D 4687 Standard Guide for General Planning of Waste Sampling This guide provides information for formulating and planning the many aspects of waste sampling that are common to most waste sampling situations. This guide addresses the following aspects of sampling: Sampling plans, safety plans, quality assurance considerations, general sampling considerations, preservation and containerization, cleaning equipment, labeling and shipping procedures, and chain of custody procedures. This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures for these aspects, nor does it serve as a guide to any specific application.

D 4696 Standard Guide for Pore Liquid Sampling from the Vadose Zone This guide discusses equipment and procedures used for sampling pore liquid from the vadose zone (unsaturated zone). The guide is limited to in situ techniques and does not include soil core collection and extraction methods for obtaining samples. The term "pore liquid" is applicable to any liquid from aqueous pore liquid to oil, however, all of the samplers described in this guide are designed to sample aqueous pore liquids only. The abilities of these samplers to collect other pore liquids may be quite different than those described. Some of the samplers described in the guide currently are not commercially available. These samplers are presented because they may have been available in the past, and may be encountered at sites with established vadose zone monitoring programs. In addition, some of these designs are particularly suited to specific situations. If needed, these samplers could be fabricated.

D 4700 Standard Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone This guide addresses procedures that may be used for obtaining soil samples from the vadose zone (unsaturated zone). Samples can be collected for a variety of reasons, including the following:

° Stratigraphic description ° Hydraulic conductivity testing ° Moisture content measurement ° Moisture release curve construction ° Geotechnical testing ° Soil gas analyses ° Microorganism extraction ° Pore liquid and soil chemical analyses. Appendix J 311 This guide focuses on methods that provide soil samples for chemical analyses of the soil or contained liquids or contaminants. Comments on how methods may be modified for other objectives, however, also are included. This guide does not describe sampling methods for lithified deposits and rocks (e. g., sandstone, shale, tuff, granite).

D 4823 Standard Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsolidated Sediments This guide covers core sampling terminology, advantages and disadvantages of various core samplers, core distortions that may occur during sampling, techniques for detecting and minimizing core distortions, and methods for dissecting and preserving sediment cores. In this guide, sampling procedures and equipment are divided into the following categories (based on water depth): sampling in depths shallower than 0.5 m, sampling in depths between 0.5 m and 10 m, and sampling in depths exceeding 10 m. Each category is divided into two sections: (1) equipment for collecting short cores and (2) equipment for collecting long cores. This guide also emphasizes general principles. Only in a few instances are step by step instructions given. Because core sampling is a field based operation, methods and equipment usually must be modified to suit local conditions. Drawings of samplers are included to show sizes and proportions. These samplers are offered primarily as examples (or generic representations) of equipment that can be purchased commercially or built from plans in technical journals. This guide is a brief summary of published scientific articles and engineering reports, and the references are listed. These documents provide operational details that are not given in the guide but are nevertheless essential to the successful planning and completion of core sampling projects.

D 4840 Standard Guide for Sampling Chain of Custody Procedures This guide contains a comprehensive discussion of potential requirements for a sample chain of custody program and describes the procedures involved in sample chain of custody. The purpose of these procedures is to provide accountability for and documentation of sample integrity from the time of sample collection until sample disposal. These procedures are intended to document sample possession during each stage of a sample's life cycle, that is, during collection, shipment, storage, and the process of analysis. Sample chain of custody is just one aspect of the larger issue of data defensibility. A sufficient chain of custody process (i. e., one that provides sufficient evidence of sample integrity in a legal or regulatory setting) is situationally dependent. The procedures presented in this guide are generally considered sufficient to assure legal defensibility of sample integrity. In a given situation, less stringent measures may be adequate. It is the responsibility of the users of this guide to determine their exact needs. Legal counsel may be needed to make this determination.

D 4854 Standard Guide for Estimating the Magnitude of Variability from Expected Sources in Sampling Plans The guide explains how to estimate the contributions of the variability of lot sampling units, laboratory sampling units, and specimens to the variation of the test result of a sampling plan. The guide explains how to combine the estimates of the variability from the three sources to obtain an estimate of the variability of the sampling plan results. The guide is applicable to all sampling plans that produce variables data. It is not applicable to plans that produce attribute data, since such plans do not take specimens in stages, but require that specimens be taken at random from all of the individual items in the lot. Appendix J 312 D 4916 Standard Practice for Mechanical Auger Sampling This practice describes procedures for the collection of an increment, partial sample, or gross sample of material using mechanical augers. Reduction and division of the material by mechanical equipment at the auger also is covered.

D 5013 Standard Practices for Sampling Wastes from Pipes and Other Point Discharges These practices provide guidance for obtaining samples of waste at discharge points from pipes, sluiceways, conduits, and conveyor belts. The following are included: Practice A – Liquid or Slurry Discharges, and Practice B – Solid or Semisolid Discharges. These practices are intended for situations in which there are no other applicable ASTM sampling methods for the specific industry. These practices do not address flow and time proportional samplers and other automatic sampling devices. Samples are taken from a flowing waste stream or moving waste mass and, therefore, are descriptive only within a certain period. The length of the period for which a sample is descriptive will depend on the sampling frequency and compositing scheme.

D 5088 Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Nonradioactive Waste Sites This practice covers the decontamination of field equipment used in the sampling of soils, soil gas, sludges, surface water, and ground water at waste sites that are to undergo both physical and chemical analyses. This practice is applicable only at sites at which chemical (organic and inorganic) wastes are a concern and is not intended for use at radioactive or mixed (chemical and radioactive) waste sites. Procedures are included for the decontamination of equipment that comes into contact with the sample matrix (sample contacting equipment) and for ancillary equipment that has not contacted the portion of sample to be analyzed (nonsample contacting equipment). This practice is based on recognized methods by which equipment may be decontaminated. When collecting environmental matrix samples, one should become familiar with the site specific conditions. Based on these conditions and the purpose of the sampling effort, the most suitable method of decontamination can be selected to maximize the integrity of analytical and physical testing results. This practice is applicable to most conventional sampling equipment constructed of metallic and synthetic materials. The manufacturer of a specific sampling apparatus should be contacted if there is concern regarding the reactivity of a decontamination rinsing agent with the equipment.

D 5092 Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers This practice addresses the selection and characterization (by defining soil, rock types, and hydraulic gradients) of the target monitoring zone as an integral component of monitoring well design and installation. The development of a conceptual hydrogeologic model for the intended monitoring zone( s) is recommended prior to the design and installation of a monitoring well. The guidelines are based on recognized methods by which monitoring wells may be designed and installed for the purpose of detecting the presence or absence of a contaminant, and collecting representative ground water quality data. The design standards and installation procedures in the practice are applicable to both detection and assessment monitoring programs for facilities. The recommended monitoring well design, as presented in this practice, Appendix J 313 is based on the assumption that the objective of the program is to obtain representative groundwater information and water quality samples from aquifers. Monitoring wells constructed following this practice should produce relatively turbidity free samples for granular aquifer materials ranging from gravels to silty sand and sufficiently permeable consolidated and fractured strata. Strata having grain sizes smaller than the recommended design for the smallest diameter filter pack materials should be monitored by alternative monitoring well designs not addressed by this practice.

D 5283 Standard Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities Quality Assurance and Quality Control Planning and Implementation This practice addresses the planning and implementation of the sampling and analysis aspects of environmental data generation activities. It defines the criteria that must be considered to assure the quality of the field and analytical aspects of environmental data generation activities. Environmental data include, but are not limited to, the results from analyses of samples of air, soil, water, biota, waste, or any combinations thereof. DQOs should be adopted prior to application of this practice. Data generated in accordance with this practice are subject to a final assessment to determine whether the DQOs were met. For example, many screening activities do not require all of the mandatory quality assurance and quality control steps found in this practice to generate data adequate to meet the project DQOs. The extent to which all of the requirements must be met remains a matter of technical judgment as it relates to the established DQOs. This practice presents extensive management requirements designed to ensure high quality environmental data.

D 5314 Standard Guide for Soil Gas Monitoring in the Vadose Zone This guide covers information pertaining to a broad spectrum of practices and applications of soil atmosphere sampling, including sample recovery and handling, sample analysis, data interpretation, and data reporting. This guide can increase the awareness of soil gas monitoring practitioners concerning important aspects of the behavior of the soil water gas contaminant system in which this monitoring is performed, as well as inform them of the variety of available techniques of each aspect of the practice. Appropriate applications of soil gas monitoring are identified, as are the purposes of the various applications. Emphasis is placed on soil gas contaminant determinations in certain application examples. This guide suggests a variety of approaches useful in monitoring vadose zone contaminants with instructions that offer direction to those who generate and use soil gas data. This guide does not recommend a standard practice to follow in all cases, nor does it recommend definite courses of action. The success of any one soil gas monitoring methodology is strongly dependent upon the environment in which it is applied.

D 5358 Standard Practice for Sampling with a Dipper or Pond Sampler This practice describes the procedure and equipment for taking surface samples of water or other liquids using a dipper. A pond sampler or dipper with an extension handle allows the operator to sample streams, ponds, waste pits, and lagoons as far as 15 feet from the bank or other secure footing. The dipper is useful in filling a sample bottle without contaminating the outside of the bottle. Appendix J 314 D 5387 Standard Guide for Elements of a Complete Data Set for Non Cohesive Sediments This guide covers criteria for a complete sediment data set, and it provides guidelines for the collection of non cohesive sediment alluvial data. This guide describes what parameters should be measured and stored to obtain a complete sediment and hydraulic data set that could be used to compute sediment transport using any prominently known sediment transport equations.

D 5451 Standard Practice for Sampling Using a Trier Sampler This practice covers sampling using a trier. A trier resembles an elongated scoop, and is used to collect samples of granular or powdered materials that are moist or sticky and have a particle diameter less than one half the diameter of the trier. The trier can be used as a vertical coring device only when it is certain that a relatively complete and cylindrical sample can be extracted.

D 5495 Standard Practice for Sampling with a Composite Liquid Waste Sampler (COLIWASA)

This practice describes the procedure for sampling liquids with the composite liquid waste sampler (COLIWASA). The COLIWASA is an appropriate device for obtaining a representative sample from stratified or unstratified liquids. Its most common use is for sampling containerized liquids, such as tanks, barrels, and drums. It may also be used for pools and other open bodies of stagnant liquid. (A limitation of the COLIWASA is that the stopper mechanism may not allow collection of approximately the bottom inch of material, depending on construction of the stopper.) The COLIWASA should not be used to sample flowing or moving liquids.

D 5608 Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Low Level Radioactive Waste Sites This practice covers the decontamination of field equipment used in the sampling of soils, soil gas, sludges, surface water, and ground water at waste sites known or suspected of containing low level radioactive wastes. This practice is applicable at sites where low level radioactive wastes are known or suspected to exist. By itself or in conjunction with Practice D 5088, this practice may also be applicable for the decontamination of equipment used in the vicinity of known or suspected transuranic or mixed wastes. Procedures are contained in this practice for the decontamination of equipment that comes into contact with the sample matrix (sample contacting equipment), and for ancillary equipment that has not contacted the sample, but may have become contaminated during use (noncontacting equipment). This practice is applicable to most conventional sampling equipment constructed of metallic and hard and smooth synthetic materials. Materials with rough or porous surfaces, or having a high sorption rate, should not be used in radioactive waste sampling due to the difficulties with decontamination. In those cases in which sampling will be periodically performed, such as sampling of wells, consideration should be given to the use of dedicated sampling equipment if legitimate concerns exist for the production of undesirable or unmanageable waste byproducts, or both, during the decontamination of tools and equipment. This practice does not address regulatory requirements for personnel protection or decontamination, or for the handling, labeling, shipping, or storing of wastes, or samples. Specific radiological release requirements and limits must be determined by users in accordance with local, State and Federal regulations. Appendix J 315 D 5633 Standard Practice for Sampling with a Scoop This procedure covers the method and equipment used to collect surface and near surface samples of soils and physically similar materials using a scoop. This practice is applicable to rapid screening programs, pilot studies, and other semi quantitative investigations. The practice describes how a shovel is used to remove the top layers of soil to the appropriate sample depth and either a disposable scoop or a reusable scoop is used to collect and place the sample in the sample container.

D 5658 Standard Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Waste from Trucks This practice covers several methods for collecting waste samples from trucks. These methods are adapted specifically for sampling unconsolidated solid wastes in bulk loads using several types of sampling equipment.

D 5679 Standard Practice for Sampling Consolidated Solids in Drums or Similar Containers This practice covers typical equipment and methods for collecting samples of consolidated solids in drums or similar containers. These methods are adapted specifically for sampling drums having a volume of 110 U. S. gallons (416 L) or less, and are applicable to a hazardous material, product, or waste.

D 5680 Standard Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Solids in Drums or Similar Containers This practice covers typical equipment and methods for collecting samples of unconsolidated solids in drums or similar containers. These methods are adapted specifically for sampling drums having a volume of 110 U. S. gallons (416 L) or less, and are applicable to a hazardous material, product, or waste.

D 5730 Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes with Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone and Ground Water This guide covers a general approach to planning field investigations that is useful for any type of environmental investigation with a primary focus on the subsurface and major factors affecting the surface and subsurface environment. Generally, such investigations should identify and locate, both horizontally and vertically, significant soil and rock masses and groundwater conditions present within a given site area and establish the characteristics of the subsurface materials by sampling or in situ testing, or both. The extent of characterization and specific methods used will be determined by the environmental objectives and data quality requirements of the investigation. This guide focuses on field methods for determining site characteristics and collection of samples for further physical and chemical characterization. It does not address special considerations required for characterization of karst and fractured rock terrain. Appendix J 316 D 5743 Standard Practice for Sampling Single or Multilayered Liquids, with or without Solids, in Drums or Similar Containers This practice covers typical equipment and methods for collecting samples of single or multilayered liquids, with or without solids, in drums or similar containers. These methods are adapted specifically for sampling drums having a volume of 110 gallons (416 L) or less, and are applicable to a hazardous material, product, or waste.

D 5792 Standard Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Development of Data Quality Objectives This practice covers the development of data quality objectives (DQOs) for the acquisition of environmental data. Optimization of sampling and analysis design is a part of the DQO Process. This practice describes the DQO Process in detail. The various strategies for design optimization are too numerous to include in this practice. Many other documents outline alternatives for optimizing sampling and analysis design, therefore, only an overview of design optimization is included. Some design aspects are included in the examples for illustration purposes.

D 5903 Standard Guide for Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling Event This guide covers planning and preparing for a ground water sampling event. It includes technical and administrative considerations and procedures. Example checklists are also provided as appendices. This guide may not cover every consideration and procedure that is necessary before all ground water sampling projects. This guide focuses on sampling of ground water from monitoring wells; however, most of the guidance herein can apply to the sampling of springs as well.

D 5911 Standard Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to Identify a Soil Sampling Site This practice covers what information should be obtained to uniquely identify any soil sampling or examination site where an absolute and recoverable location is necessary for quality control of the study, such as for a waste disposal project. The minimum set of data elements was developed considering the needs for informational data bases, such as geographic information systems. Other distinguishing details, such as individual site characteristics, help in singularly cataloging the site. For studies that are not environmentally regulated, such as for an agricultural or preconstruction survey, the data specifications established by a client and the project manager may be different from that of the minimum set. As used in this practice, a soil sampling site is meant to be a single point, not a geographic area or property, located by an X, Y, and Z coordinate position at land surface or a fixed datum. All soil data collected for the site are directly related to the coordinate position, e. g., a sample is collected from a certain number of feet (or meters) or sampled from a certain interval to feet (or meters) below the X, Y, and Z coordinate position. A soil sampling site can include a test well, augered or bored hole, excavation, grab sample, test pit, sidewall sample, stream bed, or any other site where samples of the soil can be collected or examined for the purpose intended. Samples of soil (sediment) filtered from the water of streams, rivers, or lakes are not in the scope of this practice. Appendix J 317 D 5956 Standard Guide for Sampling Strategies for Heterogeneous Wastes This guide is a practical nonmathematical discussion for heterogeneous waste sampling strategies. This guide is consistent with the particulate material sampling theory, as well as inferential statistics, and may serve as an introduction to the statistical treatment of sampling issues. This guide does not provide comprehensive sampling procedures, nor does it serve as a guide to any specification.

D 6001 Standard Guide for Direct Push Water Sampling for Geoenvironmental Investigations This guide reviews methods for sampling ground water at discrete points or in increments by insertion of sampling devices by static force or impact without drilling and removal of cuttings. By directly pushing the sampler, the soil is displaced and helps to form an annular seal above the sampling zone. Direct push water sampling can be one time or multiple sampling events. Methods for obtaining water samples for water quality analysis and detection of contaminants are presented. Field test methods described in this guide include installation of temporary well points and insertion of water samplers using a variety of insertion methods. The insertion methods include (1) soil probing using combinations of impact, percussion, or vibratory driving with or without additions of smooth static force; (2) smooth static force from the surface using hydraulic penetrometer or drilling equipment and incremental drilling combined with direct push water sampling events. Methods for borehole abandonment by grouting are also addressed.

D 6008 Standard Practice for Conducting Environmental Baseline Surveys The purpose of this practice is to define good commercial and customary practice in the United States for conducting an environmental baseline survey (EBS). Such surveys are conducted to determine certain elements of the environmental condition of Federal real property, including excess and surplus property at closing and realigning military installations. This effort is conducted to fulfill certain requirements of the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA) section 120( h), as amended by the Community Environmental Response Facilitation Act of 1992 (CERFA). As such, this practice is intended to help a user to gather and analyze data and information in order to classify property into seven environmental condition of property area types (in accordance with the Standard Classification of Environmental Condition of Property Area Types). Once documented, the EBS is used to support Findings of Suitability to Lease, or uncontaminated property determinations, or a combination thereof, pursuant to the requirements of CERFA. Users of this practice should note that it does not address (except where explicitly noted) requirements of CERFA. The practice also does not address (except where explicitly noted) requirements for appropriate and timely regulatory consultation or concurrence, or both, during the conduct of the EBS or during the identification and use of the standard environmental condition of property area types.

D 6009 Standard Guide for Sampling Waste Piles This guide provides guidance for obtaining representative samples from waste piles. Guidance is provided for site evaluation, sampling design, selection of equipment, and data interpretation. Waste piles include areas used primarily for waste storage or disposal, including above grade dry land disposal units. This guide can be applied to sampling municipal waste piles, and it addresses how the choice of sampling design and sampling methods depends on specific Appendix J 318 features of the pile.

D 6044 Standard Guide for Representative Sampling for Management of Waste and Contaminated Media This guide covers the definition of representativeness in environmental sampling, identifies sources that can affect representativeness (especially bias), and describes the attributes that a representative sample or a representative set of samples should possess. For convenience, the term "representative sample" is used in this guide to denote both a representative sample and a representative set of samples, unless otherwise qualified in the text. This guide outlines a process by which a representative sample may be obtained from a population, and it describes the attributes of a representative sample and presents a general methodology for obtaining representative samples. It does not, however, provide specific or comprehensive sampling procedures. It is the user's responsibility to ensure that proper and adequate procedures are used.

D 6051 Standard Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management Activities This guide discusses the advantages and appropriate use of composite sampling, field procedures and techniques to mix the composite sample and procedures to collect an unbiased and precise subsample from a larger sample. Compositing and subsampling are key links in the chain of sampling and analytical events that must be performed in compliance with project objectives and instructions to ensure that the resulting data are representative. This guide discusses the advantages and limitations of using composite samples in designing sampling plans for characterization of wastes (mainly solid) and potentially contaminated media. This guide assumes that an appropriate sampling device is selected to collect an unbiased sample. It does not address where samples should be collected (depends on the objectives), selection of sampling equipment, bias introduced by selection of inappropriate sampling equipment, sample collection procedures or collection of a representative specimen from a sample, or statistical interpretation of resultant data and devices designed to dynamically sample process waste streams. It also does not provide sufficient information to statistically design an optimized sampling plan, or to determine the number of samples to collect or to calculate the optimum number of samples to composite to achieve specified data quality objectives. The mixing and subsampling described in this guide is expected to cause significant losses of volatile constituents. Specialized procedures should be used for compositing samples for determination of volatiles.

D 6063 Standard Guide for Sampling of Drums and Similar Containers by Field Personnel This guide covers information, including flow charts, for field personnel to follow in order to collect samples from drums and similar containers. The purpose of this guide is to help field personnel in planning and obtaining samples from drums and similar containers, using equipment and techniques that will ensure that the objectives of the sampling activity will be met. It can also be used as a training tool. Appendix J 319 D 6169 Standard Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investigations This guide covers the selection of soil and rock sampling devices used with drill rigs for the purpose of characterizing in situ physical and hydraulic properties, chemical characteristics, subsurface lithology, stratigraphy, and structure, and hydrogeologic units in environmental investigations.

D 6232 Standard Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment for Waste and Contaminated Media Data Collection Activities This guide covers criteria that should be considered when selecting sampling equipment for collecting environmental and waste samples for waste management activities. This guide includes a list of equipment that is used and is readily available. Many specialized sampling devices are not specifically included in this guide, however, the factors that should be weighed when choosing any piece of equipment are covered and remain the same for the selection of any piece of equipment. Sampling equipment described in this guide include automatic samplers, pumps, bailers, tubes, scoops, spoons, shovels, dredges, and coring and augering devices. The selection of sampling locations is outside the scope of this guide.

D 6233 Standard Guide for Data Assessment for Environmental Waste Management Activities This guide covers a practical strategy for examining an environmental project data collection effort and the resulting data to determine conformance with the project plan and impact on data usability. This guide also leads the user through a logical sequence to determine which statistical protocols should be applied to the data.

D 6250 Standard Practice for Derivation of Decision Point and Confidence Limit for Statistical Testing of Mean Concentration in Waste Management Decisions This practice covers a logical basis for the derivation of a decision point and confidence limit when the mean concentration is used for making environmental waste management decisions. The determination of a decision point or confidence limit should be made in the context of the defined problem. The main focus of this practice is on the determination of a decision point. In environmental management decisions, the derivation of a decision point allows a direct comparison of a sample mean against this decision point. Similar decisions can be made by comparing a confidence limit against a concentration limit. This practice focuses on making environmental decisions using this kind of statistical comparison. Other factors, such as any qualitative information that also may be important to decision making, are not considered in the practice. This standard derives the decision point and confidence limit in the framework of a statistical test of hypothesis under three different presumptions. The relationship between decision point and confidence limit also is described.

D 6282 Standard Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations This guide addresses direct push soil samplers, which may be driven into the ground from the surface or through pre bored holes. The samplers can be continuous or discrete interval Appendix J 320 units. The samplers are advanced to the depth of interest by a combination of static push, or impacts from hammers, or vibratory methods, or a combination thereof. Field methods described in this guide include the use of discreet and continuous sampling tools, split and solid barrel samplers and thin walled tubes with or without fixed piston style apparatus. Insertion methods described include static push, impact, percussion, other vibratory/ sonic driving, and combinations of these methods using direct push equipment adapted to drilling rigs, cone penetrometer units, and specially designed percussion/ direct push combination machines. Hammers described by this guide for providing force for insertion include drop style, hydraulically activated, air activated and mechanical lift devices. The guide does not cover open chambered samplers operated by hand such as augers, agricultural samplers operated at shallow depths, or side wall samplers.

D 6286 Standard Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environmental Site Characterization This guide provides descriptions of various drilling methods for environmental site characterization, along with the advantages and disadvantages associated with each method. This guide is intended to aid in the selection of drilling method( s) for environmental soil and rock borings and the installation of monitoring wells and other water quality monitoring devices. This guide does not address methods of well construction, well development, or well completion.

D 6311 Standard Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Selection and Optimization of Sampling Design This guide provides practical information on the selection and optimization of sample designs in waste management sampling activities, within the context of the requirements established by the data quality objectives or other planning process. Specifically, this document provides (1) guidance for the selection of sampling designs; (2) techniques to optimize candidate designs; and (3) descriptions of the variables that need to be balanced in choosing the final optimized design.

D 6323 Standard Guide for Laboratory Subsampling of Media Related to Waste Management Activities This guide covers common techniques for obtaining representative subsamples from a sample received at a laboratory for analysis. These samples may include solids, sludges, liquids, or multilayered liquids (with or without solids). The procedures and techniques discussed in this guide depend upon the sample matrix, the type of sample preparation and analysis performed, the characteristic( s) of interest, and the project specific instructions or data quality objectives. This guide includes several sample homogenization techniques, including mixing and grinding, as well as information on how to obtain a specimen or split laboratory samples. This guide does not apply to air or gas sampling.

D 6418 Standard Practice for Using the Disposable EnCore™ Sampler for Sampling and Storing Soil for Volatile Organic Analysis This practice provides a procedure for using the disposable EnCore™ sampler to collect and store a soil sample of approximately 5 grams or 25 grams for volatile organic analysis. The EnCore™ sampler is designed to collect and hold a soil sample during shipment to the Appendix J 321 laboratory. It consists of a coring body/ storage chamber, O ring sealed plunger, and O ring sealed cap. In performing the practice, the integrity of the soil sample structure is maintained and there is very limited exposure of the sample to the atmosphere. Laboratory subsampling is not required; the sample is expelled directly from the sampler body into the appropriate container for analysis.

D 6538 Standard Guide for Sampling Wastewater With Automatic Samplers This guide covers the selection and use of automatic wastewater samplers including procedures for their use in obtaining representative samples. Automatic wastewater samplers are intended for the unattended collection of samples that are representative of the parameters of interest in the wastewater body. While this guide primarily addresses the sampling of wastewater, the same automatic samplers may be used to sample process streams and natural water bodies.

D 6582 Standard Guide for Ranked Set Sampling: Efficient Estimation of a Mean Concentration in Environmental Sampling This guide describes ranked set sampling, discusses its relative advantages over simple random sampling, and provides examples of potential applications in environmental sampling. Ranked set sampling is useful and cost effective when there is an auxiliary variable, which can be inexpensively measured relative to the primary variable, and when the auxiliary variable has correlation with the primary variable. The resultant estimation of the mean concentration is unbiased, more precise than simple random sampling, and more representative of the population under a wide variety of conditions.

D 6771 Standard Practice for Low Flow Purging and Sampling for Wells and Devices Used for Ground Water Quality Investigations This practice covers the method for purging and sampling wells and devices used for ground water quality investigations and monitoring programs known as low flow purging and sampling. The method is also known by the terms minimal drawdown purging or low stress purging. The method could be used for other types of ground water sampling programs but these uses are not specifically addressed in this practice. This practice applies only to wells sampled at the wellhead. This practice does not address sampling of wells containing either light or dense non aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs or DNAPLs).

E 122 Standard Practice for Choice of Sample Size to Estimate the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or Process This practice covers methods for calculating the sample size (the number of units to include in a random sample from a lot of material) in order to estimate, with a prescribed precision, an average of some characteristic for that lot or process. The characteristic may be either a numerical value of some property or the fraction of nonconforming units with respect to an attribute. If sampling from a process, the process must be in a state of statistical control for the results to have predictive value.

E 178 Standard Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations This practice covers outlying observations in samples and how to test the statistical significance Appendix J 322 of them. An outlying observation, or "outlier," is an observation that appears to deviate markedly from other members of the sample in which it occurs. An outlying observation may be merely an extreme manifestation of the random variability inherent in the data. If this is true, the value should be retained and processed in the same manner as the other observations in the sample. On the other hand, an outlying observation may be the result of gross deviation from prescribed experimental procedure or an error in calculating or recording the numerical value. In such cases, it may be desirable to institute an investigation to ascertain the reason for the aberrant value. The observation may even actually be rejected as a result of the investigation, though not necessarily so. At any rate, in subsequent data analysis the outlier or outliers probably will be recognized as being from a different population than that of the other sample values. The procedures covered herein apply primarily to the simplest kind of experimental data; that is, replicate measurements of some property of a given material, or observations in a supposedly single random sample. Nevertheless, the tests suggested do cover a wide enough range of cases in practice to have broad utility.

E 300 Standard Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals This practice covers procedures for sampling several classes of industrial chemicals, as well as recommendations for determining the number and location of such samples to ensure representativeness in accordance with accepted probability sampling principles. Although this practice describes specific procedures for sampling various liquids, solids, and slurries, in bulk or in packages, these recommendations only outline the principles to be observed. They should not take precedence over specific sampling instructions contained in other ASTM product or method standards.

E 1402 Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling This standard includes those items related to statistical aspects of sampling. It is applicable to sampling in any matrix and provides definitions, descriptions, discussions, and comparisons of trends.

E 1727 Standard Practice for Field Collection of Soil Samples for Lead Determination by Atomic Spectrometry Techniques This practice covers the collection of soil samples using coring and scooping methods. Soil samples are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent digestion and determination of lead using laboratory analysis techniques such as Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP AES), Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS), and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GFAAS).

F 301 Standard Practice for Open Bottle Tap Sampling of Liquid Streams This practice covers a general method to take samples of liquid streams in such a way so that the samples are representative of the liquid in the sampled stream and that the sample acquisition process does not interfere with any operations taking place in the stream. The practice is particularly applicable for sampling the feed and filtrate streams around a filter medium. The practice includes consideration of potential limits in the sample size or sample flow rate observation capability of the device used to measure particle content in the sample. 323 REFERENCES Note: Due to the dynamic nature of the Internet, the location and content of World Wide Web sites given in this document may change over time. If you find a broken link to an EPA document, use the search engine at http:// www. epa. gov/ to find the document. Links to web sites outside the U. S. EPA web site are provided for the convenience of the user, and the U. S. EPA does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these external web sites.

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American Society for Quality (ASQ). 1988. Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection of Isolated Lots by Attributes. American National Standard ANSI/ ASQC Standard Q3 1988. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

ASQ. 1993. Sampling Procedures and Tables for Inspection By Attributes. American National Standard ANSI/ ASQC Z1.4 1993. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D 1452 80. 1980. Standard Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling by Auger Borings. West Conshohocken, PA. http:// www. astm. org/

ASTM D 1586 84. 1984. Standard Test Method for Penetration Test and Split Barrel Sampling of Soils. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 1587 94. 1994. Standard Practice for Thin Walled Tube Geotechnical Sampling of Soils. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 3665 95. 1995. Standard Practice for Random Sampling of Construction Materials. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 4220 95. 1995. Standard Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil Samples. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 4342 84. 1984. Standard Practice for Collecting of Benthic Macroinvertebrates with Ponar Grab Sampler. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 4387 97. Standard Guide for Selecting Grab Sampling Devices for Collecting Benthic Macroinvertebrates. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 4448 85a. 1985. Standard Guide for Sampling Groundwater Monitoring Wells. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 4489 95. 1995. Standard Practices for Sampling of Waterborne Oils. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 4547 98. 1998. Standard Guide for Sampling Waste and Soils for Volatile Organics. West Conshohocken, PA. References 324 ASTM D 4700 91. 1991. Standard Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 4823 95. 1995. Standard Guide for Core Sampling Submerged, Unconsolidated Sediments. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 4840 95. 1995. Standard Guide for Sampling Chain of Custody Procedures. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5013 89. 1989. Standard Practices for Sampling Wastes from Pipes and Other Point Discharges. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5088 90. 1990. Standard Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment Used at Nonradioactive Waste Sites. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5092 90. 1990. Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Ground Water Monitoring Wells in Aquifers. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5283 92. 1992. Standard Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities Quality Assurance and Quality Control Planning and Implementation. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5314 92. 1992. Standard Guide for Soil Gas Monitoring in the Vadose Zone. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5358 93. 1993. Standard Practice for Sampling with a Dipper or Pond Sampler. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5387 93. 1993. Standard Guide for Elements of a Complete Data Set for NonCohesive Sediments. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5451 93. 1993. Standard Practice for Sampling Using a Trier Sampler. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5495 94. 1994. Standard Practice for Sampling with a Composite Liquid Waste Sampler (COLIWASA). West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5633 94. 1994. Standard Practice for Sampling with a Scoop. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5658 95. 1995. Standard Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Waste from Trucks. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5679 95a. 1995. Standard Practice for Sampling Consolidated Solids in Drums or Similar Containers. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5680 95a. 1995. Standard Practice for Sampling Unconsolidated Solids in Drums or Similar Containers. West Conshohocken, PA. References 325 ASTM D 5730 96. 1996. Standard Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental Purposes with Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone and Ground Water. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5743 97. 1997. Standard Practice for Sampling Single or Multilayered Liquids, With or Without Solids, in Drums or Similar Containers. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5792 95. 1995. Standard Practice for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Development of Data Quality Objectives. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 5956 96. 1996. Standard Guide for Sampling Strategies for Heterogeneous Waste. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 6009 96. 1996. Standard Guide for Sampling Waste Piles. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 6044 96. 1996. Standard Guide for Representative Sampling for Management of Waste and Contaminated Media. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 6051 96. 1996. Standard Guide for Composite Sampling and Field Subsampling for Environmental Waste Management Activities. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 6063 96. 1996. Standard Guide for Sampling of Drums and Similar Containers by Field Personnel. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 6169 98. 1998. Standard Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investigations. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 6232 98. 1998. Standard Guide for Selection of Sampling Equipment for Waste and Contaminated Media Data Collection Activities. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 6233 98. 1998. Standard Guide for Data Assessment for Environmental Waste Management Activities. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 6250 98. 1998. Standard Practice for Derivation of Decision Point and Confidence Limit for Statistical Testing of Mean Concentration in Waste Management Decisions. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 6282 98. 1998. Standard Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 6286 98. 1998. Standard Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environmental Site Characterization. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 6311 98. 1998. Standard Guide for Generation of Environmental Data Related to Waste Management Activities: Selection and Optimization of Sampling Design. West Conshohocken, PA. References 326 ASTM D 6323 98. 1998. Standard Guide for Laboratory Subsampling of Media Related to Waste Management Activities. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D 6418 99. 1999. Standard Practice for Using the Disposable EnCore™ Sampler for Sampling and Storing Soil for Volatile Organic Analysis. West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM E 1727 95. 1995. Standard Practice for Field Collection of Soil Samples for Lead Determination by Atomic Spectrometry Techniques. West Conshohocken, PA.

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Shefsky, S. 1997. "Sample Handling Strategies for Accurate Lead In Soil Measurements in the Field and Laboratory." Presented at the International Symposium of Field Screening Methods Hazardous Wastes and Toxic Chemicals, Las Vegas, NV. References 331 Singh, A. K., A. Singh, and M. Engelhardt. 1997. The Lognormal Distribution in Environmental Applications. EPA/ 600/ R 97/ 006. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development. Washington, DC. http:// www. epa. gov/ nerlesd1/ pdf/ lognor. pdf Skalski, J. R. and J. M. Thomas. 1984. Improved Field Sampling Designs and Compositing Schemes for Cost Effective Detection of Migration and Spills at Commercial Low level Radioactive or Chemical Wastes Sites. PNL 4935. Battelle Pacific Northwest Laboratory. Richland, WA.

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USEPA. 1984. Characterization of Hazardous Waste Sites– A Methods Manual. Volume I Site Investigations. EPA/ 600/ 4 84 075. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Las Vegas, NV. (Available on CD ROM. See USEPA 1998c)

USEPA. 1985. Characterization of Hazardous Waste Sites– A Methods Manual. Volume II: Available Sampling Methods. EPA/ 600/ 4 84 076. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, Las Vegas, NV. (Available on CDROM See USEPA 1998c)

USEPA. 1986a. Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste, Physical/ Chemical Methods, Updates I, II, IIA, IIB, III, and IIIA. SW 846. NTIS publication no. PB97 156111 or GPO publication no. 955 001 00000 1. Office of Solid Waste. Washington, DC. http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ hazwaste/ test/ sw846. htm USEPA. 1986b. Permit Guidance Manual on Unsaturated Zone Monitoring for Hazardous Waste Land Treatment Units. EPA/ 530 SW 86 040. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1987. RCRA Guidance Manual for Subpart G Closure and Post Closure Care Standards and Subpart H Cost Estimating Requirements. 530 SW 87 010 (NTIS: PB87 158 978).

USEPA. 1988. Methodology for Developing Best Demonstrated Available (BDAT) Treatment Standards. EPA/ 530 SW 89 017L. Treatment Technology Section, Office of Solid Waste. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1989a. Methods for Evaluating the Attainment of Cleanup Standards. Volume 1: Soils and Solid Media. EPA 230/ 02 89 042. NTIS PB89 234959. Statistical Policy Branch, Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation. Washington, DC. http:// www. epa. gov/ tio/ stats/ vol1soils. pdf References 332 USEPA, 1989b, Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities (Interim Final Guidance). Office of Solid Waste (NTIS, PB89 151047).

USEPA. 1989c. RCRA Facility Investigation Guidance. Vols. 1  4. EPA 530/ SW 89 031. OSWER Directive 9502.00 6D. NTIS PB89 200299. Office of Solid Waste. Washington, DC. (Available on CD ROM. See USEPA 1998g.)

USEPA. 1990. "Corrective Action for Solid Waste Management Units at Hazardous Waste Management Facilities: Proposed Rule." Federal Register (55 FR 30798, July 27, 1990).

USEPA. 1991a. GEO EAS 1.2.1 User's Guide. EPA/ 600/ 8 91/ 008. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Las Vegas, NV.

USEPA. 1991b. Description and Sampling of Contaminated Soils– A Field Pocket Guide. EPA/ 625/ 12 91/ 002. Center for Environmental Research Information. Cincinnati, OH.

USEPA. 1991c. Final Best Demonstrated Available Technology (BDAT) Background Document for Quality Assurance/ Quality Control Procedures and Methodology. NTIS PB95 230926. Office of Solid Waste. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1991d. Site Characterization for Subsurface Remediation. EPA/ 625/ 4 91/ 026. Office of Research and Development. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1992a. Supplemental Guidance to RAGS: Calculating the Concentration Term 1( 1). OERR Publication 9285.7 08I. NTIS PB92 963373. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. Cincinnati, OH.

USEPA. 1992b. Statistical Analysis of Ground Water Monitoring Data at RCRA Facilities Addendum to Interim Final Guidance (July 1992). Office of Solid Waste. http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ hazwaste/ ca/ resource/ guidance/ sitechar/ gwstats/ gwstats. htm USEPA. 1992c. RCRA Ground Water Monitoring: Draft Technical Guidance. EPA/ 530/ R93 001. Office of Solid Waste. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1992d. Specifications and Guidance for Contaminant Free Sample Containers. Publication 9240.05A. EPA/ 540/ R 93/ 051.

USEPA. 1992e. Multi Media Investigation Manual. EPA/ 330/ 9 89/ 003 R. National Enforcement Investigation Center. Denver, CO.

USEPA. 1992f. Management of Investigation Derived Wastes. Directive 9345.3 03FS. NTIS PB92 963353. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1992g. Guidance for Data Usability in Risk Assessment. Final. 9285.7 09A and B. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1992h. 40 CFR Parts 268 and 271 Land Disposal Restrictions No Migration Variances; Proposed Rule. Federal Register: August 11, 1992. References 333 USEPA. 1992i. Methods for Evaluating the Attainment of Cleanup Standards. Volume 2: Ground Water. EPA 230 R 92 14. Office of Policy, Planning, and Evaluation. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1993a. Data Quality Objectives Process for Superfund. Interim Final Guidance. EPA/ 540. G 93/ 071. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1993b. Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters. EPA 840 B 93 001c. Office of Water. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1993c. Subsurface Characterization and Monitoring Techniques– A Desk Reference Guide. Vols. 1 and 2. EPA/ 625/ R 93/ 003a and EPA/ 625/ R 93/ 003b. Office of Research and Development. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1993d. Petitions to Delist Hazardous Waste– A Guidance Manual. 2 nd ed. EPA 530 R93 007. NTIS PB 93 169365. Office Of Solid Waste. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1994a. Waste Analysis at Facilities That Generate, Treat, Store, and Dispose of Hazardous Wastes, a Guidance Manual. OSWER 9938.4 03. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Washington, DC. http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ hazwaste/ ldr/ wap330. pdf USEPA. 1994b. "Drum Sampling." Environmental Response Team SOP #2009, Revision #0.0. Edison, NJ. http:// www. ert. org/

USEPA. 1994c. "Tank Sampling." Environmental Response Team SOP #2010, Revision #0.0. Edison, NJ. http:// www. ert. org/

USEPA. 1994d. "Waste Pile Sampling." Environmental Response Team SOP #2017, Revision #0.0. Edison, NJ. http:// www. ert. org/

USEPA. 1994e. "Sediment Sampling." Environmental Response Team SOP #2016, Revision #0.0. Edison, NJ. http:// www. ert. org/

USEPA. 1994f. "Sampling Equipment Decontamination." Environmental Response Team SOP #2006, Revision #0.0. Edison, NJ. http:// www. ert. org/

USEPA. 1995a. Determination of Background Concentrations of Inorganics in Soils and Sediment at Hazardous Waste Sites. EPA/ 540/ S 96/ 500. Office of Research and Development and Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Washington, DC. http:// www. epa. gov/ nerlesd1/ pdf/ engin. pdf USEPA. 1995b. EPA Observational Economy Series, Volume 2: Ranked Set Sampling. EPA/ 230 R 95 006. Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1995c. EPA Observational Economy Series, Volume 1: Composite Sampling. EPA230 R 95 005. Office of Policy Planning and Evaluation. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1995d. QA/ QC Guidance for Sampling and Analysis of Sediments, Water, and Tissues for Dredged Material Evaluations. EPA/ 823 B 95 001. References 334 USEPA. 1995e. Superfund Program Representative Sampling Guidance Volume 5: Water and Sediment, Part I– Surface Water and Sediment. Interim Final Guidance. Environmental Response Team. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response and Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1995f. Guidance for the Sampling and Analysis of Municipal Waste Combustion Ash for the Toxicity Characteristic. Office of Solid Waste. EPA 530 R 95 036.

USEPA. 1996a. Soil Screening Guidance User's Guide (9355.4 23). Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Washington, DC. http:// www. epa. gov/ superfund/ resources/ soil/ index. htm USEPA. 1996b. Environmental Investigations Standard Operating Procedures and Quality Assurance Manual. Region 4, Science and Ecosystem Support Division. Athens, GA. http:// www. epa. gov/ region04/ sesd/ eisopqam/ eisopqam. html USEPA. 1996c. "Soil Gas Sampling." Environmental Response Team SOP #2042, Revision #0.0. Edison, NJ.

USEPA. 1996d. Region 6 RCRA Delisting Program Guidance Manual for the Petitioner. Region 6, RCRA Multimedia Planning and Permitting Division, Dallas, TX. (Updated March 23, 2000).

USEPA. 1997a. "Geostatistical Sampling and Evaluation Guidance for Soils and Solid Media." Draft. Prepared by Dr. Kirk Cameron, MacStat Consulting, Ltd. and SAIC for the Office of Solid Waste under EPA contract 68 W4 0030. Washington, DC.

USEPA. 1997b. Data Quality Assessment Statistical Toolbox (DataQUEST), EPA QA/ G 9D. User's Guide and Software. EPA/ 600/ R 96/ 085. Office of Research and Development. Las Vegas. http:// www. epa. gov/ quality/ dqa. html USEPA. 1998a. EPA Guidance for Quality Assurance Project Plans, EPA QA/ G 5. EPA/ 600/ R98 018. Office of Research and Development. Washington, DC. http:// www. epa. gov/ quality/ qs docs/ g5 final. pdf USEPA. 1998b. Final Technical Support Document for HWC MACT Standards, Volume VI Development of Comparable Fuels Standards. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D. C. (May 1998).

USEPA. 1998c. Site Characterization Library, Volume 1. Release 2. EPA/ 600/ C 98/ 001. Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory (NERL). Las Vegas, NV.

USEPA. 2000a. Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process for Hazardous Waste Site Operations EPA QA/ G 4HW, EPA/ 600/ R 00/ 007. Quality Staff, Office of Environmental Information, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C. January 2000. http:// www. epa. gov/ quality/ qs docs/ g4hw final. pdf References 335 USEPA. 2000b. Guidance for the Data Quality Objectives Process EPA QA/ G 4, EPA/ 600/ R 96/ 055. Quality Staff, Office of Environmental Information, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C. August 2000. http:// www. epa. gov/ quality/ qs docs/ g4 final. pdf USEPA. 2000c. Guidance for Choosing a Sampling Design for Environmental Data Collection, EPA QA/ G 5S. PEER REVIEW DRAFT. Quality Staff, Office of Environmental Information, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C. August 2000.

USEPA. 2000d. Guidance for Data Quality Assessment, EPA QA/ G 9 (QA00 Update). Quality Staff, Office of Environmental Information, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C. July 2000. http:// www. epa. gov/ quality1/ qs docs/ g9 final. pdf USEPA. 2001a. Data Quality Objectives Decision Error Feasibility Trials Software (DEFT) User's Guide. EPA/ 240/ B 01/ 007. (User's guide and software) Office of Environmental Information. Washington, DC. http:// www. epa. gov/ quality/ qa_ docs. html USEPA. 2001b. EPA Requirements for Quality Assurance Project Plans, EPA QA/ R 5. EPA/ 240/ B 01/ 003. Office of Environmental Information. Washington, DC. http:// www. epa. gov/ quality/ qa_ docs. html USEPA. 2001c. Guidance on Environmental Data Verification and Data Validation EPA QA/ G 8. Quality Staff, Office of Environmental Information, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C. PEER REVIEW DRAFT. June 2001.

USEPA. 2001d. Land Disposal Restrictions: Summary of Requirements. EPA530 R 01 007. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response and Enforcement and Compliance Assurance. Revised August 2001.

USEPA. 2001e. Guidance on Data Quality Indicators EPA QA/ G 5i. PEER REVIEW DRAFT. Office of Environmental Information, Washington, D. C. September 2001.

USEPA. 2001f. EPA Requirements for Quality Management Plans, EPA QA/ R 2. EPA/ 240/ B01 002. Office of Environmental Information. Washington, DC. March. http:// www. epa. gov/ quality/ qa_ docs. html USEPA. 2001g. Contract Laboratory Program (CLP) Guidance for Field Samplers  Draft Final. OSWER 9240.0 35. EPA540 R 00 003. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. June. http:// www. epa. gov/ oerrpage/ superfund/ programs/ clp/ guidance. htm USEPA. 2002a. Guidance on Demonstrating Compliance With the Land Disposal Restrictions (LDR) Alternative Soil Treatment Standards, Final Guidance. EPA530 R 02 003. Office of Solid Waste. July. http:// www. epa. gov/ epaoswer/ hazwaste/ ldr/ soil_ f4. pdf USEPA and USDOE. 1992. Characterizing Heterogeneous Wastes: Methods and Recommendations. EPA/ 600/ R 92/ 033. NTIS PB 92 216894. EPA Office of Research and Development, Las Vegas, NV and USDOE Office of Technology Development, Washington, DC. References 336 van Ee, J. J., L. J. Blume, and T. H. Starks. 1990. A Rationale for the Assessment of Errors in the Sampling of Soils. EPA 600/ 4 90/ 013. Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory. Las Vegas, NV.

Visman, J. 1969. "A General Sampling Theory. Materials Research and Standards." MTRSA 9( 11): 8 13.

Wald, A. 1973. Sequential Analysis. New York: Dover Publications.

Williams, L. R., R. W. Leggett, M. L. Espegren, and C. A. Little. 1989. "Optimization of Sampling for the Determination of Mean Radium 226 Concentration in Surface Soil." Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 12: 83 96. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 337 INDEX Note: Bold page numbers indicate where the primary discussion of the subject is given.

Acceptance sampling, 27 Accuracy, 22, 57, 134, 157 158, 160 Action level, 22, 31, 35, 39 41, 45 47, 49, 51, 54, 61 63, 72, 78 79, 81 82, 84, 157, 163, 253, 278 282, 284, 296 297, 302 Additivity of errors in sampling and analysis of biases, 89 of variances, 89 Alpha ( ), 42, 83   Alternative hypothesis, 43, 157 Analytical methods, 1, 12, 36, 40, 51, 70, 86 87, 108, 122, 131, 139, 144, 161, 164, 169 Analytical design, 50, 51, 183, 298 Arithmetic mean, 77, 165, 170, 187, 243 ASTM, 2, 16, 17, 35, 60, 63 65, 69, 74, 84, 101, 103, 106, 107, 122, 124 126, 130, 134 137, 157 159, 163 164, 166, 168 169, 175, 191 192, 195 196, 201 240 how to contact and obtain standards, 103 summaries of standards, 305 322 Attribute, 27, 39, 311, 321 Auger, bucket, 100, 111 113, 115, 225 226, 287 288 Automatic sampler, 109 110, 159, 202, 319, 321 Auxiliary variable, 54, 60, 321 Background, 15, 24, 28, 33, 37, 41, 42, 44, 181, 183 Bacon bomb sampler, 109, 110, 115, 209 Bailer, 109, 110, 115, 230, 234 235, 319 Beta ( ), 42, 162   Bias, 22 24, 41, 49 50, 88 89, 95, 108, 118, 119, 123, 128, 141, 142, 144, 150, 157, 160, 164 165, 167 168, 200, 240, 249, 252, 274, 318 analytical, 23, 89, 163 sampling, 23, 89, 93 94, 104, 119, 124, 128, 244, 300 statistical, 23, 89 Binomial distribution, 18 Bladder pump, 109, 110, 115, 202 203 Bootstrap, 152, 250, 252 Bottles, see containers Boundaries defining, 15, 26, 30, 36 37, 45, 49, 52, 59, 63, 66, 76, 79, 82, 158, 160, 279, 295 spatial, 14, 23, 32, 36 37, 39, 49 ,158 temporal, 14, 23, 32, 36 38, 49, 158 Box and whisker plot, 147, 148 Bucket, 110 112, 301 Calibration, 23, 86, 124, 140 143, 158 Central limit theorem (CLT), 67, 244 Centrifugal pump, 109, 110, 116, 205 CERCLA, 2 , 317 Chain of custody, 4, 86, 122, 124, 125 127, 132, 139 141, 143, 146, 158, 180, 310, 311 Cleanup (of a waste site), 8, 13, 28, 32, 33, 37 40, 43 44, 51, 57, 62, 64, 68, 79, 82, 196, 261, 277 Closure, 7, 8, 10, 61, 181, 185 Coefficient of variation (CV), 147, 158, 250, 284 Cohen's Adjustment, 152 153, 241, 257 261 COLIWASA, 100, 108 111, 116, 228 229, 314 Component stratification, 58, 194– 196 Comparing, populations, 24, 28, 150 to a fixed standard, 24, 25, 27, 65, 71, 150, 152, 153, 155, 241, 242, 247 249, 251, 253 255, 258 Composite sample, 64 73, 80, 108, 115, 140, 158 9, 172, 187, 249, 284, 288 289, 318 Composite sampling, 52, 64 73 advantages, 65 approach, 66 67 limitations, 65 66 number of samples, 73 simple random, 67 systematic, 68– 69 Computer codes, see software Conceptual site model (CSM), 32 Cone and quartering, 134 Confidence interval, 25 27, 61 62, 70, 150, 155, 247 250, 252 254, 259 Confidence level, 47 48, 61, 74, 84, 159 Confidence limits, 25, 69, 155, 159 for a lognormal mean, 75, 249 for a normal mean using simple random or systematic sampling, 247 249 for a normal mean using stratified random sampling, 248 for a percentile, 253 255 nonparametric confidence limits, 252 using composite sampling, 249 Consensus standard, 17, 103, 159 Containers, sample, 23, 62, 84, 96, 104, 122 123, 128, 131 132, 138, 141 Control samples, 74, 96, 124 125, 139, 142, 280 duplicate, 51, 74, 142, 143, 161, 162 equipment blank, 51, 74, 96, 125, 142, 162, 286 field blank, 51, 74, 96, 125, 162 rinsate, 96, 168, 286 spikes, 74, 142, 143, 162, 163 trip blank, 51, 74, 96, 125, 142, 162 Conveyor, 37, 52, 60, 95, 96, 98, 103, 104, 106 107, 111, 112, 312 belt, 52, 95, 98, 106 107, 312 screw, 106 107 Coring type sampler, 111 113, 116, 214, 221 Corrosivity, 7, 8, 13, 26, 27, 35, 40, 66, 173, 293 Corrective action (RCRA), 1, 8, 10, 29, 40, 44, 79, 185, 277 Index 338 Data quality assessment, 1, 2, 4, 139, 145, 160, 241,275, 289, 302 Data quality objectives, 1, 2, 10, 24, 25, 145, 154, 160 process, 30 87, 160 seven steps, 30 Data (also see distributions) collection design, 38, 50, 51, 159 gaps, 50, 143 DataQUEST software, 146 149, 244, 270 Debris, 10, 58, 94, 97, 104, 106, 107, 113, 121, 160, 191 196 sampling methods, 191 196 Decision error, 31, 38, 41 48, 73, 75, 76, 82, 142, 155, 160 Decision maker, 28, 31, 32, 39 41, 43, 45, 49 Decision unit, 4, 15, 16, 26, 38 39, 41, 47 49, 57, 67, 68, 76, 79, 81, 82, 84, 90, 91, 94, 99, 146, 161, 193, 194, 244 Decision rule, 30, 39 41, 49, 76, 79, 82, 83, 150, 279, 295 Decision support, see Decision Unit Decontamination, 23, 51, 100, 117, 118, 122, 124, 125, 128 130, 141, 312, 314 DEFT software, 31, 45, 73, 84, 273, 284 Degrees of freedom (df), 268 simple random or systematic sampling, 248, 249 stratified random sampling, 78, 79, 243 Delta ( ), 45   Detection limit, 40, 161, 258 Dilution, 10, 58, 71, 72 Dipper, 106, 109 112, 116, 236 237, 313 Dispersion, 19, 22, 169, 170, 193 Displacement pump, 109, 110, 116, 206 207 Distributions, 14, 16, 17 binomial, 18 non normal, 18, 252 normal, 17 21, 67, 75, 81, 147, 148, 150, 158, 170, 244 lognormal, 17 19, 75, 149, 150, 154, 195, 244, 249 250 Distributional assumptions, 87, 145, 148, 244 Distribution heterogeneity, 91 Documentation, 86, 87, 95, 96, 122, 124 126, 139 144, 336 DOT, 131, 133, 174 Drum thief, 108, 230 231 Drums, 15, 37, 39, 72, 73, 95, 99, 100, 103, 104 105, 314, 315, 316 Duplicate, 51, 74, 142, 143, 161, 162 Dynamic work plan, 161 Ease of use, 100 Effluent, 68, 94 Enforcement, 10 12, 27, 43, 63 Errors, 3, 13, 16, 88 101 analytical, 3, 69, 88, 90 components of, 88, 89 contamination, 94, 96 decision, 31, 38, 41 48, 73, 75, 76, 82, 142, 155, 160 delimitation, 94 96, 99, 100, 102, 106, 136, 137, 211, 229 extraction, 94, 95, 99, 100, 102, 136, 137 fundamental, 69, 91, 92 94, 96 98, 135, 136, 197 200 preparation, 94, 95, 96 segregation and grouping, 91 Example calculations Cohen's Adjustment, 261 confidence level when using a simple exceedance rule, 256 locating a hot spot using composite sampling, 73 mean, 19 mean and variance using composite sampling, 71 number of samples for simple random sampling, 76 number of samples for stratified random sampling, 79 number of samples to estimate a percentile, 82 number of samples using a "no exceedance" rule, 82 Shapiro Wilk test, 246 247 standard deviation, 20 upper confidence limit for a normal mean, 249 upper confidence limit for a lognormal mean, 251 upper confidence limit for a percentile, 255 variance, 20 Examples of the DQO/ DQA processes, 277 304 Exceedance rule method, 27 28, 255 256 Exploratory study, 74 False positive (false rejection), 42, 162 False negative (false acceptance), 42, 162 Familiarization (analytical), 50 Field QC samples, see control samples Filliben's Statistic, 148, 244 Finite population correction, 77 Flash point, 66 Flowing or moving materials, sampling of, 15, 52, 91, 95, 96, 98, 106, 309, 312, 314 Fragments, 92, 94, 99, 134, 141, 163, 192, 197 Frequency plot, 148 Fundamental error, 69, 91, 92 94, 96 98, 135, 136, 197 200 controlling, 97 definition, 163 derivation, 197 200 description, 92 Gases, 104, 114, 121, 173, 174 Geometric standard deviation (GSD), 75 Geostatistics and geostatistical methods, 15, 29, 58, 59, 80, 90, 151, 163, 192, 273 Goodness of fit, 163, 244 Grab sample, 64, 66, 73, 80, 163, 176 Graded approach, 32, 163 Gravitational segregation, 91 Index 339 Gray region, 41, 45 47, 49, 75, 76, 79, 81 84, 163, 281, 297 Grid, 56, 57, 59, 68,80, 159, 274 Ground water monitoring, 7, 10, 15, 28, 39, 44, 45, 114, 121, 180, 181, 185, 309, 316, 321 Grouping error, 65, 91, 93, 96, 134, 137, 138 Gy's sampling theory, 88– 101 Haphazard sampling, 57 Hazardous waste: determination, 8 regulations, 6 10, 171 189 Hazardous waste characteristics, 164– 165 corrosivity, 7, 8, 13, 26, 27, 35, 40, 66, 173 ignitability, 7, 8, 13, 26, 27, 35, 40, 66, 173 reactivity, 7, 8, 13, 26, 27, 35, 40, 66, 174 toxicity, 7, 8, 13, 26, 27, 35, 40, 66, 73, 120, 173 Health and safety, 38, 50, 84, 97, 130 Heterogeneity, 4, 26, 52, 53, 66, 68, 69, 88, 90 91, 93, 106, 137, 138, 163, 191 196 large scale, 91, 191,192 periodic, 91 short range, 68, 91, 93, 191 Heterogeneous waste, 4, 57, 58, 94, 107, 191 196 Histogram, 17, 18, 147, 148, 255 Holding time, 66, 74, 122, 123 124, 131, 141, 143, 163 Homogenization, 4, 23, 66, 69, 91, 92, 102, 134, 320 stationary processes, 134 dynamic processes, 134 Homogeneity, 164, 192 Homogeneous, 92, 93, 97, 98, 134, 136 Hot spots, 38, 39, 53, 57, 59, 65, 67, 71 73, 164, 274 Hypothesis, 40, 41 alternative, 43, 157 null, 41 47, 49, 76, 79, 82, 150, 152 155, 157 Hypothesis testing versus statistical intervals, 25 Increments, 61, 65, 91, 93, 94, 96, 134, 135, 138, 158, 164, 194 Independence or independent samples, 69, 71 International Air Transport Association (IATA), 131, 133 Interpolation, 261 Ignitability, 7, 8, 13, 26, 27, 35, 40, 66, 173 Investigation derived waste (IDW), 118, 129 130 Jackknife, 152, 250, 252 Judgment sampling, 48, 51, 55, 63 64 Kemmerer depth sampler, 100, 108, 109, 117, 210 211 Labels, sample, 96, 124, 125, 131, 141, 310, 314 Land Disposal Restrictions (LDRs), 7, 8, 9 10, 13, 26, 27, 35, 40, 44,66, 82, 113, 160, 171, 176, 177 Landfill, 28, 34, 52, 82, 104, 106 Land treatment, 8, 28, 33, 37, 41, 52, 121, 183 Large scale heterogeneity, 91, 191,192 Less than values, see nondetects Liquid grab sampler, 109 111, 237 Liquids, 90, 98, 100, 109, 110, 120, 136 Logbook, 124, 140, 143, 146 Lognormal distribution, 17 19, 75, 149, 150, 154, 195, 244, 249 250 Maps, 29, 33, 37, 58, 59, 124, 141 Margin of error, 13 Mass of a sample, 4, 23, 36, 92, 96 97, 136, 137, 197 200 Mean, 14, 17, 18 19, 40, 165 Mean square error, 89, 165 Measurement: 15 16 bias, 23 random variability, 23 24 Median, 17, 19, 39, 40, 88, 155, 165, 249, 252 Miniature core sampler, 111 113, 117, 222 223 Modified syringe sampler, 111 113, 117, 224 Multi phase mixtures, 98 Nondetects, 146, 147, 150, 154, 257 258 Nonparametric methods, 18, 83, 150, 153, 165, 252, 255, 256 Nonprobability sampling, 51, 55, 63, 193 Normal distribution, 17 18, 20, 21, 67, 75, 147, 148, 150, 244 Normal probability plot, 18, 147, 148, 290 291 Nuggets, 92 Number of samples composite sampling, 80 mean, normal distribution, using simple random sampling or systematic sampling, 73, 80 mean, normal distribution, using stratified random sampling, 77 mean, lognormal distribution, 75 percentile or proportion, 81 using an exceedance rule, 83 Optimal design, 50, 78, 96 Outliers, 145, 147, 148 149, 165, 250, 322 OSHA, 130 Packaging and shipping, 131 sample packaging, 131 sample shipping, 133 Parameter (statistical), 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 39 40, 166 Particle size distribution, 16, 94 95 Particle size reduction, 69, 91, 93, 96, 97, 98, 136, 137, 138, 192, 198, 200 Particulate, 90, 95, 97, 134, 137, 317 Pass or fail data, 18, 28, 35, 40, 81, 153 Percentile, 20, 21, 26 27, 39 40, 45, 81, 151, 153, 166, 253 Performance based measurement system (PBMS), 86 Peristaltic pump, 109– 111, 118, 202, 204 205 pH, 66, 173, 174 Photoionization detector, 60 Index 340 Piles: elongated, 52, 138 staging, 37, 120 waste, 16, 37, 104, 106, 168, 178, 187, 317 Pilot study, 43, 50, 74, 80, 93, 315 Pipes, 37, 52, 60, 94, 95, 98, 104, 105, 106, 109 112, 120, 196, 312 Plunger type sampler, 109 111, 118, 232– 234 Point estimate, 21, 27, 252 Point of (waste) generation, 6, 15, 33, 37, 39, 52, 73, 76, 82, 104, 106, 171, 193, 255, 295, 299, 300 Point source discharge, 106, 182, 236, 238 Ponar dredge, 111, 118, 207 209, 308, 309 Populations, 13, 14 15, 16, 17, 24, 28, 194, 250 Pore water, 15, 42, 182 Precision, 11, 14, 22 24, 25, 26, 52, 58, 64, 65, 69, 70, 74, 80, 125, 134, 166, 194 Preliminary study, see pilot study Preparation error, 94, 95, 96 Preservation, 92, 94, 96, 123 124, 131, 180, 308, 309 Probability plot, 18, 21, 147 149, 245, 255, 257 Process knowledge or knowledge of the waste, 1, 9, 10, 13, 27, 28, 34, 40, 43, 64, 175, 293 Proving the negative, 11 12, 13, 295 Proving the positive, 11 12, 13, 63 Quality assurance project plan (QAPP), 1, 3, 4, 30, 33, 34, 48, 50, 51, 84 87, 139 142, 144, 146, 166 Quality control, 1, 11, 24, 30, 51, 87, 96, 122, 124 125, 167, 313 Quick Safety Rule (Pitard's), 97, 198 Random number, 57 Random variability, 3, 24, 26, 88 89, 322 Randomization, 51 Range, 17, 41, 43, 45, 75, 167 Ranked set sampling: 54 description, 60 procedure, 61 RCRA: summary of regulatory citations, 171 189 Reactivity, 7, 8, 13, 26, 27, 35, 40, 66, 174 Regulatory threshold, 11, 26, 27, 35, 63, 72, 82, 124 Relative standard deviation, 97, 156, 167 Relative variance, 97, 197, 279 Remediation, 31, 33, 37, 44, 167, 179 Repeatability, see precision Representative sample, 7, 9, 13, 16, 17, 168, 173 175, 178, 179, 180, 191 Riffle splitter, 134 135 Rinsate, 96, 168, 286 Risk assessment, 29, 139 Roll off bin or container, 15, 37, 39, 52, 82, 95, 96, 99, 104, 106, 113, 255 Rotating coring device, 113, 118, 225, 227 228 Rosner's Test, 149 Sample: biased, 55, 64 correct, 96 discrete, 26, 64, 66, 100 duplicate, 51, 74, 142, 161 grab, 64, 66, 73, 80, 163, 176 individual, 47, 64 random, 19, 57 60, 67, 77, 79, 80, 243 representative, 7, 9, 13, 16, 17, 168, 173 175, 178, 179, 180, 191 split, 72, 95, 123, 125, 135, 168 statistical, 14, 16, 19, 21, 27, 169 Sample collection design, see sampling design Sampling design, 51 authoritative, 62 biased, 64 judgmental, 63 probabilistic, 51 ranked set, 60 61 simple random, 57 stratified, 57– 58 systematic, 59 60 Sampling in space and time, 52 Sampling devices, 109 114 limitations, 102 selecting, 95 Scientific method, 160, 168 Scoop, 98, 100, 107, 111 113, 118, 135, 137, 239 240, 315, 319 Sediment, 104, 105, 114, 121, 133 Segregation error, 91 Sequential sampling, 54, 61 62 Settleable solids profiler, 109 111, 118, 233 234 Shapiro Wilk test, 147, 148, 244 246 Sheet mixing, 134 Shelby tube, 100 Shipping samples, 133 Short range heterogeneity, 68, 91, 93, 191 Shovel, 99, 100, 111 113, 119, 239 241 Significance level, 47 Simple random sampling, 57 Slurry, 52, 106, 111, 120, 312 Software: ASSESS, 275 DataQUEST, 275 DEFT, 31, 45, 73, 84, 273 DQOPro, 274 ELIPGRID PC, 274 GeoEAS, 29, 273 MTCAStat, 275 UnCensor, 257 Visual Sample Plan (VSP), 274 Soil: background concentrations, 28, 33, 37, 41 volatiles in soil, 101 Soil gas, 104, 114, 121, 310, 312, 313, 314 Solid waste, 1, 8 9, 13, 15, 16, 26, 173, 174, 178 Solid waste management unit (SWMU), 15, 33, 37, 44, 52, 67, 79, 113, 185, 277 Spatial correlation, 29, 68, 68, 80, 163 Spatula, 137, 138, 239 Index 341 Split barrel sampler, 104, 112, 113, 119, 216 217, 306 Splitting of samples, 135 Standard deviation: definition, 19 20, 169 for composite sampling, 70 for simple random or systematic sampling, 19 20, 242 for stratified random sampling, 243 Standard error of the mean, 21, 242 description, 21 for composite sampling, 71 for simple random or systematic sampling, 21, 242 for stratified random sampling, 77, 243 Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 51, 86, 87, 124, 135, 136, 140, 142, 169 Statistical intervals, 25 Statistical methods, 241 261 Statistical tables, 263 272 Statistical software, 273 275 Stratification, 194, 196 by component, 58 Stratified random sampling, 53, 57 58 Stratum, 57, 58, 59, 77 79, 169, 194, 195, 243 Student's t distribution, 248 250, 263 Subsampling, 135 liquids, 136 mixtures of liquids and solids, 136 soils and solid media, 136 Superfund, 2, 15, 38, 94 Support, 16 decision, see decision unit sample, 94 95 Swing jar sampler, 109 111, 119, 238 Syringe sampler, 109 113, 119, 211 212 Systematic sampling, 53, 59 60 Tank( s), 7, 37, 52, 104, 105, 106, 109 111, 115, 117, 120, 121, 129, 182 Target population, 36, 37, 53, 57, 58 t distribution, see Student's t distribution Thief, 100, 108 113, 116, 117, 217 219, 230 231 Thin walled tube, 112, 113, 119, 219 221 Time (sampling over), 52 Tolerance limit, 27 Transformations of data, 150, 249 Trends, 29, 53, 57, 59, 60, 91, 150 Trier, 100, 111 113, 119, 218 219, 314 Trowel, 99, 100, 111 113, 119, 239 240 Two sample tests, 28, 151 Type I error, 42, 43, 44, 47, 75, 76, 79, 83, 162, 170 Type II error, 42, 43, 44, 47, 75, 76, 78, 83, 155, 162, 170 Universal treatment standards (UTS), 33, 151, 177, 256 Upper confidence limit (UCL), see confidence limit Used oil, 7, 8, 120, 172, 189 Vadose zone, 107, 114, 121, 170, 217, 221, 226, 310, 313, 315 Valved drum sampler, 109, 110, 119, 231 232 Variance, 19 20, 23 additivity of variances, 89 for composite samples, 70 simple random or systematic sampling, 242 stratified random sampling, 243 Verification and validation, 2, 87, 139 144 Volatiles, sampling, 101 Volume or mass of a sample, 94, 96 97, 108 Walsh's Test, 149 Waste: debris, 10, 58, 94, 97, 104, 106, 107, 113, 121, 160, 191 196 investigation derived, 118, 129 130 hazardous, 6 10, 171 189 heterogeneous, 4, 57, 58, 94, 107, 191 196 multi phase, 98 nonhazardous, 13, 34, 38, 58, 82, 129, 194, 255 one dimensional, 52, 56, 95, 96, 98, 102, 138 three dimensional, 95, 96, 99 two dimensional, 56, 59, 95, 99, 102 Waste analysis plan (WAP), 1, 3, 4, 10, 30, 50, 84, 85, 139 Weighting factor, 58, 77 79, 243 X ray fluorescence, 60