[Federal Register Volume 82, Number 93 (Tuesday, May 16, 2017)]
[Notices]
[Page 22532]
[FR Doc No: 2017-09807]

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DEPARTMENT OF ENERGY

Federal Energy Regulatory Commission

Notice of Commission Staff Attendance

    The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (Commission) hereby gives
notice that members of the Commission's staff may attend the following
meeting related to the wholesale markets of ISO New England Inc.:
    Integrating Markets and Public Policy: May 17, 2017, 9:30 a.m.-5:00
p.m. (EST) Doubletree Hotel, 5400 Computer Drive, Westborough, MA
01581.
    Further information may be found at www.nepool.com/IMAPP.php.
    The discussion at the meeting described above may address matters
at issue in the following proceedings:

Docket Nos. EL13-33 and EL 14-86, Environment Northeast et al. v.
Bangor Hydro-Electric Company et al.
Docket No. EL16-19, ISO New England Inc. Participating Transmission
Owners Administrative Committee
Docket No. RP16-618, Algonquin Gas Transmission, LLC
Docket No. ER12-1650, Emera Maine
Docket No. ER13-2266, ISO New England Inc.
Docket No. ER15-1429, Emera Maine
Docket No. ER16-551, ISO New England Inc.
Docket No. ER16-2451, ISO New England Inc. and New England Power Pool
Participants Committee

Docket No. EL16-120, New England Power Generators Association, Inc. v.
ISO New England Inc.
Docket No. ER17-795, ISO New England Inc.
Docket No. ER17-933, Exelon Generation Company, LLC
Docket No. ER17-1441, ISO New England Inc. and New England Power Pool
Participants Committee
Docket No. ER17-1542, ISO New England Inc. and New England Power Pool
Participants Committee

    For more information, contact Michael Cackoski, Office of Energy
Market Regulation, Federal Energy Regulatory Commission at (202) 502-
6169 or<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
    Dated: May 9, 2017.
Kimberly D. Bose,
Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2017-09807 Filed 5-15-17; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 6717-01-P


[Federal Register Volume 77, Number 23 (Friday, February 3, 2012)]
[Notices]
[Pages 5584-5585]
[FR Doc No: 2012-2399]

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SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

[Release No. IC-29938]

Notice of Applications for Deregistration Under Section 8(f) of
the Investment Company Act of 1940

January 27, 2012.
    The following is a notice of applications for deregistration under
section 8(f) of the Investment Company Act of 1940 for the month of
January 2012. A copy of each application may be obtained via the
Commission's Web site by searching for the file number, or an applicant
using the Company name box, at http://www.sec.gov/search/search.htm or
by calling<PHONE_NUMBER>. An order granting each application will be
issued unless the SEC orders a hearing. Interested persons may request
a hearing on any application by writing to the SEC's Secretary at the
address below and serving the relevant applicant with a copy of the
request, personally or by mail. Hearing requests should be received by
the SEC by 5:30 p.m. on February 21, 2012, and should be accompanied by
proof of service on the applicant, in the form of an affidavit or, for
lawyers, a certificate of service. Hearing requests should state the
nature of the writer's interest, the reason for the request, and the
issues contested. Persons who wish to be notified of a hearing may
request notification by writing to the Secretary, U.S. Securities and
Exchange Commission, 100 F Street NE., Washington, DC 20549-1090.
    For Further Information Contact: Diane L. Titus at<PHONE_NUMBER>,
SEC, Division of Investment Management, Office of Investment Company
Regulation, 100 F Street NE., Washington, DC 20549-8010.

ABT Utility Income Fund Inc.

[File No. 811-2533]

ABT Growth and Income Trust

[File No. 811-1482]

    Summary: Each applicant seeks an order declaring that it has ceased
to be an investment company. On or about June 30, 1995, and July 1,
1995, respectively, each applicant transferred its assets to a series
of First Union Funds, based on net asset value. Records are not
available concerning the expenses incurred in connection with the
reorganizations.
    Filing Date: The applications were filed on January 3, 2012.
    Applicants' Address: 200 Berkeley St., Boston, MA 02116.

PayPal Funds

[File No. 811-9381]

    Summary: Applicant seeks an order declaring that it has ceased to
be an investment company. On August 1, 2011, applicant made a
liquidating distribution to its shareholders, based on net asset value.
Substantially all of the $65,000 in expenses incurred in connection
with the liquidation were paid by PayPal Asset Management, Inc.,
applicant's investment adviser.
    Filing Date: The application was filed on December 29, 2011.
    Applicant's Address: 2211 North First St., San Jose, CA 95131.

DWS RREEF Real Estate Fund, Inc.

[File No. 811-21172]

DWS RREEF Real Estate Fund II, Inc.

[File No. 811-21340]

    Summary: Each applicant seeks an order declaring that it has ceased
to be an investment company. On December 16, 2011, each applicant made
its final

liquidating distribution to its shareholders, based on net asset value.
Expenses of $175,623 and $321,286, respectively, incurred in connection
with the liquidations were paid by each applicant.
    Filing Date: The applications were filed on December 28, 2011.
    Applicants' Address: 345 Park Ave., New York, NY 10154.

BlackRock Healthcare Fund, Inc.

[File No. 811-3595]

BlackRock Global Growth Fund, Inc.

[File No. 811-8327]

    Summary: Each applicant seeks an order declaring that it has ceased
to be an investment company. On September 12, 2011, the applicants
transferred their assets to BlackRock Health Sciences Opportunities
Portfolio and BlackRock Global Opportunities Portfolio, respectively,
each a series of BlackRock Funds, based on net asset value. Expenses of
$430,722 incurred in connection with the reorganization of BlackRock
Healthcare Fund, Inc. were paid by applicant and BlackRock Advisors,
LLC, its investment adviser. Expenses of $351,814 incurred in
connection with the reorganization of BlackRock Global Growth Fund,
Inc. were paid by BlackRock Advisors, LLC, applicant's investment
adviser.
    Filing Date: The applications were filed on December 22, 2011.
    Applicants' Address: 100 Bellevue Parkway, Wilmington, DE 19809.

Short-Term Bond Master LLC

[File No. 811-10089]

    Summary: Applicant seeks an order declaring that it has ceased to
be an investment company. On July 18, 2011, applicant made a
liquidating distribution to its sole shareholder, based on net asset
value. Applicant incurred no expenses in connection with the
liquidation.
    Filing Date: The application was filed on December 22, 2011.
    Applicant's Address: 55 East 52nd St., New York, NY 10055.

Nakoma Mutual Funds

[File No. 811-21865]

    Summary: Applicant seeks an order declaring that it has ceased to
be an investment company. On November 4, 2011, applicant transferred
its assets to Schooner Global Absolute Return Fund, a series of Trust
for Professional Managers, based on net asset value. Expenses of
$91,982 incurred in connection with the reorganization were paid by
Nakoma Capital Management, LLC, applicant's investment adviser, and
Schooner Investment Group, LLC, investment adviser to the acquiring
fund.
    Filing Date: The application was filed on December 20, 2011.
    Applicant's Address: 8040 Excelsior Dr., Suite 401, Madison, WI
53717.

BlackRock International Value Trust

[File No. 811-4182]

    Summary: Applicant seeks an order declaring that it has ceased to
be an investment company. On August 15, 2011, applicant transferred its
assets to BlackRock International Fund, a series of BlackRock Series,
Inc., based on net asset value. Expenses of approximately $616,476
incurred in connection with the reorganization were paid by BlackRock
Advisors, LLC, applicant's investment adviser.
    Filing Date: The application was filed on December 22, 2011.
    Applicant's Address: 100 Bellevue Parkway, Wilmington, DE 19809.

BlackRock Focus Value Fund, Inc.

[File No. 811-3450]

    Summary: Applicant seeks an order declaring that it has ceased to
be an investment company. On September 12, 2011, applicant transferred
its assets to BlackRock Basic Value Fund, Inc., based on net asset
value. Of approximately $182,755 in expenses incurred in connection
with the reorganization, $141,006 was paid by applicant and $41,749 was
paid by BlackRock Advisors, LLC, applicant's investment adviser.
    Filing Date: The application was filed on December 22, 2011.
    Applicant's Address: 100 Bellevue Parkway, Wilmington, DE 19809.

BlackRock Utilities and Telecommunications Fund, Inc.

[File No. 811-6180]

    Summary: Applicant seeks an order declaring that it has ceased to
be an investment company. On September 12, 2011, applicant transferred
its assets to BlackRock Equity Dividend Fund, based on net asset value.
Of approximately $158,715 in expenses incurred in connection with the
reorganization $137,046 was paid by applicant and $21,669 was paid by
BlackRock Advisors, LLC, applicant's investment adviser.
    Filing Date: The application was filed on December 22, 2011.
    Applicant's Address: 100 Bellevue Parkway, Wilmington, DE 19809.

Keystone America Fund of Growth Stock

[File No. 811-5310]

    Summary: Applicant seeks an order declaring that it has ceased to
be an investment company. On or about August 28, 1992, applicant
transferred its assets to Keystone America Omega Fund, based on net
asset value. Records are not available concerning the expenses incurred
in connection with the reorganization.
    Filing Date: The application was filed on January 3, 2012.
    Applicant's Address: 200 Berkeley St., Boston, MA 02116.

Continental Assurance Company Separate Account B

[File No. 811-1402]

    Summary: Applicant seeks an order declaring that it has ceased to
be an investment company. On June 28, 2011, the Applicant's governing
body approved the termination of its Investment Advisory Agreement
(IAA) effective November 1, 2011. The termination of the IAA required
the liquidation of the Applicant, an insurance company management
separate account. Shareholder approval of the liquidation was not
required. Applicant distributed all its assets to shareholders on or
about November 1, 2011. Total expenses of the liquidation were
$9,467.60. Continental Assurance Company, the investment adviser of the
Applicant, either paid these expenses directly or reimbursed the
Applicant for these expenses.
    Filing Date: The application was filed on November 4, 2011 and
amended on December 29, 2011.
    Applicant's Address: 333 South Wabash Avenue, Chicago IL 60604.

    For the Commission, by the Division of Investment Management,
pursuant to delegated authority.
Kevin M. O'Neill,
Deputy Secretary.
[FR Doc. 2012-2399 Filed 2-2-12; 8:45 am]
BILLING CODE 8011-01-P


[Federal Register: May 5, 2008 (Volume 73, Number 87)]
[Rules and Regulations]
[Page 24497]
[DOCID:fr05my08-1]

========================================================================
Rules and Regulations
                                                Federal Register
________________________________________________________________________

This section of the FEDERAL REGISTER contains regulatory documents
having general applicability and legal effect, most of which are keyed
to and codified in the Code of Federal Regulations, which is published
under 50 titles pursuant to 44 U.S.C. 1510.

The Code of Federal Regulations is sold by the Superintendent of Documents.
Prices of new books are listed in the first FEDERAL REGISTER issue of each
week.

========================================================================

DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION

Federal Aviation Administration

14 CFR Part 21

Airworthiness Design Standards Under the Primary Category Rule;
Cubcrafters, Inc., Model PC18-160

AGENCY: Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), DOT.

ACTION: Issuance of Final Airworthiness Design Standards.

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SUMMARY: This notice announces the issuance of airworthiness design
standards for acceptance of the Cubcrafters, Inc., Model PC18-160
airplane under 14 CFR, part 21, Sec.  21.17(f). Designation of
applicable regulations: For primary category aircraft.

DATES: This Final Airworthiness Design Standard is effective April 9,
2008.

FOR FURTHER INFORMATION CONTACT: Mr. Leslie B. Taylor, Aerospace
Engineer, Standards Office (ACE-111), Small Airplane Directorate,
Aircraft Certification Service, FAA; telephone number<PHONE_NUMBER>,
fax number<PHONE_NUMBER>, e-mail at<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: Any person may obtain a copy of this
information by contacting the person named above under FOR FURTHER
INFORMATION CONTACT.

Comments

    The proposed airworthiness design standards were offered for
comment in Federal Register Volume 73, No. 14, Page 3655 on January 22,
2008. No comments were received and the proposed airworthiness design
standards were adopted.

Background

    The ``primary'' category for aircraft was created specifically for
the simple, low performance personal aircraft. A means for applicants
to propose airworthiness standards for their particular primary
category aircraft is provided under 14 CFR, part 21, Sec.  21.17(f).
The FAA procedure establishing appropriate airworthiness standards
includes reviewing and possibly revising the applicant's proposal,
publication of the submittal in the Federal Register for public review
and comment, and addressing the comments. After all necessary
revisions, the standards are published as approved FAA airworthiness
standards.
    Accordingly, the FAA adopts the following airworthiness standards
as final.

Citation

    The authority citation for these airworthiness standards is as
follows:

    Authority: 49 U.S.C. 106(g), 40113 and 44701.

Final Airworthiness Standards for Acceptance of the Cubcrafters Model
PC18-160 Under the Primary Category Rule

    The certification basis for the Cubcrafters, Inc., Model PC18-160
is the Primary Category Rule (part 21, Sec.  21.24) with Amendment 23-
57 for 14 CFR, part 23, Sec. Sec.  23.853(a); 23.863; 23.1303(a), (b),
and (c); 23.1311(a)(1) through (a)(4), and (b); 23.1321; 23.1322;
23.1329 and 23.1359 and:

Airframe and Systems

    ASTM F2245-07, ``Standard Specification for Design and Performance
of a Light Sport Airplane,'' modified as follows:
    1. Federal Aviation Regulations 23 Loads Report and Test Proposal
to be reviewed and approved by the Seattle Aircraft Certification
Office (ACO). Specifically, Section 5 of ASTM F2245-07 is replaced by
Federal Aviation Regulations part 23, Sec. Sec.  23.301 through 23.561
(latest amendments through Amendment 23-55) as applicable to this
airplane.
    2. All major structural components will be tested as per the
approved Test Proposal (this eliminates ``analysis'' allowed by ASTM).
    3. Paragraph 4.2.1 of ASTM F2245-07 is replaced by Federal Aviation
Regulations part 23, Sec.  23.25(b) except that the empty weight
referred to in Federal Aviation Regulations part 23, Sec.  23.25(b)(1)
is replaced by the maximum empty weight defined in Paragraph 3.1.2 of
ASTM F2245-07.

Engine

    The engine may or may not have its own type certificate. If the
engine does not have its own type certificate, it will be included in
the airplane type certificate using the following as a proposed
certification basis:
    1. ASTM F2339-06, ``Standard Practice for Design and Manufacture of
Reciprocating Spark Ignition Engines for Light Sport Aircraft,''
modified as follows: Engine parts and assemblies will be manufactured
under the purview of a production certificate held by the applicant.
Section 7 of ASTM F2339-06 does not apply.
    2. Optionally, the applicant may elect to use a type certificated
engine up to 180 horsepower.

Propeller

    A type certificated propeller will be used.
    In addition to the applicable airworthiness regulations, the PC18-
160 must comply with the fuel vent and exhaust emission requirements of
14 CFR part 34 and the noise certification requirements of 14 CFR part
36; and the FAA must issue a finding of regulatory adequacy pursuant to
Sec.  611 of Public Law 92-574, the ``Noise Control Act of 1972.''

    Issued in Kansas City, Missouri on April 9, 2008.
Kim Smith,
Manager, Small Airplane Directorate, Aircraft Certification Service.
 [FR Doc. E8-9863 Filed 5-2-08; 8:45 am]

BILLING CODE 4910-13-P


From:	Suchecki, Joe<EMAIL_ADDRESS>Sent:	Wednesday, April 07, 2010 9:14 AM
To:	Tanya Parise
Subject:	RE: Stationary CI Engines 10-30 l/cyl

Hi Tanya,

Finally heard back from my members on this issue.  We are still good with the 8
engines per year.  We would also say that the majority would be emergency engines  -
so lets call it 5 emergency and 3 prime.

Also, I received a question on the CI NSPS form New York State - could you direct me
to the document in the docket that indicates that it is not cost effective to require DPFs
and SCR on emergency diesel engines?  Hopefully, you know exactly where to find it.
- there's only a couple thousand documents to search through at Reg.gov.

Thanks.

Joe

Joe Suchecki
Director, Public Affairs
Engine Manufacturers Association
Two North LaSalle Street, Suite 1700
Chicago, IL 60602
Tel:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>www.enginemanufacturers.org

Confidentiality Notice:  This communication is confidential and may contain privileged information.  If you have
received it in error, please notify the sender by reply e-mail and immediately delete it and any attachments without
copying or further transmitting the same.

All attachments are MS Office XP and are MIME encoded.  If you have any software compatibility issues, please
contact EMA at<PHONE_NUMBER> immediately.

From: Tanya Parise<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Sent: Tuesday, March 16, 2010 1:21 PM
To: Suchecki, Joe
Cc: 'Tanya Parise'
Subject: RE: Stationary CI Engines 10-30 l/cyl
Hi Joe,

I was wondering if you’ve gotten any feedback from members yet on the below questions that you
could share with us?

Tanya

From: Tanya Parise<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Sent: Monday, February 22, 2010 4:30 PM
To: 'Suchecki, Joe'
Subject: RE: Stationary CI Engines 10-30 l/cyl

Thanks Joe.  What does EMA estimate that the split of emergency/non-emergency engines would be
in this displacement range?
Also, do you think that 8 new engines per year is still reasonable or would it be higher or lower?   I
believe you provided the 8 engines/yr estimate back in 2005.

Tanya

From: Suchecki, Joe<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Sent: Monday, February 22, 2010 1:46 PM
To: Tanya Parise
Subject: RE: Stationary CI Engines 10-30 l/cyl

Tanya,

The primary use of these large engines is in electricity production, either in remote
areas such as Alaska or for emergency standby engines for nuclear power plants or
other very large facilities.  One member also indicated that engines of this size are
used to power emergency flood water pumps.

Joe

Joe Suchecki
Director, Public Affairs
Engine Manufacturers Association
Two North LaSalle Street, Suite 1700
Chicago, IL 60602
Tel:<PHONE_NUMBER>
Fax:<PHONE_NUMBER>
<EMAIL_ADDRESS>www.enginemanufacturers.org

Confidentiality Notice:  This communication is confidential and may contain privileged information.  If you have
received it in error, please notify the sender by reply e-mail and immediately delete it and any attachments without
copying or further transmitting the same.

All attachments are MS Office XP and are MIME encoded.  If you have any software compatibility issues, please
contact EMA at<PHONE_NUMBER> immediately.

From: Tanya Parise<EMAIL_ADDRESS>
Sent: Monday, February 22, 2010 11:16 AM
To: Suchecki, Joe
Subject: Stationary CI Engines 10-30 l/cyl
Hi Joe,

I’ve got a question related to stationary CI engines between 10-30 liters per cylinder.  I think EMA
provided some information some time ago on the number of stationary CI engines in this
displacement range that are expected to be sold per year.  EMA had estimated 8 engines per year I
believe.  Do you know which industries use these engines and what applications these engines are
used for?

Thanks,
Tanya


Petroleum Refining Detailed Study Plan  Revised December 29, 2003 1 PETROLEUM REFINING DETAILED STUDY DRAFT PLAN December 29, 2003 General Steps 1. Gather Information ° Industry demographics ( profiles) ° Identify pollutants of concern and process sources ° Baseline pollutant loads ° Applicable control technologies for process sources ( includes wastewater treatment and pollution reduction alternatives)

2. Develop Model Refineries and Scale Up Procedures 3. Develop Candidate Control Options, Including Costs and Pollutant Reductions ° Identify feasible control technologies ° Estimate costs and pollutant reductions 4. Prepare Report and Documentation 1. Gather Information Information Needs ° List of operating U. S. refineries, their production capacity, and processes operated and the relationship between capacity and pollutant discharges; ° Discharge status ( number of facilities with direct, indirect, and zero discharge); ° Process sources of pollutants of concern ( dioxins, polycyclic aromatic compounds ( PACs), toxic metals), including why some refineries report releases of these pollutants and other refineries do not report releases; ° Characterization of the individual PACs in crude oil and petroleum refinery products, to better estimate the toxicity of PACs released in refinery wastewaters; and ° Technologies or suggested changes capable of reducing generation and/ or discharge of pollutants of concern, their costs, and pollutant reduction potential.

Industry Profile, Identification of Pollutants of Concern, and Baseline Pollutant Loads Use the EIA/ PCS/ TRI database to develop model refineries that reflect the sources of pollutants in the industry and factors that will influence costs and effectiveness of pollutant control options. Petroleum Refining Detailed Study Plan  Revised December 29, 2003 2 ° Continue evaluating the causes and sources of PACs in these wastewaters, as well as ways to reduce or eliminate them. Evaluate other factors that may influence the costs and effectiveness of pollutant control options. For example, analyze the relationships between the mass of pollutants reported released and capacity of certain processes ( e. g., downstream charge capacity of delayed coking operations and pounds of PACs released; mass of total suspended solids and PACs).

° Relate facility treatment in place from TRI to the Petroleum Refinery database.

Questions to address:

° How should the industry be divided for model sites? Possible factors may include: capacity, processes operated, discharge flow, pollutant loads, treatmentin place;

° Why do some refineries report releases of PACs, dioxins, and toxic metals, while others do not?

° How have some refineries completely eliminated process wastewater discharges?

° Does the industry discharge non trivial amounts of toxic pollutants on an industry and per refinery basis? ( If the discharges from some refineries are trivial, is there a way to define this group of refineries, then exclude them from further analysis?)

Applicable Control Technology ° Identify pollution prevention and treatment technologies, both in process and endof pipe.

° Identify vendors and talk with them about current control technologies and their use at petroleum refineries.

Questions to address:

° What are the sources, flows, characteristics, and pollutant concentrations of dioxin rich wastewaters?

° If flows are low and infrequent, is off site disposal of dioxin rich wastewaters an option? What other methods are available to eliminate dioxin in discharged wastewater? Petroleum Refining Detailed Study Plan  Revised December 29, 2003 3 ° What are the sources, flows, characteristics, and metals and PAC concentrations in total refinery effluents?

° Are the metals present in concentrations treated effectively and economically by hydroxide precipitation?

° What is the effectiveness of granulated activated carbon or pollution reduction alternatives in removing PACs and metals from refinery wastewaters? Are other technologies, such as dissolved air filtration, biotreatment, and biotreatment with carbon addition, effective and economical treatment options?

° What is the effectiveness of supplemental solids removal technologies ( clarification, polishing filters, ultrafiltration) or pollution reduction alternatives in removing PACs and metals from refinery wastewaters?

2. Develop Model Refineries and Scale Up Procedures ° Identify parameters that will be used to define the models ( e. g., capacity, discharge status, manufacturing processes, wastewater characteristics, treatment in place). These parameters will relate to a refinery's pollution generation rates, the feasibility of control technologies, and technology costs.

° Develop 3 to 10 " model refineries," defined in terms of the parameters identified.

° Develop scheme to scale up models to full industry ( i. e., the weights or scale up factors that will be applied to each model).

° To the extent possible validate the model ( may be limited to pollutant discharges  do baseline model discharges, extrapolated by scale up procedure, result in the total reported discharges ( PCS & TRI)).

3. Develop Candidate Control Options Including Estimating Costs and Pollutant Reductions ° Identify feasible pollution reduction technologies. Investigate:

Internal wastestream management   exclude the target pollutant bearing stream from the wastewater treatment plant by internal reuse, in process treatment, leak spill prevention, or other means.

Process changes that will eliminate/ reduce formation of pollutants. Use different process chemistry to no longer introduce pollutant to process, or reduce formation. Petroleum Refining Detailed Study Plan  Revised December 29, 2003 4

End of pipe treatment ( e. g., activated carbon filtration, improved solids removal).

Questions to address:

° What technologies or pollution reduction alternatives can feasibly reduce discharges of dioxins, PACs, and toxic metals?

° What are the costs of implementing these pollutant control options on an industry and per facility basis?

° How much will implementing these solutions reduce pollutant discharges on an industry and per facility basis?

° Estimate Costs and Pollutant Reductions

Estimate costs and pollutant reductions achievable by implementing the control options at each model refinery and scale up to estimate the costs and reductions achievable for the entire industry.

Format of output must be useable by economists for analyzing economic impact and cost effectiveness.

4. Prepare Report and Documentation Draft report will include:

° Industry profile; ° Baseline pollutant loads ( including TWPE); ° Descriptions of pollution control options; ° Costs and removals for each analyzed option; and ° Documentation of the methodology used estimate costs and pollutant reductions.


                 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                         WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460

                            	OFFICE OF CHEMICAL SAFETY AND POLLUTION PREVENTION

MEMORANDUM

DATE:	March 5, 2013

SUBJECT:	ChemSAC Review of the Analysis of the USDA IR-4 Crop Grouping Proposal to Establish a New Crop Group 23 Tropical and Subtropical Fruit  -  Edible Peel, and Amend the Commodity Definitions [40 CFR 180.1 (g)] Related to the Proposed Crop Group.

FROM:	Bernard A. Schneider, Ph.D., Senior Plant Physiologist
            Chemistry and Exposure Branch
            Health Effects Division (7509P)

TO:	Steve Funk, Ph.D., Chairperson HED Chemistry Science Advisory Council (ChemSAC) and Members
	Jennifer Selwyn, and Monica Le, and Susan Wong, Health Canada, PMRA
            Alma Liliana Tovar Díaz, Deputy Director of Certification and Recognition Senasica-Sagarpa, Mexico
	Barbara Madden, Minor Use Officer, RD (7505P)

cc: 	IR-4 Project, Bill Barney, Jerry Baron, Dan Kunkel, Debbie Carpenter, Van Starner

ACTION REQUESTED:

	William P. Barney, Crop Grouping Project Coordinator, and Kathryn Homa, Assistant Coordinator, USDA Interregional Research Project No. 4 (IR-4), State Agricultural Experiment Station, Rutgers University have submitted a petition (November 16, 2010) on behalf of the IR-4 Project, and the Tropical Fruits Workgroup of the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC) to establish a new Crop Group (40 CFR § 180.41) Crop Group 23, Tropical and Subtropical Fruit  -  Edible Peel Group, and propose addition of Commodity Definitions 40 CFR 180.1 (g).

	The above-mentioned Tropical and Subtropical fruit crop group petition requested the following five proposals:

1. Establish a new crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) as "Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel".

2. Add the following 108 commodities to this new crop group:

      1. Açaí, Euterpe oleracea Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))
      2. Acerola, Malpighia emarginata DC., (Malpighiaceae)
      3. African plum, Vitex doniana Sweet, (Lamiaceae (alt. Labiatae) (also placed in Verbenaceae))
      4. Agritos, Berberis trifoliolata Moric., (Berberidaceae)
      5. Almondette, Buchanania lanzan Spreng., (Anacardiaceae)
      6. Ambarella, Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson, (Anacardiaceae)
      7. Apak palm, Brahea dulcis (Kunth) Mart.,  (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))
      8. Appleberry, Billardiera scandens Sm., (Pittosporaceae)
      9. Arazá, Eugenia stipitata McVaugh, (Myrtaceae)
      10. Arbutus berry, Arbutus unedo L., (Ericaceae)
      11. Babaco, Vasconcellea x heilbornii (V. M. Badillo) V. M. Badillo, (Caricaceae)
      12. Bacaba palm, Oenocarpus bacaba Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))
      13. Bacaba-de-leque, Oenocarpus distichus Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))
      14. Bayberry, Red, Morella rubra Lour., (Myricaceae)
      15. Bignay, Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng., (Phyllanthaceae)
      16. Bilimbi, Averrhoa bilimbi L., (Oxalidaceae (also placed in Averrhoaceae))
      17. Breadnut, Brosimum alicastrum Sw., (Moraceae)
      18. Cabeluda, Plinia glomerata (O. Berg) Amshoff, (Myrtaceae)
      19. Cajou (pseudofruit), Anacardium giganteum Hance ex Engl., (Anacardiaceae)
      20. Cambucá, Marlierea edulis Nied., (Myrtaceae)
      21. Carandas-plum, Carissa edulis Vahl, (Apocynaceae)
      22. Carob, Ceratonia siliqua L., (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) (also placed in Caesalpiniaceae))
      23. Cashew (pseudofruit), Anacardium occidentale L., (Anacardiaceae)
      24. Ceylon iron wood, Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard, (Sapotaceae)
      25. Ceylon olive, Elaeocarpus serratus L., (Elaeocarpaceae)
      26. Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande, Eugenia aggregata (Vell.) Kiaersk., (Myrtaceae)
      27. Chinese olive, black, Canarium tramdenum C. D. Dai& Yakovlev, (Burseraceae)
      28. Chinese olive, white, Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch., (Burseraceae)
      29. Chirauli-nut, Buchanania latifolia Roxb., (Anacardiaceae)
      30. Ciruela verde, Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC., (Malpighiaceae)
      31. Cocoplum, Chrysobalanus icaco L., (Chrysobalanaceae)
      32. Date, Phoenix dactylifera L., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))
      33. Davidson's plum, Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell., (Cunoniaceae (also placed in Davidsoniaceae))
      34. Desert-date, Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile, (Zygophyllaceae (also placed in Balanitaceae))
      35. Doum palm coconut, Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))
      36. False sandalwood, Ximenia americana L., (Olacaceae)
      37. Feijoa, Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret, (Myrtaceae)
      38. Fig, Ficus carica L., (Moraceae)
      39. Fragrant Manjack, Cordia dichotoma G. Forst., (Boraginaceae)
      40. Gooseberry, Abyssinian, Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb., (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae))
      41. Gooseberry, Ceylon, Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb., (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae))
      42. Gooseberry, Indian, Phyllanthus emblica L., (Phyllanthaceae (also placed in Euphorbiaceae))
      43. Gooseberry, Otaheite, Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels, (Phyllanthaceae (also placed in Euphorbiaceae))
      44. Governor's plum, Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Merr., (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae))
      45. Grumichama, Eugenia brasiliensis Lam, (Myrtaceae)
      46. Guabiroba, Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg, (Myrtaceae)
      47. Guava, Psidium guajava L., (Myrtaceae) [Includes by crop definition:
      48. Guava berry, Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg, (Myrtaceae)
      49. Guava, Brazilian, Psidium guineense Sw., (Myrtaceae)
      50. Guava, Cattley, Psidium cattleianum Sabine, (Myrtaceae)
      51. Guava, Costa Rican, (Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg) Nied.), (Myrtaceae)
      52. Guava, Para, Psidium acutangulum DC., (Myrtaceae)
      53. Guava, purple strawberry, Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum, (Myrtaceae)
      54. Guava, strawberry, Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg, (Myrtaceae)
      55. Guava, yellow strawberry, Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum forma lucidum O. Deg., (Myrtaceae)
      56. Guayabillo, (Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nied.)
      57. Illawarra plum, Podocarpus elatus R. Br. Ex Endl., (Podocarpaceae)
      58. Imbé, Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson, (Clusiaceae (alt. Guttiferae))
      59. Imbu, Spondias tuberosa Arruda ex Kost., (Anacardiaceae)
      60. Indian-plum, Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.). (basionym), (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae))
      61. Jaboticaba, Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg, (Myrtaceae)
      62. Jamaica-cherry, Muntingia calabura L., (Muntingiaceae, ((also placed in Elaeocarpaceae, Tiliaceae))
      63. Jambolan, Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels, (Myrtaceae)
      64. Jelly palm, Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))
      65. Jujube, Chinese, Ziziphus jujuba Mill., (Rhamnaceae)
      66. Jujube, Indian, Ziziphus mauritiana Lam., (Rhamnaceae)
      67. Kaffir-plum, Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. Ex C. Krauss,  (Anacardiaceae)
      68. Kakadu plum, Terminalia latipes Benth. Subsp. psilocarpa Pedley,  (Combretaceae)
      69. Kapundung, Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Mull. Arg., (Phyllanthaceae (also placed in Euphorbiaceae))
      70. Karanda, Carissa carandas L., (Apocynaceae)
      71. Kwai muk,  Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth., (Moraceae)
      72. Lemon aspen, Acronychia acidula F. Muell., (Rutaceae)
      73. Mangaba, Hancornia speciosa Gomes, (Apocynaceae)
      74. Marian plum, Bouea macrophylla Griff., (Anacardiaceae)
      75. Mombin, Malayan, Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.) Kurz, (Anacardiaceae)
      76. Mombin, purple, Spondias purpurea L., (Anacardiaceae)
      77. Mombin, yellow, Spondias mombin L., (Anacardiaceae)
      78. Monkeyfruit, Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham., (Moraceae)
      79. Monos plum, Pseudanamomis umbellulifera (Kunth) Kausel, (Myrtaceae)
      80. Mountain cherry, Bunchosia cornifolia Kunth, (Malpighiaceae)
      81. Nance, Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth, (Malpighiaceae)
      82. Natal plum, Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC, (Apocynaceae)
      83. Noni, Morinda citrifolia L., (Rubiaceae)
      84. Olive, Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea, (Oleaceae)
      85. Papaya, Mountain, Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC., (Caricaceae)
      86. Patauá, Oenocarpus bataua Mart., (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))
      87. Peach palm, Bactris gasipaes Kunth var. gasipaes, (Arecaceae (alt. Palmae))
      88. Persimmon, black, Diospyros texana Scheele, (Ebenaceae)
      89. Persimmon, Japanese, Diospyros kaki Thunb., (Ebenaceae)
      90. Pitomba, Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch ex O. Berg, (Myrtaceae)
      91. Plum-of-Martinique, Flacourtia inermis Roxb., (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae))
      92. Pomerac, Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry, (Myrtaceae)
      93. Rambai, Baccaurea motleyana (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg., (Phyllanthaceae)
      94. Rose apple, Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston, (Myrtaceae)
      95. Rukam, Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritizi, (Salicaceae (also placed in Flacourtiaceae))
      96. Rumberry, Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh, (Myrtaceae)
      97. Sea grape, Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L., (Polygonaceae)
      98. Sentul, Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. F.) Merr., (Meliaceae)
      99. Sete-capotes, Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg,  (Myrtaceae)
      100.  Silver aspen, Acronychia wilcoxiana (F. Muell.) T.G. Hartley, (Rutaceae)
      101.  Starfruit,  Averrhoa carambola L., (Oxalidaceae (also placed in Averrhoaceae))
      102.  Surinam cherry, Eugenia uniflora L., (Myrtaceae)
      103.  Tamarind, Tamarindus indica L., (Fabaceae (alt. Leguminosae) (also placed in Caesalpiniaceae))
      104.  Uvalha, Eugenia pyriformis Cambess., (Myrtaceae)
      105.  Water apple, Syzygium aqueum (Burm. F.) Alston, (Myrtaceae)
      106.  Water pear, Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC., (Myrtaceae)
      107.  Water berry, Syzygium cordatum Hochst. Ex C. Krauss, (Myrtaceae)
      108.  Wax jambu, Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry, (Myrtaceae).
   And cultivars, varieties and/or hybrids of these."

3. Recommend the following four commodities: Olive, fig, guava, and date to be representative commodities for the new crop group.

4. Add the following three tropical and subtropical crop subgroups:

Subgroup 23A: Tropical and Subtropical, Small Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup  -
Proposed Representative Crop:  Olive

	There are fifty-seven commodities proposed for this subgroup and include:

	Acerola; African plum; Agritos; Almondette; Appleberry; Arbutus berry; Bayberry, Red; Bignay; Breadnut; Cabeluda; Carandas-plum; Ceylon iron wood; Ceylon olive; Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande; Chinese olive, black; Chinese olive, white; Chirauli-nut; Cocoplum; Desert-date; False sandalwood; Fragrant Manjack; Gooseberry, Abyssinian; Gooseberry, Ceylon; Gooseberry, Otaheite; Governor's plum; Grumichama; Guabiroba; Guava berry; Guava, Brazilian; Guava, Costa Rican; Guayabillo; Illawarra plum; Indian-plum; Jamaica-cherry; Jambolan; Jujube, Chinese; Kaffir-plum; Kakadu plum; Kapundung; Karnada; Lemon aspen; Mombin, yellow; Monos plum; Mountain cherry; Olive; Persimmon, Black; Pitomba; Plum-of-Martinique; Rukam; Rumberry; Sea grape; Sete-capotes; Silver aspen; Water apple; Water pear; Water berry; Wax jambu.

Subgroup 23B: Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to Large Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup - Proposed Representative Crops:  Fig and Guava.

	There are forty two commodities proposed for this subgroup and include:

	Ambarella; Arazá; Babaco; Bilimbi; Cajou (pseudofruit); Cambucá; Carob; Cashew (pseudofruit); Ciruela verde; Davidson's plum; Feijoa; Fig; Gooseberry, Indian; Guava; Guava, Cattley, Guava, Para; Guava, purple strawberry; Guava, strawberry; Guava, yellow strawberry; Imbé; Imbu; Jaboticaba; Jujube, Indian; Kwai muk; Mangaba; Marian plum; Mombin, Malayan; Mombin, purple; Monkeyfruit; Nance; Natal plum; Noni; Papaya, Mountain; Persimmon, Japanese; Pomerac; Rambai; Rose apple; Sentul; Starfruit; Surinam cherry; Tamarind; Uvalha.

Subgroup 23C: Tropical and Subtropical Palm Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup  -
Proposed Representative Crop:  Date

	There are nine commodities proposed for this subgroup and include:

Açaí; Apak palm; Bacaba palm; Bacaba-de-leque; Date; Doum palm coconut; Jelly palm; Patauá; Peach palm.

5. Add Commodity Definition [40 CFR 180.1 (g)] for Guava?

      A new crop definition is proposed for guava that includes many of the closely related genus (Psidium), species and varieties.  The following is a proposed crop definition for Tropical and Subtropical Fruit, Edible Peel:

A
B
Guava
(Psidium guajava L.)
Guava (Psidium guajava L.);  Guava, Para (Psidium acutangulum DC.);  Guava, Brazilian (Psidium guineense Sw.); Guava, cattley (Psidium cattleianum Sabine); Guava, Costa Rican (Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg) Nied.); Guava, purple strawberry (Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum);  Guava, strawberry (Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg); Guava, yellow strawberry; (Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum forma lucidum O. Deg.); Guayabillo (Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nied.)

BACKGROUND:

      The Tropical and subtropical fruit, edible peel proposal was initiated at the USDA/IR-4 Crop Grouping Symposium in Washington, DC, October 2002.  This workgroup was Chaired by Michael Braverman (IR-4) and Co-Chaired by Jonathan Crane (University of Florida), Edith Lurvey (IR-4), Nancy Dodd (EPA), Will Donovan (EPA), and Maria Rodriguez (EPA).

      This new crop group was further discussed and developed within the Tropical Fruit, Edible Peel Workgroup of the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC), which consisted of 62 U.S. crop or regulatory experts from agriculture commodity groups, universities, agrichemical industry, IR-4 Project, USDA, EPA, and also 33 international crop or regulatory experts representing over 30 countries.

      An important aspect of developing this new crop group is the harmonization effort with the Codex Crop Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds.  The Codex classification system is currently under revision also with many proposed tropical and subtropical fruit additions.  The IR-4/EPA Crop Grouping Working Group and the ICGCC are collaborating with the revision of the Codex crop classification.  In the current Codex Crop Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds, Assorted Tropical and Subtropical Fruits  -  Edible peel are included in Group 005 and classified in Type 01 Fruits.  The IR-4/ICGCC submission was forwarded to the Codex Electronic Working Group for the revision of the Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds.  This submission also includes many of the recently proposed additions of tropical fruits, edible peel to the Codex classification.  The inclusion of tropical fruits with edible peels will ultimately benefit US growers in exporting commodities that would have Codex MRL's established based on a harmonized tropical and subtropical fruits, edible peel crop group.

      Fruits that will be processed primarily into juice, jams, jelly or wine were also included in the edible peel crop group since it was assumed that pesticide residues could contaminate the commodity during processing.  Examples include (1) açaí, which is soaked in water to soften the outer shell; (2) arazá, which is rarely eaten raw due to its acidity and is mostly prepared into a juice or jelly; (3) red bayberry, which has a knobby surface and is prepared into juice, sweets, jam and wine; (4) bilimbi, which is extremely acidic/sour and is usually not eaten raw, but is soaked and boiled to make jam, jelly and beverages and (5) patauá, which is soaked before it is eaten to soften the pulp.

      Palm commodities are proposed to be classified in a separate subgroup based on the botanical similarity of trees in the family Arecaceae (alt. Palmae).  Generally, trees within the palm family contain a tall, unbranched stem that can reach 80 meters in height, a rosette of leathery, evergreen palmate (fan-like) to pinnate (feather-like) spirally arranged leaves that measure several meters long, spike or branched inflorescences, and berry or drupe fruit.  In most palms, fruit is produced in clusters that hang from the tree.  Because fruit is produced in clusters that are partially exposed to the elements and fruit is located considerably higher on palm trees than other tropical and subtropical fruits, similar use patterns of pesticide applications are expected to occur and similar residue patterns can be expected within the palm group.

      Thirteen proposed tropical fruits with an edible peel (abrico-da-praia, bacupari, bacupari-do-campo, cambuci, curriola, guabiju, jacaratia, jua, mama-cadela, marmelada, per-do-cerrado, Puerto Rican guava and sorva) were rejected from consideration from the crop group either because there was not enough information available to properly classify them into crop groups and subgroups or they are still rarely cultivated.

      Tables 27, 28, 29, and 30 of this analysis (in separate report), compare the existing U.S., and Codex tolerances established on Tropical and Subtropical Fruits with an edible peel.  Most of the proposed additions to the Codex Classification have been included in the US proposed new crop group.  The majority of these tolerances are U.S. tolerances and it should be noted that over half of the U.S. tolerances are tolerances for those commodities that are included in the guava edible peel crop definition as follows:

General commodity
Specific Commodities Included in Definition
Comments
Guava
Guava, feijoa, jaboticaba, wax jambu, starfruit, passionfruit, acerola
Primarily edible peel; note/peel rarely contaminates Passiflora spp. during juicing

      The proposed representative crop for subgroup 23A (small fruits, edible peel) is olive and olive has the majority of tolerances compared to other proposed member crops, acerola and wax jambu.  The same trend follows for the proposed representative crops for subgroup 23B (medium to large fruit) with the majority of tolerances listed for fig and guava compared to ambarella, feijoa, jaboticaba and persimmon.  The only tolerances listed for subgroup 23C are for date, the proposed representative commodity.

      Table 3 Tropical and Subtropical Fruit, Edible Peel Production in 2008 of this analysis (in separate report) shows the production (2008) of Tropical and Subtropical fruits, edible peel from the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) website.  The world total hectares for carob, cashew fruit (called cashew apple), date, fig, guava, and olive are over 17,737,858 hectares (ha) in 2008, and the total production of these fruits has grown to over 62,762,678 metric tons in 2008 (FAO 2008).  Note that the proposed representative crops for the new US Tropical and Subtropical, edible peel crop group are all included in the data reported by the FAO.

      The proposed Tropical and Subtropical fruits, edible peel; crop group consists of a diverse group of plants from many plant families.  Within this group, fruit size of tropical and subtropical fruits with edible peels ranged from the fruit of chirauli-nut fruit,(Buchanania latifolia Roxb.) with an diameter of 0.2 inches (0.5 cm) to the babaco fruit, (Vasconcellea x heilbornii (V. M. Badillo) V. M. Badillo) with a diameter of 8 inches (20.3 cm).  In addition to size, the texture of tropical and subtropical fruit also varies from a thin smooth peel to a peel with fine hairs or pubescence.

      Many publications have documented the relationship between surface area and mass of a commodity (Maclachlan, D.J. and D. Hamilton, 2010; B.D. Ripley, G.M. Ritcey, R. Harris, M.A. Denomme, L. Lissemore, 2003; F. Matsumura, G.M. Boush, T. Misato, eds., 1972; and B. Schneider, 2002).  In general, the smaller the fruit, the larger the ratio of surface area to weight becomes.  For example, pesticide deposits on grapes can be expected to be about 3X the pesticide deposit on apples due to the higher surface area per unit weight (Bates, 1990).  Nonbell peppers are also often cited as an example.  Because of their size, they normally have a higher residue than bell peppers with the same good agricultural practices (GAP) and are likely to drive a tolerance or MRL for peppers.  There is also indication that surface area/mass ratio plays a more important role on pesticide deposits than pubescence/serration present on surfaces (Sundaram, 1991).

      To classify Tropical and Subtropical fruits into groups (edible versus inedible peel) and subgroups, Excel spreadsheets were developed to be able to sort commodities with common characteristics.  These spreadsheets include information regarding the common name, scientific name, taxonomic family name, production in the US, fruit shape, maximum radius (cm) and maximum height (cm) from the literature, calculated volume, calculated surface area, surface area to mass (volume) ratio, texture description and peel texture.  These spreadsheets allowed the sorting of commodities into small versus medium to large fruit and smooth peel versus a rough or hairy peel.  Fruits described in the literature as small fruit generally had a surface area/mass (volume) ratio of >1.5:1; so this criteria was used to separate small versus medium to large fruit (surface area/mass (volume) ratio of <=1.5:1).

      Since sorting the spreadsheets into both fruit size (surface area/mass (volume) ratio) and peel texture resulted in subgroups that could not be supported by an appropriate representative commodity (lack of production in the U.S.), so this scheme was rejected.  However, sorting the commodities into fruit size (small versus medium to large fruit) based on the surface area to mass (volume) ratio, with the addition of a palm subgroup resulted in the proposed crop grouping scheme.

      Based on above background and the input from the International Crop Grouping Consulting Committee (ICGCC), IR-4 and the ICGCC propose that the Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel be established as a new crop group with three subgroups:  (1) Subgroup 23A - Tropical and Subtropical, Small Fruits, Edible Peel; (2) Subgroup 23B - Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to Large Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup, and (3) Subgroup 23C - Tropical and Subtropical Palm Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup.

      Selection of representative commodities are based on a representative commodity that is most likely to:  (1) contain the highest residues; (2) be major in terms of production and/or consumption and (3) similar in morphology, growth habit, pest problems and edible portion to the related commodities within a group or subgroup.  Based on these criteria, one representative commodity is proposed (olive) for Subgroup 23A; two representative commodities (fig and guava) are proposed for Subgroup 23B and one representative commodity (date) is proposed for Subgroup 23C.

HED RECOMMENDATIONS:

	Each of the IR-4 proposals and HED recommendations will be discussed below, followed by a series of other recommendations on terminology, database development, and harmonization with Codex.  The EPA would like to commend the valuable and high quality input of the ICGCC, all its members, and the Committee Chairperson Bill Barney, USDA IR-4,  and Kathryn Homa, Assistant Coordinator, USDA IR-4 for her research and high quality and comprehensive monographs that were used to develop the IR-4 proposal.  We also want to commend Dr. Yuen-Shaung Ng, Biologist, HED, Andrew Ertman, Sidney Jackson, and Laura Nollen, Biologists, RD, EPA for their input and development of various databases in this report and Dr. Paul Schwartz, USDA, Office of Minor Use Pesticides for his advice, peer review, and research office location.

IR-4 Proposals 1 and 2:

1.  "Establish a new crop group in 40 CFR 180.41 (c) as "Tropical and Subtropical Fruits, Edible Peel".

And

2."Add the following 108 commodities to this new crop group":

	See the list of 108 proposed commodities for this crop group under the Action Requested Section Proposal 2."

HED Recommendation for IR-4 Proposals 1 and 2:

	We agree with the IR-4 scientific approach and logic used in developing this crop group and the three crop subgroups.  Specifically the development of the proposed Tropical and Subtropical fruits, edible peel, crop group consists of a diverse group of plants from many plant families, with a wide range of fruit sizes with edible peel and in addition to size, the texture of tropical and subtropical fruit also varies from a thin smooth peel to a peel with fine hairs or pubescence.  Sorting the commodities into fruit size (small versus medium to large fruit) based on the surface area to mass (volume) ratio, with the addition of a palm subgroup is a logical scheme.

	Based on similarities in fruit size and having an edible peel, cultural practices, geographical distribution, lack of animal feed items, comparison of available established tolerances, and pest problems, and for international harmonization purposes, I recommend that ChemSAC concur to establish a new Tropical and Subtropical edible peel crop group with 107 commodities and three crop subgroups.  Chinese jujube will not be included since it has become member of Crop group Stone Fruit Group 12-12.

	Adding these commodities into a group will benefit the growers by enabling tools for crop protection.  Some "minor orphan" tropical fruit commodities have become more popular in some countries and areas today than they were 10 years ago, such as the açaí and noni.  Increased globalization of cooking in the United States has resulted in different fruits to be enjoyed worldwide.  Some of these "minor" fruits have great potential to be grown on a larger scale in some areas in the future due to their unique nutritional and medicinal values.  Being excluded from the crop groups, means that tolerances requested for these commodities would have to be established based on separate residue studies.  A crop group regulation would benefit growers and consumers, save considerable taxpayer's money on residue studies, save time for government agencies on review of residue data and facilitate the establishment of import tolerances.

      In addition, after IR-4 submitted this petition an additional tropical fruit called Borojó (Borojoa patinoi Cuatrec.) was submitted by Panama to the ICGCC as a crop to be included as an edible peel tropical fruit.  This crop is currently being produced on over 3,000 ha in South America and has been increasing in popularity.  After reviewing information on this crop, I can recommend adding it to the commodities proposed for this crop group.

	The following Table is a list of the proposed commodities and the scientific names of the 108 commodities were also updated and are listed below.

"HED Corrected Proposed Tropical and Subtropical Fruit  -  Edible Peel 23."

Commodities
Açaí, Euterpe oleracea Mart.
Acerola, Malpighia emarginata DC.
African plum, Vitex doniana Sweet
Agritos, Berberis trifoliolata Moric.
Almondette, Buchanania lanzan Spreng.
Ambarella, Spondias dulcis Sol. ex Parkinson
Apak palm, Brahea dulcis (Kunth) Mart.
Appleberry, Billardiera scandens Sm.
Arazá, Eugenia stipitata McVaugh
Arbutus berry, Arbutus unedo L.
Babaco, Vasconcellea x heilbornii (V. M. Badillo) V. M. Badillo
Bacaba palm, Oenocarpus bacaba Mart.
Bacaba-de-leque, Oenocarpus distichus Mart.
Bayberry, Red, Morella rubra Lour.
Bignay, Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng.
Bilimbi, Averrhoa bilimbi L.
Borojó, Borojoa patinoi Cuatrec.
Breadnut, Brosimum alicastrum Sw.
Cabeluda, Plinia glomerata (O. Berg) Amshoff
Cajou, fruit, Anacardium giganteum Hance ex Engl.
Cambucá, Marlierea edulis Nied.
Carandas-plum, Carissa edulis Vahl
Carob, Ceratonia siliqua L.
Cashew apple, Anacardium occidentale L.
Ceylon iron wood, Manilkara hexandra (Roxb.) Dubard
Ceylon olive, Elaeocarpus serratus L.
Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande, Eugenia aggregata (Vell.) Kiaersk.
Chinese olive, black, Canarium tramdenum C. D. Dai& Yakovlev
Chinese olive, white, Canarium album (Lour.) Raeusch.
Chirauli-nut, Buchanania latifolia Roxb.
Ciruela verde, Bunchosia armeniaca (Cav.) DC.
Cocoplum, Chrysobalanus icaco L.
Date, Phoenix dactylifera L.
Davidson's plum, Davidsonia pruriens F. Muell.
Desert-date, Balanites aegyptiacus (L.) Delile
Doum palm coconut, Hyphaene thebaica (L.) Mart.
False sandalwood, Ximenia americana L.
Feijoa, Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) Burret
Fig, Ficus carica L.
Fragrant Manjack, Cordia dichotoma G. Forst.
Gooseberry, Abyssinian, Dovyalis abyssinica (A. Rich.) Warb.
Gooseberry, Ceylon, Dovyalis hebecarpa (Gardner) Warb.
Gooseberry, Indian, Phyllanthus emblica L.
Gooseberry, Otaheite, Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels
Governor's plum, Flacourtia indica (Burm. F.) Merr.
Grumichama,  Eugenia brasiliensis Lam
Guabiroba, Campomanesia xanthocarpa O. Berg
Guava, Psidium guajava L.
Guava berry, Myrciaria floribunda (H. West ex Willd.) O. Berg
Guava, Brazilian, Psidium guineense Sw.
Guava, Cattley, Psidium cattleianum Sabine
Guava, Costa Rican, (Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg) Nied.)
Guava, Para, Psidium acutangulum DC.
Guava, purple strawberry, Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum
Guava, strawberry, Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg
Guava, yellow strawberry, Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum forma lucidum O. Deg.
Guayabillo, (Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nied.
Illawarra plum, Podocarpus elatus R. Br. Ex Endl.
Imbé, Garcinia livingstonei T. Anderson
Imbu, Spondias tuberosa Arruda ex Kost.
Indian-plum, Flacourtia jangomas (Lour.). (basionym)
Jaboticaba, Myrciaria cauliflora (Mart.) O. Berg
Jamaica-cherry, Muntingia calabura L.
Jambolan, Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels
Jelly palm, Butia capitata (Mart.) Becc.
Jujube, Indian, Ziziphus mauritiana Lam.
Kaffir-plum, Harpephyllum caffrum Bernh. Ex C. Krauss
Kakadu plum, Terminalia latipes Benth. Subsp. psilocarpa Pedley
Kapundung, Baccaurea racemosa (Reinw.) Mull. Arg.
Karanda, Carissa carandas L.
Kwai muk, Artocarpus hypargyreus Hance ex Benth.
Lemon aspen, Acronychia acidula F. Muell,
Mangaba, Hancornia speciosa Gomes
Marian plum, Bouea macrophylla Griff.
Mombin, Malayan, Spondias pinnata (J. Koenig ex L. f.) Kurz
Mombin, purple, Spondias purpurea L.
Mombin, yellow, Spondias mombin L.
Monkeyfruit, Artocarpus lacucha Buch.-Ham.
Monos plum, Pseudanamomis umbellulifera (Kunth) Kausel
Mountain cherry, Bunchosia cornifolia Kunth
Nance, Byrsonima crassifolia (L.) Kunth
Natal plum, Carissa macrocarpa (Eckl.) A.DC
Noni, Morinda citrifolia L.
Olive, Olea europaea L. subsp. europaea
Papaya, Mountain, Vasconcellea pubescens A. DC.
Patauá, Oenocarpus bataua Mart.
Peach palm, fruit, Bactris gasipaes Kunth var. gasipaes
Persimmon, black, Diospyros texana Scheele
Persimmon, Japanese, Diospyros kaki Thunb.
Pitomba, Eugenia luschnathiana Klotzsch ex O. Berg
Plum-of-Martinique, Flacourtia inermis Roxb.
Pomerac, Syzygium malaccense (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry
Rambai, Baccaurea motleyana (Mull. Arg.) Mull. Arg.
Rose apple, Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston
Rukam, Flacourtia rukam Zoll. & Moritizi
Rumberry, Myrciaria dubia (Kunth) Mc Vaugh, (Myrtaceae)
Sea grape, Coccoloba uvifera (L.) L.
Sentul, Sandoricum koetjape (Burm. F.) Merr.
Sete-capotes, Campomanesia guazumifolia (Cambess.) O. Berg
Silver aspen, Acronychia wilcoxian, (F. Muell.) T.G. Hartley
Starfruit,  Averrhoa carambola L
Surinam cherry, Eugenia uniflora L.
Tamarind, Tamarindus indica L.
Uvalha, Eugenia pyriformis Cambess
Water apple, Syzygium aqueum (Burm. F.) Alston
Water pear, Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC
Water berry, Syzygium cordatum Hochst. Ex C. Krauss
Wax jambu, Syzygium samarangense (Blume) Merr. & L.M.Perry
Cultivars, varieties, and hybrids of these commodities.

	Additional notes:

   * HED also recommends changing the preferred commodity name for Cashew (pseudofruit) to Cashew apple, which is the commodity name, used in commerce.
   * The commodity Peach palm change to Peach palm, fruit to distinguish from the Peach palm, nut that is a member in the Tree nut crop group.
   * Similarly Cajou, pseudofruit should be changed to Cajou, fruit to distinguish from the Cajou, nut which is a member in the Tree nut crop group.
   * HED also recommends that in the crop group table the term "varieties and/or hybrids of these" should be changed to, "Cultivars, varieties, and hybrids of these commodities" to avoid all confusion with terminology regarding whether they are cultivars, varieties, or hybrids of the tropical fruit edible peel commodities.

IR-4 Proposal 3:

3. "Recommend the following four proposed commodities: Olive, fig, guava, and date to be representative commodities for the new crop group."

HED Recommendation for IR-4 Proposal 3:

	I recommend ChemSAC concur to add olive, fig, guava, and date as representative commodities for the new Tropical and subtropical fruit  - edible peel Crop Group 23.  These representative commodities account for > 95% of the harvested U.S. acres for the members of the new crop group.  The representative commodities are based on similarities in fruit surface area, edible portions, and cultural practices and geographical locations, pest problems, as well as their high production (both acres and yield) and consumption.  Comparison of the established tolerances on these commodities will support that residue levels will adequately cover the wide number of commodities.

      Selection of representative commodities are based on a representative commodity that is most likely to: (1) contain the highest residues; (2) be major in terms of production and/or consumption and (3) similar in morphology, growth habit, pest problems and edible portion to the related commodities within a group or subgroup.  Based on these criteria, one representative commodity is proposed (olive) for Subgroup 23A; two representative commodities (fig and guava) are proposed for Subgroup 23B and one representative commodity (date) is proposed for Subgroup 23C.  Established tolerances for the proposed tropical fruit edible peel representative commodities are discussed in the "comparison of potential residue levels in the tropical and subtropical fruit-edible peel section of this analysis, and compare the existing U.S. and Codex tolerances.

IR-4 Proposal 4:

4. "Add the following three tropical and subtropical crop subgroups:

Subgroup 23A.  Tropical and Subtropical, Small Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup
	Proposed Representative Crop:  Olive

Subgroup 23B.  Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to Large Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup
	Proposed Representative Crops:  Fig and Guava

Subgroup 23C.  Tropical and Subtropical Palm Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup
	Proposed Representative Crop:  Date

	These subgroups would contain the following commodities:

Subgroup 23A: Tropical and Subtropical, Small Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup  -
      Proposed Representative Crop:  Olive

	There are fifty-six commodities proposed for this subgroup and include:

	Acerola; African plum; Agritos; Almondette; Appleberry; Arbutus berry; Bayberry, Red; Bignay; Breadnut; Cabeluda; Carandas-plum; Ceylon iron wood; Ceylon olive; Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande; Chinese olive, black; Chinese olive, white; Chirauli-nut; Cocoplum; Desert-date; False sandalwood; Fragrant Manjack; Gooseberry, Abyssinian; Gooseberry, Ceylon; Gooseberry, Otaheite; Governor's plum; Grumichama; Guabiroba; Guava berry; Guava, Brazilian; Guava, Costa Rican; Guayabillo; Illawarra plum; Indian-plum; Jamaica-cherry; Jambolan; Kaffir-plum; Kakadu plum; Kapundung; Karnada; Lemon aspen; Mombin, yellow; Monos plum; Mountain cherry; Olive; Persimmon, Black; Pitomba; Plum-of-Martinique; Rukam; Rumberry; Sea grape; Sete-capotes; Silver aspen; Water apple; Water pear; Water berry; Wax jambu.

Subgroup 23B:  Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to Large Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup
	Proposed Representative Crops:  Fig and Guava

	There are forty-three commodities proposed for this subgroup and include:

	Ambarella; Arazá; Babaco; Bilimbi; Borojó, Cajou (pseudofruit); Cambucá; Carob; Cashew (pseudofruit); Ciruela verde; Davidson's plum; Feijoa; Fig; Gooseberry, Indian; Guava; Guava, Cattley, Guava, Para; Guava, purple strawberry; Guava, strawberry; Guava, yellow strawberry; Imbé; Imbu; Jaboticaba; Jujube, Indian; Kwai muk; Mangaba; Marian plum; Mombin, Malayan; Mombin, purple; Monkeyfruit; Nance; Natal plum; Noni; Papaya, Mountain; Persimmon, Japanese; Pomerac; Rambai; Rose apple; Sentul; Starfruit; Surinam cherry; Tamarind; Uvalha.

Subgroup 23C.  Tropical and Subtropical Palm Fruits, Edible Peel Subgroup
	Proposed Representative Crop:  Date

	There are nine commodities proposed for this subgroup and include:

Açaí; Apak palm; Bacaba palm; Bacaba-de-leque; Date; Doum palm coconut; Jelly palm; Patauá; Peach palm.

HED Recommendation for IR-4 Proposal 4:

      Sorting the spreadsheets into both fruit size (surface area/mass (volume) ratio) and also peel texture resulted in subgroups that could not be supported by an appropriate representative commodity (lack of production in the U.S.) scheme was rejected, however, sorting into fruit size (small versus medium to large fruit) based on the surface area to mass (volume) ratio, with the addition of a palm subgroup resulted in this logical proposed crop subgrouping scheme.  Using calculated surface area, surface area to mass (volume) ratio, and a peel texture description, sorting commodities into small versus medium to large fruit resulted in small fruit generally having a surface area/mass (volume) ratio of >1.5:1; and this allowed a separation of the two subgroups into small versus medium to large fruit with a surface area/mass (volume) ratio of <=1.5:1.

      Again, the selection of representative commodities are based on a representative commodity that is most likely to:  (1) contain the highest residues; (2) be major in terms of production and/or consumption and (3) similar in morphology, growth habit, pest problems and edible portion to the related commodities within a group or subgroup, and (4) having production in the U.S.  Based on these criteria, we agree with one representative commodity olive for Subgroup 23A; two representative commodities fig and guava for Subgroup 23B and one representative commodity date for Subgroup 22C.  Some "minor orphan" tropical fruit commodities have become more popular in some countries and areas today than they were 10 years ago, such as the açaí and noni.  Increased globalization of cooking in the United States has resulted in different fruits to be enjoyed worldwide.  Commodity terminology has also been updated for the three crop subgroups as follows:

1). Subgroup 23A: Tropical and Subtropical, Small Fruit, Edible Peel Subgroup - Proposed Representative Crop:  Olive

	There are fifty-six commodities proposed for this subgroup and include:

	Acerola; African plum; Agritos; Almondette; Appleberry; Arbutus berry; Bayberry, Red; Bignay; Breadnut; Cabeluda; Carandas-plum; Ceylon iron wood; Ceylon olive; Cherry-of-the-Rio-Grande; Chinese olive, black; Chinese olive, white; Chirauli-nut; Cocoplum; Desert-date; False sandalwood; Fragant Manjack; Gooseberry, Abyssinian; Gooseberry, Ceylon; Gooseberry, Otaheite; Governor's plum; Grumichama; Guabiroba; Guava berry; Guava, Brazilian; Guava, Costa Rican; Guayabillo; Illawarra plum; Indian-plum; Jamaica-cherry  Jambolan; Kaffir-plum; Kakadu plum; Kapundung; Karnada; Lemon aspen; Mombin, yellow; Monos plum; Mountain cherry; Olive; Persimmon, Black; Pitomba; Plum-of-Martinique; Rukam; Rumberry; Sea grape; Sete-capotes; Silver aspen; Water apple; Water pear; Water berry; Wax jambu.

2). Subgroup 23B: Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to Large Fruit, Edible Peel Subgroup - Proposed Representative Crops:  Fig and Guava.

	There are forty-three commodities proposed for this subgroup and include:

	Ambarella; Arazá; Babaco; Bilimbi; Borojó , Cajou, fruit; Cambucá; Carob; Cashew apple; Ciruela verde; Davidson's plum; Feijoa; Fig; Gooseberry, Indian; Guava; Guava, Cattley, Guava, Para; Guava, purple strawberry; Guava, strawberry; Guava, yellow strawberry; Imbé; Imbu; Jaboticaba; Jujube, Indian; Kwai muk; Mangaba; Marian plum; Mombin, Malayan; Mombin, purple; Monkeyfruit; Nance; Natal plum; Noni; Papaya, Mountain; Persimmon, Japanese; Pomerac; Rambai; Rose apple; Sentul; Starfruit; Surinam cherry; Tamarind; Uvalha.

3) Subgroup 23C: Tropical and Subtropical Palm Fruit, Edible Peel Subgroup - Proposed Representative Crop:  Date

	There are nine commodities proposed for this subgroup and include:

Açaí; Apak palm; Bacaba palm; Bacaba-de-leque; Date; Doum palm coconut; Jelly palm; Patauá; Peach palm, fruit.

IR-4 Proposal 5:

5. "Add Commodity Definition [40 CFR 180.1 (g)] for Guava?"

      The current crop definition for tropical and subtropical fruit with edible peel is proposed to be removed because the commodities will be included in crop subgroups.

General commodity
Specific Commodities Included in Definition
Comments
Guava
Guava, feijoa, jaboticaba, wax jambu, starfruit, passionfruit, acerola
Primarily edible peel; note/peel rarely contaminates Passiflora spp. during juicing

      IR-4 is proposing a new crop definition is proposed for guava that includes many of the closely related genus (Psidium spp.), species and varieties.  The following is the proposed crop definition for guava:

A
B
Guava
(Psidium guajava L.)
Guava (Psidium guajava L.);  Guava, Para (Psidium acutangulum DC.);  Guava, Brazilian (Psidium guineense Sw.); Guava, cattley (Psidium cattleianum Sabine); Guava, Costa Rican (Psidium friedrichsthalianum (O. Berg) Nied.); Guava, purple strawberry (Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum);  Guava, strawberry (Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. littorale (Raddi) Fosberg); Guava, yellow strawberry; (Psidium cattleianum Sabine var. cattleianum forma lucidum O. Deg.); Guayabillo (Psidium sartorianum (O. Berg) Nied.)

HED Recommendation for IR-4 Proposal 5:

      Currently, there is one Commodity Definitions for tropical fruits  -  edible peel for guava that was approved by the ChemSAC [40 CFR 180 (1) (g)] in 1998.  The current crop definition for tropical and subtropical fruit with edible peel is proposed to be removed because the commodities will be included in the new crop subgroups, and passionfruit will be transferred to another new Tropical and subtropical fruit  -  inedible peel crop group 23 when it is analyzed.  I recommend for ChemSAC to approve deleting the previously ChemSAC approved guava commodity definition under 40 CFR Part 180.1(g) because each of these commodities are listed separately as members of the new proposed Tropical and subtropical fruit  -  edible peel crop group.  Also, a guava definition is no longer necessary since it is one of the proposed representative commodities for crop subgroup 23B, "Tropical and Subtropical, Medium to Large Fruit, Edible Peel Subgroup".  Since the guava, commodity definition has not been published in the Federal Register there is no issue deleting it.

Additional HED Conclusions:

HED Conclusion 6:

	Another important aspect of crop grouping is the harmonization effort with the Codex Classification of Foods and Animal Feeds.  The proposed EPA crop group for Tropical and subtropical fruit group  -  edible peel is very similar to the corresponding Codex Assorted tropical and sub-tropical fruit group  -  edible peel.  The Codex Group 005, assorted tropical and subtropical fruit group  -  edible peel (Crop Group 005), consists of twenty-eight commodities.  Most of the Codex commodities are the same as those proposed by USDA IR-4 in this petition with certain exceptions.  Kumquat (FT0289) and limequat (FT2324) are included in this Codex group but EPA has kumquat and limequat as part of the revised Citrus fruit group 10-10, since they are citrus fruits or a citrus fruit hybrid in the case of limequat.  Carambola is called starfruit in the U.S.  Tree tomato (FT0312) is now included in the EPA Fruiting vegetable group 8-10.  There are five commodities proposed in the U.S. not yet in the Codex classification and these are agritos, cambuca, otaheite gooseberry, yellow mombin, and black persimmon.  In addition, Codex has feijoa in its inedible peel tropical and sub-tropical inedible peel group while the US has its documented ad an edible peel fruit.  A revision of the Codex Classification is underway with consideration to include adding new commodities, creating subgroups, and selecting representative commodities.

HED Conclusion 7:

      Guidance for HED SOP 99.6 - "Classification of Food Forms with Respect to Level of Blending" issued August 20, 1999, and HED SOP 2000.1  -  "Guidance for Translation of Field Trial Data from Representative Commodities in the Crop Group Regulation to Other Commodities in Each Crop Group/Subgroup" issued September 12, 2000 can be updated to reflect the new Tropical and Subtropical Fruit - Edible Peel Group 23.  The updates are discussed in the HED SOP 2001 Section of this analysis.

HED Conclusion 8:

      Guidance on expressing tolerance terminology for the new Tropical and subtropical fruit group - edible peel crop group 23 is discussed under the "Tolerance expression guidance section of this analysis.  New lookup and preferred EPA terms for the members of the Tropical and subtropical fruit group - edible peel crop group are listed in the EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary section of this report and these terms should be added to the updated EPA Food and Feed Commodity Vocabulary website (http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/foodfeed).