Black, non Hispanic 1977 ................................. 72.4 ( 1.8) 27.2 ( 1.5) 3.5 ( 0.6) 0.2   57.3 ( 2.4) 14.9 ( 1.7) 1.2 ( 0.4) 0.0   83.6 ( 1.3) 40.5 ( 1.5) 7.7 ( 1.0) 0.4 ( 0.2) 1982 ................................. 82.1 ( 3.0) 38.9 ( 2.7) 3.9 ( 1.3) 0.1   68.6 ( 2.4) 17.1 ( 1.9) 0.8 ( 0.3) 0.0   79.7 ( 1.9) 35.0 ( 2.1) 6.5 ( 1.1) 0.2 ( 0.2) 1986 ................................. 88.6 ( 1.4) 46.2 ( 2.3) 8.3 ( 1.5) 0.3   73.6 ( 3.0) 19.6 ( 2.8) 1.1 ( 0.4) 0.0   90.9 ( 2.1) 52.2 ( 3.2) 12.5 ( 2.2) 0.9 ( 0.6) 1990 ................................. 88.0 ( 1.3) 46.4 ( 3.1) 8.5 ( 1.1) 0.1   77.6 ( 3.6) 24.3 ( 3.3) 1.5 ( 0.5) 0.1   88.3 ( 1.9) 51.4 ( 3.7) 15.7 ( 4.0) 1.5 ( 0.8) 1992 ................................. 90.7 ( 1.8) 51.3 ( 3.5) 9.2 ( 1.4) 0.3   73.8 ( 2.8) 26.2 ( 2.8) 1.8 ( 0.8) 0.0   92.1 ( 1.8) 55.7 ( 3.7) 14.1 ( 2.5) 0.8   1994 ................................. 91.0 ( 1.5) 51.6 ( 2.3) 11.1 ( 1.4) 0.2   73.5 ( 3.2) 22.4 ( 4.3) 2.2   0.0   91.1 ( 1.9) 58.1 ( 3.7) 15.4 ( 2.3) 0.5 ( 0.3) 1996 ................................. 91.0 ( 1.6) 52.2 ( 3.4) 10.6 ( 2.0) 0.3   75.9 ( 2.7) 25.5 ( 2.2) 1.9 ( 0.9) 0.0   93.0 ( 1.2) 59.8 ( 3.2) 17.7 ( 2.7) 0.8 ( 0.5) 1999 ................................. 88.9 ( 1.6) 49.2 ( 2.6) 9.5 ( 1.6) 0.3   79.1 ( 2.4) 24.9 ( 3.6) 1.1 ( 0.4) 0.0   91.9 ( 1.7) 54.8 ( 3.4) 12.4 ( 2.2) 0.4   Hispanic 1977 ................................. 84.6 ( 1.8) 42.0 ( 3.1) 8.8 ( 1.7) 0.3   62.2 ( 2.4) 18.1 ( 1.8) 1.8 ( 0.8) 0.0   93.1 ( 1.7) 61.5 ( 1.7) 18.5 ( 2.1) 1.8 ( 0.6) 1982 ................................. 85.1 ( 3.1) 40.2 ( 6.1) 4.2 ( 2.7) 0.0   75.5 ( 3.3) 24.1 ( 5.1) 2.4 ( 0.9) 0.0   86.9 ( 2.9) 48.0 ( 2.7) 11.1 ( 2.0) 1.4 ( 0.9) 1986 ................................. 89.6 ( 2.4) 50.1 ( 3.7) 10.7 ( 2.4) 0.2   76.7 ( 3.2) 24.9 ( 4.3) 1.5 ( 0.7) 0.0   93.3 ( 2.4) 60.0 ( 7.2) 14.8 ( 2.9) 1.1 ( 0.7) 1990 ................................. 93.6 ( 1.5) 56.3 ( 3.7) 11.6 ( 2.1) 0.4   80.2 ( 2.9) 30.0 ( 2.8) 3.3 ( 0.8) 0.1   91.9 ( 2.2) 59.9 ( 5.0) 21.1 ( 3.3) 2.1   1992 ................................. 92.4 ( 1.7) 55.5 ( 4.3) 11.7 ( 1.8) 0.4   86.2 ( 2.6) 36.5 ( 2.9) 3.3 ( 1.3) 0.0   94.6 ( 2.6) 68.3 ( 6.6) 23.0 ( 3.8) 2.5 ( 1.2) 1994 ................................. 91.1 ( 2.3) 49.9 ( 3.1) 10.8 ( 2.5) 0.7 ( 0.5) 81.2 ( 2.5) 31.6 ( 3.3) 2.4 ( 0.9) 0.0   89.9 ( 3.3) 58.6 ( 7.4) 21.7 ( 4.1) 1.5 ( 0.7) 1996 ................................. 92.6 ( 1.9) 57.8 ( 3.1) 13.1 ( 3.1) 0.4   81.0 ( 2.8) 30.9 ( 3.3) 3.2 ( 1.0) 0.0   94.1 ( 1.6) 67.6 ( 4.5) 23.9 ( 2.5) 3.0 ( 1.4) 1999 ................................. 94.2 ( 1.8) 56.3 ( 2.5) 11.6 ( 1.6) 0.3   78.3 ( 2.3) 24.7 ( 2.2) 1.8 ( 0.6) 0.0   96.9 ( 2.0) 73.3 ( 4.2) 27.2 ( 4.5) 4.7 ( 1.6)

Public 1977 ................................. 93.0 ( 0.7) 66.4 ( 1.3) 24.5 ( 0.9) 2.9 ( 0.3) 84.9 ( 0.8) 46.7 ( 1.2) 10.2 ( 0.5) 0.6 ( 0.1) 97.0 ( 0.2) 80.8 ( 0.7) 40.5 ( 0.8) 8.1 ( 0.4) 1982 ................................. 94.9 ( 0.8) 69.5 ( 2.1) 23.9 ( 2.1) 2.3 ( 0.7) 89.2 ( 0.9) 49.2 ( 1.8) 8.9 ( 0.8) 0.3 ( 0.1) 95.4 ( 0.6) 75.8 ( 1.0) 36.6 ( 0.9) 6.9 ( 0.4) 1986 ................................. 95.8 ( 0.4) 70.5 ( 1.3) 26.3 ( 1.5) 2.8 ( 0.6) 91.3 ( 1.0) 51.9 ( 1.7) 8.9 ( 0.9) 0.2 ( 0.1) 97.0 ( 0.5) 80.1 ( 1.4) 39.9 ( 1.5) 7.2 ( 0.7) 1990 ................................. 96.7 ( 0.4) 75.5 ( 1.0) 30.3 ( 0.8) 3.0 ( 0.4) 91.6 ( 0.8) 54.7 ( 1.2) 10.7 ( 0.7) 0.4 ( 0.1) 96.5 ( 0.4) 80.4 ( 0.9) 42.0 ( 1.3) 8.7 ( 0.5) 1992 ................................. 97.1 ( 0.4) 76.7 ( 1.3) 31.5 ( 1.0) 3.2 ( 0.3) 92.7 ( 0.5) 60.2 ( 1.2) 11.9 ( 0.9) 0.3 ( 0.1) 97.5 ( 0.5) 82.0 ( 1.2) 44.8 ( 1.5) 9.6 ( 0.8) 1994 ................................. 96.9 ( 0.4) 76.1 ( 1.2) 32.5 ( 1.4) 3.6 ( 0.5) 91.9 ( 0.6) 57.8 ( 1.2) 11.3 ( 0.9) 0.2 ( 0.1) 96.8 ( 0.7) 81.7 ( 1.3) 45.3 ( 1.1) 9.4 ( 0.5) 1996 ................................. 96.7 ( 0.5) 75.3 ( 1.3) 30.9 ( 1.4) 4.1 ( 0.3) 91.5 ( 0.8) 56.0 ( 1.3) 11.5 ( 0.8) 0.4 ( 0.2) 97.7 ( 0.4) 83.2 ( 1.0) 47.7 ( 1.3) 10.5 ( 1.0) 1999 ................................. 96.7 ( 0.4) 76.1 ( 1.1) 30.4 ( 0.9) 2.8 ( 0.4) 92.0 ( 0.5) 55.7 ( 1.3) 10.1 ( 0.9) 0.1   97.8 ( 0.3) 83.8 ( 1.1) 45.7 ( 1.5) 9.2 ( 0.7)

Private 1977 ................................. 98.1 ( 0.6) 80.3 ( 1.7) 35.6 ( 1.9) 5.1 ( 1.1) 95.7 ( 1.0) 68.8 ( 2.6) 19.6 ( 1.9) 1.6 ( 0.3) 99.5 ( 0.2) 92.9 ( 1.2) 58.9 ( 2.8) 14.8 ( 1.9) 1982 ................................. 98.9   82.6 ( 3.5) 28.2 ( 5.6) 2.1 ( 1.2) 95.0 ( 1.5) 65.8 ( 4.1) 16.0 ( 2.4) 0.8 ( 0.5) 97.9 ( 0.7) 83.5 ( 2.8) 44.2 ( 2.6) 8.5 ( 2.3) 1986 ................................. 98.2 ( 0.7) 79.7 ( 2.3) 33.8 ( 2.8) 4.0 ( 0.7) 97.3 ( 1.8) 66.8 ( 8.2) 12.8 ( 3.6) 0.3   99.8   96.5 ( 2.2) 74.6 ( 10.9) 23.1 ( 7.7) 1990 ................................. 98.7   83.6 ( 2.4) 37.2 ( 3.0) 3.9 ( 1.0) 98.4 ( 0.8) 72.0 ( 2.6) 16.2 ( 1.5) 0.5   99.5   90.6 ( 4.1) 59.8 ( 6.7) 15.8 ( 3.2) 1992 ................................. 99.2   86.2 ( 2.0) 40.6 ( 3.4) 4.6 ( 1.3) 96.4 ( 1.1) 68.9 ( 3.1) 13.2 ( 2.0) 0.1   100.0   95.5 ( 2.0) 63.1 ( 5.3) 14.1 ( 2.7) 1994 ................................. 99.3 ( 0.4) 87.1 ( 2.4) 42.7 ( 2.8) 5.6 ( 1.0) 96.5 ( 1.4) 72.7 ( 3.2) 15.5 ( 2.6) 0.1   99.3 ( 0.4) 93.1 ( 2.3) 62.7 ( 5.2) 14.8 ( 4.0) 1996 ................................. 97.2 ( 1.2) 81.6 ( 3.2) 41.1 ( 3.7) 6.5 ( 2.2) 96.0 ( 2.1) 70.6 ( 5.4) 18.2 ( 3.0) 1.0   99.0   90.1 ( 3.0) 56.3 ( 7.0) 13.0 ( 3.1) 1999 ................................. 99.2 ( 0.5) 86.2 ( 3.0) 38.2 ( 4.2) 4.5 ( 1.2) 97.9 ( 1.2) 74.1 ( 2.8) 17.3 ( 2.5) 0.3   99.6   94.9 ( 3.2) 62.2 ( 4.2) 14.0 ( 2.9)

  Not available.

1 Virtually no students were able to integrate specialized scientific information.

2 Virtually all students knew everyday science facts.

3 Scale score of 150 or above.

4 Scale score of 200 or above.

5 Scale score of 250 or above.

6 Scale score of 300 or above.

7 Scale score of 350 or above. NOTE: Science proficiency levels measured by the National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP). Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Assessment of Educational Progress, NAEP Trends in Academic Progress, various years, by Educational Testing Service. ( This table was prepared November 2001.) 151 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ACHIEVEMENT Table 132.   Average proficiency in science for 8th graders in public schools, by selected characteristics and state: 1996 State Average Sex Race/ ethnicity Parental education 1 Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian American Indian/ Alaskan Native Did not finish high school Graduated high school Some education after high school Graduated college 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 United States ......... 148 ( 0.9) 149 ( 1.1) 148 ( 1.2) 159 ( 1.1) 120 ( 1.2) 127 ( 1.8) 150 ( 3.3) 148 ( 4.2) 131 ( 2.0) 140 ( 1.5) 155 ( 1.2) 157 ( 1.3)

Alabama ...................... 139 ( 1.6) 138 ( 2.0) 139 ( 1.7) 151 ( 1.5) 117 ( 1.8) 107 ( 7.6) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 130 ( 3.0) 129 ( 2.0) 145 ( 1.7) 147 ( 2.3) Alaska 3 ....................... 153 ( 1.3) 155 ( 1.5) 150 ( 1.8) 162 ( 1.2) ( 2) ( 2) 137 ( 4.6) 152 ( 3.8) 129 ( 3.4) ( 2) ( 2) 141 ( 3.1) 155 ( 1.5) 163 ( 1.3) Arizona ........................ 145 ( 1.6) 147 ( 1.8) 143 ( 1.7) 157 ( 1.3) 124 ( 3.3) 129 ( 2.1) ( 2) ( 2) 121 ( 8.6) 121 ( 3.1) 136 ( 2.1) 151 ( 1.7) 158 ( 1.4) Arkansas 3 ................... 144 ( 1.3) 147 ( 1.8) 142 ( 1.5) 154 ( 1.5) 116 ( 2.5) 122 ( 5.8) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 129 ( 3.3) 136 ( 1.9) 150 ( 1.9) 154 ( 2.0) California ..................... 138 ( 1.7) 140 ( 2.0) 136 ( 1.9) 156 ( 1.7) 121 ( 3.4) 121 ( 1.9) 148 ( 3.6) ( 2) ( 2) 118 ( 2.7) 129 ( 2.5) 144 ( 2.0) 153 ( 2.0)

Colorado ..................... 155 ( 0.9) 156 ( 1.2) 153 ( 1.1) 162 ( 0.8) 142 ( 2.2) 135 ( 2.3) 155 ( 4.8) 142 ( 4.3) 133 ( 3.9) 142 ( 1.9) 157 ( 1.6) 163 ( 0.9) Connecticut ................. 155 ( 1.3) 156 ( 1.4) 155 ( 1.5) 165 ( 1.0) 121 ( 4.4) 122 ( 2.6) 163 ( 3.7) ( 2) ( 2) 129 ( 3.8) 140 ( 2.3) 155 ( 1.7) 167 ( 1.2) Delaware ..................... 142 ( 0.8) 143 ( 1.4) 140 ( 1.0) 152 ( 0.8) 122 ( 1.8) 116 ( 4.1) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 121 ( 4.5) 135 ( 1.8) 146 ( 1.4) 151 ( 1.4) District of Columbia .... 113 ( 0.7) 113 ( 1.2) 113 ( 1.4) ( 2)( 2) 112 ( 0.9) 98 ( 3.3) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 106 ( 3.1) 107 ( 1.8) 120 ( 2.5) 121 ( 1.6) Florida ......................... 142 ( 1.6) 144 ( 1.6) 140 ( 2.0) 155 ( 1.5) 119 ( 2.7) 129 ( 2.2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 127 ( 3.4) 132 ( 2.3) 148 ( 1.5) 150 ( 2.0)

Georgia ....................... 142 ( 1.4) 144 ( 1.8) 139 ( 1.5) 155 ( 1.2) 122 ( 1.4) 128 ( 4.2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 127 ( 2.4) 129 ( 2.1) 145 ( 1.6) 153 ( 2.2) Hawaii ......................... 135 ( 0.7) 135 ( 1.0) 135 ( 1.0) 146 ( 1.8) 128 ( 4.4) 121 ( 1.8) 138 ( 1.1) ( 2) ( 2) 119 ( 5.3) 120 ( 2.3) 139 ( 1.9) 147 ( 1.1) Indiana ........................ 153 ( 1.4) 154 ( 1.7) 152 ( 1.5) 158 ( 1.3) 125 ( 3.3) 139 ( 2.1) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 139 ( 2.9) 144 ( 1.9) 156 ( 1.7) 162 ( 1.9) Iowa 3 .......................... 158 ( 1.2) 159 ( 1.3) 157 ( 1.4) 160 ( 1.1) 131 ( 3.6) 140 ( 4.6) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 141 ( 3.4) 150 ( 1.5) 160 ( 1.7) 165 ( 1.2) Kentucky ..................... 147 ( 1.2) 148 ( 1.5) 147 ( 1.3) 151 ( 1.1) 127 ( 2.7) 113 ( 6.2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 130 ( 2.1) 143 ( 1.5) 151 ( 1.6) 158 ( 1.8)

Louisiana ..................... 132 ( 1.6) 136 ( 1.9) 129 ( 1.7) 148 ( 1.3) 113 ( 2.1) 104 ( 5.7) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 123 ( 3.1) 128 ( 1.9) 141 ( 2.1) 136 ( 2.3) Maine .......................... 163 ( 1.0) 165 ( 1.2) 161 ( 1.2) 164 ( 0.9) ( 2) ( 2) 141 ( 4.6) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 141 ( 2.9) 153 ( 1.5) 164 ( 1.7) 171 ( 1.1) Maryland 3 ................... 145 ( 1.5) 146 ( 1.9) 145 ( 1.5) 160 ( 1.4) 124 ( 1.4) 121 ( 4.1) 161 ( 3.6) ( 2) ( 2) 126 ( 3.6) 136 ( 2.0) 147 ( 2.0) 153 ( 2.0) Massachusetts ............ 157 ( 1.4) 159 ( 1.7) 154 ( 1.5) 163 ( 1.2) 126 ( 3.3) 126 ( 3.9) 152 ( 7.3) ( 2) ( 2) 134 ( 4.7) 145 ( 2.4) 156 ( 2.0) 166 ( 1.3) Michigan 3 ................... 153 ( 1.4) 156 ( 1.6) 150 ( 1.7) 161 ( 1.4) 122 ( 2.4) 134 ( 4.9) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 137 ( 5.3) 144 ( 2.0) 156 ( 1.6) 161 ( 1.7)

Minnesota ................... 159 ( 1.3) 161 ( 1.4) 157 ( 1.5) 162 ( 1.2) 130 ( 4.4) 134 ( 5.3) 152 ( 9.7) ( 2) ( 2) 137 ( 4.5) 151 ( 1.8) 161 ( 1.7) 165 ( 1.4) Mississippi ................... 133 ( 1.4) 134 ( 1.8) 132 ( 1.3) 149 ( 1.2) 119 ( 1.4) 105 ( 3.8) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 125 ( 2.5) 126 ( 1.9) 142 ( 1.8) 138 ( 1.9) Missouri ....................... 151 ( 1.2) 152 ( 1.3) 150 ( 1.3) 158 ( 1.0) 120 ( 2.8) 130 ( 5.0) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 136 ( 2.8) 144 ( 1.6) 156 ( 1.4) 159 ( 1.3) Montana 3 .................... 162 ( 1.2) 164 ( 1.7) 160 ( 1.3) 166 ( 0.9) ( 2) ( 2) 147 ( 2.7) ( 2) ( 2) 139 ( 2.7) 139 ( 3.1) 155 ( 2.2) 164 ( 1.5) 168 ( 1.3) Nebraska ..................... 157 ( 1.0) 160 ( 1.2) 155 ( 1.3) 161 ( 0.9) 130 ( 3.1) 134 ( 3.1) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 133 ( 2.8) 148 ( 1.8) 161 ( 1.5) 165 ( 1.2)

New Mexico ................ 141 ( 1.0) 143 ( 1.3) 139 ( 1.1) 159 ( 1.0) ( 2) ( 2) 130 ( 1.1) ( 2) ( 2) 126 ( 2.4) 119 ( 2.4) 131 ( 1.8) 147 ( 1.5) 154 ( 1.2) New York 3 .................. 146 ( 1.6) 148 ( 2.5) 143 ( 1.3) 161 ( 1.4) 120 ( 1.9) 116 ( 2.7) 155 ( 5.4) ( 2) ( 2) 123 ( 5.4) 138 ( 3.6) 147 ( 2.0) 157 ( 1.7) North Carolina ............. 147 ( 1.2) 149 ( 1.5) 145 ( 1.3) 157 ( 1.1) 126 ( 1.4) 123 ( 3.6) ( 2) ( 2) 136 ( 4.1) 126 ( 2.6) 134 ( 1.7) 150 ( 1.7) 158 ( 1.4) North Dakota ............... 162 ( 0.8) 163 ( 0.9) 161 ( 0.9) 164 ( 0.8) ( 2) ( 2) 137 ( 4.5) ( 2) ( 2) 137 ( 6.9) 148 ( 3.7) 157 ( 1.9) 160 ( 1.6) 167 ( 0.9) Oregon ........................ 155 ( 1.6) 157 ( 2.0) 153 ( 1.5) 158 ( 1.4) ( 2) ( 2) 133 ( 3.7) 157 ( 3.3) 142 ( 7.9) 137 ( 3.1) 143 ( 2.0) 157 ( 1.5) 164 ( 1.7)

Rhode Island ............... 149 ( 0.8) 150 ( 1.1) 148 ( 1.2) 155 ( 0.9) 130 ( 2.8) 118 ( 1.8) 142 ( 3.1) ( 2) ( 2) 123 ( 2.7) 141 ( 1.9) 154 ( 1.8) 160 ( 1.0) South Carolina 3 .......... 139 ( 1.5) 141 ( 1.9) 136 ( 1.5) 153 ( 1.6) 122 ( 1.6) 122 ( 4.1) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 125 ( 3.7) 127 ( 1.8) 145 ( 2.1) 148 ( 2.1) Tennessee .................. 143 ( 1.8) 144 ( 2.0) 142 ( 2.1) 151 ( 1.7) 117 ( 3.1) 104 ( 6.2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 127 ( 2.4) 135 ( 2.2) 149 ( 2.2) 154 ( 2.2) Texas .......................... 145 ( 1.8) 147 ( 1.6) 143 ( 2.4) 161 ( 1.2) 127 ( 2.4) 129 ( 2.7) 157 ( 3.6) ( 2) ( 2) 128 ( 2.0) 137 ( 2.4) 152 ( 1.8) 157 ( 1.5) Utah ............................ 156 ( 0.8) 159 ( 1.2) 154 ( 0.8) 159 ( 0.7) ( 2) ( 2) 133 ( 2.9) 143 ( 3.2) ( 2) ( 2) 129 ( 5.9) 147 ( 1.5) 156 ( 1.5) 162 ( 0.8)

Vermont 3 .................... 157 ( 1.0) 158 ( 1.3) 156 ( 1.1) 159 ( 0.9) ( 2) ( 2) 136 ( 3.4) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 132 ( 4.3) 146 ( 1.5) 157 ( 1.8) 167 ( 1.1) Virginia ........................ 149 ( 1.6) 150 ( 1.7) 148 ( 1.7) 158 ( 1.4) 126 ( 2.3) 132 ( 4.2) 165 ( 3.2) ( 2) ( 2) 127 ( 2.8) 136 ( 2.1) 152 ( 1.9) 161 ( 1.9) Washington ................. 150 ( 1.3) 152 ( 1.6) 147 ( 1.4) 156 ( 1.1) 127 ( 4.2) 125 ( 3.5) 149 ( 3.3) 130 ( 4.3) 128 ( 4.2) 141 ( 2.3) 154 ( 1.7) 158 ( 1.4) West Virginia ............... 147 ( 0.9) 148 ( 1.3) 147 ( 1.1) 149 ( 0.9) 127 ( 3.2) 122 ( 4.3) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 130 ( 2.3) 142 ( 1.2) 152 ( 1.3) 156 ( 1.3) Wisconsin 3 ................. 160 ( 1.7) 161 ( 1.9) 158 ( 1.7) 165 ( 1.1) 115 ( 5.3) 141 ( 4.6) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 140 ( 4.3) 155 ( 2.3) 161 ( 1.8) 169 ( 1.6) Wyoming ..................... 158 ( 0.6) 159 ( 1.0) 156 ( 0.9) 161 ( 0.6) ( 2) ( 2) 140 ( 1.9) ( 2) ( 2) 138 ( 2.5) 139 ( 2.7) 150 ( 1.3) 159 ( 1.3) 165 ( 0.9)

Department of Defense dependents schools overseas schools .... 155 ( 0.7) 157 ( 1.1) 154 ( 0.9) 164 ( 1.2) 140 ( 1.2) 146 ( 1.6) 156 ( 1.4) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) ( 2) 144 ( 1.9) 159 ( 1.3) 158 ( 1.0)

Outlying area Guam .......................... 120 ( 1.1) 120 ( 1.6) 120 ( 1.6) 138 ( 4.6) ( 2) ( 2) 106 ( 2.9) 122 ( 1.4) ( 2) ( 2) 106 ( 3.6) 113 ( 2.0) 130 ( 2.4) 128 ( 2.1)

1 Parents' highest level of education. Data not shown for students who did not know parents' level of education. 2 Sample size is insufficient to permit a reliable estimate. 3 Did not satisfy one or more of the guidelines for school sample participation rates. Data are subject to appreciable nonresponse bias.

NOTE: These test scores are from the National Assessment of Educational Progress ( NAEP). The NAEP scores have been evaluated at certain performance levels. Scale ranges from 0 to 300. Excludes states not participating in the survey. Some data have been revised from previously published figures. Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress, NAEP 1996 Science Report Card for the Nation and the States, prepared by Educational Testing Service. ( This table was prepared June 1999.) 152 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ACHIEVEMENT Table 133.   Performance of 8th grade students in music, theatre, and visual arts, by selected characteristics of students: 1997 Selected characteristics of students Music Visual arts Theatre Average creating score ( 0 to 100 percent) Average performing score ( 0 to 100 percent) Average responding scale score ( 0   300) Average creating score ( 0 to 100 percent) Average responding scale score ( 0   300) Average creating/ performing ( 0 to 100 percent) Average responding scale score ( 0   300)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 All students ....................................... 34 ( 1.1) 34 ( 1.2) 150 ( 1.3) 43 ( 0.7) 150 ( 1.1) 49 ( 2.0) 150 ( 5.7)

Sex Male ................................................ 32 ( 1.0) 27 ( 1.4) 140 ( 1.5) 42 ( 0.7) 146 ( 1.5) 46 ( 2.2) 140 ( 6.6) Female ........................................... 37 ( 1.6) 40 ( 1.5) 160 ( 1.6) 45 ( 0.9) 154 ( 1.4) 52 ( 2.1) 158 ( 5.6)

Race/ ethnicity White .............................................. 36 ( 1.2) 36 ( 1.4) 158 ( 1.4) 46 ( 0.9) 159 ( 1.3) 52 ( 1.9) 159 ( 4.4) Black ............................................... 34 ( 3.6) 30 ( 1.9) 130 ( 2.3) 37 ( 1.8) 124 ( 2.0) 39 ( 2.2) 120 ( 10.1) Hispanic .......................................... 29 ( 2.7) 24 ( 3.7) 127 ( 3.5) 38 ( 1.3) 128 ( 2.0) 44 ( 2.5) 139 ( 6.2) Asian .............................................. 31 ( 3.8)     152 ( 6.2) 45 ( 1.6) 153 ( 6.4)         Parents' level of education Not high school graduate ............... 24 ( 2.5) 21 ( 2.4) 129 ( 3.5) 36 ( 1.4) 125 ( 2.4) 42 ( 2.1) 131 ( 4.4) Graduated high school ................... 29 ( 2.0) 29 ( 2.4) 139 ( 1.3) 41 ( 1.1) 138 ( 1.8) 42 ( 1.9) 130 ( 8.5) Some college ................................. 35 ( 1.3) 34 ( 2.4) 150 ( 1.8) 44 ( 0.8) 153 ( 1.8) 49 ( 1.8) 153 ( 5.1) Graduated college .......................... 39 ( 1.3) 39 ( 1.5) 159 ( 1.7) 46 ( 0.7) 158 ( 1.4) 52 ( 2.2) 157 ( 5.6)

Region Northeast ........................................ 39 ( 2.0) 34 ( 2.6) 153 ( 4.0) 45 ( 1.5) 152 ( 4.0)         Southeast ....................................... 30 ( 2.7) 33 ( 2.4) 139 ( 2.7) 42 ( 1.0) 143 ( 3.3)         Central ............................................ 36 ( 1.4) 33 ( 2.1) 157 ( 3.0) 45 ( 1.8) 157 ( 3.5)         West ............................................... 33 ( 2.3) 35 ( 2.9) 152 ( 3.0) 43 ( 1.3) 149 ( 2.6) 51 ( 2.1) 157 ( 5.3)

  Not available.

NOTE: Creating refers to expressing ideas and feelings in the form of an original work of art, for example, a dance, a piece of music, a dramatic improvisation, or a sculpture. Performing refers to performing an existing work, a process that calls upon the interpretive or recreative skills of the student. Responding refers to observing, describing, analyzing and evaluating works of art. Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Assessment of Educational Progress, The NAEP 1997 Arts Report Card. ( This table was prepared November 1998.)

Table 134.   Scholastic Assessment Test ( SAT) averages, by race/ ethnicity: 1986   87   2000   01 Racial/ ethnic background 1986   87 1990   91 1995   96 1996   97 1997   98 1998   99 1999   2000 2000   01 Score change 1986   87 to 1996   97 1990   91 to 2000   01 1995   96 to 1996   97 1996   97 to 1997   98 1998   99 to 1999   2000 1999   2000 to 2000   01 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 SAT Verbal All students ........................ 507 499 505 505 505 505 505 506   2 7 0 0 0 1 White ........................................ 524 518 526 526 526 527 528 529 2 11 0 0 1 1 Black ........................................ 428 427 434 434 434 434 434 433 6 6 0 0 0   1 Hispanic or Latino .................... 464 458 465 466 461 463 461 460 2 2 1   5   2   1 Mexican American ................... 457 454 455 451 453 453 453 451   6   3   4 2 0   2 Puerto Rican ............................ 436 436 452 454 452 455 456 457 18 21 2   2 1 1 Asian American ....................... 479 485 496 496 498 498 499 501 17 16 0 2 1 2 American Indian ....................... 471 470 483 475 480 484 482 481 4 11   8 5   2   1 Other ........................................ 480 486 511 512 511 511 508 503 32 17 1   1   3   5 SAT Mathematical All students ........................ 501 500 508 511 512 511 514 514 10 14 3 1 3 0 White ........................................ 514 513 523 526 528 528 530 531 12 18 3 2 2 1 Black ........................................ 411 419 422 423 426 422 426 426 12 7 1 3 4 0 Hispanic or Latino .................... 462 462 466 468 466 464 467 465 6 3 2   2 3   2 Mexican American ................... 455 459 459 458 460 456 460 458 3   1   1 2 4   2 Puerto Rican ............................ 432 439 445 447 447 448 451 451 15 12 2 0 3 0 Asian American ....................... 541 548 558 560 562 560 565 566 19 18 2 2 5 1 American Indian ....................... 463 468 477 475 483 481 481 479 12 11   2 8 0   2 Other ........................................ 482 492 512 514 514 511 515 512 32 20 2 0 4   3 NOTE: Scholastic Assessment Test was formerly known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test. Possible scores on each part of the SAT range from 200 to 800. SOURCE: College Entrance Examination Board, National Report on College Bound Seniors, various years. ( Copyright   2001 by the College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared August 2001.) 153 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ACHIEVEMENT Table 135.   Scholastic Assessment Test score averages for college bound high school seniors, by sex: 1966   67 to 2000   01 School year Scholastic Assessment Test I 1 ( recentered scale) 2 Scholastic Aptitude Test ( old scale)

Verbal score Mathematical score Verbal score Mathematical score Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female Total Male Female 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1966   67 ......... 543 540 545 516 535 495 466 463 468 492 514 467 1967   68 ......... 543 541 543 516 533 497 466 464 466 492 512 470 1968   69 ......... 540 536 543 517 534 498 463 459 466 493 513 470 1969   70 ......... 537 536 538 512 531 493 460 459 461 488 509 465 1970   71 ......... 532 531 534 513 529 494 455 454 457 488 507 466 1971   72 ......... 530 531 529 509 527 489 453 454 452 484 505 461 1972   73 ......... 523 523 521 506 525 489 445 446 443 481 502 460 1973   74 ......... 521 524 520 505 524 488 444 447 442 480 501 459 1974   75 ......... 512 515 509 498 518 479 434 437 431 472 495 449 1975   76 ......... 509 511 508 497 520 475 431 433 430 472 497 446 1976   77 ......... 507 509 505 496 520 474 429 431 427 470 497 445 1977   78 ......... 507 511 503 494 517 474 429 433 425 468 494 444 1978   79 ......... 505 509 501 493 516 473 427 431 423 467 493 443 1979   80 ......... 502 506 498 492 515 473 424 428 420 466 491 443 1980   81 ......... 502 508 496 492 516 473 424 430 418 466 492 443 1981   82 ......... 504 509 499 493 516 473 426 431 421 467 493 443 1982   83 ......... 503 508 498 494 516 474 425 430 420 468 493 445 1983   84 ......... 504 511 498 497 518 478 426 433 420 471 495 449 1984   85 ......... 509 514 503 500 522 480 431 437 425 475 499 452 1985   86 ......... 509 515 504 500 523 479 431 437 426 475 501 451 1986   87 ......... 507 512 502 501 523 481 430 435 425 476 500 453 1987   88 ......... 505 512 499 501 521 483 428 435 422 476 498 455 1988   89 ......... 504 510 498 502 523 482 427 434 421 476 500 454 1989   90 ......... 500 505 496 501 521 483 424 429 419 476 499 455 1990   91 ......... 499 503 495 500 520 482 422 426 418 474 497 453 1991   92 ......... 500 504 496 501 521 484 423 428 419 476 499 456 1992   93 ......... 500 504 497 503 524 484 424 428 420 478 502 457 1993   94 ......... 499 501 497 504 523 487 423 425 421 479 501 460 1994   95 ......... 504 505 502 506 525 490 428 429 426 482 503 463 1995   96 ......... 505 507 503 508 527 492             1996   97 ......... 505 507 503 511 530 494             1997   98 ......... 505 509 502 512 531 496             1998   99 ......... 505 509 502 511 531 495             1999   2000 ..... 505 507 504 514 533 498             2000   01 ......... 506 509 502 514 533 498               Not available. 1 Formerly known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test. 2 Data for 1967 to 1986 were converted to the recentered scale by using a formula applied to the original mean and standard deviation. For 1987 to 1995, individual student scores were converted to the recentered scale and recomputed. For 1996 to 2001, most students received scores on the recentered scale score. Any score on the original scale was converted to the recentered scale prior to recomputing the mean. NOTE: Possible scores on each part of the SAT range from 200 to 800. Data for the years 1966   67 through 1970   71 are estimates derived from the test scores of all participants

SOURCE: College Entrance Examination Board, National Report on College Bound Seniors, various years. ( Copyright   2001 by the College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared August 2001.) 154 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ACHIEVEMENT Table 136.   Scholastic Assessment Test score averages, by selected student characteristics: 1995   96   2000   01 Selected characteristics 1995   96 1997   98 1999   2000 2000   01 Verbal score Mathematical score Percentage distribution 1 Verbal score Mathematical score Percentage distribution 1 Verbal score Mathematical score Percentage distribution 1 Verbal score Mathematical score Percentage distribution 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 All students ......................................................... 505 508 100 505 512 100 505 514 100 506 514 100 High school rank Top decile ............................................................ 591 606 22 590 607 21 589 608 22 588 607 24 Second decile ...................................................... 530 539 22 530 543 22 528 543 23 526 540 23 Second quintile .................................................... 494 496 28 494 500 28 493 500 27 490 497 26 Third quintile ........................................................ 455 448 24 454 453 24 455 453 23 454 452 22 Fourth quintile ..................................................... 429 418 4 427 421 4 425 419 4 423 417 4 Fifth quintile ......................................................... 411 401 1 408 403 1 408 401 1 407 401 1 High school grade point average A+ ( 97   100) ........................................................ 617 632 6 613 629 7 610 628 7 609 626 7 A ( 93   96) ............................................................ 573 583 14 569 582 15 567 582 16 566 581 17 A ( 90   92) ........................................................... 545 554 15 542 554 16 540 553 17 540 552 17 B ( 80   89) ............................................................ 486 485 49 483 487 48 482 486 47 482 486 47 C ( 70   79) ............................................................ 432 426 15 430 428 13 428 426 12 428 425 12 D, E, or F ( below 70) .......................................... 414 408 ( 2) 408 411 ( 2) 405 406 ( 2) 403 404 ( 2)

Intended college major Agriculture/ natural resources .............................. 491 484 2 491 487 2 490 486 1 487 484 1 Architecture/ environmental design ...................... 492 519 3 494 524 2 494 524 2 493 521 2 Arts: visual/ performing ........................................ 520 497 6 520 502 7 518 502 8 518 501 8 Biological sciences .............................................. 546 545 6 545 546 6 544 548 5 545 549 5 Business and commerce ..................................... 483 500 13 484 505 14 487 510 14 489 511 14 Communications .................................................. 527 497 4 523 501 4 526 505 4 527 506 4 Computer or information sciences ...................... 497 522 3 500 529 5 499 533 6 501 533 7 Education ............................................................ 487 477 8 483 480 9 483 481 9 483 481 9 Engineering ......................................................... 525 569 8 525 571 9 523 573 8 523 572 9 Foreign/ classical languages ................................ 556 534 ( 2) 552 538 1 558 539 1 557 540 1 General/ interdisciplinary ...................................... 576 553 ( 2) 568 549 ( 2) 562 545 ( 2) 554 539 ( 2) Health and allied services ................................... 500 505 19 497 505 18 497 505 16 494 502 15 Home economics ................................................ 458 452 ( 2) 458 459 ( 2) 462 462 ( 2) 459 458 ( 2) Language and literature ...................................... 605 545 1 605 549 1 608 552 1 606 549 1 Library and archival sciences ............................. 554 512 ( 2) 547 525 ( 2) 556 511 ( 2) 574 504 ( 2) Mathematics ........................................................ 552 628 1 552 629 1 551 630 1 549 625 1 Military sciences .................................................. 503 505 ( 2) 504 507 ( 2) 505 512 ( 2) 507 511 ( 2) Philosophy/ religion/ theology ................................ 560 536 ( 2) 558 538 1 560 539 1 561 539 1 Physical sciences ................................................ 575 595 1 571 592 1 569 592 1 568 588 1 Public affairs and services .................................. 458 448 3 459 453 3 459 454 3 461 455 2 Social sciences and history ................................ 532 509 11 531 512 11 532 513 11 531 512 10 Technical and vocational .................................... 435 441 1 440 448 1 442 452 1 444 451 1 Undecided ........................................................... 500 507 7 510 520 6 512 521 7 515 524 7 Degree level goal Certificate program .............................................. 434 439 1 436 447 1 439 453 1 443 455 1 Associate degree ................................................ 422 415 2 421 419 2 420 419 2 419 416 2 Bachelor's degree ............................................... 476 476 23 475 480 23 478 483 25 478 483 25 Master's degree .................................................. 514 518 29 513 523 31 515 526 31 516 526 31 Doctoral or related degree .................................. 548 552 24 548 554 23 547 554 22 547 554 21 Other ................................................................... 430 438 1 435 446 1 442 454 1 438 449 1 Undecided ........................................................... 502 503 20 505 510 19 508 514 19 511 517 19 Family income Less than $ 10,000 .............................................. 429 444 4 427 446 5 425 447 4 421 443 4 $ 10,000 but less than $ 20,000 ........................... 456 464 8 451 463 9 447 460 8 442 456 8 $ 20,000, but less than $ 30,000 .......................... 482 482 10 477 482 11 471 478 10 468 474 10 $ 30,000, but less than $ 40,000 .......................... 497 495 12 495 497 13 490 493 12 487 489 12 $ 40,000, but less than $ 50,000 .......................... 509 507 10 506 509 11 503 505 10 501 503 10 $ 50,000, but less than $ 60,000 .......................... 517 517 9 514 518 11 511 515 11 509 512 10 $ 60,000, but less than $ 70,000 .......................... 524 525 7 521 525 9 517 522 9 516 519 9 $ 70,000, but less than $ 80,000 .......................... 531 533 6 527 532 8 524 530 8 522 527 8 $ 80,000 to $ 100,000 ........................................... 541 544 7 539 546 9 536 543 10 534 540 11 More than $ 100,000 ............................................ 560 569 9 559 572 13 558 571 16 557 569 18 Highest level of parental education No high school diploma ...................................... 414 439 4 411 441 4 413 442 4 411 438 4 High school diploma ............................................ 475 474 31 473 477 34 472 477 33 472 476 32 Associate degree ................................................ 489 487 7 489 491 8 488 491 9 489 491 9 Bachelor's degree ............................................... 525 529 25 525 532 28 525 533 29 525 533 29 Graduate degree ................................................. 556 558 23 556 563 25 558 566 25 559 567 26 1 Because of survey item nonresponse, percentage distributions may not add to 100 percent. 2 Less than 0.5 percent.

NOTE: Scholastic Assessment Test was formerly known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test. Possible scores on each part of the SAT range from 200 to 800. SOURCE: College Entrance Examination Board, National Report on College Bound Seniors, various years. ( Copyright   2001 by the College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared August 2001.) 155 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ACHIEVEMENT Table 137.   Scholastic Assessment Test score averages, by state: 1987   88 to 2000   01 State 1987   88 1994   95 1995   96 1998   99 1999   2000 2000   01 Percentage of graduates taking SAT, 1999   2000 Percentage of graduates taking SAT, 2000   01 Verbal Mathematical Verbal Mathematical Verbal Mathematical Verbal Mathematical Verbal Mathematical Verbal Mathematical 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 United States ............ 505 501 504 506 505 508 505 511 505 514 506 514 44 45 Alabama ......................... 554 540 565 555 565 558 561 555 559 555 559 554 9 9 Alaska ............................ 518 501 521 513 521 513 516 514 519 515 514 510 50 51 Arizona ........................... 531 523 524 520 525 521 524 525 521 523 523 525 34 34 Arkansas ........................ 554 536 556 542 566 550 563 556 563 554 562 550 6 6 California ........................ 500 508 492 509 495 511 497 514 497 518 498 517 49 51 Colorado ......................... 537 532 538 538 536 538 536 540 534 537 539 542 32 31 Connecticut .................... 513 498 507 502 507 504 510 509 508 509 509 510 81 82 Delaware ........................ 510 493 505 494 508 495 503 497 502 496 501 499 66 67 District of Columbia ........ 479 461 485 471 489 473 494 478 494 486 482 474 89 56 Florida ............................ 499 495 497 496 498 496 499 498 498 500 498 499 55 54 Georgia .......................... 480 473 483 477 484 477 487 482 488 486 491 489 64 63 Hawaii ............................ 484 505 483 507 485 510 482 513 488 519 486 515 53 52 Idaho .............................. 543 523 544 532 543 536 542 540 540 541 543 542 16 17 Illinois ............................. 540 540 563 574 564 575 569 585 568 586 576 589 12 12 Indiana ........................... 490 486 492 494 494 494 496 498 498 501 499 501 60 60 Iowa ................................ 587 588 589 595 590 600 594 598 589 600 593 603 5 5 Kansas ........................... 568 557 576 571 579 571 578 576 574 580 577 580 9 9 Kentucky ........................ 551 535 552 542 549 544 547 547 548 550 550 550 12 12 Louisiana ........................ 551 533 560 552 559 550 561 558 562 558 564 562 8 7 Maine ............................. 508 493 504 497 504 498 507 503 504 500 506 500 68 69 Maryland ........................ 509 501 506 503 507 504 507 507 507 509 508 510 65 65 Massachusetts ............... 508 499 505 502 507 504 511 511 511 513 511 515 78 79 Michigan ......................... 532 533 559 565 557 565 557 565 557 569 561 572 11 11 Minnesota ....................... 546 549 580 591 582 593 586 598 581 594 580 589 9 9 Mississippi ...................... 557 539 572 557 569 557 563 548 562 549 566 551 4 4 Missouri .......................... 547 539 569 566 570 569 572 572 572 577 577 577 8 8 Montana ......................... 547 547 549 553 546 547 546 546 543 546 539 539 23 23 Nebraska ........................ 562 561 568 570 567 568 568 571 560 571 562 568 9 8 Nevada ........................... 517 510 511 508 508 507 512 517 510 517 509 515 34 33 New Hampshire ............. 523 511 520 515 520 514 520 518 520 519 520 516 72 72 New Jersey .................... 500 495 496 503 498 505 498 510 498 513 499 513 81 81 New Mexico ................... 553 543 559 549 554 548 549 542 549 543 551 542 12 13 New York ....................... 497 495 495 498 497 499 495 502 494 506 495 505 77 77 North Carolina ................ 478 470 488 482 490 486 493 493 492 496 493 499 64 65 North Dakota .................. 572 569 587 602 596 599 594 605 588 609 592 599 4 4 Ohio ................................ 529 521 536 535 536 535 534 538 533 539 534 539 26 26 Oklahoma ....................... 558 542 565 553 566 557 567 560 563 560 567 561 8 8 Oregon ........................... 517 507 525 522 523 521 525 525 527 527 526 526 54 55 Pennsylvania .................. 502 489 496 489 498 492 498 495 498 497 500 499 70 71 Rhode Island .................. 508 496 502 490 501 491 504 499 505 500 501 499 71 71 South Carolina ............... 477 468 478 473 480 474 479 475 484 482 486 488 59 57 South Dakota ................. 585 573 579 576 574 566 585 588 587 588 577 582 4 4 Tennessee ..................... 560 543 571 560 563 552 559 553 563 553 562 553 13 13 Texas ............................. 494 490 495 501 495 500 494 499 493 500 493 499 52 53 Utah ................................ 572 553 585 576 583 575 570 568 570 569 575 570 5 5 Vermont .......................... 514 499 506 499 506 500 514 506 513 508 511 506 70 69 Virginia ........................... 507 498 504 494 507 496 508 499 509 500 510 501 67 68 Washington .................... 525 517 519 517 519 519 525 526 526 528 527 527 52 53 West Virginia .................. 528 519 525 509 526 506 527 512 526 511 527 512 19 18 Wisconsin ....................... 549 551 574 585 577 586 584 595 584 597 584 596 7 6 Wyoming ........................ 550 545 551 544 544 544 546 551 545 545 547 545 12 11 NOTE: Scholastic Assessment Test was formerly known as the Scholastic Aptitude Test. Percentage of graduates taking the SAT is based on the projection of high school graduates by the Western Interstate Commission for Higher Education, and number of students in the graduating class who took the SAT I: Reasoning Test. Possible scores on each part of the SAT range from 200 to 800. Rankings of states based on SAT scores alone are invalid because of the varying proportions of students in each state taking the tests.

SOURCE: College Entrance Examination Board, `` College Bound Seniors: 2001 Profile of SAT Program Test Takers,'' ( Copyright   2001 by the College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved.) ( This table was prepared August 2001.) 156 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ACHIEVEMENT Table 138.   American College Testing ( ACT) score averages, by sex: 1970 to 2001 Type of test 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Participants: 2 Total ( in thousands) .......................... 714 822 836 739 817 796 832 876 892 945 924 959 995 1,019 1,065 1,070 Test scores 3 Composite, total .................................. 18.6 18.5 18.5 18.6 20.6 20.6 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.8 20.9 21.0 ( 4.7) 21.0 ( 4.7) 21.0 ( 4.7) 21.0 ( 4.7) 21.0 ( 4.7) Male ................................................ 19.5 19.3 19.3 19.4 21.0 20.9 20.9 21.0 20.9 21.0 21.0 21.1 ( 4.9) 21.2 ( 4.9) 21.1 ( 4.9) 21.2 ( 4.9) 21.1 ( 4.9) Female ............................................ 17.8 17.9 17.8 17.9 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.5 20.7 20.7 20.8 20.8 ( 4.6) 20.9 ( 4.6) 20.9 ( 4.6) 20.9 ( 4.6) 20.9 ( 4.6)

English, total ............................................ 17.7 17.9 17.8 18.1 20.5 20.3 20.2 20.3 20.3 20.2 20.3 20.3 ( 5.4) 20.4 ( 5.4) 20.5 ( 5.5) 20.5 ( 5.5) 20.5 ( 5.6) Male .................................................... 17.1 17.3 17.3 17.6 20.1 19.8 19.8 19.8 19.8 19.8 19.8 19.9 ( 5.4) 19.9 ( 5.4) 20.0 ( 5.5) 20.0 ( 5.6) 20.0 ( 5.6) Female ................................................ 18.3 18.3 18.2 18.6 20.9 20.7 20.6 20.6 20.7 20.6 20.7 20.7 ( 5.4) 20.8 ( 5.4) 20.9 ( 5.5) 20.9 ( 5.5) 20.8 ( 5.6)

Math, total ................................................ 17.6 17.4 17.3 17.2 19.9 20.0 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.2 20.2 20.6 ( 5.0) 20.8 ( 5.1) 20.7 ( 5.0) 20.7 ( 5.0) 20.7 ( 5.0) Male .................................................... 19.3 18.9 18.9 18.6 20.7 20.6 20.7 20.8 20.8 20.9 20.9 21.3 ( 5.2) 21.5 ( 5.3) 21.4 ( 5.2) 21.4 ( 5.2) 21.4 ( 5.2) Female ................................................ 16.2 16.2 16.0 16.0 19.3 19.4 19.5 19.6 19.6 19.7 19.7 20.1 ( 4.7) 20.2 ( 4.8) 20.2 ( 4.7) 20.2 ( 4.8) 20.2 ( 4.7)

Reading, total 4 ........................................ 17.4 17.2 17.2 17.4   21.2 21.1 21.2 21.2 21.3 21.3 21.3 ( 6.1) 21.4 ( 6.0) 21.4 ( 6.0) 21.4 ( 6.1) 21.3 ( 6.0) Male .................................................... 18.7 18.2 18.3 18.3   21.3 21.1 21.2 21.1 21.1 21.0 21.2 ( 6.1) 21.1 ( 6.2) 21.1 ( 6.1) 21.2 ( 6.1) 21.1 ( 6.1) Female ................................................ 16.4 16.4 16.4 16.6   21.1 21.1 21.2 21.4 21.4 21.6 21.5 ( 6.0) 21.6 ( 5.9) 21.6 ( 5.9) 21.5 ( 6.0) 21.5 ( 6.0)

Science reasoning, total 5 ........................ 21.1 21.1 21.0 21.2   20.7 20.7 20.8 20.9 21.0 21.1 21.1 ( 4.7) 21.1 ( 4.6) 21.0 ( 4.5) 21.0 ( 4.5) 21.0 ( 4.6) Male .................................................... 22.4 22.4 22.3 22.6   21.3 21.4 21.5 21.6 21.6 21.7 21.7 ( 4.9) 21.8 ( 4.9) 21.5 ( 4.8) 21.6 ( 4.8) 21.6 ( 4.9) Female ................................................ 20.0 20.0 20.0 20.0   20.1 20.1 20.3 20.4 20.5 20.5 20.6 ( 4.4) 20.6 ( 4.3) 20.6 ( 4.2) 20.6 ( 4.3) 20.6 ( 4.3)

Percent Obtaining composite scores of   27 or above 6 .......................................         12 12 11 12 12 12 13 10   10   10   10   10   18 or below 7 .......................................         35 35 35 35 35 35 34 26   25   25   25   25   Planned major field of study Business 8 ........................................... 18 14 20 21 20 18 16 14 13 13 12 12   12   12   11   11   Engineering 9 ...................................... 8 6 8 9 9 10 10 9 9 8 8 8   8   8   8   7   Social science 10 ................................. 10 7 6 7 10 10 10 9 9 9 9 9   9   9   9   9   Education 11 ........................................ 16 11 9 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9   9   9   9   8     Not available. 1 Test scores for 1990 and later data are not comparable with previous years because a new version of the ACT was introduced. Estimated average composite scores for the new version for prior years were: 1989, 20.6; 1988, 1987, and 1986, 20.8; and 1982, 20.3. 2 Beginning in 1985, data are for seniors who graduated in year shown and had taken the ACT in their junior or senior years. 3 Minimum score, 1; maximum score, 36. 4 Prior to 1990, reading was called social studies. 5 Prior to 1990, science reasoning was called natural science. 6 Beginning in 1997, data are for scores of 28 or higher. 7 Beginning in 1997, data are for scores of 17 or lower. 8 Includes political and persuasive ( e. g., sales) fields for 1970. From 1975 through 1990, includes business and commerce. Thereafter, includes business and management, business and office, and marketing and distribution. 9 Beginning in 1990, includes engineering and engineering related technologies. 10 Includes social science and philosophy, religion, and theology except from 1975 through 1989. 11 Includes education and teacher education.

NOTE: Standard errors appear in parentheses.

SOURCE: The American College Testing program, High School Profile Report, annual. ( This table was prepared August 2001.) 157 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ACHIEVEMENT Table 139.   Distribution of elementary and secondary school children, by average grades, by selected child, parent, and school characteristics: 1996 and 1999 Characteristics of children, parents, and schools Distribution of children, by parental reports of average grades in all subjects 1996 1999 Mostly A's Mostly B's Mostly C's Mostly D's or F's Mostly A's Mostly B's Mostly C's Mostly D's or F's 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Total ........................................................................................................ 39.5 37.7 18.5 4.2 40.3 ( 0.5) 37.7 ( 0.5) 17.8 ( 0.4) 4.3 ( 0.2)

Sex of child Male .................................................................................................... 32.5 38.3 23.5 5.7 33.7 ( 0.7) 38.3 ( 0.7) 21.9 ( 0.6) 6.2 ( 0.4) Female ................................................................................................ 46.9 37.2 13.2 2.7 47.0 ( 0.8) 37.1 ( 0.8) 13.5 ( 0.5) 2.4 ( 0.2)

Race/ ethnicity of child White, non Hispanic ............................................................................ 43.7 36.1 16.5 3.7 44.6 ( 0.7) 36.1 ( 0.7) 15.8 ( 0.5) 3.4 ( 0.3) Black, non Hispanic ............................................................................ 27.0 41.0 26.2 5.8 27.5 ( 1.2) 40.3 ( 1.4) 26.4 ( 1.2) 5.8 ( 0.7) Hispanic .............................................................................................. 31.9 43.6 19.6 4.9 33.3 ( 1.2) 42.7 ( 1.3) 17.4 ( 1.0) 6.5 ( 0.7) Other non Hispanic ............................................................................. 44.7 33.7 17.1 4.5 45.8 ( 2.4) 35.8 ( 2.4) 14.2 ( 2.0) 4.2 ( 1.2)

Highest education level of parents Less than high school ......................................................................... 29.0 39.0 23.9 8.1 26.3 ( 1.6) 40.8 ( 1.8) 22.3 ( 1.6) 10.5 ( 1.3) High school graduate .......................................................................... 30.5 40.5 23.1 5.9 31.6 ( 1.0) 39.5 ( 1.1) 23.3 ( 0.9) 5.6 ( 0.5) Some postsecondary .......................................................................... 36.9 40.1 19.1 3.9 38.9 ( 0.9) 39.0 ( 0.9) 18.3 ( 0.7) 3.8 ( 0.4) College graduate ................................................................................. 52.5 32.9 12.7 1.9 51.1 ( 1.3) 34.9 ( 1.2) 12.1 ( 0.9) 1.8 ( 0.3) Graduate/ professional ......................................................................... 58.2 30.9 9.8 1.1 54.8 ( 1.3) 33.0 ( 1.2) 10.3 ( 0.8) 1.9 ( 0.4)

Family Income Less than $ 5,000 ................................................................................ 28.9 38.8 23.3 8.9 25.0 ( 2.6) 42.9 ( 3.5) 24.4 ( 2.8) 7.7 ( 1.8) $ 5,001 to $ 10,000 ............................................................................... 26.6 41.9 24.6 6.9 32.1 ( 2.4) 36.5 ( 2.4) 24.0 ( 2.1) 7.4 ( 1.3) $ 10,001 to 15,000 ............................................................................... 28.0 39.8 26.0 6.2 30.3 ( 2.0) 38.9 ( 2.2) 23.7 ( 1.9) 7.1 ( 1.2) $ 15,001 to 20,000 ............................................................................... 32.7 38.4 21.6 7.3 32.0 ( 2.0) 40.0 ( 2.1) 22.3 ( 1.9) 5.7 ( 0.9) $ 20,001 to 25,000 ............................................................................... 34.4 40.8 20.6 4.2 32.8 ( 1.8) 38.9 ( 1.9) 21.6 ( 1.6) 6.7 ( 1.1) $ 25,001 to 30,000 ............................................................................... 33.0 42.0 19.8 5.2 37.4 ( 1.9) 37.4 ( 1.9) 19.7 ( 1.5) 5.4 ( 0.9) $ 30,001 to 35,000 ............................................................................... 40.0 38.0 18.1 3.9 38.2 ( 1.9) 38.8 ( 2.0) 19.2 ( 1.5) 3.8 ( 0.8) $ 35,001 to 40,000 ............................................................................... 40.4 37.3 19.4 2.8 37.5 ( 1.8) 42.1 ( 1.9) 17.4 ( 1.4) 3.0 ( 0.6) $ 40,001 to 50,000 ............................................................................... 43.2 36.0 16.8 4.0 45.0 ( 1.5) 35.1 ( 1.4) 16.6 ( 1.1) 3.3 ( 0.5) $ 50,001 to 75,000 ............................................................................... 50.2 32.7 14.9 2.2 45.8 ( 1.2) 36.8 ( 1.2) 14.5 ( 0.8) 2.9 ( 0.4) Over $ 75,000 ...................................................................................... 51.0 36.8 10.9 1.3 51.9 ( 1.2) 35.4 ( 1.1) 10.9 ( 0.7) 1.8 ( 0.3)

Child attending public schools ................................................................. 38.2 37.9 19.3 4.6 39.0 ( 0.6) 37.8 ( 0.6) 18.5 ( 0.4) 4.7 ( 0.3) Elementary ( kindergarten to grade 8) ................................................. 43.2 36.6 16.3 3.9 43.5 ( 0.7) 36.6 ( 0.7) 15.9 ( 0.5) 4.1 ( 0.3) Secondary ( grades 9 to 12) ................................................................ 29.6 40.2 24.5 5.7 31.8 ( 0.9) 39.9 ( 0.9) 22.7 ( 0.8) 5.6 ( 0.5)

Child attending private schools ............................................................... 50.8 36.1 11.8 1.3 51.9 ( 1.6) 36.1 ( 1.5) 11.0 ( 1.1) 1.0 ( 0.3) Elementary ( kindergarten to grade 8) ................................................. 55.7 35.3 7.5 1.4 56.2 ( 1.9) 34.4 ( 1.8) 9.0 ( 1.2) 0.5 ( 0.2) Secondary ( grades 9 to 12) ................................................................ 40.9 37.7 20.4 1.0 41.2 ( 3.1) 40.6 ( 3.0) 15.9 ( 2.3) 2.2 ( 0.8)

NOTE: Includes children enrolled in grades 1 through 12. Excludes children whose programs have no classes with lettered grades. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. Standard errors appear in parentheses. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Survey, 1996 and 1999, unpublished data. ( This table was prepared June 2001.) 158 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: COURSEWORK Table 140.   Average number of Carnegie units earned by public high school graduates in various subject fields, by student characteristics: 1982 to 1998 Student characteristics Total English History social studies Mathematics Science Foreign languages Arts Vocational education 1 Personal use 2 Computer science 3 Total Less than algebra Algebra or higher Total General science Biology Chemistry Physics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1982 graduates ......................... 21.58 3.93 3.16 2.63 0.90 1.74 2.20 0.73 0.94 0.34 0.17 0.99 1.47 4.62 2.58 0.12 Male ....................................... 21.40 3.88 3.16 2.71 0.94 1.77 2.27 0.76 0.91 0.36 0.23 0.80 1.29 4.60 2.69 0.14 Female ................................... 21.75 3.98 3.15 2.57 0.86 1.71 2.13 0.71 0.97 0.33 0.12 1.17 1.63 4.64 2.48 0.11 Race/ ethnicity White ..................................... 21.69 3.90 3.19 2.68 0.77 1.91 2.27 0.73 0.97 0.38 0.20 1.06 1.53 4.53 2.52 0.13 Black ...................................... 21.15 4.08 3.08 2.61 1.36 1.25 2.06 0.81 0.90 0.26 0.09 0.72 1.26 4.75 2.60 0.12 Hispanic ................................. 21.23 3.94 3.00 2.33 1.21 1.12 1.80 0.75 0.81 0.16 0.07 0.77 1.29 5.22 2.87 0.08 Asian ...................................... 22.46 4.01 3.16 3.15 0.71 2.44 2.64 0.51 1.11 0.61 0.42 1.79 1.31 3.34 3.05 0.22 American Indian .................... 21.45 3.98 3.25 2.35 1.23 1.12 2.04 0.67 0.84 0.42 0.12 0.48 1.72 4.77 2.84 0.06 Academic track Academic 4 ............................. 21.75 4.11 3.32 3.04 0.73 2.30 2.65 0.73 1.13 0.53 0.26 1.54 1.91 2.55 2.62 0.10 Vocational 5 ............................ 20.21 3.44 2.63 1.80 1.09 0.71 1.32 0.69 0.57 0.04 0.02 0.18 0.59 7.74 2.51 0.12 Both 6 ..................................... 22.89 4.04 3.33 2.69 1.02 1.67 2.17 0.79 0.94 0.29 0.14 0.75 1.41 6.03 2.47 0.18 Neither 7 ................................. 18.73 3.58 2.70 1.73 1.08 0.65 1.33 0.69 0.59 0.03 0.02 0.22 0.85 5.23 3.06 0.05 1987 graduates ......................... 23.00 4.12 3.32 3.01 0.86 2.15 2.54 0.76 1.10 0.47 0.21 1.35 1.44 4.55 2.67 0.47 Male ....................................... 22.88 4.08 3.29 3.05 0.91 2.14 2.57 0.79 1.05 0.47 0.26 1.16 1.24 4.64 2.83 0.47 Female ................................... 23.12 4.15 3.35 2.97 0.82 2.15 2.52 0.74 1.14 0.47 0.17 1.53 1.63 4.47 2.51 0.47 Race/ ethnicity White ..................................... 23.11 4.08 3.29 3.01 0.74 2.27 2.61 0.75 1.12 0.50 0.23 1.38 1.50 4.65 2.60 0.49 Black ...................................... 22.40 4.22 3.34 2.99 1.40 1.59 2.32 0.90 1.01 0.31 0.10 1.08 1.20 4.52 2.73 0.39 Hispanic ................................. 22.84 4.30 3.22 2.81 1.30 1.50 2.24 0.78 1.07 0.29 0.10 1.25 1.34 4.49 3.19 0.42 Asian ...................................... 24.47 4.37 3.65 3.72 0.53 3.18 3.13 0.59 1.17 0.87 0.50 2.07 1.18 3.11 3.23 0.58 American Indian .................... 23.23 4.22 3.18 2.98 1.35 1.63 2.44 0.81 1.22 0.32 0.09 0.75 1.68 4.92 3.06 0.39 Academic track Academic 4 ............................. 23.20 4.26 3.55 3.33 0.65 2.68 2.97 0.73 1.23 0.68 0.32 1.92 1.87 2.57 2.73 0.38 Vocational 5 ............................ 21.07 3.62 2.59 2.00 1.29 0.71 1.48 0.74 0.70 0.03 0.01 0.18 0.47 8.07 2.67 0.39 Both 6 ..................................... 23.53 4.11 3.29 2.93 0.97 1.96 2.37 0.81 1.07 0.35 0.14 1.01 1.20 6.09 2.53 0.64 Neither 7 ................................. 19.56 3.55 2.45 2.11 1.62 0.49 1.47 0.84 0.59 0.03 0.00 0.18 0.76 5.10 3.93 0.17 1990 graduates ......................... 23.53 4.19 3.47 3.15 0.90 2.25 2.75 0.85 1.14 0.53 0.23 1.54 1.55 4.19 2.68 0.54 Male ....................................... 23.35 4.13 3.45 3.16 0.96 2.20 2.78 0.88 1.11 0.52 0.28 1.33 1.31 4.32 2.87 0.50 Female ................................... 23.69 4.25 3.50 3.14 0.85 2.29 2.73 0.83 1.17 0.53 0.19 1.72 1.76 4.08 2.51 0.57 Race/ ethnicity White ..................................... 23.54 4.12 3.46 3.13 0.80 2.33 2.80 0.84 1.15 0.55 0.25 1.58 1.61 4.22 2.61 0.52 Black ...................................... 23.40 4.34 3.49 3.20 1.25 1.95 2.68 0.98 1.11 0.42 0.16 1.20 1.34 4.41 2.74 0.60 Hispanic ................................. 23.83 4.51 3.42 3.13 1.30 1.83 2.50 0.83 1.10 0.42 0.14 1.57 1.48 4.12 3.10 0.58 Asian ...................................... 24.07 4.50 3.70 3.52 0.70 2.82 2.97 0.68 1.12 0.74 0.42 2.06 1.29 3.07 2.96 0.54 American Indian .................... 22.64 4.08 3.34 3.04 1.03 2.01 2.48 0.83 1.09 0.42 0.15 1.15 1.11 4.62 2.81 0.60 Academic track Academic 4 ............................. 23.53 4.30 3.65 3.37 0.68 2.70 3.06 0.81 1.23 0.70 0.32 2.02 1.93 2.41 2.78 0.42 Vocational 5 ............................ 21.73 3.60 2.58 2.07 1.54 0.53 1.62 0.87 0.71 0.03 0.01 0.17 0.42 8.68 2.59 0.46 Both 6 ..................................... 23.92 4.14 3.38 3.02 1.12 1.90 2.51 0.92 1.09 0.36 0.14 1.07 1.17 6.10 2.53 0.73 Neither 7 ................................. 19.81 3.63 2.59 2.01 1.57 0.44 1.47 0.79 0.60 0.04 0.03 0.21 0.79 5.81 3.29 0.36 1994 graduates ......................... 24.17 4.29 3.55 3.33 0.76 2.57 3.04 0.88 1.26 0.62 0.28 1.71 1.66 3.96 2.63 0.64 Male ....................................... 24.00 4.26 3.51 3.32 0.85 2.48 3.03 0.91 1.20 0.59 0.32 1.49 1.43 4.13 2.83 0.63 Female ................................... 24.34 4.32 3.59 3.34 0.68 2.66 3.06 0.86 1.31 0.64 0.24 1.93 1.87 3.80 2.44 0.65 Race/ ethnicity White ..................................... 24.33 4.23 3.56 3.36 0.70 2.66 3.13 0.89 1.29 0.65 0.30 1.76 1.74 3.96 2.61 0.63 Black ...................................... 23.59 4.36 3.51 3.23 1.09 2.14 2.80 0.92 1.21 0.49 0.17 1.35 1.36 4.29 2.69 0.64 Hispanic ................................. 24.06 4.61 3.45 3.28 0.96 2.32 2.69 0.83 1.19 0.49 0.17 1.73 1.51 3.87 2.93 0.76 Asian ...................................... 24.47 4.60 3.66 3.66 0.67 2.98 3.35 0.80 1.22 0.81 0.48 2.09 1.32 3.01 2.78 0.71 American Indian .................... 24.47 4.27 3.57 3.11 0.94 2.17 2.82 0.91 1.28 0.50 0.13 1.30 2.01 4.27 3.12 0.53 Academic track Academic 4 ............................. 24.07 4.37 3.69 3.52 0.58 2.94 3.32 0.83 1.34 0.77 0.37 2.14 2.05 2.28 2.71 0.50 Vocational 5 ............................ 21.60 3.70 2.49 2.20 1.56 0.64 1.69 0.80 0.83 0.03 0.02 0.14 0.34 8.64 2.41 0.55 Both 6 ..................................... 24.61 4.23 3.45 3.17 0.96 2.21 2.78 0.96 1.19 0.45 0.17 1.24 1.21 6.01 2.52 0.85 Neither 7 ................................. 21.28 3.54 2.24 2.25 1.71 0.54 1.53 0.82 0.63 0.05 0.02 0.19 0.56 6.51 4.47 0.33 159 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: COURSEWORK Table 140.   Average number of Carnegie units earned by public high school graduates in various subject fields, by student characteristics: 1982 to 1998   Continued Student characteristics Total English History social studies Mathematics Science Foreign languages Arts Vocational education 1 Personal use 2 Computer science 3 Total Less than algebra Algebra or higher Total General science Biology Chemistry Physics 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 1998 graduates ......................... 25.14 4.25 3.74 3.40 0.67 2.73 3.12 0.89 1.26 0.66 0.31 1.85 1.90 3.99 2.89 0.74 Male ....................................... 24.93 4.19 3.68 3.37 0.74 2.64 3.09 0.93 1.20 0.62 0.33 1.62 1.61 4.25 3.12 0.78 Female ................................... 25.36 4.31 3.80 3.42 0.62 2.80 3.17 0.87 1.32 0.70 0.28 2.06 2.15 3.77 2.67 0.71 Race/ ethnicity White ..................................... 25.21 4.19 3.77 3.40 0.57 2.84 3.18 0.87 1.28 0.69 0.33 1.90 2.00 3.97 2.80 0.73 Black ...................................... 24.83 4.28 3.69 3.42 0.90 2.53 3.03 0.97 1.24 0.58 0.22 1.58 1.57 4.33 2.94 0.84 Hispanic ................................. 25.08 4.51 3.60 3.28 1.05 2.23 2.81 0.97 1.13 0.50 0.20 1.78 1.78 3.97 3.36 0.71 Asian ...................................... 25.23 4.37 3.92 3.62 0.65 2.97 3.43 0.81 1.26 0.83 0.51 2.29 1.52 3.15 2.95 0.67 American Indian .................... 24.43 4.18 3.67 3.10 0.90 2.20 2.68 0.98 1.07 0.49 0.15 1.45 1.94 4.02 3.40 0.67 Academic track Academic 4 ............................. 24.91 4.33 3.87 3.54 0.53 3.00 3.34 0.84 1.33 0.78 0.38 2.24 2.41 2.22 2.97 0.52 Vocational 5 ............................ 22.60 3.46 2.55 2.17 1.30 0.87 1.69 1.05 0.59 0.03 0.01 0.14 0.47 9.12 3.01 0.81 Both 6 ..................................... 25.64 4.20 3.66 3.30 0.81 2.49 2.94 0.96 1.20 0.54 0.23 1.45 1.31 6.06 2.73 1.03 Neither 7 ................................. 21.50 3.21 2.32 2.19 1.59 0.60 1.58 0.88 0.58 0.04 0.08 0.20 0.55 5.64 5.82 0.51 1 Includes nonoccupational vocational education, vocational general introduction, agriculture business, marketing, health, occupational home economics, trade and industry, and technical courses. 2 Includes personal and social courses, religion and theology, and courses not included in the other subject fields. 3 Computer courses are included in mathematics and vocational categories. 4 Includes students who complete at least 12 Carnegie units in academic courses, but less than 3 Carnegie units in any specific labor market preparation field. 5 Includes students who complete at least 3 Carnegie units in a specific labor market preparation field, but less than 12 Carnegie units in academic courses. 6 Includes students who complete at least 12 Carnegie units in academic courses and at least 3 Carnegie units in a specific labor market preparation field. 7 Includes students who complete less than 12 Carnegie units in academic courses and less than 3 Carnegie units in a specific labor market preparation field.

NOTE: The Carnegie unit is a standard of measurement that represents one credit for the completion of a 1 year course. Data differ slightly from figures appearing in other NCES reports because of differences in taxonomies and case exclusion criteria.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` High School and Beyond,'' First Followup survey; `` 1990 High School Transcript Study,'' `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' Second Followup survey; `` 1994 High School Transcript Study;'' and `` 1998 High School Transcript Study.'' ( This table was prepared February 2000.)

Table 141.   Average number of Carnegie units earned by public high school graduates in vocational education courses, by student characteristics: 1982 to 1998 Student characteristics Total General labor market preparation Consumer and homemaking education Specific labor market preparation Total 1 Agriculture Business Marketing Health Occupational home economics Trade and industrial Technical

communications Other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1982 graduates ...... 4.62 0.94 0.68 3.00 0.22 1.03 0.16 0.05 0.11 1.04 0.21 0.10 Male ................... 4.60 0.93 0.30 3.36 0.36 0.47 0.14 0.02 0.06 1.96 0.24 0.01 Female ............... 4.64 0.95 1.03 2.67 0.08 1.55 0.18 0.08 0.15 0.20 0.18 0.18 Race/ ethnicity White .................. 4.53 0.92 0.63 2.97 0.24 1.06 0.15 0.04 0.10 0.99 0.22 0.09 Black .................. 4.75 0.97 0.90 2.88 0.09 1.00 0.22 0.11 0.14 0.95 0.15 0.12 Hispanic ............. 5.22 1.01 0.85 3.36 0.23 1.00 0.17 0.07 0.13 1.38 0.15 0.12 Asian .................. 3.34 1.01 0.30 2.03 0.03 0.58 0.04 0.03 0.06 0.88 0.30 0.02 American Indian 4.77 0.90 0.47 3.40 0.25 0.74 0.14 0.08 0.06 1.88 0.13 0.03 Academic track. Academic 2 ......... 2.55 0.84 0.60 1.12 0.04 0.48 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.28 0.17 0.02 Vocational 3 ........ 7.74 1.02 0.78 5.94 0.58 1.68 0.33 0.08 0.17 2.43 0.21 0.24 Both 4 .................. 6.03 0.86 0.57 4.60 0.29 1.66 0.29 0.09 0.15 1.57 0.29 0.14 Neither 5 ............. 5.23 1.92 1.62 1.68 0.11 0.74 0.09 0.05 0.13 0.37 0.10 0.07 1987 graduates ...... 4.55 0.83 0.61 3.11 0.19 0.96 0.16 0.08 0.11 0.96 0.43 0.11 Male ................... 4.64 0.83 0.45 3.35 0.33 0.56 0.13 0.02 0.08 1.73 0.47 0.03 Female ............... 4.47 0.83 0.86 2.77 0.07 1.34 0.19 0.12 0.14 0.23 0.39 0.18 Race/ ethnicity White .................. 4.65 0.84 0.60 3.20 0.24 0.97 0.16 0.07 0.11 1.00 0.47 0.10 Black .................. 4.52 0.86 0.73 2.92 0.10 1.00 0.17 0.14 0.14 0.76 0.28 0.14 Hispanic ............. 4.49 0.93 0.62 2.95 0.06 0.97 0.16 0.08 0.11 1.00 0.32 0.11 Asian .................. 3.11 0.63 0.35 2.13 0.01 0.63 0.13 0.09 0.08 0.47 0.56 0.04 American Indian 4.92 0.82 0.65 3.45 0.20 1.04 0.08 0.09 0.11 1.32 0.44 0.03 Academic track Academic 2 ......... 2.57 0.76 0.57 1.23 0.02 0.45 0.04 0.02 0.04 0.24 0.37 0.02 Vocational 3 ........ 8.07 0.90 0.77 6.39 0.59 1.40 0.38 0.18 0.25 2.60 0.35 0.34 Both 4 .................. 6.09 0.86 0.55 4.69 0.30 1.54 0.27 0.11 0.17 1.43 0.56 0.15 Neither 5 ............. 5.10 1.77 1.72 1.62 0.07 0.60 0.09 0.05 0.11 0.37 0.13 0.10 160 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: COURSEWORK Table 141.   Average number of Carnegie units earned by public high school graduates in vocational education courses, by student characteristics: 1982 to 1998   Continued Student characteristics Total General labor market preparation Consumer and homemaking education Specific labor market preparation Total 1 Agriculture Business Marketing Health Occupational home economics Trade and industrial Technical

communications Other 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 1990 graduates ...... 4.19 0.73 0.57 2.89 0.20 0.88 0.16 0.04 0.10 0.87 0.41 0.10 Male ................... 4.32 0.70 0.33 3.28 0.31 0.57 0.14 0.02 0.07 1.59 0.43 0.02 Female ............... 4.08 0.76 0.79 2.53 0.09 1.16 0.18 0.06 0.13 0.22 0.39 0.17 Race/ ethnicity White .................. 4.22 0.71 0.55 2.97 0.24 0.85 0.16 0.04 0.09 0.95 0.40 0.09 Black .................. 4.41 0.82 0.80 2.79 0.06 1.05 0.17 0.04 0.15 0.64 0.40 0.16 Hispanic ............. 4.12 0.75 0.53 2.85 0.15 0.93 0.19 0.02 0.11 0.75 0.41 0.18 Asian .................. 3.07 0.69 0.31 2.07 0.04 0.65 0.05 0.01 0.03 0.72 0.48 0.03 American Indian 4.62 0.74 0.72 3.16 0.36 0.95 0.15 0.02 0.07 0.95 0.44 0.02 Academic track Academic 2 ......... 2.41 0.67 0.55 1.19 0.03 0.46 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.22 0.34 0.02 Vocational 3 ........ 8.68 1.00 0.74 6.95 0.86 1.22 0.28 0.10 0.26 3.10 0.28 0.30 Both 4 .................. 6.10 0.72 0.57 4.81 0.35 1.47 0.33 0.08 0.16 1.50 0.53 0.19 Neither 5 ............. 5.81 2.81 1.26 1.74 0.10 0.46 0.04 0.04 0.08 0.54 0.32 0.04 1994 graduates ...... 3.96 0.64 0.52 2.79 0.24 0.88 0.18 0.08 0.13 0.70 0.35 0.09 Male ................... 4.13 0.70 0.35 3.08 0.37 0.66 0.14 0.03 0.08 1.25 0.36 0.03 Female ............... 3.80 0.58 0.69 2.52 0.11 1.09 0.22 0.12 0.18 0.17 0.34 0.15 Race/ ethnicity White .................. 3.96 0.63 0.51 2.81 0.27 0.87 0.19 0.08 0.11 0.72 0.35 0.07 Black .................. 4.29 0.72 0.62 2.94 0.13 1.01 0.20 0.11 0.23 0.60 0.29 0.18 Hispanic ............. 3.87 0.64 0.48 2.75 0.13 0.93 0.15 0.07 0.14 0.65 0.36 0.17 Asian .................. 3.01 0.51 0.36 2.13 0.14 0.70 0.11 0.06 0.10 0.50 0.46 0.03 American Indian 4.27 0.85 0.65 2.77 0.41 0.75 0.06 0.18 0.15 0.53 0.41 0.06 Academic track Academic 2 ......... 2.28 0.58 0.49 1.20 0.04 0.51 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.20 0.28 0.02 Vocational 3 ........ 8.64 1.00 0.78 6.86 0.90 1.17 0.34 0.08 0.26 2.89 0.26 0.29 Both 4 .................. 6.01 0.66 0.54 4.82 0.48 1.41 0.37 0.16 0.23 1.25 0.46 0.18 Neither 5 ............. 6.51 3.91 1.08 1.52 0.05 0.48 0.08 0.02 0.07 0.46 0.16 0.06 1998 graduates ...... 3.99 0.61 0.51 2.87 0.20 0.70 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.78 0.51 0.07 Male ................... 4.25 0.67 0.35 3.23 0.27 0.59 0.15 0.06 0.10 1.37 0.53 0.02 Female ............... 3.77 0.57 0.66 2.54 0.14 0.80 0.18 0.22 0.21 0.23 0.49 0.12 Race/ ethnicity White .................. 3.97 0.58 0.49 2.90 0.24 0.69 0.15 0.11 0.14 0.83 0.51 0.06 Black .................. 4.33 0.70 0.68 2.95 0.09 0.83 0.24 0.29 0.23 0.56 0.47 0.11 Hispanic ............. 3.97 0.66 0.49 2.82 0.16 0.64 0.18 0.16 0.17 0.75 0.51 0.10 Asian .................. 3.15 0.58 0.27 2.30 0.09 0.64 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.57 0.49 0.02 American Indian 4.02 0.54 0.55 2.92 0.19 0.70 0.14 0.06 0.14 0.98 0.51 0.03 Academic track Academic 2 ......... 2.22 0.54 0.49 1.19 0.03 0.41 0.05 0.03 0.07 0.22 0.33 0.02 Vocational 3 ........ 9.12 1.40 0.75 6.97 0.62 0.64 0.29 0.11 0.36 3.36 0.66 0.29 Both 4 .................. 6.06 0.62 0.52 4.92 0.41 1.10 0.31 0.29 0.27 1.39 0.74 0.14 Neither 5 ............. 5.64 2.91 1.20 1.53 0.10 0.43 0.06 0.02 0.07 0.31 0.19 0.06 1 Includes unclassified courses not shown separately. 2 Includes students who complete at least 12 Carnegie units in academic courses, but less than 3 Carnegie units in any specific labor market preparation field. 3 Includes students who complete at least 3 Carnegie units in a specific labor market preparation field, but less than 12 Carnegie units in academic courses. 4 Includes students who complete at least 12 Carnegie units in academic courses and at least 3 Carnegie units in a specific labor market preparation field. 5 Includes students who complete less than 12 Carnegie units in academic courses and less than 3 Carnegie units in a specific labor market preparation field. NOTE: The Carnegie unit is a standard of measurement that represents one credit for the completion of a 1 year course. Data differ slightly from figures appearing in other NCES reports because of differences in taxonomies and case exclusion criteria.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` High School and Beyond,'' First Followup survey; `` 1990 High School Transcript Study,'' `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' Second Followup survey; `` 1994 High School Transcript Study;'' and `` 1998 High School Transcript Study.'' ( This table was prepared February 2000.) 161 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: COURSEWORK Table 142.   Percentage of high school graduates taking selected mathematics and science courses in high school, by sex and race/ ethnicity: 1982 to 1998 Courses ( Carnegie credits) 1982 1987 1990 1994 1998 Total Sex Race/ ethnicity Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian/ Pacific Islander American Indian/ Alaskan Native 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Mathematics 1 Any mathematics ( 1.0) ................................................ 98.5 99.0 99.9 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.8 99.9 99.8 100.0 99.7 Algebra I ( 1.0) 2 ....................................................... 55.2 58.8 63.7 65.8 62.8 62.0 63.6 63.5 62.3 61.4 56.8 63.3 Geometry ( 1.0) ........................................................ 47.1 58.6 63.2 70.0 75.1 73.7 77.3 77.7 72.5 62.3 75.9 57.2 Algebra II ( 0.5) 3 ...................................................... 39.9 49.0 52.8 61.1 61.7 59.8 63.7 64.6 55.6 48.3 70.1 46.6 Trigonometry ( 0.5) .................................................. 8.1 11.5 9.6 11.7 8.9 8.2 9.7 10.0 4.8 5.6 11.7 5.5 Analysis/ pre calculus ( 0.5) ...................................... 6.2 12.8 13.3 17.3 23.1 23.1 22.8 25.0 13.8 15.3 41.3 16.4 Statistics/ probability ( 0.5) ........................................ 1.0 1.1 1.0 2.0 3.7 3.4 3.9 4.3 2.1 1.7 3.8 3.7 Calculus ( 1.0) .......................................................... 5.0 6.1 6.5 9.3 11.0 11.2 10.6 12.1 6.6 6.2 18.4 6.2 AP calculus ( 1.0) .................................................... 1.6 3.4 4.1 7.0 6.7 7.3 6.4 7.5 3.4 3.7 13.4 0.6 Science Any science ( 1.0) ......................................................... 96.4 97.8 99.3 99.5 99.5 99.5 99.6 99.5 99.3 99.3 99.4 99.4 Biology ( 1.0) ............................................................ 77.4 86.0 91.0 93.2 92.7 91.4 94.1 93.7 92.8 86.5 92.9 91.3 AP/ honors biology ( 1.0) .......................................... 10.0 9.4 10.1 11.9 16.2 14.5 18.0 16.7 15.4 12.6 22.2 6.0 Chemistry ( 1.0) ....................................................... 32.1 44.2 48.9 55.8 60.4 57.1 63.5 63.2 54.3 46.1 72.4 46.9 AP/ honors chemistry ( 1.0) ...................................... 3.0 3.5 3.5 3.9 4.7 4.9 4.7 4.8 3.5 4.0 10.9 0.9 Physics ( 1.0) ........................................................... 15.0 20.0 21.6 24.5 28.8 31.7 26.2 30.7 21.4 18.9 46.4 16.2 AP/ honors physics ( 1.0) ......................................... 1.2 1.8 2.0 2.7 3.0 4.0 2.1 3.0 2.1 2.1 7.6 0.9 Engineering ( 1.0) .................................................... 1.2 2.6 4.2 4.5 6.7 7.1 6.5 7.9 4.8 2.3 5.2 9.6 Astronomy ( 0.5) ...................................................... 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.7 1.9 2.4 1.5 2.4 0.9 0.8 1.0 2.1 Geology/ earth science ( 0.5) ................................... 13.6 13.4 24.7 22.9 20.7 21.5 20.1 21.5 24.2 15.9 9.5 21.7 Biology and chemistry ( 2.0) .................................... 29.3 41.4 47.5 53.7 59.0 55.4 62.3 62.0 53.0 43.7 69.5 43.2 Biology, chemistry, and physics ( 3.0) ..................... 11.2 16.6 18.8 21.4 25.4 27.4 23.7 27.6 17.4 15.9 40.2 14.2 1 These data only report the percentage of students who earned credit in each mathematics course while in high school and do not count those students who took these courses prior to entering high school. 2 Excludes prealgebra. 3 Includes algebra/ trigonometry and algebra/ geometry.

NOTE: Data differ slightly from figures appearing in other NCES reports because of differences in taxonomies and case exclusion criteria. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` High School and Beyond,'' First Followup survey; `` 1990 High School Transcript Study,'' `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' Second Followup survey; `` 1994 High School Transcript Study;'' and `` 1998 High School Transcript Study.'' ( This table was prepared February 2000.)

Table 143.   Percent of public high school graduates earning minimum credits in selected combinations of academic courses, by sex and race/ ethnicity: 1982 to 1998 Year of graduation and course combinations taken 1 All students Sex Race/ ethnicity Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian American Indian/ Alaskan Native 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1982 graduates 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, .5 Comp., and 2 F. L. 2 ............... 2.0 2.3 1.8 2.4 0.7 0.6 5.8 1.1 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, and 2 F. L. .................................. 9.5 9.1 9.9 10.9 5.2 3.9 17.0 3.3 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math ..................................................... 14.3 15.2 13.4 15.9 11.0 6.7 21.1 8.1 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 2 Sci., 2 Math ..................................................... 31.5 31.7 31.3 32.4 30.8 25.6 32.0 23.6 1987 graduates 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, .5 Comp., and 2 F. L. 2 ............... 10.6 11.5 9.8 11.3 6.6 5.5 20.5 2.5 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, and 2 F. L. .................................. 18.1 18.0 18.3 19.0 12.7 10.8 35.7 4.9 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math ..................................................... 24.8 25.9 23.7 26.1 19.6 14.5 39.8 24.3 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 2 Sci., 2 Math ..................................................... 48.1 48.0 48.4 48.1 48.3 43.9 57.9 61.8 1990 graduates 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, .5 Comp., and 2 F. L. 2 ............... 18.0 17.8 18.2 18.6 15.1 17.8 23.3 7.8 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, and 2 F. L. .................................. 29.9 28.8 31.0 31.7 22.9 25.4 42.6 9.9 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math ..................................................... 38.2 38.5 37.9 39.2 39.0 29.8 47.4 19.2 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 2 Sci., 2 Math ..................................................... 65.5 64.3 66.4 64.9 71.3 63.7 69.1 46.3 1994 graduates 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, .5 Comp., and 2 F. L. 2 ............... 25.1 23.4 26.8 26.4 19.0 27.1 35.5 12.9 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, and 2 F. L. .................................. 39.0 35.0 42.7 41.6 29.6 35.6 50.1 22.5 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math ..................................................... 49.3 47.0 51.5 52.4 43.7 40.3 54.9 46.0 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 2 Sci., 2 Math ..................................................... 73.9 71.2 76.4 75.1 74.5 74.7 72.3 76.3 1998 graduates 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, .5 Comp., and 2 F. L. 2 ............... 28.6 27.6 30.1 29.6 27.9 20.4 38.6 16.5 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math, and 2 F. L. .................................. 44.2 40.5 48.2 46.2 40.0 32.0 57.8 28.3 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 3 Sci., 3 Math ..................................................... 55.0 52.9 57.8 56.8 55.6 40.0 66.1 40.0 4 Eng., 3 S. S., 2 Sci., 2 Math ..................................................... 74.5 72.8 77.0 74.7 76.0 70.1 79.5 76.4 1 Eng. = English; S. S. = social studies; Sci. = science; Comp. = computer science; and F. L. = foreign language. 2 The National Commission on Excellence in Education recommended that all collegebound high school students take these courses as a minimum.

NOTE: Data differ slightly from figures appearing in other NCES reports because of differences in taxonomies and case exclusion criteria. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` High School and Beyond,'' First Followup survey; `` 1990 High School Transcript Study,'' `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' Second Followup survey; `` 1994 High School Transcript Study;'' and `` 1998 High School Transcript Study.'' ( This table was prepared February 2000.) 162 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: COURSEWORK Table 144.   Percentage of 3 to 5 year olds not yet enrolled in kindergarten, who have participated in home literacy activities with a family member, by selected child and family characteristics: 1993 and 1999 Child and family characteristics Children, in thousands Percent participating 3 or more times in the past week Visited a library 1 1993 1999 Read to Told a story Taught letters, words, or numbers Did arts and crafts 1993 1999 1993 1999 1993 1999 1993 1999 1993 1999 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Total .............................. 8,579 8,525 78 ( 0.6) 82 ( 0.7) 43 ( 0.9) 50 ( 1.0) 58 ( 0.8) 64 ( 0.9) 34 ( 0.8) 39 ( 1.0) 38 ( 1.0) 37 ( 0.9)

Age 3 years old ................... 3,889 3,814 79 ( 1.0) 82 ( 1.1) 46 ( 1.3) 53 ( 1.5) 57 ( 1.3) 66 ( 1.4) 34 ( 1.3) 41 ( 1.5) 34 ( 1.3) 33 ( 1.4) 4 years old ................... 3,713 3,705 78 ( 1.0) 82 ( 1.1) 41 ( 1.5) 48 ( 1.5) 58 ( 1.1) 63 ( 1.4) 33 ( 1.1) 38 ( 1.4) 41 ( 1.5) 39 ( 1.4) 5 years old ................... 976 1,006 76 ( 2.1) 79 ( 2.4) 36 ( 2.7) 45 ( 2.9) 58 ( 2.8) 65 ( 2.7) 33 ( 2.3) 35 ( 2.7) 38 ( 2.7) 42 ( 2.9)

Sex Male .............................. 4,453 4,364 77 ( 1.0) 81 ( 1.0) 43 ( 1.2) 50 ( 1.4) 58 ( 1.0) 64 ( 1.3) 31 ( 1.0) 38 ( 1.3) 38 ( 1.5) 35 ( 1.3) Female ......................... 4,126 4,162 79 ( 1.0) 82 ( 1.1) 43 ( 1.2) 50 ( 1.4) 58 ( 1.3) 65 ( 1.4) 36 ( 1.2) 40 ( 1.4) 38 ( 1.1) 38 ( 1.4)

Race/ ethnicity White, non Hispanic ..... 5,902 5,389 85 ( 0.7) 89 ( 0.8) 44 ( 1.0) 53 ( 1.3) 58 ( 0.9) 65 ( 1.2) 36 ( 1.0) 44 ( 1.2) 42 ( 1.3) 40 ( 1.2) Black, non Hispanic ..... 1,271 1,214 66 ( 2.3) 72 ( 2.4) 39 ( 2.7) 44 ( 2.7) 63 ( 2.7) 67 ( 2.6) 28 ( 2.4) 27 ( 2.3) 29 ( 2.6) 34 ( 2.5) Hispanic ........................ 1,026 1,376 58 ( 2.4) 62 ( 2.1) 38 ( 2.2) 40 ( 2.1) 54 ( 1.9) 57 ( 2.2) 25 ( 2.1) 32 ( 2.0) 26 ( 1.6) 24 ( 1.8) Other ............................ 381 547 73 ( 3.8) 82 ( 3.0) 50 ( 5.3) 54 ( 4.0) 59 ( 3.9) 68 ( 3.8) 32 ( 3.2) 33 ( 3.9) 43 ( 4.5) 43 ( 4.0)

Mother's highest education 2 Less than high school .. 1,036 1,083 60 ( 2.7) 64 ( 2.6) 37 ( 3.2) 37 ( 2.8) 56 ( 2.7) 56 ( 2.9) 25 ( 2.2) 27 ( 2.5) 22 ( 2.7) 17 ( 2.1) High school diploma or equivalent ............. 3,268 2,360 76 ( 1.3) 77 ( 1.6) 41 ( 1.3) 49 ( 1.9) 56 ( 1.3) 66 ( 1.9) 30 ( 1.2) 39 ( 1.9) 31 ( 1.8) 31 ( 1.8) Vocational/ technical or some college ........ 2,624 2,596 83 ( 1.4) 85 ( 1.2) 45 ( 1.7) 52 ( 1.7) 60 ( 1.5) 67 ( 1.6) 38 ( 1.6) 40 ( 1.7) 44 ( 2.0) 40 ( 1.7) College degree ............. 912 1,485 90 ( 1.6) 92 ( 1.2) 48 ( 2.4) 55 ( 2.2) 56 ( 2.2) 66 ( 2.1) 37 ( 2.3) 43 ( 2.2) 55 ( 2.2) 51 ( 2.2) Graduate/ professional training or degree ..... 569 727 90 ( 2.1) 93 ( 1.5) 50 ( 3.1) 52 ( 3.2) 60 ( 2.7) 61 ( 3.1) 42 ( 3.0) 48 ( 3.2) 59 ( 3.4) 49 ( 3.2)

Mother's employment status 2 Employed ..................... 4,486 5,097 79 ( 1.0) 82 ( 1.0) 44 ( 1.0) 50 ( 1.3) 57 ( 1.2) 65 ( 1.2) 33 ( 1.1) 37 ( 1.2) 39 ( 1.2) 36 ( 1.2) Unemployed ................. 594 443 71 ( 3.4) 73 ( 3.5) 43 ( 2.9) 49 ( 4.3) 66 ( 3.6) 64 ( 4.1) 34 ( 3.9) 40 ( 4.2) 37 ( 3.7) 31 ( 3.9) Not in labor force ......... 3,328 2,712 79 ( 1.3) 84 ( 1.3) 43 ( 1.4) 50 ( 1.8) 58 ( 1.5) 65 ( 1.7) 34 ( 1.4) 43 ( 1.7) 37 ( 1.4) 41 ( 1.7)

Family composition of household Two parents ................. 6,226 6,058 81 ( 0.7) 85 ( 0.8) 44 ( 0.9) 52 ( 1.1) 57 ( 0.9) 64 ( 1.1) 35 ( 0.9) 42 ( 1.1) 41 ( 1.2) 40 ( 1.1) None or one parent ...... 2,353 2,467 71 ( 1.7) 74 ( 1.7) 41 ( 2.0) 44 ( 1.9) 59 ( 2.1) 65 ( 1.9) 30 ( 1.9) 33 ( 1.8) 30 ( 1.7) 29 ( 1.8)

Poverty status Above poverty threshold .............................. 6,323 6,683 82 ( 0.7) 85 ( 0.7) 44 ( 0.9) 52 ( 1.0) 57 ( 0.8) 66 ( 1.0) 36 ( 0.9) 41 ( 1.0) 41 ( 1.2) 40 ( 1.0) At or below poverty threshold .................... 2,256 1,842 68 ( 1.6) 70 ( 2.2) 39 ( 1.8) 42 ( 2.5) 59 ( 2.0) 59 ( 2.5) 27 ( 1.9) 34 ( 2.4) 28 ( 2.0) 24 ( 2.1)

1 Refers to visiting a library at least once in the past month. 2 Excludes children who did not have a mother ( birth, adoptive, step, or foster) residing in their household and also did not have a female respondent on the telephone.

NOTE: Standard errors appear in parentheses. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, National Household Education Survey, Home Literacy Activities and Signs of Children's Emerging Literacy, 1993 and 1999. ( This table was prepared June 2001.) 163 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ACTIVITIES Table 145.   Percent of public high school seniors who say they engage in various activities, by student characteristics: 1982 and 1992 Activity Total Sex Race/ ethncity Socioeconomic status Control of school attended Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian American Indian Low Middle High Public Catholic Other private 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Percent of 12th graders, 1982 At least once a week Talking with friends ................ 92.7 92.5 93.0 94.2 89.1 88.9 86.7 91.3 88.6 93.7 95.6 92.3 96.4 97.2 Reading for pleasure .............. 50.4 43.4 57.1 51.0 53.9 43.1 56.4 50.3 45.2 50.1 56.8 50.1 51.4 56.2 Going on dates ....................... 61.3 60.6 62.0 63.9 51.9 58.1 40.3 54.5 55.8 63.4 62.8 61.4 60.7 60.7 Driving or riding around .......... 62.4 65.9 59.1 65.2 48.9 60.7 42.4 62.3 56.2 65.0 65.1 62.6 64.6 55.0 Thinking or daydreaming ........ 68.5 61.8 74.8 71.1 64.6 58.0 62.4 53.9 63.3 67.5 75.9 67.7 75.2 76.5 Talking with parents ............... 83.9 79.9 87.6 85.6 80.1 78.0 79.8 76.0 78.5 84.7 87.8 83.4 87.7 87.9 Reading front page of newspaper ............................ 69.1 70.8 67.5 69.7 71.9 63.3 73.5 61.8 61.5 69.1 77.0 68.5 75.7 72.0 Five or more hours on weekdays Watches television ................. 11.5 11.9 11.2 9.4 22.2 13.8 8.1 20.9 16.5 11.5 6.4 12.1 8.0 3.9 Percent of 12th graders, 1992 At least once a week Use personal computer .......... 23.7 28.1 19.3 23.9 23.6 20.9 27.0 23.8 18.9 23.3 27.7 23.4 25.2 28.0 Work on hobbies .................... 40.9 44.4 37.4 42.0 34.8 39.9 37.8 49.8 36.3 41.1 43.5 40.6 43.4 43.2 Attend religious activities ........ 31.0 28.1 33.8 31.4 33.7 26.9 30.4 14.6 22.2 29.4 39.9 29.4 38.8 54.9 Attend youth groups ............... 22.4 24.6 20.1 22.5 23.3 18.5 26.4 22.1 16.6 21.3 28.1 21.8 22.9 33.3 Perform community service .... 11.3 10.7 11.9 11.1 12.1 10.9 14.0 9.2 7.7 9.5 16.7 9.7 22.3 31.2 Driving or riding around .......... 73.3 74.3 72.3 75.7 67.8 66.2 66.7 71.0 69.6 75.3 72.4 73.4 77.8 63.0 Do things with friends ............. 88.1 88.2 88.0 90.7 79.8 82.4 85.9 77.2 80.8 88.1 93.2 87.5 94.5 91.9 Do things with parent ............. 66.7 61.2 72.1 68.2 62.0 63.8 63.4 61.2 59.6 66.3 71.7 66.0 73.6 72.8 Talk with other adult ............... 47.7 45.4 49.9 48.8 44.3 46.2 43.0 44.0 47.6 49.0 45.0 47.3 46.4 58.8 Take music, art, or dance class ..................................... 10.1 7.9 12.2 9.9 9.7 9.8 14.0 10.6 7.1 8.8 14.0 9.7 13.4 12.4 Take sports lessons ............... 7.3 9.7 5.0 7.0 7.4 8.2 9.4 11.6 5.6 6.6 9.5 7.1 11.1 7.8 Play ball or other sport ........... 26.3 38.8 14.0 27.1 22.9 23.6 28.7 29.4 20.7 24.5 33.1 25.6 34.0 31.4 More than an hour a day Reading for pleasure .............. 55.4 53.1 57.7 56.3 51.0 53.5 54.4 59.3 51.6 55.0 58.6 55.0 56.0 62.9 Plays video games ................. 13.0 19.2 6.8 11.7 19.9 13.0 13.5 21.1 16.9 13.7 9.4 13.3 10.4 8.9 Five or more hours on weekdays Watches television ................. 8.4 8.5 8.4 6.4 21.3 9.3 6.4 12.7 12.0 9.4 4.1 8.7 7.9 4.1 NOTE: Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income. The `` Low'' SES group is the lowest quartile; the `` Middle'' SES group is the middle two quartiles; and the `` High'' SES group is the upper quartile. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' Second Followup survey, and `` High School and Beyond,'' First Followup survey. ( This table was prepared March 1994.)

Table 146.   Percent of high school seniors who participate in selected school sponsored extracurricular activities, by student characteristics: 1980 and 1992 Student characteristics Academic clubs Athletics Cheerleading and drill team Newspaper or yearbook Music, drama, debate Vocational clubs 1980 1992 1980 1992 1980 1992 1980 1992 1980 1992 1980 1992 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 All seniors .............................. 25.6 25.1 51.8 42.9 15.1 7.5 19.9 18.8 36.5 27.9 23.1 17.7 Male .................................... 20.3 22.8 64.0 55.3 4.5 2.0 15.4 14.0 28.4 23.0 19.1 14.7 Female ................................ 30.9 27.4 40.6 30.3 24.8 13.0 24.0 23.5 44.0 32.7 26.7 20.6 Race/ ethnicity White ................................... 25.0 25.8 51.6 44.1 14.9 7.4 20.1 19.7 35.8 28.1 22.3 17.6 Black ................................... 33.1 20.6 54.4 41.4 17.6 10.6 17.8 14.3 43.2 32.2 30.1 22.5 Hispanic .............................. 24.2 22.6 49.4 35.3 12.3 6.6 15.8 16.8 31.1 22.3 27.3 16.4 Asian ................................... 26.6 32.3 48.8 45.2 14.6 5.1 21.4 18.9 36.6 25.8 9.6 8.8 Test performance quartile Lowest test quartile ............. 24.6 18.1 46.3 40.3 15.0 8.5 14.6 12.0 31.8 23.3 33.0 25.0 Middle 2 test quartiles ........ 24.3 23.3 49.4 42.3 16.0 7.6 18.7 17.1 35.6 26.5 24.2 20.0 Highest test quartile ............ 29.0 37.1 54.0 49.0 13.5 7.9 27.1 27.9 43.4 35.2 12.4 11.4 Socioeconomic status 1 Low quartile ........................ 24.6 19.4 43.2 33.9 13.0 6.7 15.7 14.2 31.0 24.1 30.6 24.8 Middle 2 quartiles ............... 24.3 24.5 52.1 41.7 15.9 8.0 19.2 17.5 35.8 27.8 24.1 18.5 High quartile ........................ 29.0 31.7 61.7 53.9 15.6 7.7 25.3 25.5 43.8 31.6 13.4 9.3 Region Northwest ............................ 19.6 23.1 54.5 48.6 11.5 6.9 24.6 28.3 34.5 28.4 10.6 8.1 Midwest ............................... 21.4 25.4 52.8 45.8 15.3 8.0 18.4 18.2 37.1 32.0 20.0 18.4 South ................................... 30.8 28.2 48.2 38.8 18.0 8.5 18.8 15.0 37.9 25.6 40.0 27.2 West .................................... 21.9 21.6 52.9 40.6 14.0 6.0 16.8 16.5 35.2 25.6 15.8 10.0 High school program 2 General ............................... 19.6 18.3 49.9 37.8 14.0 7.1 16.7 14.6 34.5 26.3 22.6 16.7 Academic ............................ 28.7 34.2 60.1 50.8 17.2 8.8 26.9 24.9 44.1 32.8 13.1 12.6 Vocational ........................... 23.1 14.7 42.4 30.1 13.3 4.9 13.2 11.2 27.7 16.2 39.3 41.2 1 Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income. The `` low'' SES group is the lowest quartile; the middle SES group is the middle two quartiles; and the `` high'' SES group is the upper quartile. 2 Program as reported by student. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` High School and Beyond,'' Senior Cohort; and `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' Second Followup survey. ( This table was prepared February 1996.) 164 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: DRUGS AND VIOLENCE Table 147.   Percentage of students in grades 9 through 12 who reported experience with drugs and violence on school property, by race/ ethnicity, grade, and sex: 1997 and 1999 Type of violence or drug related behavior 1997 1999 Total Total Race/ ethnicity Grade White Black Hispanic 9 10 11 12 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Felt too unsafe to go to school 1 Total ..................................................................................................... 4.0 5.2 3.9 6.0 11.2 7.0 4.8 4.5 3.9 Male .................................................................................................. 4.1 4.8 3.6 4.9 12.3 6.2 4.4 4.6 3.4 Female .............................................................................................. 3.9 5.7 4.3 7.1 10.2 7.9 5.2 4.3 4.5 Carried a weapon on school property 1,2 Total ..................................................................................................... 8.5 6.9 6.4 5.0 7.9 7.2 6.6 7.0 6.2 Male .................................................................................................. 12.5 11.0 11.0 5.3 12.3 11.4 10.5 11.1 10.1 Female .............................................................................................. 3.7 2.8 1.6 4.8 3.7 3.0 2.8 2.9 2.3 Threatened or injured with a weapon on school property 3 Total ..................................................................................................... 7.4 7.7 6.6 7.6 9.8 10.5 8.2 6.1 5.1 Male .................................................................................................. 10.2 9.5 7.9 9.0 13.1 12.6 10.9 7.0 6.6 Female .............................................................................................. 4.0 5.8 5.2 6.4 6.6 8.4 5.4 5.1 3.5 Engaged in a physical fight on school property 3 Total ..................................................................................................... 14.8 14.2 12.3 18.7 15.7 18.6 17.2 10.8 8.1 Male .................................................................................................. 20.0 18.5 17.2 19.0 20.6 24.3 22.3 14.4 10.2 Female .............................................................................................. 8.6 9.8 7.1 18.4 10.8 12.7 12.1 7.1 6.0 Property stolen or deliberately damaged on school property 3 Total ..................................................................................................... 32.9                 Male .................................................................................................. 36.1                 Female .............................................................................................. 29.0                 Cigarette use on school property 1 Total ..................................................................................................... 14.6 14.0 15.6 6.7 12.9 11.8 14.9 14.2 14.9 Male .................................................................................................. 15.9 14.8 16.5 7.7 15.3 11.9 14.4 14.8 18.2 Female .............................................................................................. 13.0 13.2 14.7 5.8 10.6 11.7 15.4 13.7 11.7 Smokeless tobacco use on school property 4 Total ..................................................................................................... 5.1 4.2 5.9 0.5 2.5 3.5 4.2 4.0 4.9 Male .................................................................................................. 9.0 8.1 11.4 0.9 3.5 6.6 8.1 7.8 9.5 Female .............................................................................................. 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 Alcohol use on school property 1 Total ..................................................................................................... 5.6 4.9 4.8 4.3 7.0 4.4 5.0 4.7 5.0 Male .................................................................................................. 7.2 6.1 6.1 6.2 7.3 4.1 6.0 6.5 7.6 Female .............................................................................................. 3.6 3.6 3.4 2.6 6.7 4.5 4.1 2.9 2.4 Marijuana use on school property 1 Total ..................................................................................................... 7.0 7.2 6.5 7.2 10.7 6.6 7.6 7.0 7.3 Male .................................................................................................. 9.0 10.1 9.2 9.8 14.7 8.7 11.4 9.2 10.4 Female .............................................................................................. 4.6 4.4 3.6 4.9 6.9 4.4 3.8 4.9 4.2 Offered, sold, or given an illegal drug on school property 3 Total ..................................................................................................... 31.7 30.2 28.8 25.3 36.9 27.6 32.1 31.1 30.5 Male .................................................................................................. 37.4 34.7 33.2 30.1 44.4 31.6 37.5 33.9 36.7 Female .............................................................................................. 24.7 25.7 24.1 20.9 29.5 23.5 26.9 28.4 24.4   Not available. 1 On one or more of the 30 days preceding the survey. 2 Such as a gun, knife, or club. 3 One or more times during the 12 months preceding the survey. 4 Used chewing tobacco or snuff during 1 of the 30 days preceding the survey. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC Surveillance Summaries, June 9, 2000, MMWR 2000; 47 ( No. SS 5). ( This table was prepared June 2000.)

Table 148.   Percent of 12 to 17 year olds reporting drug use during the past 30 days and the past year: 1982 to 1999 Type of drug and frequency use 1982 1985 1988 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Percent reporting drug use during past 30 days Any illicit use ................................................   13.2 8.1 7.1 5.8 5.3 5.7 8.2 10.9 9.0 11.4 9.9 10.9 Marijuana ................................................. 9.9 10.2 5.4 4.4 3.6 3.4 4.0 6.0 8.2 7.1 9.4 8.3 7.7 Cocaine .................................................... 1.9 1.5 1.2 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.8 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.5 Alcohol .......................................................... 34.9 41.2 33.4 32.5 27.0 20.9 23.9 21.6 21.1 18.8 20.5 19.1 18.6 Cigarettes .....................................................   29.4 22.7 22.4 20.9 18.4 18.5 18.9 20.2 18.3 19.9 18.2 14.9 Percent reporting drug use during past year Any illicit use ................................................   20.7 14.9 14.1 13.1 10.4 11.9 15.5 18.0 16.7 18.8 16.4 20.3 Marijuana ................................................. 17.7 16.7 10.7 9.6 8.5 6.9 8.5 11.4 14.2 13.0 15.8 14.1 14.4 Cocaine .................................................... 3.7 3.4 2.5 1.9 1.3 1.0 0.7 1.1 1.7 1.4 2.2 1.7 1.6 Alcohol .......................................................... 46.1 52.7 45.5 41.8 41.2 33.3 35.9 36.2 35.1 32.7 34.0 31.8 34.9 Cigarettes .....................................................   29.9 26.8 26.2 23.7 21.4 22.5 24.5 26.6 24.2 26.4 23.8 23.5   Not available.

NOTE: Marijuana includes hashish usage for 1996 and later years. Due to changes in the survey instrument and administration and to improve comparability with new data, estimates for 1982 through 1993 have been adjusted and may differ from those reported in previous years. Data for 1999 gathered using Computer Assisted Interviewing ( CAI) and may not be directly comparable to previous years. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, `` National Household Survey on Drug Abuse,'' various years. ( This table was prepared May 2001.) 165 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: DRUG USE Table 149.   Percent of high school seniors reporting drug use, by type of drug and frequency of use: 1975 to 2000 Type of drug and frequency of use Class of 1975 Class of 1980 Class of 1984 Class of 1985 Class of 1986 Class of 1987 Class of 1988 Class of 1989 Class of 1990 Class of 1991 Class of 1992 Class of 1993 Class of 1994 Class of 1995 Class of 1996 Class of 1997 Class of 1998 Class of 1999 Class of 2000 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Percent reporting having ever used drugs Alcohol 1 .......................... 90.4 93.2 92.6 92.2 91.3 92.2 92.0 90.7 89.5 88.0 87.5 80.0 80.4 80.7 79.2 81.7 81.4 80.0 80.3 Any illicit drug ................. 55.2 65.4 61.6 60.6 57.6 56.6 53.9 50.9 47.9 44.1 40.7 42.9 45.6 48.4 50.8 54.3 54.1 54.7 54.0 Marijuana only ........... 19.0 26.7 21.3 20.9 19.9 20.8 21.4 19.5 18.5 17.2 15.6 16.2 18.0 20.3 22.3         Any illicit drug other than marijuana 2 ..... 36.2 38.7 40.3 39.7 37.7 35.8 32.5 31.4 29.4 26.9 25.1 26.7 27.6 28.1 28.5 30.0 29.4 29.4 29.0 Use of selected drugs Cocaine ..................... 9.0 15.7 16.1 17.3 16.9 15.2 12.1 10.3 9.4 7.8 6.1 6.1 5.9 6.0 7.1 8.7 9.3 9.8 8.6 Heroin ........................ 2.2 1.1 1.3 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.1 1.3 1.3 0.9 1.2 1.1 1.2 1.6 1.8 2.1 2.0 2.0 2.4 LSD ............................ 11.3 9.3 8.0 7.5 7.2 8.4 7.7 8.3 8.7 8.8 8.6 10.3 10.5 11.7 12.6 13.6 12.6 12.2 11.1 Marijuana/ hashish ..... 47.3 60.3 54.9 54 51 50.2 47.2 43.7 40.7 36.7 32.6 35.3 38.2 41.7 44.9 49.6 49.1 49.7 48.8 PCP ...........................   9.6 5.0 4.9 4.8 3.0 2.9 3.9 2.8 2.9 2.4 2.9 2.8 2.7 4.0 3.9 3.9 3.4 3.4 Percent reporting use of drugs in the past 12 months Alcohol 1 .......................... 84.8 87.9 86.0 85.6 84.5 85.7 85.3 82.7 80.6 77.7 76.8 72.7 73.0 73.7 72.5 74.8 74.3 73.8 73.2 Any illicit drug ................. 45.0 53.1 45.8 46.3 44.3 41.7 38.5 35.4 32.5 29.4 27.1 31.0 35.8 39.0 40.2 42.4 41.4 42.1 40.9 Marijuana only ........... 18.8 22.7 17.8 18.9 18.4 17.6 17.4 15.4 14.6 13.2 12.2 13.9 17.8 19.6 20.4         Any illicit drug other than marijuana 2 ..... 26.2 30.4 28.0 27.4 25.9 24.1 21.1 20.0 17.9 16.2 14.9 17.1 18.0 19.4 19.8 20.7 20.2 20.7 20.4 Use of selected drugs Cocaine ..................... 5.6 12.3 11.6 13.1 12.7 10.3 7.9 6.5 5.3 3.5 3.1 3.3 3.6 4.0 4.9 5.5 5.7 6.2 5.0 Heroin ........................ 1.0 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 1.1 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.1 1.5 LSD ............................ 7.2 6.5 4.7 4.4 4.5 5.2 4.8 4.9 5.4 5.2 5.6 6.8 6.9 8.4 8.8 8.4 7.6 8.1 6.6 Marijuana/ hashish ..... 40.0 48.8 40.0 40.6 38.8 36.3 33.1 29.6 27.0 23.9 21.9 26.0 30.7 34.7 35.8 38.5 37.5 37.8 36.5 PCP ...........................   4.4 2.3 2.9 2.4 1.3 1.2 2.4 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.6 2.3 2.1 1.8 2.3 Percent reporting use of drugs in the past 30 days Alcohol 1 .......................... 68.2 72.0 67.2 65.9 65.3 66.4 63.9 60.0 57.1 54.0 51.3 48.6 50.1 51.3 50.8 52.7 52.0 51.0 50.0 Any illicit drug ................. 30.7 37.2 29.2 29.7 27.1 24.7 21.3 19.7 17.2 16.4 14.4 18.3 21.9 23.8 24.6 26.2 25.6 25.9 24.9 Marijuana only ........... 15.3 18.8 14.1 14.8 13.9 13.1 11.3 10.6 9.2 9.3 8.1 10.4 13.1 13.8 15.1         Any illicit drug other than marijuana 2 ..... 15.4 18.4 15.1 14.9 13.2 11.6 10.0 9.1 8.0 7.1 6.3 7.9 8.8 10.0 9.5 10.7 10.7 10.4 10.4 Use of selected drugs Cocaine ..................... 1.9 5.2 5.8 6.7 6.2 4.3 3.4 2.8 1.9 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.5 1.8 2.0 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.1 Heroin ........................ 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 LSD ............................ 2.3 2.3 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.9 2.0 2.4 2.6 4.0 2.5 3.1 3.2 2.7 1.6 Marijuana/ hashish ..... 27.1 33.7 25.2 25.7 23.4 21.0 18.0 16.7 14.0 13.8 11.9 15.5 19.0 21.2 21.9 23.7 22.8 23.1 21.6 PCP ...........................   1.4 1.0 1.6 1.3 0.6 0.3 1.4 0.4 0.5 0.6 1.0 0.7 0.6 1.3 0.7 1.0 0.8 0.9   Not available.

1 Survey question changed in 1993; data are not comparable to figures for earlier years.

2 Other illicit drugs include any use of marijuana, LSD, other hallucinogens, crack, other cocaine, or heroin, or any use of other narcotics, amphetamines, barbiturates, or tranquilizers not under a doctor's orders. NOTE: A revised questionnaire was used in 1982 and later years to reduce the inappropriate reporting of nonprescription stimulants. This slightly reduced the positive responses for some types of drug abuse.

SOURCE: University of Michigan, Institute for Social Research, `` Monitoring the Future'' Study. ( This table was prepared April 2001.) 166 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: DRUGS AND VIOLENCE Table 150.   Percent of public schools reporting crime incidents and the seriousness of crime incidents reported, by school characteristics: 1996   97 School characteristics No incidents reported Any incidents reported Serious violent crimes Total, all crimes Total Rape or other sexual battery Physical attacks or fights with weapons Percent of schools Number of incidents, in thousands Number of incidents, per 100,000 students Percent of schools Number of incidents, in thousands Number of incidents per 100,000 students Percent of schools Number of incidents, in thousands Percent of schools Number of incidents, in thousands All public schools .............. 43 ( 2.1) 57 ( 2.1) 424.8 ( 27.6) 1,003 ( 66) 10 ( 0.8) 22.6 ( 3.3) 53 ( 8) 3 ( 0.5) 4.2 ( 0.7) 6 ( 0.5) 11.0 ( 1.9)

Instructional level Elementary school ............... 55 ( 3.2) 45 ( 3.2) 78.9 ( 10.9) 352 ( 49) 4 ( 1.1) 2.9 ( 0.8) 13 ( 4) 1 ( 0.5) 0.7 ( 0.4) 2 ( 0.8) 1.6 ( 0.6) Middle school ...................... 26 ( 2.3) 74 ( 2.3) 136.4 ( 15.6) 1,623 ( 184) 19 ( 1.9) 7.8 ( 2.4) 93 ( 29) 5 ( 1.2) 1.4 ( 0.4) 12 ( 1.2) 4.1 ( 1.4) High school ......................... 23 ( 2.4) 77 ( 2.4) 209.5 ( 14.9) 1,807 ( 130) 21 ( 2.1) 11.9 ( 1.8) 103 ( 16) 8 ( 1.3) 2.1 ( 0.3) 13 ( 1.5) 5.3 ( 1.1)

Size of enrollment Less than 300 ..................... 62 ( 4.9) 38 ( 4.9) 40.3 ( 7.9) 1,073 ( 189) 4 ( 1.4) 2.3 ( 1.3) 61 ( 35) 1 ( 0.6) 0.3 ( 0.2) 2 ( 0.9) 1.4 ( 1.0) 300 to 999 ........................... 40 ( 2.2) 60 ( 2.2) 204.1 ( 16.7) 730 ( 62) 9 ( 1.2) 10.8 ( 2.8) 38 ( 10) 2 ( 0.6) 2.0 ( 0.6) 6 ( 0.8) 5.7 ( 1.6) 1,000 or more ...................... 11 ( 2.3) 89 ( 2.3) 180.4 ( 17.8) 1,692 ( 163) 33 ( 2.4) 9.6 ( 1.2) 90 ( 11) 11 ( 1.7) 1.8 ( 0.3) 20 ( 2.0) 3.9 ( 0.5)

Locale City ...................................... 41 ( 3.7) 59 ( 3.7) 146.7 ( 17.2) 1,164 ( 141) 17 ( 2.1) 11.9 ( 2.6) 95 ( 21) 5 ( 1.0) 1.9 ( 0.4) 10 ( 1.7) 5.4 ( 1.5) Urban fringe ........................ 42 ( 3.2) 58 ( 3.2) 110.6 ( 16.0) 882 ( 126) 11 ( 1.8) 4.7 ( 1.0) 38 ( 8) 4 ( 1.0) 1.1 ( 0.3) 6 ( 1.2) 2.1 ( 0.4) Town .................................... 37 ( 3.8) 63 ( 3.8) 104.0 ( 9.2) 1,023 ( 96) 5 ( 1.4) 2.8 ( 1.3) 28 ( 13) 1 ( 0.5) 0.3 ( 0.1) 3 ( 0.9) 1.7 ( 1.0) Rural .................................... 53 ( 4.2) 47 ( 4.2) 63.3 ( 8.9) 899 ( 125) 8 ( 1.5) 3.1 ( 0.7) 45 ( 10) 2 ( 0.9) 0.8 ( 0.4) 5 ( 1.2) 1.8 ( 0.6)

Region Northeast ............................. 48 ( 4.4) 52 ( 4.4) 67.4 ( 12.5) 806 ( 140) 7 ( 1.1) 3.2 ( 0.6) 39 ( 8) 2 ( 0.6) 0.5 ( 0.1) 4 ( 1.0) 1.1 ( 0.3) Southeast ............................ 41 ( 3.8) 59 ( 3.8) 95.4 ( 12.0) 922 ( 122) 9 ( 1.6) 4.1 ( 1.1) 40 ( 10) 4 ( 0.9) 1.2 ( 0.3) 5 ( 1.3) 1.6 ( 0.4) Central ................................. 49 ( 4.5) 51 ( 4.5) 95.2 ( 15.2) 954 ( 146) 11 ( 2.2) 7.8 ( 2.5) 78 ( 25) 3 ( 1.0) 1.2 ( 0.5) 6 ( 1.4) 4.3 ( 1.6) West .................................... 36 ( 3.5) 64 ( 3.5) 166.8 ( 12.2) 1,218 ( 95) 12 ( 1.4) 7.5 ( 1.4) 55 ( 11) 3 ( 0.8) 1.3 ( 0.3) 8 ( 1.2) 3.9 ( 1.0)

Percent minority enrollment Less than 5 percent ............ 53 ( 3.7) 47 ( 3.7) 66.2 ( 8.6) 693 ( 87) 6 ( 1.3) 1.8 ( 0.4) 19 ( 5) 2 ( 0.8) 0.7 ( 0.3) 3 ( 0.9) 0.9 ( 0.2) 5 to 19 percent .................... 42 ( 3.8) 58 ( 3.8) 89.1 ( 10.2) 871 ( 90) 11 ( 2.1) 4.1 ( 1.4) 40 ( 13) 3 ( 1.2) 0.8 ( 0.3) 6 ( 1.2) 2.4 ( 1.0) 20 to 49 percent .................. 42 ( 3.6) 58 ( 3.6) 103.5 ( 14.1) 1,018 ( 129) 11 ( 1.6) 5.2 ( 0.9) 51 ( 9) 4 ( 0.7) 1.5 ( 0.3) 7 ( 1.6) 2.2 ( 0.5) 50 percent or more ............. 32 ( 3.2) 68 ( 3.2) 159.4 ( 21.9) 1,325 ( 181) 15 ( 1.8) 11.5 ( 2.8) 96 ( 25) 4 ( 1.0) 1.3 ( 0.3) 9 ( 1.3) 5.4 ( 1.5)

Percent of students eligible for free or reduced price school lunch Less than 20 percent .......... 46 ( 3.3) 54 ( 3.3) 91.7 ( 9.9) 813 ( 80) 9 ( 1.5) 2.9 ( 0.6) 26 ( 5) 3 ( 0.8) 0.8 ( 0.2) 5 ( 1.2) 1.4 ( 0.3) 20 to 34 percent .................. 47 ( 4.3) 53 ( 4.3) 84.1 ( 11.6) 916 ( 134) 12 ( 2.0) 5.3 ( 1.1) 58 ( 11) 3 ( 1.0) 1.1 ( 0.4) 6 ( 1.3) 2.4 ( 0.5) 35 to 49 percent .................. 41 ( 5.0) 59 ( 5.0) 72.9 ( 11.4) 1,073 ( 175) 12 ( 2.3) 3.3 ( 0.8) 49 ( 11) 4 ( 1.7) 1.0 ( 0.4) 6 ( 1.7) 1.5 ( 0.5) 50 to 74 percent .................. 41 ( 4.1) 59 ( 4.1) 93.9 ( 16.1) 1,167 ( 194) 9 ( 1.4) 5.5 ( 2.5) 68 ( 31) 2 ( 0.4) 0.6 ( 0.2) 6 ( 1.3) 2.9 ( 1.5) 75 percent or more ............. 41 ( 4.7) 59 ( 4.7) 75.8 ( 10.6) 1,125 ( 151) 10 ( 1.7) 5.4 ( 1.3) 81 ( 22) 3 ( 0.9) 0.6 ( 0.2) 7 ( 1.4) 2.7 ( 1.0) 167 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: DRUGS AND VIOLENCE Table 150.   Percent of public schools reporting crime incidents and the seriousness of crime incidents reported, by school characteristics: 1996   97   Continued School characteristics Serious violent crimes Less serious or nonviolent crimes Robbery Total, less serious or nonviolent crime only Physical attacks or fights without weapons Theft or larceny Vandalism Percent of schools Number of incidents, in thousands Percent of schools Number of incidents, in thousands Number of incidents per 100,000 students Percent of schools Number of incidents, in thousands Percent of schools Number of incidents, in thousands Percent of schools Number of incidents, in thousands 1 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 All public schools .............. 3 ( 0.4) 7.2 ( 1.5) 47 ( 2.1) 401.9 ( 26.0) 949 ( 63) 28 ( 1.1) 187.9 ( 17.0) 31 ( 1.5) 115.5 ( 8.4) 38 ( 1.6) 98.5 ( 5.6)

Instructional level Elementary school ............... 1 ( 0.4) 0.4 ( 0.2) 41 ( 3.2) 75.8 ( 11.0) 339 ( 49) 12 ( 1.7) 21.5 ( 7.0) 19 ( 2.0) 19.5 ( 3.4) 30 ( 2.3) 34.9 ( 4.2) Middle school ...................... 5 ( 0.9) 2.3 ( 1.0) 55 ( 2.8) 128.6 ( 13.8) 1,530 ( 162) 51 ( 2.3) 73.3 ( 10.4) 44 ( 2.5) 31.5 ( 3.4) 47 ( 2.6) 23.8 ( 2.3) High school ......................... 8 ( 1.0) 4.4 ( 0.9) 56 ( 3.0) 197.5 ( 14.3) 1,704 ( 124) 55 ( 2.9) 93.1 ( 9.4) 55 ( 3.1) 64.6 ( 5.7) 52 ( 2.7) 39.9 ( 2.9)

Size of enrollment Less than 300 .....................     0.2 ( 0.2) 34 ( 4.4) 37.7 ( 7.1) 1,013 ( 173) 17 ( 2.9) 15.6 ( 3.7) 18 ( 3.1) 9.9 ( 2.3) 23 ( 3.9) 12.3 ( 2.4) 300 to 999 ........................... 2 ( 0.5) 3.0 ( 1.2) 50 ( 2.5) 193.4 ( 15.0) 692 ( 55) 26 ( 1.4) 87.9 ( 10.7) 30 ( 1.8) 51.4 ( 4.4) 40 ( 1.7) 54.0 ( 4.1) 1,000 or more ...................... 16 ( 1.8) 3.9 ( 0.8) 56 ( 3.2) 170.8 ( 17.3) 1,602 ( 158) 67 ( 3.0) 84.4 ( 11.5) 68 ( 3.2) 54.2 ( 5.3) 62 ( 3.3) 32.2 ( 3.6)

Locale City ...................................... 8 ( 1.3) 4.5 ( 1.2) 42 ( 4.1) 134.8 ( 14.9) 1,070 ( 123) 30 ( 2.4) 62.1 ( 9.2) 34 ( 2.7) 39.9 ( 4.2) 41 ( 3.2) 32.8 ( 3.4) Urban fringe ........................ 3 ( 0.7) 1.5 ( 0.6) 47 ( 3.2) 105.9 ( 15.7) 845 ( 122) 28 ( 2.6) 54.8 ( 11.5) 29 ( 2.4) 28.3 ( 4.1) 37 ( 2.9) 22.8 ( 3.5) Town .................................... 1 ( 0.4) 0.6 ( 0.4) 58 ( 3.7) 101.0 ( 8.9) 995 ( 93) 32 ( 2.3) 46.3 ( 5.8) 36 ( 3.5) 29.0 ( 3.5) 44 ( 3.5) 25.7 ( 2.8) Rural .................................... 1 ( 0.6) 0.5 ( 0.3) 39 ( 4.1) 60.2 ( 8.5) 854 ( 120) 21 ( 2.6) 24.7 ( 4.3) 24 ( 3.3) 18.3 ( 3.6) 30 ( 3.7) 17.2 ( 2.7)

Region Northeast ............................. 3 ( 0.6) 1.6 ( 0.4) 45 ( 4.7) 64.2 ( 12.3) 768 ( 138) 23 ( 2.3) 29.1 ( 6.8) 26 ( 3.3) 18.1 ( 4.8) 37 ( 3.6) 17.1 ( 2.4) Southeast ............................ 2 ( 0.6) 1.3 ( 0.7) 50 ( 3.9) 91.3 ( 11.4) 883 ( 116) 29 ( 2.7) 50.7 ( 8.8) 32 ( 3.6) 23.3 ( 3.1) 36 ( 3.1) 17.3 ( 1.8) Central ................................. 3 ( 0.8) 2.1 ( 1.0) 40 ( 4.1) 87.2 ( 13.4) 876 ( 127) 26 ( 2.6) 45.6 ( 10.0) 26 ( 2.7) 23.0 ( 2.8) 30 ( 3.6) 18.6 ( 2.7) West .................................... 4 ( 0.8) 2.2 ( 0.5) 52 ( 3.7) 159.2 ( 12.1) 1,164 ( 94) 32 ( 3.0) 62.5 ( 7.3) 38 ( 3.0) 51.2 ( 5.0) 47 ( 3.5) 45.5 ( 4.4)

Percent minority enrollment Less than 5 percent ............ 1 ( 0.5) 0.3 ( 0.1) 41 ( 3.5) 64.5 ( 8.5) 674 ( 86) 22 ( 2.4) 24.3 ( 3.3) 24 ( 2.8) 21.4 ( 3.6) 29 ( 3.3) 18.7 ( 2.8) 5 to 19 percent .................... 2 ( 0.8) 0.6 ( 0.2) 47 ( 3.6) 84.7 ( 9.7) 830 ( 87) 27 ( 3.0) 35.6 ( 5.1) 28 ( 3.1) 29.4 ( 4.5) 40 ( 3.0) 19.7 ( 2.9) 20 to 49 percent .................. 3 ( 0.8) 1.5 ( 0.5) 47 ( 3.6) 98.3 ( 13.6) 968 ( 125) 32 ( 2.9) 54.0 ( 9.3) 31 ( 3.3) 25.9 ( 4.0) 38 ( 3.5) 18.5 ( 2.2) 50 percent or more ............. 7 ( 1.1) 4.8 ( 1.4) 53 ( 3.9) 147.9 ( 20.0) 1,229 ( 163) 32 ( 3.1) 72.6 ( 13.7) 41 ( 3.5) 34.8 ( 4.6) 47 ( 3.3) 40.4 ( 5.2)

Percent of students eligible for free or reduced price school lunch Less than 20 percent .......... 1 ( 0.5) 0.7 ( 0.3) 46 ( 3.2) 88.8 ( 9.8) 787 ( 80) 29 ( 2.5) 40.0 ( 5.5) 30 ( 2.7) 29.5 ( 3.9) 37 ( 3.6) 19.3 ( 2.3) 20 to 34 percent .................. 3 ( 0.7) 1.6 ( 0.6) 42 ( 4.3) 78.6 ( 11.0) 858 ( 127) 27 ( 2.9) 34.9 ( 7.7) 25 ( 2.9) 26.1 ( 4.4) 34 ( 4.0) 17.7 ( 2.3) 35 to 49 percent .................. 3 ( 1.1) 0.9 ( 0.4) 48 ( 5.0) 69.6 ( 11.2) 1,024 ( 172) 28 ( 3.4) 33.3 ( 7.0) 35 ( 4.8) 21.6 ( 3.8) 38 ( 4.4) 14.7 ( 2.0) 50 to 74 percent .................. 4 ( 1.0) 2.0 ( 1.0) 49 ( 4.5) 88.5 ( 14.3) 1,099 ( 170) 28 ( 3.4) 45.9 ( 9.9) 31 ( 3.6) 22.4 ( 3.4) 39 ( 3.6) 20.2 ( 2.6) 75 percent or more ............. 6 ( 1.2) 2.0 ( 0.5) 49 ( 4.7) 70.4 ( 10.1) 1,044 ( 141) 25 ( 3.0) 28.8 ( 5.9) 35 ( 3.9) 15.8 ( 2.7) 42 ( 3.9) 25.8 ( 4.3)

NOTE: Serious violent crime means that at least one of the following crimes occurred at the school and police were contacted: murder, rape or other type of sexual battery, suicide, physical attack or fight with weapon, or robbery. Less serious or nonviolent crime means that no serious violent crimes occurred and the police were called: physical attack or fight without weapon, theft/ larceny, or vandalism. No incidents means that the school reporting did not contact the police for any of the specified crimes. Specified crimes may have occurred but police were not contacted, or other, nonspecified crimes may have occurred at the school. Detail may not sum to totals due to rounding.

SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, Violence and Discipline Problems in U. S. Public Schools: 1996   97. ( This table was prepared August 2000.) 168 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ATTENDANCE Table 151.   Ages for compulsory school attendance, special education services for students, policies for year round schools and kindergarten programs, by state: 1997 and 2000 State Compulsory attendance, 2000 Compulsory special education services 1997 1 Year round schools, 2000 Provision of kindergarten education, 2000 Has policy on year round schools Has districts with yearround schools School districts required to offer Attendance required Half day Full day Half day Full day 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Alabama .................... 7 to 16 6 to 21 X X X Alaska ........................ 7 to 16 3 to 22 X Arizona ...................... 2 6 to 16 3 to 22 X X X X Arkansas .................... 3 5 to 17 5 to 21 X X X X California ................... 4 6 to 18 Birth to 21 X X X Colorado ....................   3 to 21 X Connecticut ................ 7 to 16 5 Under 21 X Delaware ................... 6 5 to 16 3 to 20 X X District of Columbia ...                 Florida ........................ 6 to 18   X X X X Georgia ...................... 6 to 16 5 Under 21 X X Hawaii ........................ 6 to 18 Under 20 X X X Idaho .......................... 7 to 16 3 to 21 X Illinois ......................... 7 to 16 3 to 21 X X 7X Indiana ....................... 7 to 16 3 to 22 X X Iowa ........................... 8 6 to 16 Under 21 X X 7X Kansas ....................... 9 7 to 18 ( 10) Kentucky .................... 11 6 to 16 Under 21 X X X Louisiana ................... 7 to 17 3 to 21 X X Maine ......................... 7 to 17 12 5 to 19 X Maryland .................... 5 to 16 Under 21 X X X Massachusetts ........... 6 to 16 3 to 21 X Michigan .................... 6 to 16 Under 26 Minnesota .................. 13 7 to 18 Under 22 X X 7X Mississippi ................. 6 to 17 Birth to 20 X Missouri ..................... 7 to 16 Under 21 X 7X Montana ..................... 14 7 to 16 3 to 18 X Nebraska ................... 7 to 16 Birth to 21 X Nevada ...................... 7 to 17 Under 22 X X X New Hampshire ......... 6 to 16 3 to 21 New Jersey ................ 6 to 16 5 to 21 X New Mexico ............... 5 to 18 ( 15) X X X New York ................... 16 6 to 16 Under 21 North Carolina ........... 7 to 16 5 to 20 X X X North Dakota ............. 7 to 16 17 3 to 20 18X Ohio ........................... 6 to 18 Under 22 X 7X X Oklahoma .................. 5 to 18 19 3 and up X X X Oregon ....................... 7 to 18 3 to 21 X X Pennsylvania ............. 8 to 17 6 to 21 X X X Rhode Island ............. 6 to 16 3 to 21 X X South Carolina ........... 5 to 16 3 to 21 X X X South Dakota ............. 6 to 16 Under 21 18X Tennessee ................. 6 to 17 3 to 21 X X X Texas ......................... 6 to 18 20 3 to 21 X X 18X Utah ........................... 6 to 18 3 to 22 X X X X Vermont ..................... 7 to 16 3 to 21 18X Virginia ....................... 5 to 18 2 to 21 X 18X X Washington ................ 13 8 to 18 21 3 to 21 X West Virginia ............. 6 to 16 5 to 21 X X X X Wisconsin .................. 6 to 18 Under 21 X X Wyoming .................... 2 6 to 16 3 to 21 X   Not available. 1 Most states have an upper age limit whereby education is provided up to a certain age or completion of secondary school, whichever comes first. 2 Ages 6 to 16 or 10th grade completion. 3 Must have turned 17 by October 1. 4 At least 16 and have graduated high school or passed California High School Proficiency Exam ( CHSPE) and obtained parental permission. 5 Under 21 or until child graduates from high school. 6 Must have turned 5 by August 31. 7 State requires either half day or full day program. 8 Must have turned 16 by September 15. 9 Eligible for waiver at 16. 10 School age, to be determined in accordance with rules and regulations adopted by the state board. 11 Must have turned 6 by October 1. 12 Must be 5 before October 1, and not 20 before start of school year, assistance in providing coordination of services from birth to age 6. 13 Eligible for waiver. 14 Age 16 and completion of eighth grade. 15 School age unless otherwise provided by law 16 Age 16 and completion of school year. 17 Must not be 21 by September 1. 18 State requires both half day and full day program. 19 Children from birth through two are eligible for additional services. Eligibility for special education services cease upon completion of a secondary education program, no age limit. 20 For visually and auditorily impaired individuals under 21. 21Student may complete school year if 21st birthday occurs while attending school.

NOTE: The Education of the Handicapped Act ( EHA) Amendments of 1986 make it mandatory for all states receiving EHA funds to serve all 3 to 18 year old disabled children

SOURCE: Council of Chief State School Officers, Key State Education Policies on K 12 Education 2000; Education Commission of the States, `` Clearinghouse Notes,'' August 1997; California Department of Education, Safe Schools and Violence Prevention Office, School Attendance Review Boards, Feb. 2001. ( This table was prepared in May 2001.) 169 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: ATTENDANCE Table 152.   Tenth and twelfth graders' attendance patterns, by selected student and school characteristics: 1990 and 1992 Attendance pattern All students Sex Race/ ethnicity Socioeconomic status Control of school attended Male Female White Black Hispanic Asian American Indian Low Middle High Public Catholic Other private 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Percent of 10th graders in 1990 Number of days missed first half of current school year None ............................................... 14.3 17.1 11.6 13.0 21.2 12.5 23.1 12.0 13.1 15.0 14.9 14.0 18.3 15.1 1 or 2 days ..................................... 23.2 24.9 21.5 22.8 27.2 20.6 28.6 12.5 20.0 23.0 26.6 22.6 26.4 33.6 3 or 4 days ..................................... 27.7 27.1 28.3 28.8 24.5 25.0 23.9 33.7 25.3 27.6 29.5 27.9 26.6 27.7 5 or more days ............................... 34.8 30.9 38.7 35.4 27.1 41.9 24.4 41.9 41.6 34.3 29.0 35.4 28.8 23.5 Number of times late first half of current school year None ............................................... 25.2 25.4 24.9 27.8 17.8 17.8 22.0 18.6 23.9 25.7 26.6 25.3 27.7 17.9 1 or 2 days ..................................... 38.2 38.1 38.3 38.0 41.1 36.7 39.7 31.3 37.4 38.6 38.2 37.8 39.8 44.6 3 or more days ............................... 36.7 36.6 36.8 34.2 41.1 45.5 38.3 50.1 38.7 35.7 35.2 36.9 32.4 37.5 Cut classes Never or almost never ................... 84.8 83.5 86.2 85.8 86.5 75.8 87.1 81.4 82.3 84.5 89.0 84.0 95.2 90.9 At least sometimes ........................ 15.2 16.5 13.8 14.2 13.5 24.2 12.9 18.6 17.7 15.5 11.0 16.0 4.8 9.1 Percent of 12th graders in 1992 Number of days missed first half of current school year None ............................................... 8.7 10.5 6.9 7.4 15.8 6.9 15.6 11.3 8.7 8.6 8.8 8.6 10.2 9.1 1 or 2 days ..................................... 30.3 30.8 29.9 29.9 31.0 31.6 34.3 22.4 27.5 30.8 31.7 30.2 31.2 32.7 3 to 6 days ..................................... 35.0 35.0 35.1 36.2 31.2 34.4 27.4 37.8 34.0 34.0 37.7 34.8 37.5 37.8 7 or more days ............................... 25.9 23.7 28.2 26.5 22.1 27.1 22.7 28.6 29.8 26.6 21.8 26.4 21.1 20.5 Number of times late first half of current school year None ............................................... 19.0 17.7 20.3 20.6 14.0 14.7 16.2 19.1 19.7 19.0 18.7 19.2 19.5 12.3 1 or 2 days ..................................... 33.5 32.4 34.5 34.4 32.1 28.7 33.8 25.3 32.8 34.2 33.1 33.0 36.4 37.6 3 or more days ............................... 47.6 49.9 45.2 45.0 53.9 56.6 50.0 55.6 47.5 46.8 48.2 47.8 44.1 50.1 Cut classes Never or almost never ................... 75.6 72.8 78.4 76.5 77.7 67.9 72.7 73.7 76.2 75.6 75.4 74.3 87.1 86.3 At least sometimes ........................ 24.4 27.2 21.6 23.5 22.3 32.1 27.3 26.3 23.8 24.4 24.6 25.7 12.9 13.7 NOTE: Socioeconomic status was measured by a composite score on parental education and occupations, and family income. The `` low'' SES group is the lowest quartile; the `` middle'' SES group is the middle two quartiles; and the `` high'' SES group is the upper quartile. SOURCE: U. S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics, `` National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988,'' First and Second Followup surveys. ( This table was prepared March 1994.) 170 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: REGULATIONS Table 153.   State requirements for high school graduation, in Carnegie units: 2001 State All courses Subject areas First graduating class to which these requirements apply Minimum competency test is required to graduate Notes English/

language arts Social studies Mathematics Science Physical education/

health Arts/

vocation Technology Electives Other courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Alabama .................................... 24 4 4 4 4 1.5 0.5 0.5 5.5   2000 Yes Social studies requirement consists of 1 unit of world history/

geography, 2 units of U. S. history/ geography, .5 units of economics and .5 units of government. Math requirement includes algebra I and geometry. Science includes 1 unit of biology and 1 unit of physical science. Physical education requirement consists of 1 unit of PE and .5 units of health.

6 levels of diploma offered. Numbers given are for basic academic program.

Alaska ........................................ 21 4 3 2 2 1 0 0 9   1978 Yes ( class of 2004) PE requirement includes health or PE.

Arizona ...................................... 20 4 2.5 2 2 0 1 0 8.5   1996 Yes ( class of 2002) English requirement includes .5 credits of the principles of speech and debate. Social studies requirement consists of 1 unit of world history/ geography and 1.5 units of U. S./

Arizona history and constitutions.

Arkansas .................................... 21 4 3 3 3 1 0.5 0 6 .5 ( oral communication) 2004 No Information is for College Preparatory diploma. 4th unit of mathematics for students seeking unconditional college admission will be required in 2004.

California ................................... 13 3 3 2 2 2 1 0 0   1989 Yes ( class of 2004) Social studies requirement consists of 1 unit of U. S. history/

geography; 1 unit of world history, culture and geography;

.5 units of American government and .5 units of economics.

Science includes biological and physical sciences. Foreign language or American Sign Language may be substituted for visual/ performing art credit.

Colorado 1 ..................................                       No   Connecticut ................................ 20 4 3 3 2 1 1 0 6   2004 Yes Social studies requirement includes .5 units of civics and American government. By September 1, 2002, each local and regional board of education must specify basic skills required for graduation for the graduating class of 2006 and thereafter. Plans must include criteria for assessing student competencies. The results of the 10th grade Connecticut Academic Performance Test cannot be used as the sole basis for the graduation criteria but must be included as one alternative.

Delaware ................................... 22 4 3 3 3 1.5 0 1 3.5 3 ( career pathway) 2000 Yes PE requirement includes .5 units of health and 1 unit in PE.

Level of diploma ( basic, standard, or distinguished) partially determined by students' score on Delaware Student Testing Program ( DSTP).

District of Columbia ................... 23.5 4 3.5 3 3 1.5 2 0 4.5 2 ( foreign language) 1995 No Social studies requirement consists of 1 unit of U. S. history, 1 unit of world history, .5 units of U. S. government, .5 units of world geography and .5 units of D. C. history/ government.

Math requirement includes algebra. Science requirement includes 1 unit of laboratory science. Students must complete 100 hours of community service in order to graduate.

Florida ........................................ 24 4 3 3 3 1.5 1 0 8.5   2003 Yes ( class of 2003) Social studies requirement includes 1 unit of American history,

1 unit of world history, .5 units of economics and .5 units of American government. Two science units must have a laboratory component. Math requirement includes successful completion of algebra I. The PE requirement includes .5 units of life management skills and 1 unit of PE. Students must achieve a 2.0 GPA to graduate.

Georgia 2,3 ................................. 22 4 3 4 3 1 0 0 4 3 ( 2 units of foreign language; plus 1 unit of the following: computer technology fine arts, technology/ career preparatory, or 1 additional unit of foreign language) 2001 Yes College Preparatory Plus Diploma requires 2 more academic electives. 171 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: REGULATIONS Table 153.   State requirements for high school graduation, in Carnegie units: 2001   Continued State All courses Subject areas First graduating class to which these requirements apply Minimum competency test is required to graduate Notes English/

language arts Social studies Mathematics Science Physical education/

health Arts/

vocation Technology Electives Other courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Hawaii ........................................ 22 4 4 3 3 1.5 0 0 6 .5 ( guidance) 1997 No Social studies requires 1 unit of U. S. history and government,

1 unit of world history and culture, .5 unit of world geography .5 unit of modern history of Hawaii, and 1 unit of social studies elective. PE requirement includes .5 units of health and 1 unit in PE.

Idaho .......................................... 21 4.5 2.5 2 2 0.5 0 0 8.5 1 ( humanities) 2001 No Social studies requirement includes 1 unit of U. S. history, 1 unit of government and .5 units of economics. Science requirement includes 1 unit of laboratory science.

Illinois ......................................... 16 3 2 2 1 0.5 0 0 7.5 1 ( music, art, foreign language,

American sign language, or vocational education) 1988 Yes Social studies requirement includes 1 unit of U. S. history or a combination of U. S. history and American government.

Physical education must be provided daily, and PE credit assignments are to be determined locally. Students must take .5 unit or equivalent of health education. Local school district must provide the following: 9 weeks, 50 minutes a day, of consumer education; conservation of natural resources driver and safety education with 30 hours of classroom instruction and 6 hours of behind the wheel. Elective requirements are determined locally, but must fulfill 16 total credit minimum.

Indiana ....................................... 20 4 2 2 2 1 0 0 81 ( language arts, science,

mathematics social studies, or technology competency) 2004 Yes 1 unit of English/ language arts may be from business studies,

technology, family and consumer sciences, technology education or vocational technical courses. PE requirement includes health and PE. Students who successfully complete a Level III foreign language course may have 1 unit of the language arts requirement waived.

Iowa 1 .........................................                       No   Kansas ....................................... 21 4 3 2 2 1 0 0 9 .5 ( Kansas history; taken between 7th and 12th grades) 2001 No Social studies requirement includes 1 unit of U. S. history and .5 units of U. S. government. Science includes 1 unit of laboratory course. PE requirement may include .5 units of health. Kansas also requires .5 units of Kansas history taken between the 7th and 12th grades.

Kentucky .................................... 22 4 3 3 3 1 1 0 7   2002 No Social studies includes world civilizations, world geography,

U. S. history, government, and economics. Mathematics includes algebra I, geometry and one elective. Science includes life science, physical science, and earth and space science. PE requirement includes .5 unit of health and .5 unit of PE. A local board of education may substitute an integrated applied, interdisciplinary or higher level course for a required course.

Louisiana ................................... 23 4 3 3 3 2 0 0 8   2003 Yes Social studies requirement consists of 1 unit of American history 1 unit of world history or geography or civilization, .5 units of civics, and .5 units of free enterprise. Math includes a maximum of 2 entry level courses. Science requirement consists of 1 unit of biology I, 1 unit of physical science and 1 unit from any other course not already taken from physical science. PE includes .5 units of health and 1.5 units in PE.

Maine ......................................... 16 4 2 2 2 1.5 1 0 3.5   1989 No Social studies requirement includes 1 unit of American history,

and .5 unit of Maine studies ( if not taken between grades 6   8). Science requirement includes 1 unit of laboratory study. PE includes .5 units of health and 1 unit in PE.

Student must pass computer proficiency standards. 172 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: REGULATIONS Table 153.   State requirements for high school graduation, in Carnegie units: 2001   Continued State All courses Subject areas First graduating class to which these requirements apply Minimum competency test is required to graduate Notes English/

language arts Social studies Mathematics Science Physical education/

health Arts/

vocation Technology Electives Other courses 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Maryland .................................... 21 4 3 3 3 1 1 1 3 2 ( foreign language or advanced technology 1997 Yes ( class of 2007) Social studies requirement consists of 1 unit of U. S. history, 1 unit of world history, and 1 unit of government. Math requirement includes 1 unit of algebra and 1 unit of geometry.

Science requirement includes laboratory experience. PE requirement includes .5 unit of health and .5 unit of PE.

Massachusetts 1 .........................                       Yes ( class of 2003) American history and civics and PE required.

Michigan 1 ..................................                       No Students must complete one course in government/ civics.

Although not required for graduation, state law requires health and physical education to be provided for all students.

Minnesota .................................. 24 5 4 3 2 3 0 0 3 4 ( 2 units of inquiry, 2 units of resource management) ( 4) Yes Social studies requirement includes U. S. history, U. S.

citizenship diverse perspectives, and human geography. Science requirement includes biology, chemistry, earth and space systems, physics, and environmental systems.

Mississippi ................................. 20 4 3 3 3 0.5 1 1 4.5   2002 Yes ( class of 2002) Social studies requirement consists of 1 unit of world history,

1 unit of U. S. history, .5 units of U. S. government, and .5 units of Mississippi studies. Math requirement includes algebra I and geometry. Science must include biology I. There is no PE requirement, only .5 units of health.

Missouri ..................................... 22 3 2 2 2 1 2 0 10   1988 No Social studies requirement includes 1 unit of American history and .5 units of government. Arts education includes 1 unit of fine arts and 1 unit of practical arts ( vocational/ technical skills).

Montana ..................................... 20 4 2 2 2 1 2 0 7   1993 No In accordance with the policies of the local board of trustees,

students may be graduated from high school with less than four years enrollment. Arts education includes 1 unit of fine arts and 1 unit of practical arts ( vocational/ technical skills).

Nebraska ...................................                     1991 No Nebraska requires a minimum of 200 high school credit hours ( at least 80% of which must be taken in language arts,

social studies, mathematics, science, PE/ health, visual/

performing arts, and foreign language).

Nevada 4 .................................... 22.5 4 2 3 2 2.5 1 0.5 7.5   2003 Yes Social studies requirement includes 1 unit of American government and 1 unit of American history. PE requirement includes .5 units of health and 2 units of PE. Computer literacy requirement may be waived by demonstration of competency Data are for standard diploma.

New Hampshire ......................... 19.75 4 2 2 2 1.25 0.5 0.5 7 .5 ( business/ economic education) 1989 No Social studies requirement includes 1 unit of U. S. and New Hampshire history and government. Science requirement is 1 unit of physical science and 1 unit of biological science.

PE requirement includes .25 units of health and 1 unit of PE. Computer education requirement may be met through examination or course prior to high school.

New Jersey ................................ 22 4 3 3 3 0.75 2 0 6.25 2 ( foreign language) 2005 Yes ( class of 2004)   New Mexico ............................... 23 4 3 3 2 1 0 0 9 1 ( communication skills or foreign language 1990 Yes Social studies includes U. S. history/ geography, world history/

geography, and government/ economics. Science requirement includes 1 lab component. With the approval of the local school board, participation on an athletic team or in an athletic sport during the school day may count toward fulfillment of the physical education required unit. 173 ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY: REGULATIONS Table 153.   State requirements for high school graduation, in Carnegie units: 2001   Continued State All courses Subject areas First graduating class to which these requirements apply Minimum competency test is required to graduate Notes English/

language arts Social studies Mathematics Science Physical education/

health Arts/