment	  PAGEREF _Toc163354731 \h  62

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354732"  Occupational Postapplication Exposures and Risks	  PAGEREF _Toc163354732 \h  62

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354733"  Postapplication Exposures and Assumptions	  PAGEREF _Toc163354733 \h  62

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354734"  Chemical-specific DFR Data	  PAGEREF _Toc163354734 \h  63

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354735"  Other Postapplication Data	  PAGEREF _Toc163354735 \h  68

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354736"  Exposure and Risk Calculations	  PAGEREF _Toc163354736 \h  69

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354737"  Assumptions	  PAGEREF _Toc163354737 \h  70

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354738"  Short- and Intermediate-term Postapplication Exposures and Risks	  PAGEREF _Toc163354738 \h  71

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354739"  Non-Occupational Exposures	  PAGEREF _Toc163354739 \h  88

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354740"  Data Gaps	  PAGEREF _Toc163354740 \h  88

  HYPERLINK \l "_Toc163354741"  Occupational Postapplication Summary	  PAGEREF _Toc163354741 \h  88

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AND RISK ASSESSMENT

EXPOSURE AND RISK ASSESSMENT/CHARACTERIZATION

Purpose

In this document, which is for use in EPA's development of the Endosulfan Review Reregistration Eligibility Decision Document (RED), EPA presents the results of its review of the potential human health effects of occupational exposure to endosulfan.

Criteria for Conducting Exposure Assessments

An occupational and/or residential exposure assessment is required for an active ingredient if (1) certain toxicological criteria are triggered and (2) there is potential exposure to handlers (mixers, loaders, applicators, etc.) during use or to persons entering treated sites after application is complete.  For endosulfan, both criteria are met.

Summary of Toxicity Concerns Relating to Occupational Exposures

Acute Toxicology Categories

Table 1 below presents the acute toxicity categories as outlined in the Report of the Hazard Identification Assessment Review Committee (February 25, 2002).

Table 1:  Acute Toxicity Categories for Endosulfan Technical

Guidelines

Test

MRID

Results

Toxicity Category

81-1

Acute Oral Toxicity

00038307

♂

LD50 =9.58 mg/kg in ♀

I

81-2

Acute Dermal Toxicity

41183503

LD50 = 2000 mg/kg

III

81-3

Acute Inhalation Toxicity

41183504

LC50 = 0.16- 0.5 mg/L

I

81-4

Primary Eye Irritation

255157

Eye irritant

(Residual opacity at day 13)

I

81-5

Primary Dermal Irritation

00038309

00128649

Non-Irritant

Slightly Irritant

IV

IV

81-6

Dermal Sensitization

00136994

Not a dermal sensitizer

Other Endpoints of Concern

The April 2, 2007, endosulfan memo (D338576, TXR 0054554) Endosulfan.  Hazard Characterization and Endpoint Selection Reflecting Receipt of a Developmental Neurotoxicity Study and Subchronic Neurotoxicity Study (E. Reaves) indicates that there are toxicological endpoints of concern for endosulfan.  The endpoints used in assessing the risks for endosulfan are presented in the Table 2.

Table 2:  Endpoints for Assessing Occupational and Residential Risks for Endosulfan

Exposure

Scenario	Dose Used in Risk Assessment, UF	Endpoint & Level of Concern for Risk Assessment	Study and Toxicological Effects

Acute Dietary

(general population including infants and children)

	NOAEL = 1.5 mg/kg/day

UF = 100

FQPA=1x

aRfD = 0.015

mg/kg/day

aPAD = 0.015

mg/kg/day

	Acute neurotoxicity study in rats;

MRID 44403101

Oral LOAEL= 3 mg/kg/day; based on increased incidence of convulsions seen in female rats within 8 hours after dosing.

Chronic Dietary

(all populations)	NOAEL = 0.6 mg/kg/day

UF = 100

FQPA=1x

	cRfD = 0.006

mg/kg/day

cPAD = 0.006

mg/kg/day

	Combined chronic/carcinogenicity study in rats; MRID 41099502

LOAEL = 2.9 mg/kg/day, based on reduced body weight gain, increased incidences of marked progressive glomerulonephorsis & blood vessel aneurysms in male rats.

Dermal, Short (1-30 days)- & Intermediate

(1-6 mos)-Term	LOAEL = 3.7 mg/kg/day

45% dermal absorption factor	Occupational LOC

MOE = 300	Developmental Neurotixity- rats: MRID 46968301

LOAEL = 3.74, based on decreased pup weight; NOAEL not established.

Dermal

Long-term

(> 6 months)	Long-term dermal exposure is not expected for endosulfan.

Inhalation

Short- and Intermediate-term

(1 - 30 days)	NOAEL = 0.2 mg/kg/day

 (0.001 mg/L)	LOC for Occupational MOE = 100	21-Day inhalation toxicity study in male & female rats

MRID 00147183, 41667501

LOAEL = 0.002 mg/L, based on decreased body weight gain and alterations in hematology and clinical chemistry parameters

Inhalation

Long-term

(> 6 months)	Long-term inhalation exposure is not expected for endosulfan.

Cancer	Group E- Evidence of non-carcinogenicity for humans	Q1* not calculated	Chronic toxicity/carcinogenicity study in rats (MRID 41099502) & carcinogenicity study in mice (MRID 40792401)

No increased in the frequency of tumors in either the rat or mouse.

FQPA Safety Factor

The FQPA factor for endosulfan has changed over the past few years mainly due to database uncertainties.  In November 1998, the FQPA Committee recommended a 3X factor due to the lack of a developmental neurotoxicity study.  The risk assessment on 5/30/2003, however, retained the 10x FQPA factor due to database uncertainties.  These database uncertainties included: 1) lack of subchronic and developmental neurotoxicity studies; 2) concerns for effects on sperm parameters reported in the literature; 3) the lack of evaluation of sperm parameters in guideline studies; 4) testicular lesions observed in the chronic rat study; and 5) increased pituitary and uterine weight in the two-generation reproduction study.  Since the 5/30/2003 evaluation, a subchronic neurotoxicity study and a developmental neurotoxicity study has been submitted and reviewed by the Agency.  Therefore, the FQPA factor was again re-evaluated and is discussed in the 4/2/2007 endosulfan memo (D338576, TXR 0054554).  This memo describes the residual uncertainties from the 5/30/2003 risk assessment and outlines how recent neurotoxicity data and published literature demonstrate that the uncertainty associated with the previous assessment has been addressed.  Therefore, it was recommended that the FQPA factor not be retained (i.e., 1X) since there were no residual uncertainties for pre and/or post-natal toxicity.

Cancer Determination

The carcinogenicity issue has been considered by the Health Effects Division-Cancer Peer Review Committee.  The Committee agreed that “there was no evidence of carcinogenicity” for endosulfan.

SUMMARY OF USE PATTERNS AND FORMULATIONS

Deletion of Uses

After the version of the endosulfan occupational and residential risk assessment dated February 2, 2000, a 6f notice was issued and finalized after a 30 day comment period. The following uses have been deleted from the endosulfan technical labels at the request of the endosulfan task force and will not be assessed in this document:

All home and residential uses

Endosulfan in the form of fogger, insecticidal smoke, impregnated material, dust, pressurized liquid, and pressurized spray.

Food: Citrus (except non-bearing and nursery stock), artichoke, safflower, sugar beet, watercress, alfalfa, clover/forage (except grown for seed), corn (field/forage), endive, evening primrose, garden beets, garlic, and rapeseed (canola).

Non-food: Indoor household uses, wood protectant, unseasoned forest products, ULV application, Douglas Fir, Juniper, Locust, Maple, and Willow (forestry use), forestry plantings.

Commercially Grown Greenhouse/Out-of-Doors Ornamental Plants (Except for Commercially Grown Outdoor Trees and Shrubs) including, but not limited to, Aster, Carnation, Chrysanthemum, Evening Primrose, Iris, Lilies, Marigold, Poinsettia, Snapdragon, Tulips, Croft Lily, German Lily, Hydrangea, Periwinkle, Rhododendron, Rose, Rhododendron, Canescens, Flowering Peach/Nectarine, Leatherleaf Fern, Holly Fern.

Occupational- and Non-Occupational-Use Products

Products containing endosulfan are intended for occupational use.  Residential uses will not be included in this assessment, because of the above mentioned deletion.  Occupational uses include applications to agricultural food and non-food crops, ornamental and/or shade trees, fruit and nut crops, ornamental herbaceous trees, and shrubs.

Type of Pesticide/Targeted Pests

Endosulfan [6, 7, 8, 9, 10-hexachloro-1, 5, 5a, 6, 9, 9a, hexahydro-6, 9-methano-2, 4, 3-benzodioxathiepin-3-oxide] is a broad spectrum insecticide/acaricide.  Examples of the type of pests that endosulfan is used to control include, but are not limited to, the following:

Field Crops:  Meadow spittlebug, Army cutworm, Aphids, Bean leaf skeletonizer, Cowpea curculio, Cucumber beetle, Flea beetle, Green stink bug, Leafhoppers, Mexican bean beetles, Cabbage looper, Cabbage worm, Cabbage aphid, Cucumber beetles, Whitefly, Cutworms, Diamondback moth, Corn earworm, Boll weevil, Bollworm, Lygus bugs, Thrips, Melonworm, Pickleworm, Rindworm, Squash beetle, Squash bug, Blister beetle, Potato beetle, Rose chafer, Pepper maggot, Cinch bug, Crown mite, June bug, Harlequin bug, Grape phylloxera, and Grape leafhopper.

Orchard Crops:  Aphids (including Apple aphids, Black cherry aphid, Black peach aphid, Green peach aphid, Rosy apple aphids, Rusty plum aphids, Wooly apple aphids), Apple rust mites, Green fruitworm, Tarnished plant bug, Tentiform leafminers, Whitefly leaf hoppers, Peachtree borer, Peach twig borer, Plum rust mite, Bud moth, Bud mites, Twig mites, Filbert aphid, Filbert leafroller, Filbert bud mite, Black pecan aphic, Pecan nut casebearer, and Spittlebug.

Ornamental  Trees and Shrubs: Leather leaf fern borer, Aphids, Cyclamen mite, Rose chafer, Whitefly, Dogwood borer, Lilac borer, Colley spruce gall adelgid, Douglas fir needle midge, Walnut aphid, and Stink bug.

Formulation Types and Percent Active Ingredient

 	Endosulfan is formulated for occupational use as a technical grade manufacturing product (95 percent active ingredient [ai]), emulsifiable concentrate (9 percent to 34 percent active ingredient), and a wettable powder (1 percent to 50 percent active ingredient). The wettable powder is frequently, but not always, packaged in water soluble bags.

Registered Use Sites

Occupational-Use Sites

Endosulfan has been registered for occupational-use on terrestrial food and feed crops, indoor food crops, and terrestrial non-food crops.

.

Endosulfan Uses

Table 3 presents the currently registered use sites matched with the formulation, application rate, application equipment, and estimated area treated daily.

Table 3.  Endosulfan Uses

Use Site	Formulationa	Application Rate 	Application Rate Basisb Application Equipment	Area Treated Dailyc

Alfalfa--grown for seed, SLN [CA860035] and [NV860005]	EC, WP	1 lb ai/acre	label rate and SLN rate	Aerial	1,200 acres

Groundboom	200 acres

Almonds, Pecans	EC, WP	3 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	350 acres

Airblast	40 acres

Almonds, Walnuts	EC, WP	2 lb ai/acre	proposed rate	Aerial	350 acres

Airblast	40 acres

Apples, Pears, Plums, Prunes	EC, WP	2.5 lb ai/acre	proposed rate	Aerial 350 acres

Airblast	40 acres

Apricots 	EC, WP	3 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	350 acres

Airblast	40 acres

Apricots, Cherries (sweet and tart), Nectarines, Peaches 	EC, WP	2.5 lb ai/acre	proposed rate	Aerial	350 acres

Airblast	40 acres

Barley, Oats	EC, WP	0.5 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	1,200 acres

Groundboom	200 acres

Barley, Oats, Rye, Wheat	EC, WP	0.75 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	1,200 acres

Groundboom	200 acres

Beans (dry)	EC, WP	1 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	1,200 acres

Groundboom	200 acres

Beans (succulent green), Broccoli (inc. Chinese), Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage (inc. Chinese & Napa), Carrots, Cauliflower, Celery, Collards--except CA, Cucumbers, Eggplant--except CA, Lettuce (head & leaf), Melon, Peas (succulent & dry), Peppers, Potatoes (inc. sweet), Pumpkins, Spinach, Squash (summer and winter), and Tomatoes (field grown)	EC, WP	1 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	350 acres

Groundboom	80 acres

Blueberries (highbush)--post harvest 	EC, WP 	1.5 lb ai/acre	label rate Airblast	40 acres

Blueberries (low- & highbush)--post harvest 	EC, WP 	1.5 lb ai/acre label rate	Aerial	350 acres

Groundboom	80 acres

Cherries (sweet and tart)  MI only	EC, WP	1 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial 350 acres

Airblast	40 acres

Christmas tree plantations	EC, WP	1 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	350 acres

Airblast	40 acres

Handgun	5 acres

Low Pressure Handwand	5 acres

Citrus (nonbearing trees and nursery stock)	EC, WP	2.5 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	60 acres

Airblast	10 acres

Handgun	5 acres

Low Pressure Handwand	5 acres

Collards--CA only for EC formulation, Kale, Mustard Greens, Turnips	EC, WP 	0.75 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	350 acres

Groundboom	80 acres

Corn (sweet, fresh only)	EC, WP	1.5 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	350 acres

Groundboom	80 acres

Cotton, Sorghum	EC, WP 	1.5 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	1,200 acres

Groundboom	200 acres

Cotton--foliar after bolls open, SLN [AZ930014][AZ930016] 	EC	0.75 lb ai/acre	SLN rate	Aerial	1,200 acres

Groundboom	200 acres

Eggplant--foliar, CA only	EC, WP	0.5 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	350 acres

Groundboom	80 acres

Filberts	WP	2 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	350 acres

Airblast	40 acres

Filberts, SLN [OR780020]	WP	1.5 lb ai/acre	SLN rate	Aerial	350 acres

Airblast	40 acres

Grapes	EC, WP	1.5 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	350 acres

Groundboom	80 acres

Airblast	40 acres

Macadamias	EC	1 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	350 acres

Airblast	40 acres

Macadamias, SLN [HI880008]	WP 	1 lb ai/acre	SLN rate	Airblast	40 acres

Nursery stock dip:  Peaches, Plums, Prunes	EC, WP	0.005 lb ai/gal proposed rate	Dip	100 gal

Nursery stock dip:  Strawberry 	EC, WP	0.001 lb ai/gal	label rate	Dip  100 gal

Nursery stock dip: Cherries, Peaches, Plums 	EC, WP	0.05 lb ai/gal	label rate 	Dip	100 gal

Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Plants	EC, WP	1 lb ai/acre	label rate	Airblast	10 acres

Handgun	5 acres

Low Pressure Handwand	5 acres

Pears--soil treatment 	EC, WP 	2 lb ai/acre	label rate	Groundboom	80 acres

Handgun	5 acres

Low Pressure Handwand	5 acres

Pineapples	EC, WP	2 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	350 acres

Groundboom	80 acres

Airblast	40 acres

Postharvest bark treatment:  Apricots, Nectarines, Peaches, SE States only 	EC,WP	0.025 lb ai/gal	label rate	Handgun	1,000 gal

High Pressure Handwand	1,000 gal

Low Pressure Handwand	40 gal

Postharvest bark treatment:  Apricots, Cherries (sweet & tart), Nectarines, Peaches, Plums, Prunes 	EC,WP	0.0075 lb ai/gal	label rate Handgun	1,000 gal

High Pressure Handwand	1,000 gal

Low Pressure Handwand	40 gal

Postharvest bark treatment:  Apricots, Cherries (sweet & tart), Nectarines, Peaches, Plums, Prunes	EC, WP	0.005 lb ai/gal	proposed rate Handgun	1,000 gal

High Pressure Handwand	1,000 gal

Low Pressure Handwand	40 gal

Potato, SLN [WA900023]	EC	1 lb ai/acre	SLN rate	Chemigation (sprinkler) 350 acres

Strawberries	EC, WP	2 lb ai/acre	label rate	Aerial	350 acres

Groundboom	80 acres

1 lb ai/acre	proposed rate	Aerial	350 acres

Groundboom	80 acres

Sweet Potato--soil broadcast or band treatment, including SLN [MS810036 for WP]	EC, WP	2 lb ai/acre	label rate and SLN rate	Aerial	350 acres

Groundboom	80 acres

Sweet Potato--soil broadcast treatment, SLN [MS810035]	EC	1.5 lb ai/acre SLN rate	Aerial	350 acres

Groundboom	80 acres

Tobacco--drench treatment to plant bed, limited to use in IN, KY, OH, PA, and WV	EC, WP	0.0025 lb ai/gal	label rate	Handgun	1,000 gal

Low Pressure Handwand	40 gal

Tobacco--foliar field treatment, limited to use in IN, KY, OH, PA, and WV	EC, WP	1 lb ai/acre	label rate	Groundboom	80 acres

Tobacco--foliar treatment to seed bed, limited to use in IN, KY, OH, PA, and WV	EC, WP	1.5 lb ai/acre	label rate	Groundboom	80 acres

Tobacco--foliar treatment to seed bed, limited to use in IN, KY, OH, PA, and WV	EC, WP	0.005 lb ai/gal	label rate	Handgun	1,000 gal

Low Pressure Handwand	40 gal

Tomatoes (greenhouse)--foliar	EC, WP	1 lb ai/acre	label rate	Handgun	5 acres

Low Pressure Handwand	5 acres

Vegetables grown for seed:  Cabbage (inc. Chinese), Collards, Cucumber, Kale, Kohlrabi, Melon, Pumpkin, Radish, Rutabaga, Squash (summer and winter), Turnip; SLNs for EC formulation [OR770043], [WA770016], [WA760012 - Cabbage only]; SLNs for WP formulation SLN =[WA780029]	EC, WP 	2 lb ai/acre	label rate and SLN rate	Aerial	350 acres

Groundboom	80 acres

a	EC = emulsifiable concentrate; WP = wettable powder

b	Application rates are the maximum application rates determined from EPA registered labels for endosulfan, except rates identified “proposed” are rate reductions proposed by EPA.

c	Amount handled per day values are HED estimates of acres or gallons handled per day based on industry sources and

HED estimates.

Methods and Types of Equipment Used for Mixing, Loading, and Application

Equipment for commercial use includes fixed-wing aircraft, chemigation (potatoes only), groundboom sprayer, airblast sprayer, handgun sprayer, low-pressure handwand sprayer, high-pressure handwand sprayer, and dip treatment.

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE AND RISK ASSESSMENT/CHARACTERIZATION

Occupational Handler Exposures and Risks

Handler Scenarios

EPA has determined that there are potential exposures to mixers, loaders, applicators, flaggers, and other handlers during usual use-patterns associated with endosulfan.  Based on the use patterns, several major occupational exposure scenarios were identified for endosulfan:

Mixing/Loading Liquid Concentrates to Support Aerial Applications (PHED)

Mixing/Loading Liquid Concentrates to Support Aerial Applications (Proprietary Data)

Mixing/Loading Liquid Concentrates to Support Chemigation Applications (PHED)

Mixing/Loading Liquid Concentrates to Support Groundboom Applications (PHED)

Mixing/Loading Liquid Concentrates to Support Airblast Applications (PHED)

Mixing/Loading Liquid Concentrates to Support Handgun Applications (PHED)

Mixing/Loading Liquid Concentrates to Support Dip Applications (PHED)

Mixing/Loading Wettable Powders to Support Aerial Applications (PHED)

Mixing/Loading Wettable Powders to Support Chemigation Applications (PHED)

Mixing/Loading Wettable Powders to Support Groundboom Applications (PHED)

Mixing/Loading Wettable Powders to Support Airblast Applications (PHED)

Mixing/Loading Wettable Powders to Support Handgun Applications (PHED)

Mixing/Loading Wettable Powders to Support Dip Applications (PHED)

Applying with Aerial Equipment (PHED)

Applying with Groundboom Equipment (PHED)

Applying with Airblast Equipment (PHED)

Applying with Airblast Equipment (Proprietary Data)

Applying with Handgun Equipment (PHED)

Applying with Handgun Equipment (ORETF)

Applying as a Dip (No Data)

Flagging to Support Aerial Spray Applications (PHED)

Mixing/Loading/Applying Liquid Concentrates with Handgun Equipment (ORETF)

Mixing/Loading/Applying Liquid Concentrates with High-Pressure Handwand Equipment (PHED)

Mixing/Loading/Applying Liquid Concentrates with Low-Pressure Handwand Equipment (ORETF ground-directed)

Mixing/Loading/Applying Liquid Concentrates with Low-Pressure Handwand Equipment (ORETF upward-directed)

Mixing/Loading/Applying Liquid Concentrates with Low-Pressure Handwand Equipment (PHED)

Mixing/Loading/Applying Liquid Concentrates as a Dip (No Data)

Mixing/Loading/Applying Wettable Powders with Handgun Equipment (ORETF)

Mixing/Loading/Applying Wettable Powders in Water Soluble Packaging with Handgun Equipment (ORETF)

Mixing/Loading/Applying Wettable Powders with High-Pressure Handwand Equipment (no data)

Mixing/Loading/Applying Wettable Powders with Low-Pressure Handwand Equipment (PHED)

Mixing/Loading/Applying Liquid Concentrates as a Dip (No Data)

Handler Exposure Data - Chemical Specific Data

Handler Study

In support of the reregistration process for endosulfan, AgrEvo USA submitted a handler exposure study for review by EPA.  The 1987 study, Exposure of Mixer/Loader/ Applicators to Thiodan( 3EC Insecticide Applied to Fruit Trees by Airblast Equipment in California was originally submitted as MRID No. 410485-02.  The registrant subsequently made revisions and resubmitted the study in 1990 as MRID No. 417152-01.  EPA determined that both the original and revised study do not meet Agency guidelines for acceptability under Series 875, Occupational and Residential Test Guidelines.  The following data gaps and deficiencies were found:

Study Design:  The study was conducted at 2 sites (3 replicates each) instead of 3 sites (5 replicates each), as required by Series 875, Occupational and Residential Test Guidelines. Also, it should be noted that the biological monitoring data are invalid because the main excretory pathway for endosulfan is through feces (media not monitored in study) and not the urine (media monitored in study).  This was identified in the endosulfan reregistration standard.

Inhalation:  No air pump calibration/operation data were provided.  Field recovery samples did not appear to be exposed to environmental conditions (i.e., no air was drawn through the charcoal tubes) during the actual field sampling trials.  Breakthrough/volatilization validation data are lacking.

Dermal:  Hand wash field recovery sample results are low and highly variable.  Also, three samples were lost and not analyzed concurrently with the remaining field samples.  Since hand exposure accounts for a large percentage of the total exposure, the quality of the hand wash recovery samples are necessary to evaluate dermal exposure.

Based on these deficiencies, the data in MRIDs 410485-02 and 417152-01 are not used in the assessment.  Instead, surrogate-based exposure assessments for each scenario were developed, where appropriate data were available, using the Pesticide Handlers Exposure Database7 (PHED) Version 1.1 and the Outdoor Residential Exposure Task Force (ORETF) data.  In addition, surrogate handler data were used for two assessments — mixing/loading using a lock and load closed system to support aerial applications and applying with airblast equipment.

	Registrant Submitted Risk Assessment

The registrant also submitted a risk assessment titled, “Evaluation of the Human Hazards and Risks Associated with the Application of Endosulfan” dated March 1989 (MRID 410485-01). This submission was not used in this risk assessment for the following reasons: the exposure data used was from the above study (MRID 417152-01) which was found to be unacceptable, acres treated per day used were not justified and vary widely from the HED standard values, and the monkey dermal penetration study which is critical in interpreting the biological monitoring data was not acceptable.

HED has reviewed Aventis’ “Submission of an Application Exposure Assessment for Endosulfan and an Evaluation of Possible Endocrine Effects in Mammalian Species” dated August 4, 1999 (MRID 449391-01) and concludes that the submission does not follow standard HED policies or use HED standard default values. HED calculates high-end single-day exposures to occupational workers, based on maximum label application rates and standard values for the number of acres that can be treated in a single day by various types of agricultural equipment.  These standard acres treated per day values are representative of most crops treated with endosulfan, including both low (strawberries) and high (potatoes) acreage crops, and are protective of commercial applicators that may treat multiple farms or fields in one day.  Although the 1992 U.S. Census of Agriculture data used by Aventis does represent the national average crop acreage per farm, it is only representative of individual farmers and not of commercial applicators, who are likely to treat more acres in a day than individual growers.

Handler Exposure Data - Surrogate Data

The PHED Task Force is comprised of representatives from the U.S. EPA, Health Canada, the California Department of Pesticide regulation, and member companies of the American Crop Protection Association.  PHED is a software system consisting of two parts: a database of measured exposure values for workers involved in the handling of pesticides under actual field conditions and a set of computer algorithms used to subset and statistically summarize the selected data.  Currently, the database contains values for over 1,700 monitored individuals (i.e., replicates).

Users select criteria to subset the PHED database to reflect the exposure scenario being evaluated.   The subsetting algorithms in PHED are based on the central assumption that the magnitude of handler exposures to pesticides are primarily a function of activity (e.g., mixing/loading, applying), formulation type (e.g., wettable powders, granulars), application method (e.g., aerial, groundboom), and clothing scenarios (e.g., gloves, double layer clothing).

Once the data for a given exposure scenario have been selected, the data are normalized (i.e., divided by) by the amount of pesticide handled resulting in standard unit exposures (milligrams of exposure per pound of active ingredient handled).  Following normalization, the data are statistically summarized. The distribution of exposure values for each body part (e.g., chest upper arm) is categorized as normal, lognormal, or “other” (i.e., neither normal nor lognormal).  A central tendency value is then selected from the distribution of the exposure values for each body part.  These values are the arithmetic mean for normal distributions, the geometric mean for lognormal distributions, and the median for all “other” distributions.  Once selected, the central tendency values for each body part are composited into a “best fit” exposure value representing the entire body.

The unit exposure values calculated by PHED generally range from the geometric mean to the median of the selected data set. While data from PHED provide the best available information on handler exposures, it should be noted that some aspects of the included studies (e.g., duration, acres treated, pounds of active ingredient handled) may not accurately represent labeled uses in all cases.  HED has developed a series of tables of standard unit exposure values for many occupational scenarios that can be utilized to ensure consistency in exposure assessments (PHED Surrogate Exposure Guide, August 1998).

ORETF Handler Studies (MRID 449722-01):  A report was submitted by the ORETF (Outdoor Residential Exposure Task Force) that presented data in which the application of various products used on turf by homeowners and lawncare operators (LCOs) was monitored.  All of the data submitted in this report were completed in a series of studies.

OMA002: LCO Liquid Applications with a Low Pressure Handgun tc  \l 1 "OMA002: LCO Liquid Applications with a Low Pressure Handgun"  (MRID 449722-01):  A mixer/loader/applicator study was performed by the Outdoor Residential Exposure Task Force (ORETF) using Dacthal as a surrogate compound to determine “generic” exposures to individuals applying a pesticide to turf with a low-pressure “nozzle gun” or “handgun” sprayer.  Dermal and inhalation exposures were estimated using whole-body passive dosimeters and breathing-zone air samples on OVS tubes. Inhalation exposure was calculated using an assumed respiratory rate of 17 liters per minute for light work (NAFTA, 1999), the actual sampling time for each individual, and the pump flow rate.   All results were normalized for pounds active ingredient handled.

A total of 90 replicates were monitored using 17 different subjects.  Four different formulations of dacthal [75% wettable powder (packaged in 4 and 24 pound bags), 75% wettable powder in water soluble bags (3 pound bag), 75% water dispersible granules (2 pound bag) and 55% liquid flowable (2.5 gallon container)] were applied by five different LCOs to actual residential lawns at each site in three different locations (Ohio, Maryland, and Georgia) for a total of fifteen replicates per formulation.  An additional ten replicates at each site were monitored while they performed spray application only using the 75 percent wettable powder formulation.  A target application rate of 2 pounds active ingredient was used for all replicates (actual rate achieved was about 2.2 pounds active ingredient per acre). Each replicate treated a varying number of actual client lawns to attain a representative target of 2.5 acres (1 hectare) of turf.   The exposure periods averaged five hours twenty-one minutes, five hours thirty-nine minutes, and six hours twenty-four minutes, in Ohio, Maryland and Georgia, respectively.  Average time spent spraying at all sites was about two hours.  All mixing, loading, application, adjusting, calibrating, and spill clean up procedures were monitored, except for typical end-of-day clean-up activities, e.g. rinsing of spray tank, etc.  Dermal exposure was measured using inner and outer whole body dosimeters, hand washes, face/neck washes, and personal air monitoring devices.  All test subjects wore one-piece, 100 percent cotton inner dosimeters beneath 100 percent cotton long-sleeved shirt and long pants, rubber boots and nitrile gloves.  Gloves are typically worn by most LCOs, and required by many pesticide labels for mixing and loading.

Overall, residues were highest on the upper and lower leg portions of the dosimeters.  In general, concurrent lab spikes produced mean recoveries in the range of 78-120 percent, with the exception of OVS sorbent tube sections which produced mean recoveries as low as 65.8 percent.  Adjustment for recoveries from field fortifications were performed on each dosimeter section or sample matrix for each study participant, using the mean recovery for the closest field spike level for each matrix and correcting the value to 100 percent.  The unit exposure values are presented below in Table 4. [Note the data were found to be lognormally distributed.  As a result, all exposure values are geometric means.]

Table 4: Unit Exposure Values Obtained for LCO Liquid Applications with a Low Pressure Handgun from ORETF Handgun Studies (MRID 449722-01)

Application Method4

Total Dermal Unit Exposure1 (mg/lb ai)

(μg/lb ai)

Single Layer, No Gloves

Single Layer, Gloves

Double Layer, Gloves 3

LCO Handgun Spray Mixer/Loader/Applicator

Liquid Flowable

No Data

0.45

0.245

1.8

LCO Handgun Spray Mixer/Loader/Applicator

Wettable Powder in Water Soluble Bags

No Data

0.68

0.37

7.2

LCO Handgun Spray Mixer/Loader/Applicator

Wettable Powder

No Data

0.80

0.43

64

LCO Handgun Spray Applicator Only

Wettable Powder

No Data

0.74

0.40

1.0

1 Unit exposure values reported are geometric means.

2 Air concentration (mg/m3/lb ai) calculated using NAFTA ‘99 standard breathing rate of 17 lpm (1 m3/hr).

3 Exposure calculated using OPP/HED 50% protection factor (PF) for cotton coveralls on torso, arms, and legs.

4 All commercial handlers wore long pants, long-sleeved shirt, nitrile gloves and shoes.

	ORETF Handler Studies (MRID   SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 445185-01): A report was submitted by the ORETF (Outdoor Residential Exposure Task Force) that presented data in which the application of various products used on fruit trees and ornamental plants by homeowners was monitored.  All of the data submitted in this report were completed in a series of studies.

  SEQ CHAPTER \h \r 1 OMA005: Homeowner Liquid Applications to Fruit Trees and Ornamental Plants with a Hose-end Sprayer and a Low Pressure Handwand (MRID 445185-01): Applications of Sevin Liquid® Carbaryl insecticide [RP-2 liquid (21%)] were made by volunteers to two young citrus trees and two shrubs in each replicate that was monitored in the study.  The test field was located only in Florida.  Twenty (20) replicates were monitored using hose-end sprayer (Ortho® DIAL or Spray® hose end sprayer), and 20 replicates were monitored using hand held pump sprayers (low pressure handwand).

Each replicate opened the end-use product, added it to the hose-end sprayer or hand held pump and then applied it to the trees and shrubs.  After application to two trees and two shrubs dosimeters were collected.  Inhalation exposure was monitored with personal air sampling pumps with OVS tubes attached to the shirt collar in the breathing zone.  Dermal exposure was assessed by extraction of carbaryl from inner and outer 100 percent cotton dosimeters. The inner and outer dosimeters were segmented into: lower and upper arms, lower and upper legs, front and back torso.  No gloves were worn therefore hand exposure was assessed with 400 ml handwash with 0.01 percent Aerosol OT-75 sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate (OTS).  One hundred percent cotton handkerchiefs wetted with 25 ml OTS were used to wipe face and neck to determine exposure.

Field fortification recoveries for passive dosimeters averaged 88.3 percent for inner and 76.2 percent for outer dosimeters.  Face and neck wipe fortifications average 82.5 percent.  Handwash and inhalation OVS tube field fortification averaged >90 percent.  Inner and outer dosimeter and face and neck wipe residues were adjusted for field fortification results.  Handwash and inhalation residues were not adjusted.

Laboratory method validation for each matrix fell within the acceptable range of 70 to 120 percent.   The limit of quantitation (LOQ) was 1.0 µg/sample for all media except the inhalation monitors where the LOQ was 0.01 µg/sample.  The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.5 µg/sample for all media except the inhalation monitors where the LOQ was 0.005 µg/sample.

For use in reregistration documents, the dermal exposure was calculated by adding the values from the hand rinses, face/neck wipes to the outer dosimeter lower legs and lower arms plus the inner dosimeter front and rear torso, upper legs and upper arms.  This accounts for the residential handler wearing short-sleeved shirt and short pants.  The results for the low pressure handwand are summarized in Table 5 below.

The distribution of the unit exposure values is categorized as normal, lognormal, or “other” (i.e., neither normal nor lognormal).  A central tendency value is selected from the distribution of the exposure values.  These values are the arithmetic mean for normal distributions, the geometric mean for lognormal distributions, and the median for all “other” distributions.   The dermal exposure had a lognormal distribution so the geometric mean value was used to determine dermal exposure.  The inhalation exposure had neither a normal or lognormal distribution so the median was used to determine inhalation exposure.

Table 5: Unit Exposure Values for Homeowner Liquid Applications to Fruit Trees and Ornamental Plants with a Low Pressure Handwand Obtained From ORETF Study (MRID 445185-01)

Scenari潍楮潴敲ݤ潔慴敄浲污唠楮⁴硅潰畳敲‱洨⽧ 扬愠⥩䤇桮污瑡潩湕瑩䔠灸獯牵㉥

(μg/lb ai)

	Short Pants, Short Sleeves	Long Pants, Short Sleeves	Long Pants, Long Sleeves

	Homeowner Liquid Applications with a Hand Held Sprayer (Low Pressure Handwand)	56	36	30	3.8

	1 Dermal unit exposure values reported are the geometric means.

	2 Inhalation unit exposure values reported are the median values.

ORETF Handler Studies (MRID 444598-01): A report was submitted by the ORETF (Outdoor Residential Exposure Task Force) that presented data in which the application of various products used on vegetable gardens by homeowners was monitored.  All of the data submitted in this report were completed in a series of studies.

	OMA006: Homeowner Liquid Application to Garden with a Low Pressure Handwand (MRID 444598-01):  The study was designed to quantify dermal and inhalation exposure of homeowners as they mixed, loaded and applied liquid formulations of a carbaryl end-use product to home garden vegetables. A low pressure handwand) was used to apply Sevin Liquid® Brand Carbaryl Insecticide. Twenty replicates were conducted with gloves and 20 replicates were conducted without gloves. Inhalation exposure was monitored using personal air samplers (average flow rate of 1.5 liter/minute) and dermal exposure was monitored by using inner and outer dosimeters, facial/neck wipes, and hand washes. The overall mean field fortification recovery of each matrix ranged from 77.6 ± 13.6% (outer dosimeters) to 98.4 ± 3.8% (OVS tubes). Laboratory fortified recovery samples were analyzed with each set of samples analyzed on a particular day; however, the results of the laboratory recoveries were not provided in the Study Report. Unit exposures were calculated for short pants/short sleeves, long pants/short sleeves, and long pants/long sleeves scenarios. The results for the low pressure handwand are summarized in Table 6 below.

Table 6.  Unit Exposure Values for Homeowner Liquid Application to Garden with a Low Pressure Handwand Obtained From ORETF Study (MRID 444598-01)

Scenario Monitored	Total Dermal Unit Exposure1

(mg氯楡ഩ䤇桮污瑡潩湕瑩䔠灸獯牵ㅥ

(μg/lb ai)

	Gloves	No Gloves	No Respirator

Homeowner Liquid Applications with a Low Pressure Handwand Sprayer	0.33 15	2.7

	1 Unit exposure values reported are geometric means.

Airblast Applicators (using Carbaryl-Specific Airblast Applicator Data):  MRID 464482-01, Determination of Dermal and Inhalation Exposure to Workers during Application of a Liquid Pesticide Product by Open Cab Airblast Application to Orchard Crops.

This Agricultural Handlers Exposure Task Force (AHETF) study examined occupational handler exposure during application of carbaryl to orchard crops using open cab tractors and airblast sprayers.  The objective of the study was to determine exposure to applicators who wore typical work clothing (i.e., long pants, shoes, socks, long-sleeved shirt), chemical resistant gloves, no respirators, and either a “SouWester” hat or hooded tyvek jacket.  The review of this study was conducted jointly between the U.S. EPA, Health Canada, and the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR).  A secondary review document was completed by Health Canada which contains the unit exposure values that were agreed upon jointly by the three regulatory Agencies.

Dermal exposure was estimated by measuring residues on or in inner whole-body dosimeters, inner socks, inner head patches (under the CR headgear), outer head patches (on top of the CR headgear), face/neck wipes, and hand washes.  Inhalation exposure was monitored using an OSHA Versatile Sampler (OVS) tube connected to an air sampling pump.  Inhalation exposure was calculated using the NAFTA recommended inhalation rate of 16.7 Lpm.  Unit exposure values used in this assessment were the arithmetic mean of 15 replicates wearing “SouWester” hat as chemical-resistant headgear.  The unit exposure values of the 10 replicate workers wearing hooded tyvek jackets were not used in this assessment.  The chemical-resistant hooded tyvek jackets were attached to chemical-resistant jackets.  Since HED (and the WPS) does not ever require chemical-resistant coveralls (or jackets) for agricultural workers due to heat stress concerns, HED determined that only the chemical-resistant hat scenarios were appropriate for use. The results are summarized in Table 7 below.

Table 7.  Unit Exposure Values for Airblast Application to Orchard Crops Obtained From Carbaryl Study (MRID 464482-01)

Scenario Monitored	Total Dermal Unit Exposure1

(mg/lb ai)

	Inhalation Unit Exposure1

(μg/lb ai)

	Gloves +  Hat	No Respirator

Liquid Applications with Airblast Sprayer	0.07	3.1

Handlers Involved in Aerial Applications (using Malathion-Specific ULV Aerial Data):  MRID: 46634-105  Determination of Dermal and Inhalation Exposure to Workers during Closed-System Loading and ULV Application of a Liquid Pesticide Product to Cotton.  (DP Barcode: 324585; Decision#: 330654)

The purpose of the study was to determine the dermal and inhalation exposure of handlers from the closed-system loading of a liquid pesticide in support of large volume aerial spraying, as well as the dermal and inhalation exposure of pilots spraying large acreage crops (cotton) with an ULV formulation by fixed-wing aircraft.

Seven workers were monitored for dermal and inhalation exposure (total of 15 loader replicates) while loading a malathion ULV formulation, Fyfanon® ULV (96.5%), via a closed (lock and load) system to fill aircraft tanks.  Eight experienced pesticide application pilots (total of 16 replicates) also were monitored for dermal and inhalation exposure during routine aerial application of Fyfanon® ULV at a rate of 0.92 lb active ingredient (ai) per acre to cotton fields in Texas, as part of the Boll Weevil Eradication Program.  Samples were collected over six “typical” workdays, from October 18 - 26, 2004.  Loader work periods ranged from 0.5 to 11 hours, while applicator work periods ranged from 5 to 11.5 hours.  Utilizing 260-gallon totes, loaders handled between 1713 to 9603 pounds of ai.  The ULV formulation was dry-coupled to affect a direct transfer of liquid from the tote to the aircraft (i.e., no mixing of water).  Pilots applied between 1544 to 4851 pounds ai to cotton fields of areas ranging from 1648 to 5425 acres per day.  Loader and pilot dermal exposures were monitored using inner whole body dosimeters, inner socks, face/neck wipes and hand washes.  Loader and pilot inhalation exposures were monitored in their breathing zone using personal air-pump samplers.  Workers wore long-sleeved shirts, long pants, shoes and socks.  Loaders also wore chemical resistant gloves (required by label) and hats.  Pilots wore helmets.

EPA estimated dermal and inhalation unit exposure values as µg/lb ai handled.  Inhalation unit exposure values were calculated assuming a breathing rate of 0.0167 m3/minute for loaders (NAFTA light inhalation rate) and 0.0083 m3/minute for applicators (NAFTA sedentary inhalation rate). The results are summarized in Table 8 below.

While there are certain issues with regard to the conduct and results of the study, none are sufficient to preclude the use of the exposure data for exposure/risk assessment purposes.  It is important to note that the hand exposure data were obtained using gloved hands, and therefore, the use of these data in exposure/risk assessments must assume that workers will be wearing gloves during the loading activity.

	NOTE:  This is a lock and load closed loading system that uses dry coupling techniques to transfer the formulated product directly from large totes to the aircraft tanks.  No water or other materials are added to the aircraft tank.  Loaders wore long-sleeve shirt, long pants, boots or shoes, socks, and chemical-resistant gloves.  These closed loading systems are currently available for some ULV aerial applications.  These systems are distinct from a closed mixing/loading system where diluents and other additives are added to the aircraft tanks.  Only the lock and load technology is used in these high tech systems.

Table 8.  Unit Exposure Values for Mixing/Loading Liquids in Aerial Applications Obtained From Malathion Study (MRID 466341-05)

Scenario Monitored	Total Dermal Unit Exposure1

(mg/lb ai)

	Inhalation Unit Exposure1

(µg/lb ai)

	Closed system	Closed system

Mixing/Loading Liquids for Aerial Applications	0.0023	0.0075

Handler Exposure Assumptions

The following assumptions and factors were used to complete this exposure assessment:

Average body weight of an adult handler was assumed to be 70 kg.

Daily (8-hour workday) acres and volumes (as appropriate) to be treated in each scenario include:

1,200 acres treated for high acreage field crops -- alfalfa, barley, cotton, dry beans, oats, rye, sorghum, sweet corn, and wheat;

350 acres for aerial applications to all row crops and tree fruit and nut crops;

60 acres for aerial applications to nursery crops;

350 acres for flaggers supporting aerial applications;

200 acres for groundboom applications to high acreage field crops -- alfalfa, barley, cotton, dry beans, oats, rye, sorghum, sweet corn, and wheat;

80 acres per day for groundboom applications to all to all row crops;

40 acres for airblast applications on tree fruit and nut crops, and 10 acres for airblast applications to ornamentals;

1,000 gallons for high-pressure handwand sprayers;

5 acres or 1000 gallons for handgun sprayers; and

5 acres or 40 gallons for low pressure handwand sprayers; and

100 gallons for dip treatment.

Due to a lack of scenario-specific data, HED sometimes calculates unit exposure values using generic protection factors that are applied to represent the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and engineering controls.  This assessment used a 50 percent protection factor to account for a double layer of clothing, an 80 percent protection factor over baseline unit exposure values to represent the use of a quarter-face dust/mist respirator and a 90 percent protection factor over baseline inhalation unit exposure values to represent use of half- or full-face respirator

Handgun sprayers, low-pressure handwand sprayers and high-pressure handwand sprayers are considered the application techniques used to apply liquids and wettable powders in tree bark treatments.  The handgun sprayer and low-pressure handwand sprayer are also assumed to be used in greenhouses and nurseries, and in drench treatments.

The duration of exposure for handlers of endosulfan is assumed to be short- and intermediate-term only.  Long-term exposures are not anticipated.

		Handler Exposure Calculations

Handler exposure assessments were completed using a baseline exposure scenario and, if required, increasing levels of risk mitigation (PPE and engineering controls) in an attempt to achieve an appropriate margin of exposure.  The baseline scenario generally represents a handler wearing long pants, a long-sleeved shirt, no respirator, and no chemical-resistant gloves. Tables 9, 10, 11, and 12 summarizes the risks to mixers/loaders, applicators, flaggers, and mixer/loader/ applicators respectively using PHED and ORETF data.  Table 13 summarizes the risks to mixers/loaders supporting aerial applications using a closed system from proprietary data (MRID 466341-05).  Table 14 summarizes the risks to airblast applicators wearing baseline attire, chemical-resistant gloves, and chemical-resistant headgear using proprietary data (MRID 464482-01).

The calculations of daily dermal and inhalation exposure to endosulfan by handlers were used to calculate the daily dose, and therefore the risks, to those handlers.  Daily dermal exposure was calculated using the following formula:

Daily Dermal Exposure [mg ai/day] = Unit Exposure [mg ai/lb ai] x Use Rate [lb ai/A] x Daily Acres Treated or Gals Used [A/day or Gal/day]

Potential daily inhalation exposure was calculated using the following formula:

Daily Inhalation Exposure [mg ai/day] = Unit Exposure [µg ai/lb ai] x Conversion Factor [1 mg/1000 µg] x Use Rate [lb ai/A] x Daily Acres Treated or Gals Used [A/day or Gal/day]

For dermal exposure, a female specific body weight of 60 kg was used because the endpoint was female-specific.  A 45% dermal absorption factor was applied, since the LOAEL is from an oral study.  Since the short- and intermediate-term inhalation endpoint was based on an inhalation study, an inhalation absorption factor is not necessary (100% is assumed in the formula). For inhalation exposure, an average male and female body weight of 70 kilograms was used, since the toxicological endpoint was not sex-specific.  The potential short- and intermediate-term inhalation and dermal doses were calculated using the following formulae:

Daily Inhalation Dose [mg ai/kg/day] = Daily Inhalation Exposure [mg ai/day] x inhalation absorption factor (%) [1/body weight (kg)]

Daily Dermal Dose [mg ai/kg/day] = Daily Dermal Exposure [mg ai/day] x dermal absorption factor (%) x [1/body weight (kg)]

		Handler Risk Calculations

The short- and intermediate-term dermal endpoint is an LOAEL of 3.7 mg/kg/day and is based on a reproductive study and a DNT study.  The inhalation endpoint for short- and intermediate-term inhalation risks, 0.001 mg ai/L, was converted to an oral equivalent dose using the HED Route-to-Route Extrapolations memo dated October 9, 1998, presented below:

Inhalation NOAEL (mg/kg/day) = [NOAEL (mg ai/L) x RV (L/hr) x D x A x AF x 5 days/week] ( BW x 7 days/week

where:

RV	=	respiratory volume (8.46 liters of air respired per hour at rest)

D	=	duration of daily animal exposure (based on a 6-hour/day study)

BW	=	mean body weight in kg of Wistar rat (0.187 kg)

A	=	absorption - the ratio of deposition and absorption in the respiratory tract compared to absorption by the oral route, assumed to be 1

AF	=	activity factor - animal default is 1

The following formulae were used in the calculation of the short- and intermediate-term dermal and inhalation MOEs.

Dermal MOE = [Dermal LOAEL (mg/kg/day)] ( [Short- and intermediate-term Dermal Dose (mg/kg/day)]

Inhalation MOE = [Inhalation NOAEL (mg/kg/day)] ( [Short-and intermediate- term Inhalation Dose (mg/kg/day)]

An MOE of 300 has been identified as the target risk level for short- and intermediate-term dermal occupational exposure scenarios.  An MOE of 100 has been identified as the target risk level for short- and intermediate-term inhalation occupational exposure scenarios.  Since the toxicological effects are similar (decreased body weight) for the dermal endpoint and the inhalation endpoint, the dermal and inhalation risks to handlers are combined.  Since the level of concern is 300 for dermal risks and 100 for inhalation risks, an aggregated risk index (ARI) is calculated.  The level of concern for an ARI is 1 (i.e., ARIs greater than 1 are not a concern). ARIs are calculated using the following formula:  Aggregated Risk Index (ARI) = 1 / (1/ (Dermal MOE /300) + 1/ (Inhalation MOE / 100)).

Table 9: Mixers/Loaders:  Summary of Short- and Intermediate-Term Endosulfan Risks

Crop	Form.a	Exposure Scenario	App. Rateb	Amt Handled Dailyc	Risksi,j,k (Level of Concern = 300 for dermal, 100 for inhalation, and 1 for combined ARI)

	Baselined

Dermal

(MOE)	Baselined

Inh

(MOE)	Baseline Dermal + Baseline Inh

(ARI)	PPE-Ge Dermal + Baseline Inh

(ARI)	PPE-G,DLf Dermal + Baseline Inh

(ARI)	PPE-Ge Dermal + 80% PPE-Rg Inh

(ARI)	PPE-G,DLf Dermal + 80% PPE-Rg Inh

(ARI)	PPE-G Dermal + 90% PPE-Rg Inh

(ARI)	PPE-G,DL Dermal +90% PPE-Rg Inh

(ARI)	Combined Eng Conh

Dermal + Baseline Inh

(ARI)	Combined Eng Conh Dermal + Eng Con Inh

(ARI)

Blueberries (low- and highbush)	EC	Aerial	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.32 22	0.0011	0.084	0.1	0.12	0.16	0.13	0.17	0.14	0.33

Groundboom	1.5 lb ai/acre	80 acres	1.4	97	0.0047	0.37	0.44	0.53	0.69 0.56	0.74	0.60	1.4

	WP	Aerial	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.25	1	0.00074	0.0046	0.0049	0.012 0.014	0.014	0.017	N/A 	0.25

Groundboom	1.5 lb ai/acre	80 acres	1.1	3	0.0033	0.02	0.022	0.051	0.059 0.062	0.076	N/A	1.1

Blueberries (highbush)	EC  	Airblast	1.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	2.8	190 0.0094	0.74	0.88	1.1	1.4	1.1	1.5	1.2	2.9

	WP	Airblast	1.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	2.2	5	0.0065	0.041	0.043	0.1	0.12 0.12	0.15	N/A	2.20

Grapes	EC  	Aerial	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.32	22	0.0011	0.084	0.1 0.12	0.16	0.13	0.17	0.14	0.33

Airblast	1.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	2.8	190	0.0094	0.74	0.88	1.1	1.4	1.1 1.5	1.2	2.9

Groundboom	1.5 lb ai/acre	80 acres	1.4	97	0.0047	0.37	0.44	0.53	0.69 0.56	0.74	0.60	1.4

	  WP	Aerial	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.25	1	0.00074	0.0046	0.0049	0.012 0.014	0.014	0.017	N/A	0.25

Airblast	1.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	2.2	5	0.0065	0.041	0.043	0.1	0.12	0.12 0.15	N/A	2.2

Groundboom	1.5 lb ai/acre	80 acres	1.1	3	0.0033	0.02	0.022	0.051	0.059 0.062	0.076	N/A	1.1

Nursery stock dip: strawberries	EC 	Dip	0.001 lb ai/gal	100 gal	1700 120,000	5.6	440	530	640	830	670	890	720	1,700

	  WP

0.001 lb ai/gal	100 gal	1300	3,300	3.9	24	26	61	71	75	91	N/A	1,300

Strawberries	EC 	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre (label rate)	350 acres	0.24	17 0.00081	0.063	0.076	0.091	0.12	0.096	0.13	0.10	0.25

Aerial	1 lb ai/acre (proposed rate)	350 acres	0.49	33	0.0016	0.13	0.15 0.18	0.24	0.19	0.26	0.21	0.49

Groundboom	2 lb ai/acre (label rate)	80 acres	1.1	73	0.0035	0.28	0.33 0.4	0.52	0.42	0.56	0.45	1.1

	1 lb ai/acre (proposed rate)	80 acres	2.1	150	0.0071	0.55	0.66	0.8	1 0.84	1.1	0.91	2.1

	  WP	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre (label rate)	350 acres	0.19	0	0.00056	0.0035 0.0037	0.0087	0.01	0.011	0.013	N/A	0.19

	  WP	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre (proposed rate)	350 acres	0.38	1	0.0011	0.007 0.0074	0.017	0.02	0.021	0.026	N/A	0.37

Groundboom	2 lb ai/acre (label rate)	80 acres	0.83	2	0.0024	0.015	0.016 0.038	0.044	0.047	0.057	N/A	0.81

	1 lb ai/acre (proposed rate)	80 acres	1.7	4	0.0049	0.03	0.032	0.076 0.089	0.093	0.11	N/A	1.6

Alfalfa (grown for seed); SLN [CA860035] and [NV860005]	EC 	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	0.14	10	0.00047	0.037	0.044	0.053	0.069	0.056	0.074 0.06	0.14

Groundboom	1 lb ai/acre	200 acres	0.85	58	0.0028	0.22	0.26	0.32	0.41 0.34	0.45	0.36	0.86

	WP 	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	0.11	0	0.00033	0.002	0.0022	0.0051 0.0059	0.0062	0.0076	N/A	0.11

Groundboom	1 lb ai/acre	200 acres	0.67	2	0.002	0.012	0.013	0.03	0.036 0.037	0.046	N/A	0.65

Barley , Oats	EC 	Aerial	0.5 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	0.28	19	0.00094	0.074 0.088	0.11	0.14	0.11	0.15	0.12	0.29

Groundboom	0.5 lb ai/acre	200 acres	1.7	120	0.0056	0.44	0.53	0.64	0.83 0.67	0.89	0.72	1.7

	WP	Aerial	0.5 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	0.22	1	0.00065	0.0041	0.0043	0.01 0.012	0.012	0.015	N/A	0.22

Groundboom	0.5 lb ai/acre	200 acres	1.3	3	0.0039	0.024	0.026	0.061	0.071 0.075	0.091	N/A	1.3

Barley, Oats, Rye, Wheat	EC 	Aerial	0.75 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	0.19	13 0.00063	0.049	0.059	0.071	0.092	0.075	0.099	0.08	0.19

Groundboom	0.75 lb ai/acre	200 acres	1.1	78	0.0038	0.3	0.35	0.42	0.55 0.45	0.6	0.48	1.1

	WP 	Aerial	0.75 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	0.15	0	0.00043	0.0027	0.0029 0.0067	0.0079	0.0083	0.01	N/A	0.14

Groundboom	0.75 lb ai/acre	200 acres	0.89	2	0.0026	0.016	0.017	0.04 0.047	0.05	0.061	N/A	0.87

Beans (dry)	EC 	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	0.14	10	0.00047	0.037 0.044	0.053	0.069	0.056	0.074	0.06	0.14

Groundboom	1 lb ai/acre	200 acres	0.85	58	0.0028	0.22	0.26	0.32	0.41 0.34	0.45	0.36	0.86

	WP	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	0.11	0	0.00033	0.002	0.0022	0.0051 0.0059	0.0062	0.0076	N/A	0.11

Groundboom	1 lb ai/acre	200 acres	0.67	2	0.002	0.012	0.013	0.03	0.036 0.037	0.046	N/A	0.65

Cotton SLN [AZ930014][AZ930016] 	EC	Aerial	0.75 lb ai/acre	1200 acres 0.19	13	0.00063	0.049	0.059	0.071	0.092	0.075	0.099	0.08	0.19

Groundboom	0.75 lb ai/acre	200 acres	1.1	78	0.0038	0.3	0.35	0.42	0.55 0.45	0.6	0.48	1.1

Cotton, Sorghum	EC 	Aerial	1.5 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	0.095	7	0.00031 0.025	0.029	0.035	0.046	0.037	0.05	0.04	0.10

Groundboom	1.5 lb ai/acre	200 acres	0.57	39	0.0019	0.15	0.18	0.21	0.28 0.22	0.3	0.24	0.57

	  WP	Aerial	1.5 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	0.074	0	0.00022	0.0014	0.0014 0.0034	0.004	0.0041	0.0051	N/A	0.07

Groundboom	1.5 lb ai/acre	200 acres	0.44	1	0.0013	0.0081	0.0086	0.02 0.024	0.025	0.03	N/A	0.43

Sweet Corn (fresh only)	EC  	Aerial	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.32	22 0.0011	0.084	0.1	0.12	0.16	0.13	0.17	0.14	0.33

Groundboom	1.5 lb ai/acre	80 acres	1.4	97	0.0047	0.37	0.44	0.53	0.69 0.56	0.74	0.60	1.4

	WP	Aerial	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.25	1	0.00074	0.0046	0.0049	0.012 0.014	0.014	0.017	N/A	0.25

Groundboom	1.5 lb ai/acre	80 acres	1.1	3	0.0033	0.02	0.022	0.051	0.059 0.062	0.076	N/A	1.1

Tobacco (drench treatment to plant bed)  limited to use in IN, KY, OH, PA, and WV	EC 	Handgun	0.0025 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	68	4,700	0.23	18	21	25 33	27	36	29	69

	WP	Handgun	0.0025 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	53	130	0.16	0.97	1	2.4	2.8	3	3.6 N/A	52

Tobacco (foliar field treatment) limited to use in IN, KY, OH, PA, and WV	EC 	Groundboom	1 lb ai/acre	80 acres	2.1	150	0.0071	0.55	0.66	0.8	1 0.84	1.1	0.91	2.1

	WP	Groundboom	1 lb ai/acre	80 acres	1.7	4	0.0049	0.03	0.032	0.076	0.089 0.093	0.11	N/A	1.6

Tobacco (foliar treatment to seed bed) limited to use in IN, KY, OH, PA, and WV	EC 	Handgun	0.005 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	34	2,300	0.11	8.9	11	13	17 13	18	14	34

Groundboom	1.5 lb ai/acre	80 acres	1.4	97	0.0047	0.37	0.44	0.53	0.69 0.56	0.74	0.60	1.40

	WP	Groundboom	1.5 lb ai/acre	80 acres	1.1	3	0.0033	0.02	0.022	0.051 0.059	0.062	0.076	N/A	1.10

Handgun	0.005 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	27	65	0.078	0.49	0.52	1.2	1.4	1.5	1.8 N/A	26

Citrus (nonbearing trees and nursery stock)	EC 	Aerial	2.5 lb ai/acre	60 acres	1.1	78	0.0038	0.3	0.35	0.42	0.55	0.45	0.6	0.48	1.1

Airblast	2.5 lb ai/acre	10 acres	6.8	470	0.023	1.8	2.1	2.5	3.3	2.7	3.6 2.9	6.9

Handgun	2.5 lb ai/acre	5 acres	14	930	0.045	3.5	4.2	5.1	6.6	5.4	7.1	5.8 14.0

	WP	Aerial	2.5 lb ai/acre	60 acres	0.89	2	0.0026	0.016	0.017	0.04	0.047 0.05	0.061	N/A	0.87

Airblast	2.5 lb ai/acre	10 acres	5.3	13	0.016	0.097	0.1	0.24	0.28	0.3 0.36	N/A	5.2

Handgun	2.5 lb ai/acre	5 acres	11	26	0.031	0.19	0.21	0.49	0.57	0.6	0.73 N/A	10.0

Ornamentals: Trees, Shrubs, Woody plants	EC	Handgun	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres 34	2,300	0.11	8.9	11	13	17	13	18	14.00	34.0

Airblast	1 lb ai/acre	10 acres	17	1,200	0.056	4.4	5.3	6.4	8.3	6.7	8.9 7.20	17.0

	WP	Airblast	1 lb ai/acre	10 acres	13	33	0.039	0.24	0.26	0.61	0.71	0.75 0.91	N/A	13.0

Handgun	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	27	65	0.078	0.49	0.52	1.2	1.4	1.5	1.8	N/A 26.0

Christmas Tree Plantations	EC 	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.49	33 0.0016	0.13	0.15	0.18	0.24	0.19	0.26	0.21	0.49

Airblast	1 lb ai/acre	40 acres	4.3	290	0.014	1.1	1.3	1.6	2.1	1.7	2.2	1.8 4.3

Handgun	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	34	2,300	0.11	8.9	11	13	17	13	18	14	34.0

	WP	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.38	1	0.0011	0.007	0.0074	0.017	0.02 0.021	0.026	N/A	0.37

Airblast	1 lb ai/acre	40 acres	3.3	8	0.0098	0.061	0.065	0.15	0.18	0.19 0.23	N/A	3.3

Handgun	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	27	65	0.078	0.49	0.52	1.2	1.4	1.5	1.8	N/A 26

Apples, Pears, Plums, and Prunes	EC 	Aerial	2.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres 0.19	13	0.00064	0.051	0.06	0.073	0.095	0.077	0.1	0.08	0.20

Airblast	2.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	1.7	120	0.0056	0.44	0.53	0.64	0.83	0.67 0.89	0.72	1.7

	WP	Aerial	2.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.15	0	0.00045	0.0028	0.003	0.0069 0.0081	0.0085	0.01	N/A	0.15

Airblast	2.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	1.3	3	0.0039	0.024	0.026	0.061	0.071 0.075	0.091	N/A	1.3

Apricots	EC 	Aerial	3 lb ai/acre (label rate)	350 acres	0.16	11	0.00054 0.042	0.05	0.061	0.079	0.064	0.085	0.07	0.16

Airblast	3 lb ai/acre (label rate)	40 acres	1.4	97	0.0047	0.37	0.44	0.53 0.69	0.56	0.74	0.60	1.4

	WP

 	Aerial	3 lb ai/acre (label rate)	350 acres	0.13	0	0.00037	0.0023 0.0025	0.0058	0.0068	0.0071	0.0087	N/A	0.12

Airblast	3 lb ai/acre (label rate)	40 acres	1.1	3	0.0033	0.02	0.022 0.051	0.059	0.062	0.076	N/A	1.1

Apricots, Cherries (sweet & tart), Nectarines, Peaches	EC 	Aerial	2.5 lb ai/acre (proposed rate)	350 acres	0.19	13	0.00064	0.051	0.06	0.073	0.095 0.077	0.1	0.08	0.20

Airblast	2.5 lb ai/acre (proposed rate)	40 acres	1.7	120	0.0056	0.44 0.53	0.64	0.83	0.67	0.89	0.72	1.7

	WP	Aerial	2.5 lb ai/acre (proposed rate)	350 acres	0.15	0	0.00045 0.0028	0.003	0.0069	0.0081	0.0085	0.01	N/A	0.15

Airblast	2.5 lb ai/acre (proposed rate)	40 acres	1.3	3	0.0039	0.024 0.026	0.061	0.071	0.075	0.091	N/A	1.3

Cherries (sweet and tart-MI only)	EC 	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.49 33	0.0016	0.13	0.15	0.18	0.24	0.19	0.26	0.21	0.49

Airblast	1 lb ai/acre	40 acres	4.3	290	0.014	1.1	1.3	1.6	2.1	1.7	2.2	1.8 4.3

	WP 	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.38	1	0.0011	0.007	0.0074	0.017	0.02 0.021	0.026	N/A	0.37

Airblast	1 lb ai/acre	40 acres	3.3	8	0.0098	0.061	0.065	0.15	0.18	0.19 0.23	N/A	3.3

Nursery stock dip: cherries, peaches, plums, 	EC 	Dip	0.05 lb ai/gal	100 gal	34	2,300	0.11	8.9	11	13	17	13	18	14	34

	  WP

0.05 lb ai/gal	100 gal	27	65	0.078	0.49	0.52	1.2	1.4	1.5	1.8	N/A	26

Nursery stock dip: peaches, plums, prunes	EC 	Dip	0.005 lb ai/gal	100 gal	340	23,000	1.1	89	110	130	170	130	180	140.00	340

	  WP

0.005 lb ai/gal	100 gal	270	650	0.78	4.9	5.2	12	14	15	18	N/A	260

Pears (soil treatment) 	EC  	Groundboom	2 lb ai/acre	80 acres	1.1	73 0.0035	0.28	0.33	0.4	0.52	0.42	0.56	0.45	1.1

Handgun	2 lb ai/acre	5 acres	17	1,200	0.056	4.4	5.3	6.4	8.3	6.7	8.9	7.20 17

	WP	Groundboom	2 lb ai/acre	80 acres	0.83	2	0.0024	0.015	0.016	0.038 0.044	0.047	0.057	N/A	0.81

Handgun	2 lb ai/acre	5 acres	13	33	0.039	0.24	0.26	0.61	0.71	0.75	0.91 N/A	13

Postharvest bark treatment: Apricots, Cherries (sweet & tart), Nectarines, Peaches, Plums, Prunes 	EC 	Handgun	0.0075 lb ai/gal (label rate)	1000 gal	23	1,600	0.075	5.9	7.1	8.5	11	9	12	9.70	23

	0.005 lb ai/gal (proposed rate)	1000 gal	34	2,300	0.11	8.9	11	13	17	13 18	14.00	34

	WP

  	Handgun	0.0075 lb ai/gal (label rate)	1000 gal	18	43	0.052	0.32	0.35 0.81	0.95	0.99	1.2	N/A	17

	0.005 lb ai/gal (proposed rate)	1000 gal	27	65	0.078	0.49	0.52	1.2	1.4 1.5	1.8	N/A	26

Postharvest bark treatment: Apricots, Peaches, Nectarines; SE States only	EC 	Handgun	0.025 lb ai/gal (label rate)	1000 gal	6.8	470	0.023	1.8 2.1	2.5	3.3	2.7	3.6	2.9	6.9

	  WP

0.025 lb ai/gal (label rate)	1000 gal	5.3	13	0.016	0.097	0.1	0.24	0.28 0.3	0.36	N/A	5.2

Almonds, Filberts, Walnuts	WP	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre (proposed rate)	350 acres	0.19	0	0.00056	0.0035	0.0037	0.0087	0.01	0.011	0.013	N/A	0.19

Airblast	2 lb ai/acre (proposed rate)	40 acres	1.7	4	0.0049	0.03	0.032 0.076	0.089	0.093	0.11	N/A	1.6

Almonds, Pecans	EC 	Aerial	3 lb ai/acre (label rate)	350 acres	0.16	11 0.00054	0.042	0.05	0.061	0.079	0.064	0.085	0.07	0.16

Airblast	3 lb ai/acre (label rate)	40 acres	1.4	97	0.0047	0.37	0.44	0.53 0.69	0.56	0.74	0.60	1.4

	WP

 	Aerial	3 lb ai/acre (label rate)	350 acres	0.13	0	0.00037	0.0023 0.0025	0.0058	0.0068	0.0071	0.0087	N/A	0.12

Airblast	3 lb ai/acre (label rate)	40 acres	1.1	3	0.0033	0.02	0.022 0.051	0.059	0.062	0.076	N/A	1.1

Almonds, Walnuts	EC 	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre (proposed rate)	350 acres	0.24 17	0.00081	0.063	0.076	0.091	0.12	0.096	0.13	0.10	0.25

Airblast	2 lb ai/acre (proposed rate)	40 acres	2.1	150	0.0071	0.55	0.66 0.8	1	0.84	1.1	0.91	2.1

Filberts, SLN [OR780020]	WP	Aerial	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.25	1 0.00074	0.0046	0.0049	0.012	0.014	0.014	0.017	N/A	0.25

Airblast	1.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	2.2	5	0.0065	0.041	0.043	0.1	0.12	0.12 0.15	N/A	2.2

Macadamias	EC 	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.49	33	0.0016	0.13	0.15 0.18	0.24	0.19	0.26	0.21	0.49

Airblast	1 lb ai/acre	40 acres	4.3	290	0.014	1.1	1.3	1.6	2.1	1.7	2.2	1.8 4.3

Macadamias, SLN [HI880008]	WP	Airblast	1 lb ai/acre	40 acres	3.3	8 0.0098	0.061	0.065	0.15	0.18	0.19	0.23	N/A	3.3

Bean (succulent green), Broccoli (including Chinese), Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage (including Chinese & Napa), Carrots, Cauliflower, Celery, Collards (other than CA), Cucumbers, Eggplant (except CA), Lettuce (head & leaf), Melon, Peas (succulent & dry), Peppers, Potatoes (including sweet), Pumpkins, Spinach, Squash, Tomatoes (field grown)	EC  	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.49	33	0.0016	0.13	0.15	0.18	0.24	0.19	0.26	0.21 0.49

Groundboom	1 lb ai/acre	80 acres	2.1	150	0.0071	0.55	0.66	0.8	1	0.84	1.1 0.91	2.1

	WP

 	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.38	1	0.0011	0.007	0.0074	0.017	0.02 0.021	0.026	N/A	0.37

Groundboom	1 lb ai/acre	80 acres	1.7	4	0.0049	0.03	0.032	0.076	0.089 0.093	0.11	N/A	1.6

Collards (CA only), Kale, Mustard Greens, Turnips 	EC 	Aerial	0.75 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.65	44	0.0021	0.17	0.2	0.24	0.32	0.26	0.34	0.28	0.65

Groundboom	0.75 lb ai/acre	80 acres	2.8	190	0.0094	0.74	0.88	1.1	1.4	1.1 1.5	1.2	2.9

Collards, Kale, Mustard Greens, Turnips	WP

  	Aerial	0.75 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.51	1	0.0015	0.0093	0.0099	0.023 0.027	0.028	0.035	N/A	0.50

Groundboom	0.75 lb ai/acre	80 acres	2.2	5	0.0065	0.041	0.043	0.1	0.12 0.12	0.15	N/A	2.2

Eggplant	WP	Aerial	0.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.76	2	0.0022	0.014	0.015 0.035	0.041	0.043	0.052	N/A	0.74

Groundboom	0.5 lb ai/acre	80 acres	3.3	8	0.0098	0.061	0.065	0.15	0.18 0.19	0.23	N/A	3.3

Eggplant, CA only	EC 	Aerial	0.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.97	67	0.0032 0.25	0.3	0.36	0.47	0.38	0.51	0.41	0.98

Groundboom	0.5 lb ai/acre	80 acres	4.3	290	0.014	1.1	1.3	1.6	2.1	1.7	2.2 1.8	4.3

Pineapples	EC 	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.24	17	0.00081	0.063	0.076 0.091	0.12	0.096	0.13	0.10	0.25

Groundboom	2 lb ai/acre	80 acres	1.1	73	0.0035	0.28	0.33	0.4	0.52	0.42 0.56	0.45	1.1

Airblast	2 lb ai/acre	40 acres	2.1	150	0.0071	0.55	0.66	0.8	1	0.84	1.1 0.91	2.1

	WP	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.19	0	0.00056	0.0035	0.0037	0.0087 0.01	0.011	0.013	N/A	0.19

Groundboom	2 lb ai/acre	80 acres	0.83	2	0.0024	0.015	0.016	0.038	0.044 0.047	0.057	N/A	0.81

Airblast	2 lb ai/acre	40 acres	1.7	4	0.0049	0.03	0.032	0.076	0.089	0.093 0.11	N/A	1.6

Potatoes, SLN [WA900023]	EC	Chemigation	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.49	33 0.0016	0.13	0.15	0.18	0.24	0.19	0.26	0.21	0.49

Sweet Potatoes	EC 	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre (label rate)	350 acres	0.24	17 0.00081	0.063	0.076	0.091	0.12	0.096	0.13	0.10	0.25

Groundboom	2 lb ai/acre (label rate)	80 acres	1.1	73	0.0035	0.28	0.33 0.4	0.52	0.42	0.56	0.45	1.1

Sweet Potatoes (including SLN MS810036)	WP	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre (label rate)	350 acres	0.19	0	0.00056	0.0035	0.0037	0.0087	0.01	0.011	0.013	N/A 0.19

Groundboom	2 lb ai/acre (label rate)	80 acres	0.83	2	0.0024	0.015	0.016 0.038	0.044	0.047	0.057	N/A	0.81

Sweet Potatoes (soil broadcast treatment), SLN [MS810035]	EC	Aerial	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.32	22	0.0011	0.084	0.1	0.12	0.16	0.13	0.17	0.14 0.33

Groundboom	1.5 lb ai/acre	80 acres	1.4	97	0.0047	0.37	0.44	0.53	0.69 0.56	0.74	0.60	1.4

Tomatoes (greenhouse)	WP	Handgun	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	27	65	0.078	0.49 0.52	1.2	1.4	1.5	1.8	N/A	26

	EC 	Handgun	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	34	2,300	0.11	8.9	11	13	17	13	18	14.00 34

Vegetables grown for seed: Cabbage (including Chinese), Collards, Kale, Kohlrabi, Radish, Rutabaga, Turnip SLN  [OR770043],[WA770016], SLN [WA760012-Cabbage only]	EC	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.24	17	0.00081 0.063	0.076	0.091	0.12	0.096	0.13	0.10	0.25

	EC	Groundboom	2 lb ai/acre	80 acres	1.1	73	0.0035	0.28	0.33	0.4	0.52 0.42	0.56	0.45	1.1

Vegetables grown for seed: Cabbage (including Chinese), Collards, Kale, Kohlrabi, Radish, Rutabaga, Turnip SLN [WA780029]	WP	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre 350 acres	0.19	0	0.00056	0.0035	0.0037	0.0087	0.01	0.011	0.013	N/A	0.19

	WP	Groundboom	2 lb ai/acre	80 acres	0.83	2	0.0024	0.015	0.016	0.038 0.044	0.047	0.057	N/A	0.81

a	EC = emulsifiable concentrate; WP = wettable powder

b	Application rates are the maximum application rates determined from EPA registered labels for endosulfan, except rates labeled “proposed” are rate reductions proposed by EPA.

c	Amount handled per day values are HED estimates of acres or gallons or other area/amount treated per day based on industry sources and HED estimates.

d	Baseline Dermal = Baseline is long-sleeve shirt, long pants, shoes, socks and no gloves.  Baseline Inhalation = no respirator.

e	PPE-G = Single layer w/gloves is baseline attire plus chemical-resistant gloves.

f	PPE-DL = Double layer w/gloves is coveralls worn over long-sleeve shirt and long pants, plus chemical-resistant gloves.

g	80% Respirator is quarter-face dust/mist respirator (that provides an 80% protection factor) and 90% respirator is a half-face dust/mist respirator or a full-face dust/mist respirator (that provides a 90%

	protection factor).

h	Engineering control is closed mixing/loading system.

i	Dermal Margin of Exposure (MOE) = LOAEL (3.7 mg/kg/day) / dermal daily dose (mg/kg/day), where dermal dose = daily unit exposure (mg/lb ai)  x application rate x amount handled per day x 45% dermal absorption / body weight (60 kg adult female).  Level of concern = 300.

j	Inhalation Margin of Exposure (MOE) = NOAEL (0.2 mg/kg/day) / inhalation daily dose (mg/kg/day), where inhalation dose = daily unit exposure (μg/lb ai)  x application rate x amount handled per day  x 100% inhalation absorption / body weight (70 kg adult).  Level of concern = 100

k	Aggregated Risk Index (ARI) --  combined dermal and inhalation risks = 1 / (1/ (Dermal MOE /300) + 1/ (Inhalation MOE / 100)).  Level of concern = 1.

Table 10: Applicators:  Summary of Short- and Intermediate-Term Endosulfan Risks for Applicators

Cropa	Exposure Scenario	Application Rateb	Area Treated Dailyc	Risksi,j,k (Level of Concern = 300 for dermal, 100 for inhalation, and 1 for combined ARI)

Baselined Dermal (MOE)	Baselined Inh

(MOE) 	Baseline Dermal + Baseline Inh

(ARI) 	 PPE-Ge Dermal + Baseline Inh

(ARI)	 PPE-G,DLf Dermal + Baseline Inh

(ARI) 	 PPE-G Dermal + 80% PPE-Rg Inh

(ARI) 	PPE-G,DL Dermal + 80% PPE-R g Inh

(ARI)	 PPE-G Dermal + 90% PPE-R g Inh

(ARI) 	PPE-G,DL Dermal + 90% PPE-R g Inh

(ARI)

	Combined Eng Conh Dermal + Baseline Inh

(ARI) 	Combined Eng Conh Dermal + Eng Cont Inh

(ARI)

Blueberry (low- and highbush)	Aerial	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data 0.54

	Groundboom 	1.5 lb ai/acre	80 acres	290	160	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.87	1.1	0.92 1.2	1.0	2.5

Blueberry (highbush)	Airblast	1.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	23	52	0.066	0.094 0.12 w/ HG	0.11	0.15 w/ HG	0.11	0.16 w/ HG	0.38	1.10

Grapes	Aerial	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.54

	Groundboom	1.5 lb ai/acre	80 acres 	290	160	0.6	0.6	0.7 	0.87	1.1 	0.92 1.2 	1.0	2.5

	Airblast	1.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	23	52	0.066	0.094	0.12 w/ HG	0.11	0.15 w/ HG	0.11	0.16 w/ HG	0.38	1.1

Strawberries	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre (label rate)	350 acres	No Data	No Data No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.41

1 lb ai/acre (proposed rate)	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.81

	Groundboom	2 lb ai/acre (label rate)	80 acres	220	120	0.45	0.45	0.52 0.65	0.81	0.69	0.87	0.75	1.9

1 lb ai/acre (proposed rate)	80 acres	440	240	0.91	0.91	1	1.3	1.6	1.4 1.7	1.5	3.7

Alfalfa (grown for seed); SLN [CA860035] and [NV860005]	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.24

	Groundboom	1 lb ai/acre	200 acres	180	95	0.36	0.36	0.42	0.52	0.65	0.55 0.69	0.60	1.5

Barley , Oats	Aerial	0.50 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.47

	Groundboom	0.5 lb ai/acre	200 acres	350	190	0.72	0.72	0.84	1	1.3	1.1 1.4	1.2	3.0

Barley, Oats, Rye, Wheat	Aerial	0.75 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data 0.32

	Groundboom	0.75 lb ai/acre	200 acres	230	130	0.48	0.48	0.56	0.7	0.86 0.74	0.92	0.80	2.0

Beans (dry)	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.24

	Groundboom	1 lb ai/acre	200 acres	180	95	0.36	0.36	0.42	0.52	0.65	0.55 0.69	0.60	1.5

Cotton SLN [AZ930014][AZ930016]

(EC only)	Aerial	0.75 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.32

	Groundboom	0.75 lb ai/acre	200 acres	230	130	0.48	0.48	0.56	0.7	0.86 0.74	0.92	0.80	2.0

Cotton, Sorghum	Aerial	1.5 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.16

	Groundboom	1.5 lb ai/acre	200 acres	120	63	0.24	0.24	0.28	0.35	0.43 0.37	0.46	0.40	1.0

Sweet Corn (fresh only)	Aerial	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	No Data	No Data No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.54

	Groundboom	1.5 lb ai/acre	80 acres	290	160	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.87	1.1	0.92 1.2	1.0	2.5

Tobacco (drench treatment to plant bed)  limited to use in IN, KY, OH, PA, and WV	Handgun

(PHED)	0.0025 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	No Data	4,000	No Data	1.8	3.2	1.9	3.4 1.9	3.4	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

	Handgun

(ORETF)	0.0025 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	No Data	5,600	No Data	0.88	1.6	0.89 1.6	0.89	1.6	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

Tobacco (foliar field treatment) limited to use in IN, KY, OH, PA, and WV	Groundboom	1 lb ai/acre	80 acres	440	240	0.91	0.91	1	1.3	1.6	1.4	1.7 1.5	3.7

Tobacco (foliar treatment to seed bed) Limited to use in IN, KY, OH, PA, and WV	Groundboom	1.5 lb ai/acre	80 acres	290	160	0.6	0.6	0.7	0.87	1.1 0.92	1.2	1.0	2.5

	Handgun

(PHED)	0.005 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	No Data	2,000	No Data	0.92	1.6	0.96	1.7 0.96	1.7	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

	Handgun

(ORETF)	0.005 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	No Data	2,800	No Data	0.44	0.8	0.44 0.82	0.44	0.82	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

Citrus (nonbearing trees and nursery stock)	Aerial	2.5 lb ai/acre	60 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	1.9

	Airblast	2.5 lb ai/acre	10 acres	55	120	0.16	0.22	0.3 w/ HG	0.26	0.36 w/ HG	0.27	0.38 w/ HG	0.92	2.7

	Handgun

(PHED)	2.5 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	800	No Data	0.37	0.64	0.38	0.68 0.39	0.69	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

	Handgun

(ORETF)	2.5 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	1,100	No Data	0.18	0.32	0.18	0.33 0.18	0.33	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Plants	Handgun

(PHED)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	2,000	No Data	0.92	1.6	0.96	1.7	0.96 1.7	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

	Handgun

(ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	2,800	No Data	0.44	0.8	0.44	0.82 0.44	0.82	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

	Airblast	1 lb ai/acre	10 acres	140	310	0.4	0.56	0.74 w/ HG	0.66	0.91 w/ HG	0.67	0.94 w/ HG	2.3	6.8

Christmas Tree Plantations	Aerial	1.0 lb ai/acre	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data 0.81

	Handgun

(PHED)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	2,000	No Data	0.92	1.6	0.96	1.7	0.96 1.7	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

	Handgun

(ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	2,800	No Data	0.44	0.8	0.44	0.82 0.44	0.82	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

	Airblast	1 lb ai/acre	40 acres	34	78	0.1	0.14	0.18 w/ HG	0.16	0.23 w/ HG	0.17	0.23 w/ HG	0.57	1.7

Apples, Pears, Plums, Prunes	Aerial	2.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data 0.32

	Airblast	2.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	14	31	0.04	0.056	0.074	0.066	0.091 0.067	0.094	0.23	0.68

Apricots	Aerial	3 lb ai/acre (label rate)	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.27

	Airblast	3 lb ai/acre (label rate)	40 acres	11	26	0.033	0.047	0.061 0.055	0.076	0.056	0.078	0.19	0.56

Apricots, Cherries (sweet & tart), Nectarines, Peaches	Aerial	2.5 lb ai/acre (proposed)	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.32

	Airblast 	2.5 lb ai/acre (proposed)	40 acres	14	31	0.04	0.056	0.074 0.066	0.091	0.067	0.094	0.23	0.68

Cherries (sweet and tart - MI only)	Aerial	1.0 lb ai/acre	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.81

	Airblast	1 lb ai/acre	40 acres	34	78	0.1	0.14	0.18	0.16	0.23	0.17	0.23 0.57	1.7

Pears (soil treatment)	Groundboom 	2 lb ai/acre	80 acres	220	120	0.45 0.45	0.52	0.65	0.81	0.69	0.87	0.75	1.9

	Handgun

(PHED)	2 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	1,000	No Data	0.46	0.8	0.48	0.85 0.48	0.86	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

	Handgun

(ORETF)	2 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	1,400	No Data	0.22	0.4	0.22	0.41 0.22	0.41	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

Postharvest bark treatment: Apricots, Cherries (sweet & tart), Nectarines, Peaches, Plums, Prunes	Handgun

(PHED)	0.0075 lb ai/gal (label rate)	1000 gal	No Data	1,300	No Data	0.62 1.1	0.64	1.1	0.64	1.1	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

	Handgun

(ORETF)	0.0075 lb ai/gal (label rate)	1000 gal	No Data	1,900	No Data 0.29	0.52	0.3	0.54	0.3	0.55	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

	Handgun

(PHED)	0.005 lb ai/gal (proposed)	1000 gal	No Data	2,000	No Data	0.92 1.6	0.96	1.7	0.96	1.7	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

	Handgun

(ORETF)	0.005 lb ai/gal (proposed)	1000 gal	No Data	2,800	No Data	0.44 0.8	0.44	0.82	0.44	0.82	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

Postharvest bark treatment: Apricots, Nectarines, Peaches (SE States only)	Handgun

(PHED)	0.025 lb ai/gal (label rate)	1000 gal	No Data	400	No Data	0.18 0.32	0.19	0.34	0.19	0.34	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

	Handgun

(ORETF)	0.025 lb ai/gal (label rate)	1000 gal	No Data	560	No Data	0.088 0.16	0.089	0.16	0.089	0.6	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

Almonds, Pecans	Aerial	3 lb ai/acre (label rate)	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data 0.27

	Airblast	3 lb ai/acre (label rate)	40 acres	11	26	0.033	0.047	0.061 0.055	0.076	0.056	0.078	0.19	0.56

Almonds, Walnuts	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre (proposed)	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data 0.41

	Airblast	2 lb ai/acre (proposed)	40 acres	17	39	0.05	0.07	0.092	0.082 0.11	0.084	0.12	0.29	0.85

Filberts

(WP only)	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre (proposed)	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.41

	Airblast	2 lb ai/acre (proposed)	40 acres	17	39	0.05	0.07	0.092	0.082 0.11	0.084	0.12	0.29	0.85

Filberts, SLN [OR780020]

(WP only)	Aerial	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.54

	Airblast	1.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	23	52	0.066	0.094	0.12	0.11	0.15	0.11 0.16	0.38	1.1

Macadamias

(EC only)	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.81

	Airblast	1 lb ai/acre	40 acres	34	78	0.1	0.14	0.18	0.16	0.23	0.17	0.23 0.57	1.7

Bean, Broccoli (including Chinese), Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage (including Chinese & Napa),

 Carrots, Cauliflower, Celery, Collards (other than CA), Cucumbers, Eggplant (except CA), Lettuce (head & leaf), Melon, Peas (succulent & dry), Peppers, Potatoes (including sweet), Pumpkins, Spinach, Squash, Tomatoes (field grown)	Aerial	1 lb ai/acre

350 acres 	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.81

	Groundboom	1 lb ai/acre	80 acres	440	240	0.91	0.91	1	1.3	1.6	1.4	1.7 1.5	3.7

Collards (CA only for EC formulation), Kale, Mustard Greens, Turnips Aerial	0.75 lb ai/acre	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	1.1

	Groundboom	0.75 lb ai/acre	80 acres	590	320	1.2	1.2	1.4	1.7	2.2	1.8	2.3 2.00	5.0

Eggplant (CA only for EC formulation)	Aerial	0.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	1.6

	Groundboom	0.50 lb ai/acre	80 acres	880	470	1.8	1.8	2.1	2.6	3.2	2.8	3.5 3.00	7.5

Pineapple	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.41

	Airblast	2 lb ai/acre	40 acres	17	39	0.05	0.07	0.092	0.082	0.11	0.084 0.12	0.29	0.85

	Groundboom	2 lb ai/acre	80 acres	220	120	0.45	0.45	0.52	0.65	0.81	0.69 0.87	0.75	1.9

Sweet Potatoes (including SLN MS810036 for WP formulation)	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre (label rate)	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.41

	Groundboom	2 lb ai/acre (label rate)	80 acres	220	120	0.45	0.45	0.52 0.65	0.81	0.69	0.87	0.75	1.9

Tomatoes (greenhouse)	Handgun

(PHED)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	2000	No Data	0.92	1.6	0.96	1.7	0.96 1.7	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

	Handgun

(ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	2,800	No Data	0.44	0.8	0.44	0.82 0.44	0.82	Not Feasible 	Not Feasible

Vegetables grown for seed: Cabbage (including Chinese), Collards, Kale, Kohlrabi, Radish, Rutabaga, Turnip: EC formulation SLN =  [OR770043],[WA770016], [WA760012-Cabbage only]; WP formulation SLN =[WA780029]	Aerial	2 lb ai/acre	350 acres	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	0.41

	Groundboom	2 lb ai/acre	80 acres	220	120	0.45	0.45	0.52	0.65	0.81	0.69 0.87	0.75	1.9

a	All crops assessed for use with both emulsifiable concentrate (EC) and wettable powder (WP) formulation, unless noted otherwise.

b	Application rates are the maximum application rates determined from EPA registered labels for endosulfan, except rates labeled “proposed” are rate reductions proposed by EPA.

c	Amount handled per day values are HED estimates of acres or gallons or other area/amount treated per day based on industry sources and HED estimates.

d	Baseline Dermal = Baseline is long-sleeve shirt, long pants, shoes, socks and no gloves.  Baseline Inhalation = no respirator.

e	PPE-G = Single layer w/gloves is baseline attire plus chemical-resistant gloves.

f	PPE-DL = Double layer w/gloves is coveralls worn over long-sleeve shirt and long pants, plus chemical-resistant gloves.  An HG indicates that headgear is also worn.

g	80% Respirator is quarter-face dust/mist respirator (that provides an 80% protection factor).  90% Respirator is a half-face dust/mist respirator or a full-face dust/mist respirator (that provides a 90% protection factor).

h	Engineering control is enclosed cab or enclosed cockpit.

i	Dermal Margin of Exposure (MOE) = LOAEL (3.7 mg/kg/day) / dermal daily dose (mg/kg/day), where dermal dose = daily unit exposure (mg/lb ai)  x application rate x amount handled per day x 45% dermal absorption / body weight (60 kg adult female).  Level of concern = 300.

 = daily unit exposure (μg/lb ai)  x application rate x amount handled per day  x 100% inhalation absorption / body weight (70 kg adult).  Level of concern = 100

k	Aggregated Risk Index (ARI) -- combined dermal and inhalation risks = 1 / (1/ (Dermal MOE /300) + 1/ (Inhalation MOE / 100)).  Level of concern = 1.

Table 11: Flaggers:  Summary of Short- and Intermediate Term Endosulfan Risks

Crop	Formulationa	Application Rateb	Amount Handled Dailyc	Risksi,j,k (Level of Concern = 300 for dermal, 100 for inhalation, and 1 for combined ARI)

Baselined Dermal (MOE)	Baselined Inhalation

(MOE) 	Baseline Dermal + Baseline Inhalation

(ARI) 	PPE-DLe Dermal + Baseline Inhalation (ARI)	PPE-DLe Dermal + 80% PPE-Rf Inhalation (ARI)	PPE-DLe Dermal + 90% PPE-Rg Inhalation (ARI) Combined Eng Conth Dermal + Baseline Inhalation

(ARI) 	Combined Eng Conth Dermal + Eng Cont Inhalation

(ARI)

Blueberries (low- and highbush)	EC/WP	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	85	76 0.21	0.22 	0.29 	0.30 	0.72	10

Grapes 	EC/WP	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	85	76	0.21	0.22 	0.29 	0.30 	0.72 10

Strawberries	EC/WP	2 lb ai/acre

(label rate)	350 acres	64	57	0.16	0.17 	0.22 	0.23 	0.54	8

1 lb ai/acre (proposed)	350 acres	130	110	0.31	0.33 	0.43 	0.45 	1.1	16

Alfalfa (grown for seed); SLN [CA860035] and [NV860005]	EC/WP	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	130	110	0.31	0.33 	0.43 	0.45 	1.1	16

Barley , Oats	EC/WP	0.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	260	230	0.62	0.67 	0.87  0.90 	2.2	31

Barley, Oats, Rye, Wheat	EC/WP	0.75 lb ai/acre	350 acres	170	150	0.41 0.44 	0.58 	0.60 	1.4	21

Beans (dry)	EC/WP	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	130	110	0.31	0.33 	0.43 	0.45  1.1	16

Cotton SLN [AZ930014][AZ930016] 	EC	0.75 lb ai/acre	350 acres	170	150 0.41	0.44 	0.58 	0.60 	1.4	21

Cotton, Sorghum	EC/WP	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	85	76	0.21	0.22 	0.29  0.30 	0.72	10

Sweet Corn (fresh only)	EC/WP	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	85	76	0.21	0.22  0.29 	0.30 	0.72	10

Citrus (nonbearing trees and nursery stock)	EC/WP	2.5 lb ai/acre	60 acres	300	270	0.73	0.78 	1.0 	1.1 	2.5	36

Christmas Tree Plantations	EC 	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	130	110	0.31	0.33  0.43 	0.45 	1.1	16

Apples, Pears, Plums, Prunes	EC/WP	2.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	51	46	0.12 0.13 	0.17 	0.18 	0.43	6.2

Apricots	EC/WP	3 lb ai/acre (label rate)	350 acres	43	38	0.1	0.11 	0.14  0.15 	0.36	5.2

Apricots, Cherries (sweet & tart), Nectarines, Peaches	EC/WP	2.5 lb ai/acre (proposed)	350 acres	51	46	0.12	0.13 	0.17 	0.18 	0.43	6.2

Cherries (sweet and tart-MI only)	EC 	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	130	110 0.31	0.33 	0.43 	0.45 	1.1	16

Almonds, Pecans	EC/WP	3 lb ai/acre (label rate)	350 acres	43	38	0.1	0.11 	0.14 	0.15 	0.36	5.2

Almonds, Walnuts	EC/WP	2 lb ai/acre (proposed)	350 acres	64	57	0.16	0.17 	0.22 	0.23 	0.54	7.8

Filberts	   WP	2 lb ai/acre (proposed)	350 acres	64	57	0.16	0.17 	0.22  0.23 	0.54	7.8

Filberts, SLN [OR780020]	   WP	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	85	76	0.21	0.22  0.29 	0.30 	0.72	10

Macadamias	EC 	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	130	110	0.31	0.33 	0.43 	0.45 	1.1 16

Bean (succulent green), Broccoli (including Chinese), Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage (including Chinese & Napa), Carrots, Cauliflower, Celery, Collards (other than CA), Cucumbers, Eggplant (except CA), Lettuce (head & leaf), Melon, Peas (succulent & dry), Peppers, Potatoes (including sweet), Pumpkins, Spinach, Squash, Tomatoes (field grown)	EC/WP	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	130	110	0.31	0.33 	0.43 	0.45 	1.1	16

Collards (CA only for EC formulation), Kale, Mustard Greens, Turnips  EC/WP	0.75 lb ai/acre	350 acres	170	150	0.41	0.44 	0.58 	0.60 	1.4	21

Eggplant (CA only for EC formulation)	EC/WP	0.50 lb ai/acre	350 acres 260	230	0.62	0.67 	0.87 	0.90 	2.2	31

Pineapple	EC/WP	2 lb ai/acre	350 acres	64	57	0.16	0.17 	0.22 	0.23 	0.54 7.8

Sweet Potatoes (including SLN MS810036 for WP formulation)	EC/WP	2 lb ai/acre (label rate)	350 acres	64	57	0.16	0.17 	0.22 	0.23 	0.54	7.8

Vegetables grown for seed: Cabbage (including Chinese), Collards, Kale, Kohlrabi, Radish, Rutabaga, Turnip: EC formulation SLN [OR770043] [WA770016]  [WA760012-Cabbage only]; WP formulation SLN [WA780029]	EC/WP 2 lb ai/acre	350 acres	64	57	0.16	0.17 	0.22 	0.23 	0.54	7.8

a	EC = emulsifiable concentrate; WP = wettable powder

b	Application rates are the maximum application rates determined from EPA registered labels for endosulfan, except rates labeled “proposed” are rate reductions proposed by EPA.

c	Amount handled per day values are HED estimates of acres or gallons or other area/amount treated per day based on industry sources and HED estimates.

d	Baseline Dermal = Baseline is long-sleeve shirt, long pants, shoes, socks and no gloves.  Baseline Inhalation = no respirator.

e	PPE-DL = Double layer is coveralls worn over long-sleeve shirt and long pants.  No gloves (no G) are worn.

f	80% Respirator is quarter-face dust/mist respirator (that provides an 80% protection factor).

g	90% Respirator is a half-face dust/mist respirator or a full-face dust/mist respirator (that provides a 90% protection factor).

h	Engineering control is enclosed cab.

i	Dermal Margin of Exposure (MOE) = LOAEL (3.7 mg/kg/day) / dermal daily dose (mg/kg/day), where dermal dose = daily unit exposure (mg/lb ai)  x application rate x amount handled per day x 45% dermal absorption / body weight (60 kg adult female).  Level of concern = 300.

j	Inhalation Margin of Exposure (MOE) = NOAEL (0.2 mg/kg/day) / inhalation daily dose (mg/kg/day), where inhalation dose = daily unit exposure (μg/lb ai)  x application rate x amount handled per day  x 100% inhalation absorption / body weight (70 kg adult).  Level of concern = 100

k	Aggregated Risk Index (ARI) -- combined dermal and inhalation risks = 1 / (1/ (Dermal MOE /300) + 1/ (Inhalation MOE / 100)).  Level of concern = 1.

Table 12: Mixers/Loaders/Applicators:  Summary of Short- and Intermediate-Term Endosulfan Risks

Crop	Form.a	Exposure Scenario	App Rateb	Amount Handled Dailyc	Risksi,j,k

(Level of Concern = 300 for dermal, 100 for inhalation, and 1 for combined ARI)Total MOEs (Target MOE = 100)

	Baselined Dermal (MOE)	Baselined Inhalation

(MOE) 	Baseline Dermal + Baseline Inhalation

(ARI) 	 PPE-Ge Dermal + Baseline Inhalation

(ARI)	 PPE-G,DLf Dermal + Baseline Inhalation

(ARI) 	 PPE-Ge Dermal + 80% Rg Inhalation

(ARI) 	PPE-G,DL f  Dermal + 80% Rg Inhalation

(ARI)	 PPE-Ge Dermal + 90% Rh Inhalation

(ARI) 	PPE-G,DL f Dermal+ 90% Rh Inhalation

(ARI)

Tobacco (drench treatment to plant bed)  limited to use in IN, KY, OH, PA, and WV	EC 	Handgun (ORETF)	0.0025 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	No Data	3,100 No Data	1.4	2.5	1.4	2.6	1.5	2.7

Low Pressure Handwand - Ground Directed (ORETF)	0.0025 lb ai/gal	40 gal 330	52,000	1.1	45	No Data	49	No Data	49	No Data

Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	0.0025 lb ai/gal	40 gal	49	4,700	0.16	21	23 33	37	35	41

	WP	Handgun (ORETF)	0.0025 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	No Data	88	No Data	0.42 0.56	0.69	1.1	0.75	1.3

	WP in WSP	Handgun (ORETF)	0.0025 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	No Data	780	No Data 0.86	1.4	0.94	1.7	0.96	1.7

	WP	Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	0.0025 lb ai/gal	40 gal	No Data	130	No Data	0.76	0.86	1.5	1.9	1.7	2.2

Tobacco (foliar treatment to seed bed) limited to use in IN, KY, OH, PA, and WV	EC 	Handgun (ORETF)	0.005 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	No Data	1,600	No Data	0.7	1.2	0.72	1.3	0.73	1.3

Low Pressure Handwand - Ground Directed (ORETF)	0.005 lb ai/gal	40 gal 160	26,000	0.55	23	No Data	24	No Data	25	No Data

Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	0.005 lb ai/gal	40 gal	25	2,300	0.082	11	11 16	19	18	20

	WP	Handgun (ORETF)	0.005 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	No Data	44	No Data	0.21 0.28	0.35	0.57	0.38	0.65

	WP in WSP	Handgun (ORETF)	0.005 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	No Data	390	No Data 0.43	0.72	0.47	0.85	0.48	0.87

	WP	Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	0.005 lb ai/gal	40 gal	No Data	64	No Data	0.38	0.43	0.74	0.94	0.83	1.1

Citrus (nonbearing trees and nursery stock)	EC 	Handgun (ORETF)	2.5 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	620	No Data	0.28	0.49	0.29	0.53	0.29	0.53

Low Pressure Handwand - Overhead Directed (ORETF)	2.5 lb ai/acre	5 acres 1.3	290	0.0044	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data

Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	2.5 lb ai/acre	5 acres	0.39	37	0.0013	0.17 0.18	0.26	0.3	0.28	0.32

Citrus (nonbearing trees and nursery stock)	 WP	Handgun (ORETF)	2.5 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	18	No Data	0.085	0.11	0.14	0.23	0.15	0.26

	WP in WSP	Handgun (ORETF)	2.5 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	160	No Data 0.17	0.29	0.19	0.34	0.19	0.35

	WP	Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	2.5 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	1	No Data	0.0061	0.0069	0.012	0.015	0.013	0.018

Ornamentals: Trees, Shrubs, Woody plants	EC	Handgun (ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre 5 acres	No Data	1,600	No Data	0.7	1.2	0.72	1.3	0.73	1.3

Ornamentals: Shrubs, Woody plants

Low Pressure Handwand - Ground Directed (ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	6.6 1,000	0.022	0.91	No Data	0.98	No Data	0.99	No Data

Ornamentals: Trees

Low Pressure Handwand - Overhead Directed (ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres 3.3	740	0.011	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data

Ornamentals: Trees, Shrubs, Woody plants

Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	0.99	93	0.0033	0.42 0.46	0.66	0.75	0.71	0.81

Ornamentals: Trees, Shrubs, Woody plants	 WP 	Handgun (ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	44	No Data	0.21	0.28	0.35	0.57	0.38	0.65

	WP in WSP	Handgun (ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	390	No Data	0.43 0.72	0.47	0.85	0.48	0.87

	WP	Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	3	No Data 0.015	0.017	0.029	0.037	0.033	0.044

Christmas Tree Plantations	EC	Handgun (ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	1,600	No Data	0.7	1.2	0.72	1.3	0.73	1.3

Low Pressure Handwand - Overhead Directed (ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres 3.3	740	0.011	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data

Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	0.99	93	0.0033	0.42 0.46	0.66	0.75	0.71	0.81

	 WP	Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	3	No Data 0.015	0.017	0.029	0.037	0.033	0.044

Handgun (ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	44	No Data	0.21	0.28	0.35 0.57	0.38	0.65

	WP in WSP	Handgun (ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	390	No Data	0.43 0.72	0.47	0.85	0.48	0.87

Pears (soil treatment) 	EC  	Handgun (ORETF)	2 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	780	No Data	0.35	0.62	0.36	0.66	0.36	0.67

Low Pressure Handwand - Ground Directed (ORETF)	2 lb ai/acre	5 acres	3.3 520	0.011	0.45	No Data	0.49	No Data	0.49	No Data

Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	2 lb ai/acre	5 acres	0.49	47	0.0016	0.21 0.23	0.33	0.37	0.35	0.41

Pears (soil treatment)	 WP 	Handgun (ORETF)	2 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data 22	No Data	0.11	0.14	0.17	0.28	0.19	0.33

Handgun (ORETF)	2 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	190	No Data	0.22	0.36	0.24 0.43	0.24	0.43

Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	2 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	1	No Data 0.0076	0.0086	0.015	0.019	0.017	0.022

Postharvest bark treatment: Apricots, Cherries (sweet & tart), Nectarines, Peaches, Plums, Prunes 	EC 	Handgun (ORETF)	0.005 lb ai/gal (proposed rate)	1000 gal	No Data	1,600	No Data	0.7	1.2	0.72	1.3	0.73	1.3

High Pressure Handwand	0.005 lb ai/gal (proposed rate)	1000 gal	No Data 23	No Data	0.084	0.11	0.12	0.17	0.12	0.19

Low Pressure Handwand - Overhead Directed (ORETF)	0.005 lb ai/gal (proposed rate)	40 gal	82	18,000	0.27	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data

Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	0.005 lb ai/gal (proposed rate)	40 gal	25 2,300	0.082	11	11	16	19	18	20

Postharvest bark treatment: Apricots, Cherries (sweet & tart), Nectarines, Peaches, Plums, Prunes 	EC 	Handgun (ORETF)	0.0075 lb ai/gal (label rate)	1000 gal	No Data	1,000	No Data	0.47	0.82	0.48	0.88	0.48 0.89

High Pressure Handwand	0.0075 lb ai/gal (label rate)	1000 gal	No Data	16 No Data	0.056	0.073	0.079	0.12	0.083	0.13

Low Pressure Handwand - Overhead Directed (ORETF)	0.0075 lb ai/gal (label rate)	40 gal	55	12,000	0.18	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data

Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	0.0075 lb ai/gal (label rate)	40 gal	16 1,600	0.055	7	7.6	11	12	12	14

Postharvest bark treatment: Apricots, Cherries (sweet & tart), Nectarines, Peaches, Plums, Prunes	 WP	Handgun (ORETF)	0.005 lb ai/gal (proposed rate) 	1000 gal	No Data	44	No Data	0.21	0.28	0.35	0.57	0.38 0.65

	WP in WSP	Handgun (ORETF)	0.005 lb ai/gal (proposed rate) 	1000 gal	No Data	390	No Data	0.43	0.72	0.47	0.85	0.48	0.87

	WP	Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	0.005 lb ai/gal (proposed rate)	40 gal No Data	64	No Data	0.38	0.43	0.74	0.94	0.83	1.1

Postharvest bark treatment: Apricots, Cherries (sweet & tart), Nectarines, Peaches, Plums, Prunes	WP	Handgun (ORETF)	0.0075 lb ai/gal (label rate)	1000 gal	No Data	29	No Data	0.14	0.19	0.23	0.38	0.25	0.43

	WP in WSP	Handgun (ORETF)	0.0075 lb ai/gal (label rate)	1000 gal	No Data	260	No Data	0.29	0.48	0.31	0.57	0.32	0.58

	WP	Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	0.0075 lb ai/gal (label rate)	40 gal	No Data	42	No Data	0.25	0.29	0.49	0.62	0.55	0.73

Postharvest bark treatment: Apricots, Nectarines, Peaches (SE States only)	EC 	Handgun (ORETF)	0.025 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	No Data	310	No Data 0.14	0.25	0.14	0.26	0.15	0.27

High Pressure Handwand	0.025 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	No Data	5	No Data	0.017 0.022	0.024	0.035	0.025	0.038

Low Pressure Handwand - Overhead Directed (ORETF)	0.025 lb ai/gal	40 gal 16	3,700	0.055	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data	No Data

Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	0.025 lb ai/gal	40 gal	4.9	470	0.016	2.1 2.3	3.3	3.7	3.5	4.1

	  WP	Handgun (ORETF)	0.025 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	No Data	9	No Data	0.042 0.056	0.069	0.11	0.075	0.13

	WP in WSP	Handgun (ORETF)	0.025 lb ai/gal	1000 gal	No Data	78	No Data 0.086	0.14	0.094	0.17	0.096	0.17

	WP	Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	0.025 lb ai/gal	40 gal	No Data	13	No Data	0.076	0.086	0.15	0.19	0.17	0.22

Tomatoes (greenhouse)	EC 	Handgun (ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data 1,600	No Data	0.7	1.2	0.72	1.3	0.73	1.3

Low Pressure Handwand - Ground Directed (ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	6.6 1,000	0.022	0.91	No Data	0.98	No Data	0.99	No Data

Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	0.99	93	0.0033	0.42 0.46	0.66	0.75	0.71	0.81

	WP 	Handgun (ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	44	No Data	0.21	0.28 0.35	0.57	0.38	0.65

	WP in WSP	Handgun (ORETF)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	390	No Data	0.43 0.72	0.47	0.85	0.48	0.87

	WP	Low Pressure Handwand (PHED)	1 lb ai/acre	5 acres	No Data	3	No Data 0.015	0.017	0.029	0.037	0.033	0.044

a	EC = emulsifiable concentrate; WP = wettable powder

b	Application rates are the maximum application rates determined from EPA registered labels for endosulfan, except rates labeled “proposed” are rate reductions proposed by EPA.

c	Amount handled per day values are HED estimates of acres or gallons or other area/amount treated per day based on industry sources and HED estimates.

d	Baseline Dermal = Baseline is long-sleeve shirt, long pants, shoes, socks and no gloves.  Baseline Inhalation = no respirator.

e	PPE-G = Single layer w/gloves is baseline attire plus chemical-resistant gloves.

f	PPE-G, DL = Double layer w/gloves is coveralls worn over long-sleeve shirt and long pants, plus chemical-resistant gloves.

g	80% Respirator is quarter-face dust/mist respirator (that provides an 80% protection factor).

h	90% Respirator is a half-face dust/mist respirator or a full-face dust/mist respirator (that provides a 90% protection factor).

i	Dermal Margin of Exposure (MOE) = LOAEL (3.7 mg/kg/day) / dermal daily dose (mg/kg/day), where dermal dose = daily unit exposure (mg/lb ai)  x application rate x amount handled per day x 45% dermal absorption / body weight (60 kg adult female).  Level of concern = 300.

nhalation dose = daily unit exposure (μg/lb ai)  x application rate x amount handled per day  x 100% inhalation absorption / body weight (70 kg adult).  Level of concern = 100

k	Aggregated Risk Index (ARI) -- combined dermal and inhalation risks = 1 / (1/ (Dermal MOE /300) + 1/ (Inhalation MOE / 100)).  Level of concern = 1.

Table 13: Applicators using Airblast Equipment:  Summary of Short-and Intermediate-Term Endosulfan Risks

(assessed using Carbaryl unit exposure data MRID 464482-01)

Use Sitea	App Rateb	Area Treated Dailyc 	Unit Exposured 	Daily Dosee

(mg/kg/day)	Risks f,g,h (Level of Concern = 300 for dermal, 100 for inhalation, and 1 for combined ARI)

	Dermal Baseline + GL

+ HG (mg/lb ai)

	Baseline Inh (ug/lb ai)

	80% PPE-R Inh (ug/lb ai)

	90% PPE-R Inh (ug/lb ai)	Dermal Baseline + GL

+ HG 	Baseline Inh

	80% PPE-R Inh

	90% PPE-R Inh 	Dermal

Baseline

 + GL

+ HG

(MOE) 	Baseline Inh

(MOE)

	Dermal Baseline

+ GL

+ HG

+ Inh Baseline

(ARI)

Dermal Baseline

+ GL

+ HG

+ 80%  R

Inh

(ARI)

	Dermal Baseline

+ GL

+ HG

 + 90%  R Inh

(ARI)

Blueberry (highbush) 	1.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	0.07	3.1	0.62	0.31	0.032 0.0027	0.00053	0.00027	120	75	0.26	0.35	0.37

Grapes 	1.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	0.07	3.1	0.62	0.31	0.032	0.0027	0.00053 0.00027	120	75	0.26	0.35	0.37

Citrus (nonbearing trees and nursery stock)	2.5 lb ai/acre	10 acres	0.07 3.1	0.62	0.31	0.013	0.0011	0.00022	0.00011	280	180	0.62	0.85	0.89

Ornamentals: Trees, Shrubs, Woody plants	1 lb ai/acre	10 acres	0.07	3.1 0.62	0.31	0.0053	0.00044	0.000089	0.000044	700	450	1.5	2.1	2.2

Christmas Tree Plantations	1 lb ai/acre	40 acres	0.07	3.1	0.62	0.31 0.021	0.0018	0.00035	0.00018	180	110	0.38	0.53	0.56

Apples, Pears, Plums, Prunes	2.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	0.07	3.1	0.62	0.31 0.053	0.0044	0.00089	0.00044	70	45	0.15	0.21	0.22

Apricots	3 lb ai/acre	40 acres	0.07	3.1	0.62	0.31	0.063	0.0053	0.0011 0.00053	59	38	0.13	0.18	0.19

Apricots, Cherries (sweet & tart), Nectarines, Peaches (proposed rate) 2.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	0.07	3.1	0.62	0.31	0.053	0.0044	0.00089	0.00044 70	45	0.15	0.21	0.22

Cherries (sweet and tart - MI only)	1 lb ai/acre	40 acres	0.07	3.1	0.62 0.31	0.021	0.0018	0.00035	0.00018	180	110	0.38	0.53	0.56

Almonds, Pecans	3 lb ai/acre	40 acres	0.07	3.1	0.62	0.31	0.063	0.0053 0.0011	0.00053	59	38	0.13	0.18	0.19

Almonds, Walnuts (proposed rate)	2 lb ai/acre	40 acres	0.07	3.1	0.62 0.31	0.042	0.0035	0.00071	0.00035	88	56	0.19	0.27	0.28

Filberts (WP only proposed rate)	2 lb ai/acre	40 acres	0.07	3.1	0.62 0.31	0.042	0.0035	0.00071	0.00035	88	56	0.19	0.27	0.28

Filberts, SLN [OR780020] (WP only)	1.5 lb ai/acre	40 acres	0.07	3.1	0.62 0.31	0.032	0.0027	0.00053	0.00027	120	75	0.26	0.35	0.37

Macadamias (EC only)	1 lb ai/acre	40 acres	0.07	3.1	0.62	0.31	0.021 0.0018	0.00035	0.00018	180	110	0.38	0.53	0.56

Pineapple	2 lb ai/acre	40 acres	0.07	3.1	0.62	0.31	0.042	0.0035	0.00071 0.00035	88	56	0.19	0.27	0.28

a	EC = emulsifiable concentrate; WP = wettable powder

b	Application rates are the maximum application rates determined from EPA registered labels for endosulfan, except rates labeled “proposed” are rate reductions proposed by EPA.

c	Acres treated per day values are HED estimates of acres treated per day based on industry sources and HED estimates.

d	Unit Exposure estimates were obtained from surrogate carbaryl data MRID 464482-01.  Dermal represents use of long-sleeve shirt, long pants, shoes, socks, plus chemical-resistant

gloves and chemical-resistant headgear.  Baseline inhalation represents use of no respirator.  80% Respirator is quarter-face dust/mist respirator (that provides an 80% protection factor).  90% Respirator is a half-face dust/mist respirator or a full-face dust/mist respirator (that provides a 90% protection factor).

e	Daily Dose = Application rate (lb ai/acre) x Acres treated/day x Unit Exposure (mg/lb ai) x absorption factor (45% for dermal, 100% for inhalation) / body weight (60 kg for dermal and 70 kg for

inhalation).

f	Dermal MOE = LOAEL (3.7 mg/kg/day) / daily dose (mg/kg/day).  Level of concern = 300.

g	Inhalation MOEs = NOAEL (0.2 mg/kg/day) / inhalation daily dose (mg/kg/day.  Level of concern = 100.

h	Aggregated Risk Index (ARI) -- combined dermal and inhalation risks = 1 / (1/ (Dermal MOE /300) + 1/ (Inhalation MOE / 100)).  Level of concern = 1.

Table 14: Closed System Loading to Support Aerial Application:

Summary of Short- and Intermediate-Term Endosulfan Risks

(assessed using Malathion unit exposure estimates MRID 46634105)

Crop Grouping	Crop or Target	Formulationa	Application Rateb	Area Treated Dailyc 	Engineering Control Unit Exposured	Engineering Control Dosee  Risks .

 (Level of Concern = 300 for dermal, 100 for inhalation, and 1 for combined ARI)

	Dermal

(mg/lb ai)	Inhalation (ug/lb ai)	Dermal

(mg/kg/day)	Inhalation

(mg/kg/day)	Eng Con Dermalf

(MOE)	Eng Con Inhalationg

(MOE)	Eng Con Dermal + Inhalationh

(ARI)

Berries and Vine/Trellis	Blueberry (low- and highbush)	EC	1.5 lb ai/acre 350 acres	0.0023	0.0075	0.0091	0.00006	410	3,600	1.3

Berries and Vine/Trellis	Grapes	EC  	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.0023 0.0075	0.0091	0.00006	410	3,600	1.3

Berries and Vine/Trellis	Strawberries	EC  (label rate)	2 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.0023	0.0075	0.012	0.00008	310	2,700	0.98

Berries and Vine/Trellis	Strawberries	EC (proposed rate)  	1 lb ai/acre 350 acres	0.0023	0.0075	0.006	0.00004	610	5,300	2.0

Field / Row Crop	Alfalfa (grown for seed); SLN [CA860035] and [NV860005] EC 	1 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	0.0023	0.0075	0.021	0.00013	180	1,600	0.57

Field / Row Crop	Barley , Oats	EC 	0.5 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	0.0023 0.0075	0.01	0.00006	360	3,100	1.1

Field / Row Crop	Barley, Oats, Rye, Wheat	EC 	0.75 lb ai/acre	1200 acres 0.0023	0.0075	0.016	0.00010	240	2,100	0.77

Field / Row Crop	Beans (dry)	EC 	1 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	0.0023	0.0075 0.021	0.00013	180	1,600	0.57

Field / Row Crop	Cotton SLN [AZ930014][AZ930016] 	EC	0.75 lb ai/acre 1200 acres	0.0023	0.0075	0.016	0.00010	240	2,100	0.77

Field / Row Crop	Cotton, Sorghum	EC 	1.5 lb ai/acre	1200 acres	0.0023 0.0075	0.031	0.00019	120	1,000	0.38

Field / Row Crop	Sweet Corn (fresh only)	EC  	1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres 0.0023	0.0075	0.0091	0.00006	410	3,600	1.3

Nursery Crops	Citrus (nonbearing trees and nursery stock)	EC 	2.5 lb ai/acre	60 acres	0.0023	0.0075	0.0026	0.00002	1,400	12,000	4.6

Pine Trees	Christmas Tree Plantations	EC 	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.0023 0.0075	0.006	0.00004	610	5,300	2.0

Pome and Stone Fruits	Apples, Pears, Plums, and Prunes	EC 	2.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.0023	0.0075	0.015	0.00009	250	2,100	0.79

Pome and Stone Fruits	Apricots	EC  (label rate)	3 lb ai/acre	350 acres 0.0023	0.0075	0.018	0.00011	200	1,800	0.66

Pome and Stone Fruits	Apricots, Cherries (sweet & tart), Nectarines, Peaches	EC (proposed rate) 	2.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.0023	0.0075	0.015 0.00009	250	2,100	0.79

Pome and Stone Fruits	Cherries (sweet and tart-MI only)	EC 	1 lb ai/acre 350 acres	0.0023	0.0075	0.006	0.00004	610	5,300	2.0

Tree Nut	Almonds, Pecans	EC (label rate)	3 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.0023 0.0075	0.018	0.00011	200	1,800	0.66

Tree Nut	Almonds, Walnuts	EC (proposed rate) 	2 lb ai/acre	350 acres 0.0023	0.0075	0.012	0.00008	310	2,700	0.98

Tree Nut	Macadamias	EC 	1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.0023	0.0075	0.006 0.00004	610	5,300	2.0

Vegetables	Bean (succulent green), Broccoli (including Chinese), Brussels Sprouts, Cabbage (including Chinese & Napa), Carrots, Cauliflower, Celery, Collards (except CA), Cucumbers, Eggplant (except CA), Lettuce (head & leaf), Melon, Peas (succulent & dry), Peppers	EC   1 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.0023	0.0075	0.006	0.00004	610	5,300	2.0

Vegetables	Collards (CA only), Kale, Mustard Greens, Turnips 	EC 	0.75 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.0023	0.0075	0.0045	0.00003	820	7,100	2.6

Vegetables	Eggplant, CA only	EC 	0.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.0023	0.0075 0.003	0.00002	1,200	11,000	3.9

Vegetables	Pineapples	EC 	2 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.0023	0.0075	0.012 0.00008	310	2,700	0.98

Vegetables	Sweet Potatoes	EC (label rate)	2 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.0023 0.0075	0.012	0.00008	310	2,700	0.98

Vegetables	Sweet Potatoes (soil broadcast treatment), SLN [MS810035]	EC 1.5 lb ai/acre	350 acres	0.0023	0.0075	0.0091	0.00006	410	3,600	1.3

Vegetables Grown for Seed	Vegetables grown for seed: Cabbage (including Chinese), Collards, Kale, Kohlrabi, Radish, Rutabaga, Turnip SLN  [OR770043],[WA770016], SLN [WA760012-Cabbage] 	EC	2 lb ai/acre	350 acres 0.0023	0.0075	0.012	0.00008	310	2,700	0.98

a	EC = emulsifiable concentrate; WP = wettable powder

b	Application rates are the maximum application rates determined from EPA registered labels for endosulfan, except rates labeled “proposed” are rate reductions proposed by EPA.

c	Acres treated per day values are HED estimates of acres treated per day based on industry sources and HED estimates.

d	Engineering Control Unit Exposure estimates were obtained from surrogate malathion data MRID 46634105.  Engineering control is a lock and load closed loading system that uses dry coupling techniques

	to transfer the formulated product from 260-gallon totes to the aircraft tanks.  No water or other materials are added to the aircraft tank.  Loaders wore long-sleeve shirt, long pants, boots or shoes, socks, and

	chemical-resistant gloves.

e	Engineering  Control Daily Dose = Application rate (lb ai/acre) x Acres treated/day x Unit Exposure (in mg/lb ai) x absorption factor (45% for dermal, 100% for inhalation) / body

weight (60 kg for dermal and 70 kg for inhalation)

f	Engineering  Control Dermal MOE = LOAEL (3.7 mg/kg/day) / dermal daily dose (mg/kg/day).  Level of concern = 300.

g	Engineering  Control Inhalation MOE = NOAEL (0.2 mg/kg/day) / inhalation daily dose (mg/kg/day.  Level of concern = 100.

h	Engineering  Control Aggregated Risk Index (ARI) -- combined dermal and inhalation risks = 1 / (1/ (Dermal MOE /300) + 1/ (Inhalation MOE / 100)).  Level of concern = 1.

		Summary of Risk Concerns for Handlers, Data Gaps, and Confidence in Exposure

 		and Risk Estimates

Dermal and inhalation risks for handlers are combined using an ARI approach since the toxicological effects for the dermal and inhalation endpoints are similar.  Handler exposure to endosulfan are expected to be short-term (1 day to one month) and intermediate-term (more than 30 days up to 6 months).  Long-term exposures are not anticipated.  The target MOE for the short- and intermediate-term dermal risks is 300.  The target MOE for the short- and intermediate-term inhalation risks is 100.  The target ARI for combined short- and intermediate-term dermal plus inhalation risks is 1.

			Quick Reference to Handler Risks

Table 15 is a quick reference to the risks to mixers and loaders handling liquid concentrates and wettable powder formulations.  Field crops include alfalfa (grown for seed), barley, cotton, dry beans, oats, rye, sorghum, sweet corn (fresh only) and wheat.  A high-tech loading system for aircraft is a lock and load closed loading system that uses dry coupling techniques to transfer the formulated product from 260-gallon totes to the aircraft tanks.  No water or other materials are added to the aircraft tank.  In the malathion study where these data were obtained, loaders wore long-sleeve shirt, long pants, boots or shoes, socks, and chemical-resistant gloves.  These closed loading systems are currently available for some ULV aerial applications.  These systems are distinct from a closed mixing/loading system where diluents and other additives are added to the aircraft tanks.  Only the lock and load technology is used in these high tech systems.

Table 15:  Quick Reference for Risks to Mixers/Loaders Using PHED and Proprietary Data

Handler Task	Application Rate	Area Treated Daily	Risk Mitigation Where

ARIs ≥ 1

Mixing/Loading Liquid Concentrates

Mix/Load LC to Support Aerial Applications	> 0.5 lb ai/A	1200 acres

(field crops)	Risks a concern even with high-tech closed loading system for aircraft (malathion data)

	0.5 lb ai/A

High-tech closed mixing/loading system for aircraft (malathion data)

	> 2.0 lb ai/A

	350 acres

≤ 2.0 lb ai/A

High-tech closed mixing/loading system for aircraft (malathion data)

	2.5 lb ai/A	60 acres

(nonbearing citrus in nurseries)	Closed mixing/loading system

(PHED data)

Mix/Load/Apply LC for Chemigation Applications	1.0 lb ai/A 	350 acres

 (SLN  Potatoes WA)	Risks a concern even with closed mixing/loading system (PHED data)

Mix/Load LC to Support Groundboom Applications	> 0.75 lb ai/A	200 acres

≥ 1.5 lb ai/A	80 acres

(row crops)	Closed mixing/loading system (PHED data)

	1.0 lb ai/A

Double layer attire plus gloves plus an 80% respirator

	0.75 lb ai/A

Baseline attire plus gloves plus an 80% respirator

	0.5 lb ai/A

Baseline attire plus gloves

Mix/Load LC to Support Airblast Applications	≥ 2.5 lb ai/A	40 acres

(tree crops)	Closed mixing/loading system

	2.0 lb ai/A

Double layer attire plus gloves plus an 80% respirator

	1.5 lb ai/A

Baseline attire plus gloves plus an 80% respirator

	1.0 lb ai/A	40 acres

(tree crops)	Baseline attire plus gloves

10 acres

≤ 0.005 lb ai/gallon

Baseline attire

Mixing/Loading Wettable Powders

Mix/Load WP to Support Aerial Applications	All	1200 acres

(field crops)	Risks a concern even with water-soluble packaging

	All	350 acres

(row and tree crops)

	Mix/Load WP to Support Groundboom Applications	≥ 0.75 lb ai/A	200 acres

(field crops)	Risks a concern even with water-soluble packaging

	< 0.75 lb ai/A

Water-soluble packaging

	> 1.5 lb ai/A	80 acres

(row crops)	Risks a concern even with water-soluble packaging

	≤ 1.5 lb ai/A

Water-soluble packaging

Mix/Load WP to Support Airblast Applications	All	40 acres

(tree crops)	Water-soluble packaging

10 acres

(nonbearing citrus in nurseries)

	Mix/Load WP to Support Handgun Applications	≥ 2.0 lb ai/A	5 acres Water-soluble packaging

	< 2.0 lb ai/A

Baseline attire plus gloves plus an 80 PF dust/mist respirator

	0.025 lb ai/gallon	1000 gallons	Water-soluble packaging

	0.0075 lb ai/gallon

Double layer body protection plus gloves plus an 90 respirator

	0.005 lb ai/gallon

Baseline attire plus gloves plus an 80% respirator

	0.0025 lb ai/gallon

Baseline attire plus gloves

Mix/Load WP to Support Dip Applications	0.05 lb ai/gallon	100 gallons Baseline attire plus gloves plus an 80% respirator

	0.005 lb ai/gallon

Baseline attire plus gloves

	0.001 lb ai/gallon

Baseline attire

Table 16 is a quick reference for risks to applicators applying endosulfan.  Field crops include alfalfa (grown for seed), barley, cotton, dry beans, oats, rye, sorghum, sweet corn (fresh only) and wheat.

Table 16: Quick Reference for Risks to Applicators

Handler Task	Application Rate	Area Treated Daily	Risk Mitigation Where

s ≥ 1

Aerial Applications – Spray

(PHED)	All	1200 acres

(field crops)	Risks a concern even with enclosed cockpits

	> 0.75 lb ai/A 	350 acres (row crops and tree crops)	Risks a concern even with enclosed cockpits

	≤ 0.75 lb ai/A

Enclosed cockpits

	2.5 lb ai/A	60 acres

(nonbearing citrus in nurseries)	Enclosed cockpits

Groundboom Applications

(PHED)	≥ 0.75 lb ai/A	200 acres

(field crops)	Enclosed cabs

	0.5 lb ai/A

Baseline attire plus gloves plus an 80% respirator

	2.0 lb ai/A	80 acres

(row crops)	Enclosed cabs

	1.5 lb ai/A

Double layer attire plus gloves plus an 80% respirator

	1.0 lb ai/A

Double layer attire plus gloves

	≤ 0.75 lb ai/A

Baseline attire

Airblast Applications

(PHED)	≥ 2.0 lb ai/A	40 acres

(tree crops)	Risks a concern even with enclosed cabs

	≤ 1.5 lb ai/A

Enclosed cabs

	2.5 lb ai/A	10 acres

(nursery crops)	Enclosed cabs

	1.0 lb ai/A

Baseline attire plus gloves plus headgear (carbaryl data)

Dip Applications

(No Data)	All	100 gallons	No Data

Handgun Applications

(PHED)	≥ 2.0 lb ai/A	5 acres	Risks remain a concern even with double layer attire plus gloves plus 90% respirator

	< 2.0 lb ai/A

	0.025 lb ai/gallon	1000 gallons

0.005 and 0.0075

lb ai/gallon	1000 gallons

0.0025 lb ai/gallon	1000 gallons	Baseline attire

Handgun Applications

(ORETF)	All	5 acres	Risks remain a concern even with double layer attire plus gloves plus 90% respirator

	> 0.025 lb ai/gallon	1000 gallons

0.025 lb ai/gallon

Baseline attire plus gloves

Table 17 is a quick reference for risks to flaggers supporting aerial spray applications.

Table 17:  Quick Reference for Risks to Flaggers Using PHED Data

Handler Task	Application Rate	Area Treated Daily	Risk Mitigation Where ARIs ≥ 1

Flag to Support Aerial Applications	All	350 acres	Enclosed cabs

	2.5 lb ai/A 	60 acres

nonbearing citrus in nurseries	Double layer attire plus an 80% respirator

Table 18 is a quick reference for risks to mixers/loaders/applicators.

Table 18:  Quick Reference for Risks to Mixers/Loaders/Applicators

Using PHED and ORETF Data

Handler Task	Application Rate	Area Treated Daily	Risk Mitigation

s ≥ 1

Mixing/Loading/Applying Liquid Concentrates

Mix/Load/Apply LC with Handgun Sprayer

(ORETF data)	> 1.0 lb ai/A	5 acres	Risks a concern with double layer attire plus gloves plus a 90% respirator

	≤ 1.0 lb ai/A

Double layer attire plus gloves

	≥ 0.0075 lb ai/gallon	1000 gallons	Risks a concern with double layer attire plus gloves plus a 90% respirator

	0.005 lb ai/gallon

Double layer attire plus gloves

	0.0025 lb ai/gallon

Baseline attire plus gloves

Mix/Load/Apply LC with High Pressure Handwand Sprayer

(PHED data)

	All	1000 gallons	Risks a concern with double layer attire plus gloves plus a 90% respirator

Mix/Load/Apply LC with Low-Pressure Handwand Sprayer

≥ 1.0 lb ai/A	5 acres	Risks a concern with double layer attire plus gloves plus a 90% respirator

	0.005 lb ai/gallon	40 gallons	Baseline attire plus gloves

	0.0025 lb ai/gallon

Baseline attire

Mix/Load/Apply LC with Low-Pressure Handwand Sprayer

(ORETF overhead-directed data)	All	5 acres

	Risks a concern with baseline attire (only data available)

40 gallons

	Mix/Load/Apply LC with Low Pressure Handwand Sprayer

(PHED data)	All	5 acres	Risks a concern with double layer attire plus gloves plus a 90% respirator

40 gallons	Baseline attire plus gloves

Mix/Load/Apply LC as Dip	All	100 gallons	No Data

Mixing/Loading/Applying Wettable Powders

Mix/Load/Apply WP with Handgun Sprayer

(ORETF data)	All	5 acres	Risks a concern even with double layer attire plus gloves plus a 90% respirator

	> 0.0025 lb ai/gallon	1000 gallons

0.0025 lb ai/gallon

Baseline attire plus gloves plus an 80% respirator

Mix/Load/Apply WP in WSP with Handgun Sprayer

(ORETF data)	All	5 acres	Risks a concern even with double layer attire plus gloves plus a 90% respirator

	> 0.0025 lb ai/gallon	1000 gallons

0.0025 lb ai/gallon

Double layer attire plus gloves

Mix/Load/Apply WP with High-Pressure Handwand Sprayer

(PHED data)	All	5 acres	No Data

1000 gallons

	Mix/Load/Apply WP with Low Pressure Handwand Sprayer

(PHED data)	All	5 acres	Risks a concern with double layer attire plus gloves plus a 90% respirator

	≥ 0.0075 lb ai/gallon	1000 gallons

0.005 lb ai/gallon

Double layer attire plus gloves plus a 90% respirator

	0.0025 lb ai/gallon

Baseline attire plus gloves plus an 80% respirator

Mix/Load/Apply WP as Dip	All	100 gallons	No Data

	Data Gaps

Data gaps exist for the following scenarios:

(7) Applying dip treatments to trees and roots or whole plants.

No exposure data exists for mixing/loading/applying wettable powders with a high pressure handwand sprayer.  This scenario is expected to have risks of concern since similar scenarios assessed in this document, mixing/loading wettable powders and mixing/loading/applying liquids with a high pressure handwand sprayer, have risks of concern.

Data Quality and Confidence in Assessment

Several issues must be considered when interpreting the occupational exposure risk assessment. These include:

Several generic protection factors were used to calculate handler exposures (e.g., 90 percent PF over baseline for inhalation unit exposure to account for use of a half- or full-face respirator).

Some of the surrogate data used from PHED were rated as low confidence.

Occupational Postapplication Exposures and Risks

	Postapplication Exposures and Assumptions

EPA has determined that there are potential short- and intermediate-term postapplication exposures to individuals entering treated fields.  For the purpose of conducting this assessment, crops were grouped in order to assign the most representative dislodgeable foliar residue (DFR) data to the crops.  The crop groups listed below were chosen because appropriate residue data were available (see description of postapplication DFR study below: MRID 444031-02).  The crop groups and corresponding surrogate residue data sources are as follows:

Tree Fruit and Nut Crops:  DFR data for peaches were used, based on a study using an application rate of 3 lb ai/acre, to determine exposure from postapplication activities associated with all tree crops (15 tree crops other than peaches).  This application rate is consistent with the label application rates for most fruit and nut trees.  For the crops where the application rates were not 3 lbs ai/acre, the DFR data were adjusted (linear) to the appropriate application rate for the individual crops.

Vine and Trellis Crops:  This scenario is based on DFR data for grapes using an application rate of 1.5 lbs ai/acre.  This is the labeled application rate for grapes and highbush blueberries.

Field and Row Crops: DFR data for melons were used and were assumed to be representative of exposure from postapplication activities associated with all the remaining crops registered for endosulfan except for grapes and tree fruit and nut crops.  The DFR data were based on an application rate of 1 lb ai/acre.  However, most of the labeled application rates for these crops range from 0.25 to 3 lb ai/acre.  Thus, the DFR data were adjusted (linear) to the appropriate application rate for the individual crops.

	Chemical-specific DFR Data

A DFR study was conducted for endosulfan and its metabolites, beta-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate.  The study evaluated dislodgeable residue dissipation for endosulfan applied to peaches, grapes, and melons (MRID No. 444031-02).  In summary, the dislodgeable foliar residue study completed in support of the regulatory requirements for endosulfan did not completely meet the criteria contained in Series 875, Occupational and Residential Test Guidelines.  This conclusion is based on the following issue: the DFR study was performed in only one geographical area.  Series 875, Occupational and Residential Test Guidelines, recommend that, “In general, DFR samples should be collected from at least three geographically distinct locations per formulation type.”   While the Endosulfan Task Force contends that California is the worst case climate for the least amount of residue dissipation, further DFR studies may need to be conducted in the areas where there is the highest use of endosulfan.  Other issues were identified in HED’s review of the DFR study, but these were addressed in a supplemental report submitted by the Endosulfan Task Force.

Despite the uncertainty listed above, HED recommended that the data from this DFR study be used in assessing the appropriate postapplication exposure from agricultural activities using endosulfan. The study is appropriate for regulatory use in assessing postapplication residues on fruit trees and low growing fruits crops.  The DFR data from this study were used in assessing postapplication risks to endosulfan.

Peaches - Endosulfan (Phaser 3EC and Phaser 50WP) was applied to plots of mature fruit at a site located in California using an “Air-O-Fan” airblast sprayer which operated at 150 PSI and sprayed approximately 400 gallons per acre. The test substance was applied at a rate of 3 lb ai/acre.  A single application was made.  (This may underestimate exposures following repeated applications as indicated on the label.)  Foliage samples were collected at days 0 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21, 24, and 28 postapplication.  Each sample consisted of 40 leaf discs that were 5 cm2.  Leaf samples were collected in glass jars and transported to the laboratory on blue ice.  The samples were dislodged the same day as collected and analyzed for levels of alpha-endosulfan, beta-endosulfan, and endosulfan sulfate.  Laboratory recovery samples were within the acceptable range. The residue data for peaches are shown in Table 19.

For the purposes of this assessment, a regression analysis was conducted using the natural log-transformed DFR data from this study.  Average DFR data from each of the 4 trials done for both formulations were used in the regression analysis.  To predict residue levels on peaches, the following equation was used:

y = mx + b 	where:

x	=	days postapplication;

m	=	slope of the regression line;

b	=	constant; and

y	=	residue on day x.

For Phaser 3EC applied to peaches, m is -0.09131 and b is -1.91431.  The R value for these data is 0.84.  For Phaser 50WP applied to peaches, m is -0.09728, b is -0.55653, and R value is 0.96.  The predicted DFRs on days 1 through 41 are shown in Table 20 for Phaser 50WP.  The predicted DFRs on days 1 through 53 are shown in Table 21 for Phaser 3EC. This study used an application rate of 3 lbs ai/acre and a single application.  This is consistent with the labeled application rates for peaches and other fruit and nut trees.  For the crops where the application rates were not 3 lbs ai/acre, the DFR data were adjusted (linear) to the appropriate application rate for the individual crops.  Since the correlation coefficients (R value) for these data are 0.84 and 0.96, a linear method of predicting the DFR data is considered representative of the distribution of the data.  This fit is also considered adequate based on the uncertainties that result from the use of data from only one geographic location and the extrapolation of the peach DFR data to 15 other tree crops.

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DFR Residues (μg/cm2)a

Melon

Peach

Grapes

3EC

50WP

3EC

50WP

 3EC

50WP

1

0

0.70

1.77

NA

NA

0.61

1.51

1

0.21

0.72

NA

NA

0.26

0.90

3

0.05

0.22

NA

NA

0.08

0.61

5

0.05

0.19

NA

NA

0.06

0.39

7

0.04

0.11

NA

NA

0.04

0.29

2

0

1.23

1.00

0.46

1.02

0.71

1.32

1

0.54

1.14

0.16

0.55

0.31

1.36

3

0.15

0.53

0.09

0.43

0.11

0.51

5

0.09

0.32

0.07

0.30

0.09

0.74

7

0.06

0.18

0.04

0.22

0.03

0.28

10

0.05

0.12

0.03

0.16

0.02

0.20

14

0.05

0.07

0.03

0.11

0.04

0.24

17

0.03

0.04

0.03

0.10

0.05

0.30

21

0.02

0.02

0.05

0.09

0.02

0.20

24

0.02

0.04

0.02

0.07

0.04

0.19

28

0.02

0.03

0.01

0.04

LOQ

0.13

Footnotes:

LOQ - DFR residue is below limit of quantification (0.01 µg/cm2).

NA - not applicable. Peaches have only one application of pesticide.

a 	DFR residues from crops are obtained from application of either two labeled products (Phaser( EC or Phaser( WP), and table entries are averages of triplicate samples taken at each sample interval.

b	DAT = days after treatment.

Table 20.  Predicted DFR Levels Based on Measured DFRs for Phaser 50WP used on Peaches, Grapes, and Melons

Sample Interval (DAT)a

DFR µg/cm2

Sample Interval (DAT)a

DFR µg/cm2

Grapes

Peaches

Melons

Grapes

Peaches

Melons

0

0.84

0.57

0.70

34

0.074

0.021

0.0065

1

0.78

0.52

0.65

35

0.068

0.019

0.0056

2

0.73

0.47

0.56

36

0.064

0.017