SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' surveys; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS), `` Finance'' surveys. ( This table was prepared October 1998.) 391 DEGREE GRANTING POSTSECONDARY: EXPENDITURES Table 346.   Current fund expenditures of public degree granting institutions, by purpose: 1980   81 to 1996   97 Purpose 1980   81 1985   86 1990   91 1991   92 1992   93 1993   94 1994   95 1995   96 1996   97 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 In thousands Total current fund expenditures ........... $ 42,279,806 $ 63,193,853 $ 92,961,093 $ 98,847,180 $ 104,570,101 $ 109,309,541 $ 115,464,975 $ 119,524,500 $ 125,978,073 Educational and general expenditures ............ 34,173,013 50,872,962 74,395,428 78,554,534 83,210,979 87,139,226 92,173,768 96,085,623 101,554,184 Instruction ................................................... 14,849,822 21,880,782 31,371,394 32,828,420 34,260,177 35,688,497 37,599,194 38,653,245 40,467,048 Research ..................................................... 3,813,350 5,705,144 9,364,213 9,948,580 10,604,973 11,180,363 11,829,665 12,076,357 12,767,351 Public service .............................................. 1,718,924 2,515,734 3,990,232 4,285,501 4,563,397 4,741,719 5,034,445 5,321,014 5,737,393 Academic support ....................................... 3,029,284 4,693,543 6,933,847 7,274,159 7,613,244 8,035,556 8,463,236 9,004,113 9,635,380 Libraries ................................................... 1,187,116 1,685,052 2,167,161 2,284,520 2,329,625 2,449,109 2,614,609 2,690,547 2,841,667 Student services ......................................... 1,950,566 2,921,758 4,398,365 4,690,921 5,173,239 5,315,370 5,614,011 5,810,403 6,243,190 Institutional support ..................................... 3,563,194 5,667,144 8,030,642 8,423,156 9,049,589 9,328,236 9,929,007 10,710,279 11,276,456 Operation and maintenance of plant .......... 3,681,921 5,177,254 6,655,605 6,790,215 7,076,805 7,433,185 7,668,919 8,005,101 8,300,512 Scholarships and fellowships ..................... 1,064,864 1,575,909 2,688,532 3,255,660 3,727,838 4,222,923 4,662,023 5,084,653 5,573,209 From unrestricted funds .......................... 367,476 696,973 1,270,158 1,523,721 1,745,339 1,934,617 2,149,036 2,457,139 2,736,726 From restricted funds 2 ............................ 697,388 878,935 1,418,374 1,731,939 1,982,498 2,288,306 2,512,988 2,627,514 2,836,483 Mandatory transfers .................................... 501,087 735,695 962,598 1,057,923 1,141,717 1,193,379 1,373,267 1,420,459 1,553,644 Auxiliary enterprises ........................................ 4,658,140 6,830,235 9,049,935 9,634,131 10,024,352 10,637,783 11,235,143 11,309,031 12,051,424 Mandatory transfers .................................... 344,043 410,777 623,146 655,301 758,644 784,115 835,993 793,125 842,693 Hospitals .......................................................... 3,377,972 5,358,699 9,315,902 10,432,773 11,100,602 11,317,674 11,801,589 11,878,939 12,113,610 Mandatory transfers .................................... 26,613 75,569 195,961 224,095 223,241 242,216 262,343 213,387 293,030 Independent operations ( FFRDC) 3 ................. 70,681 131,956 199,827 225,742 234,168 214,858 254,474 250,906 258,854 Mandatory transfers .................................... 322 846 1,201 510 462 474 465 1,343 1,172 Percentage distribution Total current fund expenditures .......... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Educational and general expenditures ............ 80.8 80.5 80.0 79.5 79.6 79.7 79.8 80.4 80.6 Instruction ................................................... 35.1 34.6 33.7 33.2 32.8 32.6 32.6 32.3 32.1 Research ..................................................... 9.0 9.0 10.1 10.1 10.1 10.2 10.2 10.1 10.1 Public service .............................................. 4.1 4.0 4.3 4.3 4.4 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Academic support ....................................... 7.2 7.4 7.5 7.4 7.3 7.4 7.3 7.5 7.6 Libraries ................................................... 2.8 2.7 2.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 Student services ......................................... 4.6 4.6 4.7 4.7 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.0 Institutional support ..................................... 8.4 9.0 8.6 8.5 8.7 8.5 8.6 9.0 9.0 Operation and maintenance of plant .......... 8.7 8.2 7.2 6.9 6.8 6.8 6.6 6.7 6.6 Scholarships and fellowships ..................... 2.5 2.5 2.9 3.3 3.6 3.9 4.0 4.3 4.4 From unrestricted funds .......................... 0.9 1.1 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 From restricted funds 2 ............................ 1.6 1.4 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.3 Mandatory transfers .................................... 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 Auxiliary enterprises ........................................ 11.0 10.8 9.7 9.7 9.6 9.7 9.7 9.5 9.6 Mandatory transfers .................................... 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 Hospitals .......................................................... 8.0 8.5 10.0 10.6 10.6 10.4 10.2 9.9 9.6 Mandatory transfers .................................... 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Independent operations ( FFRDC) 3 ................. 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Mandatory transfers .................................... ( 4) ( 4) ( 4) ( 4) ( 4) ( 4) ( 4) ( 4) ( 4)

1 Preliminary data. 2 Excludes Pell Grants. 3 Generally includes only those expenditures associated with major federally funded research and development centers ( FFRDC). 4 Less than 0.05 percent.

NOTE: Data for 1980   81 to 1994   95 are for institutions of higher education. Institutions of higher education were accredited by an agency or association that was recognized by the U. S. Department of Education, or recognized directly by the Secretary of Education. The new degree granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, except that it includes some additional institutions, primarily 2 year colleges, and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not award associate or higher degrees. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' surveys; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS), `` Finance'' surveys. ( This table was prepared June 2000.) 392 DEGREE GRANTING POSTSECONDARY: EXPENDITURES Table 347.   Current fund expenditures of private degree granting institutions, by purpose: 1980   81 to 1995   96 Purpose 1980   81 1985   86 1989   90 1990   91 1991   92 1992   93 1993   94 1994   95 1995   96 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 In thousands Total current fund expenditures .......... $ 21,773,132 $ 34,341,889 $ 48,885,041 $ 53,126,743 $ 57,341,982 $ 60,670,938 $ 64,041,076 $ 67,503,635 $ 70,951,662 Educational and general expenditures ............ 15,900,792 25,255,003 36,421,118 39,744,472 43,012,623 45,766,989 48,885,124 51,984,234 55,359,982 Instruction ................................................... 5,883,343 9,151,318 12,888,779 14,124,723 15,168,776 16,080,736 17,087,102 18,120,513 19,156,788 Research ..................................................... 1,844,369 2,732,222 3,963,726 4,079,827 4,312,973 4,686,336 4,937,247 5,279,876 5,441,530 Public service .............................................. 338,845 603,799 1,001,094 1,085,945 1,203,797 1,371,697 1,500,695 1,657,040 1,686,399 Academic support ....................................... 1,244,002 1,973,849 2,902,568 3,116,927 3,302,859 3,459,726 3,642,355 3,815,455 4,292,950 Libraries ................................................... 572,667 866,279 1,151,567 1,176,731 1,311,314 1,355,227 1,459,304 1,551,152 1,602,816 Student services ......................................... 958,432 1,641,180 2,366,819 2,627,117 2,818,174 2,991,840 3,247,414 3,445,983 3,820,174 Institutional support ..................................... 2,209,321 3,683,642 5,183,893 5,695,842 6,051,868 6,200,308 6,598,004 6,915,821 7,545,490 Operation and maintenance of plant .......... 1,668,389 2,427,972 3,124,680 3,406,975 3,556,365 3,706,923 3,935,311 4,076,986 4,325,784 Scholarships and fellowships ..................... 1,439,661 2,584,266 4,269,051 4,862,651 5,804,340 6,420,536 7,015,087 7,623,304 8,110,450 From unrestricted funds .......................... 713,138 1,588,143 2,754,479 3,174,947 3,682,076 4,203,697 4,710,100 5,180,348 5,755,910 From restricted funds 1 ............................ 726,523 996,123 1,514,572 1,687,704 2,122,264 2,216,838 2,304,987 2,442,957 2,354,540 Mandatory transfers .................................... 314,429 456,754 720,508 744,465 793,471 848,886 921,908 1,049,256 980,417 Auxiliary enterprises ........................................ 2,629,948 3,698,067 4,921,653 5,222,312 5,331,969 5,537,156 5,791,558 5,969,773 6,290,030 Mandatory transfers .................................... 164,335 206,394 285,521 313,730 347,999 350,905 374,733 392,285 352,241 Hospitals .......................................................... 2,055,139 3,333,414 4,565,297 5,009,963 5,671,540 5,949,070 6,191,929 6,269,769 6,062,047 Mandatory transfers .................................... 31,349 53,264 66,164 78,491 109,619 84,818 102,449 83,729 55,052 Independent operations ( FFRDC) 2 ................. 1,187,253 2,055,405 2,976,973 3,149,996 3,325,850 3,417,723 3,172,465 3,279,859 3,239,604 Mandatory transfers .................................... 321 2,586 3,535 4,444 2,886 1,808 1,880 1,908 780 Percentage distribution Total current fund expenditures .......... 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Educational and general expenditures ............ 73.0 73.5 74.5 74.8 75.0 75.4 76.3 77.0 78.0 Instruction ................................................... 27.0 26.6 26.4 26.6 26.5 26.5 26.7 26.8 27.0 Research ..................................................... 8.5 8.0 8.1 7.7 7.5 7.7 7.7 7.8 7.7 Public service .............................................. 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.0 2.1 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.4 Academic support ....................................... 5.7 5.7 5.9 5.9 5.8 5.7 5.7 5.7 6.1 Libraries ................................................... 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.3 Student services ......................................... 4.4 4.8 4.8 4.9 4.9 4.9 5.1 5.1 5.4 Institutional support ..................................... 10.1 10.7 10.6 10.7 10.6 10.2 10.3 10.2 10.6 Operation and maintenance of plant .......... 7.7 7.1 6.4 6.4 6.2 6.1 6.1 6.0 6.1 Scholarships and fellowships ..................... 6.6 7.5 8.7 9.2 10.1 10.6 11.0 11.3 11.4 From unrestricted funds .......................... 3.3 4.6 5.6 6.0 6.4 6.9 7.4 7.7 8.1 From restricted funds 1 ............................ 3.3 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.7 3.7 3.6 3.6 3.3 Mandatory transfers .................................... 1.4 1.3 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.4 Auxiliary enterprises ........................................ 12.1 10.8 10.1 9.8 9.3 9.1 9.0 8.8 8.9 Mandatory transfers .................................... 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 Hospitals .......................................................... 9.4 9.7 9.3 9.4 9.9 9.8 9.7 9.3 8.5 Mandatory transfers .................................... 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 Independent operations ( FFRDC) 2 ................. 5.5 6.0 6.1 5.9 5.8 5.6 5.0 4.9 4.6 Mandatory transfers .................................... ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3) ( 3)

1 Excludes Pell Grants. 2 Generally includes only those expenditures associated with major federally funded research and development centers ( FFRDC). 3 Less than 0.05 percent.

NOTE: Data for 1980   81 to 1994   95 are for institutions of higher education. Institutions of higher education were accredited by an agency or association that was recognized by the U. S. Department of Education, or recognized directly by the Secretary of Education. The new degree granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, except that it includes some additional institutions, primarily 2 year colleges, and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not award associate or higher degrees. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' surveys; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS), `` Finance'' surveys. ( This table was prepared October 1998.)

Table 348.   Voluntary support for degree granting institutions, by source and purpose of support: 1959   60 to 1998   99 [ In millions]

Source and purpose of support 1959   60 1965   66 1970   71 1975   76 1980   81 1985   86 1990   91 1991   92 1992   93 1993   94 1994   95 1995   96 1996   97 1997   98 1998   99 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Total voluntary support 1 $ 815 $ 1,440 $ 1,860 $ 2,410 $ 4,230 $ 7,400 $ 10,200 $ 10,700 $ 11,200 $ 12,350 $ 12,750 $ 14,250 $ 16,000 $ 18,400 $ 20,400 Sources Alumni .......................... 191 310 458 588 1,049 1,825 2,680 2,840 2,980 3,410 3,600 4,040 4,650 5,500 5,930 Nonalumni individuals .. 194 350 495 569 1,007 1,781 2,310 2,500 2,530 2,800 2,940 3,400 3,850 4,500 4,810 Corporations ................. 130 230 259 379 778 1,702 2,230 2,260 2,400 2,510 2,560 2,800 3,050 3,250 3,610 Foundations .................. 163 357 418 549 922 1,363 2,030 2,090 2,200 2,540 2,460 2,815 3,200 3,800 4,530 Religious organizations 80 108 104 130 140 211 240 240 250 240 250 255 250 300 330 Other ............................ 57 85 126 195 334 518 710 770 840 850 940 940 1,000 1,050 1,190 Purpose Current operations ....... 385 675 1,050 1,480 2,590 4,022 5,830 6,100 6,300 6,710 7,230 7,850 8,500 9,000 9,900 Capital purposes .......... 430 765 810 930 1,640 3,378 4,370 4,600 4,900 5,640 5,520 6,400 7,500 9,400 10,500 Voluntary support as a percent of total expenditures 2 ............... 11.4 9.2 6.8 5.5 6.0 6.9 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.5 6.3 6.7 7.2 7.8 8.4 1 Data are based on sample surveys of institutions of higher education.

2 Total expenditures include current fund expenditures and additions to plant value. SOURCE: Council for Aid to Education, Research Report, `` Contributions to Colleges Drop for First Time Since 1975;'' and `` Voluntary Support of Education,'' various years. ( This table was prepared May 2001.) 393 DEGREE GRANTING POSTSECONDARY: EXPENDITURES Table 349.   Educational and general expenditures of degree granting public universities, by purpose: 1976   77 to 1996   97 Year Educational and general expenditures Total Instruction Administration 1 Student services Research Libraries Public service Operation and maintenance of plant Scholarships and fellowships Mandatory transfers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Expenditures, in thousands of current dollars 1976   77 .... $ 9,413,626 $ 3,670,554 $ 1,222,410 $ 346,906 $ 1,727,807 $ 331,614 $ 763,809 $ 857,677 $ 377,749 $ 115,099 1977   78 .... 10,220,191 4,009,870 1,344,538 388,262 1,896,578 343,198 803,309 938,952 389,682 105,803 1978   79 .... 11,284,191 4,408,025 1,478,568 419,231 2,136,135 363,875 920,726 1,046,740 396,356 114,533 1979   80 .... 12,540,072 4,860,411 1,572,523 473,460 2,444,471 463,642 1,012,376 1,148,942 439,461 124,786 1980   81 .... 13,951,029 5,374,271 1,795,504 525,891 2,743,145 451,978 1,158,512 1,270,339 492,225 139,164 1981   82 .... 15,077,263 5,852,958 1,974,219 566,366 2,903,178 488,939 1,223,417 1,412,557 525,498 130,131 1982   83 .... 16,089,168 6,247,358 2,107,933 604,657 3,086,846 528,470 1,300,353 1,512,947 562,903 137,702 1983   84 .... 17,234,711 6,646,501 2,263,565 643,614 3,295,053 577,136 1,385,191 1,627,702 624,642 171,306 1984   85 .... 18,960,810 7,257,618 2,598,784 701,451 3,682,755 609,365 1,519,324 1,745,825 677,533 168,155 1985   86 .... 20,716,657 7,807,522 2,882,006 762,324 4,076,258 669,253 1,664,917 1,831,618 780,080 242,679 1986   87 .... 22,023,387 8,368,187 3,088,348 819,829 4,399,405 677,531 1,725,613 1,829,880 847,328 267,266 1987   88 .... 23,848,427 8,902,624 3,311,806 889,528 4,911,929 762,858 1,857,008 1,934,489 949,438 328,746 1988   89 .... 26,138,665 9,623,797 3,638,424 975,801 5,476,936 813,888 2,096,267 2,069,744 1,096,447 347,362 1989   90 .... 28,338,312 10,364,088 3,927,198 1,047,364 6,030,489 871,279 2,273,699 2,222,046 1,211,690 390,458 1990   91 .... 30,367,325 11,012,373 4,157,677 1,103,058 6,599,209 906,506 2,479,956 2,305,115 1,367,754 435,676 1991   92 .... 31,565,791 11,373,749 4,198,990 1,161,633 6,937,360 946,098 2,609,520 2,323,220 1,556,868 458,354 1992   93 .... 32,836,061 11,708,500 4,317,605 1,211,143 7,330,922 959,306 2,714,785 2,365,942 1,734,530 493,328 1993   94 .... 34,318,548 12,115,695 4,578,770 1,273,008 7,676,832 1,006,301 2,784,869 2,459,895 1,909,173 514,006 1994   95 .... 36,255,063 12,837,030 4,814,366 1,348,617 8,082,388 1,096,566 2,943,284 2,526,104 2,057,116 549,593 1995   96 .... 37,693,678 13,289,323 5,146,842 1,419,733 8,211,609 1,134,159 3,082,968 2,596,786 2,235,290 576,968 1996   97 2 .. 39,368,161 13,813,628 5,404,019 1,480,850 8,526,355 1,186,456 3,246,335 2,691,399 2,411,021 608,098 Percentage distribution 1976   77 .... 100.0 39.0 13.0 3.7 18.4 3.5 8.1 9.1 4.0 1.2 1980   81 .... 100.0 38.5 12.9 3.8 19.7 3.2 8.3 9.1 3.5 1.0 1981   82 .... 100.0 38.8 13.1 3.8 19.3 3.2 8.1 9.4 3.5 0.9 1982   83 .... 100.0 38.8 13.1 3.8 19.2 3.3 8.1 9.4 3.5 0.9 1983   84 .... 100.0 38.6 13.1 3.7 19.1 3.3 8.0 9.4 3.6 1.0 1984   85 .... 100.0 38.3 13.7 3.7 19.4 3.2 8.0 9.2 3.6 0.9 1985   86 .... 100.0 37.7 13.9 3.7 19.7 3.2 8.0 8.8 3.8 1.2 1986   87 .... 100.0 38.0 14.0 3.7 20.0 3.1 7.8 8.3 3.8 1.2 1987   88 .... 100.0 37.3 13.9 3.7 20.6 3.2 7.8 8.1 4.0 1.4 1988   89 .... 100.0 36.8 13.9 3.7 21.0 3.1 8.0 7.9 4.2 1.3 1989   90 .... 100.0 36.6 13.9 3.7 21.3 3.1 8.0 7.8 4.3 1.4 1990   91 .... 100.0 36.3 13.7 3.6 21.7 3.0 8.2 7.6 4.5 1.4 1991   92 .... 100.0 36.0 13.3 3.7 22.0 3.0 8.3 7.4 4.9 1.5 1992   93 .... 100.0 35.7 13.1 3.7 22.3 2.9 8.3 7.2 5.3 1.5 1993   94 .... 100.0 35.3 13.3 3.7 22.4 2.9 8.1 7.2 5.6 1.5 1994   95 .... 100.0 35.4 13.3 3.7 22.3 3.0 8.1 7.0 5.7 1.5 1995   96 .... 100.0 35.3 13.7 3.8 21.8 3.0 8.2 6.9 5.9 1.5 1996   97 2 .. 100.0 35.1 13.7 3.8 21.7 3.0 8.2 6.8 6.1 1.5 Expenditure per full time equivalent student in constant 1996   97 dollars 1976   77 .... $ 15,574 $ 6,073 $ 2,022 $ 574 $ 2,859 $ 549 $ 1,264 $ 1,419 $ 625 $ 190 1980   81 .... 15,861 6,110 2,041 598 3,119 514 1,317 1,444 560 158 1981   82 .... 15,636 6,070 2,047 587 3,011 507 1,269 1,465 545 135 1982   83 .... 15,602 6,058 2,044 586 2,993 512 1,261 1,467 546 134 1983   84 .... 15,980 6,163 2,099 597 3,055 535 1,284 1,509 579 159 1984   85 .... 16,732 6,405 2,293 619 3,250 538 1,341 1,541 598 148 1985   86 .... 17,383 6,551 2,418 640 3,420 562 1,397 1,537 655 204 1986   87 .... 17,687 6,721 2,480 658 3,533 544 1,386 1,470 680 215 1987   88 .... 18,168 6,782 2,523 678 3,742 581 1,415 1,474 723 250 1988   89 .... 18,511 6,815 2,577 691 3,879 576 1,485 1,466 776 246 1989   90 .... 18,634 6,815 2,582 689 3,965 573 1,495 1,461 797 257 1990   91 .... 18,795 6,816 2,573 683 4,084 561 1,535 1,427 847 270 1991   92 .... 18,688 6,734 2,486 688 4,107 560 1,545 1,375 922 271 1992   93 .... 19,145 6,827 2,517 706 4,274 559 1,583 1,379 1,011 288 1993   94 .... 19,537 6,897 2,607 725 4,370 573 1,585 1,400 1,087 293 1994   95 .... 20,110 7,120 2,670 748 4,483 608 1,633 1,401 1,141 305 1995   96 .... 20,303 7,158 2,772 765 4,423 611 1,661 1,399 1,204 311 1996   97 2 .. 20,603 7,229 2,828 775 4,462 621 1,699 1,409 1,262 318 1 Includes institutional and academic support less libraries.

2 Preliminary data.

NOTE: Data in this table may differ slightly from data appearing in other tables. Data for 1976   77 through 1985   86 include only institutions which provided both enrollment and finance data. The Higher Education Price Index was used to convert the per student figures to constant dollars. Data for 1976   77 to 1995   96 are for institutions of higher education. Institutions of higher education were accredited by an agency or association that was recognized by the U. S. Department of Education, or recognized directly by the Secretary of Education. The new degree granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, except that it includes some additional institutions, primarily 2 year colleges, and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not award associate or higher degrees. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' surveys; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS), `` Finance'' surveys; and Research Associates of Washington, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared June 2000.) 394 DEGREE GRANTING POSTSECONDARY: EXPENDITURES Table 350.   Educational and general expenditures of public degree granting 4 year colleges, by purpose: 1976   77 to 1996   97 Year Educational and general expenditures Total Instruction Administration 1 Student services Research Libraries Public service Operation and maintenance of plant Scholarships and fellowships Mandatory transfers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Expenditures, in thousands of current dollars 1976   77 .... $ 8,682,538 $ 4,027,051 $ 1,445,651 $ 500,832 $ 607,235 $ 340,002 $ 250,152 $ 1,001,848 $ 338,432 $ 171,335 1977   78 .... 9,568,977 4,423,487 1,598,092 572,193 677,414 369,408 274,314 1,118,393 332,899 202,777 1978   79 .... 10,455,134 4,770,598 1,789,534 651,541 786,072 395,299 301,387 1,214,996 337,588 208,119 1979   80 .... 11,750,398 5,271,621 2,029,327 733,557 937,874 448,190 359,467 1,375,308 383,036 212,019 1980   81 .... 13,139,618 5,890,759 2,258,987 807,249 1,043,614 511,817 407,816 1,563,514 412,972 242,890 1981   82 .... 14,321,586 6,537,888 2,518,182 834,225 1,086,146 536,080 440,736 1,738,210 403,069 227,050 1982   83 .... 15,286,145 6,980,269 2,660,360 904,745 1,150,011 559,353 469,841 1,857,151 450,067 254,349 1983   84 .... 16,538,128 7,464,035 3,013,666 1,041,488 1,246,289 622,879 513,732 1,873,628 473,503 288,908 1984   85 .... 18,333,578 8,211,171 3,370,676 1,140,312 1,420,844 669,518 603,018 2,137,225 489,188 291,626 1985   86 .... 19,860,947 8,945,373 3,658,627 1,235,418 1,618,737 712,112 648,178 2,118,522 569,841 354,139 1986   87 .... 21,490,078 9,608,239 4,019,850 1,318,666 1,846,712 695,692 766,865 2,226,599 660,940 346,515 1987   88 .... 23,124,455 10,310,532 4,261,440 1,434,726 2,053,638 774,274 864,347 2,340,495 711,704 373,299 1988   89 .... 24,639,653 10,991,086 4,496,286 1,504,869 2,305,152 813,801 941,434 2,429,103 754,412 403,508 1989   90 .... 27,210,634 12,079,093 5,076,792 1,648,526 2,525,080 888,526 1,088,113 2,607,385 871,944 425,175 1990   91 .... 28,903,790 12,818,677 5,374,417 1,800,723 2,745,613 888,162 1,145,892 2,728,949 963,436 437,921 1991   92 .... 30,720,827 13,270,992 5,805,724 1,868,329 2,986,474 945,097 1,310,700 2,782,200 1,248,220 503,091 1992   93 .... 33,119,294 13,906,211 6,416,859 2,164,309 3,246,542 979,635 1,447,684 2,960,373 1,457,901 539,779 1993   94 .... 34,477,869 14,519,321 6,477,847 2,135,560 3,473,971 1,018,304 1,525,406 3,084,509 1,685,785 557,166 1994   95 .... 36,659,833 15,321,392 6,909,606 2,236,127 3,717,964 1,084,945 1,647,855 3,175,330 1,884,283 682,332 1995   96 .... 38,115,758 15,600,219 7,502,742 2,217,691 3,841,169 1,105,930 1,761,690 3,328,604 2,068,459 689,256 1996   97 2 .. 40,930,525 16,546,172 7,929,270 2,519,558 4,216,267 1,191,965 1,974,123 3,458,897 2,325,829 768,444 Percentage distribution 1976   77 .... 100.0 46.4 16.7 5.8 7.0 3.9 2.9 11.5 3.9 2.0 1980   81 .... 100.0 44.8 17.2 6.1 7.9 3.9 3.1 11.9 3.1 1.8 1981   82 .... 100.0 45.7 17.6 5.8 7.6 3.7 3.1 12.1 2.8 1.6 1982   83 .... 100.0 45.7 17.4 5.9 7.5 3.7 3.1 12.1 2.9 1.7 1983   84 .... 100.0 45.1 18.2 6.3 7.5 3.8 3.1 11.3 2.9 1.7 1984   85 .... 100.0 44.8 18.4 6.2 7.7 3.7 3.3 11.7 2.7 1.6 1985   86 .... 100.0 45.0 18.4 6.2 8.2 3.6 3.3 10.7 2.9 1.8 1986   87 .... 100.0 44.7 18.7 6.1 8.6 3.2 3.6 10.4 3.1 1.6 1987   88 .... 100.0 44.6 18.4 6.2 8.9 3.3 3.7 10.1 3.1 1.6 1988   89 .... 100.0 44.6 18.2 6.1 9.4 3.3 3.8 9.9 3.1 1.6 1989   90 .... 100.0 44.4 18.7 6.1 9.3 3.3 4.0 9.6 3.2 1.6 1990   91 .... 100.0 44.3 18.6 6.2 9.5 3.1 4.0 9.4 3.3 1.5 1991   92 .... 100.0 43.2 18.9 6.1 9.7 3.1 4.3 9.1 4.1 1.6 1992   93 .... 100.0 42.0 19.4 6.5 9.8 3.0 4.4 8.9 4.4 1.6 1993   94 .... 100.0 42.1 18.8 6.2 10.1 3.0 4.4 8.9 4.9 1.6 1994   95 .... 100.0 41.8 18.8 6.1 10.1 3.0 4.5 8.7 5.1 1.9 1995   96 .... 100.0 40.9 19.7 5.8 10.1 2.9 4.6 8.7 5.4 1.8 1996   97 2 .. 100.0 40.4 19.4 6.2 10.3 2.9 4.8 8.5 5.7 1.9 Expenditure per full time equivalent student in constant 1996   97 dollars 1976   77 .... $ 11,357 $ 5,267 $ 1,891 $ 655 $ 794 $ 445 $ 327 $ 1,310 $ 443 $ 224 1980   81 .... 11,833 5,305 2,034 727 940 461 367 1,408 372 219 1981   82 .... 11,774 5,375 2,070 686 893 441 362 1,429 331 187 1982   83 .... 11,489 5,246 2,000 680 864 420 353 1,396 338 191 1983   84 .... 11,609 5,239 2,115 731 875 437 361 1,315 332 203 1984   85 .... 12,256 5,489 2,253 762 950 448 403 1,429 327 195 1985   86 .... 12,658 5,701 2,332 787 1,032 454 413 1,350 363 226 1986   87 .... 12,653 5,657 2,367 776 1,087 410 452 1,311 389 204 1987   88 .... 12,910 5,756 2,379 801 1,147 432 483 1,307 397 208 1988   89 .... 12,712 5,671 2,320 776 1,189 420 486 1,253 389 208 1989   90 .... 12,827 5,694 2,393 777 1,190 419 513 1,229 411 200 1990   91 .... 12,472 5,531 2,319 777 1,185 383 494 1,178 416 189 1991   92 .... 12,629 5,455 2,387 768 1,228 389 539 1,144 513 207 1992   93 .... 13,094 5,498 2,537 856 1,284 387 572 1,170 576 213 1993   94 .... 13,255 5,582 2,490 821 1,336 391 586 1,186 648 214 1994   95 .... 13,716 5,732 2,585 837 1,391 406 617 1,188 705 255 1995   96 .... 13,813 5,653 2,719 804 1,392 401 638 1,206 750 250 1996   97 2 .. 14,329 5,793 2,776 882 1,476 417 691 1,211 814 269 1 Includes institutional and academic support less libraries.

2 Preliminary data.

NOTE: This table excludes universities. See preceding table. Data in this table may differ slightly from data appearing in other tables. Data for 1976   77 through 1985   86 include only institutions which provided both enrollment and finance data. Data for 1976   77 to 1995   96 are for institutions of higher education. Institutions of higher education were accredited by an agency or association that was recognized by the U. S. Department of Education, or recognized directly by the Secretary of Education. The Higher Education Price Index was used to convert the per student figures to constant dollars. The new degree granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification except that it includes some additional institutions, primarily 2 year colleges, and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not award associate or higher degrees. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' surveys; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS), `` Finance'' surveys; and Research Associates of Washington, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared June 2000.) 395 DEGREE GRANTING POSTSECONDARY: EXPENDITURES Table 351.   Educational and general expenditures of degree granting public 2 year colleges, by purpose: 1976   77 to 1996   97 Year Educational and general expenditures Total Instruction Administration 1 Student services Research Libraries Public service Operation and maintenance of plant Scholarships and fellowships Mandatory transfers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Expenditures, in thousands of current dollars 1976   77 .... $ 4,875,998 $ 2,490,274 $ 882,813 $ 409,217 $ 15,698 $ 171,409 $ 97,635 $ 547,515 $ 142,827 $ 118,610 1977   78 .... 5,336,153 2,700,489 1,035,206 437,060 9,333 188,201 112,944 605,464 117,996 129,458 1978   79 .... 5,734,611 2,877,651 1,119,840 482,323 21,289 193,703 110,918 650,447 127,633 150,807 1979   80 .... 6,334,777 3,185,815 1,204,082 547,457 26,288 202,583 141,000 743,014 147,865 136,672 1980   81 .... 7,063,474 3,575,743 1,347,020 615,869 26,591 222,391 152,597 844,781 159,474 119,008 1981   82 .... 7,757,435 3,947,065 1,473,733 684,650 15,632 262,697 147,385 952,691 160,109 113,473 1982   83 .... 8,292,446 4,218,388 1,620,644 741,179 18,090 248,682 123,722 1,016,267 175,069 130,403 1983   84 .... 8,820,575 4,481,854 1,748,535 775,084 18,189 263,485 150,109 1,076,371 178,500 128,448 1984   85 .... 9,560,507 4,806,050 1,929,968 841,101 15,591 278,363 193,903 1,156,074 207,975 131,482 1985   86 .... 10,252,955 5,116,884 2,122,060 920,299 10,136 295,691 202,440 1,220,646 225,979 138,820 1986   87 .... 10,845,969 5,382,631 2,363,275 1,020,496 12,508 246,131 235,115 1,252,152 243,402 90,258 1987   88 .... 11,666,586 5,741,049 2,479,661 1,157,858 11,358 316,278 264,809 1,326,748 280,247 88,578 1988   89 .... 12,666,590 6,278,809 2,727,058 1,197,748 14,864 328,809 314,250 1,414,420 299,491 91,142 1989   90 .... 13,875,566 6,909,109 2,977,932 1,344,339 19,213 353,165 336,927 1,526,086 314,906 93,889 1990   91 .... 15,124,313 7,540,344 3,265,233 1,494,583 19,390 372,492 364,384 1,621,542 357,343 89,001 1991   92 .... 16,267,915 8,183,678 3,408,080 1,660,958 24,747 393,325 365,281 1,684,796 450,572 96,477 1992   93 .... 17,255,624 8,645,466 3,598,745 1,797,787 27,510 390,684 400,927 1,750,489 535,406 108,610 1993   94 .... 18,342,808 9,053,480 3,858,066 1,906,802 29,560 424,504 431,444 1,888,780 627,964 122,207 1994   95 .... 19,258,872 9,440,773 4,053,662 2,029,268 29,313 433,098 443,306 1,967,485 720,624 141,342 1995   96 .... 20,161,543 9,701,637 4,349,565 2,163,469 23,676 445,660 472,767 2,070,286 781,770 152,713 1996   97 2 .. 21,255,498 10,107,248 4,736,880 2,242,782 24,730 463,247 516,935 2,150,215 836,359 177,102 Percentage distribution 1976   77 .... 100.0 51.1 18.1 8.4 0.3 3.5 2.0 11.2 2.9 2.4 1980   81 .... 100.0 50.6 19.1 8.7 0.4 3.1 2.2 12.0 2.3 1.7 1981   82 .... 100.0 50.9 19.0 8.8 0.2 3.4 1.9 12.3 2.1 1.5 1982   83 .... 100.0 50.9 19.5 8.9 0.2 3.0 1.5 12.3 2.1 1.6 1983   84 .... 100.0 50.8 19.8 8.8 0.2 3.0 1.7 12.2 2.0 1.5 1984   85 .... 100.0 50.3 20.2 8.8 0.2 2.9 2.0 12.1 2.2 1.4 1985   86 .... 100.0 49.9 20.7 9.0 0.1 2.9 2.0 11.9 2.2 1.4 1986   87 .... 100.0 49.6 21.8 9.4 0.1 2.3 2.2 11.5 2.2 0.8 1987   88 .... 100.0 49.2 21.3 9.9 0.1 2.7 2.3 11.4 2.4 0.8 1988   89 .... 100.0 49.6 21.5 9.5 0.1 2.6 2.5 11.2 2.4 0.7 1989   90 .... 100.0 49.8 21.5 9.7 0.1 2.5 2.4 11.0 2.3 0.7 1990   91 .... 100.0 49.9 21.6 9.9 0.1 2.5 2.4 10.7 2.4 0.6 1991   92 .... 100.0 50.3 20.9 10.2 0.2 2.4 2.2 10.4 2.8 0.6 1992   93 .... 100.0 50.1 20.9 10.4 0.2 2.3 2.3 10.1 3.1 0.6 1993   94 .... 100.0 49.4 21.0 10.4 0.2 2.3 2.4 10.3 3.4 0.7 1994   95 .... 100.0 49.0 21.0 10.5 0.2 2.2 2.3 10.2 3.7 0.7 1995   96 .... 100.0 48.1 21.6 10.7 0.1 2.2 2.3 10.3 3.9 0.8 1996   97 2 .. 100.0 47.6 22.3 10.6 0.1 2.2 2.4 10.1 3.9 0.8 Expenditure per full time equivalent student in constant 1996   97 dollars 1976   77 .... $ 6,257 $ 3,126 $ 1,108 $ 514 $ 20 $ 215 $ 123 $ 687 $ 179 $ 149 1980   81 .... 5,996 3,035 1,143 523 23 189 130 717 135 101 1981   82 .... 5,990 3,048 1,138 529 12 203 114 736 124 88 1982   83 .... 5,667 2,883 1,107 506 12 170 85 694 120 89 1983   84 .... 5,747 2,920 1,139 505 12 172 98 701 116 84 1984   85 .... 6,298 3,166 1,271 554 10 183 128 762 137 87 1985   86 .... 6,484 3,236 1,342 582 6 187 128 772 143 88 1986   87 .... 6,589 3,270 1,436 620 8 150 143 761 148 55 1987   88 .... 6,502 3,199 1,382 645 6 176 148 739 156 49 1988   89 .... 6,574 3,259 1,415 622 8 171 163 734 155 47 1989   90 .... 6,396 3,185 1,373 620 9 163 155 703 145 43 1990   91 .... 6,468 3,225 1,396 639 8 159 156 693 153 38 1991   92 .... 6,171 3,104 1,293 630 9 149 139 639 171 37 1992   93 .... 6,264 3,138 1,306 653 10 142 146 635 194 39 1993   94 .... 6,585 3,250 1,385 685 11 152 155 678 225 44 1994   95 .... 6,734 3,301 1,417 710 10 151 155 688 252 49 1995   96 .... 6,939 3,339 1,497 745 8 153 163 712 269 53 1996   97 2 .. 7,020 3,338 1,564 741 8 153 171 710 276 58 1 Includes institutional and academic support less libraries.

2 Preliminary data.

NOTE: Data in this table may differ slightly from data appearing in other tables. Data for 1976   77 through 1985   86 include only institutions which provided both enrollment and finance data. The Higher Education Price Index was used to convert the per student figures to constant dollars. Data for 1976   77 to 1995   96 are for institutions of higher education. Institutions of higher education were accredited by an agency or association that was recognized by the U. S. Department of Education, or recognized directly by the Secretary of Education. The new degree granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, except that it includes some additional institutions, primarily 2 year colleges, and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not award associate or higher degrees. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' surveys; Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS), `` Finance'' surveys; and Research Associates of Washington, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared June 2000.) 396 DEGREE GRANTING POSTSECONDARY: EXPENDITURES Table 352.   Current fund expenditures of public degree granting institutions, by state: 1980   81 to 1996   97 [ In thousands]

State or other area Institutions of higher education 1 Degree granting institutions 2 1980   81 1985   86 1990   91 1991   92 1992   93 1993   94 1994   95 1995   96 1995   96 1996   97 3 Percent change, 1995   96 to 1996   97 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United States ......... $ 42,279,806 $ 63,193,853 $ 92,961,093 $ 98,847,180 $ 104,570,101 $ 109,309,541 $ 115,464,975 $ 119,400,868 $ 119,524,500 $ 125,978,073 5.4 Alabama ...................... 839,366 1,324,774 2,054,798 2,189,029 2,428,620 2,510,081 2,648,077 2,715,643 2,715,643 2,840,790 4.6 Alaska ......................... 158,700 224,042 289,606 306,218 322,620 336,405 336,584 352,811 352,811 344,723   2.3 Arizona ........................ 691,481 1,017,203 1,586,891 1,620,019 1,621,716 1,754,682 1,854,180 1,963,390 1,976,169 2,070,566 4.8 Arkansas ..................... 340,621 528,831 797,291 878,783 976,735 1,002,908 1,070,668 1,153,714 1,181,083 1,247,987 5.7 California ..................... 5,775,482 8,515,440 12,023,304 12,910,152 13,537,367 13,244,130 13,899,338 14,274,642 14,284,348 15,707,254 10.0 Colorado ...................... 738,363 1,057,558 1,452,137 1,546,642 1,670,921 1,760,679 1,862,438 1,974,306 1,974,306 2,079,177 5.3 Connecticut ................. 367,850 562,696 886,846 957,627 981,286 1,026,593 1,134,014 1,169,349 1,168,038 1,206,127 3.3 Delaware ..................... 158,332 229,377 367,012 396,947 416,699 442,488 469,085 491,597 491,597 510,290 3.8 District of Columbia ..... 71,791 80,764 97,556 99,535 98,826 97,072 99,351 98,632 103,072 107,433 4.2 Florida ......................... 1,170,305 1,782,180 2,896,046 2,988,794 3,179,353 3,408,957 3,549,470 3,727,585 3,714,984 3,968,197 6.8 Georgia ....................... 754,060 1,255,964 1,929,993 2,015,816 2,227,608 2,453,100 2,728,682 2,953,792 2,835,505 3,057,542 7.8 Hawaii ......................... 222,718 312,248 498,307 575,337 602,346 613,356 653,303 634,970 634,970 638,096 0.5 Idaho ........................... 166,844 238,438 353,561 391,441 409,167 445,463 473,733 503,014 510,601 530,013 3.8 Illinois .......................... 1,780,403 2,571,409 3,528,967 3,644,740 3,877,243 4,053,858 4,293,437 4,498,142 4,498,142 4,713,363 4.8 Indiana ........................ 1,064,395 1,602,203 2,391,173 2,643,997 2,671,055 2,858,990 2,967,184 2,783,027 2,783,027 3,021,556 8.6 Iowa ............................. 767,590 1,092,542 1,734,476 1,776,217 1,899,159 1,981,068 2,051,631 2,163,536 2,163,536 2,233,470 3.2 Kansas ........................ 579,857 848,602 1,190,573 1,262,215 1,329,587 1,429,200 1,495,926 1,536,701 1,547,154 1,595,757 3.1 Kentucky ..................... 673,775 898,718 1,400,529 1,514,985 1,516,017 1,577,584 1,663,738 1,779,945 1,779,945 1,994,760 12.1 Louisiana ..................... 716,702 1,039,177 1,439,415 1,541,126 1,800,188 1,835,151 1,909,675 1,911,633 1,970,177 2,059,975 4.6 Maine .......................... 153,658 216,737 355,074 362,905 375,090 387,991 391,269 404,171 407,819 431,850 5.9 Maryland ..................... 795,100 1,064,430 1,684,341 1,674,918 1,829,812 1,940,403 1,997,636 2,136,898 2,136,898 2,352,742 10.1 Massachusetts ............ 553,019 980,585 1,435,063 1,474,589 1,605,121 1,496,856 1,557,225 1,641,256 1,647,254 1,739,959 5.6 Michigan ...................... 2,053,795 2,946,336 4,416,914 4,741,682 4,925,759 5,095,422 5,395,757 5,653,791 5,653,791 5,986,556 5.9 Minnesota .................... 876,632 1,324,691 2,012,225 2,219,016 2,286,336 2,459,437 2,624,464 2,689,857 2,694,395 2,638,379   2.1 Mississippi ................... 539,222 706,380 978,366 1,012,544 1,102,806 1,200,196 1,358,795 1,429,107 1,440,692 1,490,260 3.4 Missouri ....................... 687,643 999,869 1,453,608 1,501,166 1,582,746 1,694,484 1,836,878 1,988,392 1,994,150 2,117,072 6.2 Montana ...................... 121,894 182,102 254,175 320,876 337,189 350,943 376,618 402,792 402,792 445,611 10.6 Nebraska ..................... 378,928 537,858 848,778 916,814 968,407 1,004,263 1,076,670 1,143,547 1,143,547 1,218,519 6.6 Nevada ........................ 111,347 180,107 330,592 363,306 377,786 415,785 447,901 505,518 505,518 547,065 8.2 New Hampshire ........... 134,391 183,959 281,542 307,217 335,575 360,833 371,554 390,816 390,816 418,136 7.0 New Jersey ................. 903,169 1,406,490 2,309,968 2,489,088 2,630,533 2,809,931 2,982,535 3,064,901 3,064,901 3,147,805 2.7 New Mexico ................ 325,960 456,600 896,299 1,010,859 1,069,497 1,142,903 1,278,741 1,315,168 1,329,422 1,420,132 6.8 New York .................... 2,519,104 3,802,602 5,605,621 5,681,964 6,096,863 6,481,594 6,922,118 6,728,593 6,728,593 6,872,196 2.1 North Carolina ............. 1,128,383 1,799,173 2,581,156 2,770,977 3,002,915 3,192,215 3,406,215 3,538,606 3,538,606 3,791,459 7.1 North Dakota ............... 192,046 288,214 367,959 408,219 419,268 432,190 456,730 440,332 440,332 450,127 2.2 Ohio ............................. 1,784,754 2,718,408 4,084,840 4,359,943 4,389,408 4,640,316 4,907,686 4,812,773 4,818,930 4,880,235 1.3 Oklahoma .................... 583,174 844,829 1,057,248 1,158,696 1,177,061 1,214,084 1,263,002 1,329,938 1,329,938 1,457,550 9.6 Oregon ........................ 642,411 880,696 1,329,794 1,484,621 1,560,699 1,623,771 1,756,424 1,815,638 1,815,638 1,988,824 9.5 Pennsylvania ............... 1,544,586 2,392,145 3,602,685 3,904,332 4,004,062 4,240,094 4,506,833 4,781,347 4,781,347 4,940,983 3.3 Rhode Island ............... 158,365 213,253 292,199 303,606 330,038 331,359 344,457 353,270 353,270 368,598 4.3 South Carolina ............ 617,963 951,848 1,475,074 1,595,552 1,702,419 1,766,671 1,817,631 1,903,952 1,903,952 2,020,736 6.1 South Dakota .............. 124,103 149,092 197,853 217,756 240,061 259,120 252,443 262,682 290,868 294,181 1.1 Tennessee .................. 665,885 1,081,052 1,585,614 1,621,202 1,776,066 1,911,953 2,042,171 2,061,946 2,062,547 2,127,506 3.1 Texas .......................... 2,736,276 4,375,082 5,959,584 6,370,847 6,982,016 7,414,174 7,817,433 8,296,878 8,300,915 8,758,306 5.5 Utah ............................. 405,314 669,714 993,625 1,116,845 1,174,239 1,260,797 1,354,017 1,442,592 1,442,592 1,536,120 6.5 Vermont ....................... 122,708 188,112 274,746 294,045 298,626 306,100 316,455 329,457 329,457 347,605 5.5 Virginia ........................ 1,143,755 1,825,156 2,812,109 2,939,683 3,072,851 3,301,020 3,414,167 3,515,201 3,515,201 3,804,552 8.2 Washington ................. 993,171 1,399,780 2,157,074 2,278,549 2,486,455 2,639,504 2,807,168 2,909,056 2,945,074 3,126,566 6.2 West Virginia ............... 317,482 376,293 548,802 582,453 609,447 650,642 674,664 717,095 718,596 742,631 3.3 Wisconsin .................... 1,208,396 1,754,395 2,469,260 2,596,853 2,726,350 2,872,001 2,941,034 3,022,205 3,024,877 2,827,128   6.5 Wyoming ..................... 126,082 203,307 240,216 265,048 260,592 271,396 294,334 291,864 291,864 296,393 1.6 U. S. Service Schools .. 592,454 912,393 1,150,209 1,241,392 1,267,497 1,309,330 1,313,438 1,394,800 1,394,800 1,465,216 5.0 Outlying areas ........ 268,310 451,370 516,958 574,988 654,292 662,130 727,524 813,290 809,779 862,770 6.5 American Samoa ........ 1,609 1,092 3,187 3,228 3,356 3,416 3,483 15,486 15,486 6,462   58.3 Federated States of Micronesia ..............     3,777 3,765 3,294 3,520 5,056 8,442 8,442 7,398   12.4 Guam .......................... 16,100 31,310 57,645 67,220 71,917 66,913 81,148 68,230 68,230 69,168 1.4 Marshall Islands ..........       3,588 1,298 1,527 1,237 1,282 1,282 1,352   Northern Marianas ......   1,350 2,798 3,194 2,505 3,214 12,366 15,029 15,029 16,393 9.1 Palau ...........................     3,837 3,687 4,485 3,476 3,667 5,942 5,942 3,940   33.7 Puerto Rico ................. 237,319 394,046 385,511 434,032 536,917 546,575 586,910 663,128 659,617 722,909 9.6 Trust Territory of the Pacific ............... 1,447 5,992                   Virgin Islands .............. 11,835 17,580 60,202 56,274 30,520 33,489 33,656 35,750 35,750 35,149   1.7   Not available.

1 Institutions that were accredited by an agency or association that was recognized by the U. S. Department of Education, or recognized directly by the Secretary of Education.

2 Four year and 2 year degree granting institutions that were participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs.

3 Preliminary data.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' surveys; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS), `` Finance'' surveys. ( This table was prepared June 2000.) 397 DEGREE GRANTING POSTSECONDARY: EXPENDITURES Table 353.   Educational and general expenditures of public degree granting institutions, by state: 1980   81 to 1996   97 [ In thousands of dollars]

State or other area Institutions of higher education 1 Degree granting institutions 2 1980   81 1985   86 1990   91 1991   92 1992   93 1993   94 1994   95 1995   96 1995   96 1996   97 3 Percent change, 1995   96 to 1996   97 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United States ......... $ 34,173,013 $ 50,872,962 $ 74,395,428 $ 78,554,534 $ 83,210,979 $ 87,139,226 $ 92,173,768 $ 95,970,979 $ 96,085,623 $ 101,554,184 5.7 Alabama ...................... 611,409 979,770 1,415,440 1,456,605 1,580,484 1,710,955 1,834,533 1,880,788 1,880,788 1,925,876 2.4 Alaska ......................... 150,421 210,894 273,577 288,999 304,137 316,779 316,397 331,723 331,723 323,377   2.5 Arizona ........................ 554,120 862,816 1,364,060 1,407,819 1,409,122 1,523,655 1,653,840 1,747,648 1,759,850 1,844,584 4.8 Arkansas ..................... 266,522 415,800 633,194 604,885 676,378 707,166 746,129 817,974 843,906 891,912 5.7 California ..................... 4,847,879 7,049,635 9,615,356 10,341,888 11,000,665 10,734,842 11,280,758 11,709,716 11,719,821 12,828,295 9.5 Colorado ...................... 561,552 809,621 1,258,356 1,363,615 1,452,957 1,529,290 1,604,656 1,705,832 1,705,832 1,788,917 4.9 Connecticut ................. 281,581 439,397 673,182 736,202 731,570 771,954 883,759 912,566 911,255 941,151 3.3 Delaware ..................... 135,164 202,331 325,838 349,369 366,801 387,810 413,692 429,293 429,293 455,194 6.0 District of Columbia ..... 71,245 79,922 96,411 98,973 97,586 95,824 98,041 97,399 101,839 106,118 4.2 Florida ......................... 1,071,754 1,638,227 2,657,553 2,710,041 2,904,932 3,101,072 3,234,938 3,402,373 3,390,561 3,638,284 7.3 Georgia ....................... 628,939 1,046,341 1,617,020 1,665,009 1,834,141 2,037,534 2,277,756 2,484,493 2,366,561 2,572,242 8.7 Hawaii ......................... 202,154 282,058 454,880 526,269 546,473 556,567 590,389 569,448 569,448 580,744 2.0 Idaho ........................... 141,296 202,736 303,224 334,762 346,932 375,289 395,733 420,747 428,068 445,369 4.0 Illinois .......................... 1,487,123 2,152,955 2,979,768 3,068,891 3,245,802 3,397,183 3,583,012 3,794,018 3,794,018 3,975,467 4.8 Indiana ........................ 771,564 1,183,098 1,842,610 1,935,566 2,014,834 2,105,645 2,196,013 2,300,841 2,300,841 2,444,413 6.2 Iowa ............................. 512,205 736,894 1,172,328 1,184,382 1,267,646 1,354,777 1,392,753 1,459,013 1,459,013 1,518,118 4.1 Kansas ........................ 461,979 660,995 928,772 994,560 1,059,683 1,134,392 1,196,211 1,234,345 1,244,531 1,289,656 3.6 Kentucky ..................... 527,235 737,101 1,112,190 1,208,448 1,212,211 1,254,859 1,321,523 1,419,040 1,419,040 1,551,033 9.3 Louisiana ..................... 557,825 810,479 1,135,955 1,215,771 1,275,446 1,339,408 1,449,305 1,513,214 1,570,429 1,654,488 5.4 Maine .......................... 127,983 183,349 308,699 316,116 324,515 338,776 343,665 356,682 360,331 380,156 5.5 Maryland ..................... 604,419 911,562 1,443,669 1,428,072 1,564,259 1,673,163 1,737,204 1,878,053 1,878,053 2,060,891 9.7 Massachusetts ............ 441,068 779,341 1,122,629 1,165,598 1,295,720 1,339,199 1,400,824 1,470,591 1,476,589 1,562,825 5.8 Michigan ...................... 1,610,016 2,278,217 3,325,625 3,556,178 3,727,115 3,885,984 4,042,460 4,306,553 4,306,553 4,508,448 4.7 Minnesota .................... 667,119 1,023,324 1,563,054 1,728,356 1,775,640 1,937,650 2,068,280 2,072,145 2,076,375 2,236,339 7.7 Mississippi ................... 409,942 542,022 756,492 772,618 842,603 919,354 1,049,356 1,099,535 1,111,120 1,136,217 2.3 Missouri ....................... 553,793 802,936 1,155,531 1,184,338 1,260,304 1,339,527 1,456,516 1,560,758 1,566,489 1,691,270 8.0 Montana ...................... 99,990 148,099 210,813 262,480 279,323 303,495 322,880 350,086 350,086 388,693 11.0 Nebraska ..................... 286,122 397,523 600,224 639,475 672,427 706,454 727,977 753,703 753,703 788,822 4.7 Nevada ........................ 105,177 163,714 301,487 332,246 353,875 379,154 402,097 459,599 459,599 488,685 6.3 New Hampshire ........... 104,285 143,191 229,360 252,021 275,138 295,687 304,474 316,456 316,456 336,903 6.5 New Jersey ................. 735,097 1,140,310 1,875,481 2,002,975 2,103,355 2,237,339 2,363,439 2,461,249 2,461,249 2,533,747 2.9 New Mexico ................ 278,960 393,151 671,206 724,157 769,646 806,673 899,545 939,532 953,396 1,028,650 7.9 New York .................... 2,249,821 3,238,773 4,680,376 4,768,772 5,113,506 5,398,182 5,799,931 5,630,108 5,630,108 5,713,257 1.5 North Carolina ............. 971,928 1,527,535 2,227,060 2,406,405 2,600,325 2,671,176 2,849,310 2,881,827 2,881,827 3,080,364 6.9 North Dakota ............... 151,372 228,609 292,978 328,738 336,361 344,187 361,276 372,051 372,051 380,895 2.4 Ohio ............................. 1,327,483 2,019,351 3,046,603 3,214,612 3,185,955 3,362,837 3,616,901 3,769,392 3,774,974 3,873,433 2.6 Oklahoma .................... 404,178 594,561 830,929 906,908 930,102 953,027 996,963 1,037,701 1,037,701 1,138,927 9.8 Oregon ........................ 497,593 672,175 996,887 1,086,673 1,142,781 1,194,805 1,281,381 1,351,507 1,351,507 1,490,766 10.3 Pennsylvania ............... 1,231,502 1,814,384 2,737,817 2,963,168 3,087,186 3,280,879 3,439,340 3,562,793 3,562,793 3,667,956 3.0 Rhode Island ............... 138,965 185,215 251,992 260,123 284,957 285,742 297,597 306,825 306,825 318,710 3.9 South Carolina ............ 481,737 741,740 1,065,867 1,100,035 1,172,246 1,244,696 1,310,645 1,369,352 1,369,352 1,462,262 6.8 South Dakota .............. 108,632 130,825 173,396 192,001 211,716 229,080 222,811 233,749 258,488 261,361 1.1 Tennessee .................. 515,578 865,946 1,231,619 1,228,340 1,352,125 1,478,085 1,581,929 1,626,688 1,627,212 1,671,688 2.7 Texas .......................... 2,278,337 3,674,109 5,105,246 5,439,843 5,961,535 6,352,088 6,643,734 7,023,005 7,026,170 7,394,605 5.2 Utah ............................. 320,278 503,557 730,496 826,170 856,933 921,052 991,014 1,073,017 1,073,017 1,146,939 6.9 Vermont ....................... 101,539 157,266 238,512 258,150 263,475 271,261 279,882 292,072 292,072 308,235 5.5 Virginia ........................ 796,616 1,241,534 1,852,416 1,892,627 1,991,591 2,124,635 2,248,402 2,282,078 2,282,078 2,472,071 8.3 Washington ................. 837,281 1,143,285 1,757,053 1,837,095 2,007,044 2,074,451 2,211,588 2,273,160 2,308,241 2,460,414 6.6 West Virginia ............... 228,755 310,142 459,984 494,733 522,173 560,380 579,349 621,234 622,712 644,447 3.5 Wisconsin .................... 998,862 1,438,918 2,057,786 2,158,188 2,266,312 2,394,285 2,437,859 2,510,572 2,513,244 2,585,549 2.9 Wyoming ..................... 111,170 171,335 204,028 225,238 222,188 231,190 254,469 251,339 251,339 253,867 1.0 U. S. Service Schools .. 555,447 805,892 1,030,399 1,110,028 1,130,748 1,169,731 1,181,234 1,247,093 1,247,093 1,311,552 5.2 Outlying areas ........ 253,820 421,500 498,958 555,054 607,730 637,164 700,528 780,785 777,274 830,781 6.9 American Samoa ........ 1,609 1,092 3,187 3,228 3,356 3,416 3,483 14,909 14,909 6,237   58.2 Federated States of Micronesia ..............     3,302 3,286 2,898 3,096 4,589 7,965 7,965 6,861   13.9 Guam .......................... 15,582 29,916 55,641 64,772 68,550 63,515 77,783 65,258 65,258 65,965 1.1 Marshall Islands ..........       3,093 1,220 1,454 1,183 1,226 1,226 1,293 5.4 Northern Marianas ......   1,328 2,472 2,803 2,230 2,838 12,305 14,989 14,989 16,393 9.4 Palau ...........................     3,277 3,172 3,808 2,847 3,156 3,332 3,332 3,377 1.3 Puerto Rico ................. 224,988 367,523 378,352 427,021 497,590 529,255 567,140 641,083 637,571 699,734 9.7 Trust Territory of the Pacific ............... 1,320 5,992                   Virgin Islands .............. 10,322 15,649 52,726 47,679 28,078 30,743 30,889 32,024 32,024 30,922   3.4   Not available. 1 Institutions that were accredited by an agency or association that was recognized by the U. S. Department of Education, or recognized directly by the Secretary of Education. 2 Four year and 2 year degree granting institutions that were participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs. 3 Preliminary data.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' surveys; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS), `` Finance'' surveys. ( This table was prepared June 2000.) 398 DEGREE GRANTING POSTSECONDARY: EXPENDITURES Table 354.   Current fund expenditures and educational and general expenditures of private not for profit institutions of higher education, by state: 1985   86 to 1995   96 [ In thousands of dollars]

State Current fund expenditures Educational and general expenditures 1985   86 1990   91 1993   94 1994   95 1995   96 1985   86 1990   91 1993   94 1994   95 1995   96 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 United States ......................... $ 33,796,683 $ 52,079,906 $ 62,702,212 $ 66,122,565 $ 69,102,394 $ 24,738,587 $ 38,769,871 $ 47,600,834 $ 50,662,377 $ 53,540,243 Alabama ...................................... 178,766 239,264 295,574 305,267 325,421 156,267 207,496 260,722 268,310 287,587 Alaska ......................................... 10,171 20,217 19,000 15,935 15,825 9,106 17,465 13,945 11,741 12,178 Arizona ........................................ 29,714 55,142 68,051 73,978 79,145 25,426 48,149 62,256 67,250 72,212 Arkansas ..................................... 66,123 105,495 127,431 140,758 148,871 51,883 86,400 106,175 118,323 125,776 California ..................................... 3,603,948 5,471,945 6,244,725 6,664,795 7,045,087 2,239,751 3,435,708 4,195,856 4,458,381 4,701,163 Colorado ..................................... 149,800 228,407 272,360 281,927 306,164 132,057 201,333 243,812 254,409 276,668 Connecticut ................................. 833,406 1,289,575 1,522,821 1,604,088 1,698,631 729,820 1,139,410 1,358,776 1,436,899 1,520,554 Delaware ..................................... 29,569 23,875 31,836 32,995 34,192 26,501 21,598 29,040 30,471 31,751 District of Columbia .................... 1,302,567 1,944,605 2,359,300 2,502,088 2,542,361 798,756 1,167,674 1,348,642 1,431,299 1,478,935 Florida ......................................... 699,301 1,196,724 1,463,445 1,579,744 1,685,909 530,090 927,485 1,138,697 1,238,143 1,320,668 Georgia ....................................... 678,129 1,179,901 1,629,638 1,737,652 1,837,837 413,148 745,739 1,072,149 1,131,412 1,205,439 Hawaii ......................................... 32,553 42,881 95,803 100,046 112,487 25,323 36,528 76,909 80,510 94,552 Idaho ........................................... 49,768 73,335 92,807 95,706 101,336 37,736 58,068 80,720 83,963 88,645 Illinois .......................................... 2,697,651 3,898,129 4,717,431 5,039,207 4,886,489 1,464,293 2,297,177 2,879,622 3,126,846 3,357,508 Indiana ........................................ 516,649 816,342 985,351 1,057,524 1,131,998 413,628 669,802 816,341 880,576 950,855 Iowa ............................................ 348,541 526,077 672,105 699,340 724,931 287,079 438,537 569,117 594,104 615,311 Kansas ........................................ 105,193 144,471 171,402 180,052 189,318 87,719 124,578 149,127 157,710 166,024 Kentucky ..................................... 164,491 251,560 303,998 322,466 343,696 129,775 205,496 251,021 266,885 287,055 Louisiana ..................................... 352,186 566,331 735,286 619,042 647,591 220,929 366,843 455,750 518,458 515,214 Maine .......................................... 130,626 195,243 231,191 243,003 261,920 103,759 162,712 192,943 203,574 221,447 Maryland ..................................... 895,453 1,460,393 1,728,026 1,795,866 1,870,451 562,025 985,902 1,216,146 1,298,456 1,354,261 Massachusetts ............................ 3,539,442 5,332,122 6,110,778 6,410,944 6,778,728 2,813,131 4,270,480 5,116,856 5,425,030 5,721,614 Michigan ...................................... 447,436 699,193 826,746 855,969 906,246 384,533 618,422 730,458 759,066 803,848 Minnesota ................................... 514,606 704,159 777,317 835,710 880,488 437,137 600,818 656,286 709,344 747,375 Mississippi ................................... 61,672 97,737 121,959 128,400 138,808 52,869 84,806 107,001 114,038 122,699 Missouri ....................................... 895,639 1,460,670 1,738,375 1,863,299 1,961,954 705,570 1,155,834 1,423,585 1,546,602 1,575,734 Montana ...................................... 19,882 33,471 44,193 50,343 56,028 16,269 29,165 38,509 44,086 49,855 Nebraska ..................................... 161,066 243,678 300,276 316,684 333,719 138,929 217,590 268,746 287,419 303,937 Nevada ........................................ 2,448 2,991 4,926 5,356 5,981 2,448 2,593 4,293 4,616 5,391 New Hampshire .......................... 259,187 399,725 476,137 493,772 518,980 225,456 348,112 416,727 431,135 453,866 New Jersey ................................. 711,478 957,661 1,176,088 1,215,489 1,262,798 537,298 766,929 949,927 988,131 1,027,923 New Mexico ................................ 22,196 22,969 32,874 33,350 34,683 19,678 19,682 27,567 28,714 29,652 New York .................................... 5,487,876 8,113,252 9,930,462 10,424,477 10,836,610 4,467,861 6,607,801 8,095,536 8,500,357 8,888,821 North Carolina ............................. 815,258 1,698,373 2,165,209 2,328,865 2,439,035 576,298 1,117,334 1,416,468 1,514,290 1,592,275 North Dakota ............................... 18,853 27,978 36,380 37,350 45,261 15,860 24,033 31,776 32,912 40,600 Ohio ............................................ 924,464 1,441,192 1,755,406 1,850,166 1,973,986 782,760 1,241,939 1,536,893 1,620,912 1,730,980 Oklahoma .................................... 174,542 257,433 270,702 283,509 310,010 145,202 216,368 233,556 248,985 271,900 Oregon ........................................ 168,031 271,971 328,798 359,579 385,185 145,976 242,945 294,062 321,865 343,768 Pennsylvania ............................... 3,106,911 4,838,303 5,856,506 6,089,249 6,361,053 1,986,082 3,180,299 3,969,587 4,237,558 4,607,717 Rhode Island ............................... 315,651 518,425 636,510 667,901 706,781 261,616 437,800 545,057 575,255 604,862 South Carolina ............................ 192,141 315,236 310,486 324,648 347,026 151,123 254,390 260,850 274,049 294,984 South Dakota .............................. 39,893 52,180 54,663 57,643 59,988 34,212 46,187 48,450 51,477 53,557 Tennessee .................................. 676,815 1,084,292 1,343,820 1,402,160 1,512,404 431,327 694,318 885,665 946,888 1,017,011 Texas .......................................... 986,318 1,492,198 1,781,097 1,900,574 2,004,583 848,799 1,332,293 1,604,014 1,712,398 1,808,955 Utah ............................................ 182,127 269,613 449,691 480,990 515,069 109,947 220,023 308,494 322,375 339,908 Vermont ...................................... 150,689 266,539 269,666 288,223 305,294 126,299 229,548 232,565 250,310 264,387 Virginia ........................................ 384,007 649,347 775,845 848,456 864,606 309,665 559,607 672,359 741,528 756,700 Washington ................................. 225,637 354,262 455,483 492,370 517,804 188,068 302,690 394,923 429,428 452,996 West Virginia ............................... 71,547 104,122 137,492 167,111 168,229 58,730 89,187 120,423 148,386 149,678 Wisconsin .................................... 366,266 640,901 766,744 818,499 881,396 320,370 514,579 692,432 737,505 795,443 Wyoming .....................................                     Outlying areas ........................ 189,424 245,693 316,382 337,090 345,802 179,851 231,377 298,995 320,705 330,230 Puerto Rico ................................. 189,424 245,693 316,382 337,090 345,802 179,851 231,377 298,995 320,705 330,230   Not available.

NOTE: Institutions that were accredited by an agency or association that was recognized by the U. S. Department of Education, or recognized directly by the Secretary of Education. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' survey; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS), `` Finance'' surveys. ( This table was prepared January 1999.) 399 DEGREE GRANTING POSTSECONDARY: PROPERTY Table 355.   Additions to physical plant value of degree granting institutions, by type of addition and control of institution: 1969   70 to 1996   97 [ In millions]

Year Total, all institutions Public institutions Private institutions Total Land Buildings Equipment Total Land Buildings Equipment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1969   70 .............................................. $ 4,233 $ 2,985 $ 152 $ 2,185 $ 648 $ 1,248 $ 59 $ 967 $ 221 1970   71 .............................................. 4,165 3,032 128 2,241 663 1,134 41 895 198 1971   72 .............................................. 4,163 3,054 112 2,277 665 1,109 53 860 195 1972   73 .............................................. 3,967 2,940 126 2,077 737 1,028 53 750 225 1973   74 .............................................. 4,312 3,206 205 2,188 813 1,106 55 816 235 1974   75 .............................................. 4,761 3,476 263 2,246 967 1,284 67 860 357 1975   76 .............................................. 4,702 3,552 168 2,365 1,019 1,150 58 768 325 1976   77 .............................................. 4,623 3,362 128 2,208 1,026 1,261 58 838 366 1977   78 .............................................. 4,527 3,306 102 2,117 1,087 1,221 45 777 400 1978   79 .............................................. 4,576 3,377 154 1,944 1,279 1,199 52 763 383 1979   80 .............................................. 5,551 3,666 164 2,149 1,354 1,886 98 1,220 568 1980   81 .............................................. 6,471 4,279 146 2,555 1,579 2,192 104 1,398 690 1981   82 .............................................. 6,975 4,594 170 2,679 1,744 2,382 83 1,488 811 1982   83 .............................................. 7,421 4,765 374 2,396 1,994 2,656 106 1,666 884 1983   84 .............................................. 7,604 5,038 196 2,427 2,415 2,566 110 1,507 950 1984   85 .............................................. 8,306 5,390 202 2,455 2,733 2,916 135 1,671 1,110 1985   86 .............................................. 10,149 6,875 237 3,318 3,320 3,274 128 1,922 1,225 1986   87 .............................................. 10,675 6,899 313 3,235 3,351 3,776 160 2,408 1,208 1987   88 .............................................. 11,589 7,218 272 3,520 3,426 4,371 250 2,715 1,406 1988   89 .............................................. 13,638 8,162 562 3,845 3,756 5,477 243 3,401 1,833 1989   90 .............................................. 15,900 10,616 532 5,438 4,647 5,284 408 3,277 1,599 1990   91 .............................................. 17,634 11,472 449 6,168 4,855 6,162 448 3,799 1,914 1991   92 .............................................. 15,543 9,820 412 5,272 4,136 5,723 380 3,419 1,925 1992   93 .............................................. 16,494 10,599 336 5,982 4,281 5,895 491 3,458 1,946 1993   94 .............................................. 16,379 10,263 361 5,582 4,320 6,116 259 3,840 2,017 1994   95 .............................................. 18,556 12,129 448 7,079 4,603 6,427 277 3,994 2,156 1995   96 .............................................. 20,873 13,228 428 7,658 5,141 7,645 356 4,897 2,392 1996   97 1 ............................................   13,642 392 8,097 5,153           Not available. 1 Preliminary data.

NOTE: Data for 1969   70 to 1994   95 are for institutions of higher education. Institutions of higher education were accredited by an agency or association that was recognized by the U. S. Department of Education, or recognized directly by the Secretary of Education. The new degree granting classification is very similar to the earlier higher education classification, except that it includes some additional institutions, primarily 2 year colleges, and excludes a few higher education institutions that did not award associate or higher degrees. Data for 1995   96 and 1996   97 are for 4 year and 2 year degree granting institutions that were participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' surveys; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS), `` Finance'' surveys. ( This table was prepared June 2000.) 400 DEGREE GRANTING POSTSECONDARY: PROPERTY Table 356.   Value of property and liabilities of degree granting institutions: 1899   1900 to 1995   96 [ In thousands]

Academic year Property value at end of year Endowment ( end of year market value) 1 Liabilities of plant funds Total Physical plant value Endowment ( book value) 1 Total Land Buildings Equipment 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Higher education institutions 2 1899   1900 ............................. $ 448,597 $ 253,599       3 $ 194,998     1909   10 ................................. 781,255 457,594 $ 92,359 $ 297,153 $ 68,082 3 323,661     1919   20 ................................. 1,316,404 747,333 128,922 495,920 122,491 3 569,071     1929   30 ................................. 3,437,117 2,065,049 304,114 1,490,014 270,921 3 1,372,068     1935   36 ................................. 3,913,028 2,359,418 334,085 1,636,722 388,611 3 1,553,610     1937   38 ................................. 4,208,695 2,556,075 313,665 1,811,309 431,101 1,652,620     1939   40 ................................. 4,440,063 2,753,780       1,686,283     1941   42 ................................. 4,525,925 2,759,261       3 1,766,664     1947   48 ................................. 6,076,212 3,691,725       2,384,487     1949   50 ................................. 7,401,187 4,799,964       3 2,601,223     1951   52 ................................. 9,241,725 6,373,195       2,868,530     1953   54 ................................. 10,717,082 7,523,193       3,193,889     1955   56 ................................. 12,561,046 8,858,907 624,467 4 6,697,648 1,536,792 3,702,139   $ 894,383 1957   58 ................................. 15,770,197 11,124,489 733,182 4 8,540,429 1,850,878 4,645,708   1,444,602 1959   60 ................................. 18,870,628 13,548,548 842,664 4 10,472,478 2,233,407 5,322,080   1,964,306 1961   62 ................................. 22,761,193 16,681,844 1,009,294 4 12,900,093 2,772,457 6,079,349   2,806,868 1963   64 ................................. 28,232,362 21,279,346 1,292,691 4 16,460,867 3,525,788 6,953,016   4,190,189 1965   66 ................................. 35,274,597 26,851,273 1,758,901 4 20,653,028 4,439,344 8,423,324 $ 11,126,831 6,071,750 1967   68 .................................   34,506,348 2,062,545 4 26,673,826 5,769,977       1969   70 ................................. 52,930,923 42,093,580 3,076,751 31,865,179 7,151,649 10,837,343 11,206,632 9,384,731 1970   71 ................................. 57,394,951 46,053,585 3,117,895 35,042,590 7,893,100 11,341,366 13,714,330 9,786,240 1971   72 ................................. 62,136,459 50,153,251 3,287,326 38,131,339 8,734,586 11,983,208 15,180,934 10,291,095 1972   73 ................................. 66,814,103 53,814,596 3,492,611 40,808,481 9,513,503 12,999,507 15,099,840 10,823,595 1973   74 ................................. 71,305,817 58,002,777 3,888,372 43,701,491 10,412,914 13,303,040 13,168,076 11,400,916 1974   75 ................................. 75,585,674 62,183,078 4,210,901 46,453,642 11,518,536 13,402,596 14,364,545 12,413,420 1975   76 ................................. 80,300,595 66,348,304 4,345,232 49,349,224 12,653,847 13,952,291 15,488,265 12,687,015 1976   77 ................................. 85,486,550 70,739,427 4,444,927 52,384,393 13,910,107 14,747,123 16,304,553 13,068,341 1977   78 ................................. 90,337,044 74,770,804 4,621,071 55,188,603 14,961,131 15,566,240 16,840,129 13,437,861 1978   79 ................................. 95,442,468 78,637,991 4,824,250 57,563,005 16,250,737 16,804,477 18,158,634 13,712,648 1979   80 ................................. 102,294,859 83,733,387 5,037,172 60,847,097 17,849,119 18,561,472 20,743,045 14,181,991 1980   81 ................................. 109,701,242 88,760,567 5,212,453 64,158,017 19,390,097 20,940,675 23,465,001 14,794,669 1981   82 ................................. 117,601,954 94,516,512 5,402,339 67,794,877 21,319,297 23,085,442 24,415,245 15,487,618 1982   83 ................................. 127,345,302 100,992,841 5,889,080 71,519,718 23,584,042 26,352,461 32,691,133 16,749,900 1983   84 ................................. 137,141,741 107,640,113 6,109,746 75,220,765 26,309,602 29,501,629 32,975,610 18,277,315 1984   85 ................................. 148,163,096 114,763,986 6,236,159 79,133,998 29,393,829 33,399,110 39,916,361 22,105,712 1985   86 ................................. 160,959,517 122,261,355 6,573,923 82,886,012 32,801,419 38,698,162 50,280,775 25,699,408 1986   87 .................................   126,426,171 7,165,445 84,838,657 34,422,069   56,585,153   1987   88 .................................   139,456,342 8,307,789 92,428,615 38,719,937   57,391,814   1988   89 .................................   158,693,085 9,462,095 104,743,145 44,487,845   64,155,247   1989   90 .................................   164,635,000 9,968,000 108,609,000 46,058,000   67,978,726   1990   91 .................................   178,084,000 10,028,000 117,683,000 50,373,000   72,048,579   1991   92 .................................   184,813,238 10,528,395 122,422,566 51,862,277   82,534,026   1992   93 .................................   192,760,817 11,006,451 128,436,599 53,317,767   92,239,311   1993   94 .................................   199,463,715 11,197,662 133,124,680 55,141,373   96,012,591   1994   95 .................................   212,201,113 11,710,436 142,553,837 57,936,840   109,706,704   Degree granting institutions 5 1995   96 .................................   220,400,104 11,407,020 150,458,886 58,534,198   128,837,030     Not available.

1 Includes funds functioning as endowment.

2 Institutions that were accredited by an agency or association that was recognized by the U. S. Department of Education, or recognized directly by the Secretary of Education.

3 Includes annuity funds.

4 Includes improvements to land and equipment. These funds are included under appropriate categories after 1967   68. 5 Data are for 4 year and 2 year degree granting institutions that were participating in Title IV federal financial aid programs.

NOTE: Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Higher Education General Information Survey ( HEGIS), `` Financial Statistics of Institutions of Higher Education'' surveys; and Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System ( IPEDS), `` Finance'' surveys. ( This table was prepared November 1998.) 401 DEGREE GRANTING POSTSECONDARY: PROPERTY Table 357.   Endowment funds of the 120 colleges and universities with the largest amounts: 1999 and 2000 Institution Rank order 1 Market value of endowment as of June 30 ( in thousands of dollars One year change 2 Institution Rank order 1 Market value of endowment as of June 30 ( in thousands of dollars) One year change 2 1999 2000 1999 2000 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 120 institutions with the largest amounts in 2000 .............................   $ 154,674,237 $ 194,002,768 25.4 Harvard University ( MA) .......................... 1 14,255,996 18,844,338 32.2 Kansas University Endowment Association ...... 61 766,673 855,452 11.6 Yale University ( CT) ................................ 2 7,197,900 10,084,900 40.1 Carnegie Mellon University ( PA) ....................... 62 719,320 829,121 15.3 University of Texas System .................... 3 8,128,298 10,013,175 23.2 Syracuse University ( NY) ................................... 63 641,466 825,250 28.7 Stanford University ( CA) 3 ....................... 4 6,005,211 8,649,475 44.0 Georgia Institute of Technology 4 ...................... 64 590,175 801,831 35.9 Princeton University ( NJ) ........................ 5 6,469,200 8,398,100 29.8 Lehigh University ( PA) ....................................... 65 675,595 791,190 17.1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology ... 6 4,287,701 6,475,506 51.0 Yeshiva University ( NY) ..................................... 66 674,833 775,262 14.9 University of California ( CA) ................... 7 4,315,219 5,639,777 30.7 University of Missouri System ........................... 67 686,900 753,000 9.6 Emory University ( GA) ............................ 8 4,475,755 5,032,683 12.4 Georgetown University ( DC) .............................. 68 684,193 745,398 8.9 Columbia University ( NY) ........................ 9 3,636,621 4,263,972 17.3 George Washington University ( DC) 6 ............... 69 673,589 737,647 9.5 Washington University ( MO) ................... 10 3,761,686 4,234,599 12.6 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ( NY) ............... 70 516,238 729,973 41.4 Texas A& M University System 4 ............. 11 3,746,624 4,205,849 12.3 University of Tulsa ( OK) 7 .................................. 71 684,138 725,470 6.0 University of Chicago ( IL) ....................... 12 2,762,686 3,828,664 38.6 University of Florida 4 ......................................... 72 601,813 681,370 13.2 University of Michigan ............................. 13 2,525,612 3,468,372 37.3 Carleton College ( MN) ....................................... 73 551,019 680,586 23.5 Cornell University ( NY) ........................... 14 2,869,103 3,436,926 19.8 Vassar College ( NY) .......................................... 74 578,423 675,113 16.7 Rice University ( TX) ................................ 15 2,936,622 3,372,458 14.8 Middlebury College ( VT) .................................... 75 604,841 666,783 10.2 Northwestern University ( IL) ................... 16 2,634,850 3,368,233 27.8 Trinity University ( TX) 7 ...................................... 76 584,445 656,978 12.4 University of Pennsylvania ...................... 17 3,281,342 3,200,812   2.5 Baylor University ( TX) 7 ...................................... 77 587,183 645,095 9.9 University of Notre Dame ( IN) ................ 18 1,984,256 3,089,007 55.7 Tulane University ( LA) ....................................... 78 548,305 636,350 16.1 Duke University ( NC) .............................. 19 1,678,728 2,663,891 58.7 University of Alabama System 5 ........................ 79 553,189 619,891 12.1 Dartmouth College ( NH) ......................... 20 1,710,585 2,490,376 45.6 Oberlin College ( OH) ......................................... 80 508,490 610,229 20.0 Vanderbilt University ( TN) ....................... 21 1,831,766 2,314,935 26.4 Wesleyan University ( CT) .................................. 81 530,323 579,914 9.4 University of Southern California ............ 22 1,589,833 2,152,589 35.4 Macalester College ( MN) ................................... 82 517,180 564,439 9.1 Johns Hopkins University ( MD) .............. 23 1,520,793 1,825,212 20.0 Rochester Institute of Technology ( NY) ............ 83 437,111 524,714 20.0 University of Virginia ............................... 24 1,398,068 1,738,984 24.4 Tufts University ( MA) ......................................... 84 464,107 523,520 12.8 Case Western Reserve University ( OH) 25 1,434,200 1,550,600 8.1 Northeastern University ( MA) ............................ 85 396,205 518,536 30.9 University of Minnesota 4 ........................ 26 1,283,934 1,550,107 20.7 University of Maryland System 4 ........................ 86 498,703 498,533   0.0 California Institute of Technology 5 ......... 27 1,333,229 1,535,702 15.2 Denison University ( OH) .................................... 87 355,116 498,362 40.3 Brown University ( RI) .............................. 28 1,181,514 1,416,052 19.9 University of Oklahoma 4 ................................... 88 483,946 492,127 1.7 Rockefeller University ( NY) ..................... 29 1,007,600 1,372,200 36.2 Claremont McKenna College ( CA) .................... 89 392,833 487,120 24.0 Williams College ( MA) ............................. 30 923,243 1,357,589 47.0 DePauw University ( IN) ..................................... 90 418,314 482,251 15.3 Purdue University ( IN) ............................. 31 1,222,411 1,301,976 6.5 University of California Los Angeles 4 ............... 91 402,537 472,246 17.3 Ohio State University 4 ............................ 32 1,086,350 1,294,923 19.2 Bryn Mawr College ( PA) .................................... 92 426,499 466,960 9.5 University of Rochester ( NY) .................. 33 1,119,027 1,278,774 14.3 Bowdoin College ( ME) ....................................... 93 406,853 465,274 14.4 Wellesley College ( MA) ........................... 34 887,489 1,253,385 41.2 Bucknell University ( PA) .................................... 94 392,372 465,262 18.6 Pomona College ( CA) ............................. 35 759,519 1,109,410 46.1 University of Miami ( FL) 7 .................................. 95 428,571 465,212 8.5 University of N. C., Chapel Hill 4 .............. 36 925,746 1,105,254 19.4 University of Louisville ( KY) 4 ............................. 96 381,821 454,521 19.0 University of Richmond ( VA) ................... 37 803,252 1,068,708 33.0 Lafayette College ( PA) ...................................... 97 468,003 451,160   3.6 Baylor College of Medicine ( TX) ............. 38   1,044,685   State University of New York/ Buffalo 4 .............. 98 438,002 447,322 2.1 Boston College ( MA) 6 ............................. 39 908,000 1,044,542 15.0 University of Houston System ( TX) ................... 99 413,101 443,883 7.5 New York University ................................ 40 1,035,900 1,030,800   0.5 University of Tennessee System ....................... 100 378,099 440,309 16.5 University of Pittsburgh ( PA) ................... 41 854,840 1,018,015 19.1 Colgate University ( NY) ..................................... 101 383,018 439,115 14.6 Texas Christian University ...................... 42 835,547 988,127 18.3 Washington State University ............................. 102 421,402 437,093 3.7 Pennsylvania State University ................ 43 792,185 976,298 23.2 Rutgers University ( NJ) ..................................... 103 389,712 435,064 11.6 Wake Forest University ( NC) .................. 44 857,938 969,618 13.0 Hamilton College ( NY) ....................................... 104 355,726 432,225 21.5 University of Cincinnati ( OH) .................. 45 898,976 963,907 7.2 Mount Holyoke College ( MA) ............................ 105 355,473 425,296 19.6 Swarthmore College ( PA) ....................... 46 905,680 963,676 6.4 University of Iowa 4 ............................................ 106 476,800 424,159   11.0 University of Toronto ( Canada) ............... 47 765,636 961,103 25.5 Santa Clara University ( CA) .............................. 107 373,580 411,260 10.1 University of Washington ........................ 48 745,217 949,796 27.5 Iowa State University 4 ....................................... 108 266,348 410,704 54.2 Saint Louis University ( IL) ....................... 49 907,822 925,955 2.0 Agnes Scott College ( GA) ................................. 109 432,233 408,141   5.6 University of Illinois 4 ............................... 50 816,573 915,436 12.1 Brandeis University ( MA) ................................... 110 355,012 406,722 14.6 Boston University ( MA) ........................... 51 652,161 913,207 40.0 Colorado College ............................................... 111 367,090 405,641 10.5 Amherst College ( MA) ............................. 52 634,517 912,399 43.8 Pepperdine University ( CA) ............................... 112 337,049 402,264 19.3 University of Delaware ............................ 53 777,349 911,521 17.3 Washington and Lee University ( VA) ................ 113   399,567   Southern Methodist University ( TX) 7 ...... 54 790,065 911,121 15.3 University of Colorado 4 ..................................... 114 325,975 398,267 22.2 Indiana University 4 ................................. 55 802,395 907,463 13.1 Earlham College ( IN) ......................................... 115 302,856 392,316 29.5 Smith College ( MA) ................................. 56 884,782 906,942 2.5 University of Georgia 4 ....................................... 116 334,534 388,422 16.1 University of Nebraska 4 .......................... 57 682,525 901,864 32.1 College of William and Mary ( VA) 4 ................... 117 354,616 382,528 7.9 University of Wisconsin 4 ......................... 58 653,551 880,695 34.8 Colby College ( ME) ........................................... 118 290,420 373,535 28.6 Grinnell College ( IA) ................................ 59 1,020,372 862,487   15.5 University of Kentucky ....................................... 119 327,644 370,125 13.0 Berea College ( KY) ................................. 60 629,981 861,303 36.7 Virginia Tech Foundation ................................... 120 340,244 368,197 8.2   Not available 1 Institutions ranked by size of endowment in 2000. 2 Change in market value of endowment. Includes growth from gifts and returns on investments as well as reductions from expenditures and withdrawals. 3 As of August 31. 4 Includes foundations. 5 As of September 30. 6 As of January 31. 7 As of May 31.

NOTE: Data include institutions participating in the comparative performance study by the National Association of College and University Business Officers. Endowment values for 1999 are from the Association's February 2000 study.

SOURCE: National Association of College and University Business Officers, NACUBO Endowment Study, 2000. ( This table was prepared May 2001.) 402 POSTSECONDARY: ADULT EDUCATION Table 358.   Participation of employed persons, 17 years old and over, in adult education during the previous 12 months, by selected characteristics of participants: 1995 and 1999 Characteristics of employed persons 1995 1999 Employed persons,

in thousands Adult education participants in thousands Percent of adults participating Number of career or jobrelated courses taken,

per employee Percent of career or jobrelated courses provided by businesses Employed persons,

in thousands Adult education participants in thousands Percent of adults participating Number of career or job related courses,

taken in thousands Number of career or job related courses taken, per employee In any programs In parttime higher education Other personal courses In career or jobrelated courses In any programs In parttime higher education In career or jobrelated courses In apprentice programs Other personal courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Total ................................................... 117,826 59,734 50.7 8.2 22.0 31.1 0.78 49.0 132,715 69,644 52.5 ( 1.3) 11.9 ( 0.8) 30.5 ( 1.1) 2.2 ( 0.4) 23.4 ( 1.1) 91,369 0.70 ( 0.03)

Sex Men ....................................................... 63,127 29,346 46.5 7.0 17.9 29.0 0.70 46.7 69,950 33,671 48.1 ( 1.4) 11.6 ( 0.8) 28.3 ( 1.2) 3.0 ( 0.4) 18.2 ( 1.0) 43,645 0.62 ( 0.03)

Women ................................................. 54,699 30,387 55.6 9.7 26.8 33.4 0.86 50.9 62,765 35,973 57.3 ( 1.3) 12.4 ( 0.8) 32.9 ( 1.1) 1.4 ( 0.3) 29.2 ( 1.1) 47,724 0.76 ( 0.03)

Age 17 to 24 years ...................................... 15,104 7,653 50.7 14.2 21.8 18.6 0.39 53.8 16,697 8,412 50.4 ( 2.7) 16.2 ( 1.8) 19.1 ( 1.9) 4.4 ( 1.4) 19.8 ( 1.8) 6,836 0.41 ( 0.06)

25 to 29 years ...................................... 14,207 7,746 54.5 12.5 22.2 31.2 0.76 51.3 15,352 8,871 57.8 ( 2.8) 20.2 ( 2.0) 34.3 ( 2.4) 3.7 ( 0.9) 23.4 ( 2.2) 11,862 0.77 ( 0.08)

30 to 34 years ...................................... 16,291 8,323 51.1 8.9 22.8 31.6 0.78 49.7 16,343 9,556 58.5 ( 2.8) 14.2 ( 1.8) 34.4 ( 2.5) 2.9 ( 0.8) 26.0 ( 2.3) 12,675 0.78 ( 0.08)

35 to 39 years ...................................... 17,595 9,361 53.2 8.4 21.8 35.1 0.91 51.8 20,041 10,309 51.4 ( 2.6) 11.8 ( 1.5) 29.2 ( 2.2) 1.6 ( 0.5) 25.1 ( 2.3) 14,192 0.71 ( 0.07)

40 to 44 years ...................................... 16,049 8,906 55.5 8.0 26.0 36.6 0.93 44.9 18,392 10,126 55.1 ( 2.7) 10.7 ( 1.5) 36.4 ( 2.4) 1.5 ( 0.6) 25.6 ( 2.2) 15,415 0.84 ( 0.07)

45 to 49 years ...................................... 13,743 7,586 55.2 6.3 23.0 39.6 1.03 44.8 14,944 8,231 55.1 ( 2.9) 9.8 ( 1.4) 30.4 ( 2.4) 1.8 ( 0.8) 27.7 ( 2.4) 9,886 0.66 ( 0.06)

50 to 54 years ...................................... 10,408 5,222 50.2 4.9 20.9 34.4 0.87 49.2 12,820 6,658 51.9 ( 3.0) 6.2 ( 1.1) 34.7 ( 2.6) 1.3 ( 0.5) 23.1 ( 2.3) 9,820 0.77 ( 0.07)

55 to 59 years ...................................... 6,698 2,667 39.8 2.3 18.0 26.7 0.66 46.8 9,672 4,319 44.7 ( 3.3) 7.9 ( 1.9) 30.3 ( 2.8) 0.8 ( 0.6) 16.7 ( 2.3) 6,135 0.63 ( 0.08)

60 to 64 years ...................................... 4,435 1,394 31.4 0.6 15.3 21.1 0.49 58.6 4,526 1,900 42.0 ( 4.4) 4.6 ( 1.6) 27.2 ( 3.8) 0.8 ( 0.8) 18.1 ( 3.0) 3,004 0.66 ( 0.15)

65 and over .......................................... 3,297 876 26.6 0.3 16.3 13.7 0.37 39.7 2,135 837 39.2 ( 6.0) 4.3 ( 2.5) 20.3 ( 4.2) 0.2 ( 0.3) 21.3 ( 5.0) 800 0.39 ( 0.08)

Racial/ ethnic group White, non Hispanic ............................. 92,333 47,967 51.9 8.0 22.7 33.2 0.83 47.9 96,581 51,612 53.4 ( 1.1) 11.5 ( 0.6) 32.8 ( 1.0) 1.7 ( 0.3) 24.3 ( 0.9) 71,627 0.64 ( 0.03)

Black, non Hispanic .............................. 11,577 5,800 50.1 10.5 23.1 26.2 0.67 58.4 15,227 8,160 53.6 ( 2.8) 13.0 ( 1.6) 28.1 ( 2.3) 4.1 ( 1.3) 26.2 ( 2.4) 9,754 0.96 ( 0.07)

Hispanic ................................................ 8,980 3,627 40.4 6.7 15.1 18.1 0.37 46.8 13,805 6,107 44.2 ( 3.1) 10.6 ( 1.7) 16.4 ( 1.8) 4.3 ( 1.5) 15.9 ( 2.2) 5,061 0.53 ( 0.05)

Asian American/ Pacific Islander ........... 2,825 1,246 44.1 8.0 15.1 25.5 0.58 48.6 4,273 2,275 53.2 ( 5.5) 19.6 ( 4.3) 32.8 ( 4.8) 0.0 ( 0.0) 20.5 ( 4.2) 3,135 0.37 ( 0.15)

American Indian/ Alaskan Native .......... 663 329 49.6 13.9 25.2 34.0 0.86 54.6 667 350 52.5 ( 13.1) 20.9 ( 10.0) 29.5 ( 11.5) 6.8 ( 5.6) 10.0 ( 6.0) 642 0.73 ( 0.52)

Highest level of education completed Less than high school diploma ............ 9,635 2,444 25.4 0.8 9.4 8.8 0.15 56.6 14,493 4,271 29.5 ( 8.8) 3.2 ( 2.0) 7.9 ( 2.3) 2.5 ( 1.7) 11.1 ( 3.1) 1,987 0.41 ( 0.05)

High school diploma ............................. 38,071 14,639 38.5 4.9 16.5 20.9 0.45 56.7 37,383 15,037 40.2 ( 1.8) 8.9 ( 0.9) 21.4 ( 1.5) 2.4 ( 0.6) 16.2 ( 1.3) 15,250 0.82 ( 0.03)

Some vocational/ technical .................... 3,997 2,078 52.0 7.2 23.5 32.3 0.82 45.3 4,165 2,025 48.6 ( 15.5) 9.7 ( 3.5) 28.7 ( 5.8) 5.1 ( 3.2) 21.5 ( 5.7) 3,030 0.91 ( 0.17)

Some college ........................................ 23,006 12,868 55.9 14.3 25.4 29.9 0.74 53.5 24,577 13,860 56.4 ( 2.1) 16.7 ( 1.5) 29.0 ( 1.8) 3.0 ( 0.7) 27.0 ( 1.8) 17,331 0.71 ( 0.06)

Associate degree .................................. 7,591 4,746 62.5 13.3 27.7 39.2 1.02 49.7 9,240 5,698 61.7 ( 3.3) 19.3 ( 2.4) 39.7 ( 3.1) 2.6 ( 0.9) 25.2 ( 2.8) 8,133 0.88 ( 0.09)

Bachelor's degree ................................ 20,602 12,948 62.8 8.3 26.5 44.6 1.17 47.2 23,943 15,377 64.2 ( 2.1) 12.5 ( 1.3) 43.8 ( 2.0) 1.0 ( 0.3) 29.8 ( 1.8) 24,068 1.01 ( 0.06)

Some graduate work ( or study) ........... 14,924 10,010 67.1 9.9 29.6 50.2 1.40 40.3 18,914 13,377 70.7 ( 19.4) 14.6 ( 3.1) 46.8 ( 4.2) 1.4 ( 1.0) 34.0 ( 3.7) 21,570 1.22 ( 0.14)

No degree ......................................... 2,770 1,987 71.8 19.7 34.8 44.3 1.20 45.6 3,168 2,353 74.3 ( 4.5) 24.4 ( 4.1) 54.2 ( 4.9) 0.9 ( 0.7) 30.4 ( 4.3) 3,785 1.19 ( 0.14)

Master's ............................................. 8,149 5,456 67.0 9.6 30.4 50.5 1.44 41.7 10,243 7,266 70.9 ( 2.9) 13.6 ( 2.0) 45.3 ( 3.0) 0.9 ( 0.4) 36.8 ( 2.9) 11,711 1.14 ( 0.11)

Doctor's ............................................. 2,060 1,133 55.0 5.0 22.4 40.4 0.98 35.5 3,698 2,350 63.6 ( 5.3) 9.7 ( 2.6) 34.4 ( 4.8) 3.2 ( 1.5) 32.8 ( 5.0) 2,623 0.71 ( 0.12)

Professional ...................................... 1,946 1,434 73.7 2.6 26.4 67.6 1.97 31.4 1,804 1,407 78.0 ( 6.6) 13.0 ( 7.1) 67.6 ( 7.0) 1.4 ( 1.4) 26.6 ( 5.7) 3,452 1.91 ( 0.31)

Metropolitan area Inside metropolitan area ....................... 89,192 46,911 52.6 8.7 22.6 32.4 0.81 48.6 102,278 54,210 53.0 ( 1.9) 11.7 ( 1.0) 31.5 ( 1.7) 2.3 ( 0.5) 23.1 ( 1.5) 73,498 0.72 ( 0.05)

Inside central city .............................. 74,367 39,519 53.1 8.8 22.5 33.3 0.83 48.3 87,662 46,478 53.0 ( 1.2) 12.0 ( 0.7) 31.2 ( 1.0) 2.4 ( 0.4) 23.3 ( 0.9) 61,774 0.70 ( 0.03)

Outside central city ........................... 14,825 7,392 49.9 8.0 23.1 27.9 0.70 50.9 14,616 7,732 52.9 ( 2.8) 9.6 ( 1.5) 32.9 ( 2.5) 1.8 ( 0.6) 21.8 ( 2.1) 11,724 0.80 ( 0.08)

Outside metropolitan area .................... 28,634 12,823 44.8 6.9 20.2 26.9 0.66 50.2 30,437 15,434 50.7 ( 2.1) 12.8 ( 1.3) 27.1 ( 1.7) 2.0 ( 0.7) 24.5 ( 1.7) 17,871 0.59 ( 0.05)

Occupation Executive, administrative, or managerial .......................................... 12,500 7,070 56.6 7.4 23.4 42.9 1.20 37.7 25,407 14,654 57.7 ( 2.2) 11.1 ( 1.2) 40.6 ( 2.1) 1.2 ( 0.4) 23.9 ( 1.7) 24,581 0.97 ( 0.07)

Engineers, surveyors, and architects ... 1,702 1,116 65.6 14.5 23.7 44.2 1.07 59.0 1,967 1,575 80.1 ( 6.2) 26.2 ( 5.7) 52.1 ( 7.0) 6.0 ( 4.3) 29.5 ( 6.0) 2,037 1.04 ( 0.16)

Natural scientists and mathematicians 1,648 1,211 73.5 10.4 25.6 59.7 1.75 44.0 2,180 1,379 63.2 ( 7.0) 13.7 ( 4.2) 46.0 ( 6.6) 1.4 ( 0.9) 26.0 ( 5.8) 1,782 0.82 ( 0.14)

Social scientists and workers, lawyers 2,438 1,873 76.8 11.7 32.4 59.5 1.77 35.6 2,875 2,295 79.8 ( 4.5) 10.8 ( 3.2) 56.9 ( 5.7) 0.7 ( 0.7) 41.3 ( 5.5) 4,893 1.70 ( 0.24)

Teachers, elementary/ secondary ......... 5,207 4,046 77.7 16.9 36.9 53.9 1.46 50.5 6,634 5,272 79.5 ( 3.2) 24.6 ( 3.0) 52.1 ( 3.5) 0.4 ( 0.2) 39.3 ( 3.4) 8,077 1.22 ( 0.11)

Teachers, postsecondary ..................... 1,175 657 55.9 4.4 26.1 41.6 1.03 53.5 1,941 1,286 66.3 ( 6.0) 13.1 ( 4.3) 35.6 ( 5.9) 2.1 ( 1.3) 41.0 ( 6.1) 1,427 0.74 ( 0.14)

Physicians, dentists, veterinarians ....... 828 590 71.3 1.3 18.3 68.6 2.00 32.4 563 472 83.9 ( 8.6) 5.0 ( 4.9) 65.2 ( 12.0) 4.5 ( 4.5) 29.0 ( 11.8) 859 1.53 ( 0.50)

Registered nurses, pharmacists ........... 2,143 1,896 88.5 11.2 34.6 72.8 2.24 45.6 3,051 2,654 87.0 ( 4.1) 16.6 ( 4.9) 72.2 ( 5.0) 0.2 ( 0.2) 47.9 ( 5.5) 5,639 1.85 ( 0.21)

Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes ............................................... 1,675 829 49.5 8.1 28.7 23.4 0.46 33.3 2,162 1,065 49.3 ( 7.5) 15.4 ( 4.8) 30.6 ( 6.2) 2.5 ( 1.3) 18.8 ( 5.0) 1,354 0.63 ( 0.18) 403 POSTSECONDARY: ADULT EDUCATION Table 358.   Participation of employed persons, 17 years old and over, in adult education during the previous 12 months, by selected characteristics of participants: 1995 and 1999   Continued Characteristics of employed persons 1995 1999 Employed persons,

in thousands Adult education participants in thousands Percent of adults participating Number of career or jobrelated courses taken,

per employee Percent of career or jobrelated courses provided by businesses Employed persons,

in thousands Adult education participants in thousands Percent of adults participating Number of career or job related courses,

taken in thousands Number of career or job related courses taken, per employee In any programs In parttime higher education Other personal courses In career or jobrelated courses In any programs In parttime higher education In career or jobrelated courses In apprentice programs Other personal courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Health technologists and technicians ... 1,528 1,147 75.1 12.9 32.1 50.0 1.39 45.0 2,074 1,436 69.2 ( 6.4) 19.9 ( 4.5) 41.8 ( 6.0) 5.2 ( 3.5) 37.0 ( 6.0) 2,158 1.04 ( 0.19)

Technologists, except health ................ 3,283 2,153 65.6 12.9 28.3 43.8 1.12 55.8 4,803 2,775 57.8 ( 5.3) 20.1 ( 3.8) 37.6 ( 4.9) 4.0 ( 2.8) 23.3 ( 4.1) 4,644 0.97 ( 0.15)

Marketing and sales occupations ......... 15,666 7,131 45.5 6.6 20.2 25.2 0.55 51.2 11,699 5,019 42.9 ( 2.9) 6.3 ( 1.2) 21.1 ( 2.3) 1.7 ( 0.7) 23.8 ( 2.4) 5,033 0.43 ( 0.06)

Administrative support, including clerical ................................................ 20,460 10,727 52.4 9.3 24.1 30.8 0.69 52.4 18,913 9,606 50.8 ( 2.4) 9.9 ( 1.2) 27.4 ( 2.0) 0.9 ( 0.3) 22.0 ( 1.9) 10,480 0.55 ( 0.05)

Service occupations ............................. 17,355 8,238 47.5 9.0 22.7 22.6 0.60 57.0 15,949 8,078 50.6 ( 3.0) 14.5 ( 2.0) 21.0 ( 2.2) 2.3 ( 0.7) 22.1 ( 2.5) 8,067 0.51 ( 0.07)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ........... 1,908 500 26.2 1.8 14.8 12.4 0.26   2,297 927 40.4 ( 8.5) 11.2 ( 4.9) 12.2 ( 4.1) 6.9 ( 6.6) 13.0 ( 4.6) 475 0.21 ( 0.07)

Mechanics and repairers ...................... 4,266 2,129 49.9 7.6 16.6 29.1 0.73 57.2 4,736 2,087 44.1 ( 5.6) 15.2 ( 3.7) 15.0 ( 3.4) 6.1 ( 2.3) 23.0 ( 5.0) 1,640 0.35 ( 0.09)

Construction and extractive occupations ........................................ 5,490 2,093 38.1 4.6 18.4 18.6 0.33 48.8 3,973 1,464 36.9 ( 5.2) 11.2 ( 3.2) 13.2 ( 3.2) 6.0 ( 2.4) 12.0 ( 3.3) 906 0.23 ( 0.06)

Precision production occupations ........ 1,685 754 44.8 5.9 16.2 25.6 0.58 40.8 1,570 608 38.7 ( 8.8) 9.4 ( 4.4) 18.3 ( 6.5) 11.9 ( 5.3) 19.5 ( 6.5) 569 0.36 ( 0.12)

Production workers ............................... 8,309 2,515 30.3 5.9 10.1 14.8 0.27 58.5 9,346 3,681 39.4 ( 3.8) 6.7 ( 1.7) 23.0 ( 3.2) 2.4 ( 1.2) 14.8 ( 2.5) 4,220 0.45 ( 0.08)

Transportation, material moving ........... 4,488 1,295 28.8 3.8 12.1 15.8 0.28 60.6 5,178 1,753 33.9 ( 4.6) 5.9 ( 1.8) 18.4 ( 3.6) 1.6 ( 1.0) 12.9 ( 2.9) 1,426 0.28 ( 0.06)

Handler, equipment, cleaners, helpers,

and laborers ....................................... 1,989 519 26.1 3.1 10.3 11.7 0.21 46.9 3,474 731 21.0 ( 5.1) 4.6 ( 2.2) 6.8 ( 3.5) 1.7 ( 1.4) 5.0 ( 2.3) 594 0.17 ( 0.12)

Miscellaneous occupations .................. 2,022 1,194 59.0 8.5 22.1 38.8 1.03 51.8 1,923 828 43.0 ( 8.6) 9.9 ( 4.3) 14.2 ( 4.6) 3.7 ( 2.3) 23.9 ( 6.8) 509 0.26 ( 0.08)

Annual family income $ 10,000 or less ..................................... 9,776 3,224 33.0 6.1 15.6 12.6 0.25 50.9 5,248 1,646 31.4 ( 5.8) 7.8 ( 3.0) 9.5 ( 3.1) 1.9 ( 1.5) 13.2 ( 4.1) 787 0.15 ( 0.05)

$ 10,001 to $ 15,000 .............................. 6,183 2,389 38.6 7.2 19.5 15.1 0.37 59.1 5,281 1,597 30.2 ( 4.1) 8.3 ( 2.4) 8.3 ( 1.9) 2.5 ( 1.7) 12.9 ( 2.8) 751 0.14 ( 0.03)

$ 15,001 to $ 20,000 .............................. 7,321 3,040 41.5 8.0 18.2 20.1 0.42 52.8 6,061 2,511 41.4 ( 4.2) 8.2 ( 2.0) 16.3 ( 2.8) 1.9 ( 0.9) 17.1 ( 3.0) 1,705 0.28 ( 0.05)

$ 20,001 to $ 25,000 .............................. 7,832 3,164 40.4 7.4 19.3 20.4 0.48 53.1 8,595 3,618 42.1 ( 3.8) 8.4 ( 1.6) 18.8 ( 2.8) 4.4 ( 2.1) 19.8 ( 2.8) 3,568 0.42 ( 0.08)

$ 25,001 to $ 30,000 .............................. 10,133 4,803 47.4 8.8 21.4 24.7 0.54 55.8 11,848 4,863 41.0 ( 3.4) 9.8 ( 1.5) 22.2 ( 2.7) 2.7 ( 1.2) 15.3 ( 2.2) 5,396 0.46 ( 0.07)

$ 30,001 to $ 40,000 .............................. 19,617 9,734 49.6 8.9 21.9 30.2 0.76 50.2 18,961 9,589 50.6 ( 3.6) 15.2 ( 2.4) 26.6 ( 2.8) 2.3 ( 1.0) 21.3 ( 2.7) 11,137 0.59 ( 0.07)

$ 40,001 to $ 50,000 .............................. 15,115 8,127 53.8 8.0 22.9 34.7 0.82 48.3 16,577 9,005 54.3 ( 2.7) 14.7 ( 1.8) 32.3 ( 2.3) 2.6 ( 0.8) 24.9 ( 2.3) 11,569 0.70 ( 0.07)

$ 50,001 to $ 75,000 .............................. 23,006 13,288 57.8 8.9 23.7 40.0 1.02 48.3 28,433 17,356 61.0 ( 2.1) 13.1 ( 1.2) 36.6 ( 1.9) 2.5 ( 0.6) 31.4 ( 1.9) 24,629 0.87 ( 0.06)

More than $ 75,000 ............................... 18,843 11,964 63.5 8.6 26.5 45.2 1.25 45.0 31,711 19,458 61.4 ( 1.9) 11.2 ( 1.1) 42.5 ( 1.8) 1.2 ( 0.3) 25.3 ( 1.5) 31,828 1.00 ( 0.06)

  Not available.

NOTE: Percent of career or job related courses provided by businesses are based on the respondent's reports of the first six work related courses taken. Adult education is defined as all education activities, except full time enrollment in higher education credential programs. Examples of adult education activities include part time college attendance,

classes or seminars given by employers, and classes taken for adult literacy purposes, or for recreation and enjoyment. Includes adult basic education and English as a second language classes. Data are based upon a sample survey of the civilian noninstitutional population. Data revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding and survey item nonresponse.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Survey, `` Participation in Adult Education,'' unpublished data. ( This table was prepared June 2001.) 404 POSTSECONDARY: ADULT EDUCATION Table 359.   Participation in adult education during the previous 12 months by adults 17 years old and older, by selected characteristics of participants:

1991, 1995, and 1999 Characteristics of participants Percent participating in any program

1991 1 1995 1999 Population in thousands Adult education participants in thousands 1 Percent participating 2 Population in thousands Adult education participants

in thousands 1 Percent participating In any program In parttime postsecondary education In career or job related courses Personal development courses In any program In basic education In English as a second language In parttime postsecondary education In career or job related courses In apprentice programs Personal development courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Total .................................................. 33.0 189,543 76,261 40.2 6.1 20.9 19.9 194,559 86,593 44.5 ( 0.8) 1.1 ( 0.2) 0.9 ( 0.2) 9.3 ( 0.4) 22.2 ( 0.6) 1.8 ( 0.2) 22.2 ( 0.6)

Sex Men ................................................... 32.6 90,256 34,450 38.2 5.6 21.8 15.8 93,071 38,765 41.7 ( 1.2) 1.0 ( 0.2) 0.9 ( 0.2) 9.9 ( 0.6) 22.1 ( 0.9) 2.5 ( 0.4) 17.4 ( 0.9)

Women ............................................. 33.2 99,287 41,811 42.1 6.5 20.2 23.5 101,488 47,828 47.1 ( 1.0) 1.1 ( 0.2) 1.0 ( 0.2) 8.8 ( 0.5) 22.2 ( 0.8) 1.1 ( 0.2) 26.7 ( 0.9)

Age 17 to 24 years .................................. 37.8 22,407 10,539 47.0 12.6 14.7 21.5 23,372 11,673 49.9 ( 2.3) 4.9 ( 1.0) 1.1 ( 0.3) 13.6 ( 1.4) 16.4 ( 1.5) 4.0 ( 1.1) 22.8 ( 1.9)

25 to 29 years .................................. 40.0 18,988 9,420 49.6 10.9 25.5 21.0 18,427 10,406 56.5 ( 2.5) 1.2 ( 0.5) 2.5 ( 0.8) 18.6 ( 1.8) 30.0 ( 2.1) 3.4 ( 0.8) 23.8 ( 2.0)

30 to 34 years .................................. 37.6 21,338 10,088 47.3 8.0 26.1 23.3 19,423 10,908 56.2 ( 2.6) 1.0 ( 0.4) 1.6 ( 0.6) 13.0 ( 1.5) 29.4 ( 2.2) 3.0 ( 0.8) 26.5 ( 2.2)

35 to 39 years .................................. 42.1 22,494 10,737 47.7 7.5 29.1 20.9 23,183 11,622 50.1 ( 2.4) 0.6 ( 0.3) 1.4 ( 0.5) 10.9 ( 1.3) 26.2 ( 1.9) 1.7 ( 0.6) 25.4 ( 2.1)

40 to 44 years .................................. 49.2 19,810 10,078 50.9 7.1 31.2 24.9 22,116 11,159 50.5 ( 2.4) 0.7 ( 0.3) 0.3 ( 0.2) 10.2 ( 1.3) 31.3 ( 2.1) 1.7 ( 0.5) 24.7 ( 2.0)

45 to 49 years .................................. 40.0 17,463 8,499 48.7 5.7 32.5 21.1 18,299 9,116 49.8 ( 2.7) 0.7 ( 0.4) 0.8 ( 0.4) 9.4 ( 1.3) 26.0 ( 2.1) 1.5 ( 0.6) 25.5 ( 2.1)

50 to 54 years .................................. 26.8 14,344 6,093 42.5 3.9 26.3 19.7 16,893 7,966 47.2 ( 2.5) 0.4 ( 0.3) 0.2 ( 0.1) 5.8 ( 1.0) 28.2 ( 2.1) 1.1 ( 0.4) 23.5 ( 2.1)

55 to 59 years .................................. 29.0 11,096 3,577 32.2 1.7 17.8 17.3 13,450 5,107 38.0 ( 2.6) 0.3 ( 0.3) 0.1 ( 0.1) 6.7 ( 1.5) 23.3 ( 2.1) 0.5 ( 0.4) 16.2 ( 1.8)

60 to 64 years .................................. 17.4 10,728 2,540 23.7 0.6 10.6 15.2 10,718 3,368 31.4 ( 2.8) 0.0 ( 0.0) 1.4 ( 1.4) 2.4 ( 0.7) 13.4 ( 1.8) 0.3 ( 0.4) 18.8 ( 2.2)

65 to 69 years .................................. 14.2 10,215 1,850 18.1 0.2 4.0 15.3 9,211 2,339 25.4 ( 2.5) 0.3 ( 0.3) 0.3 ( 0.3) 1.2 ( 0.6) 6.9 ( 1.2) 0.1 ( 0.1) 19.6 ( 2.3)

70 years and over ............................ 8.6 20,661 2,841 13.8 0.1 1.4 12.6 19,466 2,929 15.0 ( 1.4) 0.0 ( 0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0) 1.3 ( 0.5) 1.7 ( 0.5) 0.0 12.2 ( 1.2)

Racial/ ethnic group White, non Hispanic ......................... 34.1 144,587 59,982 41.5 6.0 22.8 20.8 143,135 63,522 44.4 ( 0.9) 0.6 ( 0.1) 0.1 ( 0.1) 8.8 ( 0.5) 23.6 ( 0.7) 1.3 ( 0.2) 22.9 ( 0.7)

Black, non Hispanic .......................... 25.9 20,806 7,704 37.0 7.3 16.2 18.9 22,129 10,241 46.3 ( 2.3) 2.7 ( 0.8) 0.2 ( 0.1) 11.0 ( 1.3) 20.2 ( 1.7) 2.9 ( 0.9) 23.6 ( 1.9)

Hispanic ............................................ 31.4 15,689 5,281 33.7 4.8 11.8 13.8 1,102 400 36.3 ( 9.2)         12.7 ( 6.2) 19.2 ( 7.4) 4.1 ( 3.4) 10.6 ( 4.7)

Asian American/ Pacific Islander ....... 35.9 4,377 1,739 39.7 6.5 18.1 15.9 5,619 2,872 51.1 ( 4.6) 2.0 ( 1.1) 5.8 ( 2.2) 17.1 ( 3.4) 26.9 ( 3.8) 0.5 ( 0.5) 22.6 ( 3.6)

American Indian/ Alaskan Native ...... 29.3 1,155 448 38.8 9.3 20.6 21.6 19,491 8,045 41.3 ( 2.5) 2.4 ( 0.6) 6.5 ( 1.2) 8.6 ( 1.3) 12.5 ( 1.3) 3.7 ( 1.1) 16.2 ( 1.9)

Highest level of education completed Eighth grade or less ......................... 7.7 12,808 1,283 10.0 0.1 1.9 4.9 11,438 1,680 14.7 ( 2.9) 0.9 ( 0.4) 5.0 ( 1.7) 0.2 ( 0.2) 1.4 ( 0.6) 0.4 ( 0.4) 6.6 ( 2.4)

9th to 12th grade, no diploma .......... 15.8 16,511 3,332 20.2 0.8 4.9 9.2 21,174 5,419 25.6 ( 2.6) 4.8 ( 1.0) 1.3 ( 0.5) 3.3 ( 1.1) 5.5 ( 1.2) 1.9 ( 0.9) 10.1 ( 1.9)

High school diploma ......................... 24.1 62,956 19,341 30.7 3.6 13.9 15.4 55,553 19,356 34.8 ( 1.4) 1.1 ( 0.3) 0.6 ( 0.2) 6.9 ( 0.7) 15.5 ( 1.0) 1.9 ( 0.4) 16.9 ( 1.1)

Some vocational/ technical ................ 34.2 6,327 2,648 41.9 5.4 21.9 21.1 6,517 2,678 41.1 ( 4.0) 2.5 ( 1.1) 1.9 ( 1.0) 6.5 ( 1.7) 19.9 ( 3.1) 3.2 ( 1.5) 21.8 ( 3.2)

Some college .................................... 41.4 34,433 16,978 49.3 12.1 22.3 25.3 34,270 17,504 51.1 ( 1.8) 0.6 ( 0.2) 0.4 ( 0.2) 13.9 ( 1.1) 22.2 ( 1.4) 2.8 ( 0.6) 27.5 ( 1.5)

Associate degree .............................. 49.2 9,975 5,601 56.1 10.9 32.1 27.4 11,275 6,384 56.6 ( 2.9)     0.2 ( 0.1) 17.4 ( 2.1) 33.3 ( 2.6) 2.4 ( 0.8) 24.2 ( 2.4)

Bachelor's degree ............................ 51.1 26,858 15,286 56.9 7.1 36.1 27.0 30,121 18,178 60.3 ( 1.8)     0.5 ( 0.2) 11.2 ( 1.1) 36.7 ( 1.7) 0.9 ( 0.3) 31.1 ( 1.7)

Some graduate work ( or study) ....... 55.1 19,677 11,792 59.9 8.5 40.4 29.1 24,211 15,394 63.6 ( 2.0)     0.8 ( 0.4) 12.8 ( 1.3) 38.9 ( 1.9) 1.2 ( 0.3) 33.0 ( 1.8)

No degree .....................................   4,123 2,563 62.2 15.2 32.5 33.5 4,083 2,640 64.7 ( 4.4)     0.0 ( 0.0) 20.9 ( 3.5) 45.1 ( 4.4) 1.1 ( 0.6) 28.1 ( 3.7)

Master's ........................................   10,522 6,219 59.1 8.1 41.0 29.0 12,715 8,357 65.7 ( 2.6)     1.1 ( 0.7) 12.5 ( 1.7) 38.8 ( 2.6) 0.7 ( 0.4) 36.8 ( 2.6)

Doctor's .........................................   2,564 1,384 54.0 4.7 35.0 25.1 5,039 2,675 53.1 ( 4.7)     1.0 ( 0.9) 7.9 ( 2.0) 26.7 ( 3.8) 2.7 ( 1.1) 28.5 ( 4.2)

Professional ..................................   2,467 1,626 65.9 3.0 56.6 26.0 2,374 1,722 72.5 ( 5.8)     0.0 ( 0.0) 10.9 ( 5.6) 54.7 ( 6.2) 1.1 ( 1.1) 31.0 ( 5.4)

Metropolitan area Inside metropolitan area ................... 34.5 142,522 59,627 41.8 6.5 22.0 20.3 146,309 67,322 46.0 ( 0.9) 1.2 ( 0.2) 1.2 ( 0.2) 9.4 ( 0.5) 23.2 ( 0.7) 1.9 ( 0.2) 22.4 ( 0.7)

Inside central city ..........................   118,170 49,996 42.3 6.7 22.7 20.2 124,108 57,688 46.5 ( 1.0) 1.3 ( 0.2) 1.3 ( 0.2) 9.7 ( 0.5) 23.4 ( 0.7) 1.9 ( 0.3) 22.8 ( 0.8)

Outside central city .......................   24,352 9,630 39.5 5.6 18.4 21.1 22,200 9,634 43.4 ( 2.2) 0.5 ( 0.3) 0.4 ( 0.3) 7.9 ( 1.1) 22.2 ( 1.7) 1.5 ( 0.4) 20.4 ( 1.8)

Outside metropolitan area ................ 28.3 47,021 16,634 35.4 4.9 17.9 18.5 48,250 19,271 39.9 ( 1.6) 0.8 ( 0.3) 0.2 ( 0.1) 9.1 ( 0.9) 18.9 ( 1.2) 1.6 ( 0.4) 21.5 ( 1.3)

Labor force status In labor force .................................... 40.7 125,982 62,717 49.8 8.1 29.8 21.7 140,400 73,097 52.1 ( 0.9) 1.1 ( 0.2) 0.7 ( 0.1) 12.0 ( 0.5) 29.4 ( 0.8) 2.2 ( 0.3) 23.3 ( 0.8)

Employed ...................................... 42.0 117,826 59,734 50.7 8.2 31.1 22.0 132,715 69,644 52.5 ( 1.0) 1.0 ( 0.2) 0.6 ( 0.1) 11.9 ( 0.5) 30.5 ( 0.8) 2.2 ( 0.3) 23.4 ( 0.8)

Unemployed ..................................... 26.0 8,155 2,983 36.6 5.5 11.1 17.4 7,685 3,453 44.9 ( 4.6) 3.6 ( 1.7) 2.4 ( 1.2) 13.7 ( 2.8) 11.3 ( 2.4) 1.9 ( 0.9) 21.5 ( 4.1)

Not in labor force .......................... 15.7 63,562 13,544 21.3 2.2 3.4 16.2 54,159 13,496 24.9 ( 1.2) 0.9 ( 0.3) 1.5 ( 0.4) 2.3 ( 0.4) 3.3 ( 0.4) 0.7 ( 0.2) 19.4 ( 1.1)

Occupation Executive, administrative, or managerial ..................................... 49.3 13,098 7,313 55.8 7.3 42.1 23.1 27,315 15,579 57.0 ( 2.1) 0.0 ( 0.0) 0.2 ( 0.2) 10.9 ( 1.1) 38.7 ( 2.0) 1.2 ( 0.4) 24.6 ( 1.7)

Engineers, surveyors, and architects 62.6 1,756 1,150 65.5 14.1 44.6 23.3 2,042 1,629 79.8 ( 6.0) 0.0 ( 0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0) 27.9 ( 5.8) 52.4 ( 6.8) 5.8 ( 4.2) 28.8 ( 5.8)

Natural scientists and mathematicians .............................. 48.2 1,743 1,261 72.3 9.9 58.6 24.8 2,289 1,386 60.5 ( 6.7) 0.0 ( 0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0) 13.0 ( 4.0) 44.1 ( 6.3) 1.3 ( 0.9) 24.8 ( 5.5)

Social scientists and workers,

lawyers ........................................... 55.6 2,530 1,938 76.6 11.5 59.4 32.3 3,069 2,433 79.3 ( 4.4) 0.0 ( 0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0) 10.4 ( 3.1) 56.6 ( 5.4) 0.6 ( 0.6) 42.0 ( 5.3) 405 POSTSECONDARY: ADULT EDUCATION Table 359.   Participation in adult education during the previous 12 months by adults 17 years old and older, by selected characteristics of participants:

1991, 1995, and 1999   Continued Characteristics of participants Percent participating in any program

1991 1 1995 1999 Population in thousands Adult education participants in thousands 1 Percent participating 2 Population in thousands Adult education participants

in thousands 1 Percent participating In any program In parttime postsecondary education In career or job related courses Personal development courses In any program In basic education In English as a second language In parttime postsecondary education In career or job related courses In apprentice programs Personal development courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Teachers, elementary and secondary ....................................... 55.0 5,414 4,155 76.7 16.6 52.4 36.9 7,033 5,511 78.4 ( 3.1) 0.0 ( 0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0) 23.8 ( 2.8) 50.2 ( 3.4) 0.3 ( 0.2) 38.8 ( 3.3)

Teachers, postsecondary ................. 45.5 1,254 687 54.8 4.1 40.8 26.0 2,214 1,472 66.5 ( 5.6) 0.4 ( 0.4) 3.5 ( 3.4) 17.0 ( 5.0) 37.1 ( 5.8) 1.8 ( 1.1) 42.1 ( 5.9)

Physicians, dentists, veterinarians ... 67.1 859 611 71.1 1.2 67.1 19.0 610 487 79.8 ( 9.0) 0.0 ( 0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0) 4.6 ( 4.5) 62.5 ( 11.5) 4.2 ( 4.2) 29.1 ( 11.2)

Registered nurses, pharmacists ....... 59.6 2,337 2,026 86.7 10.6 71.3 33.6 3,210 2,741 85.4 ( 4.1) 0.0 ( 0.0) 0.0 ( 0.0) 16.0 ( 4.7) 71.1 ( 4.9) 0.2 ( 0.2) 46.0 ( 5.3)

Writers, artists, entertainers, and athletes ........................................... 42.9 1,874 934 49.9 7.7 23.1 30.0 2,481 1,241 50.0 ( 6.9) 0.4 ( 0.4) 0.0 ( 0.0) 13.4 ( 4.2) 29.1 ( 5.6) 2.2 ( 1.2) 21.4 ( 5.1)

Health technologists and technicians 68.6 1,697 1,270 74.8 12.8 47.5 33.0 2,190 1,465 66.9 ( 6.2) 1.7 ( 1.2) 0.6 ( 0.6) 19.1 ( 4.3) 40.6 ( 5.7) 4.9 ( 3.3) 35.5 ( 5.7)

Technologists, except health ............ 55.4 3,543 2,279 64.3 13.5 41.3 28.7 5,090 3,032 59.6 ( 5.1) 0.0 0.4 ( 0.4) 20.9 ( 3.8) 37.0 ( 4.7) 3.8 ( 2.7) 24.5 ( 4.0)

Marketing and sales occupations ..... 34.4 18,174 8,038 44.2 6.8 23.2 20.4 13,578 6,022 44.4 ( 2.7) 1.4 ( 0.5) 0.1 ( 0.1) 6.1 ( 1.1) 20.7 ( 2.1) 1.6 ( 0.6) 25.1 ( 2.3)

Administrative support, including clerical ............................................ 29.9 22,968 11,867 51.7 9.5 28.9 24.7 22,052 11,042 50.1 ( 2.3) 1.9 ( 0.7) 0.3 ( 0.2) 10.3 ( 1.2) 25.1 ( 1.8) 0.8 ( 0.3) 22.5 ( 1.8)

Service occupations ......................... 25.2 20,072 9,342 46.5 9.0 20.9 22.8 18,649 9,497 50.9 ( 2.7) 3.2 ( 0.9) 1.3 ( 0.5) 13.7 ( 1.8) 18.5 ( 1.9) 2.5 ( 0.7) 23.7 ( 2.4)

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing ...... 14.3 2,336 616 26.4 1.6 11.5 15.6 2,809 964 34.3 ( 7.2) 2.0 ( 1.5) 2.0 ( 1.6) 9.2 ( 4.0) 10.5 ( 3.4) 6.4 ( 5.5) 11.2 ( 3.8)

Mechanics and repairers .................. 32.1 4,692 2,231 47.6 7.1 27.7 15.6 4,964 2,097 42.2 ( 5.4) 2.1 ( 1.4) 0.0 ( 0.0) 14.7 ( 3.5) 14.4 ( 3.3) 5.8 ( 2.2) 21.9 ( 4.8)

Construction and extractive occupations .................................... 21.9 6,100 2,319 38.0 4.3 17.6 18.0 4,734 1,634 34.5 ( 4.8) 0.7 ( 0.4) 2.5 ( 1.3) 10.4 ( 2.8) 12.0 ( 2.8) 7.0 ( 2.4) 11.1 ( 2.9)

Precision production occupations .... 31.2 1,875 807 43.0 5.5 23.2 16.1 1,638 628 38.3 ( 8.5) 1.2 ( 1.2) 1.9 ( 1.4) 9.0 ( 4.2) 17.5 ( 6.2) 11.4 ( 5.0) 19.9 ( 6.3)

Production workers ........................... 21.1 9,483 2,908 30.7 5.8 14.7 10.7 10,638 4,043 38.0 ( 3.5) 0.7 ( 0.4) 0.7 ( 0.3) 6.8 ( 1.6) 20.2 ( 2.8) 2.1 ( 1.0) 15.9 ( 2.4)

Transportation, material moving ....... 20.7 5,311 1,507 28.4 3.5 15.5 11.9 5,829 1,941 33.3 ( 4.3) 2.8 ( 1.5) 0.9 ( 0.7) 5.9 ( 1.7) 17.1 ( 3.3) 2.5 ( 1.1) 11.8 ( 2.6)

Handler, equipment, cleaners,

helpers, and laborers ..................... 20.8 2,456 617 25.1 3.1 11.1 9.7 3,981 781 19.6 ( 4.6) 0.0 ( 0.0) 2.1 ( 1.5) 4.6 ( 2.0) 6.1 ( 3.0) 1.5 ( 1.2) 5.6 ( 2.2)

Miscellaneous occupations ..............   2,311 1,308 56.6 7.9 35.4 22.6 2,150 925 43.0 ( 8.0) 0.0 ( 0.0) 3.3 ( 1.9) 11.7 ( 4.6) 16.7 ( 5.0) 3.3 ( 2.1) 24.6 ( 6.5)

Annual family income $ 5,000 or less ................................... 13.6 12,638 2,689 21.3 3.3 4.1 11.8 5,198 1,092 21.0 ( 3.2) 2.0 ( 1.0) 1.2 ( 0.8) 3.0 ( 1.1) 5.0 ( 1.4) 0.5 ( 0.3) 11.9 ( 2.6)

$ 5,001 to $ 10,000 ............................ 17.5 17,560 4,194 23.9 4.0 6.7 13.2 9,137 2,236 24.5 ( 3.4) 2.8 ( 1.4) 0.9 ( 0.4) 3.8 ( 1.2) 4.1 ( 1.1) 1.2 ( 0.6) 14.5 ( 3.0)

$ 10,001 to $ 15,000 .......................... 22.8 13,523 3,610 26.7 4.0 8.7 14.8 11,263 2,564 22.8 ( 2.5) 2.4 ( 0.9) 2.3 ( 0.8) 6.1 ( 1.4) 4.3 ( 0.9) 1.5 ( 0.8) 11.5 ( 1.8)

$ 15,001 to $ 20,000 .......................... 21.9 13,116 4,176 31.8 5.4 13.0 15.8 12,623 3,967 31.4 ( 2.8) 2.7 ( 0.9) 2.3 ( 0.7) 5.4 ( 1.2) 10.1 ( 1.6) 1.6 ( 0.7) 16.4 ( 2.2)

$ 20,001 to $ 25,000 .......................... 26.7 13,812 4,339 31.4 4.8 13.3 17.0 13,663 4,885 35.8 ( 2.8) 1.5 ( 0.6) 1.7 ( 0.7) 7.8 ( 1.3) 12.7 ( 1.8) 3.1 ( 1.4) 17.5 ( 2.1)

$ 25,001 to $ 30,000 .......................... 32.1 16,386 6,208 37.9 6.5 17.1 19.2 17,353 6,375 36.7 ( 2.6) 0.8 ( 0.3) 1.5 ( 0.7) 7.3 ( 1.0) 15.5 ( 1.9) 2.1 ( 0.9) 17.0 ( 1.9)

$ 30,001 to $ 40,000 .......................... 35.6 28,628 12,220 42.7 6.9 22.1 22.0 27,715 12,524 45.2 ( 2.1) 0.3 ( 0.2) 0.9 ( 0.6) 11.7 ( 1.3) 20.0 ( 1.5) 1.6 ( 0.5) 22.4 ( 1.7)

$ 40,001 to $ 50,000 .......................... 44.8 20,446 9,567 46.8 6.8 27.0 22.4 21,715 10,394 47.9 ( 2.3) 0.6 ( 0.4) 0.7 ( 0.4) 12.0 ( 1.4) 26.0 ( 1.9) 2.5 ( 0.7) 23.3 ( 1.9)

$ 50,001 to $ 75,000 .......................... 46.6 29,161 15,169 52.0 7.6 32.8 23.6 35,984 19,828 55.1 ( 1.8) 0.5 ( 0.2) 0.2 ( 0.1) 11.2 ( 1.0) 30.6 ( 1.5) 2.1 ( 0.5) 29.8 ( 1.6)

More than $ 75,000 ........................... 48.7 24,274 14,089 58.0 7.7 37.3 26.8 39,909 22,726 56.9 ( 1.7) 1.0 ( 0.4) 0.3 ( 0.2) 10.1 ( 1.0) 35.2 ( 1.5) 1.1 ( 0.3) 26.5 ( 1.4)

  Not available.

1 Adult education is defined as all education activities, except full time enrollment in higher education credential programs Examples of adult education activities include part time college attendance, classes or seminars given by employers and classes taken for adult literacy purposes, or for recreation and enjoyment.

2 Any participation includes adult basic education, English as a second language, and apprentice programs not shown separately. NOTE: Data are based upon a sample survey of the civilian noninstitutional population. Data revised from previously published figures. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding and survey item nonresponse.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` Participation in Adult Education,''

unpublished data. ( This table was prepared June 2001.) 406 POSTSECONDARY: ADULT EDUCATION Table 360.   Participants in adult basic and secondary education programs, by level of enrollment and state: Fiscal years 1980, 1990, and 1999 State or other area 1980 1990 1999 Total Level of enrollment Total Level of enrollment Total Level of enrollment Adult basic education Adult secondary education Ungraded Adult basic education 1 Adult secondary education Adult basic education English as a second language Adult secondary education 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 United States ........ 2,018,906 915,936 531,663 571,307 3,535,970 2,435,649 1,100,321 2,840,763 1,052,214 1,099,537 689,012 Alabama .................... 51,599 36,726 12,372 2,501 40,177 32,984 7,193 22,430 18,445 1,369 2,616 Alaska ........................ 5,667 2,200 2,188 1,279 5,067 4,267 800 5,396 2,634 1,295 1,467 Arizona ...................... 9,996 9,968 22 6 33,805 24,915 8,890 55,274 18,071 29,532 7,671 Arkansas .................... 8,583 7,308 1,275   29,065 17,103 11,962 39,102 16,304 3,270 19,528 California ................... 267,625 60,385   207,240 1,021,227 753,282 267,945 456,125 50,360 340,813 64,952 Colorado .................... 9,381 4,295 2,644 2,442 12,183 9,877 2,306 13,743 5,807 6,260 1,676 Connecticut ................ 21,889 8,882 4,805 8,202 46,434 25,560 20,874 27,698 6,011 12,032 9,655 Delaware ................... 1,797 1,110 503 184 2,662 2,348 314 3,278 1,761 1,191 326 District of Columbia ... 25,214 4,928 6,502 13,784 19,586 12,631 6,955 2,828 1,125 1,403 300 Florida ........................ 467,162 100,958 184,568 181,636 419,429 249,339 170,090 399,772 130,908 151,003 117,861 Georgia ...................... 50,820 26,734 17,008 7,078 69,580 49,622 19,958 107,980 60,145 30,281 17,554 Hawaii ........................ 16,457 16,457     52,012 31,766 20,246 16,176 6,193 3,400 6,583 Idaho .......................... 12,851 8,915 3,010 926 11,171 9,180 1,991 10,542 5,652 2,663 2,227 Illinois ......................... 76,456 59,314 17,142   87,121 69,770 17,351 120,752 31,945 72,773 16,034 Indiana ....................... 20,882 18,127 2,660 95 44,166 27,138 17,028 41,760 21,211 7,330 13,219 Iowa ........................... 25,851 16,928 5,153 3,770 41,507 30,470 11,037 31,757 15,830 6,809 9,118 Kansas ....................... 14,405 3,687 7,436 3,282 10,274 9,191 1,083 11,410 5,809 4,340 1,261 Kentucky .................... 27,800 6,147 4,735 16,918 28,090 20,406 7,684 37,061 22,049 2,216 12,796 Louisiana ................... 16,046 12,608 2,485 953 40,039 20,941 19,098 38,873 24,644 1,418 12,811 Maine ......................... 5,327 3,029 942 1,356 14,964 6,620 8,344 9,807 3,977 1,184 4,646 Maryland .................... 34,572 23,421 6,043 5,108 41,230 36,244 4,986 27,556 12,286 7,430 7,840 Massachusetts ........... 20,420 10,241 5,044 5,135 34,220 28,140 6,080 24,565 7,194 13,646 3,725 Michigan .................... 40,973 29,945   11,028 194,178 80,206 113,972 86,218 35,938 22,941 27,339 Minnesota .................. 10,826 8,627 877 1,322 45,648 33,190 12,458 51,769 20,273 20,740 10,756 Mississippi ................. 14,317 10,340 2,918 1,059 18,957 15,834 3,123 40,370 29,465 1,800 9,105 Missouri ..................... 33,292 27,206 3,732 2,354 31,815 27,274 4,541 38,773 25,034 7,731 6,008 Montana ..................... 3,525 1,795 978 752 6,071 3,962 2,109 4,995 3,515 172 1,308 Nebraska ................... 7,514 5,152 2,362   6,158 5,349 809 9,095 5,150 3,328 617 Nevada ...................... 3,063 845 82 2,136 17,262 7,270 9,992 22,346 1,047 10,961 10,338 New Hampshire ......... 4,844 2,657 1,625 562 7,198 5,073 2,125 5,519 1,438 1,854 2,227 New Jersey ................ 35,770 17,152 6,790 11,828 64,080 46,526 17,554 44,712 11,317 26,222 7,173 New Mexico ............... 13,102 3,590 5,147 4,365 30,236 18,069 12,167 29,197 15,543 8,200 5,454 New York ................... 94,574 57,217 20,002 17,355 156,611 125,893 30,718 194,028 61,819 91,846 40,363 North Carolina ........... 84,252 33,854 46,679 3,719 109,740 71,698 38,042 154,786 71,425 36,924 46,437 North Dakota ............. 2,810 1,963 538 309 3,587 2,500 1,087 1,964 1,087 416 461 Ohio ........................... 50,056 42,421 7,635   95,476 79,527 15,949 81,010 57,983 9,230 13,797 Oklahoma .................. 14,701 6,983 5,697 2,021 24,307 19,131 5,176 20,534 14,028 3,492 3,014 Oregon ....................... 27,645 10,690 12,594 4,361 37,075 24,915 12,160 27,981 14,115 10,931 2,935 Pennsylvania ............. 29,477 19,246 6,436 3,795 52,444 40,108 12,336 46,836 20,511 13,695 12,630 Rhode Island ............. 5,844 2,266 1,357 2,221 7,347 5,874 1,473 7,950 3,009 3,458 1,483 South Carolina ........... 69,659 27,959 35,165 6,535 81,200 37,117 44,083 132,497 34,474 7,856 90,167 South Dakota ............. 4,067 2,080 1,109 878 3,184 2,458 726 5,431 3,551 835 1,045 Tennessee ................. 26,268 17,079 3,244 5,945 41,721 39,604 2,117 49,386 29,766 5,173 14,447 Texas ......................... 157,349 94,245 51,126 11,978 218,747 145,067 73,680 106,516 41,508 53,680 11,328 Utah ........................... 18,541 3,756 14,785   24,841 6,003 18,838 28,987 6,614 7,186 15,187 Vermont ..................... 4,583 3,990   593 4,808 4,452 356 4,436 3,604 513 319 Virginia ....................... 21,525 10,480 3,804 7,241 31,649 30,005 1,644 31,211 13,801 11,203 6,207 Washington ................ 16,286 7,245 3,894 5,147 31,776 25,336 6,440 57,999 22,113 30,500 5,386 West Virginia ............. 14,628 9,743 3,672 1,213 21,186 14,227 2 6,959 22,403 16,877 332 5,194 Wisconsin .................. 16,158 14,185 1,973   61,081 45,116 15,965 27,297 17,268 6,215 3,814 Wyoming .................... 2,457 857 905 695 3,578 2,071 2 1,507 2,632 1,580 445 607 Outlying areas American Samoa ....... 313 252 61                 Guam ......................... 1,346 612 471 263 1,311 414 2 897 902 203 182 517 Northern Marianas .....               527 202 47 278 Puerto Rico ................ 30,164 17,844 9,010 3,310 28,436 28,436   47,974 12,322 2,099 33,553 Trust Territory of the Pacific .................... 3,753 2,138 699 916               Virgin Islands ............. 3,500 1,002 859 1,639 1,653 1,215 438 1,433 735 289 409   Not available.

1 Includes English as a second language.