HSDB Summary Beryllium Chloride

The following information was generated from the

Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB),

a database of the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system

(http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov) on January 27, 2009.

Query: Records containing the word disease

Singular and plural forms were searched. The chemical name beryllium was

identified.

The following terms were added from ChemIDplus:

glucinum

glucinium

CAS Registry Number: 7440-41-7

5

NAME: BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE

HSN: 357

RN: 7787-47-5

NOTE:

      This record contains information specific to the title compound. For

      general information on the toxicity and environmental fate of beryllium

      ion and beryllium compounds, refer to the BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS record; for

      information on the metal itself, to the BERYLLIUM, ELEMENTAL record.

HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS:

EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY:

      Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity

      of beryllium and beryllium compounds. There is sufficient evidence in

      experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of beryllium and beryllium

      compounds. Overall evaluation: Beryllium and beryllium compounds are

      carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. 58 103

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: B1; probable human carcinogen. Based

      on the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to airborne

      beryllium (lung cancer) and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in

      animals (lung cancer in rats and monkeys inhaling beryllium, lung tumors

      in rats exposed to beryllium via intratracheal instillation, and

      osteosarcomas in rabbits and possibly mice receiving intravenous or

      intramedullary injection), beryllium is reclassified from a B2 (inadequate

      human data) to a B1 probable human carcinogen (limited human data) using

      criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Using the

      proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, inhaled beryllium

      would be characterized as a "likely" carcinogen in humans, and the human

      carcinogenic potential of ingested beryllium cannot be determined. Studies

      regarding the potential carcinogenicity of ingested beryllium to humans

      were not available. Increases in lung cancer mortality have been observed

      in cohort mortality studies of beryllium processing workers ... and in

      studies of entrants on the BCR. No increases in other types of cancer were

      found, but increases in deaths from nonmalignant respiratory disease were

      also observed. Newer studies ... have been considered as the basis for a

      dose-response assessment, but share a limitatiion ... lack of individul

      exposure monitoring or job history data that would support a more

      definitive exposure assessment. NIOSH has recently completed a lung cancer

      case-control study nested within a cohort mortality study of beryllium

      manufacturing workers at the Reading beryllium processing facility. The

      study developed an exposure matrix and calculated airborne exposure

      concentration and thus may provide the best available basis for a

      quantitative cancer estimate. ... Chronic oral studies of the potential

      carcinogenicity of beryllium in animals were conducted at dose levels

      below the /Maximum Tolerated Dose/, and therefore are inadequate for the

      assessment of carcinogenicity. Beryllium has been shown to induce lung

      cancer in rats exposed to beryllium by both inhalation and intratracheal

      instillation and in monkeys by inhalation. Osteosarcomas have been

      produced in rabbits and possibly in mice by intravenous and intramedullary

      injection using a variety of beryllium compounds and beryllium metal. No

      tumors were produced by intracutaneous or percutaneous injections of

      beryllium compounds. The majority of studies do not induce gene mutation

      in bacterial assays with or without metabolic activation. Gene mutations

      have been observed in mammalian cells cultured with beryllium chloride.

      Culturing mammalian cells with beryllium chloride, beryllium sulfate, or

      beryllium nitrate has resulted in clastogenic alterations. HUMAN

      CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.

      [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System

      (IRIS) for Beryllium and compounds (7440-41-7) Available from:

      http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of March

      15, 2000]**QC REVIEWED**

      A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/ [American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

      Chronic beryllium disease is the pulmonary and systemic granulomatous

      disease caused by exposure to beryllium by inhalation. In most cases, the

      duration of exposure is several months to years. The interval between

      initial exposure and the clinical manifestations of disease varies. Some

      patients become symptomatic while actively working; others, as late as 25

      years after their last exposure. The average latency period is 10 to 15

      years. Exertional dyspnea is the most common symptom of chronic beryllium

      disease. Other symptoms are cough, fatigue, weight loss, chest pain, and

      arthralgias. Physical findings may be entirely normal or may include

      bibasilar crackles, lymphadenopathy, skin lesions, hepatosplenomegaly, and

      clubbing. Signs of pulmonary hypertension may be present in severe,

      long-standing disease. Parotid gland enlargement was reported in one

      patient with chronic beryllium disease. /Beryllium and compounds/ [Rom,

      W.N. (ed.). Environmental and Occupational Medicine. 2nd ed. Boston, MA:

      Little, Brown and Company, 1992., p. 782]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Two cases of human carcinomas by beryllium aerosols were reported. In case

      1, an adult male had contact with the dust, vapors, and gases of beryllium

      oxide and beryllium chloride for about 3 years. 3 years after employment

      ceased, the worker had shadows in both pulmonary x-ray midfields. /14

      years later/ autopsy confirmed the presence of carcinoma in the right

      pulmonary upper lobe, with metastases ... [Niemoeller HK; Internationales

      Archiv fur Gewerbepathologie und Gewerbehygiene 20: 180-6 (1963)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Produces a chronic systemic disease that primarily affects the lung but

      also can involve other organs such as lymph nodes, liver, bones, and

      kidney. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous

      Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing

      Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

      In a further study on the ability of different metal salts to influence

      the DNA synthesis of human lymphoid cells, aluminum chloride, beryllium

      chloride, cadmium chloride, cupric sulfate, ferric chloride, manganese

      chloride, palladium chloride, platinum chloride and silver nitrate, were

      tested regarding effect on thymocytes and peripheral blood lymphocytes in

      children. At certain concentrations in the range of 10(-4)-10(-5)M, all

      tested compounds but aluminum chloride and ferric chloride, were

      inhibitory, the latter compounds inhibited at 4.8 X 10(-3)M. A slight

      stimulation mainly on the thymocytes was obtained with beryllium chloride,

      cadmium chloride, palladium chloride, platinum chloride and silver

      nitrate, at certain concentrations in the range of 10(-5)-10(-6)M, while

      ferric chloride gave a slight stimulation at 1.2 X 10(-3)M. [Nordlind K;

      Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 79 (1): 83-5 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Since introducing a patch testing series for patients with suspected

      sensitization to metal, we have found 3 cases of sensitization to

      beryllium. Of these 3 cases, we regard the first 2 as having relevant

      sensitization. Beryllium chloride (1% pet.) was positive in 3 patients and

      negative in 150 controls. [Vilaplana J et al; Contact Dermatitis 26 (5):

      295-8 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS:

      Will burn skin and eyes. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation.

      CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S.

      Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

MEDICAL  SURVEILLANCE:

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... In relation specifically to cancer

      hazards, there are at present no health monitoring methods that may ensure

      the early detection of preneoplastic lesions or lesions which may preclude

      them. Whenever medical surveillance is indicated, in particular when

      exposure to a carcinogen has occurred, ad hoc decisions should be taken

      concerning additional tests that might become useful or mandatory.

      /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della

      Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis

      (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of

      Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 23]**PEER REVIEWED**

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT:

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT:

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MICROMEDEX. All Rights Reserved. Any duplication, replication, "downloading,"

sale, redistribution or other use for commercial purposes is a violation of

Micromedex' rights and is strictly prohibited.<p>The following Overview, ***

BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS ***, is relevant for this HSDB record chemical.

LIFE SUPPORT:

   o   This overview assumes that basic life support measures

       have been instituted.

CLINICAL EFFECTS:

  0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE

   <IP_ADDRESS> ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  All compounds of beryllium with the exception of the

         naturally occurring ore, beryl, should be considered

         potentially harmful, particularly when inhaled. Soluble

         beryllium compounds produce both acute and chronic

         toxicity.

     B)  Insoluble forms (Be alloys, intermetallics, BeO, ores)

         induce effects only after prolonged exposure. Chronic

         beryllium disease is an idiosyncratic disorder; only

         about 1 in 20 of the most heavily exposed worker groups

         has ever been affected.

     C)  Acute beryllium poisoning (duration of less than 1

         year) consists of conjunctiva and mucous membrane

         irritation and occasionally of acute pneumonitis.

     D)  Diagnosis of chronic beryllium disease requires meeting

         the standards of the Massachusetts General study group,

         the patient must exhibit 4 to 6 findings and 1 of the

         first 2:

      1.  Epidemiologic evidence of exposure

      2.  Presence of beryllium in lung tissue, lymph nodes, or

          urine.

      3.  Consistent lower respiratory tract disease

      4.  Radiological findings of a fibronodular interstitial

          process

      5.  Restrictive or obstructive ventilatory defect or

          diminished CO diffusion

      6.  Consistent pathologic changes in lung and/or lymph

          node tissue

     E)  The signs and symptoms are usually nonspecific. Other

         types of respiratory disease, particularly sarcoid,

         must be ruled out.

   <IP_ADDRESS> CHRONIC EXPOSURE

     A)  Chronic beryllium disease is an idiosyncratic disorder;

         only about 1 to 20 of the most heavily exposed worker

         groups is affected. Diagnosis requires history of

         exposure, compatible histologic findings, and

         quantitative tissue analysis. The signs and symptoms

         are usually nonspecific. Other types of respiratory

         disease, particularly sarcoid, must be ruled out.

  0.2.3 VITAL SIGNS

  0.2.5 CARDIOVASCULAR

   <IP_ADDRESS> ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Chest pain related to dyspnea is a common presenting

         symptom. Cyanosis, tachycardia, and right sided heart

         failure may occur in advanced chronic illness.

  0.2.6 RESPIRATORY

   <IP_ADDRESS> ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  ACUTE - Irritation, pneumonitis, dyspnea, pulmonary

         edema.

     B)  CHRONIC - Cough, dyspnea, cyanosis, and fibronodular

         x-ray changes are commonly seen. Subclinical diminution

         of pulmonary function occurs.

  0.2.7 NEUROLOGIC

   <IP_ADDRESS> ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Fatigue, headache, and seizures may occur.

  0.2.8 GASTROINTESTINAL

   <IP_ADDRESS> ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Nausea, vomiting, and a metallic taste may be noted.

  0.2.14 DERMATOLOGIC

   <IP_ADDRESS> ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  ACUTE - Skin irritation, contact dermatitis

     B)  CHRONIC - Granulomas, and skin ulcers indicate imbedded

         metal.

  0.2.15 MUSCULOSKELETAL

   <IP_ADDRESS> ACUTE EXPOSURE

     A)  Arthralgia has been reported.

  0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE HAZARDS

    A)  No data were available on embryotoxicity or

        teratogenicity of beryllium or beryllium compounds.

    B)  One case indicates that a woman with a body burden of

        beryllium may pass beryllium to the fetus. Risk to the

        infant for developing delayed toxicity is unknown. There

        may be evidence to suggest that pregnancy may increase

        susceptibility to the toxicity of beryllium.

  0.2.21 CARCINOGENICITY

   <IP_ADDRESS> IARC CATEGORY

     A)  IARC Carcinogenicity Ratings for CAS7440-41-7 (IARC,

         2004):

      1)  IARC Classification

       a)  Listed as: Beryllium and beryllium compounds

       b)  Carcinogen Rating: 1

        1)  The agent (mixture) is carcinogenic to humans. The

            exposure circumstance entails exposures that are

            carcinogenic to humans. This category is used when

            there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in

            humans. Exceptionally, an agent (mixture) may be

            placed in this category when evidence of

            carcinogenicity in humans is less than sufficient

            but there is sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity

            in experimental animals and strong evidence in

            exposed humans that the agent (mixture) acts through

            a relevant mechanism of carcinogenicity.

   <IP_ADDRESS> HUMAN OVERVIEW

     A)  Whether beryllium compounds are carcinogenic in humans

         remains controversial.

  0.2.22 GENOTOXICITY

    A)  It is believed that beryllium interacts with DNA and

        causes gene mutation, chromosomal aberration and sister

        chromatic exchange in cultured somatic cells (Sharma et

        al, 2000).

LABORATORY:

   A)  Specific assays for beryllium in lung and granuloma

       tissue are available. Peripheral lymphocyte or

       bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cell transformation tests

       are useful in diagnosis and monitoring.

   B)  Chest x-ray may be abnormal, but CT-scan is more

       sensitive.

TREATMENT OVERVIEW:

  0.4.2 ORAL EXPOSURE

    A)  Beryllium is thought to be poorly absorbed from the gut

        and usually presents no hazard if ingested.

    B)  Some compounds may be irritating and dilution is

        recommended.

    C)  DILUTION: Immediately dilute with 4 to 8 ounces (120 to

        240 mL) of water or milk (not to exceed 4 ounces/120 mL

        in a child).

  0.4.3 INHALATION EXPOSURE

    A)  INHALATION: Move patient to fresh air. Monitor for

        respiratory distress. If cough or difficulty breathing

        develops, evaluate for respiratory tract irritation,

        bronchitis, or pneumonitis. Administer oxygen and assist

        ventilation as required. Treat bronchospasm with inhaled

        beta2 agonist and oral or parenteral corticosteroids.

    B)  Bed rest and symptomatic treatment may be all that is

        required in mild forms of beryllium poisoning.

    C)  Corticosteroids may be a useful adjunct for controlling

        dyspnea and delaying the onset of right heart failure

        and pulmonary insufficiency after chronic exposure.

  0.4.5 DERMAL EXPOSURE

    A)  OVERVIEW

     1)  Chronic granulomas are removed surgically.

RANGE OF TOXICITY:

   A)  TLV - 0.002 mg/m(3).

ANTIDOTE AND EMERGENCY TREATMENT:

      Diethylenetriaminepentamethylphosphonic acid calcium sodium salt (DTPP)

      injected ip at 100-500 mg/kg, significantly increased the survival of the

      beryllium chloride treated animals (rats and mice). The preparation

      accelerated the elimination of the beryllium ions from the organism.

      [Zaugol'nikov SD et al; Farmakol Toksikol 37 (2): 239-42 (1974)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES:

EVIDENCE FOR CARCINOGENICITY:

      Evaluation: There is sufficient evidence in humans for the carcinogenicity

      of beryllium and beryllium compounds. There is sufficient evidence in

      experimental animals for the carcinogenicity of beryllium and beryllium

      compounds. Overall evaluation: Beryllium and beryllium compounds are

      carcinogenic to humans (Group 1). /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/

      [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals

      to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for

      Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. 58 103

      (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      WEIGHT OF EVIDENCE CHARACTERIZATION: B1; probable human carcinogen. Based

      on the limited evidence of carcinogenicity in humans exposed to airborne

      beryllium (lung cancer) and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in

      animals (lung cancer in rats and monkeys inhaling beryllium, lung tumors

      in rats exposed to beryllium via intratracheal instillation, and

      osteosarcomas in rabbits and possibly mice receiving intravenous or

      intramedullary injection), beryllium is reclassified from a B2 (inadequate

      human data) to a B1 probable human carcinogen (limited human data) using

      criteria of the 1986 Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Using the

      proposed Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, inhaled beryllium

      would be characterized as a "likely" carcinogen in humans, and the human

      carcinogenic potential of ingested beryllium cannot be determined. Studies

      regarding the potential carcinogenicity of ingested beryllium to humans

      were not available. Increases in lung cancer mortality have been observed

      in cohort mortality studies of beryllium processing workers ... and in

      studies of entrants on the BCR. No increases in other types of cancer were

      found, but increases in deaths from nonmalignant respiratory disease were

      also observed. Newer studies ... have been considered as the basis for a

      dose-response assessment, but share a limitatiion ... lack of individul

      exposure monitoring or job history data that would support a more

      definitive exposure assessment. NIOSH has recently completed a lung cancer

      case-control study nested within a cohort mortality study of beryllium

      manufacturing workers at the Reading beryllium processing facility. The

      study developed an exposure matrix and calculated airborne exposure

      concentration and thus may provide the best available basis for a

      quantitative cancer estimate. ... Chronic oral studies of the potential

      carcinogenicity of beryllium in animals were conducted at dose levels

      below the /Maximum Tolerated Dose/, and therefore are inadequate for the

      assessment of carcinogenicity. Beryllium has been shown to induce lung

      cancer in rats exposed to beryllium by both inhalation and intratracheal

      instillation and in monkeys by inhalation. Osteosarcomas have been

      produced in rabbits and possibly in mice by intravenous and intramedullary

      injection using a variety of beryllium compounds and beryllium metal. No

      tumors were produced by intracutaneous or percutaneous injections of

      beryllium compounds. The majority of studies do not induce gene mutation

      in bacterial assays with or without metabolic activation. Gene mutations

      have been observed in mammalian cells cultured with beryllium chloride.

      Culturing mammalian cells with beryllium chloride, beryllium sulfate, or

      beryllium nitrate has resulted in clastogenic alterations. HUMAN

      CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Limited. ANIMAL CARCINOGENICITY DATA: Sufficient.

      [U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System

      (IRIS) for Beryllium and compounds (7440-41-7) Available from:

      http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the Substance File List as of March

      15, 2000]**QC REVIEWED**

      A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/ [American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

      BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE ... INTRATRACHEAL ... TO 3 GROUPS OF 30 ALBINO RANDOM

      BRED RATS ... NO TUMORS ... IN GROUP THAT RECEIVED 5 MG BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE

      SUSPENDED IN 0.3 ML /SRP- DEXTRAN/ ... 3 TIMES @ 2-WK INTERVALS. [IARC.

      Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.

      Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on

      Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23 174 (1980)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      ... BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE REDUCED FIDELITY OF DNA SYNTHESIS IN AN IN VITRO

      ASSAY CONTAINING AVIAN MYELOBLASTOSIS VIRUS DNA POLYMERASE, A SYNTHETIC

      PRIME TEMPLATE, & COMPLEMENTARY & NONCOMPLEMENTARY NUCLEOTIDE

      TRIPHOSPHATES. ... EFFECT WAS DOSE RELATED ... & ... ASCRIBED TO NON

      COVALENT BONDING TO DNA POLYMERASE. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of

      the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health

      Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT.

      (Multivolume work)., p. V23 183 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE (0.5-10 MMOL) CAUSED CHROMOSOME ABERRATIONS

      (STICKINESS, CHROMATID GAPS & BREAKS, AND FRAGMENTS) & MITOTIC

      DELAY IN CULTURED PERIPHERAL LYMPHOCYTES & PRIMARY KIDNEY CELLS OF THE

      DOMESTIC PIG. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk

      of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23

      184 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Beryllium chloride induced skin hypersensitivity in rats. [Vasil'eva EV et

      al; Bull Exp Biol Med 3: 74 (1969) as cited in USEPA; Ambient Water

      Quality Criteria Doc: Beryllium p.C-5 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-024]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Although the seeds germinated with decreasing concentrations of beryllium

      chloride and beryllium sulfate (10-3 to 10-7 M dissolved in water) the

      percentage of germinating seeds was lower than in the control ... .

      Contents of chlorophyll a and b in Be2+ treated seedlings were lower than

      in the control, especially chlorophyll a. [Langhans D; Angew Bot 58 (3-4):

      295-300 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The mutations at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase

      (HGPRTase) locus in Chinese hamster V79 cells induced by metal cations

      were examined by the development of resistance to 8-azaguanine (8AG). The

      spontaneous frequency of 8-azaguanine resistance was 5.8 per 10+6 cells,

      and the frequency was enhanced to 2-6 times that of the control by

      treatment of the cells with the chlorides of beryllium and manganese.

      [Miyaki M et al; Mutat Res 68 (3): 259-63 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      In order to examine the sensitizing ability of beryllium (Be), a footpad

      reaction test and a macrophage migration inhibition test were carried out

      using mice treated with beryllium compounds ... 1) The footpad reaction

      test of the mice injected with beryllium chloride once a week

      subcutaneously at their dorsal area showed the positive results after four

      injections. The macrophage migration inhibition test was also performed by

      an agarose plate method using peritoneal cells and spleen cells obtained

      from these mice. The ratio of the number of positive mice was more than

      50% after five injections when peritoneal cells were used and after six

      injections when spleen cells were used. [Sakaguchi T et al; JPN J Industr

      Health 25 (2): 106-12 (1983)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The relative toxicity of metal salts was examined using a mixture of

      antibody secreting spleen cells, sheep red blood cells and complement. The

      amount of immune hemolysis in the mixture was reduced by ... beryllium

      chloride at 1400 uM. [Seko Y et al; Res Commun Chem Pathol Pharmacol 36

      (2): 205-13 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Two beagle dogs were exposed ... to ... fumes containing beryllium oxide,

      beryllium fluoride and beryllium chloride. The lung tissue was examined

      ... after a three year post exposure period. Beryllium particles and small

      agglomerates ... were deposited in lysosomes in the cytoplasm of

      histiocytes in the interstitium of the septa. ... The lesions were more

      typical of the classical reaction to a foreign body than immunologic in

      character and represented an early form of chronic beryllium disease.

      [Robinson FR et al; Arch Environ Health 17: 193-203 (1968)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Beryllium chloride was injected into rats intraperitoneum every other day

      ... /1.2 mg/kg body weight/ for 1, 2 and 3 months respectively ... 1) Body

      weight gain in the group given beryllium was markedly inhibited as

      compared with that in control ... 2) ... genesis of epitheloid cell

      granuloma mimicking human pulmonary granuloma in 4 of 6 treated animals at

      three months elapse, and congestion in liver together with infiltration of

      lymphocytes into Glisson's capsule and sinusoid at one and also two months

      following intraperitoneal injection. 3) Spleen and liver were ranked top

      in accumulation of injected beryllium followed by kidney, heart, and lung

      in a decreasing order ... 4) Parameters such as RBC, hemoglobin, and

      hematocrit tended to decrease in the group given beryllium. [Shima S et

      al; J Sci Labour 58 (12): 635-44 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The effects of beryllium compounds on the rat myocardium was shown in

      experiments lasting from 3 days to 6 months. The common symptom ... was

      found to be the humoral type autoallergic reaction characterized by

      production of fixed and circulating aggressive anticardial antibodies ...

      antibodies mainly to cardiomyocyte sarcoplasma and connective stroma under

      the effect of beryllium chloride. [Litvinov NN et al; Gig Tr Prof Zabol 8:

      39-42 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Both sol and less sol beryllium cmpd caused pronounced inflammation

      changes in the rat lung at 0.4 mg/cu m. The sclerosis from beryllium oxide

      had diffuse focal character, whereas beryllium chloride (BeCl2) induced

      sclerosis was focal. At 0.03 mg/cu m the intoxication was mild. The

      animals during 12-24 mo period showed diffuse focal BeO and focal

      sclerosis BeCl2. All the animals showed pronounced immune changes in the

      lung tissue. At 0.0008 mg/cu m, no intoxication was observed. The animal

      death was similar to that in the control. The blastomogenic effect of the

      Be cmpd was dose dependent. The latent period of neoplasm development

      increased with decreasing concn. BeO and BeCl, at a concn lower than equal

      to max permissible concn (0.008 and 0.004 mg/cu m) showed marked allergic

      (autoimmune) and blastomogenic effects. [Litvinov NW et al; Gig Tr Prof

      Zabol 1: 34-7 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The effects of beryllium on antibody formation were studied by measuring

      the IgM and IgG antibody producing cells in the spleen of mice ip injected

      with BeCl2 daily for 4 wk, using sheep red cells as antigen. Mice injected

      with a 0.05 or 0.025 dose of the LD50 of beryllium chloride showed

      increased IgM formation until 3 wk after Be dosing with a peak at 2 wk,

      compared with that of control mice. Mice injected with a 0.1 dose of the

      LD50 showed an increase in IgM formation at 1 wk and a decrease at 2-4 wk

      in comparison with that of control mice. The amt of IgG producing cells in

      the spleen and IgG concn in blood serum of mice injected with a 0.05 dose

      of the LD50 increased at 1 wk and decreased at 2-4 wk compared to that of

      control mice. Apparently, Be initially has an adjuvant effect on the

      immune response, which is followed by a decreases in antibody formation.

      [Murai Y et al; Rodo Kagaku 60 (11): 507-13 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of beryllium seen following

      intratracheal administration of beryllium chloride and beryllium oxide on

      different days of pregnancy were seen by increased number of fetal deaths,

      and redn in the number of litters and their wt. The embryotoxic and

      teratogenic action of Be was seen during both early and late pregnancy.

      The reproduction was adversely affected more by the more sol chloride than

      that by the less sol oxide. The Be level in the placenta (1-20 days) was

      3.5-5 fold following BeCl2 administration and 25-35 fold after BeO. The

      embryonic levels of Be was 8.4-11.7 and 15.3-16 fold higher compared to

      those in the control. Beryllium exerts its embryotoxic and teratogenic

      effects via maternal organism and by direct effects on the fetus.

      [Selivanova LN, Savinova TB; Gig Sanit 8: 44-6 (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Mice were injected ip with 0.075, 0.15, 0.3, or 0.6 mg beryllium

      chloride/kg daily for 2 wk. The humoral immune response was detd by

      measuring IgM or IgG plaque forming cell (PFC) of the spleen using sheep

      red blood cells (SRBC) as antigens. The Be concn in the blood and spleen

      were measured by flameless atomic absorption analysis. The changes of the

      antibody production in the spleen to SRBC and Be concn in the blood and

      spleen of mice were studied for 10 days after the last injection of Be.

      The IgM or IgG plaque forming cells to sheep red blood cells in the spleen

      of mice increased when the Be concn in the blood was kept between 5 and 35

      ng/ml, and decreased when the level was   > 35 ng.ml. A relation between

      the change of the IgM or IgG plaque forming cell to sheep red blood cells

      and Be concn in the spleen was not found. Thus, the adjuvant activity of

      Be on the humoral immune response is related to the concn of Be in the

      blood. [Shima S et al; Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 41 (3): 659-64

      (1986)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Mutagenesis in the lacI gene of E coli was examined in cells grown in the

      presence of beryllium, Mn or Cr compounds, metals with suspected mutagenic

      or carcinogenic potential; 2 to 3 fold increases in mutation frequency

      were produced by BeCl2, MnCl2, and K2Cr207. Among the cells grown in the

      presence of Be2+, the frequency of amber and ochre mutants was 3 fold

      higher than the spontaneous background, suggesting that at least part of

      the increased mutagenicity was due to base substitution mutations. The

      specificity of base substitution mutations induced by Be2+ and Mn2+ in the

      lacI gene was analyzed. Among the amber mutations induced in cells grown

      in the presence of Be2+, an increase in G:C - A:T transitions was

      detected. Following growth in Mn2+ no increase in amber and ochre mutation

      frequencies was observed and the mutational spectrum resembled that

      obtained spontaneously, indicating that mutations induced by Mn2+ in the

      lacI gene involve changes that do not yield nonsense mutations. Metals may

      exert a number of different mutagenic effects and these effects vary for

      each metal. [Zakour RA, Glickman BW; Mutat Res 126 (1): 9-18 (1984)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      In the only study available, beryllium chloride was reported to increase

      the frequency of 8-azaguanine-resistant mutants in Chinese hamster V79

      cells by a factor of about 6. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the

      Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization,

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume

      work)., p. V58 93 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE (1-10 MMOL) INCR MISINCORPORATION OF NUCLEOSIDE

      TRIPHOSPHATES DURING POLYMERIZATION OF POLY-D(A-T) BY MICROCOCCUS LUTEUS

      DNA POLYMERASE, & STRONGLY INHIBITED THE 3-TO-5 EXONUCLEASE ACTIVITY

      OF THIS ENZYME. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic

      Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23

      183 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      We studied changes of humoral immunity, such as complement pathway

      activity, C3 contents and of immunoglobulin, in mice injected

      subcutaneously with beryllium chloride or copper chloride once a week for

      12 weeks. Mean body weights of JCL: ICR female mice were approximately 30

      g in control mice (control group; n + 7), in mice injected with beryllium

      (Be group; n + 8) and in mice injected with copper (Cu group; n + 8).

      Values of classical complement pathway activity (CH50) were 18 + or - 1.4

      U per ml, 15.3 + or - 1.8 U per ml and 16.7 + or - 1.3 U per ml in the

      control group, beryllium group and copper group, respectively. The CH50

      values of beryllium and copper groups were significantly lower than that

      of the control group (p   <  0 01). In contrast, values of alternative

      complement pathway activity (ACH50) and contents of C3 were almost

      constant in the three groups. The immunoglobulin content in the beryllium

      group tended to increase. The activity of alanine aminotransferase in the

      beryllium group was markedly higher than that in the control group (p   <

      0.05), and the aspartate aminotransferase activity was also high. The CH50

      value of mice injected with a small amount of beryllium once a week over a

      12 week period decreased markedly, although either the ACH50 value or C3

      content was the same as in the control group. The immunoglobulin content

      somewhat increased in the beryllium group. These results suggest the

      possibility that immune complex is induced by beryllium. [Sakaguchi S et

      al; Nippon Eiseigaku Zasshi 47 (5): 934-8 (1992)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The rec, Salmonella mutagenicity, and sister chromatid exchange assays

      were conducted to evaluate the genotoxicity of three beryllium, three

      gallium, and four antimony compounds. Fifty milligrams samples of

      beryllium-chloride, beryllium-nitrate, beryllium-oxide, gallium-chloride,

      gallium-nitrate, gallium-oxide, antimony-chloride, antimony-oxide,

      antimony-pentachloride, and antimony-pentoxide, were dissolved in

      distilled water and diluted serially two fold for the assays; both

      negative and positive controls were used. The rec assays involved spores

      of Bacillus-subtilis-M45 and Bacillus-subtilis-H17 and the sister

      chromatid exchange assays involved V79-Chinese-hamster cells. The

      Salmonella mutagenicity assays used the TA100 and TA98 strains and were

      conducted in the presence of rat liver-S9. In the rec assay, DNA damaging

      activity was exhibited by beryllium chloride, Be(NO3)2, GaCl3, Ga(NO3)3,

      SbCl3, SbCl5, and Sb2O3. None of the tested compounds were mutagenic to

      Salmonella and only SbC13, Sb3O3, BeC12, and Be(N03)2 significantly

      induced sister chromatid exchanges. [Kuroda K et al; Mutation Research 264

      (4): 163-170 (1991)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      A single iv dose (0.1 mmol Be2+/kg) of beryllium chloride prolonged the

      duration of pentobarbital-induced sleep and zoxazolamine-induced

      paralysis, in rats. The effects are correlated with changes of the

      pharmacokinetic parameters and with the in vitro inhibition of both

      aliphatic and aromatic hydroxylation of pentobarbital and zoxazolamine. In

      vitro N-demethylation of meperidine and aminopyrine was partially

      inhibited while O-demethylation of quinidine was unaffected by liver

      microsomes of rats pretreated with beryllium salt. The findings give clues

      that beryllium chloride inhibits some forms of cytochrome P-450, esp those

      responsible for hydroxylation of substrates, like pentobarbital and

      zoxazolamine. [Teixeira CF et al; Toxicol 61 (3): 293-301 (1990)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Studies were carried out in inbred male ICR-mice on the cell mediated

      immune response to beryllium-chloride by means of the footpad reaction

      test, the delayed hypersensitivity skin test and the macrophage migration

      inhibition test. Mice were sensitized by sc injection of 0.5 ug of

      beryllium-chloride once/wk for 6 wk. Spleen and lymph node cells were

      taken from these donor mice and iv injected, separately, into two groups

      of normal mice. Both of these groups of mice, as well as donor mice and

      untreated controls, were subjected to ... /each test/. ... In the footpad

      reaction test and delayed hypersensitivity skin test, donor mice and those

      injected with spleen or lymph node cells showed significantly greater

      values of footpad and ear swelling, respectively, compared with the

      controls. In the migration inhibition test, the migration indexes of donor

      mice and cell recipient mice were significantly lower than those of the

      controls. [Sakaguchi S et al; Pharmacol Toxicol 61 (5): 325-329

      (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Both sol and less sol beryllium cmpd caused pronounced inflammation

      changes in the rat lung at 0.4 mg/cu m. The sclerosis from beryllium oxide

      had diffuse focal character, whereas beryllium chloride (BeCl2) induced

      sclerosis was focal. At 0.03 mg/cu m the intoxication was mild. The

      animals during 12-24 mo period showed diffuse focal BeO and focal

      sclerosis BeCl2. All the animals showed pronounced immune changes in the

      lung tissue. At 0.0008 mg/cu m, no intoxication was observed. The animal

      survival was similar to that in the control. The blastomogenic effect of

      the Be cmpd was dose dependent. The latent period of neoplasm development

      increased with decreasing concn. BeO and BeCl2, at a concn lower than

      equal to max permissible concn (0.008 and 0.004 mg/cu m) showed marked

      allergic (autoimmune) and blastomogenic effects. [Litvinov NW et al; Gig

      Tr Prof Zabol 1: 34-7 (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES:

      LD50 Rat 9.7 mg/Be/kg, oral [USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc:

      Beryllium p.1980 (1980) EPA 440/5-80-024]**PEER REVIEWED**

METABOLISM/PHARMACOKINETICS:

ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION & EXCRETION:

      BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE ADMIN IV TO ICR MICE BEFORE FERTILIZATION & ON DAYS

      7 & 14 OF PREGNANCY: BERYLLIUM PENETRATES PLACENTA WITH DIFFICULTY,

      BUT PART OF DOSE ADMIN CIRCULATED IN BLOOD LONG ENOUGH FOR BERYLLIUM TO

      PENETRATE THE FETUSES. [BENCKO V ET AL; J HYG EPIDEMIOL MICROBIOL IMMUNOL

      (PRAGUE) 23 (4): 361 (1979)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      WISTAR RATS WERE GIVEN IV BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE: UNPROPORTIONALLY HIGHER

      BLOOD LEVELS AFTER A HIGHER DOSE PERSISTED FOR A LONGER TIME. DECR IN

      BLOOD AFTER A HIGHER DOSE WAS ACCOMPANIED BY INCR LIVER & SPLEEN

      CONTENT & INCR URINARY EXCRETION, THE PRINCIPAL ROUTE AFTER IV ADMIN.

      [IKRT M & BENCKO V; ARCH TOXICOL 34 (1): 53 (1975)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      MALE GUINEA PIGS INHALED BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE AEROSOL FOR 55 MIN. 50% WAS

      DEPOSITED IN SOFT TISSUE, MOSTLY IN LUNG & GI TRACT, WITH TRACE

      AMOUNTS IN LIVER, KIDNEY, & TRACHEA. HALF OF THE ANIMALS HAD A RIGHT

      LUNG CONCN TWICE THAT OF THE LEFT LUNG. [HART BA ET AL; DOE SYMP SER 53

      (PULMONARY TOXICOL RESPIRABLE PART): 87 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Beryllium chloride was injected into rats intraperitoneum every other day

      ... /1.2 mg/kg body weight/ for 1, 2 and 3 months respectively. ... Spleen

      and liver were ranked top in accumulation of injected beryllium followed

      by kidney, heart, and lung in a decreasing order. ... [Shima S et al; J

      Sci Labour 58 (12): 635-44 (1982)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The effects of type of cmpd administered, isotope carrier, and animal

      development were studied on beryllium absorption from the gastrointestinal

      (GI) tract of rats. (7)Be labeled salts, with and without isotope carrier

      (9)Be (0.25-6 mg/kg), were administered via the stomach. Be accumulation

      in the liver was 4-12 fold and in the kidney 16-37 fold less than that in

      the skeleton. The accumulation of Be depended on the type of cmpd. In 1,

      2, and 4 wk old and adult rats, the major amt of Be was observed in the

      skeleton, liver, and kidney. BeCl2 administration (with and without the

      carrier) showed 8 fold higher organ accumulation than that in 1 mo old and

      adult rats, and BeF2 accumulation was 1.5 fold higher in 1, 2, and 4 wk

      old rats than that in the adult animals. The isotope carrier had no effect

      on the level of accumulation in rats of different age groups. Beryllium

      oxide was higher than that of the hydroxide and BeF2 was absorbed approx

      15-20 fold higher than the chloride, sulfate, and nitrate and 210-260 fold

      higher than the hydroxide. [Bugryshev PF et al; Gig Tr Prof Zabol 6: 52-3

      (1984)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Accumulation of beryllium in compact bone, liver and kidney was observed

      in dairy cows given carrier-free (7)Be as chloride orally or

      intravenously. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic

      Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization, International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58

      86 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      After intravenous injection of carrier-free (7)Be as chloride into rats in

      a solution at pH2, 47% of the dose was excreted predominately in the urine

      and 43% was detected in bone and bone marrow after 24 hours; only 4% was

      detected in liver and 0.1% in spleen. When 1 umol unlabelled beryllium

      chloride was added as carrier to the solution to be injected, the

      proportion found in the liver increased to 25% and that in spleen to 1%.

      At pH6, 59% was found in the liver after administration of carrier-free

      (7)Be and 44% after addition of unlabelled beryllium chloride. [IARC.

      Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.

      Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on

      Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 86 (1993)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Transplacental transfer of beryllium was demonstrated in mice after

      intravenous injection of beryllium chloride. [IARC. Monographs on the

      Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World

      Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 87 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      A 7 Beryllium chloride solution containing 0.5 ug Be per mouse was

      injected subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly,

      intrathoracically, and intravenously, and distribution was observed for

      periods up to 1 wk. 7 Beryllium was excreted more rapidly following

      intravenous injection than by the other routes of injection. The amount of

      beryllium found in the liver or the spleen was substantial at 1 day after

      intraperitoneal injection. It increased more in the spleen at 7 days after

      either intraperitoneal or intrathoracic injection. On the other hand, the

      amounts of beryllium stayed almost constant in the kidneys, by the various

      routes of injection. On the other hand, the amounts of beryllium stayed

      almost constant in the kidneys, by the various routes of injection. When

      injected intrathoracically, the amounts of beryllium in the heart and the

      lung were greater than when administered by the other routes of injection.

      The amounts of beryllium in the femurs of mice administered by these

      routes of injection, except with intravenous injection, were greater than

      in the other organs. The percentage of 7 beryllium in the mineralized bone

      was 90% of that of 7 beryllium in the femurs when injected

      intraperitoneally or intrathoracical. However, the ratio of beryllium in

      the mineralized bone to that in the bone marrow was 3 to 2. Beryllium had

      thus a closer affinity for the femurs than for the other organs

      investigated, with the different modes of administration used. The amount

      of beryllium in the entire skeleton was estimated to be substantial.

      Within the limitations of 1 wk of exposure, the skeleton would appear to

      be a critical organ. This would suggest that osteosarcomas may occur

      following administration of beryllium to laboratory animals for a

      long-term period. [Sakaguchi T et al; J Toxicol Environ Health; 39 (4):

      517-26 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

BIOLOGICAL HALF-LIFE:

      The biological half-life /of beryllium/ without a carrier was 24 hours;

      with /1 mg of beryllium chloride/ carrier, it was 20 days /after

      intratracheal introduction into rats/. [Kuznetsov AV et al; Gigiena Truda;

      Prof Zabolevaniya 10: 113-4 (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      After an intraperitoneal or intravenous dose of carrier-free (7)Be as

      chloride, the disappearance of beryllium was best characterized by three

      consecutive half-times of 0.2-0.5, 6.3-21.7 and 50.9-52.4 days in mice,

      rats, dogs and Macaca speciosa monkeys. [IARC. Monographs on the

      Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World

      Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer,

      1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V58 87 (1993)]**PEER REVIEWED**

MECHANISM OF ACTION:

      ... ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE WAS INHIBITED IN VIVO AS WAS

      PHOSPHOGLUCOMUTASE OF LIVER AND OF MUSCLE. EXTENT AND DURATION OF

      INHIBITION PARALLELED DOSE ... SUGGESTING THAT THESE INHIBITORY ACTIONS OF

      BERYLLIUM ARE ASSOCIATED WITH ACUTE TOXIC ACTION OF BERYLLIUM. [Patty, F.

      (ed.). Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume II: Toxicology. 2nd ed.

      New York: Interscience Publishers, 1963., p. 1008]**PEER REVIEWED**

INTERACTIONS:

      /IN GROUP OF ALBINO RANDOM-BRED RATS/ ... 1 ADENO- & 1 SQUAMOUS-CELL

      BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA ... IN 2/16 ... THAT RECEIVED 3 MG BERYLLIUM

      CHLORIDE IN POLYGLYCINE WITH 3 MG INDIA-INK POWDER. ... 1 SQUAMOUS-CELL

      BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA WAS FOUND WITHIN 15 MO IN 1/14 ANIMALS THAT

      RECEIVED 3 MG BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE PLUS 3 MG 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ(A)ANTHRACENE

      PLUS 3 MG INDIA-INK POWDER IN POLYGLYCINE /INTRATRACHEAL, 3 TIMES AT 2-WK

      INTERVALS/ ... NO LUNG TUMORS WERE FOUND IN UNTREATED CONTROL RATS. [IARC.

      Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.

      Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on

      Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23 174 (1980)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      ... 1 SQUAMOUS-CELL BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA WAS FOUND WITHIN 15 MO IN 1/14

      ANIMALS THAT RECEIVED 3 MG BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE PLUS 3 MG

      7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ(A)ANTHRACENE PLUS 3 MG INDIA-INK POWDER IN POLYGLYCINE

      /INTRATRACHEAL, 3 TIMES AT 2-WK INTERVALS/ ... NO LUNG TUMORS WERE FOUND

      IN UNTREATED CONTROL RATS. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the

      Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization,

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume

      work)., p. V23 174 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      IN MICE & RATS, A SINGLE IP ADMIN OF THE ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPLEX

      COMPOUND DTPP (CALCIUM-SODIUM SALT OF

      DIETHYLENE-TRIAMINE-PENTAMETHYL-PHOSPHONIC ACID) GREATLY MITIGATES

      PULMONARY EDEMA OF INTRATRACHEAL BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE BY HASTENING BE ION

      ELIMINATION. [ZAUGOLNIKOV SD ET AL; FARMAKOL TOKSIKOL (MOSC) 37 (2): 239

      (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Twenty one different metal chlorides have been tested for mutagenicity in

      the presence of 9-aminoacridine in strains of Salmonella typhimurium.

      Beryllium chloride was not mutagenic, exhibited mutagenicity when combined

      with 9-aminoacridine in strains TA1537 and TA2637. [Ogawa HI et al; JPN J

      Genet 62 (2): 159-62 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The effect of beryllium chloride on the activity of alkaline phosphatase

      was studied in cultured cells from rat cranium. The number of cells

      decreased 3-7 days after culture in the presence of 10-100 uM BeCl2; in

      contrast, alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased 5-11

      days after exposure to 10-100 M BeCl2. The BeCl2 induced decrease of the

      cultured bone cells was not affected by the addn of cycloheximide, whereas

      the BeCl2 induced increase of the alk phosphatase activity was suppressed

      by the addn of cycloheximide, suggesting that the BeCl2 stimulated

      alkaline phosphatase activity is related to stimulation of protein

      synthesis. [Onodera A; Showa Shigakkai Zasshi 7 (1): 54-66 (1987)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

PHARMACOLOGY:

INTERACTIONS:

      /IN GROUP OF ALBINO RANDOM-BRED RATS/ ... 1 ADENO- & 1 SQUAMOUS-CELL

      BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA ... IN 2/16 ... THAT RECEIVED 3 MG BERYLLIUM

      CHLORIDE IN POLYGLYCINE WITH 3 MG INDIA-INK POWDER. ... 1 SQUAMOUS-CELL

      BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA WAS FOUND WITHIN 15 MO IN 1/14 ANIMALS THAT

      RECEIVED 3 MG BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE PLUS 3 MG 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ(A)ANTHRACENE

      PLUS 3 MG INDIA-INK POWDER IN POLYGLYCINE /INTRATRACHEAL, 3 TIMES AT 2-WK

      INTERVALS/ ... NO LUNG TUMORS WERE FOUND IN UNTREATED CONTROL RATS. [IARC.

      Monographs on the Evaluation of the Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man.

      Geneva: World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on

      Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume work)., p. V23 174 (1980)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      ... 1 SQUAMOUS-CELL BRONCHOGENIC CARCINOMA WAS FOUND WITHIN 15 MO IN 1/14

      ANIMALS THAT RECEIVED 3 MG BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE PLUS 3 MG

      7,12-DIMETHYLBENZ(A)ANTHRACENE PLUS 3 MG INDIA-INK POWDER IN POLYGLYCINE

      /INTRATRACHEAL, 3 TIMES AT 2-WK INTERVALS/ ... NO LUNG TUMORS WERE FOUND

      IN UNTREATED CONTROL RATS. [IARC. Monographs on the Evaluation of the

      Carcinogenic Risk of Chemicals to Man. Geneva: World Health Organization,

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1972-PRESENT. (Multivolume

      work)., p. V23 174 (1980)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      IN MICE & RATS, A SINGLE IP ADMIN OF THE ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPLEX

      COMPOUND DTPP (CALCIUM-SODIUM SALT OF

      DIETHYLENE-TRIAMINE-PENTAMETHYL-PHOSPHONIC ACID) GREATLY MITIGATES

      PULMONARY EDEMA OF INTRATRACHEAL BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE BY HASTENING BE ION

      ELIMINATION. [ZAUGOLNIKOV SD ET AL; FARMAKOL TOKSIKOL (MOSC) 37 (2): 239

      (1974)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Twenty one different metal chlorides have been tested for mutagenicity in

      the presence of 9-aminoacridine in strains of Salmonella typhimurium.

      Beryllium chloride was not mutagenic, exhibited mutagenicity when combined

      with 9-aminoacridine in strains TA1537 and TA2637. [Ogawa HI et al; JPN J

      Genet 62 (2): 159-62 (1987)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The effect of beryllium chloride on the activity of alkaline phosphatase

      was studied in cultured cells from rat cranium. The number of cells

      decreased 3-7 days after culture in the presence of 10-100 uM BeCl2; in

      contrast, alkaline phosphatase activity was significantly increased 5-11

      days after exposure to 10-100 M BeCl2. The BeCl2 induced decrease of the

      cultured bone cells was not affected by the addn of cycloheximide, whereas

      the BeCl2 induced increase of the alk phosphatase activity was suppressed

      by the addn of cycloheximide, suggesting that the BeCl2 stimulated

      alkaline phosphatase activity is related to stimulation of protein

      synthesis. [Onodera A; Showa Shigakkai Zasshi 7 (1): 54-66 (1987)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE & EXPOSURE:

ARTIFICIAL POLLUTION SOURCES:

      ... ROCKET EXHAUST PRODUCTS ... /CONSISTED/ OF BERYLLIUM OXIDE, BERYLLIUM

      FLUORIDE & BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE. [Clayton, G. D. and F. E. Clayton

      (eds.). Patty's Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology: Volume 2A, 2B, 2C:

      Toxicology. 3rd ed. New York: John Wiley Sons, 1981-1982., p. 1547]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS & REGULATIONS:

CERCLA REPORTABLE QUANTITIES:

      Persons in charge of vessels or facilities are required to notify the

      National Response Center (NRC) immediately, when there is a release of

      this designated hazardous substance, in an amount equal to or greater than

      its reportable quantity of 1 lb or 0.454 kg. The toll free number of the

      NRC is<PHONE_NUMBER>; In the Washington D.C. metropolitan area (202)

      426-2675. The rule for determining when notification is required is stated

      in 40 CFR 302.4 (section IV. D.3.b). [40 CFR 302.4 (7/1/95)]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

ATMOSPHERIC STANDARDS:

      Listed as a hazardous air pollutant (HAP) generally known or suspected to

      cause serious health problems. The Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990,

      directs EPA to set standards requiring major sources to sharply reduce

      routine emissions of toxic pollutants. EPA is required to establish and

      phase in specific performance based standards for all air emission sources

      that emit one or more of the listed pollutants. Beryllium chloride is

      included on this list. [Clean Air Act as amended in 1990, Sect. 112 (b)

      (1) Public Law 101-549 Nov. 15, 1990]**QC REVIEWED**

FEDERAL DRINKING WATER STANDARDS:

      EPA 4 ug/l /Beryllium/[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State Toxicology and

      Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and Federal Drinking

      Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC REVIEWED**

STATE DRINKING WATER GUIDELINES:

      (AZ) ARIZONA 0.007 ug/l /Beryllium/[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State

      Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and

      Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      (MN) MINNESOTA 0.08 ug/l /Beryllium/[USEPA/Office of Water; Federal-State

      Toxicology and Risk Analysis Committee (FSTRAC). Summary of State and

      Federal Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines (11/93), p. ]**QC

      REVIEWED**

CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

MOLECULAR FORMULA:

      Be-Cl2 **PEER REVIEWED**

MOLECULAR WEIGHT:

      79.93 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,

      Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc.,

      1996., p. 196]**PEER REVIEWED**

COLOR/FORM:

      WHITE TO FAINTLY YELLOW, ORTHORHOMBIC CRYSTALS OR CRYSTALLINE MASS

      [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,

      Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc.,

      1996., p. 196]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Crystallizes in asbestos-like matted needles. [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.).

      Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield

      Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA4 27]**PEER REVIEWED**

ODOR:

      Sharp, acrid [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS -

      Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government

      Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

TASTE:

      SWEETISH TASTE [Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical

      Dictionary. 12th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Rheinhold Co., 1993, p.

      140]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Taste threshold value 3.00X10-3 mol/l [Fazzalari, F.A. (ed.). Compilation

      of Odor and Taste Threshold Values Data. ASTM Data Series DS 48A

      (Committee E-18). Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and

      Materials, 1978., p. 19]**PEER REVIEWED**

BOILING POINT:

      482.3 DEG C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of

      Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co.,

      Inc., 1996., p. 196]**PEER REVIEWED**

MELTING POINT:

      399.2 DEG C [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of

      Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co.,

      Inc., 1996., p. 196]**PEER REVIEWED**

CORROSIVITY:

      Corrodes most metals in the presence of moisture. [U.S. Coast Guard,

      Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II.

      Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY:

      1.90 [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,

      Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc.,

      1996., p. 196]**PEER REVIEWED**

PH:

      AQ SOLN IS STRONGLY ACID [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An

      Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ:

      Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 196]**PEER REVIEWED**

SOLUBILITIES:

      VERY SOL IN WATER WITH EVOLUTION OF HEAT [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck

      Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse

      Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 196]**PEER REVIEWED**

      SOL IN ALCOHOL, ETHER, PYRIDINE, CARBON DISULFIDE [Budavari, S. (ed.). The

      Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals.

      Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 196]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      INSOL IN BENZENE, TOLUENE [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An

      Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ:

      Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 196]**PEER REVIEWED**

      INSOL IN ACETONE; AMMONIA [Lide, D.R. (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and

      Physics. 76th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Inc., 1995-1996., p.

      4-44]**PEER REVIEWED**

VAPOR PRESSURE:

      1 MM HG @ 291 DEG C (SUBLIMES) [Sax, N.I. Dangerous Properties of

      Industrial Materials. Vol 1-3 7th ed. New York, NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold,

      1989., p. V2 43O]**PEER REVIEWED**

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

      SUBLIMES IN VACUO @ 300 DEG C; VERY DELIQUESCENT [Budavari, S. (ed.). The

      Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals.

      Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 196]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Heat of solution= -557 cal/g. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of

      Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington,

      D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Heat of fusion: 30 cal/g (estimated) [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of

      Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington,

      D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Easily hydrolyzed by water vapor or in aqueous soln. [Kirk-Othmer

      Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John

      Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V4 148]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Extremely hygroscopic, forming the tetrahydrate. [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.).

      Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield

      Beach, FL: VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA4 27]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Reaction with water is intensely exothermic and is accompanied by the

      release of hydrochloride vapors. [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's

      Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL:

      VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA4 27]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Boiling point = 520 deg C [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia

      of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH

      Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA4 27]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Melting point = 416 deg C [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's Encyclopedia

      of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL: VCH

      Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA4 27]**PEER REVIEWED**

CHEMICAL SAFETY & HANDLING:

HAZARDS SUMMARY:

      The major hazards encountered in the use and handling of beryllium

      chloride stem from its toxicologic properties. Toxic primarily by

      inhalation and dermal contact, exposure to this acrid-smelling,

      white-to-faintly-yellow, crystalline substance may occur from its use as a

      catalyst in organic synthesis, and as an intermediate in the production of

      beryllium metal and compounds. Effects from exposure may include skin

      ulceration, headache,fatigue, chest pain, shortness of breath, pulmonary

      edema, and possibly death from heart failure. The OSHA PEL and ACGIH TLV

      are set at a TWA of 2 ug/cu m. Engineering control of process equipment

      (eg, enclosure and local exhaust ventilation) should be used to prevent

      inhalation and skin contact with beryllium chloride. In activities or

      situations where over-exposure is possible, workers should wear, goggles,

      a self-contained breathing apparatus, and protective clothing. Work

      clothes should not be taken home. Should contact occur, immediately remove

      contaminated clothing and flush affected skin and eyes with running water

      for at least 15 minutes. While beryllium chloride does not ignite easily,

      it may burn with the possible formation of toxic and irritating beryllium

      oxide fumes and hydrogen chloride. For small fires involving beryllium

      chloride, extinguish with dry chemical, CO2, Halon, water spray, or

      standard foam, and for large fires, use water spray, fog, or standard

      foam. Wear an appropriate respirator and protective clothing when fighting

      such fires. Shipping regulations and other DOT regulatory requirements

      should be consulted before transort. Storage areas should be kept dry

      because beryllium chloride not only corrodes most metals in the presence

      of moisture, but may react vigorously with water, evolving heat and

      forming beryllium oxide. Containers should be protected from physical

      damage, and isolated from acids, caustics, chlorinated hydrocarbons, and

      oxidizing materials. Small dry spills of beryllium chloride may be

      shovelled into a clean, dry, covered container for later disposal

      (solutions are first absorbed in sand or other noncombustible absorbant).

      Large liquid spills are diked far ahead for collection, and to prevent

      pollution or the possible formation of flammable and explosive hydrogen

      gas if the substance were to enter a confined space. Consideration should

      be given to converting waste beryllium chloride into chemically inert

      oxides using incineration and particulate collection techniques. These

      oxides can possibly be returned to suppliers. Before implementing land

      disposal of beryllium chloride waste, consult with environmental

      regulatory agencies for guidance. **PEER REVIEWED**

DOT EMERGENCY GUIDELINES:

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Health:

      TOXIC; inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact with material may cause

      severe injury or death. Contact with molten substance may cause severe

      burns to skin and eyes. Avoid any skin contact. Effects of contact or

      inhalation may be delayed. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or

      toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may be corrosive

      and/or toxic and cause pollution. /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S.

      Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide

      book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous

      Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire or

      Explosion: Non-combustible, substance itself does not burn but may

      decompose upon heating to produce corrosive and/or toxic fumes. Some are

      oxidizers and may ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.).

      Contact with metals may evolve flammable hydrogen gas. Containers may

      explode when heated. /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department of

      Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First

      Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous

      Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Public

      Safety: CALL Emergency Response Telephone Number ... . As an immediate

      precautionary measure, isolate spill or leak area in all directions for at

      least 50 meters (150 feet) for liquids and at least 25 meters (75 feet)

      for solids. Keep unauthorized personnel away. Stay upwind. Keep out of low

      areas. Ventilate enclosed areas. /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S.

      Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide

      book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous

      Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/

      Protective Clothing: Wear positive pressure self-contained breathing

      apparatus (SCBA). Wear chemical protective clothing that is specifically

      recommended by the manufacturer. It may provide little or no thermal

      protection. Structural firefighters' protective clothing provides limited

      protection in fire situations ONLY; it is not effective in spill

      situations where direct contact with the substance is possible. /Beryllium

      compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response

      Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a

      Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/

      Evacuation: ... Fire: If tank, rail car or tank truck is involved in a

      fire, ISOLATE for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions; also, consider

      initial evacuation for 800 meters (1/2 mile) in all directions. /Beryllium

      compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response

      Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a

      Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Fire:

      Small fires: Dry chemical, CO2 or water spray. Large fires: Dry chemical,

      CO2, alcohol-resistant foam or water spray. Move containers from fire area

      if you can do it without risk. Dike fire control water for later disposal;

      do not scatter the material. Fire involving tanks or car/trailer loads:

      Fight fire from maximum distance or use unmanned hose holders or monitor

      nozzles. Do not get water inside containers. Cool containers with flooding

      quantities of water until well after fire is out. Withdraw immediately in

      case of rising sound from venting safety devices or discoloration of tank.

      ALWAYS stay away from tanks engulfed in fire. /Beryllium compound, NOS/

      [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A

      Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous

      Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ Spill

      or Leak: ELIMINATE all ignition sources (no smoking, flares, sparks or

      flames in immediate area). Do not touch damaged containers or spilled

      material unless wearing appropriate protective clothing. Stop leak if you

      can do it without risk. Prevent entry into waterways, sewers, basements or

      confined areas. Absorb or cover with dry earth, sand or other

      non-combustible material and transfer to containers. DO NOT GET WATER

      INSIDE CONTAINERS. /Beryllium compound, NOS/ [U.S. Department of

      Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response Guidebook. A Guide book for First

      Responders During the Initial Phase of a Dangerous Goods/Hazardous

      Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC REVIEWED**

      /GUIDE 154: SUBSTANCES - TOXIC AND/OR CORROSIVE (NON-COMBUSTIBLE)/ First

      Aid: Move victim to fresh air. Call 911 or emergency medical service. Give

      artificial respiration if victim is not breathing. Do not use

      mouth-to-mouth method if victim ingested or inhaled the substance; give

      artificial respiration with the aid of a pocket mask equipped with a

      one-way valve or other proper respiratory medical device. Administer

      oxygen if breathing is difficult. Remove and isolate contaminated clothing

      and shoes. In case of contact with substance, immediately flush skin or

      eyes with running water for at least 20 minutes. For minor skin contact,

      avoid spreading material on unaffected skin. Keep victim warm and quiet.

      Effects of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or skin contact) to substance

      may be delayed. Ensure that medical personnel are aware of the material(s)

      involved and take precautions to protect themselves. /Beryllium compound,

      NOS/ [U.S. Department of Transportation. 2004 Emergency Response

      Guidebook. A Guide book for First Responders During the Initial Phase of a

      Dangerous Goods/Hazardous Materials Incident. Washington, D.C. 2004]**QC

      REVIEWED**

SKIN, EYE AND RESPIRATORY IRRITATIONS:

      Will burn skin and eyes. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation.

      CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S.

      Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

FIRE POTENTIAL:

      NOT FLAMMABLE BUT IRRITATING GASES MAY BE PRODUCED WHEN HEATED. [U.S.

      Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical

      Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,

      1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

FIRE FIGHTING PROCEDURES:

      DO NOT USE WATER ON ADJACENT FIRES. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of

      Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington,

      D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

TOXIC COMBUSTION PRODUCTS:

      Flammable and explosive hydrogen gas may collect in enclosed spaces. [U.S.

      Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical

      Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office,

      1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

      Toxic and irritating beryllium oxide fumes and hydrogen chloride may form

      in fires. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Transportation. CHRIS -

      Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government

      Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

HAZARDOUS REACTIVITIES & INCOMPATIBILITIES:

      Reacts vigorously with water, evolution of heat. Forms beryllium oxide and

      hydrochloric acid solution. [U.S. Coast Guard, Department of

      Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II. Washington,

      D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The 1:1 complexes with beryllium chloride or titanium tetrachloride may

      explode violently. [Bretherick, L. Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards.

      4th ed. Boston, MA: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1990, p. 1359]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Acids, caustics, chlorinated hydrocarbons, oxidizers, molten lithium.

      /Beryllium & beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide

      to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C.

      U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH:

      NIOSH considers beryllium sulfate to be a potential occupational

      carcinogen. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH

      Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140.

      Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC

      REVIEWED**

PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT & CLOTHING:

      WEAR GOGGLES & SELF-CONTAINED BREATHING APPARATUS. [U.S. Coast Guard,

      Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II.

      Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... dispensers of liq detergent /should be

      available./ ... Safety pipettes should be used for all pipetting. ... In

      animal laboratory, personnel should ... wear protective suits (preferably

      disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves,

      hair covering & overshoes. ... In chemical laboratory, gloves &

      gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to

      provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be

      necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable

      plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. ... gowns ... /should be/

      of distinctive color, this is a reminder that they are not to be worn

      outside the laboratory. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch,

      E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L.

      Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the

      Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon,

      France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      Wear appropriate eye protection to prevent eye contact. /Beryllium &

      beryllium cmpd (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.

      DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government

      Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

      Wear appropriate personal protective clothing to prevent skin contact.

      /Beryllium & beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide

      to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C.

      U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

      The following types of respirators should be selected under the prescribed

      concentrations: At concentrations above the NIOSH REL, or where there is

      no REL, at any detectable concentrations: Any self-contained breathing

      apparatus that has a full facepiece and is operated in a pressure-demand

      or other positive pressure mode. Any supplied-air respirator that has a

      full face piece and is operated in pressure-demand or other positive

      pressure mode in combination with an auxiliary self-contained breathing

      apparatus operated in pressure-demand or other positive pressure mode.

      Escape: Any air-purifying, full-facepiece respirator with a

      high-efficiency particulate filter. Any appropriate escape-type,

      self-contained breathing apparatus. /Beryllium & beryllium cmpd (as

      Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH)

      Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office,

      1997., p. 29]**QC REVIEWED**

      Eyewash fountains should be provided in areas where there is any

      possibility that workers could be exposed to the substance; this is

      irrespective of the recommendation involving the wearing of eye

      protection. /Beryllium & beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH

      Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140.

      Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC

      REVIEWED**

PREVENTIVE MEASURES:

      SRP: The scientific literature for the use of contact lenses in industry

      is conflicting. The benefit or detrimental effects of wearing contact

      lenses depend not only upon the substance, but also on factors including

      the form of the substance, characteristics and duration of the exposure,

      the uses of other eye protection equipment, and the hygiene of the lenses.

      However, there may be individual substances whose irritating or corrosive

      properties are such that the wearing of contact lenses would be harmful to

      the eye. In those specific cases, contact lenses should not be worn. In

      any event, the usual eye protection equipment should be worn even when

      contact lenses are in place. **PEER REVIEWED**

      SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a

      manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who

      handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the

      completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the

      decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.

      **PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Smoking, drinking, eating, storage of food

      or of food & beverage containers or utensils, & the application of

      cosmetics should be prohibited in any laboratory. All personnel should

      remove gloves, if worn, after completion of procedures in which

      carcinogens have been used. They should ... wash ... hands, preferably

      using dispensers of liq detergent, & rinse ... thoroughly.

      Consideration should be given to appropriate methods for cleaning the

      skin, depending on nature of the contaminant. No standard procedure can be

      recommended, but the use of organic solvents should be avoided. Safety

      pipettes should be used for all pipetting. /Chemical Carcinogens/

      [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A.

      Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical

      Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific

      Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on

      Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": In animal laboratory, personnel should

      remove their outdoor clothes & wear protective suits (preferably

      disposable, one-piece & close-fitting at ankles & wrists), gloves,

      hair covering & overshoes. ... clothing should be changed daily but

      ... discarded immediately if obvious contamination occurs ... /also,/

      workers should shower immediately. In chemical laboratory, gloves &

      gowns should always be worn ... however, gloves should not be assumed to

      provide full protection. Carefully fitted masks or respirators may be

      necessary when working with particulates or gases, & disposable

      plastic aprons might provide addnl protection. If gowns are of distinctive

      color, this is a reminder that they should not be worn outside of lab.

      /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della

      Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis

      (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of

      Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": ... operations connected with synth &

      purification ... should be carried out under well-ventilated hood.

      Analytical procedures ... should be carried out with care & vapors

      evolved during ... procedures should be removed. ... Expert advice should

      be obtained before existing fume cupboards are used ... & when new

      fume cupboards are installed. It is desirable that there be means for

      decreasing the rate of air extraction, so that carcinogenic powders can be

      handled without ... powder being blown around the hood. Glove boxes should

      be kept under negative air pressure. Air changes should be adequate, so

      that concn of vapors of volatile carcinogens will not occur. /Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 8]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Vertical laminar-flow biological safety

      cabinets may be used for containment of in vitro procedures ... provided

      that the exhaust air flow is sufficient to provide an inward air flow at

      the face opening of the cabinet, & contaminated air plenums that are

      under positive pressure are leak-tight. Horizontal laminar-flow hoods or

      safety cabinets, where filtered air is blown across the working area

      towards the operator, should never be used ... Each cabinet or fume

      cupboard to be used ... should be tested before work is begun (eg, with

      fume bomb) & label fixed to it, giving date of test & avg air-flow

      measured. This test should be repeated periodically & after any

      structural changes. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch,

      E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L.

      Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the

      Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon,

      France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Principles that apply to chem or biochem

      lab also apply to microbiological & cell-culture labs ... Special

      consideration should be given to route of admin. ... Safest method of

      administering volatile carcinogen is by injection of a soln. Admin by

      topical application, gavage, or intratracheal instillation should be

      performed under hood. If chem will be exhaled, animals should be kept

      under hood during this period. Inhalation exposure requires special

      equipment. ... unless specifically required, routes of admin other than in

      the diet should be used. Mixing of carcinogen in diet should be carried

      out in sealed mixers under fume hood, from which the exhaust is fitted

      with an efficient particulate filter. Techniques for cleaning mixer &

      hood should be devised before expt begun. When mixing diets, special

      protective clothing &, possibly, respirators may be required.

      /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della

      Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis

      (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of

      Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International

      Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 9]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When ... admin in diet or applied to skin,

      animals should be kept in cages with solid bottoms & sides &

      fitted with a filter top. When volatile carcinogens are given, filter tops

      should not be used. Cages which have been used to house animals that

      received carcinogens should be decontaminated. Cage-cleaning facilities

      should be installed in area in which carcinogens are being used, to avoid

      moving of ... contaminated /cages/. It is difficult to ensure that cages

      are decontaminated, & monitoring methods are necessary. Situations may

      exist in which the use of disposable cages should be recommended,

      depending on type & amt of carcinogen & efficiency with which it

      can be removed. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch,

      E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L.

      Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the

      Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon,

      France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": To eliminate risk that ... contamination in

      lab could build up during conduct of expt, periodic checks should be

      carried out on lab atmospheres, surfaces, such as walls, floors &

      benches, & ... interior of fume hoods & airducts. As well as

      regular monitoring, check must be carried out after cleaning-up of

      spillage. Sensitive methods are required when testing lab atmospheres for

      chem such as nitrosamines. Methods ... should ... where possible, be

      simple & sensitive. ... /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H.

      Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B.

      Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in

      the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33.

      Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p.

      10]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Rooms in which obvious contamination has

      occurred, such as spillage, should be decontaminated by lab personnel

      engaged in expt. Design of expt should ... avoid contamination of

      permanent equipment. ... Procedures should ensure that maintenance workers

      are not exposed to carcinogens. ... Particular care should be taken to

      avoid contamination of drains or ventilation ducts. In cleaning labs,

      procedures should be used which do not produce aerosols or dispersal of

      dust, ie, wet mop or vacuum cleaner equipped with high-efficiency

      particulate filter on exhaust, which are avail commercially, should be

      used. Sweeping, brushing & use of dry dusters or mops should be

      prohibited. Grossly contaminated cleaning materials should not be re-used

      ... If gowns or towels are contaminated, they should not be sent to

      laundry, but ... decontaminated or burnt, to avoid any hazard to laundry

      personnel. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland,

      G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and

      W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems

      of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France:

      International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 10]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Doors leading into areas where carcinogens

      are used ... should be marked distinctively with appropriate labels.

      Access ... limited to persons involved in expt. ... A prominently

      displayed notice should give the name of the Scientific Investigator or

      other person who can advise in an emergency & who can inform others

      (such as firemen) on the handling of carcinogenic substances. /Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 11]**PEER REVIEWED**

      SRP: Contaminated protective clothing should be segregated in such a

      manner so that there is no direct personal contact by personnel who

      handle, dispose, or clean the clothing. Quality assurance to ascertain the

      completeness of the cleaning procedures should be implemented before the

      decontaminated protective clothing is returned for reuse by the workers.

      **QC REVIEWED**

      Contact lenses should not be worn when working with this chemical.

      /Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to

      Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C.

      U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 29]**QC REVIEWED**

      Workers whose clothing may have become contaminated should change into

      uncontaminated clothing before leaving the work premises. /Beryllium and

      beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical

      Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S.

      Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC REVIEWED**

      Work clothing that becomes wet or significantly contaminated should be

      removed and replaced. /Beryllium and beryllium compound (as Be)/ [NIOSH.

      NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No.

      97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p.

      28]**QC REVIEWED**

SHIPMENT METHODS AND REGULATIONS:

      No person may /transport,/ offer or accept a hazardous material for

      transportation in commerce unless that person is registered in conformance

      ... and the hazardous material is properly classed, described, packaged,

      marked, labeled, and in condition for shipment as required or authorized

      by ... /the hazardous materials regulations (49 CFR 171-177)./ [49 CFR

      171.2 (7/1/96)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      The International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code lays down basic principles

      for transporting hazardous chemicals. Detailed recommendations for

      individual substances and a number of recommendations for good practice

      are included in the classes dealing with such substances. A general index

      of technical names has also been compiled. This index should always be

      consulted when attempting to locate the appropriate procedures to be used

      when shipping any substance or article. [IMDG; International Maritime

      Dangerous Goods Code; International Maritime Organization p.6079

      (1988)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Procurement ... of unduly large amt ...

      should be avoided. To avoid spilling, carcinogens should be transported in

      securely sealed glass bottles or ampoules, which should themselves be

      placed inside strong screw-cap or snap-top container that will not open

      when dropped & will resist attack from the carcinogen. Both bottle

      & the outside container should be appropriately labelled. ... National

      post offices, railway companies, road haulage companies & airlines

      have regulations governing transport of hazardous materials. These

      authorities should be consulted before ... material is shipped. /Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 13]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": When no regulations exist, the following

      procedure must be adopted. The carcinogen should be enclosed in a securely

      sealed, watertight container (primary container), which should be enclosed

      in a second, unbreakable, leakproof container that will withstand chem

      attack from the carcinogen (secondary container). The space between

      primary & secondary container should be filled with absorbent

      material, which would withstand chem attack from the carcinogen & is

      sufficient to absorb the entire contents of the primary container in the

      event of breakage or leakage. Each secondary container should then be

      enclosed in a strong outer box. The space between the secondary container

      & the outer box should be filled with an appropriate quantity of

      shock-absorbent material. Sender should use fastest & most secure form

      of transport & notify recipient of its departure. If parcel is not

      received when expected, carrier should be informed so that immediate

      effort can be made to find it. Traffic schedules should be consulted to

      avoid ... arrival on weekend or holiday ... /Chemical Carcinogens/

      [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A.

      Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical

      Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific

      Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on

      Cancer, 1979., p. 13]**PEER REVIEWED**

STORAGE CONDITIONS:

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": Storage site should be as close as

      practicable to lab in which carcinogens are to be used, so that only small

      quantities required for ... expt need to be carried. Carcinogens should be

      kept in only one section of cupboard, an explosion-proof refrigerator or

      freezer (depending on chemicophysical properties ...) that bears

      appropriate label. An inventory ... should be kept, showing quantity of

      carcinogen & date it was acquired ... Facilities for dispensing ...

      should be contiguous to storage area. /Chemical Carcinogens/ [Montesano,

      R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer,

      A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical Carcinogens

      in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific Publications No.

      33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1979., p.

      13]**PEER REVIEWED**

CLEANUP METHODS:

      Response to discharge: Issue warning poison, corrosive; Restrict access;

      Should be removed; Chemical and physical treatment. [U.S. Coast Guard,

      Department of Transportation. CHRIS - Hazardous Chemical Data. Volume II.

      Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1984-5., p. ]**PEER

      REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": A high-efficiency particulate arrestor

      (HEPA) or charcoal filters can be used to minimize amt of carcinogen in

      exhausted air ventilated safety cabinets, lab hoods, glove boxes or animal

      rooms ... Filter housing that is designed so that used filters can be

      transferred into plastic bag without contaminating maintenance staff is

      avail commercially. Filters should be placed in plastic bags immediately

      after removal ... The plastic bag should be sealed immediately ... The

      sealed bag should be labelled properly ... Waste liquids ... should be

      placed or collected in proper containers for disposal. The lid should be

      secured & the bottles properly labelled. Once filled, bottles should

      be placed in plastic bag, so that outer surface ... is not contaminated

      ... The plastic bag should also be sealed & labelled. ... Broken

      glassware ... should be decontaminated by solvent extraction, by chemical

      destruction, or in specially designed incinerators. /Chemical Carcinogens/

      [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L. Fishbein, R. A.

      Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.). Handling Chemical

      Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC Scientific

      Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on

      Cancer, 1979., p. 15]**PEER REVIEWED**

DISPOSAL METHODS:

      SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial

      (sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant

      revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including

      waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance

      on acceptable disposal practices. **PEER REVIEWED**

      ... Beryllium chloride ... waste should be converted into chemically inert

      oxides using incineration and particulate collection techniques. These

      oxides ... should be returned to suppliers if possible. [Sittig M;

      Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals; p.87 (1981)]**PEER REVIEWED**

      PRECAUTIONS FOR "CARCINOGENS": There is no universal method of disposal

      that has been proved satisfactory for all carcinogenic compounds &

      specific methods of chem destruction ... published have not been tested on

      all kinds of carcinogen-containing waste. ... summary of avail methods

      & recommendations ... /given/ must be treated as guide only. /Chemical

      Carcinogens/ [Montesano, R., H. Bartsch, E.Boyland, G. Della Porta, L.

      Fishbein, R. A. Griesemer, A.B. Swan, L. Tomatis, and W. Davis (eds.).

      Handling Chemical Carcinogens in the Laboratory: Problems of Safety. IARC

      Scientific Publications No. 33. Lyon, France: International Agency for

      Research on Cancer, 1979., p. 14]**PEER REVIEWED**

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS:

OSHA STANDARDS:

      Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 8-hr Time Weighted Avg: 2 ug/cu m.

      /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/ [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC

      REVIEWED**

      Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable Ceiling Concentration: 5

      ug/cu m. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/ [29 CFR 1910.1000

      (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**

      Permissible Exposure Limit: Table Z-2 Acceptable maximum peak above the

      acceptable ceiling concentration for an 8-hour shift. Concentration: 25

      ug/cu m. Maximum Duration: 30 minutes. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds/

      [29 CFR 1910.1000 (7/1/98)]**QC REVIEWED**

THRESHOLD LIMIT VALUES:

      8 hr Time Weighted Avg (TWA): 0.002 mg/cu m; 15 min Short Term Exposure

      Limit (STEL): 0.01 mg/cu m. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/ [American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

      A1; Confirmed human carcinogen. /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/ [American

      Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs. Threshold

      Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological

      Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 14]**QC REVIEWED**

      2008 Notice of Intended Changes: These substances, with their

      corresponding vaules and notations, comprise those for which (1) a limit

      is proposed for the first time, (2) a change in the Adopted value is

      proposed, (3) retention as an NIC is proposed, or (4) withdrawal of the

      Documentation and adopted TLV is proposed. In each case, the proposals

      should be considered trial values during the period they are on the NIC.

      These proposals were ratified by the ACGIH Board of Directors and will

      remain on the NIC for approximately one year following this ratification.

      If the Committee neither finds nor receives any substantive data that

      changes its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may

      then approve its recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for

      adoption. If the Committee finds or receives substantive data that change

      its scientific opinion regarding an NIC TLV, the Committee may change its

      recommendation to the ACGIH Board of Directors for the matter to be either

      retained on or withdrawn from the NIC. Substance: beryllium and compounds,

      as Be; Time Weighted Avg  (TWA): 0.00005 mg/cu m, inhalable fraction;

      Short Term Exposure Limit  (STEL): 0.0002 mg/cu m, inhalable fraction;

      Notations: skin; sensitization; A1: Confirmed human carcinogen; Molecular

      Weight: 9.01, varies; TLV Basis-Critical Effect(s): Sensitization, chronic

      beryllium disease (berylliosis). /Beryllium and compounds, as Be/

      [American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists TLVs and BEIs.

      Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and

      Biological Exposure Indices. Cincinnati, OH, 2008, p. 62]**QC REVIEWED**

NIOSH RECOMMENDATIONS:

      NIOSH recommends that beryllium and beryllium cmpd (as Be) be regulated as

      a potential human carcinogen. /Beryllium and beryllium cmpd (as Be)/

      [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication

      No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p.

      28]**QC REVIEWED**

      Not to exceed 0.0005 mg/cu m. /Beryllium and beryllium cmpd (as Be)/

      [NIOSH. NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication

      No. 97-140. Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p.

      28]**QC REVIEWED**

IMMEDIATELY DANGEROUS TO LIFE OR HEALTH:

      NIOSH considers beryllium sulfate to be a potential occupational

      carcinogen. /Beryllium and beryllium compounds (as Be)/ [NIOSH. NIOSH

      Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-140.

      Washington, D.C. U.S. Government Printing Office, 1997., p. 28]**QC

      REVIEWED**

MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION:

MAJOR USES:

      ANHYDROUS FORM USED AS ACID CATALYST IN ORG REACTIONS, SIMILAR TO ALUMINUM

      TRICHLORIDE [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of

      Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co.,

      Inc., 1996., p. 196]**PEER REVIEWED**

      CHEM INT FOR BERYLLIUM PERCHLORATE **PEER REVIEWED**

      Principal uses is as the raw material for the electrolytic production of

      beryllium and as the starting material for the synthesis of

      organoberyllium compounds. [Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's

      Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL:

      VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA4 27]**PEER REVIEWED**

MANUFACTURERS:

      Cerac, Inc, PO Box 1178, Milwaukee, WI 53201,<PHONE_NUMBER> [SRI. 1996

      Directory of Chemical Producers-United States of America. Menlo Park, CA:

      SRI International, 1996., p. 466]**PEER REVIEWED**

METHODS OF MANUFACTURING:

      PREPN: FROM ELEMENTS. [Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck Index - An

      Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse Station, NJ:

      Merck and Co., Inc., 1996., p. 196]**PEER REVIEWED**

GENERAL MANUFACTURING INFORMATION:

      Beryllium chloride hydrate has been obtained by concentrating a saturated

      aqueous solution of /beryllium/ chloride in a current of hydrogen

      chloride. [Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 3rd ed.,

      Volumes 1-26. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons, 1978-1984., p. V3 825

      (1978)]**PEER REVIEWED**

FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS:

      Quarter inch pieces and smaller, 99.5% grade [CHEMCYCLOPEDIA 1987

      p.167]**PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. PRODUCTION:

      (1977) PROBABLY GREATER THAN 4.54X10+5 G **PEER REVIEWED**

LABORATORY METHODS:

SPECIAL REFERENCES:

SPECIAL REPORTS:

      Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials Reports, July-August 1 (6):

      15-96. Nomenclature, physical and chemical data, computerized structural

      formulas and new toxicity and hazard information about beryllium chloride.

      DHHS/ATSDR; Toxicological Profile for Beryllium (Update) TP-92/04 (1993)

      GROTH ET AL; ENVIRON RES 21 (1): 63 (1980). A DISCUSSION ON THE LUNG

      CANCER INCIDENCE IN BERYLLIUM PRODUCTION WORKERS IS PRESENTED.

      Leonard A, Lauwerys R; Mut Research 186 (1): 35-42 (1987). The

      mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of beryllium and its cmpd

      are reviewed.

      Eisenbud M; Cleve Clin 51 (2): 441-7 (1984). The mutagenicity,

      carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of beryllium and bryllium compounds

      were reviewed.

      Skilleter DN; Adv Mod Environ Toxicol 11: 61-8 (1987). The occupational

      diseases caused by exposure to beryllium or beryllium compounds are

      discussed.

      Reeves AL, Beryllium: Toxicological Research of the Last Decade; Journal

      of the American College of Toxicology 8 (7): 1307-13 (1989). Research on

      beryllium toxicity conducted in the 1980s was reviewed. Investigations on

      beryllium toxicokinetics were also discussed.

      MacMahon B; The epidemiological evidence on the carcinogenicity of

      beryllium in humans; J Occupat Med 36 (1): 15-24 (1994)

      WHO working group, Beryllium; Environment Health Criteria 106: 181 (1990).

      Environmental transport, distribution, and transformation Data concerning

      the fate of beryllium in the environment are limited.

      USEPA; Ambient Water Quality Criteria Doc: Beryllium (1980) EPA

      440/5-80-024

      USEPA; Health Assessment Document for Beryllium (1987) EPA 600/8-84-026F

      Meyer KC; Beryllium and Lung Disease; Chest 106 (3): 942-946 (1994)

      Skilleter DN; Adv Mod Environ Toxicol 11: 61-8 (1987). The occupational

      diseases caused by exposure to beryllium or beryllium compounds are

      discussed.

      U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Integrated Risk Information System

      (IRIS) for Beryllium and compounds (7440-41-7) Toxicological Review in

      Adobe PDF. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/ngispgm3/iris on the

      Substance File List as of April, 1998.

      U.S. Department of Health & Human Services/National Toxicology

      Program; Tenth Report on Carcinogens. National Institutes of Environmental

      Health Sciences. The Report on Carcinogens is an informational scientific

      and public health document that identifies and discusses substances

      (including agents, mixtures, or exposure circumstances) that may pose a

      carcinogenic hazard to human health. Beryllium (7440-41-7) was first

      listed in the Second Annual Report on Carcinogens (1981) as reasonably

      anticipated to be a human carcinogen and then listed in the Tenth Report

      on Carcinogens (2002) as a known human carcinogen. /Beryllium and

      Beryllium Compounds/ [ ]

SYNONYMS AND IDENTIFIERS:

RELATED HSDB RECORDS:

      6899 [BERYLLIUM COMPOUNDS]

      355 [BERYLLIUM FLUORIDE] (analog)

SYNONYMS:

      BERYLLIUM CHLORIDE (BECL2) **PEER REVIEWED**

      BERYLLIUM DICHLORIDE **PEER REVIEWED**

FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS:

      Quarter inch pieces and smaller, 99.5% grade [CHEMCYCLOPEDIA 1987

      p.167]**PEER REVIEWED**

SHIPPING NAME/ NUMBER DOT/UN/NA/IMO:

      NA 1566; Beryllium chloride

      IMO 6.1; Beryllium chloride

      UN 1566; Beryllium compounds, NOS

      IMO 6.1; Beryllium compounds, NOS

STANDARD TRANSPORTATION NUMBER:

      49 233 05; Beryllium chloride

      49 232 16; Beryllium compounds, not otherwise specified

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION:

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANK NUMBER: 357

LAST REVISION DATE: 20050624

LAST REVIEW DATE: Reviewed by SRP on 1/23/1997

UPDATE HISTORY:

      Complete Update on 2005-06-24, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

      Field Update on 2005-01-29, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

      Complete Update on 2003-08-29, 0 fields added/edited/deleted

      Complete Update on 10/16/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/06/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 07/22/2002, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/31/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/13/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/09/2001, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/04/2000, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 03/28/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/11/2000, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/26/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 07/20/1999, 6 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/02/1999, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 03/19/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/27/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 11/12/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/11/1998, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/25/1998, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 12/15/1997, 57 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 10/17/1997, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 06/18/1996, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/19/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 02/16/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/25/1995, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 12/21/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 09/28/1994, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 09/26/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/16/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/05/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 11/05/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/10/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/07/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/27/1993, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 12/12/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/26/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/27/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 04/01/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 01/23/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 05/08/1991, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 11/09/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 08/23/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 06/28/1990, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field update on 12/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 12/19/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 07/12/1989, 75 fields added/edited/deleted.

      Field Update on 05/05/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

      Complete Update on 03/08/1988, 2 fields added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 09/03/1987

Created 19830401 by DS