Annotated Bibliography of Economic and Biological Research Related to the Fishery Resources of the United States Compiled By John M. Ward Division of Statistics and Economics Office of Science and Technology National Marine Fisheries Service June 10, 1997 i Preface This annotated bibliography was initially developed from literature related to the economics and biology of the Gulf of Mexico and south Atlantic shrimp fisheries. In the process of assembling this information, it became apparent that much of the research done for other fisheries and in other fields of economics had relevance to the economic and biological problems in the shrimp fishery. For example, an analysis to address the policy implications of bycatch discards in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery would draw on research done by fishery biologists, descriptions and analyses of the problem in other fisheries around the world, and the economic analysis of air and water pollution. As a result, the bibliography became much more extensive then originally planned. While not meant to be a comprehensive listing of all fisheries related economic and biological research, hopefully, it will serve as a useful reference for researchers attempting to analyze proposed fishery management regulations. The abstracts, where possible, were taken directly from the cited articles and books. An index of author names by subject has been included in this annotated bibliography that will be updated as new information becomes available. Individuals interested in having specific references included in future editions may do so by sending a copy of the article or text to the Southeast Regional Office in care of the editor. This information is also available on diskette for IBM compatible personal computers. I would like to extend my appreciation to the people who assisted in this project. I would like to acknowledge Richard Raulerson, Assistant Regional Director for Economics and Trade Analysis, Southeast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service for his support of this project and whose idea it was to assemble and publish the information. Dr. John Vondruska provided the information on shrimp processing and situation and outlook reports for shrimp. The staff at the NOAA library in Silver Spring, Maryland tracked down most of the literature cited in the bibliography. Lastly, I appreciate the help of the authors who provided copies of contract reports, staff reports, and other " gray" literature that I could not find elsewhere. i i Table of Contents Page 1 Annotated Bibliography Abbas, L. ( 1977).  To Eel or Not to Eel: An Economic Analysis of a Part Time Eel Fishing Enterprise.  Sea Grant Publication UNC SG 77 02, Center for Urban Affairs and Community Services, Information Report No. 1, N. C. State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, February, 8 pp.

This analysis is intended to provide basic information on the fishery and to serve as a framework useful in deciding whether to enter the eel fishery.

Abdullah, Nik Mustapha R., Jabatan Ekonomi Sumber Asli, Fakulti Ekonomi dan Pengurusan ( 1995).  Towards an Integrated Fisheries Information System in Malaysia.  Marine Resource Economics, 10( 3): 312 320.

The authors propose a fisheries information data system to improve fishery management decisions in Malaysia. A description of the existing fishery information data base is critiqued and recommendations for improving it are provided.

Able, Kenneth W. and Susan C. Kaiser ( 1994).  Synthesis of Summer Flounder Habitat Parameters.  Decision Analysis Series No. 1, NOAA Coastal Ocean Program, Coastal Ocean Office, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1315 East West Highway ( NCOP), Silver Spring, MD, May.

This document first presents an overview of the economic importance and current status of summer flounder. It then summarizes our present state of knowledge of summer flounder distribution, life history patterns and stock identification. This is followed by a synopsis of habitat requirements during each life history stage. For convenience, this is presented by general habitat as offshore eggs, offshore larvae, estuarine larvae, estuarine juveniles, offshore juveniles, and estuarine and offshore adults. In several instances, previously undigested data sets are analyzed to provide more detailed information, especially for estuarine juveniles. The information is then discussed in terms of its relevance to resource managers.

Abrams, Burton A. ( 1985).  The Expansion of Fishery Jurisdiction: Fishery Interests and Congressional Voting.  Marine Resource Economics, 2( 2): 143 152.

The Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1976 greatly broadened the scope of U. S. fishery regulation. While the act contained a variety of features, its primary and certainly most controversial provision expanded the regulated fishing zone from 12 to 200 miles. This paper identifies the primary gainers and losers from the act and assesses their roles in influencing the legislative outcome. The voting behavior of congressional representatives is analyzed by multi variate probit analysis to quantify the influences of the major lobbying groups.

Abramson, Norman J. and Patrick K. Tomlinson ( 1972). " An Application of Yield Models to a California Ocean Shrimp Population." Fishery Bulletin, 70( 3): 1021 1041.

Two types of yield models were utilized to analyze fishery data from California's northern most bed of ocean shrimp, Pandalus jordani. The Schaefer form of the stock production model was applied to catch and effort data for the years 1954 through 1969. Age structured catch data for 1955 through 1968 were analyzed by the Murphy method to obtain mortality rates and biomass estimates. Catchability coefficients and a growth curve were also 2 estimated. Attempts to fit spawner recruit models to estimates obtained from the age structured catch data were inconclusive; so, age specific mortality and growth estimates were only used to fit a yield per recruit model. After comparing the results from the two models, the Schaefer model was deemed most suitable for managing this fishery. The model estimated the maximum sustainable yield at 2.46 million pounds. A strategy for managing the fishery under a quota system was proposed.

Acheson, James M. ( 1984). " Government Regulation and Exploitive Capacity: The Case of the New England Groundfishery." Human Organization, 43( 4): 319 329.

The U. S. Fisheries Conservation and Management Act was designed to control the exploitation of commercial marine species. However, during the first two years after this act went into effect in New England in 1977, the overall economic and regulatory environment sent fishermen a mixed set of signals. Some factors, including aspects of regulation, stimulated expansion of the groundfishing fleet; others had the opposite effect. Two surveys indicated fishermen were unhappy with the regulations and believed federal regulation would drive them out of business and lead to the demise of the industry. However, a study of the fleet uncovered the fact that fishermen were purchasing bigger, more versatile boats equipped with more sophisticated electronic gear. In addition, the number of ground fishing boats increased dramatically. Regulations were only one of a number of factors influencing the decisions of fishermen. The age of the fleet, increased catches and prices for fish, the increase in competition due to the quota regulations themselves, and the economic difficulties in other fisheries all played a role. The fact that regulation helped to produce a fleet with more capacity to exploit fish stocks raises some key questions about ways to generate effective, equitable resource management policies.

Adams, Charles M. ( 1984). " Price Dynamics in the U. S. Shrimp Market." Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

Understanding the mechanism of price determination in a dynamic setting is imperative to formulating effective policy and assessing price impacts at each market level. This study examines the monthly and quarterly price determination process for raw headless shrimp of the 31 40 and 21 25 size classes. Price response between market levels for both size classes was found to be symmetric. However, policy measures that alter the quantity or size distribution of shrimp through import quotas, tariffs, or seasonal restrictions, will have a greater price impact on the smaller shrimp. Increased supplies of maricultural shrimp will have a greater relative price impact on the 31 40 size class.

Adams, Charles M. ( 1985). " Selected Economics Research Needs of the Gulf and South Atlantic Shrimp Industry  A Workshop." Summary of a workshop held September 12 13, 1985, Madeira Beach, Florida. Technical Paper No. 42, Project No. SGEP 8, Grant No. NA85AA DSG059 November, 55 pp.

The workshop report focuses on ( 1) the impact of the development of foreign shrimp mariculture on the various sectors ( production, processing, wholesaling, etc.) of the domestic shrimp industry, ( 2) the impact of future development of seafood based analog products and surimi on the domestic shrimp industry, and ( 3) the status of and problems associated with the development and improvement of econometric and bioeconomic modeling efforts concerning the domestic shrimp industry. 3 Adams, Charles M. ( 1987). " Yellowfin Tuna: Trends in Production and Value." Staff Paper 308, Food and Resource Economics Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, May, 20 pp.

The purpose of this paper is to briefly describe the trends in production, prices, and value of yellowfin tuna in the Gulf and south Atlantic region, virtually all of which is destined for the fresh market. Yellowfin production activities in the Gulf and south Atlantic region will be addressed with respect to world and total U. S. yellowfin landings. In addition, recent trends in fresh/ frozen yellowfin tuna imports will be examined.

Adams, Charles M. ( 1993). " A Preliminary Assessment of Ex vessel Price Movements in the South Atlantic Rock Shrimp Fishery." Report to the Staff of the South Atlantic Regional Fisheries Management Council, November 23, 13 pp.

The primary objective of this study is to examine the dockside pricing structure of rock shrimp and determine if dockside prices per pound are an increasing function of size of shrimp. Secondarily, the importance of demand shifters ( income and availability of substitutes) in the determination of dockside prices is determined. The benefits of a closure that allows shrimp to grow into the larger size category is questionable because of the long life of the rock shrimp ( 20 22 months) and the common property nature of the fishery.

Adams, Chuck ( 1996).  An Overview of the Commercial and Recreational Fisheries Industries Within the Gulf of Mexico.  The Southern Business and Economics Journal, 19( 4): 246 260.

This paper provides a brief descriptive overview of the commercial and recreational fishing industries in the Gulf of Mexico. The importance of each industry within the Gulf region and relative to the U. S. is addressed. Trends in landings, effort, and participation are discussed. State specific data will be provided where possible. In addition, the current management structure which is charged with establishing policy and regulating the marine fisheries resources within the state and federal waters of the Gulf of Mexico is described. Finally, current problematic issues and opportunities concerning the commercial and recreational fisheries in the Gulf region are discussed.

Adams, Charles M. and Fred J. Prochaska ( 1985). " Principle Economic Factors Determining U. S. Shrimp Prices at Alternative Market Levels." Draft report, Tropical and Subtropical Fisheries Tech. Conf. Proceedings.

This paper ( 1) reviews trends in prices, margins, and market shares for 21 25 and 31 40 count ( tails per pound) raw, headless shrimp, ( 2) determines the direction of price flows and the nature of upward and downward price response between ex vessel, wholesale, and retail market levels, and ( 3) determines the factors affecting prices for the two size classes at the three market levels.

Adams, Charles M. and Frank J. Lawlor, III ( 1988). " Trends in the Importation of Selected Fresh and Frozen Seafood Products into the Southeastern United States." Draft report, Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

This paper describes the general trends in imports for selected seafood 4 products arriving at Southeastern U. S. ports of entry. These trends are discussed in terms of volumes, seasonality, fresh versus frozen, product form, and country of origin. The major ports of entry are identified.

Adams, Darius M., Richard W. Haynes, George F. Dutrow, Richard L. Barber, and Joseph M. Vasievich ( 1982). " Private Investment in Forest Management and the Long Term Supply of Timber." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 62( 2): 232 241.

Timber supply behavior of private forest owners is a major uncertainty in long term forest product market projections. A model of private supply is developed that explains both harvest and forest management investment decisions. Comparison of two fifty year projections, one assuming constant management intensity and a second using the harvest investment model, indicates that projected levels of investment would have little impact on markets prior to the year 2000, stabilize real wood product prices after 2000, eliminate softwood lumber imports by 2030, and expand the dominant role of southern forest regions in wood product markets.

Adams, Douglas H., Michael E. Mitchell, and Glenn R. Parsons ( 1994).  Seasonal Occurrence of the White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias, in Waters off the Florida West Coast, with Notes on its Life History.  Marine Fisheries Review, 56( 4): 24 28.

The white shark, Carcharodon carcharias, is considered rare in the Gulf of Mexico; however, recent longline captures coupled with historical landings information suggest that the species occurs seasonally ( winter spring) within this region. We examined a total of seven adult and juvenile white sharks ( 185 472 cm total length) captured in waters off the west coast of Florida. Commercial longline fisheries were monitored for white sharks during all months ( 1981 94), but this species was captured only from January to April. All white sharks were captured in continental shelf waters from 37 to 222 km off the west coast of Florida when sea surface temperatures ranged from 18.7o to 21.6oC. Depths at capture locations ranged from 20 to 164 m. Fishing gear typically used in Gulf of Mexico offshore fisheries may not be effective at capturing this species, and the apparent rarity of white sharks in this area may be, in part, a function of gear bias.

Adasiak, A. ( 1979). " Alaska's Experience with Limited Entry." J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 36: 770 782.

The goals and structure of the limited entry program in Alaska were defined by the political, social, economic, and biological climates in which the program was implemented. This paper outlines how these considerations formed the program and discusses the impacts of the program and the problems involved in its implementation. Other possible modes of approaching entry limitation are discussed in relation to the possibility of limiting some currently unlimited fisheries.

Addelman, Sidney ( 1962). " Orthogonal Main Effect Plans for Asymmetrical Factorial Experiments." Technometrics, 4( 1): 21 46.

Plans for asymmetrical factorial experiments that permit uncorrelated estimates of all main effects when the interactions are negligible are described. The construction of these plans is based upon the principle of proportional frequencies of the factor levels. The possibilities of blocking these main effect plans, the randomization procedure and the method of analysis are presented. 5 Addelman, Sidney ( 1962). " Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Fractional Factorial Plans." Technometrics, 4( 1): 47 58.

Procedures for constructing plans that permit uncorrelated estimation of all main effects and some specified number of two factor interaction effects are developed for symmetrical factorial arrangements. These plans can then be adjusted to yield plans with similar properties for asymmetrical factorial experiments.

Adkins, Gerald ( 1990). " A Comprehensive Assessment of Bycatch in the Louisiana Shrimp Fishery." Final report, MARFIN Grant No. NA89WCH MF006, Louisiana Department of Wildlife and Fisheries, Office of Fisheries, Post Office Box 189, Bourg, Louisiana.

This project was designed to survey nearshore, inshore and wingnet shrimp fishermen in coastal Louisiana, and assess the number, species composition, and weight of all incidentally caught organisms. The project objective was to assess the groundfish bycatch of the Louisiana shrimp fishery, including effects of gear type, season, and location. In trawls, an average fish/ shrimp ratio by weight was 3.21: 1, yielding an estimated total annual bycatch of 228 million pounds. The report contains a review of previously conducted bycatch trawl survey results and suggestions for reducing bycatch discarding including utilization, reduced trawl time, and limited entry.

Agardy, M. Tundi ( 1994).  Closed Areas: A Tool to Complement Other Forms of Fisheries Management.  In Karyn L. Gimbel ( ed.) Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation, Center for Marine Conservation and the World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D. C.

The use of closed areas in fisheries, also known as harvest refugia, presents an effective way to conserve stocks and habitats threatened by over exploitation, destructive fishing, and indirect degradation caused by pollution or the trickle down effects of poor resource management in the vicinity. Such area closures may be established as a fisheries management tool, or may be a component of a wider array of spatially defined management measures such as exist in a multiple use protected area, a biosphere reserve, or a coastal management plan. Among the benefits that the designation of closed areas accrue are conservation of stocks and species, maintenance of genetic diversity, protection of spawning stock biomass, reduction in growth overfishing, simplicity in being able to explain the management measure, relative ease of enforcement, provision of a baseline to monitor condition of stocks and the productivity or health of the ecosystem, and insurance against management failure. By providing a means to target differential pressures applied to different stocks and different age groups, the closed area designation comes closest to approximating ecosystem based, comprehensive management. However, the potential high costs relating to exclusion of certain users, the mechanics of boundary delineation, scientific uncertainties relating to identification of ecologically critical areas, lost opportunity, and the spill over of potentially increasing fishing pressure outside the limits of the closed area all necessitate that managers evaluate costs and benefits carefully before using closed areas to complement other forms of fisheries management.

Agnello, Richard J. and Lawrence P. Donnelley ( 1976). " Externalities and Property Rights in the Fisheries." Land Economics, 52( 4): 518 529.

In fisheries subject to a grounds quality externality, such as the oyster industry, the establishment of exclusive user rights may actually lead 6 to increases in employment. An econometric analysis demonstrates that productivity from the oyster grounds is larger under a property rights system relative to a common property resource, but no empirical evidence is offered that supports the theoretical conclusion that employment will increase.

Agnello, Richard J. and Lawrence P. Donnelley ( 1976). " Prices and Property Rights in the Fisheries." Southern Economic Journal, 42( Oct.): 5253 262.

When fish harvesting is treated as a common property resource, distortions occur in the intraseasonal production patterns of the industry in the form of relatively large intraseasonal price variation with common property when no private property alternatives exist. When both private and common property supplies are present, common property price distortions take the form of lower ex vessel prices.

Agnello, Richard J. and Yunqi Han ( 1993). " Substitute Site Measures in a Varying Parameter Model with Application to Recreational Fishing." Marine Resource Economics, 8( 1): 65 77.

This paper employs a varying parameter travel cost model to determine the economic valuation of fishing trips and catch for a sample of Long Island anglers. Substitution measures in the model are characterized in terms of the number and the quality of proximate alternative sites. This treatment of substitution as a site rather than an individual characteristic helps to define a site's uniqueness and in addition provides a feasible means of capturing substitution effects when measures of substitution at an individual level are not available. Per trip consumer surplus and changes in consumer surplus due to catch changes are computed and distinguished by controls for the availability and quality of substitute sites. Consumer surplus and the valuation of changes in catch are found to be substantially lower when controlling for substitution effects which is in agreement with most previous studies.

Aguirre International ( 1996).  An Appraisal of the Social and Cultural Aspects of the Multispecies Groundfish Fishery in New England and the Mid Atlantic Regions.  Contract Number 50 DGNF 5 00008, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1315 East West Highway, Room 14529, Silver Spring, MD.

Aguirre International was engaged to report on the social and cultural aspects of the multispecies groundfish fishery ( MGF) in New England and the Mid Atlantic by ascertaining community dependence on the MGF, providing information on the demographics of the fishing industry, identifying social science data bases that could be used in subsequent studies and developing a classification system that will aid in predicting the social impacts of the changing fishery regulations on fishery dependent communities.

Ahsan, A. E., J. L. Ball, and J. R. Davidson ( 1972).  Costs and earnings of Tuna Vessels in Hawaii.  UNIHI SEAGRANT AR 72 01, University of Hawaii Sea Grant Program, July, 22 pp.

The study attempts to assess the cost earnings situation of both the aku ( skipjack tuna) and ahi ( other tuna) fleets. Cost earnings data were derived primarily from personal surveys of boat owners and fishermen. It is hoped that this study will throw light on some aspects vital to the improvement of the tuna industry in Hawaii.

Aillery, Marcel P., Paul Bertels, Joseph C. Cooper, Michael R. Moore, Stephen 7 J. Vogel, and Marca Weinberg ( 1994).  Salmon Recovery in the Pacific Northwest, A Summary of Agricultural and Other Economic Effects.  Agriculture Information Bulletin Number 699, Economic Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, June.

Measures that will be taken in the Pacific Northwest to recover three Snake River wild salmon runs protected under the Endangered Species Act and to improve the Columbia River Basin salmon fishery as a whole will result in various benefits and costs to the Northwest economy. This repot, which describes the principal findings of a larger USDA study, analyzes the effect of Snake River management alternatives on agricultural production, profit, and resource use in the Northwest. Measures examined include reservoir drawdown along the Lower Snake River and irrigation water supply reductions in the Upper Snake River Basin. For the Northwest region, adjustments in agricultural crop production cause producer profit to decrease by less than $ 10 million per year ( less than 1 percent in baseline profit) under five of the seven scenarios. Two scenarios would reduce profit $ 30 35 million per year ( 2 3 percent of baseline). This report also examines secondary impacts on regional income and employment that result from the adjustments in agricultural production. Agricultural employment could decrease by 50 to 2,600 jobs, depending on the scenario, while total employment could decrease by 600 to 5,500 jobs. Finally, this report discusses selected economic benefits of salmon recovery, including improvements in commercial and sport fishing.

Ajuzie, Emmanuel I. S., Raymond J. Rhodes, James C. Hite, and Mark S. Henry ( 1989). " The Economic Impact of South Carolina's Commercial Shrimp Industry, 1987." Technical Report 70, Marine Resources Division, South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department, Charleston, South Carolina and the Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, June.

An input output model is used to assess the economic impact of the commercial shrimp fishery on South Carolina and subregions within the state, specifically 1) output ($ 31.4 million in sales), 2) total income ($ 16.3 million), 3) value added ($ 17.8 million), and 4) employment ( 1,672 seasonal and full time jobs).

Alberini, Anna ( 1995).  Optimal Designs for Discrete Choice Contingent Valuation Surveys: Single Bound, Double Bound, and Bivariate Models.  Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 28: 287 306.

This paper finds the designs for discrete choice contingent valuation surveys that maximize the precision of a statistic of interest about the public  s willingness to pay ( WTP) for a change in the environmental quality, such as median WTP. An optimization problem is set up, in which the efficiency of the estimate of median WTP ( or a related concept) is the objective function to optimize with respect to the survey design ( i. e., the set of bids offered to the respondents). In deriving the optimal designs, we consider alternative econometric models, such as the basic  single bound  model that uses the responses to the first payment question, the traditional interval data ( or  double bound  ) model for surveys with a follow up payment question, and the recently proposed bivariate binary response model. Simulations are carried out to compare the alternative design principles and assess their performances with respect to the statistic of primary interest, median WPT, and other welfare measures, such as mean WTP. Other designs that are constructed ad hoc are also examined. 8 Alcala, A. C. and G. R. Russ ( 1990).  A Direct Test of the Effects of Protective Management on Abundance and Yield of Tropical Marine Resources.  J. Cons. Int. Explor. Mer., 46: 40 47.

Despite a vast body of traditional knowledge on management of marine resources in the tropics, there are few direct tests utilizing manipulative or natural experiments of the effect of protective management on the abundance of marine resources and, more importantly, their yield. This paper reports on a natural experiment that makes such a direct test. Approximately 25% of the sub tidal coral reef of Sumilon Island ( total reef area to 30 m isobath = 0.5 square km) in the central Philippines was protected from all forms of exploitation from 1974 until May 1984. Cessation of protective management led to fishing of the entire coral reef. This resulted in a significant reduction in abundance within the previously protected area of the fishes which constituted the majority of the yield from the reef. Catch per unit effort measure over a one year period eighteen months after protective management ceased was significantly less than that measured over a one year period before protective management ceased. There was a decline of 54% in the total yield of reef fishes from Sumilon Island reef between 1983/ 1984 and 1985/ 1986 despite the fact that only 75% of the reef was fished in 1983/ 1984. The yield from traps and gill nets ( approximately 64% of the total yield) from the whole reef in 1985/ 1986 was significantly less than the average yield of the nonreserve ( 75% of the reef) measured during three of the years of protection. Similarly, the yield from traps ( approximately 45% of the total yield) in 1985/ 1986 was significantly less than the average yield of the nonreserve ( 75% of the reef) measured during six of the years of protection. Protective management maintained high abundances of fishes in the reserve and significantly higher yields to fishermen from areas adjacent to the reserve. Migration of adult fish from the reserve to the nonreserve area during protection is the simplest explanation of these results.

Aldenderfer, Mark S. and Roger K. Blashfield ( 1984). Cluster Analysis. Sage University Papers, Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills.

This is an introduction to Cluster Analysis for those with no background and for those who need an up to date and systematic guide through the maze of concepts, techniques, and algorithms associated with the clustering idea.

Aldrich, John H. and Forrest D. Nelson ( 1984). Linear Probability, Logit, and Probit Models. Sage University Papers, Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, Series/ Number 07 045, Sage Publications, Beverly Hills.

The logit and probit models that analyze dichotomous and polytomous dependent variables are developed. Although a tendency to analysis dichotomous dependent variables with ordinary least squares regression techniques has existed, the authors demonstrate that this approach is not an appropriate strategy. Probit analysis is more ideally suited to such problems while logit ought to be the method of choice for polytomous dependent variables.

Allard, J., D. Errico, and W. J. Reed ( 1988). " Irreversible Investment and Optimal Forest Exploitation." Natural Resource Modeling, 2: 581 597.

A forest harvest scheduling model that includes as activities the level of investment in harvest capacity and the accumulated harvest capacity in each period, is presented. The inclusion of these activities, in addition to the 9 harvest activities, allows for the removal of harvest flow constraints found in more typical Model II formulations of the harvest scheduling problem. The optimal harvest and investment policy can be determined by linear programming or quadratic programming methods, depending on whether prices are constant or supply dependent. The new model better reflects economic reality than existing models, and provides a method for determining the optimal economic development of a forest industry, and the optimal draw down of old growth forest. Numerical examples are given.

Allen, Donald M. and Joseph E. Tashiro ( 1976). " Status of the U. S. Commercial Snapper Grouper Fishery." Pages 41 76 in Harvey R. Bullis, Jr. and Albert C. Jones ( eds.) ( 1976). " Proceedings: Colloquium on Snapper Grouper Fishery Resources of the Western Central Atlantic Ocean. Report Number 17, Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, New Orleans, Louisiana, Texas A& M University Sea Grant College and Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, November, 333 pp.

Snappers and groupers have been fished commercially off the south Atlantic and Gulf states for over a century with portions of the fleet operating near foreign shores. At least 32 species of snappers and groupers are included in this diversified fishery. The 1974 commercial catch totaled 18.3 million pounds, valued at 9.5 million dollars. In 1970, 82.7 million pounds were reported caught by recreational fishermen. Analysis of the fishery is complicated by the lack of basic catch information.

Allen, Douglas W. and Dean Lueck ( 1993). " Transaction Costs and the Design of Cropshare Contracts." Rand Journal of Economics, 24( 1): 78 100.

Modern cropshare contracts are explained using a model in which agents are risk neutral and contract rules are chosen to maximize expected joint wealth. It is shown that the farmer either bears the entire cost of inputs or shares the costs with the landowner in the same proportion as the output. The incentives of altering the cropshare percentage are examined and are used to derive implications about the portion of the crop that will be owned by the farmer. The model is tested and supported using data from a 1986 survey of farmers and landowners in Nebraska and South Dakota.

Allen, P. M. and J. M. McGlade ( 1987). " Modeling Complex Human Systems: A Fisheries Example." European Journal of Operational Research, 30: 147 167.

The basis of current models used in fishery management is briefly examined, and various shortcomings are discussed. Alternative, dynamic models are described that are based on the data available for the Nova Scotia Groundfish Fisheries. It is shown that human responses can amplify relatively small annual environmental fluctuations, leading to large, quasi cyclic changes in catch and profit. In a detailed spatial model it is shown that stochastic behavior on the part of some fishermen is necessary for the survival of the fishery, and that the efficiency and size of the industry depends very much on the information flows concerning catch. A very general discussion is given that shows how these ideas are important in our understanding of innovation and discovery in general terms.

Allen, T. S. ( 1985). " Financial Services Program." A Presentation to the Louisiana Shrimp Association Annual Meeting, New Orleans, LA, March. 1 0 A presentation refuting the contention that the National Marine Fisheries Service financial services program has contributed substantially to the overcapitalization of the Gulf and south Atlantic shrimp fleets.

Allen, T. S. ( 1994). " Shrimp Data Trends." Financial Services Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, St. Petersburg, FL.

Collection of figures and charts concerning shrimp data trends based on government loan guarantee program information.

Allen, T. S. ( 1994). " Your S. W. McKeen Memorandum of May 4, 1994, REF: " ITQ's and Commercial Stability." Memorandum, Southeast Regional Office, Financial Services Branch, 9721 Executive Center Drive, St. Petersburg, FL, August.

A summary of a briefing to the Regional Directorate, Fisheries Management, and Economics Division from a banker's perspective on ITQ's and commercial stability. Support for the contention that ITQs reallocate rents from quasi fixed factors of production to relative more fixed factors of production ( ITQs). In this case, however, it is to the detriment of the financial community that provides loans and working capital to fishermen.

Alspach, Thomas T. ( 1998).  Mid Atlantic council Surf Clam/ Quahog Quota Setting Policy.  Letter, Law Offices of Thomas T. Alspach, 295 Bay Street, Suite One, Post Office box 1358, Easton, Maryland, March, 2 pp.

Economic models should not be developed for use in setting quota for the surf clam and ocean quahog ITQ fishery.

Altrogge, Phyllis D. ( 1976). " Further Analysis of the Estimated 1976 Financial Condition of the American Tuna Purse Seine Fleet." Division of Economic and Marketing Research, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, January, 26 pp.

This analysis updates the economic analysis in the Environmental Impact Statement using cost and earnings data provided by Virginia Flagg. The purpose is to present estimates of profitability of the tuna purse seine fleet in 1976 before allowance for any impact that porpoise kill quotas or other regulatory measures may have on the fleet.

Alvarez, Jose, Chris O. Andrew, and Fred J. Prochaska ( 1976). " Dual Structural Equilibrium in the Florida Shrimp Processing Industry." Fishery Bulletin, 74( 4): 879 883.

Stability, entry, exit, and mobility patterns for six size categories of firms in the Florida shrimp processing industry for the 1959 71 period were studied by utilizing Markov Chain analysis. Forecasts over time predict that a structural equilibrium in the industry will be achieved by 1985. The forecasted changes in firm distribution suggest that Florida shrimp industry sales will become increasingly concentrated due to expansion in number of both small and large firms. A dual equilibrium, resulting in fewer medium size firms and more small and large size firms, can be explained by the tendency for small firms to develop a specialty product and/ or services to differentiate their markets from those of the very large firms. Medium sized firms, then, tend to expand in size, or decline and either move to specialty products and services or exit from the industry.

Alvarez, Jose, Chris O. Andrew, and Fred J. Prochaska ( 1976). " Economic 1 1 Structure of the Florida Shrimp Processing Industry." Report No. 9, State University System of Florida, Sea Grant Program, February, 46 pp.

This report provides information about the Florida shrimp processing industry based on 1972 data including the raw product supply situation, marketing channels and market structure, and conduct and performance. Changes and trends are identified to assist firms and potential investors in planning future participation in the industry. Specifically, the objectives are ( 1) delineate the organization and behavior of firms in the Florida shrimp processing industry by studying entry and exit, market concentration, product differentiation, and vertical integration; ( 2) identify emerging changes and important trends in procurement, processing activities, and product markets that will influence the shrimp processing industry in Florida.

Alverson, D. L. and Steven E. Hughes ( 1997).  Bycatch: From Emotion to Effective Natural Resource Management.  In Solving Bycatch, Considerations for Today and Tomorrow, Alaskan Sea Grant College Program Report No. 96 03, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, 322 pp.

Bycatch of discards is not a new fisheries management problem. Bycatch has been with us as an integral component of fishing since humans began to use the world seas, lakes, rivers, and streams as sources of food. What is new, however, is the explosive growth of bycatch as a major management issue over the past decade and the formal national and international recognition that bycatch in many world fisheries constitutes important waste and raises conservation, ecological, and economic issues requiring the priority attention of managers. This paper provides: ( 1) a cursory review of the recent development of bycatch policy, ( 2) presentation of bycatch as a problem in world fisheries, ( 3) discussion of bycatch as a component of fishing induced mortalities with examples of graphics and tabular presentations of information on fishery induced mortalities, and ( 4) refections on issues of a philosophical nature.

Alverson, D. L., M. H. Freeberg, J. G. Pope, and S. A. Murawski ( 1994).  A Global Assessment of Fisheries Bycatch and Discards.  FAO Fisheries Technical Paper, No. 339, Rome, FAO, 233 pp.

An average of 27 million tons of fish are discarded each year in commercial fisheries. Of four major gear groups, shrimp trawls stand alone at the top of the list. The authors point to inadequate data to determine the biological, ecological, economic, and cultural impacts of discards although economic losses run to billions of dollars. However, it appears most likely that socio cultural attitudes towards marine resources will guide international discard policies. Techniques to reduce bycatch levels including traditional net selectivity, fishing gear development and time/ area restrictions are discussed. Effort reduction, incentive programmes and individual transferable quotas ( that make the vessel responsible for bycatch reduction) are seen as promising avenues for the future. However, quick solutions to the problem are unlikely and much more information is required.

Amemiya, Takeshi, ( 1974). " Multivariate Regression and Simultaneous Equation Models when the Dependent Variables are Truncated Normal." Econometrica, 42( 6): 999 1012.

This paper extends the single equation regression model with the truncated dependent variable considered by Tobin and Amemiya to multivariate and simultaneous equation models and proposes a computationally simple consistent estimator. 1 2 Amemiya, Takeshi, ( 1978). " The Estimation of a Simultaneous Equation Generalized Probit Model." Econometrica, 46( 5): 1193 1205.

A class of generalized least squares estimators are proposed and their asymptotic variance covariance matrices are obtained for a simultaneous twoequation model in which one of the dependent variables is completely observed and the other is observed only to the extent of whether or not it is positive.

Amemiya, Takeshi ( 1978). " On a Two Step Estimation of a Multivariate Logit Model." Journal of Econometrics, 8: 13 21.

In this article the author studies the properties of the two step estimation method proposed by Domencich and McFadden ( Urban Travel Demand, North Holland, 1975) for a multivariate logit model and shows that it is consistent but asymptotically less efficient than the maximum likelihood estimator. Its computation, however, can be considerably simpler than that of the maximum likelihood estimator, especially in models involving several dependent variables.

Amemiya, Takeshi, ( 1981). " Qualitative Response Models: A Survey." Journal of Economic Literature 19( December): 1483 1536.

Qualitative response ( QR) models developed between 1970 and 1981 are reviewed in this article with special attention paid to ( 1) the specification of a model that is consistent with economic theory and is statistically manageable, ( 2) the estimation of model parameters and the hypothesis tests based on those estimated parameters, and ( 3) the criteria to use in choosing among competing models. First, univariate dichotomous dependent variable models are developed, such as the biometric applications of insect survival ( survive = 1, death = 0) as a function of insecticide dosage. Next, multinomial or multi response models are developed for the case of choice of occupation, housing, transportation choice, etc. Lastly, multivariate models are presented where more than one discrete dependent variable exists, e. g. determination of the probability of catching a fish given the probability that one takes a recreational fishing trip P( Y= 1%   X= 1). Since the same set of discrete data can be analyzed by many different QR models, this survey is most useful as a guide in choosing an appropriate QR model from an economictheoretic and a statistical view point.

Amemiya, Takeshi ( 1985). Advanced Econometrics. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

This book is intended as a reference book for professional econometricians and as a graduate textbook. It contains an excellent review of qualitative response models.

American Fisheries Society ( 1995).  Tampa AFS 1995 Abstracts.  125th Annual Meeting Tampa, Florida, August 27 31, 248 pp.

The annotated bibliography of papers presented at the 1995 annual meeting of the American Fisheries Society. Primarily fresh water species and problems are discussed, but fisheries management and marine fisheries are also included.

American Sportfishing Association ( 1995).  An Economic Assessment of Marine recreational Fishing in Maine.  Staff Report, ASA, 1033 N. Fairfax Street, Alexandria, VA, July, 7 pp.

The analysis in this report indicates the importance of marine 1 3 recreational fishing to the economy of Maine. An industry valued at over $ 79 million supports about 200,000 anglers who make 576,000 trips seeking their favorite species. A large contingent of nonresident or tourist anglers are drawn to the quality fishing opportunities the state has to offer and bring over $ 9 million new dollars into the state  s economy each year.

American Sportfishing Association ( 1995).  An Economic Assessment of Marine recreational Fishing in Massachusetts.  Staff Report, ASA, 1033 N. Fairfax Street, Alexandria, VA, July, 12 pp.

The analysis in this report indicates the importance of marine recreational fishing to the economy of Massachusetts. An industry valued at over $ 442 million supports about 600,000 anglers who make 2.5 million trips seeking their favorite species. A large contingent of nonresident or tourist anglers are drawn to the quality fishing opportunities the state has to offer and bring over $ 50 million new dollars into the state  s economy each year.

Andersen, Peder ( 1982). " Commercial Fisheries Under Price Uncertainty." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 9: 11 28.

The deterministic models applied in economics of fisheries are extended to comprise price uncertainty and risk aversion among the fishing units. It is proved that in the open access fishery both the total fishing effort and the number of fishing units are reduced as the variance of the price increases; that the total fishing effort may be smaller in the open access fishery than in the optimal fishery at a high variance; that only a fixed producer price system can create a first best optimum, and that a tax on revenue is more efficient than both fishing unit quotas or tax on catch.

Andersen, Peder and Jon G. Sutinen ( 1984). " Stochastic Bioeconomics: A Review of Basic Methods and Results." Marine Resource Economics, 1( 2): 117 136.

Basic bioeconomic models that incorporate uncertainty are reviewed to show and compare the principal methods used and results reported in the literature. Beginning with a simple linear control model of stock uncertainty, we proceed to discuss more complex models that explicitly recognize risk preferences, firm and industry behavior, and market price effects. The effects of uncertainty on the results of bioeconomic analysis are rarely unambiguous, and in some instances differ little from corresponding deterministic results.

Andersen, Peder and Jon G. Sutinen ( 1985). " Open Access Exploitation of a Simple Fishery." Draft of Chapter 2 from Peder Andersen and Jon G. Sutinen, The Economics of Fisheries Exploitation, unpublished.

This chapter establishes the basic bioeconomic framework that is an extension of the conventional micro firm and industry framework to account for what most regard as the most fundamental aspects of the fishery. The first unique feature to account for is that production involves extraction or harvest of a renewable natural resource. The second unique feature is that most fisheries are under open access, that is property rights are not private and exclusive.

Andersen, Peder, Jon G. Sutinen, and Kathy Cochran ( 1998). " Paying for Fishery Management, Economic Implications of Alternative Methods of Financing Management." Prepared for presentation to the IXth Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, Tromso, Norway, 8 11 July, 1998. 1 4 This paper applies elementary public choice theory to explain failures of fishery management and investigates how alternative financing methods may be able to correct this form of  governmental failure.  We argue that who pays and how they pay for management services influences policies and the economic performance of a fishery. In most countries, the general treasury finances nearly 100 percent of the cost of fishery management. This financing method, we reason, encourages inefficient use of research, decision making and enforcement resources and results in poor management of fisheries. Currently there is a modest trend on the part of a few countries to reduce such inefficiencies by implementing user charges to recover a significant portion of the cost of managing their fishery resources. We analyze the economic efficiency consequences of user charges and other financing methods, and review the methods of financing fishery management for Australia, Canada, Denmark, and the United States.

Andersen, Peder, Jon G. Sutinen, and Kathy Cochran ( 1998). " Paying for Fishery Management, Economic Implications of Alternative Methods of Financing Management." Prepared for presentation to the IXth Conference of the International Institute of Fisheries Economics and Trade, Tromso, Norway, 8 11 October( Revised).

This paper applies elementary public choice theory to explain failures of fishery management and investigates how alternative financing methods may be able to correct this form of  governmental failure.  We argue that who pays and how they pay for management services influences policies and the economic performance of a fishery. In most countries, the general treasury finances nearly 100 percent of the cost of fishery management. This financing method, we reason, encourages inefficient use of research, decision making and enforcement resources and results in poor management of fisheries. Currently there is a modest trend on the part of a few countries to reduce such inefficiencies by implementing user charges to recover a significant portion of the cost of managing their fishery resources. We analyze the economic efficiency consequences of user charges and other financing methods, and review the methods of financing fishery management for Australia, Canada, Denmark, and the United States.

Anderson, E. D. ( 1980). " Analysis of Various Sources of Pelagic Shark Catches in the Northwest and Western Central Atlantic Ocean and Gulf of Mexico." Laboratory Reference Document No. 79 56, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA, February, 37 pp.

The purpose of this paper is to present ( 1) reported commercial catches of pelagic sharks in the U. S. FCZ in the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico, ( 2) estimates of U. S. recreational catch, ( 3) estimates of bycatch in the U. S. and Canadian swordfish longline fisheries, ( 4) estimates of bycatch in the foreign squid trawl fishery in the Northwest Atlantic, and ( 5) estimates of bycatch in the Japanese tuna longline fishery. Other possible sources of bycatch are mentioned and the general limitations and inadequacies of the entire data base are discussed.

Anderson, Eric E. ( 1986). " Taxes vs. Quotas for Regulating Fisheries Under Uncertainty: A Hybrid Discrete Time Continuous Time Model." Marine Resource Economics, 3( 3): 183 207.

There is a wide variety of regulatory instruments available for achieving economic efficiency in markets where externalities exist. All of them, when correctly designed, are equally effective, provided that complete information is available and that adjustments to the level of the instruments 1 5 can be made costlessly. However, with the presence of uncertainty, it is well known that one instrument or another may produce a higher expected present value of net social benefits than the others. How uncertainty affects the choice of instrument specifically in fishery management and in other dynamic optimization settings is less well known. A combination discrete time and continuous time stochastic model of a dynamic fishery is used to compare the relative performance of a per unit tax and quota in this paper. The analysis confirms the conclusion reached in the general literature on optimal instrument choice under uncertainty: which instrument performs most efficiently depends on the specific fishery being regulated.

Anderson, Eric E. ( 1988). " Relative Efficiency of Charges and Quantity Controls in Fisheries with Continuous Stock Growth and Periodically Fixed Instrument Levels." Marine Resource Economics, 5( 3): 215 230.

This article presents a simple combination discrete time/ continuous time model that incorporates continuous population dynamics and fishing activity together with periodic, rather than continuous, instrument adjustment into the decision process for choosing the optimal type and level of regulatory instrument. A per unit tax and an allocated instantaneous harvest rate quota each drive the system along different time paths, and each results in a different present value of the stream of net benefits generated by harvesting the resource. The choice of instruments is fishery specific; it depends on the parameter values of the fishery in question.

Anderson, F. J. ( 1979). " Ontario Reforestation Policy: Benefits and Costs." Canadian Public Policy  Analyze De Politiques, 3: 336 347.

The paper concludes that the Ontario program to expand reforestation in the province with a view to ensuring expanded timber supplies in the 21st century does not meet the test of viability provided by tools of conventional benefit cost analysis. A more selective approach, possibly oriented to survival of particular communities, should be examined as an alternative.

Anderson, Glen D. ( 1984). " Participation in Voluntary Transfer of Development Rights Programs: Landowner Incentives and Design Issues." Draft Report, Department of Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, July, 29 pp.

This paper examines landowner incentives to supply development rights under transfer of development rights ( TDR), identify a number of potential obstacles to the success of voluntary TDR and propose design options for enhancing participation.

Anderson, Glen D. and Richard C. Bishop ( 19??). " The Valuation Problem." Draft report, Department of Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.

A review of travel cost, hedonic price, and contingent valuation techniques is provided in this report.

Anderson, Glen D. and Steven F. Edwards ( 198?). " The Role of Amenity Valuation Techniques in the Assessment of Coastal Land Use Policies: Downzoning in Coastal Towns in Southern Rhode Island." Draft report, Department of Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island. 1 6 In this paper, the problem of valuing coastal amenities are examined and results from an empirical study in which the contingent valuation method and hedonic price related technique were used are presented. How data on amenity values might be used to analyze alternative land initiatives are demonstrated.

Anderson, James E. ( 1974). " A Note on Welfare Surpluses and Gains From Trade in General Equilibrium." The American Economic Review, 64( 4): 758 762.

The author clarifies the concept of the impact of a tariff on consumer and producer surplus measures of gains from trade.

Anderson, James E. ( 1976). " The Social Cost of Input Distortions: A Comment and A Generalization." The American Economic Review, 66( 1): 235 238.

Two recent papers on the social cost of input market distortions have committed an error in that measures of welfare loss due to an input price distortion depending upon whether the measure is in the output or input market. This is incorrect, as intuition surely argues, and the source of the error lies in improper use of the Taylor's series expansion. Correcting the error suggests a worthwhile generalization.

Anderson, James E. ( 1984). " Pricing Strategies for a Renewable Resource Industry Faced with Competing New Technology: The Case of Aquaculture and the Commercial Fishery." Agricultural Experiment Station Contribution # 2286, Department of Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, December.

Technological change in the form of aquaculture is becoming an important factor in the market for several species of fish. In light of these changes, producers in some ocean based fisheries need to evaluate their production and pricing strategies relative to their emerging competitor aquaculture. This paper conceptually analyses the optimal pricing/ production strategy for an ocean based fishery facing a lagged decreasing net demand resulting from the entry of competitive aquaculturalists. The analysis indicates that the optimal strategy consists of initially raising price to a maximum level to earn some fast profits taking advantage of the lagged decline in net demand. After the demand declines and natural fish stocks are reduced such that the singular arc is reached, price is adjusted downward to maintain the singular arc approach to the long run equilibrium. In the long run, price will be lower, natural fish stocks will be higher, and natural fish supply may either be lower or higher depending on the initial position of the system and the magnitude of the net demand shift.

Anderson, James L. ( 1985). " Market Interactions Between Aquaculture and the Common Property Commercial Fishery." Marine Resource Economics, 2( 1): 1 24.

Market interactions between the common property commercial fishery and ( 1) competitive aquaculturists and ( 2) a dominant firm aquaculturist are modeled. It is found that the entry of an competitive aquaculturist increases natural fish stocks, reduces price, and increases total supply. If initially the natural fish sock is at a level below maximum sustainable yield, entry of the aquaculturist results in an increase in supply from the commercial fishery. In the second part, the aquaculturist is modeled as a dominant firm. In some situations, the aquaculturist behaves in a manner similar to the competitive case, but impacts on price, fish stock, and efficiency will not be as large. It is shown that there also exits cases where the dominant 1 7 aquaculturist will desire to promote overexploitation of the natural fish stock.

Anderson, James L. ( 1985). " Strategic Design and Marketing of Aquacultured Salmon." Presented at the Symposium on Markets for Seafood and Aquacultural Products, Charleston, South Carolina, August 19 21.

This research uses conjoint analysis to quantitatively evaluate buyer trade off for aquacultured salmon products. Attributes evaluated include species, country of origin, shelf life, fresh versus frozen, product size, product cut, year round versus seasonal availability, consistency of supply, wild caught versus aquacultured, flesh color, delivery time, and price. The results are employed to suggest optimal product design and strategies to maximize market share.

Anderson, James L. ( 1987). " Allocating Harvests Between Competing Users in Fishery Management Decisions: Appropriate Economic Measures for Valuation. Discussion." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 3): 34 35.

A discussion of J. E. Easley Jr. and Fred J. Prochaska ( 1987). " Allocating Harvests Between Competing Users in Fishery Management Decisions: Appropriate Economic Measures for Valuation." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 3): 29 33.

Anderson, James L. ( 1988). " Analysis of the U. S. Market for Fresh and Frozen Salmon." Staff Papers Series 88 07, College of Resource Development, Agricultural Experiment Station, Contribution Number 22446, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R. I., May, 65 pp.

The objectives of this paper are to 1) determine the degree of substitutability between fresh/ frozen wild caught salmon and pen raised farm salmon; 2) determine potential demand for salmon currently, in 1990 and 1995; and 3) evaluate the impact of an increase in farmed salmon. Several methods we've utilized in the work include conjoint analysis, self explicated utility techniques and demand analysis. Data were collected from interviews of 143 salmon buyers in the U. S. Northeast and Pacific Northwest.

Anderson, J. L. and Sofia U. Bettencourt ( 1992). " Constraints and Opportunities for Salmon Aquaculture in the United States." Draft submitted to the Marine Fisheries Review.

This paper provides an updated analysis of the major factors constraining the development of salmon aquaculture in the United States. A brief outlook on recent macroeconomic factors contributing to the industry's recent growth is offered, and the present status of the major producing regions delineated. The major constraints affecting the industry are then discussed, followed by a summary of recommendations aimed at improving the present climate surrounding the industry's development.

Anderson, J. L. and Sofia U. Bettencourt ( 1993). " A Conjoint Approach to Model Product Preferences: The New England Market for Fresh and Frozen Salmon." Marine Resource Economics, 8( 1): 31 49.

This paper illustrates how conjoint analysis can be used to model preference for food products, and applies the technique to the study of fresh and frozen salmon preference among buyers from two intermediary wholesale levels in New England. The degree of preference for specific attributes and levels of the products is compared. The paper also evaluates the performance and predictive 1 8 validity of a traditional additive conjoint model a hybrid model estimated using both ordinary least squares, and a maximum likelihood hybrid two limit Tobit model.

Anderson, James L. and Cathy R. Wessells ( 1996).  Assessment of Asian Shark Fin Trade and Implications for Shark and Dogfish Management.  A Proposal submitted to the National Marine Fisheries Service, Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, May, 18 pp.

A proposal to preform a conjoint analysis on the wholesale market for dogfish and shark fins. It focuses on the product characteristics the fin buyers search for and the impacts they have on shark harvest by age, comparisons of dogfish fin products to other shark fin products, and the incorporation of this information into shark harvest management to insure sustainable management.

Anderson, James L. and Michael Carroll ( 1997).  An Assessment of the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Market: The Economic Implications for Management Plans.  A Proposal submitted to the National Marine Fisheries Service by the Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, June, 11 pp.

The present management plan for the harvest of U. S. Atlantic bluefin tuna does not account for market factors that influence price. For efficient management, it is essential that these market implications be taken into consideration. This study will examine factors which influence the Japanese wholesale market for Atlantic bluefin tuna and implications for management. The goals are: ( 1) Evaluate how factors such as: quantity supplied, time of harvest, and quality characteristics influence the price of U. S. Atlantic bluefin tuna sold on the Japanese wholesale market. ( 2) Determine the relationship between prices in Japan and ex vessel prices received by U. S. fishermen. ( 3) Determine how different fishery management options will influence gross revenues received by U. S. fishermen.

Anderson, James L. and James E. Wilen ( 1985). " Estimating the Population Dynamics of Coho Salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch) Using Pooled Time Series and Cross Sectional Data." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 42( 3): 459 467.

The population dynamics of natural and hatchery coho salmon ( Oncorhynchus kisutch) were estimated for three regions, ( 1) Washington coastal, ( 2) Columbia River region, and ( 3) Oregon/ California coastal, using pooled time series and cross sectional data. Two functional forms were compared: the Beverton Holt and Ricker models. Both models yielded very similar results. In both cases, we found that the natural coho stock recruitment is significantly affected by parent stock level ( positive), parent stock density ( negative), river flow ( positive), and hatchery smolt release ( negative). The significant factors affecting hatchery coho salmon were smolt release level ( positive), smolt release density ( negative), and upwelling ( positive).

Anderson, James L. and James E. Wilen ( 1986). " Implications of Private Salmon Aquaculture on Prices, Production, and Management of Salmon Resources." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68( 4): 866 879.

The emergence of large scale salmon ranching in the Pacific Northwest has led to significant controversy over the potential impact of salmon 1 9 ranching on market structure, salmon prices, ocean and aquacultural production, and salmon fishing regulation. This paper models the behavior of a dominant salmon rancher facing a competitive open access fishery using a dynamic nonlinear programming model. Primary attention is given to production and regulation influencing strategies of an optimally managed salmon ranch under selected institutional and biological constraints. The effect of such behavior is evaluated with regard to salmon prices, natural salmon stocks, ocean fishing effort, and ocean fishery productivity.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1973). " Optimum Economic Yield of a Fishery Given a Variable Price of Output." J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 30: 509 518.

The majority of work done in the economics of fisheries uses the assumption of a fixed price of output. This paper describes the effects on the traditional fisheries model of relaxing this assumption, the most important of which, as far as regulation agencies are concerned, are the negation of marginal cost of effort equaling marginal revenue of effort as the criterion for a social optimum, and the introduction of the possibility of multiple equilibria and multiple industry profit maxima. Also, some new insights on fishery management with variable price and different assumptions about the number of fisheries and the number of countries involved are pointed out.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1975). " Analysis of Open Access Commercial Exploitation and Maximum Economic Yield in Biologically and Technologically Interdependent Fisheries." Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 32: 1825 1842.

Fisheries may be interdependent because of biological relationships that exist between their stocks or because the gear of one affects mortality in the stock of the other. The problems of defining a maximum sustainable yield in these cases are discussed. A graphical analysis is used to describe the combinations of effort from both fisheries where concurrent exploitation is possible and which of these combinations will result in a simultaneous equilibrium. Finally the conditions for a combined maximum economic yield ( MEY) are presented and it is shown that they will not hold if each fishery is managed to obtain an individual MEY.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1980). " A Comparison of Limited Entry Fishery Management Schemes." Draft report, College of Marine Studies and Department of Economics, University of Delaware, January, pp. 65.

This paper compares and contrasts four different types of limited entry management schemes on the basis of specified criteria. This framework consists of a set of problems that must be addressed to one degree or another in the implementation and operation of any type of fishery management scheme. The goal is to describe the best possible adaptation of each of the schemes so that meaningful comparisons can be made. The final objective will be to specify under what conditions each of the schemes will be most useful.

Anderson, Lee G. ( ed.) ( 1981). Economic Analysis for Fisheries Management Plans. Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

The results of a workshop at the University of Delaware to address the level of economic analysis required to institute a fishery management plan.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1982). " The Share System in Open Access and Optimally Regulated Fisheries." Land Economics, 58( 4): 435 449. 2 0 This paper introduces the share system into the traditional static deterministic model of an exploited fishery. The model is used to answer the questions ( 1) How is the share rate determined and how will it affect open access fishing and the rents earned by boat owners and crew? ( 2) How will imperfect competition in the determination of the share rate affect open access fishing and rent distribution? ( 3) What are the implications of the share system for management, and do they differ depending on how the share rate is determined.?

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1983). " The Demand Curve for Recreational Fishing with an Application to Stock Enhancement Activities." Land Economics, 59( 3): 279 286.

This model extends the McConnell and Sutinen ( 1979) and Bishop and Samples ( 1980) models of recreational fishing with and without joint commercial harvest by incorporating a stock externality in the form of a demand curve for recreational fishing. The effect each participant has on others, in terms of quality and quantity, is central to an intuitive understanding of recreational fisheries management and it can be clearly demonstrated in the demand curve model presented in the paper. The model is applicable to a number of relevant problems, including joint recreationcommercial exploitation, but here it is only applied to the optimization of enhancement, a topic that has not been treated previously.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1984). " Uncertainty in the Fisheries Management Process." Marine Resource Economics, 1( 1): 77 87.

The traditional bionomic fisheries model is expanded to a " bioregunomic" model by including as an independent part of the system those regulation agencies and institutions that grant authority to manage and that use that authority to devise, implement, and enforce specific regulations. In this approach, the type of regulation used is endogenous to the model. Several examples of these models are introduced to show the difference between a bioregunomic yield and either open access or maximum economic yield. Special emphasis is given to the ways in which the regulatory process can add uncertainty to fisheries utilization.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1986). The Economics of Fisheries Management. 2nd edition. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

An excellent introductory text on the management of fisheries using biological and economic models. The chapter on applied economics is particularly useful in demonstrating the value of economics to managers.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1987). " Bridging the Gap Between Economic Theory and Fisheries Management: Can the MFCMA Produce Economically Rational Management?" Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 3): 13 25.

The paper analyzes the possibility and the probability of appropriate use of fundamental economic principles in the fishery management plans developed under the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act. After reviewing the resource, industry, and government aspects of the fishery management development process and some of the important aspects of both the existing law and suggested changes, it is concluded that while the possibility exists, the probability is quite low. Discussion by James E. Kirkley.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1987). " A Management Agency Perspective of the Economics of Fisheries Regulation." Marine Resource Economics, 4: 123 131. 2 1 The problem of selecting and optimally implementing a management regime taking into account limited agency budgets is analyzed. First, the management problem from the agency's perspective is discussed by describing the actual types of control variables. Then the less than direct relationship between agency control variables and fishing industry behavior and its importance in practical policy is described. Finally, the economic problem of running a fishing agency is analyzed.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1988). " An Individual Transferable Quota Program for the Southeast Trawl Fishery, Part II, A Proposed System." Draft report, College of Marine Studies and Department of Economics, University of Delaware, May, pp. 28.

This report provides a conceptual model of ITQ management of multispecies fisheries and to use the conclusions from the model, along with more general principles of basic fisheries economics and observations of real world management, as the basis for formulating an ITQ program for the southeast trawl fishery. The conceptual modeling is provided in part 1 while recommendations for implementation are contained in this second part.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1989). " Optimal Intra and Interseasonal Harvesting Strategies when Price Varies with Individual Size." Marine Resource Economics, 6( 2): 145 162.

A major concept in fisheries management is the optimal age for first capture. Because there can be separate market categories for fish of different sizes and different costs for their harvest, a more rational statement of the problem would be to find the optimal range of harvest sizes in any given year. Two models for solving this problem are presented. The shrimp model discusses optimal harvest of a single cohort of shrimp as it grows through a season. The lobster model discusses optimal simultaneous harvest of several cohorts over several seasons. The difficulty of defining a cost per fish in the lobster model makes it a much more complex undertaking.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1989). " Enforcement Issues in Selecting Fisheries Management Policy." Marine Resource Economics, 6( 3): 261 277.

The purpose of this article is to present a frame of reference in which to compare fisheries regulations and to identify enforcement issues that can be important in practical policy application. The issues discussed include dockside versus at sea monitoring: ease of government implementation: period at risk when in noncompliance; ease and cost with which industry participants can achieve ability to comply; ease of distinction between honest mistakes, sloppy practices, and deliberate cheating; initial versus continued compliance; ease with which requirements can be communicated; ease with which noncompliance can be disguised; ease with which agents can detect noncompliance such that it is admissible as evidence; degree to which personal or social benefits from compliance can be demonstrated; potential for citizen cooperation identifying offenders; likelihood of encouraging rent seeking behavior by industry and of administrators being susceptible to it; ease with which illegal activities can be detected under various conditions; relative ability to which enforcement is efficacious with respect to different management objectives; and ease with which benefit based priorities for enforcement can be identified.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1989). " Property Rights in Fisheries: Lessons from the New Zealand Experience." Draft report, College of Marine Studies, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, pp. 53. 2 2 This paper evaluates the actual operation of an ITQ program in New Zealand, identify problems that have caused difficulties in the actual operation of the program, to assess their potential seriousness, and where possible to suggest possible remedies. This program is one of the first in the world and it is the only one that encompasses essentially all of a nation's marine fisheries. The theoretical advantages of ITQs are easy to see. However, it is difficult to design an actual program that will actually achieve these benefits in a world of less than perfect information and costly and sometimes cumbersome implementation and enforcement.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1989). " Conceptual Constructs for Practical ITQ Management Policies." In P. A. Neher et al. ( eds.) ( 1989). Rights Based Fishing, Kluwer Academic Publishers, pp. 191 209.

This report builds a conceptual model in which any number of practical management issues in an individual transferable quota program ( ITQ) can be discussed. The topics that are given specific attention, however, are the nature of management rent, the workings of the market for ITQs, resource rentals, and problems with bycatch.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1991). " Note: A Note of Market Power in ITQ Fisheries." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 21: 291 296.

Individual transferable quotas, ITQs, in fisheries are analogous to transferable pollution permits in environmental policy. However, they are different in that the right to produce is for the final product, the fish, whereas pollution permits are for a nonmarket joint product ( i. e., sulfur dioxide) of the good produced for sale. In both cases, the actual economic efficiency effects of creating the property rights depend upon the workings of the market for both the final product and the rights. There has been considerable work on market failures for pollution permits, and this paper extends the analysis to ITQs. It is shown that the difference between pollution permits and ITQs can change the type and occurrence of failure in the market for the final product, but it does not affect the potential for failure in the market for permits.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1991). " Efficient Policies to Maintain Total Allowable Catches in ITQ Fisheries with At Sea Processing." Land Economics, 67( 2): 141 57.

This paper discusses the economic aspects of determining a conversion factor program that will maintain the total allowable catch in an individual transferable quota program. Since TACs are denominated in terms of total biomass but fish are often landed after at sea processing, provision must be made to convert the landed weight to a green weight. The conversion factor is a serious problem in the New Zealand ITQ program.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1992). " Consideration of the Potential Use of Individual Transferable Quotas in U. S. Fisheries." Vol 1 5. Final Report, NOAA Contract No. 40AANF101849.

Using four different U. S. fisheries as examples spanning a wide range of situations from those which are conducive to ITQs to those which are problematic for ITQs, this report explains the general principles of ITQs and shows how they might be applied to specific fisheries.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1992). " Consideration of the Potential Use of Individual Transferable Quotas in U. S. Fisheries." Vol 1 5. 2 3 Draft Report, NOAA Contract No. 40AANF101849.

A draft report of the above cited study.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1993). " Toward a Complete Economic Theory of the Utilization and Management of Recreational Fisheries." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 24: 272 295.

A model of individual behavior for recreational fisheries that considers both the participation decision and the activity level decision is developed. The model also distinguishes between the catch rate, that is a biologically determined parameter, and the landings rate, that is a control variable. Individual and fishery wide equilibria under open access are described for both homogeneous and heterogeneous participants. Optimal utilization is also described. Optimal utilization differs from open access in terms of activity levels of participants and number and type of participants. Regulations to achieve optimal utilization are described.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1993). " Some Preliminary Thoughts on Discards, Bycatch and Highgrading." Presented at the International Conference on Fisheries Economics, Os, Norway, May 26 28.

A bioeconomic model of a fishery is developed that accounts for the discarding of a lower valued component of the catch due to high grading, low grading, and hold capacity. Hold capacity is based on a model of a fishing trip. Highgrading is a problem only when the value of the higher priced species exceeds the costs of harvesting it and the costs of discarding the lower priced species.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1993). " Enhancing Economic Analysis for Fishery Management: Discussion." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 75( 5): 1194 1195.

A discussion of Jon Sutinen's paper on " Recreational and Commercial Fisheries Allocation with Costly Enforcement" and J. Walter Milon's paper on " U. S. Fisheries Management and Economic Analysis: Implications of the Alaskan Groundfish Controversy."

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1994). " An Economic Analysis of Highgrading in ITQ Fisheries Regulation Programs." Marine Resource Economics, 9( 3): 209 226.

ITQ management programs can provide incentives to discard low valued fish so that individual quota can be used for relatively more valuable fish. Such " highgrading" can also occur where there are other constraints on harvest, such as hold capacity. This paper compares and contrasts the exact conditions under which highgrading will occur with ITQ and other harvest constraints. Considering all costs, highgrading can be efficient with physical constraints but it is an unfortunate artifact of ITQs. Whether or not highgrading will occur depends upon the price differential between high and low valued fish, the cost of sorting and discarding, and the cost of reharvest Policies for correcting or reducing ITQ highgrading should it occur are described.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1994). " A Note on the Economics of Discards." Marine Resource Economics, 9( 2): 183 186.

This paper discusses the basic economic principles of the utilization of fisheries where it may be optimal to discard some portion of the catch. The 2 4 analysis is in terms of a very simple biological model and the discussion is biased towards issues which are discussed most frequently in public forum, often in ways that ignore simple economic principles.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1994).  What is Controlled or Limited Access?  In Karyn L. Gimbel ( ed.) Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation, Center for Marine Conservation and the World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D. C.

The paper will compare and contrast open access with controlled access modes of fisheries regulation. While some of the differences can be quite subtle, for purposes of discussion they can be distinguished as follows. The former controls the activities of participants but does not explicitly control their number. The latter controls the number of participants or in some cases the number of fishing units ( i. e., boats, traps, or the amount of tonnage). A controlled access program may also control the activities of the restricted number of participants. It will be demonstrated that regulations used under open access are often biologically ineffective in the long run due to technological innovation and industry growth. In addition, they can lead to economic inefficiencies in harvest and processing. A prime motivation for the development of controlled access regulations was to correct for these two potential problems. Depending upon how they are formulated and upon the nature of the particular fishery to be managed, controlled access regulations can be successful in this regard. One way of comparing open access and controlled access management is to see how each of them can address important issues of different fisheries. Controlling discards, bycatch, mortality in nursery areas, and maintaining product quality and industry viability are just a few of the many problems that must be addressed. It is frequently the case that potential management tools are dismissed because of a perceived weakness in addressing one of these issues. Since there is no perfect management tool, the important question in comparing open access to controlled access management techniques is not which one has weaknesses, but which one can be adopted, implemented and enforced such that the stated management objectives can be most nearly achieved.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1995). " A Commentary on the Views of Environmental Groups on Access Control in Fisheries." Ocean and Coastal Management, 28( 1 3): 165 188.

This paper assesses the views of various environmental groups on access control in fisheries, as stated in documents prepared by these groups. The views range from outright opposition to tentative promotion. Differing views on the definition of conservation, the appropriate make up of the fishing industry and the likely make up with and without access control, and the appropriate nature of property rights for fisheries are highlighted. An important aspect of the last issue is the concern over potential  takings  problems under the Fifth Amendment to the U. S. Constitution when management is imposed in rights based fisheries regimes.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1997).  Open Access Fisheries Utilization with an Endogenous Regulatory Structure: An Expanded Analysis.  Draft report, College of Marine Studies and Department of Economics, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 15 pp.

Homans and Wilen ( 1997) develop a model of a commercial fishery in which management decisions are endogenously determined. This study expands on this approach by assuming that both entry and exit of fishing vessels can occur using the model proposed by Smith ( 1969) in which a disaggregated model of independent vessel behavior is employed. In addition, the nature of the 2 5 regulatory agency is expanded to consider the possibility of political interventions based on the current economic conditions of existing participants.

Anderson, Lee G. ( 1997).  Towards A Complete Model of Regulated Commercial Fishing: Comparison of ITQs and Traditional Regulation.  Draft report, College of Marine Studies and Department of Economics, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, May, 36 pp.

The purpose of this paper is to describe the efficiency and distribution effects which will occur during the transition to ITQ management following a mode of analysis developed by Smith ( 1968).

Anderson, Lee G. and Dwight R. Lee ( 1986). " Optimal Governing Instrument, Operation Level, and Enforcement in Natural Resource Regulation: The Case of the Fishery." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 68( 3): 678 690.

Most regulation studies have used industry output or inputs as the control variable( s), but these are only indirectly controlled by government action through its choice of governing instrument, enforcement procedure, and penalty structure and the operational level of each. A model is developed that demonstrates how profit maximizing firms will react to these control variables taking into account the benefits ( extra production) and costs ( possible penalties) of noncompliance and the ability to avoid detection on noncompliance. The optimal operation level for two sets of control variables is derived and discussed.

Anderson, Lee G., Emiko Maruyama, and Maryjane Middelkoop ( 1999).  The LEM Fishery Simulation Model.  Presentation to the Office of Science and Technology, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, December.

Foundation of the Excel computer simulation model of a commercial and recreational fishery using a multi cohort biological constraint where fishing effort enters the model linearly. A copy of the computer program is available on disk.

Anderson, Lee G., Emiko Maruyama, and Maryjane Middelkoop ( 2000).  The LEM Fishery Simulation Model.  Draft Users Guide, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, February, 17 pp.

Foundation of the Excel computer simulation model of a commercial and recreational fishery using a multi cohort biological constraint where fishing effort enters the model linearly. A copy of the computer program is available on disk.

Anderson, Robert C., Lisa A. Hofmann, and Michael Rusin ( 1990). " The Use of Economic Incentive Mechanisms in Environmental Management." Research Paper # 051, American Petroleum Institute, 1220 L Street, Northwest, Washington, D. C. 20005, June, pp. 73.

The principal alternative to direct regulation uses market forces in the form of economic incentives to reduce pollution. This paper examines the existing record on the use of incentive mechanisms for evidence on whether they have improved the effectiveness and efficiency of environmental regulation.

Anderson, Robert J., Jr. and Thomas D. Crocker ( 1971). " Air Pollution 2 6 and Residential Property Values." Urban Studies, 8: 171 180.

The fundamental hypothesis of the relationship between air pollution dosages and real estate values for measuring the benefits of air pollution control is that a portion of air pollution damage to artifacts and organisms is capitalised negatively into the value of land and immobile durable improvements thereon causing land rents to vary inversely with air pollutant dosages. This paper ( 1) examines the theoretical underpinnings of crosssection studies of demand in which characteristics of goods are used as explanatory variables, and ( 2) to apply that rationale to the study of air pollution and residential property values.

Anderson, Robert J., Jr. and Thomas D. Crocker ( 1972). " Air Pollution and Property Values: a Reply." The Review of Economics and Statistics, 54( 4): 470 473.

A reply to Freeman, A. M. III ( 1971). " Air Pollution and Property Values: A Methodological Comment." The Review of Economics and Statistics, 53( Nov.): 415 416 contention that only after a general equilibrium model including the spatial pattern of air quality as a parameter is constructed may one appropriately infer relationships between air quality and equilibrium land values.

Anderson, Ronald W. ( 1980). " Some Theory of Inverse Demand for Applied Demand Analysis." European Economic Review, 14: 281 290.

Inverse demand functions are often useful econometric representations of consumer behavior. This paper establishes some theoretical properties of inverse demands that aid their interpretation and facilitate calculations related to them. We introduce the notion of scale elasticity that is shown to play for inverse demands much the same role that income elasticity does for direct demands. It is used in a decomposition of Antonelli effects that is analogous to the Slutsky equation for direct demands.

Anderson, Terry L. ( 1982). " The New Resource Economics: Old Ideas and New Applications." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, December: 928 946.

The purpose of this paper is to lay out the basic elements of the emerging new resource economics ( NRE) paradigm. The scholars involved in the development of this new approach have simply applied the foundational contributions to a particular subset of economic problems. The integration of these ideas and their application to resource and environmental problems is quite new. In this paper, I will first argue why the existing way of thinking would benefit from reform. Following this I will integrate property rights, public choice, and Austrian economics with the standard neoclassical paradigm thereby identifying the salient components of NRE. Finally, evidence will be presented to support why NRE is gaining support.

Anderson, William W. ( 1970). " Contributions to the Life Histories of Several Penaeid Shrimps ( Penaeidae) Along the south Atlantic Coast of the United States." U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Special Scientific Report Fisheries No. 605, May, iii + 24 pp., 15 figs, 12 tables.

Shrimp, the most valuable fishery resource of the south Atlantic coast of the United States, contributed about 40 percent of the $ 27 million exvessel value of all fishery landings in the area in 1966. Three species of shallow water penaeid shrimps are of greatest commercial importance: white 2 7 shrimp, Penaeus setiferus; brown shrimp, P. aztecus; and pink shrimp, P. duorarum. The shrimp fishery is reviewed for trends in yield for the area as a unit, by State, and by species, for the ten year period 1958 67. A trend toward steady decline in total shrimp landings is indicated. During studies on the white shrimp along the south Atlantic coast of the United states in 1931 1935, data were obtained on the brown shrimp; the sea bob, Xiphopeneus kroyeri; and Trachypeneus constrictus. Observations were also made on the pink shrimp from operations of the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries R/ V Oregon of northeast Florida near Cape Kennedy in 1965 67. This report presents size distribution, ovary development, and sex ratios of the several species of shrimp, and includes limited information on spawning season.

Anderson, William W. and G. Robert Lunz ( 1965). " Southern Shrimp... A Valuable Regional Resource." Marine Resources of the Atlantic Coast, Leaflet Number 4, Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission, P. O. 2784, Tallahassee, Florida, October, 6 pp.

An overview of the south Atlantic shrimp fishery including the species of shrimp, management, and existing and on going research.

Andrade, Roberto R. Enriquez ( 1992). " A Multiobjective Model of the Pacific Whiting Fishery in the United States." Dissertation, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR.

This dissertation develops a multiobjective bioeconomic policy model of the Pacific whiting fishery in the U. S. The purpose of the model is to analyze the implications ( trade offs) of resource allocation alternatives on the level of three policy objectives: present value of net revenue, production, and female spawning biomass. Pareto optimal solutions for the three policy objectives were generated under various specifications of the model by means of generating techniques. Three policy instruments were considered: harvest quotas, fleet/ processing capacity limits, and allocation between the shore based and offshore fisheries. Results were presented in the form of trade off curves.

Andrew, Chris O., Fred J. Prochaska, Jose Alvarez ( 1975). " Florida Shrimp: From the Sea Through the Market." SUSF SG 75 005, Department of Food and Resource Economics, Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Florida Sea Grant Program, Marine Advisory Program, May, 15 pp.

Even though shrimp are the most valuable seafood species landed in Florida, landings have not kept pace with growth of the shrimp processing industry. Landings from Florida waters have remained constant over time, but has declined as a share of total shrimp processed due to increased imports and the decline in Florida landings from Campeche and the Caribbean.

Andrews, Elizabeth J. and James E. Wilen ( 1988). " Angler Response to Success in the California Salmon Sportfishery: Evidence and Management Implications." Marine Resource Economics, 5( 2): 125 138.

This paper examines effort responsiveness to success in the California salmon partyboat sport fishery. The management process in this important fishery involves setting target harvest levels for both commercial and sportfishing groups and then using closed seasons, restricted gear, and possession limits to dampen effective effort. An important component of the management process involves forecasting sportfishing effort and its effect on 2 8 catch to advance plan management actions. For want of better information, simple proportionality rules of thumb are used currently and this paper examines the plausibility of these. Some simple models forecasting aggregate angler participation and aggregate partyboat catch on a weekly basis are estimated across several different ports. Our findings suggest that anglers are responsive to recent success in several ports ( elasticities up to +. 5) and that angler participation affects catch with an elasticity exceeding unity. These results indicate that the simple rules of thumb currently in use could be in substantial error.

Androkovich, Robert A. and Kenneth R. Stollery ( 1994). " A Stochastic Dynamic Programming Model of Bycatch Control in Fisheries." Marine Resource Economics, 9( 1): 19 30.

This paper builds a model of fishery regulation with incidental catch or bycatch and simulates it with parameters from the Nova Scotia cod and haddock fisheries. When comparing optimal coordinated taxation with the independent taxation of each fishery separately, we find that independent taxation requires significantly higher tax rates to control the stock externality associated with competitive behavior. Quotas are found to be suboptimal relative to any form of taxation, because of their inflexibility in the presence of uncertainty, and because they can control bycatch only indirectly.

Anonymous ( 19??). " Feasibility Study of Mariscos Del Carmen, S. A. and Pescadores De Mariscos Del Carmen, S. A." A prospectus prepared for a Mexican fishing firm.

A description of the plant, boatyard, and trawlers of a Mexican shrimp fishing firm with a statement of the net worth of the company and potential for future earnings.

Anonymous ( 19??). " Fin Fishes Caught Incidental to Shrimp Trawling in the Western Gulf of Mexico." Draft report.

A discussion of the shrimp trawl bycatch of finfish and potential markets for the discarded catch.

Anonymous ( 19??). " Fishery Management A Neo Institutional Approach." Draft report.

This paper is an attempt to combine neoclassical economic theory with institutionalism. The neo institutional approach is applied to fishery management problems.

Anonymous ( 19??). " Fishing Capacity and Subsidies." Draft report.

Discussion of fishing capacity, subsidies, and international agreements covering trade, fisheries, and the environment. Provides legal grounds for pursuing a fishing capacity reduction program.

Anonymous ( 19??). " A Plan for the Economic Assessment of Import Restrictions Related to Sea Turtle Protection." NMFS, Washington, D. C.

An outline of a proposed plan to determine the impacts of shrimp import restrictions for countries that do not comply with U. S. regulations for the protection of marine turtles by their shrimp fishing fleet.

Anonymous ( 19??). " Principles and Practices of Limited Entry System." 2 9 Appendix, Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, Lincoln Center, Suite 881, 5401 West Kennedy Boulevard, Tampa, Florida, April.

This report, based on the Ad Hoc Limited Entry Committee meeting in New Orleans, discusses the general nature of a limited entry system, relates experiences with the system in certain fisheries in the U. S. and other countries, and describes certain Gulf fisheries that may be amenable to and benefitted by a limited entry management system should the Council pursue the idea of using limited entry as an alternative management system.

Anonymous ( 19??). " Unknown Title." Source: James Opaluch, Department of Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI.

Population dynamics for fish and bird populations.

Anonymous ( 19??). " The Use of Underages/ Overages in the Atlantic Swordfish Fishery." Concept Paper, Highly Migratory Management Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring Maryland.

Presents the concept of annual carryover of overages/ underages for the bluefin tuna quota. It suggests that the approach should be thoroughly studied and reviewed by NMFS and the ICCAT Advisory Committee before presentation at the ICCAT meeting.

Anonymous ( 1972). " Report of the National Marine Fisheries Service Gulf Coastal Fisheries Center, Fiscal Years 1970 and 1971." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS SER 1, July, iii + 26 pp., 14 figs., 4 tables.

Progress is reported at the NMFS Gulf Coastal Fisheries Center ( formerly the Biological Laboratory, Galveston, Texas). Emphasis is placed on shrimp, and the research involves the fields of mariculture, population dynamics, ecology, and oceanography.

Anonymous ( 1981). " Estimated Potential Socioeconomic Impacts of a Purse Seine Fleet on the Existing Mackerel Fisheries." Draft report.

A study was conducted to estimate potential social and economic impacts on existing fisheries from the introduction of a new gear, the purse seine, for harvesting king and Spanish mackerel in the southeast region, principally Florida.

Anonymous ( 1982). " Shrimp 1981." Marine Fisheries Review, 44( 9 10): 58 59.

A review of the 1981 shrimp fishery, harvesting sector to final consumer with emphasis on prices, imports and inventory levels, and landings in the United States.

Anonymous ( 1985). " A Probable Scenario for International and Domestic Tuna Fisheries to the Year 1995." White paper, National Marine Fisheries Service.

The scenario presented is considered likely to happen if the forces put into effect by the status quo were allowed to continue unabated until 1995. 3 0 Anonymous ( 1985). " Foreign Trade: Meaning Imports Take 69 Percent of the Market." The Fish Boat, August, 3 pp.

United States imports of shrimp in 1984 set a record at 422.3 million pounds.

Anonymous ( 1985). " Less Exports From Ecuador." The Fish Boat, August, 2 pp.

Ecuador shrimp exports declined primarily due to a reduced wild harvest of shrimp.

Anonymous ( 1985). " Shrimping ' 84: A Matter of More Shrimp Less Money." The Fish Boat, August, 4 pp.

A review of domestic production and consumer demand for shrimp.

Anonymous ( 1986). " Shrimping ' 85." The Fish Boat, August: 17 21.

A review of price declines as domestic production and consumer demand for shrimp increase.

Anonymous ( 1986). " Foreign Trade." The Fish Boat, August: 22 49.

A review of shrimp imports including country of origin and tends over time.

Anonymous ( 1987). " Philippine Shrimp Culture." Draft report, Office of International Fisheries, Foreign Fisheries Analysis Branch, National Marine Fisheries Service, Washington, D. C. 11 pp.

Shrimp imports have recently become an important source of foreign exchange for the Philippines. An unstable wild catch makes increasing production from aquaculture essential in maintaining these exports. While most sectors of the Philippine economy have shown little or no growth in recent years because of political instability, the shrimp culture industry has grown steadily, more than enough to offset recent fluctuations in the wild shrimp catch. Strong government and official international support, along with active private investment, has contributed much to this growth, and this support is expected to continue.

Anonymous ( 1987). " United States Spain Fisheries Trade, 1980 85." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 3): 91 96.

A review of the U. S.  Spain trade in fishery products that indicates that U. S. exports to Spain are declining and Spain's exports to the U. S. are on the increase; contrary to what was expected when the 200 mile exclusive economic zone was enacted.

Anonymous ( 1988). Shrimp Farming in the United States. Aquaculture Digest, San Diego, CA.

The latest information on the major players in United States shrimp farming and a brief overview of the industry.

Anonymous ( 199?).  Economic and Biological Interactions Between the Shrimp and Reef Fisheries in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico.  Draft report.

Biologists have determined that the red snapper resource in the Glf of 3 1 Mexico is depleted for several reasons, including the application of too much fishing effort by commercial and recreational red snapper fishermen and the incidental bycatch and discard of juvenile red snapper by the shrimp trawl fleet. The ensuing debate about how best to restore the red snapper population to desirable levels has involved numerous technological, political and economic facets. Among them are: technological interaction in which shrimping gear inadvertently harvests other species, including juvenile red snapper; management interaction between fishery management plans; competition between commercial and recreational fishermen and among fishermen with different gear types within each group; and economic trade offs over time, among various harvesting groups and between different groups of consumers. It constitutes a management problem that is controversial, challenging, and, as yet, unresolved.

Anonymous ( 199?).  Norway.  Draft report.

A review of the groundfish industry in Norway including supply, resource management, bilateral arrangements, and fishing industry.

Anonymous ( 1992). " King and Spanish Mackerel Prices by Gear." Report, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, 9721 Executive Center Drive, North, St. Petersburg, FL, June.

King and Spanish mackerel price differentials by gear type exist in two areas in the southeast region. However, data prevents more than a qualitative discussion of the causes.

Anonymous ( 1993). " The Italian Case." Paper presented at the Workshop on Enforcement Measures, Organization for Economic Co Operation and Development, Directorate for Food, Agriculture, and Fisheries, Committee for Fisheries, Paris, September 21 22.

In Italy, enforcement measures depend on the management scheme adopted by government policy and on the operating condition of the fishing industry. In particular, biological, technical, economic, social, commercial, and financial features are all considered as constraints in a unique planning exercise when drawing up the management policy to be implemented every three years. The actual conservationist policy, that is part of the whole fisheries management plan, started in 1982 when a licensing scheme was introduced. Since then the decision framework of public administration was centralized and measures have been taken within a triennial planning document approved by the government.

Anonymous ( 1994). " The Catch About Fish." The Economist, March 19th, pp. 13 14.

Overfishing.

Anonymous ( 1994). " Status of International Trade in Shark Species.  Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Draft Resolution of the Conference of the Parties, November, 7 18, 2 pp.

A resolution to request data on the international trade in shark products to determine its impact on shark populations world wide.

Anonymous ( 1994). " An Empirical Model of Pricing in the Catfish Industry." Draft report submitted to Marine Resource Economics. 3 2 The adoption of aquacultural products has extended the effects of market forces, creating an imbalance of market power between catfish producers and the processing sector that had exerted a monopsonistic power in certain region such as west Alabama. However, because of the recent changes caused by vertical integration of the catfish industry, the existence of an oligopolistic power has been identified in the catfish industry. An empirical model of pricing in the catfish industry was developed using a theoretical model proposed by Appelbaum. An analysis of the market structure was conducted to provide estimates of conjectural elasticities over time. Conjectural elasticities were used to construct the oligopoly power index. Results show some evidence of the existence of oligopolistic power in the catfish industry that further suggests some degree of price enhancement.

Anonymous ( 1994). " Management Options for the Royal Red Shrimp Fishery in the Gulf of Mexico." Draft report, Southeast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, St. Petersburg, FL, July, 13 pp.

A review of the existing data for the royal red shrimp fishery in the Gulf of Mexico. This paper on Phase 1 of the management approach is prepared by NMFS at the request of the Council to provide scientific information and advice and fishery management options for the royal red shrimp fishery resource. Phase 1 is the first step in a series of four steps that are intended to provide the Council with the material for a management plan for this species.

Anonymous ( 1994). " Options for Reduction of Bycatch in Shrimp Trawls." Tab D, No. 3, Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council Briefing Book for the New Orleans Meeting, November, 19 pp.

Briefly discusses the trends in finfish bycatch in the shrimp fishery and proposes bycatch reduction device management regulations to control and reduce the level of finfish bycatch in the fishery. Alternative management measures such as individual transferable quotas for shrimp or license limitation programs to directly control effort or correct the market failure are not presented or discussed.

Anonymous ( 1994). " Preliminary Alternatives for Management of the Royal Red Shrimp Fishery in the Gulf of Mexico." Preliminary draft report, December, 13 pp.

This amendment provides for management of the fishery for royal red shrimp in the U. S. Gulf of Mexico. Management alternatives include respecification of maximum sustainable yield ( MSY), setting total allowable catch ( TAC), restricting participation in the fishery, and establishing reporting requirements.

Anonymous ( 1994). " The Tragedy of the Oceans." The Economist, March 19th, pp. 21 24.

Overfishing and pollution are exhausting the seas. The decline will be reversed only if governments stop subsidies to fishing fleets, police their waters well, and hardest of all, persuade fishermen to trust them.

Anonymous ( 1995). Bio Economic Modelling in the EU, Concerted Action Coordination of Research in Fishery Economics, Working Document Nr: 7,( AIR CT94 1489), Workshop, Edinburgh, October: 148 158.

Proceedings of a workshop on bioeconomic modeling in the European Union. 3 3 Anonymous ( 1995).  Demand for Imported Shrimp in U. S.: An Application of Transcendental Logarithmic Demand System.  Draft report.

Since the early 1980' s, U. S. shrimp imports have been experiencing a transition from wild caught shrimp to farm raised products. This paper sought to analyze the U. S. demand for shrimp products. Using the Transcendental Logarithmic Demand System ( TL), the findings show that demand is inelastic for all shrimp products. Nonlinear impacts and joint impacts of expenditures are significant. No significant shifts in preferences for the U. S. shrimp consumers have happened.

Anonymous ( 1995).  The Dynamics of Regulated Open Access Resource Use.  Draft report.

This paper models interaction between a regulatory agency and an open access industry exploiting a resource. Both groups are modeled with plausible behavioral assumptions and the joint dynamics of their interaction are examined. The qualitative nature of the interaction depends upon relative response speeds as well as other structural parameters.

Anonymous ( 1995).  Individual Transferable Quotas: Modeling Participation and Exit Decisions.  Draft report.

This paper analyzes labor/ leisure choices for individual fishermen jointly with their quota demands. The model is suitable for analyzing some important issues in ITQ design, particularly determinants of exit/ participation decisions. The model suggests how personal characteristics interact with market variables to influence the exit/ stay decision and participation.

Anonymous ( 1995). " Possible Options for Controlled Access to the Spanish Mackerel Fishery Under the Jurisdiction of the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council." Draft NEPA Scoping Document.

This paper discusses various options for managing the Spanish mackerel fishery under controlled access. A brief description of the fishery is presented, followed by a discussion of the problems in the fishery that could be solved by a controlled access regime. A number of instruments that could be utilized under controlled access are discussed. These range from what could be considered as the most free market situation, to instruments that could impose certain restrictions, and finally to a no action situation. Some comments are provided on deciding the process of how to decide on initial eligibility, and how to set the initial TAC. The discussions are broad based enough to give the public an opportunity to evaluate the different options.

Anonymous ( 1995). " Rent and Development Issues in the Pacific Islands Tuna Fishery." Draft Working Paper IV, The World Bank, Washington, D. C.

The potential rents that could be generated by the tuna fisheries in the south Pacific under proper management are estimated. While it is recognized that optimal rents generated by the fishery cannot be accurately estimated based simply on summaries of observed data, an in depth analysis to determine the level of rents generated by the fishery was not conducted. Rents were estimated to be between 10% and 15% of the value of the resource with current fishing fees averaging 4% to 5%. The implication is that increases in fees to nations controlling the fishing grounds would be appropriate. 3 4 Anonymous ( 1995). " Rents and Taxes in an Individual Transferable Quota Fishery." Draft manuscript, Marine Resource Economics.

Taxing pure rents is usually considered the least distortionary method for raising revenues. In the literature on fishery economics, the term " rent" is regularly employed, suggesting that pure rents exist in that sector. Indeed, with the recent development of individual transferable quotas, the resulting market value of quota has been treated as reflecting pure resource rents. In this paper, the view that the market value of quota represents a pure rent that can be readily extracted in a nondistortionary manner by the taxing authority is challenged.

Anonymous ( 1995). " Shrimp License Management." In An Act Relating to the Authority to Establish License Management Programs for Commercial Fishing, Section 1, Chapter 77, Parks and Wildlife Code, Subchapter F, January.

A law proposed by the Texas State Legislature requiring transferable licenses for inshore, commercial bay and bait shrimp boats.

Anonymous ( 1995).  Spatial Modeling Environment References.  Unknown source.

A list of references to aid in the development of ecological and economic systems models using spatial modeling techniques.

Anonymous ( 1996).  Coordination of United States and International Efforts to Improve the Management of Fishing Capacity.  Proposal, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD.

This paper identifies and suggests coordination for U. S. and international efforts planned or in process to improve the management of fishing capacity.

Anonymous ( 1996). " Economics Without Free Disposal: The Problem of Quota Induced Discarding in Heterogenous Fisheries." Draft manuscript, Journal of Environmental Economics and Management.

Individual quota ( IQ) programs are a promising and increasingly common means of regulating fisheries. This paper examines how profit maximizing fishers respond to different types of IQ programs in fisheries where many types of fish are harvested simultaneously. The paper first specifies a joint production function for the fishery. Using this technology, the responses of profit maximizing fishers to different IQ programs are analyzed. This analysis shows first that the most common types of individual quota program can induce discarding, and second that of all possible individual quota programs, only those that regulate the value of harvest never induce discarding. Since discarded fish have a high mortality rate,  value based  individual quota programs are superior to their more conventional counterparts in that they waste fewer fish. These results are driven by the fact that the fishing technology examined here does not satisfy a  free disposal  assumption. Since this free disposal assumption is ubiquitous in production theory, and not obviously true, the framework developed herein is useful for analyzing a broad class of problems involving joint production.

Anonymous ( 1996).  An Overview of the Impacts on the Biological Status of Sharks.  Draft Animals Committee Discussion Paper Pursuant to Cites Resolution Conf. 9.17, August, 7 pp.

The executive summary from a paper that provides an overview of the 3 5 impacts on the biological status of shark populations worldwide. The biological characteristics of sharks are reviewed along with the analytical problems deriving from the limited available data on sharks worldwide. Current or potentially negative influences on shark populations are outlined, including directed commercial and recreational fisheries, bycatch and discards of sharks, overexploitation of prey species, habitat degradation in pupping and nursery areas, and beach netting. An overview of these impacts is provided by region and country. Methods currently employed to address these impacts are discussed as well as actions taken to date by international scientific and fishery organizations. The conclusions address issues required to develop a more complete understanding of the biological status of sharks worldwide.

Anonymous ( 1996).  Summary of State Regulations Affecting Shark Resources By States Maine Through Texas.  Meeting of the Shark Operations Team, Highly Migratory Species Management Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD, August 27 28, 2 pp.

The states from Maine through Texas were surveyed during June 1996 to determine what regulations exist that either directly or indirectly affected the harvest of shark resources. These regulations are summarized in this document.

Anonymous ( 1997).  Coordination of United States and International Efforts to Improve the Management of Fishing Capacity.  Proposal, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD.

This paper identifies and suggests coordination for U. S. and international efforts planned or in process to improve the management of fishing capacity.

Anonymous ( 1997).  Discussion Paper on Supply and Demand Projections for Fish and Fisheries Products.  Submitted by Japan for the Eighth FWG, APEC.

A proposal to conduct supply and demand analysis for fishery products in the APEC region.

Anonymous ( 1997).  MRFSS Economic Add On Survey.  Version May 3, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Regional Office, 9721 Executive Center Drive, North, St. Petersburg, FL.

Add on intercept survey instrument for recreational valuation study.

Anonymous ( 1997). Untitled. Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service.

Quota monitoring report that reviews the current status of red snapper landings in the Gulf of Mexico.

Anonymous ( 1997).  Bibliography for the Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Socioeconomic Monitoring Plan.  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Silver Spring, MD.

A set of references on the economics related to marine sanctuaries in the Florida Keys.

Anonymous ( 1998).  A Brief Summary of Existing Situation of Relevant High Sea Stock, in Particular for Highly Migratory Species.  Japan, Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, La Jolla California, U. S. A., April 15 18, 3 pp. 3 6 This paper is intended to review the situation of high seas resources and fisheries targeting at them in the hope to contribute to the discussion at the Expert Meeting on management of Fishing Capacity to be held in April this year. In assessing the degrees of fishing capacity, the starting point should be clarification of the present state of resources and fisheries. The fishery resources dealt in this paper include tuna, bottom fishes and salmon. This paper utilizes to the fullest extent the present knowledge available on the state of many of the high seas resources and fisheries shared by regional fisheries management organizations.

Anonymous ( 1998).  Broader Policy and Institutional Considerations.  Draft Report, Working Group 4, Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, FAO, La Jolla CA, April 15 18, 5 pp.

A series of recommendations on policy issues related to the management of capacity on a national and international basis are presented. Institutional requirements include the establishment of a registry of vessels and boats in the fishing industry and the collection of economic data necessary to study the dynamics of entry and exit behavior in the fishing fleet. Co management was strongly recommended as a means of controlling excess capacity and subsidies were discouraged.

Anonymous ( 1998).  The Deep Green Sea.  The Economist, May, 23.

A survey of issues concerning the use of the oceans as a commons.

Anonymous ( 1998).  FAO Consultation on Fishing Capacity.  Draft Report, Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, FAO, La Jolla CA, April 15 18, 1 pp.

Proposal for working definitions of key terms to be adopted by the Technical Working Group.

Anonymous ( 1998).  Incentive Blocking Control Methods: Preparation of Guidelines.  Day 1 Report, Working Group 2, Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, FAO, La Jolla CA, April 15 18.

Whilst incentive blocking methods are frequently seen as problematical, there are many fisheries in both developed and developing situations where they offer a viable ( and often the only alternative) to managing capacity. It is considered that in general the well known shortcomings associated with incentive blocking mechanisms have been managed poorly, and in the light of experience, such measures can be and are used successfully in certain circumstances.

Anonymous ( 1998).  Incentive Blocking Control Methods & High Seas.  Working Group 2, Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, FAO, La Jolla CA, April 15 18.

An agenda to facilitate discussion of incentive blocking methods to control fishing capacity in high seas.

Anonymous ( 1998).  Issues in the Management of Capacity.  Draft Report, Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, FAO, La Jolla CA, April 15 18, 3 pp.

An issue paper raising concerns and opinions for discussion at the Technical Working Group. 3 7 Anonymous ( 1998).  Management of Fishing Capacity.  U. S. Position Paper, October 26 30, FAO Consultations.

The U. S. position on adopting a global plan of action for the management of fishing capacity.

Anonymous ( 1998).  Measurement & Monitoring of Fishing Capacity.  Working Group 1, Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, FAO, La Jolla CA, April 15 18.

An agenda to facilitate discussion of incentive blocking methods to control fishing capacity in high seas.

Anonymous ( 1998).  Recreational Value of Sport Boat Fishing: Corpus Christi Bay, Texas.  Draft.

This study applies the travel cost model using survey data collected by the Texas Parks and Wildlife. The demand model for sport boat fishing was estimated empirically using a Maximum Likelihood approach, which recognizes that the travel cost data are of a discrete nature and subject to systematic truncation. The estimates generated in this study validate the notion that the sport boat fishing services provided by the Corpus Christi Bays are significant, and that improvements in habitat and water quality could result in significant gains in economic value.

Anonymous ( 1998).  Report of Working Group 3 on Incentive Adjusting Control Methods and Reduction of Capacity.  Draft Report, Working Group 3, Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, FAO, La Jolla CA, April 15 18, 5 pp.

Incentive adjusting control methods include individual quotas, taxes, group fishing rights, and individual effort quotas because they tend to improve or tighten the connection between those persons making fishery management and capacity decisions and the persons bearing the full consequences of those decisions. If the consequences are entirely borne by the decision maker, there are no external effects of the decision and the decision maker tends to act in the social interest when serving his selfinterest It is important to realize that the different incentive adjusting control methods have widely different implications in terms of wealth generation and, in particular, its distribution. These methods potentially could lead to reductions in fishing capacity if properly applied in certain fisheries.

Anonymous ( 1998).  Surf Clam Advisory Report.  Report to the Mid Atlantic Fishery Management Council, Annapolis, MD, March.

Report on the biological status of the surf clam and ocean quahog fishery in the mid Atlantic ocean.

Anthony, Vaughn C. ( 1990).  Fundamentals of Fisheries Management  The Resource.  National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Center, Woods Hole, MA, October, 88 pp.

An explanation of the assessment of single species fish stocks, their fisheries, and an explanation of the procedures, advantages, and problems of different management techniques is provided. The multispecies problem, environmental effects, and the very important subject of risk are touched on in the paper. The social and economic options that are so very important in adjusting the optimum biological yields are not discussed. 3 8 Antozzi, William O. ( 1993). " Import and Export Trends for Selected Seafood Products of Interest to the Southeast, January to June, 1993." Draft report, Southeast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, St. Petersburg, FL.

This report is a six month update to the annual report on import and export trends. Products and countries were selected based on relevance to current trade negotiations. Original trade data has been compiled by the Bureau of the Census and the National Marine Fisheries Service. Sources of explanatory information include U. S. foreign embassy reports and U. S. seafood product exporters and importers.

Appeldoorn, R., J. Beets, J. Bohnsack, S. Bolden, D. Matos, S. Meyers, A. Rosario, Y. Sadovy, and W. Tobias ( 1992). " Shallow Water Reef Fish Stock Assessment for the U. S. Caribbean." NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS SEFSC 304, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, Florida, March, 70 pp.

A stock assessment workshop examined fishery trends for shallow water reef fishes in the U. S. Caribbean based on available fishery landings and biostatistical data. Puerto Rico, St. Croix, and the combined St. Thomas/ St. John areas were chosen as appropriate geographical units for analysis. The workshop focused on comparing 1985 with 1990 because the data for these years were nearly complete. Trends in catch per unit effort were examined using data from other years when sufficient data were available. Deep water reef fishes, although technically not included in the Shallow Water Reef Fish Fishery Management Plan, were also examined because of their importance to the reef fish fishery.

Aquatic Farms, Ltd ( 1989). " Asia Wide Shrimp Agro Industry Sector Study. " Final report submitted to The World Band, 1818 H Street, N. W., Washington, D. C. 20433, June, 283 pp.

This study provides an analysis of global marketing trends in demand and supply for shrimp exports including price and volume projections; and a review of the shrimp subsector in seven Asian countries ( India, Bangladesh, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, and China), indicating potential areas of financial and technical assistance in the development of shrimp agroindustries The study assesses the scope for the expansion of shrimp exports from the seven countries and determines assistance needs in the development of shrimp aquaculture.

Araujo, A. and J. A. Scheinkman ( 1983). " Maximum Principle and Transversality Condition for Concave Infinite Horizon Economic Models." Journal of Economic Theory, 30: 1 16.

Necessary conditions for optimality in infinite horizon concave maximization problems, that include a generalized " Euler Equation" and a transversality condition at infinity, are established. The formulation admits implicit state constraints and utility functions with infinite steepness at the boundary. For these reasons support prices present discontinuities and a theorem characterizing such discontinuities is present.