The gray literature in the field of nonmarket benefit measurement has made extensive use of the random utility ( or discrete choice) model in recent years, but few applications appear in the literature. This article provides 7 7 such an application, illustrating the technique with preliminary results from a regional study modeling east coast sportfishing behavior. The article discusses some of the strengths and weaknesses of the random utility model. It also illustrates how data regularly collected by the National Marine Fisheries Service can be supplemented with economic survey data to estimate these discrete choice behavioral models.

Bohi, Douglas R. and Michael A. Toman ( 1984). Analyzing Nonrenewable Resource Supply. Resources for the Future, Washington, D. C.

This study is concerned with the general problem of using economic models of nonrenewable resource supply to understand actual supply behavior.

Bohnsack, James A. and Douglas Harper ( 1987). " Automated Landings Assessment for Responsive Management ( ALARM) Package for Gulf of Mexico Commercial Reef Fish Landings: March 1987 Summary." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, Reef Resources Team, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, March, 16 pp.

A summary of landings of reef fish species for the Gulf of Mexico commercial reef fish fishery.

Bohnsack, James A., Ausbon Brown, and Douglas Harper ( 1987). " Automated Landings Assessment for Responsive Management ( ALARM) Package for Gulf of Mexico Commercial Reef Fish Landings: 1987 Summary." Contribution No. CRD 86/ 87 29, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, Coastal Resources Division, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, June, 17 pp.

A summary of the 1986 landings of reef fish species for the Gulf of Mexico commercial reef fish fishery.

Booth, Douglas E. ( 1989).  Hydroelectric Dams and the Decline of Chinook Salmon in the Columbia River Basin.  Marine Resource Economics, 6( 3): 195 211.

The decline of chinook salmon runs into the mouth of the Columbia River in recent decades is thought to be partly attributable to the construction of hydroelectric dams. The purpose of this article is to estimate the magnitude of losses in chinook salmon runs caused by hydroelectric dams, using regression analysis. Such estimates are not only of historical interest but also can potentially affect the extent of efforts to mitigate salmon losses from hydropower operations. Congress has mandated the Northwest Power Planning Council to consider the magnitude of run losses caused by hydroelectric operations in determining the extent of mitigation efforts.

Borseman, John, Michael P. Sissenwine, Merton C. Ingham, and Wallace G. Smith ( 1984). " Marine Recreational Fisheries Opportunities." Chapter 15 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

In addition to enhancement and development of new fishing opportunities, the management agencies are also responsible for promoting conservation. This apparent dilemma has led the agencies to be more creative in their fisheries 7 8 resource and development programs, and has led the agencies to the examination of new methods for providing greater utilization of resources without overexploitation.

Bosch, Darrell J. and Leonard A. Shabman ( 1989).  The Decline of Private Sector Oyster Culture in Virginia: Causes and Remedial Policies.  Marine Resource Economics, 6( 3): 227 243.

Oyster production from private grounds in Virginia has declined significantly since 1960. Restoring industry production requires a better understanding of the reasons for this decline. Currently, state fishery managers and the popular press attribute the decline to the oyster disease Haplosporidium nelsoni ( MSX). In fact, private planters themselves consider MSX disease as the primary constraint on the future profitability of private oyster culture. This study analyzes potential causes of the decline using a simulation model of oyster production with data from the 1960' s, 1970' s, and 1980' s. The analysis suggests that rising seed prices driven by economic and productivity changes are more important than MSX in reducing the economic incentives to private planting. Therefore, reducing oyster seed prices is an effective policy strategy. However, education of planters will also be needed to assure a better understanding of the profit potential in oyster planting.

Bose, Shekar and Alistair McIlgorm ( 1996).  Substitutability Among Species in the Japanese Tuna Market: A Cointegration Analysis.  Marine Resource Economics, 11( 3): 143 155.

This paper examines two sets of hypotheses concerning the existence and the cause of the long run inter species price relationships in the Japanese tuna market. A shock variable is introduced into the system to determine the degree of influence on the price relationships as well as the magnitude of the power in explaining the variation in prices of tuna species. Although in most cases the coefficient estimates of the shock variable are statistically significant, overall, the variable does not have significant explanatory power in both bivariate and multivariate regressions. We also find that the degree of substitutability between bigeye and albacore is substantially lower than the degree of substitutability between bigeye and albacore is substantially lower than the degree of substitutability between bigeye and yellowfin and, yellowfin and albacore.

Boskin, Michael J. ( 1974). " A Conditional Logit Model of Occupational Choice." Journal of Political Economy, 82: 389 98.

The conditional logit decision model is applied to the choice of occupation by individual workers to test the implications of the theory of human capital. The empirical results support the human capital hypothesis that workers choose occupations to maximize the discounted present value of potential lifetime work time. Allowing for imperfect capital markets by including training costs relative to wealth and for unemployment by including the discounted present value of expected earnings foregone due to unemployment also yielded results consistent with a priori expectations.

Botton, Mark L. and John W. Ropes ( 1987). " The Horseshoe Crab, Limulus polyphemus, Fishery and Resource in the United States." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 3): 57 61.

The American horseshoe crab is a focus for increasing economic and scientific importance because its blood has important biomedical applications and because the crab is used as bait in several fisheries. In addition, horseshoe crab eggs may be critical as a source of food for migratory 7 9 shorebird populations of the Delaware Bay region, and adult crabs are predators of valuable clam resources. Fishing related mortality in the United States is estimated minimally at 350,000 crabs per year, mostly in the middle Atlantic and southern New England states. Bait operations apparently kill ( 10 20 times the number of animals killed for bleeding to obtain the valuable Limulus amoebocyte lysate ( LAL). Based on National Marine Fisheries Service groundfish trawl surveys, the population of horseshoe crabs on the middle Atlantic continental shelf has remailed relatively constant since 1975 at 2.3 to 4.1 million individuals. Exploitation may not be trivial, particularly if local populations are targeted during the spawning period; we suggest several foci for further investigations on this species. There is no evidence that current levels of harvesting are depleting the resource. It is important, however, to continue monitoring activity, particularly if levels of exploitation increase.

Bouchelle, E. Lee ( 1992). " An Economic Analysis of Harvest Restrictions in the North Atlantic Swordfish Fishery." Thesis, Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, December.

In an attempt to reduce fishing mortality of the North Atlantic swordfish fishery, domestic and international management agencies have cooperated in a multilateral effort to establish quotas and minimum size requirements in the fishery. These restrictions can have significant economic consequences on the participants in the fishery. A four equation partial equilibrium model of swordfish and tuna supply and demand is developed to derive a general equilibrium swordfish demand function. The empirical model predicts behavior consistent with general equilibrium theory.

Bouchelle, E. Lee, Eric Thunberg, Charles Adams, and James L. Seale Jr. ( 1991). " The North Atlantic Swordfish Fishery: Problems, Trends and Management." Draft report, Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

This paper begins with a historic overview of the swordfish fishery. The problems that have developed within the fishery become evident as we discuss production trends. The evolution of the original swordfish management plan is traced to today's impending regulations. Since the U. S. is the primary importer of swordfish the role of imports is analyzed within a simple economic trade model. We will conclude with a summary of the impacts of the regulations that affect domestic producers and consumers. However, because of the number of countries involved in the North Atlantic swordfish fishery, the regulations have international implications as well. Two Versions.

Bowen, B. K. ( 1987). " Fisheries Management and Recreational Fisheries in Western Australia." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 2): 177 178.

A review of fishery management in western Australia and the effect limited entry programs for commercial fisheries has on recreational activities.

Bowen, Bernard K., Bob Lindner, Marec Pty Ltd, and Neil McLaughlan ( 1994). " Long Term Management Strategies for the Western Rock Lobster Fishery." Volumes 1 to 4, Fishery Management Paper Numbers 67 to 70, Fisheries Department of Western Australia, 108 Adelaide Terrace, East Perth, October, 67 pp.

This report focuses on the options for the future management of the Australian rock lobster fishery in relation to ( i) the continued use of input 8 0 controls and ( ii) the use of output controls. Optimum fleet size is considered and its associated implications for the rules for pot transfer, pot reduction and boat replacement, and license splitting.

Bowes, Michael D. and John V. Krutilla ( 1985). " Multiple Use Management of Public Forestlands." Chapter 12 in Kneese, Allen V. and James L. Sweeney ( ed.). Handbook of Natural Resource and Energy Economics, Vol. II, Elsevier Science Publishers B. V.

This chapter is intended to provide a background in economic concepts specifically focused on the multiple use management of public forestlands by extending the models introduced in Chapter 2. The managers of these lands must, in addition to considering the value of timber harvests, the primary focus of Chapter 2, consider the various nonmarket amenity services such as recreation, water flow and wildlife which are influenced by alterations in the standing stocks of timber. We discuss research results on the relation of such multiple use management to single purpose timber management. The presentation is motivated by a number of issues of current concern: the withdrawal of lands from timber management, the specialization or diversification of land use, the level and stability of timber supply, and the wisdom of certain accepted rule of thumb principles of public forestland management related to the age and level of harvests.

Boxall, Peter C. ( 1995).  The Economic Value of Lottery Rationed Recreational Hunting.  Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 43( 1): 119 131.

Lottery rationed permit systems are used to allocate hunting opportunities where demand for permits exceeds the ability of the animal populations to sustain hunting harvest levels. Attempts to estimate the values of lottery rationed hunting use a zonal travel cost model where applications per capita formed the dependent variable and expected travel costs represent the price variable. This paper reexamines this analysis using a discrete choice travel cost model which incorporates the expectation of receiving a permit. This model is developed for lottery rationed antelope hunting in Alberta. Choice in the lottery rationed hunting context involves selecting one site from a set defined through management regulations. The discrete choice travel cost model is proposed as superior to the early models because it better represents this behavioral process.

Boyce, John R. ( 1987). " Information and Uncertainty: A Behavioral Model of a Commercial Fishery." Draft report, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of California, Davis.

This paper addresses fishery management from a within season point of view; the movement of fishermen with multiple locational choices. A model is developed that explains fishing fleet allocation among the alternative locations given uncertainty with respect to the catch rates in each location and competition between the fishermen for the allowed catch. The model focuses upon the decision rules under which rational risk neutral agents would choose to operate when competing with other agents in a stochastic environment.

Boyce, John R. ( 1988). " Rent Dissipation from Entry and Exit in a Fishery." Draft report.

This paper examines the dissipation of rents that occurs in an open access fishery within a season. The behavioral model that is developed below explicitly assumes that agents seek to maximize their expected profits over a fishing season. To do so, agents must account for both the variable costs and 8 1 the fixed costs. The fixed costs in this model are essentially the costs of entering the fishery. These may be in terms of foregone opportunity costs or in terms of direct costs of entering such as the costs of fuel and crew time to move from the home port to the fishery.

Boyce, John R. ( 1988). " An Econometric Model of Entry and Exit in a Fishery." Draft report, Department of Economics, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775.

A set of simple behavioral relationships are postulated that may be used to determine the number of agents who will actively participate in the fishery at any moment in time and the spatial distribution of the agents over a fishery with multiple locations. These relationships are then used to develop a switching regression model that predicts the participation rates and distribution for the British Columbia Salmon fishery from the observed data of catch and effort. A crowding externality, a stock externality, and costs increasing from most to least efficient are incorporated into the model. The results of the model estimation are not provided.

Boyce, John R. ( 1991). " The Economics of Bycatch Regulation in the North Pacific." Draft report, Department of Economics, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Fairbanks, Alaska, 99775.

The North Pacific groundfish fishery is modeled to determine the impact of ITQ and penalty box management schemes on firm bycatch levels. It is the heterogeneity of the fishery and the fact that decisions are made in the political process that drives the selection of institutions over common property resources. I should come as no surprise then that when the industry was faced with a real choice of how to deal with the problem, that it chose to implement a system that most closely resembled the status quo.

Boyce, John R. ( 1992). " Individual Transferable Quotas and Production Externalities in a Fishery." Natural Resource Modeling, 6( 4): 385 408.

This paper determines the conditions under which an individual transferable quota ( ITQ) system will cause fishermen to engage in cost decreasing, rather than cost increasing, competition. If there are production externalities ( e. g., congestion or stock externalities) present, the market price of a quota will not be fully reflected in these externalities. Thus, fishermen will not fully internalize the externalities in their effort decisions. Even if there are no production externalities, an individual fisherman imposes costs on others under open access by removing a fish that was available to all fishermen. An ITQ system allows the individual who values that fish most to obtain the right to harvest the fish, so each fisherman must internalize the full social cost. Thus, an ITQ system is capable of solving the common property externality but not the production externalities in a fishery.

Boyce, John R. ( 1993). " Using Participation Data to Estimate Fishing Costs for Commercial Salmon Fisheries in Alaska." Presented at the International Conference on Fisheries Economics, Os, Norway, May 26 28.

Using the number of fishermen participating in a particular opening as a proxy for net revenues, estimates of fishing costs can be estimated using total revenues. The results are used to estimate producer surplus for each of nine fisheries for the 1990 season. 8 2 Boyce, John R. ( 1993). " Using Participation Data to Estimate Fishing Costs for Commercial Salmon Fisheries in Alaska." Marine Resource Economics, 8( 4): 367 394.

This paper estimates the fishing costs and the returns to fishing from nine commercial salmon fleets in Alaska. The econometric model uses a twostage least squares estimation procedure to estimate the effect of congestion and heterogeneity on the returns to fishermen. The hypotheses that fishermen are homogenous and that there is no congestion externality present in the fisheries are strongly rejected. The data indicates that fishermen are quite heterogeneous in fishing skill levels. This difference accounts for the overall estimates of positive net returns to the common property fisheries. Estimates of the net returns to the fisheries suggest that the returns to different gear types vary largely. The set net fleets are found to have the highest return as a percentage of total revenues.

Boyce, John R. ( 1995).  Optimal Capital Accumulation in a Fishery: A Nonlinear Irreversible Investment Model.  Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 28: 324 339.

A nonlinear two state variable, two control variable model of a fishery with irreversible investment and harvest capacity constraints is examined. The model relaxes assumptions of linearity in investment costs and variable harvest profits in an earlier model by Clark, Clarke, and Munro ( 1979). In both the linear and nonlinear models, the optimal capital accumulation paths in new fisheries is characterized by a period in which the physical capital stock level exceeds its long run sustainable equilibrium. However, unlike the linear model, periods of positive net ( but declining gross) investment are optimal in the nonlinear model. This accords with observed capital accumulation paths from a number of fisheries. The paper also finds different effects in optimal harvest policy depending upon whether the linearity appears in the variable profits function or the investment cost function.

Boyce, John R. ( 1996). " An Economic Analysis of the Fisheries Bycatch Problem." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 31( 3): 314 336.

Bycatch is the incidental take of a species that has value to some other group. This paper compares open access and individual transferable quota equilibria to the equilibrium in which the joint value of the fisheries is maximized. The open access induced problems can be corrected by an individual transferable quota system only if both the target species and the bycatch species have tradable quotas, and only if the bycatch species does not have existence value. There exists a range of the bycatch to target species harvest levels for which the total harvest of each will be exactly taken by a given technology, even under open access. However, there may not even exist a unique open access equilibrium if bycatch is allocated by  rule of capture.  Prohibitions on the sale of bycatch reduce the bycatch level, but they also reduce social welfare.

Boyce, John, Mark Herrmann, Diane Bischak, and Joshua Greenberg ( 1993). " The Alaska Salmon Enhancement Program: A Cost/ Benefit Analysis." Presented at the International Conference on Fisheries Economics, Os, Norway, May 26 28.

In May 1991, the Alaska Senate's Special Committee on Domestic and International Commercial Fisheries initiated the first review of the state's salmon enhancement program since its inception 20 years ago. As part of this review, a cost/ benefit analysis of the State's enhancement program for 8 3 sockeye, chinook, coho, chum, and pink salmon was performed with cooperation from the Fisheries Research Enhancement Division of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. Results indicate that for all species, except chinook, net benefits will decrease as the enhancement program is expanded, and increase if the enhancement program is scaled back. However, in only the case of pink salmon was the estimated effect judged to be significant enough to warrant the recommendation that the state would benefit from the reduction of the hatchery program. Under this scenario there would, however, be significant regional differences. For all scenarios, it is recommended that the State of Alaska reduce its funding of the enhancement program and allow the fishers, through the private nonprofit hatcheries, to fund the programs that they consider to be profitable.

Boyce, John, Mark Herrmann, Diane Bischak, and Joshua Greenberg ( 1993). " The Alaska Salmon Enhancement Program: A Cost/ Benefit Analysis." Marine Resource Economics, 8( 4): 293 312.

In May 1991, the Alaska Senate's Special Committee on Domestic and International Commercial Fisheries initiated the first review of the state's salmon enhancement program since its inception 20 years ago. As part of this review, a cost/ benefit analysis of the State's enhancement program for salmon was performed with cooperation from the Fisheries Research Enhancement Division of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. The main results are that the additional producer's surplus generated by the pink and sockeye hatchery programs are estimated to be less than the costs of running these programs. Eliminating the entire pink or sockeye salmon programs is estimated to increase net benefits by about 8% and 6%, respectively. A 15% increase in either program is estimated to result in a reduction in net benefits and a 15% decrease in either program is estimated to result in a slight increase in net benefits. Estimates of the confidence intervals for net benefits suggest that the gains from the elimination of either the pink program or the sockeye program are statistically different from zero. However, changes of plus or minus 15% of current hatchery production are found not to statistically affect net benefits.

Boyd, Rick O. and Christopher M. Dewees ( 1992). " Putting Theory into Practice: Individual Transferable Quotas in New Zealand's Fisheries." Society and Natural Resources, 5: 179 198.

New Zealand's implementation of an individual transferable quota ( ITQ) management system in 1986 for most of its fisheries is being observed closely world wide. We describe New Zealand's ITQ system and analyze the first 5 years of the New Zealand experience. We use Copes' ( 1986) paper as a catalyst to compare his assessment of potential problems of individual quotas with the actual operation of individual quotas in New Zealand. The brief New Zealand ITQ experience demonstrates that the economic rationale behind individual transferable quotas is sound. We discuss the problems and positive effects of New Zealand's experience. Individual transferable quotas should not be viewed as a panacea, but simple as another fisheries management option.

Boyle, Kevin J. and Richard C. Bishop ( 1988). " Welfare Measurements Using Contingent Valuation: A Comparison of Techniques." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70( 1): 20 28.

Three commonly used techniques of asking contingent valuation questions are compared: iterative bidding, payment cards, and dichotomous choice. The results reveal that no single contingent valuation technique is neutral in the elicitation of hicksian surplus and each technique has its strengths and weaknesses. The iterative bidding estimates contain a starting point bias, 8 4 while the payment card and dichotomous choice estimates were influenced by the interviewers soliciting the contingent values. Finally, the analysis of dichotomous choice responses involves unresolved issues that warrant further investigation. On the other hand, dichotomous choice is the easiest technique to administer in a survey setting.

Brainerd, Theophilus R. ( 1995). " Fishery Co Management: A Discussion Paper." South Atlantic Fisheries Management Council, One Southpark circle, Suite 306, Charleston, SC, January, 18 pp.

This paper discusses some of the factors that should be considered when deciding whether a fishery could be managed by some form of a co management system. It provides case studies of three forms of fishery co management systems that are in place and that have achieved some measure of success. It examines their strengths and weaknesses, and provides suggestions for deciding how to structure a system to suit a particular fishery.

Brainerd, Theophilus R. ( 1998). " Regulatory Flexibility Analysis." Draft Summary of Workshop Proceedings, Long Beach, California, Office of Sustainable Fisheries, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, September 14 15 March, 24 pp.

A summary of the proceedings of a workshop to develop recommendations of existing certification criteria for regulatory flexibility Act analyses.

Brainerd, Theophilus R. ( 1995). " Potential Options for Inclusion in Snapper Grouper Amendment 9: Controlled Access to the Snapper Grouper Fishery." South Atlantic Fisheries Management Council, One Southpark circle, Suite 306, Charleston, SC, March, 19 pp.

The Council is currently developing Amendment 8 to the snapper grouper FMP. The proposed actions include additional regulations for ( 1) greater amberjack in Monroe County, Florida; ( 2) yellowtail snapper; ( 3) multi day bag limits; ( 4) prohibiting possession of fish traps in the south Atlantic EEZ to increase enforcement; ( 5) specifying the time when commercial permits are available; and ( 6) limiting access based on the number of permitted fishermen that have complied with all reporting requirements. At its February 1995 meeting in St. Augustine, Florida, the Council referred the proposed action limiting access to the snapper grouper fishery to the Controlled Access Committee as the appropriate committee to develop actions for controlled access. This document presents various options for controlled access to the snapper grouper fishery.

Brainerd, Theophilus R., John M. Ward, and John R. Gauvin ( 1994). " A Look at the Utility of Socioeconomic Data for the Individual Transferable Quota ( ITQ) Program for the Wreckfish ( Polyprion Americanus) Fishery in the South Atlantic Region." Draft report presented at the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Workshop on Socio Economic Data and Analysis for Recreational Fisheries Management in Annapolis, Maryland, July, 18 pp.

The individual transferable quota ( ITQ) program for wreckfish in the south Atlantic was first implemented during the 1992 1993 season. The program has now entered its third year and so far no changes have been made to the initial actions that established the ITQ program. A monitoring program has been tracking landings, shares and coupons transactions, among others and has provided information to the stock assessment group that meets annually to evaluate the status of the fishery. This paper presents a brief background of 8 5 the fishery, the conception, development, and implementation of the ITQ program. Monitoring the progress of the program is vital to evaluating whether it is fulfilling its objectives. The use of socioeconomic data is important not only for this process, but also in developing the ITQ program. A close look is given to the role socioeconomic data has played in this process. Some thoughts are provided on the lessons learned from this process and to what types of socioeconomic data could improve future implementation of ITQ programs.

Brainerd, Theophilus R., John M. Ward, and John R. Gauvin ( 1994). " A Look at the Utility of Socioeconomic Data for the Individual Transferable Quota ( ITQ) Program for the Wreckfish ( Polyprion Americanus) Fishery in the South Atlantic Region." Paper presented at the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission Workshop on Socio Economic Data and Analysis for Recreational Fisheries Management in Annapolis, Maryland, July, 19 pp.

The individual transferable quota ( ITQ) program for wreckfish in the south Atlantic was first implemented during the 1992 1993 season. The program has now entered its third year and so far no changes have been made to the initial actions that established the ITQ program. A monitoring program has been tracking landings, shares and coupons transactions, among others and has provided information to the stock assessment group that meets annually to evaluate the status of the fishery. This paper presents a brief background of the fishery, the conception, development, and implementation of the ITQ program. Monitoring the progress of the program is vital to evaluating whether it is fulfilling its objectives. The use of socioeconomic data is important not only for this process, but also in developing the ITQ program. A close look is given to the role socioeconomic data has played in this process. Some thoughts are provided on the lessons learned from this process and to what types of socioeconomic data could improve future implementation of ITQ programs.

Brander, James A. and M. Scott Taylor ( 1998).  Open Access Renewable Resources: Trade and Trade Policy in a Two Country Model.  Journal of International Economics, 44( 2): 181 210.

This paper develops a two good, two country model with national open access renewable resources. We derive an appropriate analog of  factor proportions  for the renewable resource case and link it to trade patterns and to the likelihood of diversified production. The resource importer gains from trade. However, a diversified resource exporting country necessarily suffers a decline in steady state utility resulting from trade, and may lose along the entire transition path. Thus the basic  gains from trade  presumption is substantially undermined by open access resources. Tariffs imposed by the resource importing country always benefit the resource exporter and may be Pareto improving.

Brandt, Hartmut ( 1999).  Stretching Our Fish Stocks.  Samudra ( Sept): 37 42.

A discussion of capacity, overfishing, and demand for seafood. The author suggests that the inelastic demand for fish is responsible for overcapitalization in fisheries. He feels this brings into question the usefulness of using ITQ to efficiently manage fish stocks. Two suggested types of intervention to improve marine ecological outcomes depend on ( 1) the future success of direct government actions to reduce worldwide catching overcapacities, and the coordination of these actions at the international level and ( 2) the successful propagation of ecologically, socially, and economically rational fishery policies. 8 6 Brandt, Sylvia ( 1997).  Regulation and Productivity in a Common Property Resource Industry: A Case Study of the Middle Atlantic Surf Clam Fishery.  Draft report, University of California, Berkeley, CA.

The impact of regulation of inputs and the establishment of property rights on productivity are contrasted using a Tornqvist index with and without the effect of abundance included in the productivity estimates. The negative productivity during periods of binding quotas confirms economists  predictions for limited access. The available data indicate favorable results of ITQ management, though only time will tell if these initial trends will continue. Accounting for changes in abundance removes the variation in productivity which is due to variations in environmental conditions and reduces the annual average productivity growth by 66%.

Brannan, Darrell R. ( 1989). " An Economic Analysis of Multispecies Production in Florida's Commercial In Shore Fishery." Thesis, Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

An economic analysis of the inshore fisheries for mullet, seatrout, and red drum is presented in this thesis. Output supply equations are estimated using translog revenue functions. Own price elasticities for each species are calculated and shadow values of effort are derived from the translog revenue functions.

Brannon, Gerard M. ( 1975). " U. S. Taxes on Energy Resources." American Economic Review, 65( 2): 397 406.

A review of U. S. tax policy towards energy resources; past, present, and future.

Branstetter, Henry R. ( 1976). " Statement Before the United States International Trade Commission." President Ocean Garden Products, Inc., January, 53 pp.

The National Shrimp Congress proposes that duties and quota restrictions be placed upon shrimp products imported to the United States to provide market stability for the domestic producers and to assist them in combating the major increases in operating costs that have occurred during the past several years.

Branstetter, Steve ( 1993). " Update of Foundation Activities for Bycatch Reduction Program." Memorandum from the Gulf and South Atlantic Fisheries Development Foundation, Inc., September 17.

An update on the Foundation's activities concerning the bycatch reduction research program. A total of 1,000 observer days for both characterization and BRD work aboard cooperating commercial vessels have been completed. A summary of the data collected to date is included in the report.

Brauer, F. and A. C. Soudack ( 1979). " Stability Regions and Transition Phenomena for Harvested Predator Prey Systems." J. Math. Biology, 7: 319 337.

We analyze the global behavior of a predator prey system under constant rate predator harvesting, showing how to classify the possibilities and determine the region of asymptotic stability by a combination of relatively elementary theoretical methods and computer simulations.

Bresnyan, Edward and Eric Thunberg ( 1992). " Economic Analysis of a 8 7 Multi Species Fishery." Presented at The American Agricultural Economics Association Annual Meeting, Baltimore, Maryland.

The paper reports on the results of an analysis of the economic interrelationships in Florida's commercial near shore fishery. A dual based revenue function is specified to estimate own price and cross price elasticities of supply for selected key species. Implications for fishery management policy is discussed.

Brewster Geisz, Karyl K. ( 1997).  Preliminary Results of Atlantic Bluefin Tuna ( Thunnus thynnus) Catch Rates in U. S. Commercial Longline Pelagic Fisheries: 1991 1995.  Draft report, Highly Migratory Species Management Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1315 East West Highway, Silver Spring, Maryland, October.

The National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS) is attempting to decrease discards, particularly dead discards, of Atlantic bluefin tuna ( Thunnus thynnus) by U. S. commercial longline pelagic fisheries. This document describes preliminary analyses of logbook and dealer weight out slips collected from 1991 to 1995. Analyses partition trip data into three regions: fish caught north of 34 degrees latitude, fish caught south of 23 degrees latitude, and fish caught in the Gulf of mexico. Non parametric tests were conducted on the data by region and season. Initial results indicate significant differences between the number of Atlantic bluefin tuna caught and discarded per trip by season and region. This suggests time/ area closures may reduce discards by the U. S. commercial longline pelagic fisheries.

Bribitzer, Clem ( 1991).  Review of the 1990 COE Update of the 1984 Economic Analysis of Manteo ( Shallowbag) Bay Project.  Draft Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, December, 11 pp.

A critique of The Corps of Engineers  economic analysis which is built on several critical assumptions. The Corps assumes that through better fisheries management many currently depleted fish stocks will be rebuilt to former robust level. The Corps further assumes that the fishery management ( including those stocks that are not under the aegis of the Magnuson Act) will be effective in preventing overcapitalization. That is, potential economic rents created by the stabilization of Oregon Inlet will not be dissipated by increases in the number, average size, or efficiency of the current fishing fleet. In practice this probably means that the fisheries will be managed using some sort of individual transferable fishing quotas. Implicit in the Corps  analysis is also the assumption that the general condition of fisheries habitat will not continue to deteriorate and that the presence of the jetties will not harm fisheries through disruption of larval transport through the inlet. The author questions the usefulness of the Corps  analysis.

Bricklemyer, Bo ( 1985). " Sea Turtle Rescue Efforts." Draft report for the Center for Environmental Education.

Report on TED regulations and actions. History of laws enacted to protect sea turtles.

Bricklemyer, Eugene C., Jr., Suzanne Ludicello, and Hans J. Hartmann ( 1990). " Discarded Catch in U. S. Commercial Marine Fisheries." In Audubon Wildlife Report, 1989/ 1990, pp. 259 295.

This chapter examines the discard problem in U. S. managed waters. It also examines the mechanisms for regulation fisheries, and the reasons why U. S. fishery managers, for the most part, do not apply those mechanisms to 8 8 reducing discards. This chapter explores how the practice of discard has become institutionalized to such a degree that managers in effect sanction waste by counting discards against the catch quotas of directed fisheries that wish to take and use the very species discarded. It questions whether this policy of allocating catch levels first to a fishery that must discard this take is in keeping with a stated national policy of wise use of marine resources.

Broadus, James M. ( ). " Impacts of Future Sea Level Rise." Chapter 13, Source Unknown.

General overview of the sea level rise problem as it affects the coastal zone. The changes to expect in the coming decades and their implications for us are the issues at hand.

Broadus, J. M. ( 1986).  Asian Pacific Marine Minerals and Industry Structure.  Marine Resource Economics, 3( 1): 63 88.

Eventual development of marine minerals potential in the Asian Pacific would likely draw on the technology, skills, and experience of the emerging international seabed mining industry. As a result of strategic behavior by its firms, this small numbers industrial  strategic group  has created a level of capacity for seabed mining exploration and research and development ( R& D) that far exceeds the near term level of activity expected in seabed mining. The paper reports on the nature of preproduction industry structure ( or  protostructure  ) in seabed mining and draws implications for efforts to develop the resource potential of Asian Pacific marine minerals. Seabed minerals exploration and R& D services might be offered to Asian Pacific nations at bargain prices ( below unit cost) by firms with first starter advantages in the emerging industry. However, cautionary notes are included about constraints on the economic potential of the regions  s deep sea minerals such as manganese nodules, polymetallic sulfides, and cobalt crusts.

Brod, Andrew C. and William M. Shobe ( 1994). " The Market for Fishing Quota: Lessons From the Wreckfish Fishery." Draft report, Department of Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, November, 22 pp.

This paper explores the reasons for the observed behavior of the wreckfish catch and the market for quota and annual leases of quota. Understanding these observations may have important implications for the management of ITQ fisheries; it may change our expectations of how much of the actual resource rents can actually be recovered under realistic management conditions and it may point to changes in management that allow for the greater recovery of otherwise lost rents.

Brod, Andrew C. and William M. Shobe ( 1996). " The Demand for ITQs: The Puzzle of the Atlantic Wreckfish Industry." Working Papers Series: ECO960201, Working Papers in Economics, Center for Applied Research, Joseph M. Bryan School of Business and Economics, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, February, 29 pp.

Recent experience with individual transferable quotas ( ITQs) as a tool of fisheries management has begun to shed empirical light on the well established theory of ITQs. The Atlantic wreckfish ( Polyprion americanus) is currently under ITQ management by the U. S. federal government, and in may ways the theoretical predictions about ITQs have been borne out by developments in this fishery. But an unexpected puzzle has arisen; not all owners of wreckfish quotas are using their fishing rights, even though the market price 8 9 of quota has increased over time. We evaluate two possible explanations of this phenomenon, first that fishermen in this small fishery are withholding their ITQs to improve a depleted stock, and second that a combination of fixed costs and opportunities in other fisheries has created an excess ex post supply of ITQs. We argue that the first explanation is inconsistent with the observed facts of the wreckfish fishery, but that the second appears to match those facts fairly well. We conclude with a discussion of the implications of our results for ITQ management.

Bromley, Daniel W. ( 19??). " Property Rights and Economic Incentives in Resource and Environmental Economics." Draft of a paper presented at " The Political Economy of Natural Resource and Environmental Use," Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Wisconsin, Madison.

The paper presents a conceptual view of property rights as they influence resource control and hence resource use.

Bromley, Daniel W. ( 1978). " Property Rules, Liability Rules, and Environmental Economics." Journal of Economic Issues, 12( 1): 43 60.

A taxonomy of entitlements is presented.

Bronsard, Camille and Lise Salvas Bronsard ( 1984). " On Price Exogeneity in Complete Demand Systems." Journal of Econometrics, 24: 235 247.

Complete demand systems have always been estimated under the assumption that either prices or quantities were exogenous. In this paper, we introduce some explicit price adjustment process and test the assumption of exogeneity of prices. Comparing the model with endogenous prices to the model with exogenous prices will reveal that the assumption of the exogeneity of prices is not a very dramatic one as both estimated models are very similar in many experiments with American and Canadian data. Applying a system wide Wu Hausman test and a likelihood ratio test, will always lead us to reject the exogeneity of prices in three commodity models, while at the more disaggregated level, prices may often be considered as exogenous.

Brooks, David B. ( eds.) ( 1974). Resource Economics, Selected Works of Orris C. Herfindahl, Washington, D. C., Resources for the Future.

The collected works of Orris C. Herfindahl concerning the nature and scope of resource economics, natural resource supply and conservation, the application of economics to the minerals industry, the supply of natural resource information, and the quality of the natural environment.

Brooks, Prescilla ( 1986). REN 410 Notes. Department of Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.

Introductory fisheries economics taught by Dr. Jon Sutinen course notes.

Brookshire, David S., Mark A. Thayer, William D. Schulze, and Ralph C. D'Arge ( 1982). " Valuing Public Goods: a Comparison of Survey and Hedonic Approaches." American Economic Review, 72( 1): 165 177.

This paper reports on an experiment designed to validate the survey approach by direct comparison to a hedonic property value study.

Brorsen, B. Wade, Jean Paul Chavas, and Warren R. Grant ( 1987). " A 9 0 Market Equilibrium Analysis of the Impact of Risk on the U. S. Rice Industry." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 69( 4): 733 739.

An economic model of supply and demand for U. S. rice suggests that increases in risk result in decreased acreage and increased marketing margins. In a market equilibrium context, the empirical results also suggest rice production and rice prices are more responsive to changes in risk faced by marketing firms than changes in risk faced by producing firms.

Browder, Joan A. ( 1983). " Vessel Activity Relative to the Texas Closure, 1981 and 1982." NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS SEFC 118, U. S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami, Laboratory, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida 33149 10999.

A quantitative description of shrimp vessel activity in the Gulf of Mexico relative to the Texas closure in 1981 and 1982 has been prepared to determine if Louisiana ports are more heavily utilized because of the closure, if Louisiana offshore fishing grounds are more heavily utilized because of the closure, if vessels have been prevented from fishing by the closure, and if benefits of the closure accrue to only a small proportion of the fleet. This is a brute force analysis of some extremely large data sets.

Browder, Joan A., J. Connor Davis, and Eulalie Sullivan ( 1978). " The Paying Passenger Recreational Fisheries of the Florida Gulf Coast and Keys." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL.

Four types of paying passenger recreational fisheries operate on the Florida Gulf Coast and in the Florida Keys. An estimated 604 captains were active in the fisheries in 1977. Target species differ with fishery type and region of operation. Declining catches ( catch per unit effort) and increased operating costs, particularly for fuel, are major problems of these fisheries according to the captains. In those fisheries where previous information is available the number of operations has increased in the past fifteen years in the Florida Keys, decreased greatly on the west Florida coast and decreased slightly on the northwest Florida coast.

Browder, Joan A., L. Nelson May, Jr., Alan Rosenthal, James G. Gosselink, and Robert H. Baumann ( 1989). " Modeling Future Trends in Wetland Loss and Brown Shrimp Production in Louisiana Using Thematic Mapper Imagery." Remote Sens. Environ., 28: 45 59.

The land water interface of coastal marshes may influence the production of estuarine dependent fisheries more than the area of these marshes. To test this hypothesis, we created a spatial model to explore the dynamic relationship between land water interface and degree of land loss in disintegrating coastal marshes of Louisiana's Barataria, Terrebonne, and Timbalier basins. Calibrating our model with Landsat Thematic Mapper satellite imagery, we found a parabolic relationship between land water interface and marsh disintegration. Aggregated simulation data suggested that the land water interface in the study area will soon reach its maximum and then decline. We found a statistically significant positive linear relationship between brown shrimp catch and total interface length over the past 28 years. This relationship suggests that shrimp yields will decline when interface declines, possibly beginning about 1995. 9 1 Brown, Ausbon, Jr., James A. Bohnsack, and Douglas Harper ( 1989). " Automated Landings Assessment for Responsive Management ( ALARM): Gulf of Mexico Commercial Reef Fish Landings, December 1989." Contribution No. CRD 89/ 90 02, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, Coastal Resources Division, 75 Virginia Beach Dr., Miami, FL, December, 4 pp.

Summary of red snapper landings in graphical form from 1979 to 1987.

Brown, Bradford ( 1995).  Briefing Document Blue Tuna.  Draft report, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, FL, 13 pp.

A history of the ICCAT bluefin tuna work from the perspective of the author.

Brown, Gardner, Jr. ( 1974). " An Optimal Program for Managing Common Property Resources with Congestion Externalities." Journal of Political Economy, Jan/ Feb: 161 173.

This paper derives an optimum program for managing a common property natural resource whose rate of growth of the resource stock depends on the resource stock level and the current rate of extraction. If the resource stock initially is sufficiently small it is shown that it will be socially optimal to have a period of no extraction. When extraction begins, it and the variable factor increase faster than the resource stock is increasing. Changes reflecting the imputed marginal social value of the resource are a decreasing function of the level of the stock. These results differ from Smith ( 1968) recent static treatment of the same problem and are discussed below.

Brown, Gardner, Jr. ( 1981). " Hedonic Demand Functions with Linear and Non Linear Budget Constraints." Draft report, Department of Economics, University of Washington, November, 35 pp.

Consumers do not always face constant unit prices for the goods and services they purchase. The urban and environmental literature abounds in examples where implicit prices are nonlinear. We show that nonlinear budget constraints fundamentally alter the demand relationship. The exogenous parameter ( marginal price) consumers face in the linear case is replaced by an exogenous price function ( the price gradient) in the nonlinear case. Two ways are developed in Section II to solve the demand functional: a parametric approach and a system equation approach.

Brown, Gardner, M. ( 1997).  Economic Review of the Red Snapper Fishery.  Draft report for U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Department of Economics University of Washington, Box 353330, Seattle, Washington, September, 25 pp.

 It would be a very rare fishery for which the economic analysis is adequate.  Brown, Gardner, Jr. and J. John Charbonneau ( 1978). " The Value of Wildlife Estimated by the Hedonic Approach." Working Paper No. 6, Division of Program Plans, U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, March, 25 pp. 9 2 This paper describes a model for deriving hunting and fishing values based on the hedonic price approach and estimates such values using data from the 1975 National Survey of Hunting, Fishing and Wildlife Associated Recreation.

Brown, Gardner, Jr. and Barry C. Field ( 1978). " Implications of Alternative Measures of Natural Resource Scarcity." Journal of Political Economy, 86( 2): 229 243.

We argue that the most commonly used measures of natural resource scarcity are deficient. The discussion begins with some general comments on natural resource scarcity, then turns to a description and evaluation of each of the major scarcity indices: unit cost, product output prices, and rental rates. Rental rates are an useful proxy, marginal discovery costs are preferred over the rival measures. But there are important instances where good scarcity indicators may be entirely absent.

Brown, Gardner, Jr. and C. B. McGuire ( 1967). " A Socially Optimal Pricing Policy for a Public Water Agency," Water Resources Research, 3( 1): 33 43.

A simple model is developed for determining the socially optimum price to charge locationally differentiated irrigation districts for both surface and groundwater supplies. Steady state conditions are assumed for groundwater conditions and water demand functions. A divergence between social and private optimums arises from the existence of unadjudicated rights to groundwater supplies. The social optimum can be achieved by an appropriately conceived taxing policy. Water prices, tax rates, and optimum lift levels are estimated for seven irrigation districts, members of a master water agency.

Brown, Gardner, Jr. and Robert Mendelsohn ( 1984). " The Hedonic Travel Cost Method." The Review of Economics and Statistics, 66: 427 433.

The hedonic travel cost method is a technique that reveals how much users are willing to pay for the individual characteristics of outdoor recreation sites. The prices of recreation attributes are estimated by regressing travel costs on the bundles of characteristics associated with each of several potential destination sites. The demand for site characteristics on site quality is then revealed by comparing the site selection of users facing different attribute prices. The technique is applied to value steelhead fish density in Washington State streams.

Brown, Gardner, Jr. and Henry O. Pollakowski ( 1977). " Economic Valuation of Shoreline." Review of Economics and Statistics, 59( August): 272 278.

Shoreline development is a growing public policy issue in many urban areas. This paper extends recent economic work that has produced quantitative measures of value for phenomena hitherto restricted to qualitative expression. First examined is the choice of housing attributes, including water related open space and proximity to bodies of water, faced by a household in a metropolitan area. Next, the process of implicit price formation is examined, and, employing data on individual dwelling units in a metropolitan area with numerous bodies of water, these implicit prices are estimated. Then, the question of what can and cannot be inferred from these results about the demand for open space and the welfare gains or losses resulting from possible changes in the amount of water related open space.

Brown, Gary L. ( 1981). " A Survey of Recreational Shrimping in the Bay 9 3 and Sound Systems of the Gulf Coast for 1980." Final report, HSRRR 81/ 2 PON prepared for Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi 29564, April, 28, 140 pp.

This paper reports the results of a 1980 survey of recreational shrimpers along the bay and sound systems of the Gulf Coast in 1979 and 1980 that was conducted complementarily with the NMFS recreational finfish survey ( MRFSS?).

Brown, Gary ( 1994). " Self Implemented Limited Entry.  In Karyn L. Gimbel ( ed.) Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation, Center for Marine Conservation and the World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D. C.

Recently the situation in Argentina was one of declining fishery production in the domestic arena, with only 25 30 percent of the resource being exploited. Lack of technology and working capital led to abandonment of substantial parts of the fleet, and flight from the industry. A new government administration took an aggressive stance and attempted to reduce manipulation and tampering in the management process, and reduce union control over the industry. To encourage investment and attract new technology a quota scheme was established. Allocations of quota share were made between local fishing groups and foreign subsidiaries as well, via an auction. Supplemental conservation measures such as gear restrictions and seasonal closures were implemented to address biological concerns. The preliminary results indicated that the new system was dramatically better than the prior system, and was highly successful in attracting capital and technology. Two models are currently being evaluated by a variety of fishing groups. One essentially creates a co op system that includes a negotiated fee structure and submitted performance criteria. The other model uses a tonnage allocation system, under which an auction is held for the industry to purchase shares of quota.

Brown, James N. and Harvey S. Rosen ( 1982). " On the Estimation of Structural Hedonic Price Models." Econometrica, 50( 3): 765 768.

This paper points out certain pitfalls in Rosen's estimation procedure which, if ignored, could lead to major identification problems.

Brown, Mark Murray ( 1996).  1996 Atlantic Bluefin Tuna landing Data.  Memorandum to William Hogarth, Highly Migratory Species Management Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Region, Gloucester, MA.

Current versus previous year landings information for bluefin tuna including number of fish, average and gross weight, and adjusted quota.

Brusher, Harold A. and Barbara Jayne Palko ( 198?). " An Analysis of Marine Recreational Catch and Effort Data from a 1983 Charterboat Survey of the Southeastern United States and the U. S. Caribbean." Southeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA, Panama City Laboratory, 3500 Delwood Beach Road, Panama City, FL.

A survey of charterboats from coastal areas of the southeastern United States, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean was undertaken in 1983. Captains were contracted to provide daily catch and effort data. They reported on 3,479 of 9 4 3,503 available boat fishing weeks. A total of 348,976 pelagic and demersal fish were caught in 46,921.5 hours of effort. Species catch and catch per boat hour ( CPH) are presented annually, monthly, and geographically. Data are compared with similar results obtained in a 1982 pilot survey. The charterboat survey provided timely CPH data.

Brusher, Harold A. and Barbara Jayne Palko ( 1987). " Results from the 1984 and 1985 Charterboat Surveys in Southeastern U. S. Waters and the U. S. Caribbean Sea." Marine Fisheries Review, 49( 2): 109 117.

In 1984 and 1985, surveys of southeastern U. S. waters, including the Gulf of Mexico and the U. S. caribbean Sea, were conducted to gather catch and effort records from charterboat captains located along coastal areas. Captains were contracted to supply daily records of fishing activity. During the 2 year period, 10,380 fishing trips, 48,231 hours of fishing effort were expended and 342,258 fishes were caught. Species, catches, and catch per boat fishing hour are presented by year, month, and area. Major species groups caught by trolling included mackerels and tunas, while other than trolling methods caught mostly snappers, groupers, and croakers. Annual response rates for returning log forms for the 1984 and 1985 surveys were 98.8 and 95.7 percent, respectively.

Brusher, Harold A., Mark L. Williams, and Lee Trent ( 1982). " Catch and Effort Data from the Charterboat Fishery in the Southeastern United States A Pilot Study." National Marine Fisheries Service, Panama City Laboratory, 3500 Delwood Beach Road, Panama City, Florida.

This survey was designed to determine the efficiency of contracting with selected charterboat captains to provide catch and effort data. Data included date, zones fished, method of fishing, hours fished, and numbers of each species caught.

Brusher, Harold A., Mark L. Williams, Lee Trent, and Barbara Jayne Palko ( 1982). " Using Charterboat Catch Records for Fisheries Management." Draft report, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Panama City Laboratory, 3500 Delwood Beach Road, Panama City, FL.

A pilot survey to study the feasibility of using catch records from charterboats for obtaining daily catch and effort data was initiated on 28 March 1982. Nine charterboat captains produced records for 39,410 marine fishes caught in 4,392 trolling hours and in 919.5 hours using other fishing techniques. Captains were contracted to supply daily records of fishing zones, fishing methods, and all species in their respective catches. Response rate ( i. e., weekly submission of logs) was 90.4 percent for all boat fishing weeks between 28 March and 31 December 1982. The potential use of this type of recreational data is discussed.

Brusher, Harold A., Mark L. Williams, Lee Trent, and Barbara Jayne Palko ( 1984). " Using Charterboat Catch Records for Fisheries Management." Marine Fisheries Review, 46( 3): 48 55.

A pilot survey to study the feasibility of using catch records from charterboats for obtaining daily catch and effort data was initiated on 28 March 1982. Nine charterboat captains produced records for 39,410 marine fishes caught in 4,392 trolling hours and in 919.5 hours using other fishing techniques. Captains were contracted to supply daily records of fishing 9 5 zones, fishing methods, and all species in their respective catches. Response rate ( i. e., weekly submission of logs) was 90.4 percent for all boat fishing weeks between 28 March and 31 December 1982. The potential use of this type of recreational data is discussed.

Bryan, C. E. ( 1983). " Abundance of Brown Shrimp ( Penaeus aztecus) as Related to the 1982 Closure of the Texas Territorial Sea to Shrimping." Management Data Series Number 52, Coastal Fisheries Branch, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.

To determine the closing and opening dates of the shrimping season in the Texas territorial sea in 1982 and relative abundance of brown shrimp in 1981 and 1982, samples were taken with 18.3 m bag seines along shorelines of seven bay systems; with 6.1 m trawls in the deeper portions of three bay systems and in five passes leading from the bays to the Gulf; and with 12.2 m trawls in Gulf of Mexico waters off the central coast. The purpose of the closed season was to protect small shrimp from fishing until they reached a larger, more valuable size and to minimize waste caused by discarding smaller sizes during the harvest. Based on biological sampling in April the closed season dates were set for 25 May to 14 July 1982. Additional sampling through July verified that these dates were appropriate to accomplish the purpose of the closure.

Bryan, C. E. and Terry J. Cody ( 1975). " Discarding of Shrimp and Associated Organisms on the Texas Brown Shrimp ( Penaeus Aztecus Ives) Grounds." Draft report, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.

From June 1973 through June 1975, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department took 89 samples with the commercial shrimping fleet in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico to provide more information on the discarding of shrimp and associated organisms in the Texas brown shrimp fishery. Shrimp discards averaged 40% by number and 26% by weight in 1973 and 37% by number and 22% by weight in 1974 samples. Most of the shrimp discarding took place in June, July, and August. Using the average yearly landings of brown shrimp for the last nine years, an estimated 14.9 million kilograms ( 32.8 million pounds) of small shrimp and 116 million kilograms ( 255 million pounds) of associated organisms were discarded per year. Comparisons of catch rates for various types of trawls is also discussed.

Bryan, C. E., Terry J. Cody, and Gary C. Matlock ( 1982). " Organisms Captured by the Commercial Shrimp Fleet." Technical Series No. 31, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department.

During June December 1973 and 1974, 81 samples were collected with a 13.7 m. wide otter trawls from aboard a research vessel in the same areas that commercial shrimp vessels were fishing on the Texas brown shrimp grounds. This study was done to estimate the amounts and kinds of organisms captured during shrimping operations and to estimate the amounts discarded and times when most discarding occurred. Economic waste of small shrimp discarding could be minimized if legal size limitations were removed and waters were closed to shrimping when small, less preferred shrimp predominated. Under present conditions, no monetary incentive to market other invertebrates and fish species captured on the brown shrimp grounds appears to exist because of their relatively low volume and small size.

Buchanan, Chester C., Richard B. Stone, and Frank W. Steimle ( 1988). " Marine Recreational Boat Fishery of the New York Bight Apex in 1971." Marine Fisheries Review, 50( 2): 6 19. 9 6 The marine recreational boat fishery in the heavily populated New York City metropolitan area has not been well described. This paper describes the 1971 catch composition and the distribution of estimated effort over spatial and seasonal scales and between major vessel types ( party, charter, and private boats) engaged in the fishery. Anglers spent an estimated 2.3 million hours fishing in the New York Bight apex in 1971, over half of this by party boat anglers, and caught almost 8 million game fish. Overall effort was about equal for pelagic and demersal species and was generally concentrated nearshore. There appeared to be a substantial change in the fishery since the late 1940' s and early 1950' s, possibly reflecting socioeconomic trends and population dynamics of the fish species.

Buchanan, James M. ( 1980). " Rent Seeking and Profit Seeking." Chapter 1 in Toward a Theory of the Rent Seeking Society, College Station, Texas A& M University.

As institutions have moved away from ordered markets toward the near chaos of direct political allocation, rent seeking has emerged as a significant social phenomenon.

Buchanan, James M. and Gordon Tullock ( 1975). " Polluters' Profits and Political Response: Direct Controls Versus Taxes." American Economic Review, 65( 1): 139 147.

Economists of divergent political persuasions agree on the superior efficacy of penalty taxes as instruments for controlling significant external diseconomies that involve the interaction of many parties. However, political leaders and bureaucratic administrators, charges with doing something about these problems, appear to favor direct controls. Our purpose in this paper is to present a positive theory of externality control that explains the observed frequency of direct regulation as opposed to penalty taxes or charges. In the public choice theory of policy, the interests of those who are subjected to the control instruments must be taken into account as well as the interests of those affected by the external diseconomies. As we develop this theory of policy we shall also emphasize an elementary efficiency basis for preferring taxes and charges which heretofore has been neglected by economists.

Buck, Eugene H. ( 1995).  Overcapitalization in the U. S. Commercial Fishing Industry.  Senior Analyst in Natural Resources Policy, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division, Congressional Research Service, The Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. 20540, February 22, 17 pp.

A review of the concepts of overcapitalization in world and U. S. domestic fisheries, its causes, and possible solutions written for a nontechnical audience. With too many fishermen vying for too few fish, the U. S. commercial fishing industry is becoming as overcapitalized as the resource is over fished. A management regime that addresses open access concerns appears warranted, as does an overall reduction in fishing capacity. Nevertheless, significant questions remain. In particular, how and in what form should access be addressed? In what sector( s) and by what means ought reductions in capital invested in the commercial fishing industry occur? And, what is the role of the Federal government in such proceedings? These questions and several others await careful evaluation by scientists, conservationists, industry experts, and lawmakers alike, while the fates of fishermen and the fish they depend upon hang in the balance.

Buck, Eugene H. ( 1995).  Individual Transferable Quotas in Fisheries Management.  Senior Analyst in Natural Resources Policy, Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division, Congressional Research Service, 9 7 The Library of Congress, Washington, D. C. 20540, July, 18 pp.

A discussion of individual transferable quotas ( ITQs) in terms of their application to fisheries management. Pros and cons of ITQs are presented based on their application in three U. S. domestic fisheries and in six other countries. Problems arising from program design are separated from those inherent to the ITQ concept.

Buerger, Robert and James R. Kahn ( 1989). " New York Value of Chesapeake Striped Bass." Marine Resource Economics, 6( 1): 19 25.

This article looks at the interstate open access externalities associated with Chesapeake Bay striped bass. These fish spawn in the Chesapeake Bay and then migrate to other areas of the East Coast. The Chesapeake striped bass have been in substantial decline over the last decade. Of specific interest are the losses suffered in New York from the decline in striped bass production from the Chesapeake Bay. This is done by estimating demand and supply curves for commercial fishing and then computing the losses in consumers' and producers' surplus associated with the decline, estimated to be $ 396,000 per year.

Bullis, Harvey R., Jr. and Albert C. Jones ( eds.) ( 1976). " Proceedings: Colloquium on Snapper Grouper Fishery Resources of the Western Central Atlantic Ocean. Report Number 17, Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, New Orleans, Louisiana, Texas A& M University Sea Grant College and Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, November, 333 pp.

The purpose of the colloquium was to assemble information on the snapper and grouper resources in the region and to provide a forum to discuss the problems of the fishing industries.

Burgess, Ed ( 1996).  Snapper/ Grouper Permits Issued Since 1992.  Memorandum to Theo Brainerd, Southeast Regional Office, National Marine Fisheries Service, 9721 Executive Center Drive N., St. Petersburg, FL, May 2, 3 pp.

SERO has resolved differences between the NMFS Annual Reports and previously derived SERO estimates of the number of vessels with snapper/ grouper permits for the years 1992 through 1995. Numbers of vessels for each year are provided.

Burgess, James ( 1997).  Biological Effects/ El Nino/ FWD.  Memorandum to Gene Cope, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD, October, 2 pp.

Brief notes on the potential biological effects of El Nino on domestic fish stocks.

Burke, L., C. Annand, R. Barbara, L. Brander, M. A. Etter, D. Liew, R. O'Boyle, and G. Peacock ( 1994). " The Scotia Fundy Inshore Dragger Fleet ITQ Program Background, Implementation, and Results to Date." C. M. 1994/ T: 35, Theme Session on Improving the Link Between Fisheries Science and Management: Biological, Social, and Economic Considerations, International Council for the Exploration of the Seas, 82nd Statutory Meeting, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, September.

After Canada extended its 200 mile limit in 1977, the inshore small 9 8 dragger fleet in the Scotia Fundy Region grew dramatically in fishing power. By 1989, fleet capacity had exceeded that required to harvest the resource at F0.1 by four times. This increase in capacity was paralleled by an expansion of regulations to contain effort and protect the stocks. In 1989, management plan negotiations broke down and a Task Force was struck to define a new management system. Among other initiatives, it was recommended that Individual Transferable Quotas ( ITQ) be implemented. During 1990, the ITQ program was designed through joint DFO/ industry committees and launched in 1991. Since then, dragger fleet capacity has been reduced, with concentration of quota in fewer boats. There have also been changes in price structure, seasonal pattern of landing and fishermen's attitudes. However, it is not obvious that at sea fishing practices have changed. As well, due to recent resource declines, effort has been displaced to non ITQ fisheries. This paper documents the background to the ITQ program, its implementation and what has been achieved to date.

Burness, H. Stuart ( 1976). " On the Taxation of Nonreplenishable Natural Resources." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 3: 289 311.

A resource constraint alters the profit maximizing decision rule for a natural resource producer. Such a producer also responds differently to common policy instruments. For a zero rate of discount, it is shown that a franchise ( lump sum), severance ( ad valorem or unit), or profit tax result, respectively, is increased, unchanged, and unchanged output. These results are generalized to the case when the rate of discount is nonzero and tax rates vary over time. A tax subsidy scheme for guaranteeing the equality of optimal social and private rates of depletion is presented for a case where these rates diverge.

Burns, Scott ( 1997).  The Role of Trade Policies in the Fishing Sector.  : Natural Resource Management Workshop, World Wildlife Fund, U. S., Washington, D. C., April, 6 pp.

Proposal and agenda for a workshop in Geneva on subsidies in fish harvesting sectors worldwide. Case studies are provided as a basis for a discussion.

Burt, Oscar R. ( 1964). " Optimal Resource Use Over Time with an Application to Ground Water." Management Science, 11( 1): 80 93.

This paper is concerned with optimal allocation over time of a single resource that is either fixed in supply or only partially renewable at a point in time. Some resources that fall in this category are mineral deposits, ground water, petroleum, wildlife, and fish. A functional equation is obtained from a dynamic programming formulation of the problem. This functional equation is used to derive approximate decision rules for resource use as a function of current supply. The results are applied to ground water storage control and tested empirically by comparison with a decision rule obtained by detailed numerical methods.

Burt, Oscar R. ( 1967). " Temporal Allocation of Groundwater." Water Resources Research, 3( 1): 45 56.

A relatively simple economic model for allocation of groundwater in time is developed. The economic consequences of altering various parameters in the model are examined with respect to the effect on equilibrium stocks and rate of use. The concept of a conditional decision rule for stochastic groundwater recharge and the properties of the implied equilibrium are discussed. In its 9 9 simplest form, the derived decision rule is to equate marginal net output with respect to rate of use to capitalized marginal net output with respect to water stocks.

Burt, Oscar R. and Durward Brewer ( 1971). " Estimation of Net Social Benefits From Outdoor Recreation." Econometrica, 39( 5): 813 827.

An economic framework is presented for measurement of the net social benefits that can be attributed to development of a new outdoor recreation site, taking into consideration the influence that existing recreation developments have on the demand for services from the newly developed site. Methods are given for statistically estimating the empirical measures needed to apply the model, and an application is made to water oriented outdoor recreation in Missouri. Results of the application suggest that investments in outdoor recreation can be evaluated under an objective economic decision criterion.

Burt, O. And R. Cummings ( 1970).  Production and Investment in Natural Resource Industries.  American Economic Review, 60: 576 90.

This paper attempts to provide a general model that could be adapted and the results applicable to any specific resource. Earlier reports concerning specific resources would fall out as a special case of a general theory concerning the intertemporal allocation of natural resources.

Butler, Richard W., Walter A. Nelson, and Tyrrell A. Henwood ( 1987).  A Trawl Survey Method for Estimating Loggerhead Turtle, Caretta Caretta, Abundance in Five Eastern Florida Channels and Inlets.  Fishery Bulletin, 85( 3): 447 453.

Five eastern Florida navigational channels were surveyed on a quarterly basis from November 1981 through August 1982. The purpose of the surveys was to provide estimates of loggerhead turtle abundance for each channel over all seasons of the year. Standard methods for estimating loggerhead turtle abundance from trawl samples were developed, and the probability of capture in a 30 m by 1,483 m substation was estimated to be 0.28 ± 0.05 ( 95% confidence level). Abundance estimates based on this probability of capture were then developed for each channel and survey. Of the channels surveyed, only Port Canaveral harbored significant concentrations of loggerhead turtles; populations ranged from 701 ± 291 turtles in February to a low of 38 ± 26 turtles in August. A few loggerhead turtles were captured in the other channels, but infrequency of occurrence suggested random encounters rather than areas of concentration.

Byrne, Richard, Wade Griffin, and Joy Clark ( 1988). " Four Teds and Analysis of Variance." Natural Resource Working Papers Series, Natural Resource Workgroup, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas A& M University, College Station, Texas 77843.

The Cape Canaveral data is analyzed statistically to determine the effects of the four TEDs. First, we describe the structure of the experiment. Then, we present the Anova table and perform tests of hypotheses. Next, we analyze the percent of shrimp retention of the four TEDs using confidence intervals. Finally, we perform multiple comparisons to determine which TEDs have the highest yields.

CWA ( 1995).  Report on Survey Regarding TED Compliance.  Draft Report, November, 29 pp. 1 0 0 Shrimp fishing and specifically shrimper non compliance with the use of Turtle Excluder Devices ( TEDs) have been deemed the most plausible causes of ongoing mortality in endangered sea turtles. Our objectives were 1) to quantify the prevalence of TED use, 2) to identify barriers to TED use, 3) quantify the perception of the barriers, and 4) identify means to enhance compliance.

Cabot, Courtenay Bromfield ( 1996).  Shrimp and Sea Turtles in the Gulf of Mexico: An Economic Analysis of the Effects of Turtle Excluder Devices on the Shrimp Fishery and the Benefits of Protecting Sea Turtles.  Senior Honors Thesis, Northwestern University, May, 50 pp.

This study analyzes the effects of the use of Turtle Excluder Devices ( TEDs) in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. It also examines the benefits of protecting a sea turtle. Regression analysis indicates that TED regulations are having a statistically significant negative impact on the fishery  s landings and revenue. Data also indicate that the fishery is overcapitalized and possibly over harvested. A preliminary analysis of the value of a sea turtle is accomplished through the use of the contingent valuation method.

Caddy, J. F. and R. Mahon ( 1995). Reference Points for Fisheries Management. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 347, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 83 pp.

This paper reviews the conceptual background and application of technical reference points in fishery management. Despite considerable investment in stock assessment methodology and expertise, fisheries worldwide are overexploited. This appears to be due to a mismatch between the precision of assessment and the precision of management. Two types of reference points are recognized: target reference points ( TRPs) and limit reference points ( LRPs). The use of MSY as a target reference point is considered in the light of past performance of fishery management, and it is suggested that MSY and other reference points formerly used as targets, may be more appropriately applied as LRPs. The recent trend towards the quantification of uncertainty and estimation of risk in the provision of advice is considered to be good, but the cost and availability of information and expertise required may preclude the use of these techniques for many small or low value stocks and for most stocks in developing countries. The recent trend towards inclusion of  ecosystem concepts  in setting fishery management objectives is also seen as good, and overdue. Although still in their formative stages, ecosystem concepts can still provide LRPs. Effective management will require a  set of rules  comprising both TRPs and LRPs. In most national and international fishery management situations, the current institutional structure will probably require some modification to successfully apply these sets of rules. Fisheries management organizations will continue to assess and manage fisheries routinely, but management may need to develop an independent review which comes into play when resource production limits are approached. The action to be taken at such limits should be discussed and agreed on in advance.

Caillouet, Charles W., Jr. and Kenneth N. Baxter ( 1973). " Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Resource Research." Marine Fisheries Review, 35( 3 4): 21 24.

This paper describes shrimp resource research presently being conducted by the Galveston Laboratory of the National Marine Fisheries Service Gulf Coastal Fisheries Center. Discussed are plans for development of a mathematical model capable of explaining and predicting changes in shrimp catch, and on going mark recapture experiments, prediction of catch, stock 1 0 1 identification studies, and study of spawning grounds. Trends in Texas and Louisiana brown and white shrimp catches and catch rates are presented.

Caillouet, Charles Wax, Jr. and Dennis Brian Koi ( 1983). " Ex Vessel Value and Size Composition of Reported May August Catches of Brown Shrimp and White Shrimp from 1960 to 1981 as Related to the Texas Closure." Gulf Research Reports, 7( 3): 187 203.

Indices were used to test for trends in ex vessel price spread ( value per shrimp by size category), size composition, and ex vessel value composition of the reported May August catches ( inshore and offshore combined) of brown shrimp ( Penaeus aztecus) and white shrimp ( P. setiferus) from the Texas coast, the Mississippi River to Texas, and Pensacola to the Mississippi River, from 1960 to 1981. Levels of reported May August catch and ex vessel value of the catch also were examined for the same period. Statistical tests were conducted to determine if 1981 was an outlier as compared to other years, in the context of impacts of closure of the fishery conservation zone ( FCZ) off Texas to shrimping from May 22 to July 15, 1981, a management measure referred to as the Texas Closure.

Caillouet, Charles W., Frank J. Patella, and William B. Jackson ( 1979). " Relationship Between Marketing Category ( Count) Composition and Ex Vessel Value of Reported Annual Catches of Shrimp in the Eastern Gulf of Mexico." Marine Fisheries Review, ( May June): 1 7.

The relationship between estimated ex vessel value of reported annual shrimp catches and weight of these catches is used to show the effects of regional differences in count composition of these catches, a function of differences in shrimp laws and harvesting strategy. It seems clear that the strategy of harvesting large proportions of larger shrimp in Texas increases both the weight and ex vessel value of these catches. Social impacts and economic inputs beyond the ex vessel level also require consideration in studies of effects of harvesting strategy.

Caillouet, Charles W., Frank J. Patella, and William B. Jackson ( 1980). " Trends Toward Decreasing Size of Brown Shrimp, Penaeus Aztecus, and White Shrimp, Penaeus Setiferus, in Reported Annual Catches from Texas and Louisiana." Fishery Bulletin, 77( 4): 985 989.

An exponential model adequately characterized the size composition ( expressed as a regression of transformed cumulative percentage of weight on size category) of reported annual catches of brown and white shrimp in Texas and Louisiana from 1959 to 1976. Louisiana catches contained considerably greater proportions of small shrimp than did Texas catches. For both species and states, there was a significant trend toward increases in the proportion of small shrimp in the catches over the period.

Caillouet, Charles W., Jr., B. J. Fontenot, Jr., W. S. Perret, R. J. Dugas, and H. F. Hebert ( 1971). " Catches of Postlarval White Shrimp Penaeus setiferus ( Linn.) and Brown Shrimp, P. aztecus, Ives, and Temperature and Salinity Observations in Vermilion Bay, Louisiana, March 1963 to April 1967." U. S. Department of Commerce, NOAA, NMFS, Data Report 64, July, 39 pp.

A small trawl towed in a semicircle of 30.5 m ( 100 ft) radius in shallow water near the shoreline was used to collect postlarval white shrimp and brown shrimp. Dates and hour of sampling, catches of postlarvae, species composition and subsamples of the catches, and water temperature and salinity data are presented. 1 0 2 Caillouet, Charles W., Jr., Marcel J. Duronslet, Andre M. Landry, Jr., Dickie B. Revera, Donna J. Shaver, Kerry M. Stanley, Erich K. Stabenau, and Robert W. Heinly ( 1990). " Sea Turtle Strandings and Shrimping Effort in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico, 1986 1989." Draft report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Galveston Laboratory, Galveston, Texas 77551 5997.

The purpose of this paper was an examination of sea turtle strandings and shrimping effort in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico during 1986 1989 to determine the relationship if any between them. The study confuses correlation with causation.

Caillouet, Charles W., Jr., Marcel J. Duronslet, Andre M. Landry, Jr., Dickie B. Revera, Donna J. Shaver, Kerry M. Stanley, Robert W. Heinly, and Erich K. Stabenau ( 1991). " Sea Turtle Strandings and Shrimp Fishing Effort in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico, 1986 1989." Fishery Bulletin, 89( 4): 712 718.

Incidental capture of sea turtles in shrimp trawls is the most important human cause of sea turtle mortality. In this study, a product moment correlation analysis to test the null hypothesis that there was no relationship between monthly sea turtle strandings and shrimp fishing effort on the northwestern Gulf of Mexico coast during 1986 89. A positive, statistically significant result was found causing the null hypothesis to be rejected. Several caveats to the analysis are cited including the effects of wind, waves, tides, and scavengers on the stranding levels of turtles. These caveats tend to reduce the implied causation that shrimp fishing effort levels affects turtle stranding levels.

Cameron, Trudy Ann ( 1988). " A New Paradigm for Valuing Non market Goods Using Referendum Data: Maximum Likelihood Estimation by Censored Logistic Regression." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 15: 355 379.

This paper challenges the W. M. Hanemann ( 1984) and C. Sellar, J. P. Chavas, and J. R. Stoll ( 1986) utilizations of logit models to estimate the value of nonmarket resources from " referendum" survey data. These data are more informative than conventional choice data. The " random utility" interpretation of logit models is therefore too restrictive. Bypassing the utility function entirely, it will be shown that parameters and standard errors for utility theoretic inverse Hicksian demand functions can be extracted directly and much more simply. Estimated demand functions need not be limited to those corresponding to the linear in parameters utility difference specification that can be handled by packaged logit programs.

Cameron, Trudy Ann ( 1992). " Combining Contingent Valuation and Travel Cost Data for the Valuation of Nonmarket Goods.  Land Economics, 68( 3): 302 317.

The travel cost method ( TCM) has long been used to infer the economic value of nonmarket resources and public goods. More recently, contingent valuation ( CVM) survey methods have gained popularity for eliciting these values. Here, CVM survey responses are combined with TCM data on actual market behavior to estimate jointly both the parameters of the underlying utility function and its corresponding ordinary demand function. This is a prototypical empirical example of a new modeling strategy, variants of which should provide useful in many applications, especially where reliance on a single valuation method is undesirable. 1 0 3 Cameron, Trudy Ann and John Quiggin ( 1994). " Estimation Using Contingent Valuation Data from a  Dichotomous Choice with Follow Up  Questionnaire.  Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 27: 218 234.

Dichotomous choice ( referendum) contingent valuation questions are inefficient in that a very large number of observations are required to identify a distribution of resource values with any degree of accuracy. An alternative questioning strategy introduce a follow up dichotomous choice question. We generalize upon previous analyses of this type of data by relaxing the assumption that the identical unobserved resource value motivates both responses. While values implied by the first and second responses are highly correlated and may be drawn from the same distribution, they are definitely not identical. Furthermore, assuming that they are can severely distort the estimated valuation distribution.

Campbell, David, Tony Battaglene, and Sean Pascoe ( 1991).  Management Options for the Southern Shark Fishery.  Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Discussion Paper 91.12, December, 43 pp.

Falling shark stocks led to interim management plan based on input controls. Task force created to examine future management options that include annual total allowable shark catch, reductions in amount of nets, and individual transferable catch quotas. This study estimates the likely effects of each of the proposed management options on shark stocks and the shark fishing industry. A bioeconomic model of the fishery has been developed to help in this assessment.

Campbell, Donald E. ( 1987). Resource Allocation Mechanisms. Cambridge University Press.

This book is concerned with the general welfare implications of individual decisions in systems in which some sort of coordination of individual activities is essential to the achievement of a high level of overall welfare.

Campbell, H. F. and A. McIlgorm ( 1995).  Australian Vessel Performance in the East Coast Tuna Longline Fishery.  Marine Fishery Review, 57( 3 4): 35 39.

A sample of daily observations on the activities of Australian vessels longlining for yellowfin tuna, Thunnus albacares, during 1987 90 was analyzed, using a production function approach, to determine the effects of vessel characteristics and operational practices and conditions. Significant differences were found between the tuna fisheries in the northern and southern regions of the inshore yellowfin tuna fishery in the east Australian Exclusive Economic Zone. The type of vessel used, and fishing practices such as soaktime, patrolling the longline, and choice of surface water temperature were found to have significant effects on yellowfin tuna catch rates.

Campbell, H. F. and R. B. Nicholl ( 1995).  Allocating Yellowfin Tuna Between the Multispecies Purse Seine and Longline Fleets.  Marine Resource Economics, 10( 1): 35 58.

Yellowfin tuna in the western Pacific are harvested as juveniles by purse seiners and as adults by longliners. The study presents estimates of the multi species harvest technology of these two types of vessels operating in Papua New Guinea  s Exclusive Economic Zone. The results, together with price and cost information and estimates of the impact of the purse seine 1 0 4 catch on the catch rates of longline vessels are used to perform a benefit/ cost analysis of a reallocation of juvenile yellowfin through a one percent decline in purse seine harvest in P. N. G.  s EEZ. The marginal benefit of investment in the yellowfin stock is found to exceed that of marginal cost, suggesting that there may be an economic case for a reallocation.

Campbell, Page, Ted Storck, Vanenise Price, and Lance Robinson ( 1992). " Trends in Texas Commercial Fishery Landings, 1972 1991." Management Data Series No. 86, Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, Fisheries and Wildlife Division, 4200 Smith School Road, Austin, Texas.

This report summarizes annual commercial landings and ex vessel value statistics of finfish and shellfish harvested from Texas bays and the Gulf of Mexico off Texas. These landings and value data for individual species groups are summarized according to bay system or Gulf area from which the product was taken and by month landed. Total coast wide landings in 1991 were more than 102 million pounds and ex vessel value was over $ 199 million. These values were 11% and 19%, respectively, below the record values of 1986. Shrimp accounted for 89% of the weight and 94% of ex vessel value of all seafood landed in calendar year 1991. During 1991 blue crabs, Eastern oysters and finfish made up 6%, 3%, and 2% of total landings and 1%, 4%, and 1% of the total ex vessel value, respectively. Compared to 1990 prices, the 1991 average unit price for shrimp increased; the unit prices of blue crabs did not change, while the unit price of Eastern oysters decreased 22%. Finfish unit prices generally declined.

Canning, Patrick and Harry Vroomen ( 1994).  Welfare Impacts of a Trade Restriction: An Equilibrium Approach and Application in the Potash Industry.  Technical Bulletin No. 1834, Resources and Technology Division, Economic Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture, June, 25 pp.

A three sector equilibrium open economy model is developed for measuring welfare effects of a trade restriction. The approach is applied to the U. S./ Canadian trade agreement on potash ( USCTAP). The net effect of USCTAP to U. S. firms, households, and the government over the July 1987 June 1992 period was a social welfare cost of $ 815 million. The big losers were U. S. potash users ($ 956 million), while Canadian potash producers (+$ 723 million), U. S. potash producers (+$ 211 million), and other foreign producers (+$ 99 million) were the big winners ( in 1987 dollars). Other countries that import U. S. goods that contain potash as an input incurred additional costs of $ 40 million, due to higher prices of those goods, resulting in a net gain of $ 59 million to other countries. U. S. taxpayers bear a lighter burden ($ 55 million) due to USCTAP.

Capps, Oral, Jr. ( 1982). " Consumer Expenditure Patterns for Fish and Shellfish." Marine Fisheries Review, 44( 3): 1 6.

This study investigates the nature and magnitude of the influence of household income, and socioeconomic and demographic variates on aggregate seafood expenditure in the United States.

Caputo, Michael R. ( 1990). " A Qualitative Characterization of the competitive Nonrenewable Resource Extracting Firm." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 18: 206 226.

Using variational differential equations, a systematic qualitative analysis is carried out for the competitive nonrenewable resource extracting 1 0 5 firm. The parameters of interest are the output price, variable input price, discount rate, lease length, initial resource stock, and various tax rates. The effects of changes in these parameters on the entire optimal time paths of the current shadow value of the stock, the resource stock, and the extraction rate are characterized in the perturbed phase plan.

Caribbean Fishery Management Council ( 1996).  Fishery Management Plan, Regulatory Impact Review, and Final Environmental Impact Statement for the Queen Conch Resources of Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Island.  268 Munoz Rivera Ave., Suite 1108, San Juan, Puerto Rico, June, 78 pp.

The fishery management plan imposes limits on the harvesting of queen conch to curb overfishing in the EEZ. However if recruitment is dependent on conch populations in other Caribbean countries, cooperative efforts with other nations will be necessary to effectively manage queen conch throughout its range.

Caribbean Fishery Management Council ( 1997).  Amendment Number 1 to the Fishery Management Plan for Corals and Reef Associated Plants and Invertebrates of Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands for Establishing a Marine Conservation District Including Regulatory Impact Review and Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis and an Environmental Impact Statement.  268 Munoz Rivera Ave., Suite 1108, San Juan, Puerto Rico, September, 54 pp.

The Council is proposing the establishment of a Marine Conservation District ( MCD) in the EEZ. The expected effects of the MCDs under the Coral FMP and this amendment are ( 1) to provide refuge and replenishment areas to ensure continued abundance and diversity of reef resources; ( 2) to protect critical spawning stock and recruits from depletion and overfishing, thus increasing abundance of fishery resources; ( 3) to protect coral and coral habitat; and 94) to improve opportunities for eco tourism. An excellent regulatory impact analysis of the plan is included in the document.

Caribbean Fishery Management Council ( 1998).  Essential Fish Habitat ( EFH) Generic Amendment to the Fishery Management Plans ( FMPs) of the U. S. Caribbean, Volume I and II.  Draft, 268 Munoz Rivera Ave., Suite 1108, San Juan, Puerto Rico, September, 54 pp.

This generic amendment amends FMPs for reef fish, spiny lobster, queen conch, and coral to address EFH. The generic amendment identifies and describes EFH for selected management unit species, identifies threats to EFH from fishing and non fishing activities, presents, where possible, options to conserve and enhance EFH, and identifies research needs. This amendment proposes no management measures, and, therefore, no regulations are anticipated. It is expected that the final amendment will contain an environmental assessment.

Carlberg, Stig R. ( 1994). " Quality Assurance, What it is and What it is not." C. M. 1994/( C+ E+ L): 2, Joint Session on Quality Assurance of Marine Measurements, International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, 82nd Statutory Meeting, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, September, 4 pp.

This paper discusses some aspects of quality; what it is and how it can be regarded to avoid or at least reduce ambiguity. It describes the relation between quality assurance and standardization, accreditation, and other terms that are frequently used and often misunderstood in this context. The paper 1 0 6 also discusses how one can assure that a certain quality is achieved in a production ( e. g. chemical analysis) and demonstrates that a consistent management system is needed for this purpose. On the other hand, the paper does not contain detailed arguments why quality assurance is necessary nor how a quality assurance system should be designed in detail. These aspects are covered by other contributions to the Joint Session.

Carlton, Frank E. ( 1984). " Introduction to Symposium." Chapter 1 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

Introduction to the symposium whose objectives are to achieve recognition of marine recreational fisheries as an important element of national policy; to identify major marine recreational fisheries problems and develop fresh solutions thereto; and to foster effective management regimes for the conservation of living marine resources.

Carothers, Paul E. and William E. Grant ( 1987). " Fishery Management Implications of Recruitment Seasonality: Simulation of the Texas Fishery for the Brown Shrimp, Penaeus aztecus." Ecological Modeling, 36: 239 268.

The relationship between recruitment seasonality and ordination of alternative management policies for the Texas brown shrimp ( Penaeus aztecus) fishery is explored through utilization of a general stochastic simulation model developed for annual crop marine fisheries. The model represents harvest dynamics within the fishery through a series of finite difference equations representing recruitment, growth, migration, and mortality of brown shrimp, and fishing effort. The model is parameterized to reflect two alternative representations of brown shrimp recruitment dynamics, and the behavior of each model version is explored under four management policy options. The alternative recruitment representations differ in temporal pattern of postlarval brown shrimp immigration into coastal estuaries, and the management policy options reflect variations in seasonal closures and minimum size restrictions for the fishery. Analysis of model outputs identified a statistically significant interaction between recruitment representation and the performance of the alternative management policies based upon predicted harvests within the fishery. This interaction indicates the failure of the alternative recruitment model versions to produce a consistent predicted harvest response over all management policy options. Under an average representation of postlarval recruitment pattern, no significant differences in management option performance were detected, while two of four management options produced significantly lower harvests under a seasonally variable recruitment pattern.

Carpenter, James S. ( 1965). " A Review of the Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper Fishery." U. S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Bureau of Commercial Fisheries, Circular 208, Washington, D. C.

Developments in the fourth most valuable fishery in the Gulf of Mexico are shown by comparing vessels, fishing grounds, gear, equipment, and fishing methods, handling and marketing, and production techniques and methods.

Carrier, Roy R. ( 1996).  Regulatory Reform and Private Property Rights Protection.  Staff Paper SP 96 4, Food and Resource Economics Department, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of 1 0 7 Florida, Gainesville, Florida, May, 9 pp.

Upon gaining control of Congress in the elections of November 1994, the new Republican majority in Congress embarked on an aggressive campaign to fulfill its  Contract With American.  Among its priorities was regulatory reform. Included in regulatory reform were measures to protect property owners, under certain circumstances, from losses in property values resulting from the imposition of environmental regulations. Although passed by the House of Representatives in 1995, the Senate had not yet acted on the measures a year later. Private property rights protection legislation passed by the 1995 Florida Legislature was signed into law in May 1995. The manner of its implementation and the nature of its impacts remain to be seen.

Carroll, Michael J. ( 1998).  An Assessment of the Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Market: The Economic Implications for Management. Masters of Science Thesis, Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI.

The U. S. Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Fishery under pressure from the International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna ( ICCAT) and the National Marine Fisheries Service ( NMFS) has been confronted with substantial quota reductions in recent years. Effort reduction strategies used to sustain these quota cuts combined with increased participation have created market gluts and decreased the length of the season. Apparent implications of these problems have decreased the price received by U. S. fishermen for Atlantic bluefin tuna. Optimal management of the Atlantic bluefin tuna requires these market implications be considered. This research econometrically examines factors that influence ex vessel price, focusing on changes in quantity supplied, quality characteristics, gear types used, and spatial and temporal harvests. Results of this research indicate gains in gross revenues to the U. S. Atlantic bluefin tuna fishery are possible through reduction in excessive daily production and shifts in temporal harvests into later periods of the season.

Carroll, Raymond J. and David Ruppert ( 1984). " Power Transformations When Fitting Theoretical Models to Data." Journal of the American Statistical Association, 79( 386): 321 328.

Power transformations in nonlinear regression problems are investigated when there is a physical model for the response but little understanding of the underlying error structure. In such circumstances, and unlike the ordinary power transformation model, both the response and the model must be transformed simultaneously and in the same way. We show by asymptotic theory and a small Monte Carlo study that for estimating the model parameters there is little cost for not knowing the correct transform a priori; this is in dramatic contrast to the results for the usual case where only the response is transformed. Possible applications of the theory are illustrated by examples.

Carson, Rachel ( 1962). " Rivers of Death." Chapter 9 from Rachel L. Carson, Silent Spring, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, The Riverside Press, Cambridge.

A discussion of the effect of pollution on shrimp and finfish stocks in U. S. coastal estuaries.

Carson, Richard T. and Robert Cameron Mitchell( 1995). " Sequencing and Nesting in Contingent Valuation Surveys." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 28: 155 173. 1 0 8 The term  embedding  is ill defined and has been applied to distinct phenomena, some predicted by economic theory and others not. This paper lays out a theoretical framework for looking at these phenomena and provides a set of well defined terms. Included is a discussion of survey design problems that may induce spurious evidence in favor of the hypothesis that respondents are insensitive to the scope of the good being valued. An empirical example of the component sensitivity is provided. This test rejects the hypothesis that respondents are insensitive to the scope of the good being valued.

Carson, Richard T., Norman F. Meade, and V. Kerry Smith ( 1993). " Introducing the Issues." Choices, 2nd Quarter: 5 8.

The contingent value passive use value debate.

Casey, Keith E., Christopher M. Dewees, Bruce R. Turris, and James E. Wilen ( 1995).  The Effects of Individual Vessel Quotas in the British Columbia Halibut Fishery.  Marine Resource Economics, 10( 3): 211 230.

Implementation of individual vessel quotas ( IVQs) in the British Columbia halibut fishery has provided a unique opportunity to examine the effects of this management technique on a previously intense  derby  fishery. This paper describes the changes that have occurred in the fishery since the introduction of individual vessel quotas in 1991. The results presented here are largely based on the finds of two surveys. In September 1993, we conducted in depth interviews with most of the major halibut processors in British Columbia. These processors reported significant changes in the processing and marketing of halibut. In Spring 1993, we conducted a mail survey of all 435 licensed halibut fishermen. The survey consisted of several series of questions designed to measure changes in fishing operations ( crew size, fishing practices, etc.), quota leasing activities, changes in fishing income, and opinions about the effects of IVQs. The results presented here provide important information about the effects of the British Columbia halibut IVQ program to date and will be useful for comparison to similar management programs implemented elsewhere.

Casteel, Pamela ( 1991). " Bycatch A Matter of Opinion." Texas Shores, 23( 3): 1 33. Texas A& M University Sea Grant College Program and Palacios Marine Education Center.

A collection of articles concerning bycatch in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery.

Casteel, Pamela ( 1993). " Scary Stepchild of the Sea." Texas Shores, 26( 2/ 3): 4 21. Texas Sea Grant Program, Texas A& M University, P. O. Box 1675, Galveston, Texas.

Sharks are a highly valuable resource both commercially and recreationally and are a highly vulnerable population of animals. Although sharks have evolved as apex predators, they are ill equipped to endure man  s intense exploitation.

Castro, Carlos A. and Scott J. Soares ( eds.) ( 1996).  Proceedings of the Symposium on the Potential for Development of Aquaculture in Massachusetts.  NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS NE 109, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Region, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, January, 26 pp.

Proceedings from a symposium on the potential for developing aquaculture 1 0 9 in New England as a possible source of employment for those displaced from the wild harvest fishery operations due to the collapse of the groundfish fishery.

Castro, Jose  I. ( 1993).  A Field Guide to the Sharks Commonly Caught in Commercial Fisheries of the Southeastern United States.  NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS SEFSC 338, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida, December, 43 pp.

The purpose of this guide is to enable fishery personnel to identify sharks and shark carcasses by their diagnostic characteristics. It is intended for identification of only those species commonly found in commercial or recreational landings. The information is abridged from Jose  I. Castro, The Sharks of North American Waters ( 1993) Texas A& M University Press, College Station, Texas, 189 pp.

Castro, Kathleen, Tony Corey, Joseph DeAlteris, and Chris Gagnon ( eds.) ( 1996).  Proceedings of the East Coast Bycatch Conference.  Rhode Island Sea Grant, University of Rhode Island Bay Campus, Narragansett, RI, December, 160 pp.

Proceedings of a workshop between industry and the National Marine Fisheries Service hosted by Sea Grant to address bycatch issues on the east coast of the United States. The goals of the workshop are, first, to recognize that bycatch is a regional problem that has contributed to depressed fish stocks, but that it is a manageable problem that can be solved when the industry is involved with all the major players. Second, to generate new joint research projects in specific fisheries to address the real bycatch problem and education programs to address perceived problems.

Cato, James C. ( 1986). " Emerging Tuna Fishery Gains Attention." Marine Log, Winter 1985 86, Florida Sea Grant College Publication.

Announcing a new Sea Grant program to assist the newly emerging fresh tuna fishery.

Cato, James C. and Herman E. Kumpf ( 1990). " The Economic Influence of Population Growth, Fisheries, Coastal and Marine Industries, and Tourism Derived from Use of The Gulf of Mexico." Presented at The Environmental and Economic Status of the Gulf of Mexico, December 2 5, 1990, Clarion Hotel, New Orleans, Louisiana.

This paper focuses on the economic use of the Gulf of Mexico's resources by pointing out some of the major economic values associated with them.

Cato, James C. and Frank J. Lawlor ( 1981). " Small Boat Longlining For Swordfish on Florida's East Coast: An Economic Analysis." MAP 15, Marine Advisory Bulletin of Florida Sea Grant College in cooperation with the Food and resource Economics Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL.

This bulletin contains a method for making a profitability analysis based on cost and returns of a 36 foot swordfish longline vessel on Florida's lower Atlantic coast. In addition, an number of other factors that merit consideration before becoming a fisherman are also discussed. Potential investors who are not experienced in fishing should pay particular attention to the estimated costs and returns statements. Net returns and the return on investment to an absentee owner are often much different than those to a 1 1 0 captain/ owner. The same techniques can be used in analyzing any fishery.

Cato, James C. and Fred J. Prochaska ( 1976). " The Gulf of Mexico Commercial and Recreational Red Snapper Grouper Fishery: An Economic Analysis of Production, Marketing, and Prices." Pages 95 128 in Harvey R. Bullis, Jr. and Albert C. Jones ( eds.) " Proceedings: Colloquium on Snapper Grouper Fishery Resources of the Western Central Atlantic Ocean. Report Number 17, Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, New Orleans, Louisiana, Texas A& M University Sea Grant College and Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, November, 333 pp.

Owners and captains of both commercial red snapper boats and party boats along the north Florida Gulf coast were interviewed in 1975. Cost and return data were collected and analyzed for 1974. Also documented and analyzed was the economic importance to the region of the commercial and party boat industry. Price analyses are conducted and compared with past research. A description of marketing channels is provided with special emphasis placed on the role of imports. Finally, the need for management programs in the red snapper grouper industry receives comment.

Cato, James C. and Fred J. Prochaska ( 1977). " A Statistical and Budgetary Economic Analysis of Florida Based Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper Grouper Vessels by Size and Location, 1974 75." Marine Fisheries Review, 39( 11): 6 14.

This paper combines the analysis of production data for the northern gulf commercial vessels with additional production data collected from the Florida west coast or southeastern gulf red snapper grouper production area to provide a comparative report on the costs and returns for vessels operation in these two areas. Two methods of analysis were used to analyze the cost and returns data. First, an ordinary least squares regression equation using dummy variables was used to determine if statistically significant differences exist in costs and revenues between port locations and size of the fishing firm. Second, specific differences in costs and revenues by firm size and port location are analyzed using detailed cost and return budgets for the four classes of vessels.

Cato, James C., and Carlos A. Lima Dos Santos ( 1998).  European Union 1997 Seafood Safety Ban: The Economic Impact on Bangladesh Shrimp Processing.  Marine Resource Economics, 13( 3): 215 227.

Major markets for Bangladesh frozen shrimp are the European Union, the United States, and Japan. Bangladesh frozen shrimp imports into the EU and the U. S. have experienced safety and quality problems. The 1997 European Commission ban on Bangladesh seafood imports into the EU cost the Bangladesh frozen shrimp processing industry US $ 14.665 million in lost revenues.

Cato, James C., Fred J. Prochaska, and Peter C. H. Pritchard ( 1978). An Analysis of the Capture, Marketing and Utilization of Marine Turtles. Final Report, Purchase Order No. 01 7 042 11283, Environmental Assessment Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, St. Petersburg, Florida.

The objectives of this report are to 1) determine sources of published and documented data concerning sea turtle harvesting, consumption and prices; 2) analyze trends in production and consumption of sea turtle meats and shells by country from best available statistics; 3) determine from available statistics international trade patterns in sea turtle meats and shells; and 4) 1 1 1 through informal consultation in selected areas gather information on turtle harvest and trade not reported in trade statistics because of inadequate or nonexistent record keeping or through deliberate attempts to circumvent protective laws.

Caulkins, Peter P. ( 1982). " An Empirical Study of the Recreational Benefits Generated by a Water quality Improvement." Masters Thesis, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Wisconsin Madison.

Two different methods of estimating the economic benefits that accrue to recreationalists at Shadow Lake in Wisconsin as a result of an improvement in that lake's water quality are developed and compared. The conventional travel cost model is compared to a multinomial logit share model that is able to explicitly incorporate as arguments not only the different substitute sites used by each lake recreationalist but also each site's quality characteristics including water quality. The difference in the benefit estimates derived from these two models reflects, in part, this difference in dealing with the substitutes.

Caulkins, Peter P., Richard C. Bishop, and Nicolaas W. Bouwes ( 1985). " Omitted Cross Price Variable Biases in the Linear Travel Cost Model: Correcting Common Misperceptions." Land Economics, 61( 2): 182 187.

It is apparent that the traditional economic demand relationship between two substitute goods has been confused with the relationship of the own and cross price proxies used in a travel cost demand equation. Adequate consideration has not been given to how these price proxy variables are generated. The purpose of this paper is to make explicit the behavioral relationship of these price proxy variables, explain what factors govern this relationship, and present the rules and conditions for determining the nature of the bias when the cross price terms are omitted from the estimated, linear travel cost demand equation. While a simplified two site cases is used in this analysis, the insights gained can be employed in analyzing more complicated, multiple site situations.

Cauvin, D. M. ( 1979). " Regulating Access in Canada's Inland Fisheries." J. Fish. Res. Board Can., 36: 827 836.

Uncontrolled access in Canada's inland fisheries has served neither the resource manager's interest in protecting fish stocks nor the economist's interest in promoting the most efficient use of all factors of production, including fisheries resources. Economically accessible fisheries have generally attracted more labor and capital than is required to harvest the productive potential of fisheries resources. As a result, costs of production are high in relation to the value of production and profit margins have been eroded. Of equal importance, a return from the resource in the form of a resource rent has been foregone. Access control and a price system represent management options to control excess fishing effort, promote economic efficiency in the deployment of private and public resources, and promote fiscal accountability in government.

Centaur Associates, Inc. ( 1981). " Socio Economic Study of Mackerel Purse Fishery." Task I and Task II Report prepared for the National Marine Fisheries Service, 9450 Koger Boulevard, St. Petersburg, Florida.

This report is part one and two of a study to estimate the probable 1 1 2 economic and sociological impacts if purse seine gear is allowed to participate in the harvest of Spanish and king mackerel in the Fishery Conservation Zone of the Gulf and South Atlantic regions.

Centaur Associates Inc. ( 1985). Commercial Fishing Cost Return Profiles for Gulf Coast Areas. Prepared for Army Corps of Engineers Mobile District, 109 St. Joseph Street, Mobile, Alabama. Under Contract No. DACWOl 84 C 0111.

Final report of a shrimp vessel cost and returns survey contract of selected ports in Mississippi and Alabama. Summarized data is provided in the form of tables with some preliminary analysis of wage rates, returns to owner for management, returns to the vessel, daily operating costs, and unit operating costs. Hard copy of the raw data is also included in the file.

Centaur Associates Inc. ( 1990). " Environmental Costs of Fishing Ground Preemption and Gear Loss." Chapter 6 of a draft report prepared for the Mineral Management Service, Department of Interior, June 16, 39 pp.

This section addresses non oil spill impacts on the commercial fishing industry due to loss of access to fishing grounds, and to damage or loss of fishing gear. The placement of OCS structures, such as production platforms and pipelines, in the waters of the Outer Continental Shelf, have been shown to prevent a certain amount of ocean area from being used by fishing industry. This area foreclosure can lead to a potential reduction in catch for the industry , and an associated economic loss. OCS oil and gas activity can also cause loss or damage to fishing gear, due to sea floor structures, debris and other sea floor disruptions. In certain instances, increased vessel traffic associated with offshore oil development can cause damage to fixed fishing gear such as pots or traps.

Cesario, Frank J. ( 1973). " A Generalized Trip Distribution Model." Journal of Regional Science, 13( 2): 233 247.

A new trip distribution model that hypothesizes statistical regularities in travel behavior is developed. To begin the development of the model, operational definitions of origin emissiveness and destination attractiveness were advanced. It was pointed out that heterogeneous trip costs typically found to exist in trip making systems tend to distort the pure trip patterns such that the cost of travelling from each origin to each destination must be explicitly introduced into the analysis. A linear model, for which data requirements are quite meager, was developed to estimate parameters of the generalized model and test for existence of origin and destination effects, cost effects, and origin destination interactions. This model and the ensuing analysis conform to what is known in statistics as the analysis of covariance.

Cesario, Frank J. ( 1976). " Value of Time in Recreation Benefit Studies." Land Economics, 52( 1): 32 41.

Explicitly incorporating travel time valuations in recreation benefit analysis seems vastly superior to excluding them on both theoretical and practical grounds. As further research turns up more refined estimates of travel time valuations in different circumstances, future studies should make use of them. In the meantime the results presented here should lead to improved estimates.

Cesario, F. J. and J. L. Knetsch ( 1976). " A Recreation Site Demand and Benefit Estimation Model." Regional Studies, 10: 97 104. 1 1 3 A model useful for estimating both the numbers of visits per unit time attracted to recreation sites in a region and the primary social benefits associated with these sites is developed. The visitor component of the model predicts use as a function of the characteristics of population centers, recreation sites and spatial separation. The benefits component of the model estimates aggregate willingness to pay using an extension of the familiar Clawson Knetsch travel cost technique. Novel features of the model include incorporation of an way to capture substitution effects of price changes and inclusion of a measure of time cost as well as money cost in the analysis. An application is provided.

Chambers, James R. ( 1991). " Trends in National Habitat Degradation, Fishery Declines, and NMFS' National Habitat Conservation Program." Report, Office of the Chief Scientist, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Man's habitat degradation of coastal, estuarine, and riverine systems most drastically affects estuarine dependent species, and generally at their most sensitive stages. Habitat loss and degradation, unlike over fishing or natural mortality, generally leads to permanent population effects. In most cases, declines in living marine resources are probably due to a combination of overfishing, habitat degradation and natural factors.

Chambers, James R. ( 1995). " Strengthen Habitat Protection to Rebuild U. S. Marine Fisheries and Restore Coastal Ecosystem Health." Draft Report, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, 26 pp.

Without including fishery habitat protection as an essential element,  fishery management  is merely the management of harvesting, which alone will not ensure maximum sustainable populations for future generations. In the view of many, the protection of essential habitats must be adopted as a coequal objective with protection of stocks if the national goal of conservation of populations of marine fish and shellfish is to be realized. This paper provides the rationale for creating a strong National Habitat Protection Program to rebuild the nation  s marine fisheries populations and protect U. S. coastal ecosystem health.

Chambers, James R. ( 1996). " Inshore Dependency of U. S. Marine Fishery Resources." Draft Report, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, June, 8 pp.

Coastal marine waters and tributary river systems contain a variety of habitats such as wetlands, sea grass beds, coral reefs, and mud flats that collectively are essential to the reproduction, growth, and survival of a majority of the marine fish and shellfish of the United States. However, such productive habitats continue to be destroyed and degraded by water development projects, housing, agriculture, logging, water diversion, pollution and other human induced ecosystem alterations. Concurrently, marine fishery populations have experienced great declines due primarily to the combined effects of overfishing and inshore habitat degradation and loss. Even at todays depressed population levels, marine fishery resources are extremely valuable  contributing $ 50 billion per year to the nation  s GNP. A detailed evaluation of the composition of the U. S. commercial landings of fish and invertebrates determined that 75% of the total ( by weight) and 63% ( by value) in 1991 was composed of species that are dependent for their survival on inshore habitats. Moreover, between 1978 and 1991, commercial landings of inshore dependent fish and shellfish in the lower 48 states declined 18% in weight and 32% in value 1 1 4 ($ 450 million lost annually).

Chambers, Robert B. and Ivar E. Strand, Jr. ( 1986). " Estimating Parameters of a Renewable Resource Model Without Population Data." Marine Resource Economics, 2( 3): 263 274.

A general approach to determining parameters of a traditional bioeconomic model is offered for the situation in which knowledge of resource abundance is unknown. Production parameters ( such as catchability coefficients) and biological factors ( such as natural mortality and recruitment) are included in the model. The general model is articulated for a typical fishery and further specified to obtain estimates of parameters for the St. John's river Shad fishery. The results, considering the illustrative nature of the analysis, are promising and suggest avenues of additional research.

Chambers, Robert B., Rolf Fare, Shawna Grosskopf, James Kirkley, Johan A. Mistiaen, Catherine J. Morrison Paul, Dale Squires, and Ivar E. Strand, Jr. ( 1999). " A Workshop on Measuring Productivity in Fisheries." Draft report, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, May.

A summary of the results of a workshop held to develop an index of fishery productivity. Unique problems arising from common property fisheries, regulation, and multiple outputs were discussed in the context of existing productivity theory. Case studies were presented for a number of different approaches including econometric analysis and an application of a Malmquist index.

Chapman, D. G. ( 1964). " A Critical Study of Pribilof Fur Seal Population Estimates." Fishery Bulletin, 63( 3): 657 669.