Armstrong, C. W. ( 1994). " Cooperative Solutions in a Transboundary Fishery: The Russian Norwegian Co Management of the Arcto Norwegian Cod Stock." Marine Resource Economics, 9( 4): 329 351. 3 9 To focus on the necessity of justifying a specific choice of cooperative solution for applied analysis, a cooperative game theoretic setting is used to describe possible solutions for the Russian Norwegian joint management of the migratory Arcto Norwegian cod stock. Three different cooperative solutions, as well as cooperative compensated solutions to the problem, are introduced and discussed. The cooperative solutions are compared to one another in terms of the parties' preferences, threats and maximum points, and further set into a context of compensated exchange. Based on the cooperative and compensated solutions discussed, a negotiation framework is established in which four distinct stages of decision making can be identified. Finally, the different solutions are discussed in the setting of Norway and Russia's current political and economic environment. The so called Salukvadze solution, compensated or not, can be seen to be an appropriate solution to the fisheries problem. The compensation must be paid over time to Russia.

Arnarson, Ingolfur ( 199?).  A Fishery Management Model. The Case of the  Olympic System  with an Application to Alaska.  Working Paper, Oregon State University, Oregon, 34 pp.

This model of an Olympic System fishery treats biological factors as exogenous variables and emphasizes the capture of economic and institutional change under different fishery management schemes. The model works on a multi product, multi sector, and multi species basis either seasonally or annually. The model does not include capital flow in the sector and as such is a short term model.

Arnarson, Ingolfur and Pall Jensson ( 199?).  The Impact of Product Mix on Optimal Fishing Quota.  Working Paper, Oregon State University, Oregon and University of Iceland, 15 pp.

In this paper, we focus on the impact of product mix decisions made by operators in the fisheries on the sales prices and on the optimal individual fishing quota allocated to each vessel. It is shown that an optimal fisheries management scheme cannot be determined without considering the market prices and the production attributes of the fish products. Also, contrary to the results of fisheries economic models to now, it is not necessarily optimal to give as high a quota as possible to each vessel, and thus to operate as few vessels as possible.

Arnarson, Ingolfur and Pall Jensson ( 199?).  Simulation Model of Factory Trawler Operation.  Working Paper, Oregon State University, Oregon and University of Iceland, 19 pp.

The paper describes a model with simulates a factory trawler, haul by haul and trip by trip. The case of a factory trawler is chosen because it has both the catching and the processing operations. A LP model is embedded to plan the processing of each haul  s catch. Among the many potential applications of the model, the two discussed in the paper are the testing of decision support systems and an analysis of the impacts of different fisheries management schemes on the individual firms.

Arnarson, Ingolfur and Richard S. Johnston ( 199?).  A New Approach to Fishery Management with a Application to the Fisheries in Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea.  Working Paper, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromsoe, Norway and Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, Oregon State University, Oregon, 34 pp.

A linear programming approach to multi species, multi product fishery management based on an institutional analysis of weak and strong ownership of 4 0 living marine resources is proposed for the Alaskan groundfish fishery.

Arnason, Ragnar ( 1989). " Minimum Information Management with the Help of Catch Quotas." In P. A. Neher et al ( eds.) Rights Based Fishing, p. 215 241.

This paper agues that in most ocean fisheries the data requirements for the calculation of optimal tax rates, catch quotas, etc. greatly exceed the capacity of any resource manager. It follows that management systems based on such approaches are of little practical use. On the other hand, there appear to exist institutional arrangements that allow the resource manager to take advantage of the market mechanism to solve the management problem. This paper addresses this issue. It attempts to specify institutional arrangements of the fisheries and management procedures that permit optimal management with minimal use of extraneous information. This is referred to in the paper as minimum information management schemes ( MIMS).

Arnason, Ragnar ( 1993). " On Catch Discarding in Fisheries." Presented at the International Conference on Fisheries Economics, Os, Norway, May 26 28.

This paper finds that the imposition of an ITQ program on a fishery in which differential market grades exist will lead to increased discarding of the smaller fish.

Arnason, Ragnar ( 1993). " The Icelandic Individual Transferable Quota System: A Descriptive Account." Marine Resource Economics, 8( 3): 201 218.

This paper provides a brief description of the evolution and current structure of the individual quota system ( IQ) in the Icelandic fisheries. This particular fisheries management system was introduced at different times in different fisheries in the herring fisheries in 1976, in the capelin fishery in 1980, and the demersal fisheries in 1984. Since 1990 all Icelandic fisheries have been subject to a uniform system of individual transferable quotas ( ITQs). The paper discusses the social and economic impetus for the initial adoption of the ITQ fisheries system in the various fisheries, sketches its subsequent development and describes the key elements of the current system. Assessments of the economic impact of the ITQ system are presented in the las part of the paper. Although a definitive study of this impact is not available, the various indicators presented generally indicate an improvement, sometimes substantial one, in the economic efficiency of the fisheries in question.

Arnason, Ragnar ( 1994). " On Catch Discarding in Fisheries." Marine Resource Economics, 9( 3): 189 207.

This paper examines the economics of catch discarding in fisheries. To study this issue a simple dynamic fisheries model is constructed. On the basis of this model, it is demonstrated that in a differentiated fishery discarding of catch may be socially optimal. The paper goes on to show that individual firms in a free access, competitive fishery employ the socially optimal discarding rule. In contrast, the individual transferable quota ( ITQ) fisheries management regime tends to generate an excessive incentive for discarding catch. The problem, however, does not appear to derive from the ITQ system as such. Rather, it seems to depend on the imperfect application of the system to real fisheries. The concept of a discarding function is defined and it is shown that at least within the framework of the model 4 1 employed the discarding function for an ITQ fishery dominates the one for free access, competitive fisheries. Numerical examples are provided. Finally, possible remedies of the discarding problem are briefly discussed.

Arnason, Ragnar ( 1995).  On Selectivity and Discarding in an ITQ Fishery.  In, Bio Economic Modelling in the EU, Concerted Action Coordination of Research in Fishery Economics, Working Document Nr: 7,( AIR CT94 1489), Workshop, Edinburgh, October: 92 99.

The theory on discarding of catch at sea demonstrates that an unmodified application of the ITQ fisheries management system induces an incentive for discarding of fish in excess of what is socially optimal. In fact, the basic result is that there is no simple relationship between discards and the two management systems of ITQ fisheries management and an unmanaged fishery. Discards may either increase or decrease as a consequence of the introduction of an ITQ management system depending upon the fishing gear selectivity and fishing ground choice made by the participants. Although the tendency to discard harvested fish may increase under an ITQ fisheries management system, the impact of the same system on harvesting selectivity may actually lead to a reduction in the total volume of discards.

Arnason, Ragnar ( 1998).  Ocean Fisheries Management: Implications for the Volume and Quality of Fish Supply.  Fisheries Research, 34: 215 225.

This paper considers the probable impact of improved fisheries management on the volume and quality of fish supply. It is shown that the transition from a rent dissipation equilibrium ( where most open access fisheries find themselves) to an economically efficient equilibrium may just as easily entail a decrease as an increase in the volume of harvest. Indeed, given the current level of the world  s fish stocks, it appears unlikely that the current trend toward economically efficient fisheries management regimes will result in a significant increase in the worldwide supply of marine catches. Therefore, it seems that a sustained increase in the future volume of fish supply must continue to come from fish farming. The movement toward more efficient fisheries management regimes is, on the other hand, likely to substantially enhance the quality of landed catch. Due to fish stock and fishing capital dynamics, however, this effect is likely to be stronger in the short rather than the long run.

Arnason, Ragnar ( 1998).  Notes on the Impact of ITQs in Iceland.  Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, FAO, La Jolla CA, April 15 18, 5 pp.

The individual vessel quota system in Iceland seems to have yielded considerable economic benefits. New investment in fishing capital has been reduced and the fishing fleet has contracted. In some fisheries, the number of operating units has dropped significantly. Fishing effort has also been significantly reduced. Finally, estimates of the actual economic rents generated by the system as well as analysis of quota values strongly indicate that very substantial economic benefits are already being generated by this management system.

Arndorfer, David J. and Nancy Bockstael ( 1986). " Estimating the Effects of King Mackerel Bag Limits on Charter Boat Captains and Anglers." Prepared under contract for the National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami Laboratory, 75 Virginia Beach Drive, Miami, Florida 33149 by Environmental Resources Management North Central, Inc., Suite 200, 835 Sterling Avenue, Palatine, Illinois 60067. 4 2 This report researches techniques for estimating the effects of bag limits on recreational anglers, and provides preliminary estimates for the recreational anglers in Panama City Beach and Destin, Florida as part of a pilot study of the charter boat industry in northwestern Florida.

Arnold, Vic ( 196?). " Shrimp." Unpublished working paper.

In this study, vessels from 13 major Gulf of Mexico shrimp ports were surveyed to determine their cost and earning structure. This information was combined with effort data for a sample of vessels spending 50 percent or more of their time on the Tortugas shrimp grounds. Using both these series of data, broken down into vessel size categories and specifying the distribution of landings between three Florida ports, a linear programming model was developed for the expressed purpose of determining the optimal patterns, the distribution of species and the cost components of vessel operations. Using constraints based on various assumptions, results were derived that suggested considerable differences from current port use patterns. Social benefits derived from their application demonstrate the value of this technique.

Arnott, Richard J. and Joseph E. Stiglitz ( 1979). " Aggregate Land Rents, Expenditure on Public Goods, and Optimal City Size." The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 43( 4): 471 500.

This paper explores the relationship between aggregate land rents and public expenditure in a residential urban economy.

Arrow, Kenneth J. ( 1964). " Optimal Capital Policy, the Cost of Capital, and Myopic Decision Rules." Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 16: 21 30.

The rule for an optimal investment policy requires equating at any moment of time, the instantaneous marginal productivity of capital to C( t) which is determined by depreciation conditions and the future course of the rate of interest and is independent of the profit function. This rule is myopic in that the future movements of the profit function play no role in the determination of the current stock of capital and therefore of current investment. The rate of interest in question is the instantaneous or shortterm rate, not as usually assumed a long term rate and the depreciation ( replacement) component is not purely technological but in general depends on future interest rates.

Arrow, Kenneth J. and Sheldon Chang ( 1982). " Optimal Pricing, Use, and Exploration of Uncertain Natural Resource Stocks." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 9: 1 10.

Units of natural resources to be called " mines" are assumed distributed over an unexplored territory according to a Poisson process in space. At any moment, total reserves and unexplored land are given. Society can determine the rate of consumption and the rate of exploration. Reserves are drawn down by consumption and increased by discoveries made during exploration; the amount of unexplored land is decreased by exploration. At any moment, the payoff of society is a concave function of consumption less a linear function of exploration with future payoffs discounted. Optimal policies are considered and, in particular, it is shown for a large amount of unexplored land the shadow prices of reserves and of unexplored land move in random cycles but show only a slight upward tread, thereby casting some light on the failure of mineral prices to rise at the market rate of interest.

Arrow, Kenneth J. and Mordecai Kurz ( 1970). Public Investment, The Rate 4 3 of Return, and Optimal Fiscal Policy. Resources for the Future, Inc., The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.

A path breaking formulation of the problems of public expenditure in the context of modern economic growth theory has been produced in this book. The authors tie the determination of the allocation of resources between public and private sectors to the goal of getting the economic system onto an efficient growth path. While the models utilized are highly abstract, there are provocative implications for the determination of the appropriate discount rate and the entire process of economic planning.

Arrow, Kenneth, Robert Solow, Paul R. Portney, Edward E. Leamer, Roy Radner, and Howard Schuman ( 1993). " Report of the NOAA Panel on Contingent Valuation." Panel report, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D. C.

Following the introduction, the drawbacks to the CV technique are discussed in Section II. Section III discusses several key issues concerning the design of CV surveys, including use of the referendum format to elicit individual values, ways of addressing the so called " embedding" problem, and the evaluation of damages that last for some period but not forever. Section IV presents guidelines to which the Panel believes any CV study should adhere if the study is to produce information useful in natural resource damage assessment. In Section V a research agenda is described; it is the Panel's belief that future applications of the CV technique may be less time consuming and contentious if the research described in the agenda is carried out. Section VI presents the Panel's conclusions.

Asche, Frank ( 1997).  Trade Disputes and Productivity Gains: The Curse of Farmed Salmon Production?  Marine Resource Economics, 12( 1): 67 73.

The relationship between productivity developments and price declines in salmon farming using Norwegian data is the focus of this paper. This is of interest because international trade conflicts in relation to farmed salmon between Norway, the largest producer, and the producer nations with poor profitability have resulted in trade restrictions on several occasions.

Ashford, Lori S. and Jeanne A. Noble ( 1996).  Population Policy: Consensus and Challenges.  Consequences, 2( 2): 24 36.

A consensus was developed at the International Conference on Population and Development held in Cairo in 1994 that recognizes that consumption in wealthy countries and rapid population growth in poor countries put pressure on the natural environment, both locally and globally. Yet, rather than simply equating population policy with family planning, the new thinking is that population growth should be stabilized by attacking some of the roots of the problem: by improving women  s access to education, health care, and economic and political decisions. How the consensus emerged, what it will cost to implement a world program of action, and the challenges that governments in rich and poor countries face in addressing these issues is reviewed here.

Asian Pacific Economics Committee Fisheries Working Group ( 1997).  Trade and Investment Liberalization in Fisheries, Phase I: Tariffs.  Draft Report, Los Cabos, Mexico, June 11 12.

This report on tariffs is the first of a four part fisheries sector trade study program aimed at providing a better understanding of the fisheries tariffs among the APEC economies. High tariffs that serve as an impediment to 4 4 trade, are highlighted in the report.

Asian Pacific Economics Cooperation ( 1997).  Inventory of Fisheries Administrations and Organizations in APEC Member.  Fisheries Working Group, Singapore.

This inventory provides basic information on fishery administrations and organizations of APEC members to improve understanding among APEC members and facilitate coordination and cooperation among the relevant fishery agencies and organizations of APEC members.

Assaf, George B., Brent G. Kroetch, and Subodh C. Mathur ( 1986).  Nonmarket Valuations of Accidental Oil Spills: A Survey of Economic and Legal Principles.  Marine Resource Economics, 2( 3): 211 237.

This paper presents an overview of legal and economic theories used to assess liability and damages for loss of nonmarket goods arising from an accidental oil spill. Several different economic methods used for quantifying values are discussed and critiqued. Also reviewed are the fundamental legal doctrines that permit individuals and public agencies to seek compensation for these damages. To illustrate the applicability of these economic and legal theories, two case studies are presented and evaluated in terms of the principles presented earlier.

Atkinson, Scott E. ( 1983). " Marketable Pollution Permits and Acid Rain Externalities." Canadian Journal of Economics, 16: 704 722.

This paper examines the economic implications of currently proposed marketable pollution right ( MPR) systems for attaining ambient air quality standards in local airsheds. We show that ( 1) the magnitude of local control costs for one MPR system must be less than or equal to that under the current pollution control system and ( 2) if this MPR system significantly reduces local costs of control, it must significantly increase local ambient degradation and, with high probability, the extent of long range sulfate deposition. A simulation for a region of the Ohio River Basin indicates that the cost saving and increased ambient degradation and sulfate deposition in the Northeast and Canada should be large.

Atkinson, Scott E. and T. H. Tietenberg ( 1982). " The Empirical Properties of Two Classes of Designs for Transferable Discharge Permit Markets." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 9: 101 121.

Previous work by Atkinson and Lewis and Anderson it al. has indicated the tremendous cost advantages to be achieved by moving from a policy based on emission standards to one based on marketable emission permits. As Tietenberg points out, however, neither of the major permit designs treated in the literature are optimal from all points of view. This has triggered a search for alternative permit designs, that while they may not minimize compliance costs have sufficient other virtues as to make them attractive on other grounds. The purpose of this paper is to examine, within the context of an empirical mathematical programming model, the air quality emission, and cost consequences of two classes of the permit designs that can be implemented in the absence of information on control costs. This case study involves particulate control in St. Louis.

Atkinson, Scott E., Christopher Cornwell, and Olaf Honerkamp ( 1999). " Measuring and Decomposing Productivity Change: Stochastic Distance Function Estimation vs. DEA." Draft Report, Department 4 5 of Economics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, August, 26 pp.

Linear programming techniques have been widely used to compute Malmquist indices of productivity change as ratios of fitted distances from a convex hull frontier. These indices are then decomposed into technical and efficiency change. However, since this approach is non stochastic, inference is problematic. Further, although the Malmquist index is valid for any degree of returns to scale, productivity change is measured relative to a constant returns to scale frontier. As an alternative, we develop and estimate a flexible stochastic distance frontier which allows for statistical inference and imposes no restrictions on returns to scale. We indicate how productivity change can be decomposed into technical and efficiency change and specify an appropriate generalized method of moments strategy. Finally, comparisons are drawn between the stochastic and non stochastic methods using a panel of electric utilities.

Atlantic Coastal Cooperative Statistics Program ( 1998).  Social and Economic Surveys for Commercial Harvesters.  Appendix D.

Survey of commercial and recreational economic data questionnaire forms.

Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission ( 1998).  Study of Federal Investment.  Draft report. 1444 Eye Street, N. W., Sixth Floor, Washington, D. C., December.

The historical background of the development of government fisheries policy including efforts to promote the development of fishing activity and efforts to conserve fishery resources provides an introduction to two broad concept papers on subsidy issues and capacity as they apply to fisheries.

Atran, Steven ( 1994). " Quick Estimate of Recreational Red Snapper Reduction From a 15" Size Limit." Memorandum to the Stock Assessment Panel, Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, Lincoln Center, Suite 331, 5401 W. Kennedy Blvd., Tampa, FL, November, 26 pp.

A " back of the envelope" type analysis of the impact of a 7 fish bag limit/ 15" size limit regulation on recreational pounds of red snapper harvest for 1995.

Atran, Steven ( 1997). " Gulf of Mexico Recreational Red Snapper Closes Nov. 27.  Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council, The Commons at Rivergate, 3018 U. S. Highway 301 North, Suite 1000, Tampa, Florida, November, 3 pp.

Answers to a series of questions concerning red snapper biological assessments and data collection techniques.

Attaran, Mohsen and Massoud M. Saghafi ( 1988). " Concentration Trends and Profitability in the U. S. Manufacturing Sector: 1970 84." Applied Economics, 20: 1497 1510.

It has been suggested that the U. S. economy is becoming more concentrated and less competitive. Concentration is also claimed to affect the return and risk of companies. In this paper, using the entropy technique, the concentration index for the manufacturing sector of the U. S. economy has been computed and the concentration trend has been analyzed. Furthermore, the impact of concentration on return and risk of manufacturing companies is investigated. 4 6 Attaran, Mohsen and Martin Zwick ( 19??). " An Information Theory approach to Measuring Industrial Diversification." Journal of Economic Studies, 16( 1): 19 30.

Paper presents the Shannon entropy measure of diversity to determine concentration in a market.

Ault, Jerald S., James A. Bohnsack, and Geoffrey A. Meester ( 1998).  A Retrospective ( 1979 1996) Multispecies Assessment of Coral Reef Fish Stocks in the Florida Keys USA.  Draft report presented at the National Stock Assessment Workshop, National Marine Fisheries Service, Key Largo, FL.

A baseline assessment for 35 economically and ecologically important Florida Keys reef fish stocks is provided using a systems approach that integrates sampling, statistics, and mathematical modeling. Quantitative fishery independent data from reef fish visual surveys conducted by SCUBA divers from 1979 1995 were used to develop estimates of population abundance, assemblage composition, and stock structures in relation to key physical and habitat factors. Exploitation effects were assessed using a new length based algorithm that calculates total mortality rates from estimates of  average length of fish in the exploitable phase of the stock.  These estimates were highly correlated for two statistically independent headboat catches. We developed a reef fish equilibrium exploitation simulation ( REEFS) model and used estimates of fishing mortality to assess yield per recruit relative to fishing intensity and gear selectivity, and spawning potential ratio ( SPR) relative to U. S. federal  overfishing  standards. Our analysis show that 13 of 16 groupers ( Epinephilinae), 7 of 13 snappers ( Lutjanidae), one wrasse ( Labridae), and 2 of 5 grunts ( Haemulidae) are below the 30% SPR overfishing minimum. Some stocks appear to have been chronically overfished since the late 1970' s. The Florida Keys reef fish fishery exhibits classic  serial overfishing  in which the largest, most desirable and vulnerable species are depleted by fishing. Rapid growth of the barracuda population ( Sphyraenidae) during the same period suggests that fishing has contributed to substantial changes in community structure and dynamics.

Austin, C. Bruce ( 1981). " A Interpretive Review of Socio Economic Study of Mackerel Purse Seine Fishery." Task II Report, South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, One Southpark Circle, Ste. 306, Charleston, South Carolina, May, 24 pp.

This report summarizes the results of the analysis and interpretations of the data collected under task II of a contract to study the mackerel purse seine fleet in the south Atlantic.

Austin, C. Bruce, Robert D. Brugger, J. Connor Davis, Donald P. deSylva, and David M. Kittrell ( 1976). " Summary of a Survey of Recreational Billfish and Tuna Fishing Boats Along the East and Gulf Coast States." Report to National Marine Fisheries Service, September.

An analysis of 700 questionnaires on recreational fishing for billfish that survived a fire at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science collected in 1967 68.

Azzam, Azzeddine M. and John R. Schroeter ( 1995).  The Tradeoff Between Oligopsony Power and Cost Efficiency in Horizontal Consolidation: An Example from Beef Packing.  American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77( 4): 825 836. 4 7 In this paper, we model the tradeoff between regional oligopsony power and cost efficiency resulting from consolidation in a food processing industry. The model can be used to calculate the cost reductions necessary to offset the anticompetitive effects of market power and to compare them to actual cost savings achieved through plant scale or multiplant operating economies. For an application, we choose the beef packing industry. For this case, we find that the estimated cost savings necessary to neutralize the anticompetitive effects of consolidation in beef packing are about half the actual cost savings from scale economies.

Babson, Bob ( 1994). " Limitations on Foreign Ownership of IFQ." Position Paper presented at the Limited Access Workshop, Seattle, Washington, November 1 3. National Marine Fisheries Service, General Council, Alaska Region.

A legal discussion of the foreign ownership of individual fishery quota ( IFQ). Just as is required for domestic vessels, the Anti Reflagging Act requires majority domestic ownership of IFQs.

Bailey, Michael ( 1995).  Meeting of the Shark Operations Team.  Summary Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Highly Migratory Species Management Division, Silver Spring, MD, June 8th.

Report summarizing the shark operations team meeting where the annual stock access was presented. The meeting is summarized and recommendations for future management actions are taken. Also includes Rusty Hudson  s comments on the shark stock assessment and need for management action.

Bailey, Michael ( 1995).  Options for Establishing an Interim Permit Moratorium and Eligibility Criteria for the Atlantic Shark Fishery.  Draft Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Highly Migratory Species Management Division, Silver Spring, MD, July.

This paper discusses possible options for controlling access to the Atlantic shark fishery via a permit moratorium.

Bailey, Michael ( 1996).  Atlantic Sharks Fishery Management.  National Marine Fisheries Service, Highly Migratory Species Management Division, Silver Spring, MD.

Management history and fact sheet.

Bailey, Michael ( 1996).  Atlantic Sharks, Specific Data Needs.  National Marine Fisheries Service, Highly Migratory Species Management Division, Silver Spring, MD.

A listing of information necessary for the management of shark species. Includes biological, fisheries, assessment and management, and socioeconomic data and analyses.

Bailey, C. Michael ( 1996).  The Integrated Shark Research and Management Program ( ISHARK).  1996 Semi annual Report, National Marine Fisheries Service, Highly Migratory Species Management Division, Silver Spring, MD.

A summary of the ISHARK program accomplishments during 1996 to augment and improve biological and economic data related to the shark fisheries of the United States. 4 8 Bainton, Barry, John Catena, and Dick Allen ( 1987). " Matching Capital to Resources in the Fish Harvesting Industry, Limited Entry and/ or Other Alternatives." Background Paper for the Conference, Atlantic Offshore Fishermen's Association.

The central issue is how are decisions affecting capitalization in the fish harvesting industry made, and how can they be influenced to avoid overcapitalization.

Baker, Gregory L. and Jerry P. Collub ( 1990). Chaotic Dynamics. Cambridge University Press, New York.

Do not have a copy of this one yet.

Bakun, Andrew ( 1990). " Global Climate Change and Intensification of Coastal Ocean Upwelling." Science, 247: 198 201.

A mechanism exists whereby global greenhouse warming could, by intensifying the alongshore wind stress on the ocean surface, lead to acceleration of coastal upwelling. Evidence from several different regions suggest that the major coastal upwelling systems of the world have been growing in upwelling intensity as greenhouse gases have accumulated in the earth's atmosphere. Thus the cool foggy summer conditions that typify the coastlands of northern California and other similar upwelling region might, under global warming, become even more pronounced. Effects of enhanced upwelling on the marine ecosystem are uncertain but potential dramatic.

Baldwin, Rebecca T. and Bernard A. Megrey ( 1988). " Bioeconomic Simulation Model of the Walleye Pollock Fishery in the Gulf of Alaska." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS F/ NWC 145, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service.

A bioeconomic simulation model was used to evaluate the effect of alternative harvesting strategies on the biological status and profit potential of the walleye pollock ( Theragra chalcogramma) fishery in the Gulf of Alaska. The simulation model, which projects future stock condition given likely catch and recruitment scenarios, integrates an age structured population dynamics submodel with an economic submodel. The biological submodel describes temporal partitioning of the annual harvest between a January through April roe fishery that targets on prespawning aggregations in Shelikof Strait and the fishery that occurs during the rest of the year in the central and western gulf. The economic submodel includes cost and revenue functions for the harvesting sector. Results of the simulations indicate that: 1) the timing of the harvest can be an important factor affecting stock condition when quotas are high and 2) a reduction in the quota for 1987, to protect the strong 1984 year class that was first available to the fishery in 1987, would reduce the discounted present value of profits from the fishery in the 20 year simulation.

Ball, V. Eldon ( 1988). " Modeling Supply Response in a Multiproduct Framework." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, & 0( 4): 813 825.

The paper models multiproduct supply response in agriculture and tests key assumptions traditionally maintained in supply response studies. The technology is approximated by a restricted profit function. The properties of the restricted profit function are imposed during estimation. The hypothesis that maintains the existence of output price and quantity indexes that satisfy 4 9 the adding up property is rejected. The existence of individual production functions for each output is also rejected. Unless joint production is permitted, the estimates of responsiveness of a particular commodity to changes in own price or prices of competing outputs are likely to be considerably understated.

Ballantine, W. J. ( 1994).  The Practicality and Benefits of a Marine Reserve Network.  In Karyn L. Gimbel ( ed.) Limiting Access to Marine Fisheries: Keeping the Focus on Conservation, Center for Marine Conservation and the World Wildlife Fund, Washington, D. C.

Marine reserves in New Zealand have proven to be ( 1) popular, ( 2) practical to enforce, ( 3) useful for finding out more about basic marine conditions and processes, ( 4) providing a more natural baseline for marine managers, and ( 5) supportive of the natural ecosystem without requiring any particular knowledge of what this is or how it operates.

Ballard, Kenneth and James Roberts ( 1977).  Empirical Estimation of the Capacity Utilization Rates of Fishing Vessels in 10 Major Pacific Coast Fisheries.  Office of Scientific and Technical Services, Washington, D. C., March, 35 pp.

This paper proposes to measure the harvesting capacity of the major elements of the U. S. Pacific fishing fleet. The type of capacity used is called  peak to peak  capacity and reflects the percentage of potential harvest that the industry would be willing to produce if there were not constraints on resource availability or restrictions on resource harvesting. Because the definition of capacity is extremely crucial to this analysis and its application, the underlying assumptions is crucial to the methodology chosen to calculate capacity. Ten Pacific coast fisheries have been examined for 15 to 17 years. These fisheries account for 86 percent of the dollar volume and 72 percent of the total weight volume of landings in the Pacific area.

Banks, Richard ( 1998).  Adjustments to Fishing Capacity in the European Union.  Draft Report, Technical Working Group on the Management of Fishing Capacity, La Jolla, CA, U. S. A., April 15 18, Nautilus Consultants, March, 29 pp.

An evaluation of the fishing vessel decommissioning scheme of the European Union to achieve a 20 percent reduction in bottom trawl fisheries and a 15 percent reduction in beam trawl fisheries for benthic stocks.

Barbera, Anthony J. and Virginia D. McConnell ( 1986). " Effects of Pollution Control on Industry Productivity: A Factor Demand Approach." The Journal of Industrial Economics, 35( 2): 161 172.

Four major manufacturing industries are examined. The abatement effect on capital and labor productivity are determined from parameters of a system of factor demand equations that allow for disequilibrium in factor markets. The system is estimated for each industry with annual time series data from 1960 to 1980. Abatement requirements were found to retard both average capital productivity and average labor productivity in three of the four industries; paper, chemicals and primary metals. For several industries in which factor productivity was slower after 1973, environmental controls accounted for a significant proportion of that slow down.

Bardach, J. E. ( 1987). " Global Warming and the Coastal Zone." Draft report prepared for the Developing Policies for Responding to 5 0 Future Climatic Change, Technical Workshop, Villach, Austria, Sept. 28  Oct. 2 by Environment and Policy Institute, East West Center.

This paper treats the shore zones, such as reefs, salt marshes, mangroves, salt ponds or now nice covered Arctic shores and coastal fisheries and aquaculture or some lands now wrested from the sea for agriculture, which are not likely to receive the same degree of attention as the cities with regard to sea level rise. The paper deals firs t with living resources, then with physical resources such as sand and gravel, or salt making, as well as with certain uses of the sea or the shore such as waste disposal or recreation, and ends with a discussion of specific environments.

Bardarson, Hermann and Terje Vassdal ( 19??). " Efficiency in Norwegian Trawl Fisheries; A Nonparametric Frontier Production Analysis." Draft report, Norwegian College of Fishery Science, University of Tromso, Breivika,  9037 Tromso, Norway.

This paper focuses on efficiency in trawler vessels operating in the Norwegian cod fisheries. In the last 10 to 15 years, the trawler fleet and the corresponding land based industry have gone through considerable structural changes. The trawler fleet is composed into two segments; those delivering fresh/ chilled cod to the land based industry and those vessels producing the catch on board into fillets and thus bypassing the land based industry. The increasing number of factory trawlers have resulted in regional and political conflicts. There has been a lack of economic analysis comparing the productivity in factory trawlers contra fresh fish trawlers and land based production. Productivity measurement based on nonparametric frontiers have become a standard procedure for analyzing the performance of production units. The efficiency analysis used by us is based on Data Envelopment Analysis ( DEA) where miro data from the trawler fleet is used to define a nonparametric best practice frontier which shows the total factor productivity of each unit relative to that frontier in the period 1985 to 1996. The results shows the structural efficiency of the trawler fleet with respect to size, processing technology, quota restrictions and variations in vessel specific productivity.

Barnett, Harold J. ( 1979). " Scarcity and Growth Revisited." Chapter 8 in V. Kerry Smith ( ed.) Scarcity and Growth Reconsidered, Published for Resources for the Future by Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.

This chapter reviews the natural resource trends during the last twenty years for the United States including abundance, unit costs, and prices, and the environmental effects of meeting the needs for natural resources.

Barnett, Harold J. and Chandler Morse ( 1963). Scarcity and Growth, The Economics of Natural Resource Availability. Resources for the Future, Inc., The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore.

The authors address the man/ land or the population/ resource problem afresh, in terms of the latest statistical information and modern analytical tools. They have re examined the propositions propounded by Malthus, Ricardo, and John Stuart Mill; and they have thought deeply about the roots of the American Conservation Movement associated with Theodore Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot as these roots may be traced back into Darwinism and the speculations of George Marsh. They have emerged with a clearer view of where the essence of the problem is now to be found and what it means for people today.

Baron Mounce, E. A., W. R. Keithly, and K. J. Roberts ( 1991). " Shrimp 5 1 Facts." Louisiana State University Sea Grant Report.

The information presented in this booklet has been compiled from several sources to best illustrate many aspects of the shrimp fishery in past years. The material is presented in charts and graphs to give the reader a quick and easy reference for trends occurring in the shrimp fishery. A brief narrative is provided at the beginning of each of the following sections: ( 1) shrimp species, ( 2) shrimping seasons in inshore and offshore waters, ( 3) shrimp size, ( 4) shrimping effort, ( 5) participation in the commercial shrimp fishery, ( 6) recreational shrimping, and ( 7) shrimp supply and processing.

Barr, Louis ( 1970). " Alaska's Fishery Resources  The Shrimps." U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Fishery Leaflet 631, January, iii + 10 pp., 7 figs., 1 table.

Shrimp fishing began in Alaska over 50 years ago. Recently the annual domestic catch has been as high as 40 million pounds. Japanese and Soviet Union fishermen operating in Alaskan waters have caught as much as 70 million pounds annually in recent years. The five commercially important shrimp of Alaska belong to the family Pandalidae; the most important is the pink shrimp, Pandalus borealis. The complicated life histories of these shrimp are all similar. The shrimp develop first as males and after several years transform to females, which they remain for the rest of their lives. United States fishermen use otter trawls, beam trawls, and pots, and deliver their catch to ports in Alaska; foreign fishermen use larger otter trawls and process the catch at sea. The Alaska Department of Fish and Game and the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries are studying the shrimp. They are sampling the commercial catch, trying to improve the product, and conducting exploratory fishing and biological research.

Barr, Louis ( 1973). " Studies of Spot Shrimp, Pandalus platyceros, at Little Port Walter, Alaska." Marine Fisheries Review, 35( 3 4): 65 66.

A summary of the existing and planned biological research being conducted on and the life history of spot shrimp at Little Port Walter, Alaska.

Barrett, James T. ( 1984). " Challenges of Development for the Manager." Chapter 17 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

Although marine resources are jointly shared by many user groups, commercial fishermen are primarily to blame for the overfishing of all fish stocks. If shore side development was banned and all wetlands returned to their pristine condition, commercial fishermen could still harvest all the fish in the sea.

Barss, William H. ( 1993). " Pacific Hagfish, Eptatretus stouti, and Black Hagfish, E. deani: The Oregon Fishery and Port Sampling Observations, 1988 92." Marine Fisheries Review, 55( 4): 19 30.

In 1988, the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife began sampling and monitoring the development of a new fishery for Pacific hagfish, and black hagfish. Hagfish landings by Oregon trap vessels have ranged from 11,695 kg in 1988 to 340,774 kg in 1992. Whole frozen fish were shipped to South Korea 5 2 for the " eel skin" leather market. From 1988 through 1989, I sampled 924 Pacific hagfish and 897 black hagfish from commercial and research catches. Mean length of fish sampled from commercial landings was 39.6 cm for Pacific hagfish and 34.5 cm for black hagfish. Weight length relationships ( W= Alb) were calculated for males and females of both species. Fifty percent maturity for male and female Pacific hagfish was 35 cm and 38 cm, respectively. Examination of gonads for both species indicated that spawning either occurs throughout the year or the spawning period is protracted. Mature females of both species had from one to three distinct sizes of eggs, but they usually carried only one group of eggs over 5 mm in length. Mature Pacific hagfish females averages 28 eggs over 5 mm in length, and black hagfish females averaged 14 eggs over 5 mm in length. Hermaphroditism was found in 0.2% of the Pacific hagfish examined.

Barten, A. P. ( 1964). " Consumer Demand Functions Under Conditions of Almost Additive Preferences." Econometrica, 32( 1 2): 1 38.

This paper addresses the gap between the theory of consumer demand and empirical demand research. The theory of consumer demand is reformulated along the lines set out in the articles by Frisch and Houthakker. However, their specialization to direct ( or indirect) additivity of the utility function may be considered too severe a restriction for the level of aggregation of the data that are available in this case. A modification of direct additivity has therefore been introduced to take account of specific interaction between the different types of consumers' expenditure. The theory and the resulting restrictions on the elasticities to be estimated are discussed in section 2. The data used for the estimation are a set of time series describing total consumer expenditure in the Netherlands on fourteen types of commodities or services and the corresponding price indices covering the periods 1921 1939 and 1948 1958.

Barten, A. P. and L. J. Bettendorf ( 1989). " Price Formation of Fish, An Application of an Inverse Demand System." European Economic Review, 33: 1509 1525.

Inverse demand systems explain price variations as functions of quantity variations. They have properties analogous to those of regular demand systems. There are very few examples of their empirical application. In part this is due to lack of data for which price is the decision variable and the quantity given. The case of fish landed at Belgian sea ports appears to suit an inverse demand system well. A Rotterdam variant of such a system is estimated. Allais interaction intensities have been derived and show a reasonable pattern.

Bateman, Herbert H. ( 1984). " Congress Views The Chesapeake Bay." Chapter 2 in Richard H. Stroud ( ed.) Marine Recreational Fisheries, 9, Proceedings of the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium, Virginia Beach, Virginia, April 24 and 25, National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah, Georgia.

Opening address at the Ninth Annual Marine Recreational Fisheries Symposium stressing nonpoint specific pollution of Chesapeake Bay and Congress' intention to reduce pollution and restore the habitat.

Batie, Sandra S. and Leonard Shabman ( 1979). " Valuing Nonmarket Goods  Conceptual and Empirical Issues: Discussion." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 61( 5): 931 932. 5 3 Discusses the papers by McConnell ( 1979) and Bishop and Heberlein ( 1979) and states that additional research needs to be done before nonmarket valuation studies are of use to policy makers.

Bator, Francis M. ( 1957). " The Simple Analytics of Welfare Maximization." American Economic Review, 47: 22 59.

This paper presents a complete and concise nonmathematical treatment of the problem of welfare maximization in its " new welfare economics" aspects.

Bator, Francis M. ( 1958). " The Anatomy of Market Failure." The Quarterly Journal of Economics, ( August): 351 379.

The paper explores those phenomenon that cause even errorless profitand preference maximizing calculation in a stationary context of perfect information and foresight to fail to sustain Pareto efficient allocation.

Battese, George E. and Sumiter S. Broca ( 1996).  Functional Forms of Stochastic Frontier Production Functions and Models for Technical Inefficiency Effects: A Comparative Study for Wheat Farmers in Pakistan.  No. 4/ 96, CEPA Working Papers, Department of Econometrics, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia, 26 pp.

This paper considers translog and Cobb Douglas stochastic frontiers in which the technical inefficiency effects are defined by three different models. The models involved are the time varying inefficiency model, proposed by Battese and Coelli ( 1992), the inefficiency effects model for panel data, proposed by Battese and Coelli ( 1995), and the non neutral frontier model, proposed by Huang and Liu ( 1994). Technical change is also accounted for in the frontier models. Predicted technical efficiencies of the wheat farmers and estimates of the elasticities of wheat production with respect to the different inputs and the returns to scale parameter are compared under the different model specifications.

Battese, G. E. and T. J. Coelli ( 1993).  A Stochastic Frontier Production Function Incorporating a Model for Technical Inefficiency Effects.  No. 6, October, 27 pp.

A stochastic frontier production function is defined for panel data on firms, in which the non negative technical inefficiency effects are assumed to be a function of firm specific variables and vary over time. The maximumlikelihood method is applied for the estimation of the parameters of the model and prediction of the technical efficiencies of the firms over time. Am empirical application of the inefficiency stochastic frontier model is obtained using up to ten years of data on paddy farmers from an Indian village.

Baumol, William J. ( 1982). " Applied Fairness Theory and Rationing Policy." The American Economic Review, 72( 4): 639 651.

While this paper deals with many issues related to a variety of rationing forms, its primary purpose is to show that the fairness criterion is operational; that it can be applied to concrete problems and that with its aid one can derive results that are not all obvious in advance. Of course, rationing was selected for that purpose because of all economic equity issues, it seems to lend itself most readily to this sort of approach.

Baumol, William J. and Wallace E. Oates ( 1975). " Externalities: Definition, Significant Types, and Optimal Pricing Conditions." 5 4 Chapter 3 in The Theory of Environmental Policy. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Technological and pecuniary externalities and public and private externalities are defined and discussed in this chapter. Solutions such as taxes equal to the marginal social damage are discussed.

Baumol, William J. and Wallace E. Oates ( 1975). " Introduction to Part 2." Chapter 9 in The Theory of Environmental Policy. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

An introduction to welfare theory applied to practical problems in environmental policy.

Baumol, William J. and Wallace E. Oates ( 1975). " Efficiency Without Optimality: The Charges and Standards Approach." Chapter 10 in The Theory of Environmental Policy. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

This chapter presents a proposal for a feasible tax subsidy program. A practical and effective procedure for the protection of the environment is suggested; the use of pollution charges to implement a predetermined set of standards for environmental quality. Some degree of arbitrariness in the design of such standards is inevitable. And in agreeing to such a procedure, one gives up any attempt to reach any true social optimum. Yet this proposal, that is essentially a " satisficing" approach to the problem, can be shown to offer some significant optimality properties. Aside from the administrative savings made possible by avoidance of central direction and direct controls, we will show that the proposed procedures, properly designed and implemented, can lead to the attainment of the selected standards and that in appropriate circumstances, they can do so at something approximating minimum cost to society.

Baumol, William J. and Wallace E. Oates ( 1975). " Stochastic Influences, Direct Controls, and Taxes." Chapter 11 in The Theory of Environmental Policy. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Chapter 11 suggests that direct controls can be a useful supplement to a system of charges for the continuing maintenance of acceptable environmental conditions. Their usefulness arises from the inflexibility of tax rates and the comparative ease with which certain types of direct controls can be instituted, policed, and removed. The problem is that the state of environmental quality at any time depends not only on the level of emissions but on such essentially stochastic influences as wind velocity and rainfall, that determine the rapidity of the dispersion of accumulated pollutants. As a result, we can expect occasional environmental crises that can be predicted only a short time before they occur. It would be too costly to society to keep tax rates sufficiently high to prevent such emergencies at all times. Instead, it may be less expensive in such cases to make temporary use of direct controls, despite their static inefficiency. The chapter ends with the description of a nonlinear programming model that illustrates the logic of the design of an optimal mixed program.

Baumol, William J. and Wallace E. Oates ( 1975). " Taxes vs. Subsidies: A Partial Analysis." Chapter 12 in The Theory of Environmental Policy. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.

Chapter 12 examines the use of subsidies as a reward for decreased damage by those who generate the externalities. First, we describe formally 5 5 the conditions under which fees and subsidies are equivalent. Here we find that the equivalent subsidy is a very strange sort of construct, one that we are unlikely to encounter in practice. Next, we show that subsidies in the more conventional sense are a poor substitute for taxes. Although the two may be equally effective in reducing emissions by the individual firm, the subsidy encourages the entry of new firms into the industry, whereas taxes encourage their exit. As a result, we can expect that a subsidy program will be less effective in discouraging pollution than a tax program with similar marginal rates. In particular, we find that, under pure competition, if emissions are uniquely determined by the industry's output level and rise monotonically with output, a subsidy program will necessarily backfire. Although the subsidy will produce a reduction in the emissions of each firm, it will lead to an entry of new firms that more than offsets it. Total emissions under a subsidy program will in this case always be greater than they would have been if no cleanup subsidy program had ever been instituted.

Baumol, William J. and Wallace E. Oates ( 1988). The Theory of Environmental Policy, Second Edition. Cambridge University Press, New York.

This book places special emphasis on transferable permit systems for controlling emissions, discusses the setting of standards for environmental quality and asks whether such standards should be set by national or " local" authorities, and revises the treatment of depletable and undepletable externalities based on articles by A. Myrick Freeman.

Baxter, Kenneth N. and Elizabeth Scott Denton ( eds.) ( 1992). Proceedings of the Southeast Fisheries Science Center Shrimp Resource Review, NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS SEFSC 299, August, 186 pp.

This report serves as an official record of the shrimp research program review. Each program component of the shrimp research program is presented in abstract form. Hard copies of visual aids and the questions/ clarifications session immediately follow each abstract.

Baxter, Kenneth N., Carlton H. Furr, Jr., and Elizabeth Scott ( 1988). " The Commercial Bait Shrimp Fishery in Galveston Bay, Texas, 1959 87." Marine Fisheries Review, 50( 2): 20 28.

Information about landings and species composition associated with the bait shrimp industry of the Galveston Bay system has been collected on a weekly schedule from 1959 through 1984 and on a more limited basis since 1985. Collectively, the bait index and the postlarval index provide: 1) a reliable indication of the subsequent offshore harvest and 2) a long term correlation between juvenile abundance and changing environmental conditions. In addition, insight into local fishing practices and trends provide background for continuing research needed to enhance production value of the shrimp stock.

Bayley, Peter B. and Douglas J. Austen ( 1989).  Fisheries Analysis System: Data Management and Analysis for Fisheries Management and Research.  American Fisheries Society Symposium, 6: 199 205.

The fisheries analysis system ( FAS) is a computerized data management system that was designed for analyses of local and statewide data sets for fisheries management and research purposes. Outputs allow tabular and graphical presentation of summary data among water bodies and years, and text file generation for statistical packages. 5 6 Beals, Ralph E., Mildred B. Levy, and Leon N. Moses ( 1976). " Rationality and Migration in Ghana." The Review of Economics and Statistics, 49: 480 486.

This paper seeks to estimate the effects of income and other variables on the pattern of interregional labor migration in Ghana. While not a logit or probit model, the authors use linear regression to estimate the coefficients of independent variables that affect the percent of individuals that migrate into and out of a region within Ghana.

Bearden, C., R. Low, R. Rhodes, R. Van Dolah, C. Wenner, E. Wenner, and D. Whitaker ( 1985). " A Review and Analysis of Commercial Shrimp Trawling in the Sounds and Bays of South Carolina." South Carolina Marine Resources Center, Technical Report No. 62, October, 51 pp.

There has been a commercial trawl fishery for shrimp in South Carolina's sounds and bays for over thirty years, and the controversy surrounding this practice is a longstanding one. Major issues of concern are related to potential ecological effects and impacts upon commercial and recreational fisheries. The prevailing management philosophy has been to permit shrimp trawling at appropriate times in offshore waters, sounds, and bays while prohibiting it in the tidal creeks and rivers that serve as nursery areas. This summary presents the historical background of the sound and bay policy, describes the rationale for allowing inside trawling, provides information on the issues, specifies recommendations, and lists alternatives for the management of the sound and bay resources.

Beattie, B. R. and C. R. Taylor. The Economics of Production. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1985.

This textbook is for a course in production economics theory and the theory of the firm for a first year graduate student.

Beaumariage, D. S. and Lewis H. Bullock ( 1976). " Biological Research on Snappers and Groupers as Related to Fishery Management Requirements." Pages 86 94 in Harvey R. Bullis, Jr. and Albert C. Jones ( eds.) ( 1976). " Proceedings: Colloquium on Snapper Grouper Fishery Resources of the Western Central Atlantic Ocean. Report Number 17, Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission, New Orleans, Louisiana, Texas A& M University Sea Grant College and Mississippi Alabama Sea Grant Consortium, November, 333 pp.

Fewer than two dozen pertinent studies have been published on the biology of snappers and groupers as related to fishery management requirements. Almost half of this research was based on tagging programs which described migratory patterns. There has been only one major effort on the basic life history of red grouper ( Epinephelus morio) and two investigations on red snapper ( Lutjanus campechanus) life history. This paucity of data exemplifies the need for similar life history studies, if sound management policies are to be adopted in assuring maximum sustained yield.

Beckmann, Martin J. ( 1975). " The Limits to Growth in a Neoclassical World." American Economic Review, 65: 695 699.

The Club of Rome study on the limits to growth treats preferences, production technology, and the economy unconventionally and implausibly according to many economists. This paper is an attempt to reformulate the 5 7 allocation problem for exhaustible resources in neoclassical terms.

Beddington, John R. and Colin W. Clark ( 1984). " Allocation Problems Between National and Foreign Fisheries with a Fluctuating Fish Resource." Marine Resource Economics, 1( 2): 137 154.

The problem of allocating the rights to exploit fish resources between domestic and foreign fleets is posed in the context of a fluctuating fish stock. Such fluctuations are ubiquitous and are driven by the recruitment variation. A number of biological models are proposed to describe the dynamics of the resource. It is supposed that harvesting by both foreign and domestic fleets is permitted, and the possibilities for allocation between these two fleets are examined. The optimal allocation policy is derived for a number of different economic and biological situations. In many situations it will be optimal for there to be a mix of foreign and domestic fishing on the resource. This result implies that licensing and joint venture agreements between coastal states and distant water fishing nations may be desirable from the point of view of the coastal state, even in the long term.

Beddington, J. R. and Robert M. May ( 1977). " Harvesting Natural Populations in a Randomly Fluctuating Environment." Science, 197: 463 465.

As harvesting effort and yield are increased, animal populations that are being harvested for sustained yield will take longer to recover from environmentally imposed disturbances. One consequence is that the coefficient of variation ( the relative variance) of the yield increases as the point of maximum sustained yield ( MSY) is approached. When overexploitation has resulted in a population smaller than that for MSY, high effort produces a low average yield with high variance. These observations accord with observed trends in several fish and whaling industries. We expect these effects to be more pronounced for a harvesting strategy based on constant quotas than for one based on constant effort. Although developed in a MSY context, the conclusions also apply if the aim is to maximize the present value of ( discounted) net economic revenue.

Beddington, John R., C. M. K. Watts and W. D. C. Wright ( 1975). " Optimal Cropping of Self Reproducible Natural Resources." Econometrica, 43: 789 802.

Models of the behavior of populations of self reproducible natural resources in an economic framework have rarely anticipated the consequences of different forms of production functions. This paper investigates sufficient conditions for extinction in a very general model as well as a model having a specific production function. In the second section additional considerations relating to extinction are deduced as well as the existence of a watershed level of population. These conclusions are exemplified using data from one particular population of red deer.

Beideman, Nelson R. ( 1995). Letter. Addressed to the Highly Migratory Species Management Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, July 17.

Comments on the proposed swordfish total allowable catch rulemaking. An interesting and insightful discussion of the sociology and economics of the longline fishery in the North Atlantic.

Beideman, Nelson R. and Terri Beideman( 1995).  Summary: BWFA Swordfish 1995 TAC Comments.  FAX Transmission. Addressed to the Highly Migratory 5 8 Species Management Division, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1335 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD, July 17, 17 pp.

Formal Blue Water Fishermen  s Association comments on the proposed 1995 TAC for swordfish.

Bell, Johann D. ( 1983).  Effects of Depth and Marine Reserve Fishing Restrictions on the Structure of a Rocky Reef Fish Assemblage in the North Western Mediterranean Sea.  Journal of Applied Ecology, 20: 357 369.

The present study used an underwater observation technique that accounted for both the abundance and size class structure of each fish species within a transect area, and was designed to ( i) determine the effect of depth on the structure of the rocky reef fish assemblage, ( ii) assess the effectiveness of a marine reserve as a sanctuary for rocky reef fishes by examining differences in the structure of fish communities at similar depths within and outside the reserve, and ( iii) describe fish communities at two depths within the reserve as a basis for monitoring further changes in their structure.

Bell, Frederick ( 1972). " Technological Externalities and Common Property Resources: An Empirical Study of the U. S. Northern Lobster Fishery." Journal of Political Economy, 80( 1): 148 158.

This paper demonstrates the effect of technological externalities on the production of northern lobsters, a common property resource. An increase in effort ( that is, size of the industry) of 100,000 traps fished will depress landings per trap for the individual firm by 2.4 pounds. Therefore, the northern lobster industry produces so as to equate average revenue to long run average cost. Approximately one half of the present fishing effort would be needed to achieve economic efficiency or marginal cost pricing. The goal of allocative efficiency should be weighted against the strategy to provide somewhat greater employment, especially in rural areas where labor opportunity cost is relatively low.

Bell, Frederick ( 1986). " Mitigating the Tragedy of the Commons." Southern Economic Journal, 52( 3): 653 664.

As fish farming has emerged to compete with a preexisting common property fishery sector, rent dissipation and consequently welfare losses may be reduced. Fish farming increases the increment to supply resulting in lower prices and reduces the quantity supplied by the commons ( not necessarily true). Welfare gains accrue only when marginal cost is rising faster than average cost, which is the usual case in the wild fisheries. Using data from the Louisiana pond and wild crawfishing industries for 1978, fish farming of crawfish reduced potential welfare losses by 76 percent. See AJAE article below.

Bell, Frederick ( 1986). " Competition from Fish Farming in Influencing Rent Dissipation: The Crawfish Fishery." American Agricultural Economics Association, February: 95 101.

As fish farming has emerged to compete with a preexisting common property fishery sector, rent dissipation and consequently welfare losses may be reduced. Fish farming increases the increment to supply resulting in lower prices and reduces the quantity supplied by the commons ( not necessarily true). Welfare gains accrue only when marginal cost is rising faster than average cost, which is the usual case in the wild fisheries. Using data from 5 9 the Louisiana pond and wild crawfishing industries for 1978, fish farming of crawfish reduced potential welfare losses by 76 percent. See SEJ article above.

Bell, Frederick ( 1989). " Main Quarry Hypothesis and Salmon Angling." Marine Resource Economics, 6( 1): 71 82.

This article explores the main quarry hypothesis, which is a variant of the general fishing success hypothesis. It is argued that for some recreational fisheries it may be more important that the angler catch his target or main quarry than the quantitative number of fish caught in influencing the number of fishing days and the overall quality of the recreational experience. A theoretical function is specified to explain the length of the fishing trip to Ireland by anglers that have designated salmon as their main quarry. The empirical estimation of this function indicates that the length of the fishing trip is positively related to travel cost, but inversely related on site cost per day. Ceteris paribus, the length of the salmon trip to Ireland, is increased by nearly 23% when the angler gets his main quarry, stressing the importance of the quality of the catch rather than quantitative number of fish caught. This finding calls into question the traditional fishing success variables such as catch per day for many recreational fisheries.

Bell, Frederick W. ( 1989). " Application of Wetland Valuation Theory to Florida Fisheries." Department of Economics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, Florida Sea Grant Program, Project Number R/ C E 25, Grant Number NA86AA D SG068, Report Number 95, June, 118 pp.

The focus of this report is an evaluation in economic terms of the value of estuarine wetlands to marine fisheries in Florida. The marginal productivity theory of estuarine wetland valuation is used to determine the value of the marginal products of an acre of saltwater marsh in the production of estuarine dependent species of fish.

Bell, Frederick W. ( 1997).  Review of the Economics of Management Strategies for Red Snapper in the Gulf of Mexico.  Draft report for U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Department of Economics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, September, 22 pp.

This paper is a peer review of the appropriateness of management measures in the fishery management plan for red snapper in the gulf of Mexico for conserving and managing the resource and a consideration of the cost and benefits of all reasonable alternatives to an individual fishing quota program for the red snpapper resource.

Bell, Frederick W. and Vernon R. Leeworthy ( 1987). " Economic Demand for Marinas and Projected Impact on Wetlands." Land Economics, 63( 1): 79 91.

This article develops a theoretical framework for marina demand and empirically estimates such a logit and OLS model using Florida as a case study. Projections of the pattern of land use for marinas can be studied in the light of current environmental policies. The analysis for Florida indicates that environmental concerns involving marinas and the call for rigid permitting of additional sites may not be based on large wetland requirements and that marina wetland compatibility studies should be considered. 6 0 Bell, Frederick W., Darrel A. Nash, Ernest W. Carlson, Frederick V. Waugh, Richard K. Kinoshita, and Richard F. Fullenbaum ( 1975). " A World Model of Living Marine Resources." Chapter 11 in Walter C. Labys ( ed.). Quantitative Models of Commodity Markets. Ballinger Publishing Company, Cambridge, Mass.

A bioeconomic model has been constructed to determine how future increases in world population and income will impact fish resources. This model is essentially a set of relationships describing the main biological and economic forces that determine the maximum sustainable supply of fish from the ocean, the amounts caught and consumed, the prices, the costs of production, and consumer income and population. Its contribution to commodity modeling methodology is that it integrates relevant biological and utilization factors into a single system structure.

Bell, Frederick W., Philip E. Sorensen, and Vernon R. Leeworthy ( 1982). " The Economic Impact and Valuation of Saltwater Recreational Fisheries in Florida." SGR 47, Florida Sea Grant College, August, 118 pp.

This project quantifies both the market and nonmarket value and economic importance of Florida's saltwater recreational fishery. The objectives are: ( 1) to produce statistically reliable estimates of the value per recreational day and yearly of Florida's saltwater sport fishing; ( 2) to provide a demographic and economic profile of instate and out of state sport fishermen; ( 3) to determine the impact of saltwater sport fishing on the Florida economy; and ( 4) to identify regions of critical state concern with respect to a decline in productivity of saltwater sport fishing in Florida waters due to overfishing, pollution, etc.

Ben Akiva, Moshe and Frank S. Koppelman ( 1974). " Multidimensional Choice Models: Alternative Structures of Travel Demand Models." National Research Council, Transportation Research Board, 149: 129 142.

A multidimensional choice situation can be represented by a simultaneous or recursive model structure. The paper described assumptions of each structure and argued that, in the absence of restrictive assumptions about behavior, travel decisions are more realistically represented by a simultaneous model structure. It is simple to estimate a recursive structure, for each choice model contains fewer alternatives and variables. The primary issues in the selection of a strategy for calibration are ( a) whether calibrating the simultaneous model is feasible and ( b) what effect the use of a recursive rather than a simultaneous model structure has on the estimated parameters.

Ben Akiva, Moshe and Steven R. Lerman ( 1974). " Some Estimation Results of a Simultaneous Model of Auto ownership and Mode Choice to Work." Transportation, 3: 357 376.

This paper describes the theory, development, and estimation of a simultaneous disaggregate model of automobile ownership and mode to work choices. The motivation for such a model and the general theory of the simultaneous probabilistic choice model are discussed. The general model specification and the set of choices assumed to be available to each household is then considered. Finally, the variables used in the model are defined and the estimation results are presented.

Benavie, Arthur ( 1970). " The Economics of the Maximum Principle." Western Economics Journal, 8: 426 430. 6 1 This note provides an economic interpretation of the maximum principle of Pontriagin. A recent paper by Dorfman has developed the economics of this principle as applied to a capital theory model. We present a generalization of Dorfman's result.

Benford, Frank A. ( 1995).  A Model of the North Carolina Bay Scallop Fishery With Endogenous Fishing Effort and Entry.  Natural Resource Modeling, 9( 3): 197 228.

The principle purpose of this model is to aid in the evaluation and design of regulations that affect the fishery. It differs from most previous models with a similar purpose in three ways. ( 1) Daily fishing costs are assumed to vary among fishermen. ( 2) Daily fishing effort is determined endogenously rather than being treated as a control variable. ( 3) Entry into the fishery is determined endogenously up to a cap imposed by the regulatory agency. The model explains the adverse reaction to a proposed attempt to increase the value of the fishery by delaying the opening date. The model is used to predict the economic consequences of four feasible sets of regulations.

Benirschka, Martin and James K. Binkley ( 1995). " Optimal Storage and Marketing Over Space and Time." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 77( 3): 512 524.

Borrowing from the theory of optimal resource extraction, we develop the mechanism guiding efficient commodity storage and marketing over producing regions through the crop year. Optimal storage occurs at producing areas, and time in storage varies directly with distance to market. Prices grow with interest rates in locations where storage is efficient but more slowly elsewhere, which explains why market prices ( i. e. prices at the market) grow more slowly than interest rates. The model is empirically supported by examining storage in the Corn Belt, rates of price growth at various points, and quarterly grain marketings.

Benway, Robert L., Kevin P. Thomas, and Jack W. Jossi ( 1993). " Watercolumn Thermal Structure in the Middle Atlantic Bight and Gulf of Maine during 1978 92." NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS F/ NEC 97, U. S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Region, Northeast Fisheries Science Center, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, March, 154 pp.

This report presents water column temperature data for the Middle Atlantic Bight and Gulf of Maine during 1978 92. Data were collected by expendable bathythermographs deployed by merchant ships during monthly transects of both bodies of water. Data are presented as contoured vertical sections. Methods of data collection, management, and portrayal are discussed.

Berck, Peter ( 1979). " The Economics of Timber: A Renewable Resource in the Long Run." The Bell Journal of Economics, 10( 2): 447 62.

Critics of current and historical trends in timber production contend that private owners cut their woods more quickly than optimal, while public managers cut their forests more slowly than optimal. Using the douglas fir industry, this paper shows that private entrepreneurs holding rational expectations with respect to future prices have historically been discounting the future at a real rate of 5 percent  a much lower rate than that available for other private investments  and, therefore, that these owners have not cut 6 2 their forests prematurely. In the case of public management, calculated shadow losses incurred by holding old timber are so great that an appeal to nontimber use values is not sufficient to reconcile management practices. Finally, predictions for the long term price trends for timber indicate a slowdown in the rate of price increase.

Berck, Peter ( 1979). " Open Access and Extinction." Econometrics, 47( 4): 877 882.

This paper reconsiders necessary conditions for extinction of an animal population. Containing many of the models previously developed in the literature, the general model proposed here suggests that ( i) conditions for extinction depend exclusively on the relation of a minimum viable population size to the minimum population size at which any exploitation is profitable, ( ii) necessary conditions for extinction need not be characterized in terms of returns to scale parameters or growth rates as other authors have contended, and ( iii) possible short run shutdown may save a population from extinction if the fish population at the time of shutdown is large enough to sustain the species.

Berck, Peter ( 1981). " Optimal Management of Renewable Resources with Growing Demand and Stock Externalities." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 8: 105 117.

In an equilibrium framework, optimal management of renewable resources in the presence of growing demand or externalities leads to steady states that differ from those characterized by rate of interest equals rate of change in growth plus rate of change in prices. Measures to reach an optimum with externalities other than direct controls are found to be critically mediated by the costs of harvesting.

Berck, Peter and Jeffrey M. Perloff ( 1982). " An Open Access Fishery with Rational Expectations." Working Paper No. 187, Division of Agricultural Sciences, California Agricultural Experiment Station, Giannini Foundation of Agricultural Economics, University of California, December, 34 pp.

How potential entrants to an open access fishery form their expectations determines the fishery's adjustment path to a steady state but not the steady state values themselves. It is well known that, in the standard model with myopic expectations ( those based on current values), boats enter the fishery only when the fish stock is greater than its steady state stock. We show that, with rational expectations ( perfect foresight), however, boats may enter when the fish stock is much lower than its steady state value if the boat fleet is sufficiently small. This paper contrasts myopic and rational expectations within a general dynamic model of an open access fishery.

Berck, Peter and Jeffrey M. Perloff ( 1984). " An Open Access Fishery with Rational Expectations." Econometrica, 52( 2): 489 506.

How potential entrants to an open access fishery form their expectations determines the fishery's adjustment path to a steady state but not the steady state values themselves. It is well known that, in the standard model with myopic expectations ( those based on current values), boats enter the fishery only when the fish stock is greater than its steady state stock. We show that, with rational expectations ( perfect foresight), however, boats may enter when the fish stock is much lower than its steady state value if the boat fleet is sufficiently small. This paper contrasts myopic and rational expectations within a general dynamic model of an open access fishery. 6 3 Bergin, Anthony ( 1997).  Albatross and Longlining  Managing Seabird Bycatch.  Marine Policy, 21( 1): 63 72.

Seabirds can be accidentally injured or killed during certain types of fishing. The fishing method currently under most scrutiny for its impact on seabird populations is demersal and pelagic longlining. The main species of concern at present are albatross. This paper outlines current mitigation measures, both gear and operational changes, to deal with the problem. It is suggested that measures can be developed that achieve a reduction in bird loss and are practical and economic for the fishing industry.

Bergstrom, John C. and John R. Stoll ( 1993).  Value Estimator Models for Wetlands Based Recreational Use Values.  Land Economics, 69( 2): 132 137.

Evaluation and implementation of policies affecting wetlands management may require measurement of the economic value of the policies to individuals and groups. A potentially powerful means for measuring changes in wetlandsbased recreational values is the use of value estimator models. The general specification and potential applications of value estimator models for wetlands based recreational use values are discussed in this paper. Future research needs are also identified.

Bergstrom, Theodore C. ( 1982). " On Capturing Oil Rents with a National Excise Tax." The American Economic Review, 72( 1): 194 201.

In a static competitive analysis the entire burden of an excise tax on a good in fixed supply falls on the supplier. Imposing a tax does not affect the price paid by consumers and the price received by suppliers falls by the amount of the tax. One is tempted to conjecture that this result extends to the case of costlessly extracted depletable r Although he amount of such a resource that is supplied in any single period can change in response to variation in the intertemporal price structure, the total amount available for all time is fixed. Thus it is plausible that the effects of an excise tax imposed once and forever might be the same in the static model. This conjecture turns out to be true.

Berkeley, Steven A. ( 1985). A Letter to W. Steven Otwell. South Atlantic Fisheries Management Council, 1 Southpark Circle, Charleston, S. C., December.

Summarized data on Japanese yellowfin tuna catch from the Gulf of Mexico FCZ.

Berkeley, Steven A., Edwin W. Irby, Jr., and John W. Jolley, Jr. ( 1981). " Florida's Commercial Swordfish Fishery: Longline Gear and Methods." MAP 14, Marine Advisory Bulletin, Florida Sea Grant College in cooperation with University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science and Florida Department of Natural Resources, West Palm Beach Field Station, Marine Advisory Program, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, 6022 McCarty Hall, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, August, 23 pp.

The paper briefly describes commercial fishing methods employed in the swordfish fishery.

Berkes, Fikret ( 1985). " Fishermen and ' The Tragedy of the Commons'." Environmental Conservation, 12( 3): 199 206.

Both natural and social scientists have reported from diverse regions of 6 4 the world how certain local populations have maintained viable systems of resource management by successfully self regulating resource harvesting activities. Far from being owned by on one and freely open to any user, many of the fish stocks of the world are under claims of ownership by communities of fishermen who exercise use rights and who control access to the resource. Open access and common property conditions were created and the tragedy started only after the destruction of such traditional marine tenure systems.

Berkson, J. ( 1944). " Application of the Logistic Function to Bio assay." Journal of the American Statistical Association, 39: 357 365.

A comparison of the normal and logistic functions in the analysis of drug dosage mortality. The results indicate that the logistic curve results are as good as or better than the normal model results.

Berndt, Ernst R. and Melvyn A. Fuss ( 1989). " Economic Capacity Utilization and Productivity Measurement for Multiproduct Firms with Multiple Quasi Fixed Inputs." Working Paper No. 2932, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc., 1050 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, April, 36 pp.

In this paper, we develop measures of economic capacity output and economic capacity utilization for firms producing multiple outputs and having one or more quasi fixed inputs. Although we produce an impossibility theorem showing that based only on the assumption of cost minimization, the concept of capacity output is undefined whenever the number of outputs ( I) exceeds the number of fixed inputs ( M), we are able to provide alternative constructive procedures for defining capacity output whenever I<= M. We also propose a number of additional primal and dual measures of utilization of the variable and fixed inputs. Including a multi fixed input analog to Tobin  s q. We relate these alternative utilization measures to one another, and show that unambiguous inequality relationships among them ( relative to unity) can typically be specified a priori only under rather restrictive assumptions. We show that unless restrictive assumptions are made, the multi fixed input analogs to Tobin  s q have little informational content regarding incentives for net investment of any specific fixed input. Finally, we demonstrate the usefulness of the alternative utilization measures by showing how they can be incorporated to adjust traditional measures of multi factor productivity growth for variations in short run utilization.

Berndt, Ernst R. and David O. Wood ( 1975). " Technology, Prices, and the Derived Demand for Energy." The Review of Economics and Statistics, 62( 3): 259 268.

This paper presents evidence on the possibilities for substitution between energy and nonenergy inputs. Our principal finding is that technological possibilities for substitution between energy and nonenergy inputs are present, but to a somewhat limited extent. Specifically, we find that energy demand is price responsive, energy and labor are slightly substitutable, and energy and capital are complementary. We also find that our data do not support the value added specification typically used in studies of production and investment behavior.

Berndt, Ernst R. and David O. Wood ( 1979). " Engineering and Econometric Interpretations of Energy Capital Complementarily." The American Economic Review, 69( 3): 342 354.

This paper provides a reconciliation and interpretation of engineering and econometric studies of energy capital substitutability versus 6 5 complementarily from economic and engineering studies. An analytical framework is developed that reconciles the engineering evidence with the possibility of energy capital complementarily. Empirical evidence reconciling the seemingly disparate econometric results of energy complementarily and substitutability is also presented.

Berrien, Peter and Doris Finan ( 1977).  Biological and Fisheries Data on Spanish Mackerel, Scomberomorus maculatus ( Mitchill).  Technical Series Report No. 9, Sandy Hook Laboratory, Northeast Fisheries Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U. S. Department of Commerce, Highlands, N. J., November, 52 pp.

A summary of the biology and brief description of the fishery for Spanish mackerel.

Berry, Brian J. L. and Robert S. Bednarz ( 1975). " A Hedonic Model of Prices and Assessments for Single Family Homes: Does the Assessor Follow the Market or the Market Follow the Assessor?" Land Economics, : 21 40.

The paper explores the question of who is likely to benefit from a change in the Cook County assessment system and who is likely to find that his taxes are increased. Factors determining the selling price of single family homes in Chicago are compared with factors related to variations in property tax assessments, to discover the ways in which the market and the assessor differ. The results of these comparisons are then combined to reveal those factors causing variations in the assessment: price ratio whose effects would be eliminated by uniform percentage taxation based on market values.

Bertsekas, Dimitri P. ( 1976). Dynamic Programming and Stochastic Control. Academic Press, New York.

The basic objective of the book is to provide a unified framework for sequential decision making under uncertainty and to stress the few fundamental concepts underlying the treatment of uncertainty and the technique of dynamic programming.

Bessette, Cheryl ( 1985).  Growth, Distribution, and Abundance of Juvenile Penaeid Shrimp in Galveston Bay.  Thesis, Department of Biology, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, August, 132 pp.

The bait shrimp industry of Galveston Bay was studied from May through November of 1984 to identify patterns of abundance and distribution of juvenile shrimp, Penaeus aztecus and P. setiferus, and to note the growth of both populations before movement of each to offshore waters. In addition to the work conducted on shrimp, a characterization of the incidental catch ( all animals caught besides shrimp) was also performed.

Beverton, R. J. H. ( 1994). Notes on the Use of Theoretical Models in the Study of the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations. Marine Fisheries Section, American Fisheries Society, Special Publication 1.

This book reprints a series of lectures given in 1951 at the U. S. Fisheries Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina by the author on the theory of fishing and the analysis of the dynamics of fish populations. The bulk of the material on which the lectures were based was taken from recent work by the author in collaboration with Dr. S. J. Holt. 6 6 Beverton, Raymond J. H. and Sidney J. Holt ( 1957). On the Dynamics of Exploited Fish Populations. Fishery Investigations, Series II, Volume XIX, Ministry of Agriclulture, fisheries and Food, London: Her Majesty  s Stationery Office.

The initial investigation into fish population dynamics.

Bhattacharyya, Arunava, Thomas R. Harris, Rangesan Narayanan, and Kambiz Raffiee ( 1995).  Technical Efficiency of Rural Water Utilities.  Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 20( 3): 373 391.

Technical efficiency of rural water utilities is determined using frontier production functions. An indirect production function is developed to model the two step production process of a local government controlled firm. Data from 26 rural Nevada water utilities are used to estimate inefficiency in terms of firm specific variables. A multi step estimation procedure is used instead of single step maximum likelihood estimation. Model selection tests are used to choose the best model. Privately owned utilities are most efficient; self governing water districts are the least efficient. Municipal governments operate the most and least efficient utilities.

Biais, G. ( 1994). " A Decade of Fisheries Resources Management By TACS in European Community Waters from 1983 to 1992." C. M. 1994/ T: 2, Theme Session on Improving the Link Between Fisheries Science and Management: Biological, Social, and Economic Considerations, International Council for the Exploration of the Seas, 82nd Statutory Meeting, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada, September.

In 1983, the European Community agreed on a management and conservation regime for fisheries resources by adopting the EEC regulation no 170/ 83. This has been one of the main text of the Common Fisheries Policy for ten years. It gave a major place to Total Allowable Catch ( TAC) by stock or by group of stock. After ten years of implementation of this regime, the European Commission admitted that it had some large insufficiencies ( ECC, 1991). The EEC regulation no 3760/ 92, which has replaced the EEC regulation no 170/ 83 since the end of 1992, put some stress on other management instruments, e. g. licenses, and on the possibility of using TACs by fishery or over several years. Nevertheless, the annual TAC by stock appears to still have a future and it seems interesting to look at data in the debate on their performance.

Bibb, Sally ( 1994). " Monitoring Catch, Bycatch, and Discards for Individual Vessels." Position Paper presented at the Limited Access Workshop, Seattle, Washington, November 1 3. National Marine Fisheries Service, Alaska Region, P. O. Box 21668, 709 West 9th Street, Juneau, Alaska, October.

A description of the groundfish bycatch problem in Alaskan waters and the effect of ITQ management on bycatch levels.

Bielsa, Lourdes M., William H. Murdich, and Ronald F. Labisky ( 1983). " Pink Shrimp." Species Profiles: Life Histories and Environmental Requirements of Coastal Fishes and Invertebrates ( South Florida), Performed for Coastal Ecology Group, Waterways Experiment Station, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Vicksburg, MS and National Coastal Ecosystems Team, Division of Biological Services, Research and Development, Fish and Wildlife Service, U. S. Department of the Interior, Washington, D. C. October, 21 pp. 6 7 This species profile is one of a series on coastal aquatic organisms, principally fish, of sport, commercial, or ecological importance. The profiles are designed to provide coastal managers, engineers, and biologists with a brief comprehensive sketch of the biological characteristics and environmental requirements of the species and to describe how populations of the species may be expected to react to environmental changes caused by coastal development. Each profile has sections on taxonomy, life history, ecological role, environmental requirements, and economic importance, if applicable. A Habitat Suitability Index ( HSI) model is being prepared by the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service for the pink shrimp. HSI models are designed to provide a numerical index of the relative value of a given site as fish or wildlife habitat.

Bigford, Thomas E. ( 1991). " Sea Level Rise, Nearshore Fisheries, and the Fishing Industry." Coastal Management, 19: 417 437.

Global meteorological conditions may be changing, and sea levels over the next centuries could rise at rates usually measured over millennia. As a result, fish habitats, fishery yields, and the industry's shoreside infrastructure could change dramatically. This article summarizes predicted sea level changes; forecasts possible short and long term effects on fish habitats, valued estuarine and coastal species, and fishing industry sectors; and recommends specific actions to maintain a viable fishing industry. Lacking applicable research results, most effects are extrapolated from professional opinions and related research on other coastal industries or features. Emphasis is on the United States' Atlantic Coast. Predicted impacts should change over time. Some short term changes could be beneficial as new habitats are created for estuarine species, but the long term implications on most sectors, especially shoreside industries, are more negative than positive. Potential impacts should inspire harvesting and processing sectors to participate in remedial planning, where assistance is available from coastal managers. Recommendations address deficiencies in natural resource management strategies, development policies, short and long term waterfront plans, decision making protocols for actions such as wetland permits, and priorities for remedial action.

Binswanger, Hans P. ( 1974). " A Cost Function Approach to the Measurement of Elasticities of Factor Demand and Elasticities of Substitution." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 56( 2): 377 387.

This paper derives the Allen partial elasticity of substitution in terms of the cross derivatives of the cost function. Then, the result is applied to the case of the translog cost function and methods to avoid estimation biases caused by neutral and non neutral efficiency differences are presented. Finally, the translog method is used to derive estimates of elasticities of derived demand and of elasticities of substitution for the agricultural sector using U. S. cross sectional data of states for the years 1949, 1959, and 1964.

Bird, Peter J. W. N. ( 1986). " Econometric Estimation of World Salmon Demand." Marine Resource Economics, 3( 2): 169 182.

This paper reports the estimation of a single equation model of the world market price of salmon over the period 1958 1982. The equation estimated explains the equilibrium price in terms of world salmon landings, OECD consumer expenditures, and the price of a substitute. The equation is specified dynamically. It implies relatively elastic short run responses of demand to price and income changes, together with the persistence of habits 6 8 over a longer period.

Birnie, Patricia ( 1982). " IWC  A New Era." Marine Policy, January: 74 76.

Report on the 33rd meeting of the International Whaling Commission including the withdrawal of Canada from the Commission and the outcome of a proposed international commercial whaling moratorium.

Biro, Elizabeth ( 1992). " Wide Support for the Wreckfish Plan." National Fisherman, July: 16 19.

The final installment in the series on individual transferable quotas ( ITQs) focuses on a system that has a great chance of success. Wreckfishermen and regulators alike seized an opportunity to carefully manage a fishery before it got out to hand.

Bishop, Richard C. ( 1978). " Endangered Species and Uncertainty: The Economics of the Safe Minimum Standard." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 60( 1): 10 18.

Species extinction irreversibly narrows the reservoir of potential resources. The future repercussions of this narrowing are uncertain. This paper develops the safe minimum standard ( SMS) approach to public decisions involving endangered species. The SMS approach is based on game theory and calls for avoidance of extinction unless the social costs are unacceptably large. The level at which costs become excessive is a matter of intergenerational distribution. The paper also explores important linkages between the SMS approach and recent literature on preservation of natural environments.

Bishop, Richard C. ( 1987). " Economic Values Defined." Chapter 3 in Decker, Daniel J. and Gary R. Goff ( eds.) Valuing Wildlife, Economic and Social Perspectives, Westview Press, Boulder, CO.

This chapter explains fundamental economic concepts that underlie wildlife valuation. These fundamental economic concepts will clarify economists objections to expenditures as a measure of value. Finally, the concepts will show that part of the tension between wildlifers and economists can be traced to a basic difference in their perspectives; wildlifers and economists bring different held values to bear on wildlife issues.

Bishop, Richard C. and Thomas A. Heberlein ( 1979). " Measuring Values of Extramarket Goods: Are Indirect Measures Biased?" American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 61( 5): 926 930.

A number of potential sources of bias in the contingent valuation and travel cost methods of valuing outdoor recreation have been discussed in the literature. These are summarized in the first section of the paper. When summed together, these potential problems are sufficient to justify considerable skepticism about the accuracy of resulting value estimates. In the second section of the paper, we report the results of an experiment where TC and CV values were compared to values based on actual cash transactions. Though preliminary, the results of this experiment indicate that substantial biases exist in both TC and CV estimates.

Bishop, Richard C. and Karl C. Samples ( 1980). " Sport and Commercial Fishing Conflicts: A Theoretical Analysis." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, ( 7): 220 233. 6 9 A recreational sector is added to a standard commercial fishing optimal control model to identify public decision variables that should be considered when determining optimal population levels and allocating harvestable fish between sport and commercial users. Both linear and nonlinear models are presented. A predator prey relationship is also considered. Results derived from the models indicate that shortcomings exist with current economic inputs to policy making because of failure to consider relevant bioeconomic relationships. Future research topics to remedy this are discussed.

Bishop, Richard C., Thomas A. Heberlein, and Mary Jo Kealy ( 198?). " Contingent Valuation of Environmental Assets: Comparisons with a Simulated Market." Draft report.

The evidence to support the view that people confronting a contingent valuation mechanism do not have well developed beliefs about how they would behave in real markets for environmental assets comes primarily from an experiment involving Wisconsin goose hunting permits. These permits were evaluated using several CV mechanism and a travel cost model. They were also evaluated in a " simulated market" where permit holders were offered real money not to hunt. The results show that contingent values could easily be in error by 50 percent or more. After describing the experiment and its results, the remainder of the paper explores the reasons for these errors with particular emphasis on the artificiality of CV mechanisms. Several conclusions emerge, including one particularly interesting hypothesis: Our results and those of some other studies seem to show that CV mechanisms tend to underestimate willingness to pay and overvalue environmental assets when the criterion is willingness to accept compensation.

Bjorndal, Trond ( 1988). " The Optimal Management of North Sea Herring." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 15: 9 29.

A discrete time dynamic bioeconomic model for a fish resource is developed. The objective is maximization of discounted net revenues subject to changes in stock size. The model of population dynamics is described by a delay difference equation. Natural growth and recruitment are related to stock size, with recruitment taking place with a time lag. Conditions characterizing the optimal stock level are derived. The model is applied to North Sea herring. Estimates of the optimal stock level are given, and optimal trajectories derived. Due to the schooling behavior of herring, it is shown that open access amy cause stock extinction.

Bjorndal, Trond ( 1988). " Optimal Harvesting of Farmed Fish." Marine Resource Economics, 5( 2): 139 159.

This paper analyzes the optimal harvesting of farmed fish. A biological model for a year class of fish is specified. Output price and costs are added to constitute a bioeconomic model. The effects of economic and biological parameters on optimal harvesting are analyzed. Examples of optimal harvesting for salmon and turbot are given.

Bjorndal, Trond ( 1989). " Production in a Schooling Fishery: The Case of the North Sea Herring Fishery." Land Economics, 65( 1): 49 56.

This paper undertakes an empirical analysis of the harvest function for the North Sea herring fishery. The empirical results indicate that there is a rising marginal product to the variable input in the fishery. Fishery regulations that were in force, including total quotas and closed seasons, are found to be either ineffective or causing boats to operate inefficiently. 7 0 Bjorndal, Trond and Jon M. Conrad ( 1987). " Capital Dynamics in the North Sea Herring Fishery." Marine Resource Economics, 4: 63 74.

A discrete time model is formulated to model decisions of boats to enter or exit the North Sea herring fishery. A lagged model is specified to reflect adjustment time to changes in profits. The empirical results indicate that fleet adjustment in this fishery primarily depends on current period profits and that the opportunity cost may depend on returns in the alternative fishery ( mackerel). Lagged variables reflecting vessel construction time accounted for a small increase in the statistical fit. The hypothesis that entry in response to positive profits is more elastic than exit due to negative profits was not supported by the results. The harvesting industry's capital investment model was relatively simplistic reflecting the limited data set available to the authors. The annual data covered a relatively short period of time and probably little cross sectional data existed for this fishery. These limitations restrict the available degrees of freedom necessary to construct and estimated more sophisticated models.

Black, Robert, Bruce McKenney, Robert Unsworth, and Nicholas Flores ( 1998).  Economic Analysis for Hydropower Project Relicensing: Guidance and Alternative Methods.  Industrial Economics, Incorporated, 2057 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts, October.

A review of the Federal Power Regulatory Commission guidelines of cost benefit analysis for relicensing hydropower projects. Comments and suggestions for improving the analyses are included.

Blackman, Sue Anne Batey and William J. Baumol ( 1980). " Modified Fiscal Incentives in Environmental Policy." Land Economics, 56( 4): 417 431.

We have sought to describe how ingenuity can devise a variety of modified environmental programs that in different degrees approximate the pure financial incentives advocated by many economists.

Blake, Kevin S. ( 1996).  Modeling Preferences for Regulatory Options: A Case Study of the Northeast Recreational Bluefin Tuna Fisherman.  Non Thesis, Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, R. I., August, 86 pp.

Since passage of the Magnuson Fishery Conservation and Management Act of 1977, U. S. fishery managers have concerned themselves with achieving  optimum social yield  . To effect this mandate, fishery managers have focused on direct effort controls without determining how fishermen, commercial or recreational, may prefer the fishery be regulated. Using contingent valuation methods, economists may determine if preferences exist for some types of regulations. This paper uses contingent, or discrete, choice questions from a 1991 mail survey of Northeastern recreational Western Atlantic bluefin tuna fishermen o demonstrate that fishermen have preferences for catch limit regulations.

Blomo, Vito J. ( 1983). " Economic Criteria Regarding Diversification Through Public and/ or Private Sector Financing." Report V in Assessment of Shrimp Industry Potentials and Conflicts, Volume II, Shrimp Notes Incorporated, 417 Eliza Street, New Orleans, Louisiana, August, 22 pp.

Cyclical swings in the profitability of shrimp harvesting operations has 7 1 prompted an evaluation of diversifying the scope of fishing activities. This report first develops economic criteria the vessel owner can use to determine the profitability of any additional investment including the advisability of borrowing additional investment funds. Secondly, with financing for diversification from public and/ or private sources being likely, economic criteria will be developed so that funds from these sources are loaned out and committed with minimal risk and with a high degree of accountability to the public for public funds.

Blomo, Vito J. and James E. Easley ( 1983). " Awareness Program for Shrimp Harvesters as to the Uses of Various By Catch, The On Going Development of the Turtle Excluder Device ( TED) Information Program." Report IV in Assessment of Shrimp Industry Potentials and Conflicts, Volume II, Shrimp Notes Incorporated, 417 Eliza Street, New Orleans, Louisiana, August, 23 pp.

The purpose of this report is to discuss alternatives for an awareness program for shrimp fishermen regarding bycatch utilization. Bycatch reduction of undesirable sizes and species is an integral part of the problem, hence is also addressed. The first section below briefly summarizes recent information on bycatch, its utilization and problems surrounding bycatch utilization. The second section discusses possible objectives of an awareness program and types of information that would be required. The third section then addresses strategies that might be pursued in terms of vehicles for conducting an awareness program. The next section discusses possible content and delivery methods for a Turtle Excluder Device ( TED) information program. As such, it emphasizes bycatch reduction. The last section then discusses techniques for monitoring the effectiveness of an awareness program. Monitoring will be important to future decisions concerning whether to continue such a program.

Blomo, Vito J. and Wade L. Griffin ( 1978). " Costs and Returns Data: Florida Based Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Trawlers, 1977." TAMU SG 79 604, Department of Agricultural Economics, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A& M University, October, 33 pp.

This report summarizes estimates of costs and returns for vessels of different characteristics that anchor in Florida and trawl in the Gulf of Mexico. Data for the calendar year 1977 were collected from vessel owners. Results are presented in self explanatory tables. No attempt is made to draw inferences or discuss implications of trends, or relationships that may be apparent in the data. The file also contains a June, 1978 draft final report to NMFS.

Blomo, Vito J. and John P. Nichols ( 1974). " Utilization of Finfishes Caught Incidental to Shrimp Trawling in the Western Gulf of Mexico, Part I: Evaluation of Markets." Department of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology, Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Texas A& M University, June, 85 pp.

Discarded trawl fish can be processed into fish meal, fish solubles, fish oil, pet food, and various forms of seafood. This study evaluates the nature of the markets potentially available for trawl fish and estimates potential volumes that could be marketed through these channels. Price flexibilities were estimated for each market to evaluate impact of increased supplies on price. Based on these estimated relationships, current market conditions and the availability of trawl fish in the Western Gulf of Mexico, potential volumes that could move through each market were determined. For example, the total catch of trawl fish by shrimpers of 368 million pounds could move through the reduction market with only a negligible effect on 7 2 price. The lack of viable marketing facilities along the Texas Coast for many product forms is an important limitation on flow of trawl fish into market channels.

Blomo, Vito J., Wade L. Griffin, and John P. Nichols ( 1978). " Catch Effort and Price Cost Trends in the Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery: Implications on Mexico's Extended Jurisdiction." Marine Fisheries Review, 40( 8): 24 28.

This paper reviews the trends in the catch effort and price cost relationships in the Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery. In addition, these relationships provide a rudimentary framework for analyzing the effect of Mexico's extended 200 mile jurisdiction. This paper updates the data series presented by Nichols and Griffin ( 1975) and also provides a more accurate estimate of fishing effort by shrimp vessels ( Griffin, 1977).

Blomo, V. J., J. P. Nichols, W. L. Griffin, and W. E. Grant ( 1982). " Dynamic Modeling of the Eastern Gulf of Mexico Shrimp Fishery." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 64( 3): 475 482.

The impact of alternative management schemes on the shrimp fishery of the eastern Gulf of Mexico is analyzed and compared to a baseline using simulation techniques ( GBFSM). The fishery's biological and economic functions are modeled including intraseasonal shrimp growth rates, differences in demand for shrimp by size, and a heterogenous fishing fleet. Using consumer and producer surplus techniques, new fishing regulations appear socially optimal compared to the baseline. A rent maximization scheme increases social surplus to its highest level. However, applying such a scheme to one part of the total Gulf of Mexico shrimp fishery is not recommended.

Blomo, V., K. Stokes, W. Griffin, W. Grant, and J. Nichols ( 1978). " Bioeconomic Modeling of the Gulf Shrimp Fishery: An Application to Galveston Bay and Adjacent Offshore Areas." Southern Journal of Agricultural Economics, 10( 1): 119 125.

This article incorporates a nonlinear optimization procedure into the simulation model developed by Grant and Griffin ( 1979). The simulation model that integrates the biological relationships and shrimp fleet characteristics is combined with economic theory into a 12 month analysis that maximizes net income to the industry ( gross returns over costs) over a shrimping season. The analysis can also evaluate changes in several institutional parameters that affect the utilization of the common property shrimp resource.

Blonder, Greg ( 1995).  Faded Genes.  AT& T Bell Labs.

In 2088, our branch on the tree of life will come crashing down. We will be driven to extinction by a smarter and more adaptable species, the computer. And our only alternative is to tinker with the very stuff that makes us human, our genes.

Blue Water Fishermen  s Association ( 1997).  Economic Impacts to the U. S. Pelagic Longline Fishery due to Wasteful, Misguided U. S. Unilateral Management Policies of the National Marine Fisheries Service.  P. O. Box 579, 910 Bayview Ave., Barnegat Light, NJ, 17 pp.

A fishery description and estimates of the negative economic impacts associated with several NMFS Highly Migratory Species management policies. 7 3 Bockstael, N. E. ( 1976). " Analysis of Investment Behavior and Price Determination: Analytical Input for the Formation of Policy in the Fisheries." Dissertation, Department of Natural Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.

This study provides a theoretical base and an analytical model that would allow for the generation of necessary information inputs to policy decisions regarding foreign fishing within the U. S. extended fisheries zone. Two segments of the analysis include a fisheries investment behavior and economic agent behavior model. The coordination of the two segments into an interrelated, policy oriented, prediction model is discussed.

Bockstael, Nancy ( 1978). " Seafood Processing Capacity in Commercial Fisheries Management: Discussion." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 60( 5): 1026 1027.

Reply to Prochaska, F. J. ( 1978). " Theoretical and Empirical Considerations for Estimating Capacity and Capacity Utilization in Commercial Fisheries." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 60( 5): 1020 1025.

Bockstael, N. E. ( 1984). " Uncertainty About Consumption and Consumer Uncertainty." Draft report.

Uncertainty in the context of demand for fisheries products suggests two quite distinct issues. The first is the uncertainty that resource managers face in predicting demand; the second is the uncertainty that faces consumers of fishery products. This paper argues that the first either is of little importance relative to other prediction problems of fishery managers or provides no new problems of analysis. However, the second issue relates to the demand for quality, a topic receiving much attention in the recent economic literature and one that has particular significance for the demand for seafood. When producers in a competitive industry have control over quality but consumers cannot perceive quality upon inspection, welfare gains can be made from imposing minimum quality standards. In addition, publicly supplied and accurate information about quality would have returns to both parties when consumers, uncertain about the health risks related to fish consumption, exhibit risk averse behavior.

Bockstael, N. E. ( 1984). " Uncertainty About Consumption and Consumer Uncertainty." Marine Resource Economics, 1( 1): 67 76.

Uncertainty in the context of demand for fisheries products suggests two quite distinct issues. The first is the uncertainty that resource managers face in predicting demand; the second is the uncertainty that faces consumers of fishery products. This paper argues that the first either ( a) is of little importance relative to other prediction problems of fishery managers or ( b) provides no new problems of analysis. However, the second issue relates to the demand for quality, a topic receiving much attention in the recent economic literature and one that has particular significance for the demand for seafood. When producers in a competitive industry have control over quality but consumers cannot perceive quality upon inspection, welfare gains can be made from imposing minimum quality standards. In addition, publicly supplied and accurate information about quality would have returns to both parties when consumers, uncertain about the health risks related to fish consumption, exhibit risk averse behavior.

Bockstael, N. E. and Catherine L. Kling ( 1988). " Valuing Environmental Quality: Weak Complementarity with Sets of Goods." American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 70( 3): 654 662. 7 4 In practice, it is frequently impossible to identify a single good that is a weak complement to an environmental amenity for which welfare measures are desired. However, a set of goods exhibiting this property sometimes exists, e. g., water related recreational activities when the nonmarket good to be valued is water quality. A set of weak complements is defined and implications for welfare measurement presented. The proper welfare measure now involves evaluation of a line integral and simple additions of areas under demand curves will not always be correct. However, under certain econometric circumstances, approximate welfare measures can be obtained from estimated functions.

Bockstael, Nancy E. and Kenneth E. McConnell ( 1979). " Calculating Equivalent and Compensating Variation for Natural Resource Facilities." Draft report, Department of Resource Economics, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, August, 15 pp.

This paper addresses the theoretical and applied difficulties involved in estimating compensated and equivalent variation for large price changes in natural resource facilities. Unambiguous measures of welfare changes cannot be calculated when a resource is eliminated ( price changes from zero to infinity). Also, contingent valuation measures are preferred to the direct approach of travel cost demand analysis for estimating consumer surplus due to the difficulties of using Willig's bounds in this case of zero demand for access to the natural resource ( trips).

Bockstael, Nancy E. and Kenneth E. McConnell ( 1981). " Theory and Estimation of the Household Production Function for Wildlife Recreation." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 8: 199 214.

The household production function is an intuitively appealing way to model man's interaction with nature. This paper models the interaction between the household's behavior and publicly provided inputs into wildlife recreation. The paper shows how to compute benefits, assuming that the household production function is known. The household production function approach collapses to the simple travel cost approach when households are unable to substitute their own inputs for publicly provided inputs. In addition, the paper demonstrates the conditions under which the parameters of cost an preference functions can be identified. The conditions for identification are quite restrictive when several choices are endogenous.

Bockstael, Nancy E. and Kenneth E. McConnell ( 1983). " Welfare Measurement in the Household Production Framework." American Economic Review, 73( 4): 806 814,

A new conceptual basis for welfare measurement of nonmarket goods is provided. The paper shows that the traditionally conceived Marshallian demands are not uniquely defined. In contrast, the utility constant marginal value functions that are dependent only on preferences and not technology do exist and have the usual normative interpretation. Regardless of joint production or nonconstant returns to scale, the area behind the marginal value and marginal cost curves measure economic surplus. Changes in this area measure welfare effects associated with changes in the individual's economic environment. Finally, the paper shows that equivalent measures of welfare change can often be obtained in the market for goods that serve as inputs into the household production process without assuming that the technology is known.

Bockstael, N. E. and J. J. Opaluch ( 1983). " Discrete Modeling of Supply 7 5 Response Under Uncertainty: The Case of the Fishery." Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 10: 125 137.

In the absence of complete control in a regulated industry, effective management requires prediction of firms' behavioral responses to public policy. This paper develops a discrete choice model of supply response under uncertainty and applies it to fishery choice problems of New England fishing firms. While fishermen demonstrate a bias towards remaining within the same fishery, sufficient incentives, in terms of changes in expected returns and risk, are shown to elicit response. Due to extreme uncertainty concerning population dynamics of fish stocks, a satisficing approach to management, facilitated by this type of modeling, may be more appropriate than bioeconomic optimization.

Bockstael, Nancy E. and Ivar E. Strand, Jr. ( 1987). " The Effect of Common Sources of Regression Error on Benefit Estimates." Land Economics, 63( 1): 11 20.

This paper explores how the assumptions about sources of error influence estimates of recreational benefits. A discussion of the various sources of error in demand estimation is first offered. The analysis is confined to omitted variables and measurement error or random preferences. These represent the primary explanations for the stochastic term in recreational demand analysis. Also, they can be treated with the same estimation technique and hence imply identical estimators.

Bockstael, Nancy E. and Ivar E. Strand, Jr. ( 1993). " Free Trade and Global Resources: The Case of Protected Marine Species." Paper prepared for the IDB/ ECLAC Project on Trade Liberalization, June, 1993.

The authors determine the impacts of institutional rules for the international trade of seafood on protected and endangered species focusing on the dolphin/ tuna and shrimp/ turtle controversies. Because of differences in the processing and harvesting industries for tuna and shrimp, essentially different results were obtained to protect endangered turtles and protected dolphins.

Bockstael, Nancy E., Ivar E. Strand, Jr., and W. Michael Hanemann ( 1984). " Time and Income Constraints in Recreation Demand Analysis." Draft report, Department of Agricultural and Resource Economics, University of Maryland, March, 33 pp.

In this paper, the existing recreational demand analysis is improved by developing a defensible model of recreation behavior conditional on labor market decisions. The primary purpose is to explore the implications of realistic time and income constraints for modeling the behavior of recreationalists. These constraints are developed from the labor supply literature which is also used to identify the appropriate econometric estimation techniques. The proposed approach incorporates a defensible method for treating the value of time as well as addressing the sample selection bias arising from sampling only participants. Exact measures of recreational benefits are developed by estimating demand functions consistent with utility maximization. In the final section, recreational benefits estimated from this approach are compared with those generated by conventional models and estimation practices.

Bockstael, Nancy E., Ivar E. Strand, and W. Michael Hanemann ( 1987). " Time and the Recreational Demand Model." American Journal of 7 6 Agricultural Economics, 69( 2): 293 302.

In this paper, a theoretically consistent approach to including time costs in recreational demand models is developed. The demand model is conditional on the recreationist's labor market situation. For individuals at corner solutions in the labor market, utility maximization is subject to two constraints, leading to a demand function with travel costs and travel time as independent variables. With interior solutions in the labor market, time is valued at the wage rate and combined with travel costs to produce one " full cost" variable. In an illustration, welfare measures based on the new model are estimated for a sample of sportfishermen.

Bockstael, N. E., W. Michael Hanemann, and Catherine L. Kling ( 198?). " A Survey of Models of Recreation Demand in a Multiple Site Framework." Draft report, Department of Agricultural Economics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD.

A topic that has received particular attention in the recreational demand modeling literature is the modeling of the demand for systems of alternative sites, as compared with the more traditional single site modeling approaches. The multiple site models are frequently complex, diverging from simple intuitive extensions of the single site model. They are also diverse, and this together with their complexity makes assessment and comparison of models and results difficult. While problems in the theory and application of single site models remain, most practitioners understand these models and their inherent problems and can apply them with a cautious confidence. In contrast, multiple site models are difficult to sort out, to interpret, and to estimate. In this paper, we first explore the reasons why multiple site models have been developed and outline a number of the approaches which have been used. We then asses these models with a specific criteria in mind: how well do they account for the specific nature of benefit changes in a multiple site framework? Using a common data set, we demonstrate a few of the estimation techniques.

Bockstael, N. E., K. E. McConnell, I. E. Strand ( 1989). " Measuring the Benefits of Improvements in Water Quality: The Chesapeake Bay." Marine Resource Economics, 6( 1): 1 18.

Federal, state, and local government agencies have joined forces in the ambitious and expensive task of improving the water quality of the Chesapeake Bay. Clean up efforts will be devoted to three major problems: nutrient over enrichment, toxic substances, and the decline of submerged aquatic vegetation. Although the beneficiaries are ultimately human, criteria for judging the Bay's water quality have been primarily biological and physical. This paper addresses the question of the human values from the Bay. How do people use the Bay and how much are they willing to pay for the changes in water quality that improve their use: With a variety of methods and data sources, we estimate the annual aggregate willingness to pay for a moderate improvement in the Chesapeake Bay's water quality to be in the range of $ 10 to $ 100 million in 1984 dollars.

Bockstael, N. E., K. E. McConnell, I. E. Strand ( 1989). " A Random Utility Model for Sportfishing: Some Preliminary Results for Florida." Marine Resource Economics, 6( 3): 245 260.